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"^ 




THE 



ANTIQUARY 



A MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO THE STUDY 

OF THE PAST 



Instructed by the A nttquary times , 
He must, he is, he cannot but be wise. 

Troilus and Cressida, Act ii. sc. 3. 



VOL. X. 

JULY— DECEMBER. 



London: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row. 

New York : J. W. BOUTON. 
1884. 



e/ 



bft 



f\b3 



27' ' - 96 









• • 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 




PAGB 

l¥Y Lake, Adelphi lo 

The Adclphi fkoic the River la 

Joseph Addison's Birthplace at Milston a; 

FtAS OF THE Old Houses of Parliament 44 

Kingston Russell House, Dorsetshire 70 

Westminster Hall before the Law Courts 8a 

The Fox under the Hill, Adelphi loi 

Bishop Latimer's Birthplace at Thurcaston 120 

A Serjeant-at-Law 121 

Ancient Painted Table in the King's Exchequer iemp. Henry VII . .12a 

The Book Worm 131 

Shellingford Church, Berks. 152, 210, 211 

Jonathan Swift's Birthplace at Dubun i6a 

Supporter of the Colville Family Arms 170 

A Flooding of a Village in England 171 

Anglo-Saxon Bed 186 

Norman Bed 187 

Fifteenth Century Bedchamber 188 

Bed of the Sixteenth Century 189 

Pedlar Window at Lambeth 202 

Dr. Johnson's Birthplace at Lichfield 234 

Roman Busts in British Museum 25 1, 252, 253 



f^ 



THE RULES OF THE CARTHO'S/A^: ORDER. 



• • ■ 



■rr 




The Antiquary. 



SSS: 



JULY, 1884. 




Cbe IRuIes of tt)e Cartt)U0ian 

S)rDer, iIIustrateD bp tt)e Ipriorp 

of ^ount (Srace. 

Bv THE Rev. Precentor Venables. 

[O monastic order has stamped its 
individuality on its buildings so 
completely as the Carthusian. Id 
the case of the foundations of other 
orders, it may be difficult, not unfrequently 
impossible, to determine from the existing 
remains to which of the various monastic 
bodies the building belongs. In spite of 
marked differences of plan and arrangement, 
on which there will be an opportunity of 
sjK'aking hereafter, it is not always possible 
to distinguish a Benedictine foundation from 
a Cistercian, or Cistercian from a Cluniac, 
or any of these from a house of the Austin 
Canons. But a Carthusian house is unmis- 
takable. It never can be taken for anything 
but what it is. And the reason of this 
individuality of plan and arrangement lies in 
the individuality of the Carthusian rule. All 
the other chief monastic orders were by 
principle ccenobitic. The common life was 
the rule. Privacy was not in any way con- 
templated. The monk or canon was one 
of a brotherhood who slept together, who 
ate together, who worked together, who 
prayed together, and for whom the individual 
life was completely merged and lost in that 
of the community. The exact opposite of 
this form of religious life was that of the 
hermit, or solitary, occupying his single cell, 
apart from other human habitations, cultivat- 
ing his own small patch of ground alone and 
unassisted, often with his separate small chapel 
or oratory for his daily devotions. This 
solitary anchoritic life was the earliest form of 

VOL. X. 



monasticism ; a teitt .Which originally signify- 
ing a religious life led .irr. isolation, entirely 
apart from others, in pi^cea^' t)f time came to 
denote the ccenobitic systdfii, wltfcre a number 
of religious persons retired froih tl>^ world, 
its duties and its pursuits, and liv^ together 
under a common rule in a communityoI.V . 

The Carthusian system was a unTDft-xjiF 
these two; the ccenobitic or common life,. • 7 
and the solitary life : the life of the hermft *: 
and that of the member of a religious com- 
munity. St. Bruno's ideal was a combination 
of the virtues of each mode of life, with an 
avoidance of the evils which exi)erience 
had proved each was liable to. He desired, 
by his rule, to unite the strict austerity of 
the solitary with the mutual charities of the 
member of a brotherhood. 

The severity of his rule (in the words of Arch- 
bishop Trench)* exceeded that of all which had gone 
before, while it hardly left room for any that should 
come after to exceed it. 

Each brother occupied a solitary dwelling, 
in which he lived alone, ate alone, worked 
alone, read and wrote and prayed alone, 
and slept alone, bound by an undeviating rule 
of the strictest austerity, and practising con- 
stant silence. ** Praecipue studium et pro- 
positum nostrum est silentio et solitudini 
celiac vacare.'' {Consuetud,y c. 14.) But it was 
the endeavour of the founder to correct the 
self-centred spirit and the intense religious 
selfishness, which was the deadly peril of the 
solitary, by a union in a fraternity bound 
together by common ties of worship, of the 
charities of life, and the combined pursuit of 
a common object This object was, first, the 
eternal salvation of their souls, and then the 
benefit of the world by the books, to the 
copying of which, by the rule of their 
founder, they were commanded to devote 
the chief part of their time, each new copy of 
a holy book being, in the words of their 
Constutudinarium, a new herald of the truth, 
so that the scribes became preachers with 
their hands. 

This union of two opposite monastic sys- 
tems was stereotyped in the buildings of the 
Carthusian order. Some of the most charac- 
teristic portions of an ordinary monastery 
were wanting, since there was no use for 
them. There was no common dormitory, no 

^ Lectures om Mediaval Church History, p. 107. 

B 



THE I^Uj:jt£i'6F THE CARTHUSIAN ORDER, 



> * 



•• 



• • • 

• •• • 



common day-room,.<l9 'iiommon work-shop 
The refectory, being '•only employed on 
special occasioq^'suth as Sundays and Feast- 
days, becaipe, a*, comparatively subordinate 
building. Bv«ti the church never assumed 
the dim^sions or stateliness of those of 
thrf(.]Hetfiren of the Benedictine or Cister- 
4*tB!A cinder. The Guest- House, so large and 
•.^iibportant a department in the other monastic 
•/Foundations, shrunk into a comparatively 
small and mean adjunct, known by the 
name of the " Domus inferior; " it was placed 
under the charge of a ** Procurator," whose 
duty it was to receive strangers and to eat 
with them, giving them only such food and 
beds as the brethren had themselves. If 
they came mounted, a rule of the order 
forbad the reception of their horses. This 
rule was not to be laid down to harshness or 
avarice, but to hard necessity. How (ex- 
claims the author oi iht Comuetudinarium) can 
they be expected to keep their guests' horses, 
when in the hard and barren desert in which 
they dwell, they have not grass or corn 
enough for their own stock, and are forced 
to send them away to pasture in the winter ? 
If poor starving folks presented themselves 
at theu- gates, they supplied them with bread, 
but seldom gave them lodging, sending them 
on to the nearest inn. The object of their 
settling in such remote, rugged, and almost 
inaccessible spots being, not the care of other 
people's bodies, but the eternal salvation of 
their own souls. — Consuetud.y c. 20. 

The chief feature of a Carthusian house, 
distinguishing it from all other monastic 
foundations, was a succession of small cells 
— cottages we may more properly call them — 
each of which was the separate residence of 
a single member of the confraternity. These 
domunadcB were as a rule ranged about an 
inner court, and were connected under cover 
by a pentice cloister. By the side of the 
door of each cell, an opening through the 
wall, so arranged that no one could see 
either in or out, formed the "hatch" for 
the introduction of food and other neces- 
saries. An outer court was devoted to the 
guest chambers, and the necessary domestic 
and economical offices. The church divided 
the two courts, with access from each. 

Of this arrangement, unique among mo- 
nastic foundations, the most remarkable 



examples are those of the parent house, " La 
Grande Chartreuse," at Grenoble ; that magni- 
ficent palace of mediaeval art in its richest 
display, the Certosa at Pavia, and the smaller 
and plainer but most interesting Certosa near 
Florence. Spain also furnishes a good example 
in the monastery of Miraflores, near Burgos. 
The Carthusian order never became popular 
in England. The severe discipline its rule 
enjoined of absolute silence and isolation 
with meagre diet and insufficient clothing of 
the coarsest texture, even though modified as 
it was with us, was as alien from the English 
character as it was unsuited to the English 
climate. Founded by St. Bruno, in 1084, the 
Carthusian rule was first introduced into Eng- 
land by Henry H., in 1181, at Witham, in 
Somersetshire, of which house the justly 
famous St. Hugh, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln, 
was the third prior, and the virtual founder. 
But not even his powerful influence could 
succeed in popularizing the order. It was 
planted as an exotic in a few isolated spots, 
but it never naturalized itself on English soil. 
The whole number of " Charter Houses," as 
they were called by an Anglicising of the word 
" Chartreux," founded in England, was but 
nine, scattered at widely distant intervals over 
two centuries and a half. Forty years after 
Henry of Anjou had introduced the order, his 
natural son, William Longsword, became the 
founder of the second Carthusian House, 
ultimately established by the Countess Ela, 
at Hinton Charter House, near Bath. More 
than a century elapsed before any ad- 
dition was made to the houses of the order. 
In 1343 Sir Nicholas Cantilope founded the 
priory of Beauvoir, in Nottinghamshire, which 
was speedily followed by De la Pole's foun- 
dation at Kingston-on-Hull, c, 1369, and Sir 
Walter Manny's far more famous Charter 
House in London in 137 1. The fashion, 
once set in high quarters, was speedily 
adopted. Ten years later, 1381, Richard 
II., at the instance of his Queen, laid the first 
stone of the church of Lord Zouch's Charter 
House at Coventry, dedicated in honour of 
his royal consort, to St. Anne. Fifteen years 
later saw the foundation of Epworth, in the 
Isle of Axholme, by Thomas Mowbray, Earl 
Marshal, and of that which is the subject of 
the present paper. Mount Grace, in Cleveland, 
in the parish of East Harlsey, in the North 



ILLUSTRATED BY THE PRIORY OF MOUNT GRACE. 



Riding of Yorkshire, about eight miles fix>m 
Northallerton. Its founder was the chival- 
rous but ill-fated Thomas, Duke of Surrey, 
son of Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent, and the 
nephew of Richard II., on his mother's side. 
The year 1414 closed the list with Henry V.'s 
splendid foundation of Shone. These nearly 
contemporaneous foundations may be re- 
garded as brilliant anachronisms. In the age, 
but not of it They offered a noble but in- 
effectual protest against the growing spirit cf 
secularism of the olden monastic houses, and 
the decay of piety consequent on the relaxation 
of discipline, which was converting the homes 
of devotion into nests of lazy sensualists, whose 
carelessness of their trust was fast growing 
into an intolerable scandal In the words 
of Archdeacon Churton, they were 

monuments of the bounteous hand of chivaliy, when 
the spirit of chivalry was departing, and the open 
faith uf knighthood had given way to rancorous debate 
and ci\'il treachcr)- ; and of the sad discipline of the 
cUiister vainly rearing its silent cells at a time when re- 
ligious fear and meek obedience had well-nigh expired. 

The e%-idcnt decadence of the elder monas- 
teries led the founder of Mount Grace, as not 
long after it did Henry V. in his foundation at 
Shene, to place the new house under the rigid 
rule of St. Bruno, *' whose holy and singular 
observances,** writes the youthful monarch, 
" we not only love, but greatly honour and 
admire." 

Within four years of the foundation of 
Mount Grace, its high-spirited founder, the 
Duke of Surrey, perished in his gallant but 
hopelessly rash attempt to replace his royal 
uncle on the throne, and the infant priory 
was all but strangled at its birth. The 
buildings were suspended, and the church 
and monastery remained roofless for forty 
years. It was not till 1440 that Henry VL 
confirmed Surrey's grants, and the works were 
resumed. The stoppage and recommence- 
ment of the building is traceable in the 
straight joints of the masonr)- of the church, 
as well as in the changed style of its archi- 
tecture. Of the nine English Carthusian 
houses, Mount Grace is the only one which 
exhibits the arrangements characteristic of the 
order. Nearly all the others have entirely 
perished, not even their ruins remaining. 
Witham preserves its " Ecclesia Minor," but 
all the other buildings are gone. At Hinton, 
some largish but rather puzzling fragments 



remain, which may probably be identified 
with the chapter house and the refectory. 
But in neither of these are there any traces 
of the cells which form the distinctive 
feature of the Carthusian plan. Neither are 
they to be now seen at the London Charter 
House, though an existing ground plan 
shows that there too the typical arrange- 
ment was carried out. A quadrangular 
cloister, with a conduit in the centre of its 
garth, was set round with two-and- twenty 
" domunculoe " or cells, each with its little 
garden behind it, through which a stream of 
running water, for the purpose of drainage (a 
matter on which the builders of our religious 
houses always bestowed most particular care) 
passed, having its source in the central conduit 
On the south side of the court stood the small 
aisleless church, of which the walls remain in 
the present chapel of the foundation, with 
the chapter house at its north-east comer. 
The fratry, or refectory, is somewhat abnor- 
mally placed on the west side of the cloisters, 
towards its southern corner, with the Prior's 
Lodge and petty cloister adjoining. But this 
only exists on paper. Mount Grace is the 
only place in England in which the Carthusian 
plan in its t3rpical form can be studied in 
existing remains, and as such it deser\'es far 
more notice than it has usually received. 
This small but most interesting example 
consists of two courts, the outer court for the 
lay brethren and guests to the south ; and 
the inner, divided from it by the church and 
Prior's house, containing the residences of the 
brethren. The buildings stand on the sunny 
western side of a steep wooded hill, into the 
pathless thickets of which the back gates of 
the little garden on the east side of the 
cloister opened directly. Below are broad 
green meadows watered by a swiftly-flowing 
stream, which supplied the large fishponds of 
the Priory. 

The establishment was entered by a gate- 
house in the centre of the outer court This 
gate-house was divided into an outer and 
inner compartment by a transverse arch from 
north to south, and had a roof of very flat 
groining. On entering, immediately to the 
right, a long narrow Guest Hall occupies the 
western side of the outer court It was 
lighted with four square-headed windows, 
with the shouldered arch. This is succeeded 



THE RULES OF THE CARTHUSIAN ORDER, 



at the southern corner by several longish 
narrow apartments, of one story, occupying 
the south side of the enclosure. The eastern 
part of this range of building was of two 
stories, the tall gables of which are very con- 
spicuous objects. Of these it is impossible 
accurately to assign the destination. But they 
probably afforded accommodation to the lay 
brethren and others who did not adopt the rule 
of the convent in its full strictness. The eastern 
wall of the court exhibits no distinct marks of 
buildings, though some possible traces of a 
hatch seem to indicate that one of the cells 
stood on the side of the outer enclosure. 

But it is the inner court to which the 
visitor turns with the greatest interest. This 
was originally surrounded with a pentice 
cloister, still indicated by the hooked corbels 
of its roof. Out of this the ** domunculse " of 
the brethren, five on each side, opened by a 
small square-headed doorway. On the 
right-hand of the door is the small square 
opening — or hatch — through which the in- 
mate received his daily supply of food from 
the general kitchen, and other necessaries. 
These openings do not go through the wall 
in a straight line, but turn twice at a right- 
angle, to secure the perfect privacy of the 
cell. Each of these little houses was of two 
stories, the upper story being reached by a 
wooden stair just within the entrance. Each 
floor was divided by wooden partitions into 
a chamber or day room, with a fireplace 
and a closet below and the sleeping room 
above. One of the closets served the pur- 
poses of an oratory, the other contained 
the brother's stock of tools, and the humble 
service of crockery, and other necessary 
household chattels. This scanty store is 
thus enumerated in the Consiuhidinarium : — 
two pots, two dishes, a third dish for bread, or 
in place of it a cloth, a fourth of somewhat 
larger size for washing, two spoons, a bread 
knife, a wine measure, a drinking vessel, a 
water-jug, a salt-cellar, a plate, a towel, and 
two sacks for pulse. To these were added, 
for kindling a fire, a flint, tinder, "lapis 
ignitus " (probably brimstone), wood, and a 
hatchet to cleave it, and for out-door work a 
pickaxe. The monk's wardrobe was equally 
austere. It consisted of two hair-shirts, two 
tunics, two woollen garments (one worse one 
bettermost), two hoods, three pairs of shoes, 



four pairs of socks, four skins, a cloak, 
slippers for day and night-wear, grease for 
ointment, two loin cloths, a girdle ; all of 
hemp and of coarse make. His bed was to 
be of straw, its covering of felt if he could 
get it, if not of coarse cloth not folded twice. 
The bolster and coverlet were to be of the 
coarsest sheepskins, covered with coarse cloth. 
No brother, whatever his rank, was to give a 
thought as to the colour or texture of his cloth- 
ing or his bedding. For mending his clothes 
each brother was furnished with two needles, 
thread and scissors ; he was also to have a 
comb, a razor for shaving his head, with a 
whetstone and a strap for sharpening it. The 
work of the scribe being that to which the 
brethren were specially directed to devote them- 
selves, each was to be provided with a writing 
desk, pens, chalk, two pumice stones, two ink- 
horns, a knife to scrape the parchment, two 
razors, a pointer, an awl, a plumb line, a rule, 
" postem ad regulandum tabulas," and a pencil 
If a brother happened not to be a scribe, which 
was a very unusual case, he was to be allowed 
to have with him the implements of his art or 
trade whatever it might be. They might borrow 
two books at the same time from the book cup- 
board, and were to take the utmost care that 
they were not discoloured with smoke or dust 
or any other filth. Theobject of giving so many 
diflerent articles to each individual, which, 
the Consuetudinariuvi remarks, might pro- 
voke a smile, was to take away all excuse for 
a brother leaving his cell, which he was never 
permitted to do except to go to the church, 
or to the cloister for confession. Another ex- 
ception was also made if, through the neglect 
of those whose duty it was to supply them, 
any brother was in absolute want of bread, 
wine, water or fire, or if he heard an unusual 
noise, or was in danger of being burnt from 
the woodwork of his cell catching fire. A 
little walled garden, to be cultivated by the 
inmate of the cell, lay to its rear. In accord- 
ance with the austere rule of the order, the 
strictest plainness reigned in every detail of 
these little dwellings. The doors and win- 
dows are mere holes in the wall, without the 
slightest architectural dressing. It were to 
be wished that the rubbish which now en- 
cumbers these interesting and unique little 
dwellings, and conceals their arrangements, 
were removed, and their plan made more 



ILLUSTRATED BY THE PRIORY OF MOUNT GRACE, 



endcnt. If the window jambs and other 
bits of cut-stone found in the accumula- 
tions were simply replaced in their original 
positions, and the ruined walls made good 
from the old materials, the interest of the 
place would be very much increased. This, 
however, would be a work demanding the 
most careful oversight, and the most deter- 
minetl self-restraint in avoiding the temptation 
to go beyond the strict replacement of the 
old by the addition of new work, which could 
not safely be entrusted to any but the most 
rigidly conservative hands. 

A distinct building, possibly the Prior's 
house, has stood on the south side of the 
court, in contiguity to the church. The 
base of a large projecting window may be 
traced in the same position as one marked 
in the plan of the London Charter House. 
There, however, along the walls of the cor- 
resi>onding building is called the Chapter 
House. To the west of this building the lava- 
tories are distinctly \isible. A two-storied 
building, lighted with segmental-headed win- 
dows, projects westward beyond the enclosure 
of the court in the south-west corner. It is 
difficult to assign its purpose. 

The church dividing the two courts, with 
access from each, is a building of unusual 
plan. It consisted of a very short nave, and 
a long aisleless choir, a small central tower, 
and broad shallow transepts, opening not 
from the tower but from the nave. The 
customary place of the transepts is taken by 
very shallow projecting wings, making up the 
additional space by which the breadth of 
the chancel exceeds that of the tower. The 
whole thing is an evident botch, due to 
the interruption of the works on the fall of 
their founder, and their resumption with 
crippled means. The nave and tower, almost 
Decorated in design, are of the original foun- 
dation. The chancel and transept, where the 
masonr}' is much rougher, and the architec- 
ture inferior, are, as the straight joints plainly 
show, additions of a later period. The square 
tower rises very picturesquely on four tall well- 
pro{ portioned arches, with rich suites of 
mouldings of Decorated character. The 
capitals show another awkward botch. They 
are octagonal in plan, and do not fit the 
triple clustered shafts of the pier. Indeed, 
c\cr)- part of the church shows puzzling signs 



of patching, natural enough in a building 
taken up again after a halt of some years, 
during which architectural taste, as well 
as the wishes of the builders, had changed, 
and they had to work with diminished 
resources. The nave, transepts, and tower 
are tolerably perfect The chancel has been 
destroyed, with the exception of the north 
wall, but the foundations may be clearly 
traced. The west wndow has a nearly tri- 
angular head ; the tracery is gone. The other 
windo^^'s are mostly of the later building, with 
segmental arches. 

The church, in the complete absence of 
ornament, exhibits the austere plainness 
of the order, by which all internal hangings, 
" pallia taj)etiaque," were prohibited, and the 
only utensils of gold or silver allowed were 
the chalice, and the ** calamus" or tube for 
the Eucharist. 

On the summit of the hill which rises 
steeply to the east of the prior}% half hid by 
dense oak woods, are the small remains 
of a little way-side chapel, dedicated to the 
Virgin Mary, bearing the date 15 15. A 
paved pathway, known as ** the Lady's Steps," 
formerly led to it, but the pavement has now 
been utilized for other more prosaic purposes. 
The reputation of this little chapel for sanctity 
long surN-ived the fierce storm of the Reforma- 
tion. As late as James I.'s reign it was still 
frequented by adherents of the old faith, who 
resorted thither, chiefly under cover of night, 
on the eves of the Festivals of Our Lady and 
other Saints, and " observed and practised 
diverse superstitions and popish ceremonies " 
in its precincts. To put down tiiese pilgrim- 
ages and other "popish, idle, and superstitious 
vanyties not to be tollerated," an order was 
issued, September 5th, 16 15, by Archbishop 
Toby Matthew and the other Lords of the 
High Commission at York, for the apprehen- 
sion and trial of any persons found resorting 
to the site of their forefathers* devotions, which 
was still the home of their affections. It 
would be interesting to know the issue. 

At the Dissolution the conventual body con- 
sisted of a prior, sixteen priests, three novices, 
six conversi or lay brethren, and one donatus, 
in all twenty-seven persons. The revenues of 
the house amounted to ;£^343 2s. \o\d.^ of 
which the sum of ;^ 194 was ordered to be 
divided annually among the late members, 



FIELDNAME AND TOPONYMICAL COLLECTIONS. 



the prior, John Wilson, receiving ;£6o, to- 
gether with the little chapel just described, 
" called the Mount," and the house attached 
to it 





jFiefii^jRame ann Coponpmical 

Collections* 

By Frederick E. Sawyer, F.R. Met. Soc. 

[NWRITTEN History and How to 
Read it" formed the title of a 
popular lecture at the South- 
ampton meeting of the British 
Association, and there is, perhaps, no branch of 
this important subject more profitable to the 
archaeologist, than the collection of local 
names of fields, and physical features. The 
valuable work of Mr. Gomme, on Primitive 
Folk MootSy has directed attention to the 
historic reminiscences preserved by a mere 
name. It is now useless to say ** What's in 
a name?" for it is clear, that a new and 
almost unworked mine of information can be 
opened, by systematic research under the 
heads mentioned, and, more especially, it 
will elucidate the extent and operation of 
early village communities. 

As the work of collection, valuable though 
it be, does not require much special training, 
but rather care and accuracy, it is open to any 
local archaeologist, and it may be well there- 
fore to indicate briefly the sources of informa- 
tion, with illustrations of actual results, the 
latter being taken from the county of Sussex. 

The collections can be made most con- 
veniently for each parish separately, and the 
first step is to examine any old parish maps, 
including maps attached to tithe commuta- 
tion awards, and old terriers. The names of 
fields, rivers, brooks, hills, streets, hamlets, 
seats, mansions, manors, villages, chapelries, 
hundreds, etc., then discovered, should be 
carefully noted, and in this the Ordnance 
maps (6-inch scale) will be found of great 
assistance. Old title-deeds and abstracts 
of title will yield many names, and auc- 
tioneers' catalogues and particulars of sale, 
especially on sales of farms and large estates, 
often supply lists of field-names. . . 

County histories, and the proceedings of 



local archaeological societies, should of course 
be consulted, as also the volumes issued by 
the Public Record Commission, particulariy 
Domesday, the Hundred Rolls, Valor Eccle- 
siasticus, etc. Enclosiure awards (if any) and 
turnpike acts will furnish more names, and 
many can be traced through post-office 
directories. Names originating in the present 
century may be discarded (if desired) to save 
time, although it should be remembered that 
they may become a puzzle to future investi- 
gators, so as to render it a duty (if possible) 
to record their present or recent origin. The 
operations of railway companies and the 
postal telegraph authorities have also tended 
to bring into prominence many ancient names, 
and to suppress and vary others, and invent 
entirely new names. 

It is very important to record all the varied 
spellings of different names, with the authority, 
and approximate date, as these will serve to 
show the fallacy of many suggested derivations 
based on recent, instead of older, forms of 
the names. In connection with this part of 
the subject due attention should be given to 
dialectal nomenclature, for it is a curious fact 
that in many cases the modern dialectal pro- 
nunciation per])etuates Domesday spellings, 
and explains them ; thus we find in Sussex 
the following : — 



Domesiiay. 


Modem dialect aL 


Modem spelling^. 


Ilamindel. 


Ilarndel. 


Arundel. 


Sifelle. 


Izvull. 


Isfield. 


Hertevel. 


Il.irtful. 


Hartfield. 


Peteorde. 


Petlulh. 


Petworth. 


Framclle, 


Framful. 


Fram field. 


Salescome. 


Selzcum. 


Seddlescombe. 



When the name-lists for several parishes 
have been collected, they will be ready for 
collation and comparison, and the recurrence 
of a name frequently in a particular district 
will aid in demolishing suggested derivations 
based on the physical features of isolated 
spots. The intimate connection between 
place, and field-names, etc., and surname will 
be plainly seen, and can be studied with the 
assistance of Mr. Ferguson's works on, Sur- 
names as a Science, and, l/ie Teutonic Name- 
System, A modem directory will assist in 
tracing existing surnames derived from place- 
names, and subsidy-lists will supply older 
surnames, now extinct. 

In Sussex we find, — Hollingburyy a hill- 



FIELDNAME AND TOPONYMICAL COLLECTIONS. 



fortress in the rear of Brighton ; ffo/lingdean, 
a tract of land in the adjoining parish of 
Preston ; Hollingion^ a parish near Hastings ; 
and Hollingham and Hol/ingdale, modem 
surnames. There is no difficulty thus in 
showing these names to be derived from a tribe 
of Ifollini^as, hanng their burh on the hill, 
and their pasture, dvnuy on lower ground, and 
that they had two settlements at least in the 
county. 

The general results to be derived from 
field-name and toponymical collections may 
be considered under the following heads : 
I, Historical; 2, Legal and Governmental; 
3, Ecclesiastical ; 4, Agricultural ; 5, Natural 
History ; 6, Personal. 

1. British, Roman, Saxon, Danish, and 
Norman influence can be successively traced. 
In Sussex we find the tnTs, or villages of the 
Britons, in the names of the hundreds, as 
Gostre-iVc (now Gostnm'), Wand^lmestreiy 
Estreu (now Street)^ in Domesday. 

Saxon names are j^erhaps the most fre- 
quent of any, and here it is necessary to 
mention the patronymic " ing," with the aid 
of which Kemble inferred so many tribal 
names, and established the existence of the 
Mark in England. The subject is much dis- 
puted, and m;iy be studied in the works of 
15ishop Stubbs, Sir Henr)- Maine, Professor 
E. \, Freeman, Mr. Seebohm, and others. 
Danish names are traced by the syllables 
*• thorpe'-' and " by." The Normans brought 
over many place-names which became 
domesticated in England. Thus, from 
Cahagnes in Normandy came the family of 
D< Cheisneto or Caisncdy whose name was 
afterwards modified into Cluyne or Cheyney, 
whence Horsted Keynes in Sussex. One of 
the best illustrations of the intimate relation 
between place-names and surnames is given 
by Mr. Ferguson (The Teutonic Name- 
System^ p. 489) in the history of the name 
Sicntgomery, A man named Gomerie settled 
on a hill, whence Mont-gomerie. Roger de 
Mi*ntgoMerie came to England with the Con- 
queror, and gave his name to a town in Wales. 
This in tmn named persons Montgomery, who 
going to America have probably for the third 
time transferred a surname into a place- 
name. 

2. The sites of the primitive folk-moots, 
the basis of our modem free institutions, can 



be discovered almost entirely through place 
and field-names, as Mr. Gomme points out. 
In Sussex we find : — Hundred Plaee at the 
bottom of High Street, Hastings, Hundred 
Steddle Farm in E^t Wittering, and Hundred 
House Farm, in Framfield, all places where 
the Hundred Courts met. No Mans Land 
appears in the Ordnance Map, at the junction 
of Sompting, Bramber Steyning, and Finden 
parishes, evidently a neutral territory and 
meeting-place; whilst we have Burghill in 
Chiddingly, and Four Lord^ Burgh at the 
junction of Falmer, Westmeston, Chailey, 
and St John-sub-Castro parishes. The 
peculiar customs of village communities are 
shown in Doles^ Dools^ and Lot Lands^ which 
were by lot assigned to the inhabitants for 
grass-cutting or cultivation, as the case might 
be. Butts in many cases recal the legisla- 
tion of Edward IV. on the subject of archery, 
and are the sites of old archery grounds, 
although, as Mr. Seebohm {T)ie English 
Village Community^ p. 6) shows, they are in 
some cases strips of land meeting others at 
right angles. Manors and Manorial Courts 
are sho>Mi in the Court Hills j Court Farms^ 
etc, ; and Manor officers, as the Hayiuard^ in 
Hayiuard's Heath, Sussex. 

3. The sites of lost churches and religious 
houses are frequently preserved by means of 
field-names, and sometimes by street-names, 
as in Brighton Bartholomews, which derives its 
name from a chantry, of which not a stone re- 
mains, and which once occupied the site of 
the present Town Hall. Holybread Plotts, or 
Holybrades, occurring in South Bersted and 
Rustington in Sussex, were no doubt pieces 
of land, the produce of which provided bread 
for the communion. Sacred wells, as Lady- 
wells, Holyiaellsy Pimcells, etc., are always 
worthy of note, and may elicit some scraps of 
folklore. 

The names of Teutonic deities are retained 
in many places. In Sussex we find Baldshnv, 
a hundred, and Balsdean, near Brighton, recal 
Balder^ whilst Wootton, a farm in Westmes- 
ton, and Wanbarow, a farm in Hurstpier- 
point, commemorate Woden, and Friars Oak 
near Hurstpierpoint is perhaps named from 
Freia, The monstrous demon Ij)ki, origi- 
nated in Sussex the names of Loxfield, a 
hundred. Lock Barn in Upper Bceding, 
Locksash Farm in Up-Marden, etc. A belief 



8 



THE ADELPHI AND ITS SITE, 



in fairies is illustrated by Puck names, as 
Pool^s Field, Shermanbury. 

4. Some field-names perpetuate the 
memory of agricultural customs now aban- 
doned, especially in reference to the village 
community, and also cultivations long extinct, 
as vineyards, orchards, hop gardens, fiax 
pieces, etc. Thus, in Brighton, we find a large 
piece of land in the centre of the old town, 
named the HempshareSy whence Hetnpshare 
Street, now Ship Street, Denshire lands occur 
in some parishes, /./., land where the turf has 
been cut off, and when dry placed in heaps 
and burnt to ashes, as is done in Devonshire 

5. The due record of the names of the 
physical features is of great importance, and 
they will be found to illustrate geological and 
other changes, as the disappearance of rivers, 
lakes, meres, wells, and springs by drainage. 
The presence of birds, animals, reptiles, etc, 
is often shown by the names, as Culverscroft 
(culver= Pigeon, A.S.) in Hurstpierpoint, 
Woif scrag \Ti West Chiltington (said to be the 
spot where the last wolf was killed in the 
Weald), Adder Bottom in Portslade. 

6. A very large proportion of place-names, 
etc., will be found to be derived from persons, 
and, as Mr. Ferguson remarks, " the map of 
England dotted over with the possessive case 
is a standing protest against communism." 
The list of names given by Kemble and Fer- 
guson will prove of great assistance. Amongst 
the Anglo-Saxons, men's names were often 
associated with the boundaries of their pro- 
perty, as hedges, ditches, stones, trees, ridges, 
streams, etc. ; or with their dwellings, or 
estates, or graves. 




Cbe anelplii ann \t% ®ite. 

By Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A, 

II. 

E will now return to the considera- 
tion of the vicissitudes of Durham 
House. Whether Bishop Toby 
Matthew got possession after the 
eviction of Raleigh I cannot say, but I suspect 
not. I find a reference among the Earl of 
Jersey's papers to the fact that the archduke's 
commissioners were lodged at Durham House 
on Friday, loth August, 1604.* Among the 

♦ Hist. MSS, Comm. Report, viii., p. 98. 



Salisbury papers there is a receipt for stone 
for some building operations stated to be 
done at Durham House, but probably con- 
nected with the New Exchange.* 

On February i6th, 161 2, Bishop William 
James, who had succeeded to the see in 1606, 
wrote to Lord Salisbury to thank him for his 
honourable dealings in the purchase of Dur- 
ham House. About this time considerable 
changes were made on the site. Some 
houses were built on the portion of the Strand 
frontage not occupied by the Exchange, and 
others apparently not far from the chief house. 
Thomas Wilson of Hertford granted a lease 
**to James Bory, Serjeant of the Cellar of 
the Sill House in the Strand, near Durham 
House," on December 9th, 16 14. This same 
Wilson (now Sir Thomas) sold, in October 
1618, a dwelling-house, garden, etc., described 
as " between Durham House, Britain's Burse, 
York House, and the river," to William Roo 
for jQzi^' This gives us some idea of the 
arrangement of the site. I imagine Durham 
House occupied what is now the middle of 
the south side of John Street. It extended 
to the river on the south, but there would 
be plenty of space between it and the New 
Exchange on the north, between it and 
Salisbury House on the east, and between it 
and York House on the west. Houses appear 
to have been built on these vacant spaces. 
The chief house continued to be called Dur- 
ham House, but the locality of the other 
houses was distinguished as Durham Yard. 
Sir Thomas Wilson, writing to the Chancellor 
of the Exchequer in December 1619, dates 
from **my house in Duresme Yard," and 
gives a list of ambassadors, etc, living there. t 

Amongst the State Papers is preserved the 
examination of Anne, wife of William Taylor, 
of Southwark, who was sent for to Durham 
House, in December 16 15, by k lady who 
offered to introduce her to the Countess of 
Essex, but she refused the offer. Who this 
lady was does not appear. J In December 
1625 Bishop Richard Neile, who succeeded 
Bishop James, was dating his letters from 
Durham House, but in February of the 
following year the French Ambassador lived 
there. This we learn from ** A true relation 

♦ Hist, MSS, Comm. Report, iii., p. 175. 

t Ilfid., iv., p. 284. 

X Calendar 0/ state Papers ^ Domestic, p. 339- 



THE ADELPHI AND ITS SITE. 



of that which passed betwixt the king's 
officers and the French Ambassador's fol- 
lowers by occasion of apprehending English 
subjects. Papists that resorted daily to mass to 
the Ambassador lying in Durham House." * 
This matter attracted much attention, and 
the Council of State wrote to the Bishop of 
Durham respecting it. The Bishop gave 
a warrant to the Constable. Attached to 
these documents among the State Papers is 
a map of Durham House and the adjoining 
residences illustrative of them. The situa- 
tions of Britain's Burse and the residences of 
Sir Thomas Wilson, Sir William Becher, and 
Sir Thomas Bond are indicated. 

About this same date the inhabitants of 
the parish of St Martin's-in-the-Fields looked 
with env>'ing eyes upon the great hall of 
Durham House, which was used only as 
a passage, and which they thought would 
make a very good church. The parishioners 
petitioned for this favour. They pointed out 
that since the beginning of James's reign the 
number of parishioners had trebled. Although 
the old church had been enlarged, it would 
not hold half of those who wished to come to it 
The petitioners asked to be allowed to convert 
the hall into a church at their own expense, 
and they proposed to pay a minister as well. 
Whcthet the prayer was granted I cannot say. 

Lord Keeper Coventry lived at Durham 
House for several years ; thus I find his letters 
dated from there in 1628, 1629, and in 1637, 
1638, and 1639, but in March 1630 Bishop 
John Howson, who succeeded Bishop Neile, 
was dating from the same place. 

The inhabitants of Durham Yard do not 
appear to have been altogether satisfied with 
their neighbours at the New Exchange, and 
they had to complain of the numbers who 
were crowded in that place; and of the 
sheds that had been built up against the wall 
separating the two places from each other, 
ll^is b seen from the following 

Order in Council (Inner Star Chamber), 
1638, May 4th : — 

The Lords being made acquainted that over the 
New Exchange, called Britain's Burse, there are divers 
6unilies inhabiting as inmates, and that adjoininj^ the 
wall of the court of Durham House, there are sheds 
employed as eating rooms and for other uses, to the 
great annoyance of the inhabitants, and danger of in- 

• Co/. StaU Papers, Feb. 26th, 1626. 



fection. It was ordcreil that the Lord Privy Seal and 
Lord Ncwburgh, Chancellor of the Duchy, should call 
before them the inhabitants of the said places, and 
take onlcr for their removal ; and if they nnd any of 
the said persons obstinate should certify their names. — 
Cal. of State Papers, Domestic, 1637.38, p. 402. 

There were other evils besides those of 
overcrowding to alarm and annoy the in- 
habitants of this place. Although near the 
Thames, the water supply was abominably 
bad, so bad indeed that an inquiry was 
instituted, and the polluted source was 
discovered in Covent Garden. The accoimt 
is so instructive that I venture to transfer 
to these pages the full account from the 
Calendar of State Papas, which is as 
follows : — 

1635-6, Jan. 6th. Lawrence Whitaker and 
Thomas Baldwin to the Council. 

Acconling to their order of 28th October last, the 
writers have viewed those places in ** the Covent 
Garden " where the head of the spring is that brings 
the water to Durham House, and they report how the 
water may be brought to that house for the present 
and secured for the future. The head of the spring 
was then under a new-made cellar in an ill- built 
house in the skirts of *" the Covent Garden,*' where a 
floor was made over it. The writers recommend a 
variety of practical arrangements by which the spring 
and a watercourse connectetl therewith might be kept 
free from contamination from its source to Durham 
House ; they also recommend that the works by them 
sugceste<l should be effected and maintained by the 
Earl of Beilfonl, but that the Bishop of Durham 
should be at the expense of the necessary legal instru- 
ments for securing the benefit of the same to the 
bishop and his successors.— Ctf/f War of State Papers, 
Domestic, 1635-36, p. 150. 

In 1640 Lord Keeper Finch died at 
Durham House, and we hear no more of 
the bishops. In 1645 the property had come 
into the possession of the Earl of Pembroke 
and Montgomery, who had rented it pre- 
viously from the see of Durham at ^^200 per 
anniun. 

From the certificate of the collector of St 
Martin's parish, dated Feb. i6th, 1645-6, we 
learn that the Earl of Salisbury was assessed 
forty shillings monthly for Salisbiuy House, 
the same amount as the assessment upon the 
Earl of Northumberland for his house, late 
Earl of Suflfolk's, and upon the Earl of 
Pembroke for Durham House.* Soon after 
this, parliamentary soldiers were quartered 
at Durham House, as well as at Somerset 

• Hist, MSS. Comm. Report, vi.. 98. 



THE ADELPHI AND ITS SfTE. 



aiid Worcester Houses, On December lo the I.ord-General that he should continue 

5th, 1649, ihe Council of State ordered the soldiers now at Durham House, as there 

the Ixjrd-General to think of some place were many disaifecied persons about the 

for quartering the soldiers now at Durham town who might be encouraged by the 




House, that the Earl of Pembroke might 
have the use of his own house. On January 
a4th, i6sO| the Council of State, however, 
desired Sir William Constable to signify 



removal of the troops. Two hundred pounds 
was voted to the Earl of Pembroke, so that 
he might provide himself with a house, as 
Durham House being his propcity was thus 



THE ADELPHI AND ITS SITE. 



II 



made use of for quartering soldiers. Evi- 
dently the Earl began to get tired of being 
kept out of possession of his house, for on 
September 19th, 1651, Colonel Herkstead 
was ordered '' to find some fit place for the 
quartering of his soldiers besides Durham 
House, the Council not being desirous to 
hold the house longer than the Earl of 
Pembroke has given his consent to.*' 

Webb, the pupil and kinsman of Inigo 
Jones, designed a new mansion for Lord 
Pembroke, but this scheme was not carried 
into execution, and the elevation preserved 
in the collection of Jones's drawings, at 
Worcester College, Oxford, remains as the 
only record of what might have been. After 
the Restoration this nobleman's son pulled 
clown the old house and built a street running 
from east to west, called Durham Yard, which 
communicated with the Strand by the street 
now called Durham Street 

Pepys went, on January 31st, 1667-68, to 
the ofl^ce of the Commissioners of Accounts, 
which was then situated in Durham Yard, 
and on May loth, 1668, he went in a boat to 
Vauxhall, and returning, set down an old lady 
at Durham Yard. This might have been 
Ivy bridge stairs, or Durham stairs, which 
he more often calls New Exchange Stairs. 
Ivy Ijme, which forms the eastern boundary 
of the Adelphi, still remains, as is shown on 
the opposite page (tig. i ), and the view down 
it from the gate in the Strand is one of the 
oddest in London. 

Some waterworks were established in Dur- 
ham Yard by Sir Robert Vyner and various 
others, and on January i8th, 1667, the pro- 
prietors of the New River Works objected 
to the action of their new rival. These 
works do not appear to have been connected 
with the York Buildings Company, which 
was formed in 1675, and whose waterworks 
adjoined Durham Yard. Dean Crofts of 
Norwich lived in Durham Yard in 1667, and 
Justice Wareup, John Knight, Serjeant- 
surgeon, and Ringet, Suigeon-general, were 
there about the same time, but there is little 
more of interest attached to the place. 

I will now return to the New Exchange and 
the Strand front. Besides the milliners and 
sempstresses who filled up much of the place, 
many other trades were represented, and the 
different staUs were distinguished by various 



signs. Thomas Walkley at the Eagle and 
Child, published the first edition of Othello ; 
Will Cademan, actor and publisher, lived at the 
sign of the Fop's Head, and Henry Herring- 
man, the famous bookseller, had his shop 
at the Blue Anchor in the Lower Walk. It 
is said that Dryden lodged with Hcrringman 
after the restoration for a time. Nan Clarges 
(then the wife of Thomas Radford, but after- 
wards Duchess of Albemarle) sold washballs, 
powder, gloves, etc., at the sign of the Three 
Spanish Gypsies. Here is the title of a 
tract by Henry Nevile — " Nnoes from the 
New Exchange or the Commomvealth of 
Ladies drawn to the life in their severaU 
characters and concernments " (here follows a 
list of ladies and their gallants). '^ Printed in 
the yeere of Women without grace, 1650." 
On the 22nd November, 1653, there was a 
murderous attack made in the New Exchange 
by a party of Portuguese. It appears that 
some members of the Portuguese Ambassa- 
dor's family felt themselves affronted by the 
remarks of certain Englishmen at this place, 
and so on the following day they gathered 
a company of armed followers, and attacked 
all they met in the Exchange, killing one, 
and wounding many others. They made pre- 
parations to escape by water, but were tAen 
prisoners.* It was at the New Exchange 
that the famous White Milliner hired one of 
the stalls after the Revolution, when it was 
whbpered that this mysterious personage was 
the unfortunate Duchess of Tyrconnell, then 
reduced to want 

The New Exchange was a large building, 
and was divided into the outward walk 
below stairs, the inner walk below stairs, the 
outward walk above stairs, and the inner 
walk above stairs. In course of time the 
stalls were deserted, and the lower walk, 
which had long been a place of assignation, 
became a nuisance, and the public voice called 
loudly for its abolishment The building 
was pulled down in 1737, and new houses 
were erected on the site. 

There was another Exchange close by, 
which had been built on part of old Salis- 
bury House. This was called the Middle 

♦ ** A Relation of the Mutiny on Tuesday, the 22iid 
of November, 1653, in the New Exchange of the 
Portugal Ambassailor's followers, etc." Reprinted in 
Somrrs^s Tracts, 



THE ADELPHI AND ITS SITE. 



Exchange, and is sometimes confused with 
the New Exchange. Peter Cunningham 
says it was first rated in the year 1672, but 
theie is a reference in Fairh oil's Lord 
Mayor's Pageants to the following sentence, 
written as early as 1638, — " her suburbs 
being decoialed with two several houses or 
exchanges." 

When the New Exchange was pulled 
down, eleven houses were built upon its 
site, and the middle house was occupied by 
Mr, Middleton's bank (now Coulls's), John 
Campbell, who died in 1712, and lies buried 



James Coulls, who married a niece of 
George Campbell, was taken into jiartnership, 
and ihe firm became Campbell and Coults. 
In 1760, James Coutts, the sole partner, look 
his brother Thomas Inlo partnership He 
died in 1778, and the sole charge of the 
bank devolved upon Thomas Coutts, and 
from ihai time to this the style of this 
famous house has been Coutts & Co. 

Although the houses built on the site of the 
New Exchange were not old when the Adelplii 
was planned out, the brothers Adam, who were 
known to Coutts, were employed to build a 




with his wife in the churchyard of St. Paul's, 
Covent Garden, is supposed to have been 
the founder of the bank in St. Martin's 
Lane. It is not known when the business 
was removed to the Strand, or the exact 
locality to which it was so removed, but the 
house is described as The Three Crowns, 
next the Globe Tavern, and it is believed 
[hat John Campbell was there in 1693. 
Campbell was succeeded by Middleton, who 
was succeeded by George Campbell, The 
firm was then for a time Campbell and 
Bruce; from 1751 to 1755 George Camp- 
bell was sole partner. At the latter date 



RlVEH, 1770. 



new house. This they did with a slightly 
architectural elevation, the symmetry of which 
has been somewhat injured by alterations of 
late years. In the house built by the Adams, 
1 homas Coutts lived for many years, and his 
dining-room and drawing-room, with their 
handsome marble chimney-pieces and fine 
mahogany doors, are still unoccupied. When 
Lord Macartney was on his embassy to China, 
he sent over some Chinese wall paper to 
Coutts, which was hung on the walls of one 
of these rooms, and there it still is. I shall 
have something further to say of Coulls in the 
notice of the Adelphi itself 



THE ADELPHI AND ITS SITE. 



«3 



Durham Street remains unaltered, except 
that instead of leading to the chief street of 
the district, it leads down to the arches under 
the Adelphi. The Strand had now become 
an important thoroughfare, and the only 
\-aluable portion of the old Durham Yard 
i^-as that portion which had been built on the 
stables and outhouses. The rest of the site 
was in a ruinous and disgraceful state. In 
1766 John Gwynn,* who proposed some 
extensive changes in the arrangements of 
London streets, suggested that new streets 
leading to the Thames should be built on the 
site, or that it should be laid out as a square, 
where the market removed from Covent 
Garden could be held. At the very time, 
however, that this was written, four Scotch- 
men, patronised by the unpopular statesman 
Lord Bute, were contemplating the transfor- 
mation of the site on a plan of the most 
brilliant originality. 

Robert and John Adam only were archi- 
tects, but James and William were associated 
with their brothers in the business part of the 
project In 1768 the works were com- 
menced At this time the property of 
Durham Yard was in the possession of the 
Duke of St. Albans, and it may be presumed 
that he was not prepared to sell the place, as 
the Adams agreed to lease the ground for 
ninety-nine years, from Lady-day 1768, at a 
yearly ground rent of ;^ 1,200. It must be 
supposed that the brothers knew their own 
business, but it does seem strange that they 
should undertake enormous risks for so 
comparatively short a tenure. The agree- 
ment was not signed until the 23rd June, 
1 769, more than a year after building opera- 
tions had commenced. The leases expired 
in 1867, and the whole property came into 
the possession of Messrs. Drummond, who 
obtained the estate fh>m the trustees of the 
Duke of St Albans. The conception of 
levelling a steep incline by building streets 
of houses on a vast area of solid arches, is 
one of considerable daring, and although the 
Adelphi has existed for more than a century 
the wonder of London, it has remained un- 
imiuted and unrivalled. But this was not 
the only merit of the scheme. The Terrace, 
standing high above the river, is still one of 

* In London and IVestminster Improved (London, 
1766), 4to. 



the handsomest objects wc see, as we pass 
along the silent highway, but when it was first 
built it stood alone, for Somerset House with 
its river front was not completed until some 
years afterwards. Then again the architec- 
tural elevation of the houses in the diflferent 
streets is worthy of great praise. It is very 
elegant, although somewhat flat and wanting 
in power. Horace Walpole, writing to Mason 
in 1773, speaks of the Adelphi Buildings as 
" warehouses laced down the seams, like a 
soldier's trull in a regimental old coat" We 
must remember that at the time when Robert 
Adam commenced to adorn London, the 
streets were built in the most deplorably ugly 
manner, without any, even the most distant, 
attempt at beauty. It was he who first con- 
ceived the idea of grouping together a number 
of dwelling-houses to form one whole with 
centre and wings. Beauty was not however 
confined to the outside, for the interior was 
designed with an elegance worthy of great 
praise. To Robert Adam we owe Portland 
Place, still a noble street, although the effect 
of his design has been somewhat injured by 
the irregularity introduced by the vagaries of 
modem builders. 

Soon after the works in the Adelphi had 
been commenced, a difficulty arose as to the 
frontage to the river. This was very different 
from what it is at present. In order to make 
the Terrace follow a straight line along the 
Thames, it was necessary to encroach upon 
the river, and for this purpose the under- 
takers had to obtain an Act of Parliament 
(2 Geo. III., cap. 34, 1771) : — 

An Act for enabling certain persons to enclose and 
embank part of the river Thames, adjoining to Dur- 
ham Yara, Salisbury Street. Cecil Street, and Beaufort 
Buildings, in the County of Middlesex. 

The preamble sets forth, that between 
Westminster Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge 
the river is much wider than at either of 
those bridges, that this tended to weaken 
the rapidity of the stream, and that therefore 
it would be a benefit to make the river 
narrower. John Adam, Robert Adam, James 
Adam, and William Adam, and James Paine, 
architects; Dorothy Monk, widow, Clementina 
Pawson, widow, and William Kitchiner, coal 
merchant, were willing to make this improve- 
ment, and execute an embankment in front of 
their respective properties at their own expense. 



14 



THE COINS OF VENICE. 



The Adams were supported by the Court, 
and before this Act was passed, and while it 
was only a Bill before Parliament, the City 
considered their rights as conservators of the 
river threatened, and they exerted the whole 
of their influence to crush it They brought 
forward charters and grants in support of 
their case, and they were heard by counsel, 
but they failed. They imagined that their 
objection would be popular, but this was not 
so, for most people saw how great an im- 
provement to London the new buildings 
would be. The satirists, however, took the 
opportunity to gird at the brothers. In a 
jm (Pesprit^ written " on some encroachments 
on the river," we read : — 

" Four Scotchmen by the name of Adams, 
Who keep their coaches and their madams," 
Quoth John in sulky mood to Thomas, 
** Have stole the very river from us." * 

The east end of the terrace was built on 
piles, and the line of the bank was carried 
out some distance, making a considerable 
curtailment of the river. At the same time, 
Salisbury Street was lengthened by means of 
a somewhat pretentious crescent I am in- 
formed that when the Adams planned the 
arches upon which their houses were to rest, 
they believed they had secured their occu- 
pation as warehouses for government stores, 
but they subsequently found that the au- 
thorities were not prepared to carry out 
the implied agreement This disappointment 
greatly disarranged their plans, and the 
expenses they had gone to nearly ruined 
them. They then thought to extricate them- 
selves from their difficulties by means of a 
lottery, and they had sufficient influence to 
obtain an Act of Parliament for the purpose, 
the story of which must be reserved for 
another paper. 

(To be continued,) 




Cbe Com0 of Oentce. 

By W. Carew-Hazlitt. 
Part III. 

HE activity of the Mint may be 
said to have had its real com- 
mencement in the middle of the 

♦ Foundling Hospital for Wit, cd. 1784, vol. iv., 
p. 189. 




fifteenth century. The copper quattrino 
of 50 grains was published about this 
time, with a good characteristic portrait 
in profile of the Doge Cristoforo Moro 
(1462-71), — apparently the earliest attempt 
to transfer to the coinage the ducal effigy ; 
and the following reign witnessed a de- 
velopment of the new idea in the sesino^ 
and the silver lira and tnezza-lira, all oif 
silver, which were ushered into the world 
for the first time with a well-executed 
likeness, also in profile, of Nicolo Trono 
(1471-3). The lira and its half were import- 
ant steps in the direction of making the 
silver coinage more comprehensive; they 
represented, approximately at least, the 
moiety and quarter of the grossone. But 
the usage of giving a portrait of the Doge 
in office on the money was soon super- 
seded by another less obnoxious to the 
oligarchical taste. After the death of Trono, 
the second reign in which the experiment 
had been permitted, a decree of the Great 
Council forbad its further continuance. A 
silver piece coined during the government of 
Nicolo Marcello (1473-4) was christened the 
marcella \ and, again, on its reissue by Pietro 
Mocenigo (1474-6) the lira, which had passed 
under the name of the lira Tron, became 
popularly known as the moceniga. The 
marcella presented on the obverse the Doge 
on his knees accepting the standard, and on 
the reverse Christ on a throne of a more 
richly decorated character than before. The 
legend was also changed. Schweitzer quotes 
four types. A somewhat later Doge, Marco 
Barbarigo (1485-6) issued a copper sesino of 
25 grains, but without a portrait, and we soon 
meet (i 486-1 501) with a half-marcella struck 
for the Colonies. 

Agostino Barbarigo (i486 — 1501) added 
the bezzo or quattrino bianco of silver, the 
moiety of the soldino (one of the most 
popular pieces ciurent in Venice) and the 
fourth of the old grosso or matapan; and 
in the time of Leonardo Loredano (i 501 -21) 
the idea seems to have occurred of issuing 
the half of the gold sequin of 1284. The 
quarter did not come into use till 1577-8, 
and is a piece of the rarest character. The 
half and quarter sequin represented in 
modern English money about 4f. 9^. and the 
moiety. Under Andrea Gritti the Mint 



THE COINS OF VENICE. 



>5 



produced a remarkable novelty in a scudo or 
crown of gold and its half, in addition to the 
sequin and half sequin already in existence. 
The new pieces were possibly suggested by 
the French tk:u and demi-6cu ; they were 
worth 6 lire, lo soldi, and the moiety respec- 
tively. But they tallied too closely in value 
with the sequin to exist long concurrently, 
and we do not hear of them being recoined, 
although after a long interval the doppia of 
gold, equal to two of these scudi, made its 
appearance (161S-23). The doppia was in 
£act a double crown, and was estimated at 1 2 
lire. It was the highest denomination ever 
in regular use. 

Since the launch of the grossone, a piece of 
eight grossi, in the time of the Doge Foscari 
(1423-57), the Republic had hitherto made 
little progress in the silver currency. A 
coin representing about three shillings in 
modem English money was still the largest 
piece known in this metal. But during the 
government of Hieronimo Priuli (1559-67) 
came into existence the Ducat of silver, 
worth 1 24 soldi, or 6 lire, 4 soldi, the half of 
it, and the quarter. The need of affording 
ampler facilities for commercial and other 
monetary transactions was at last finding a 
response. The Mint did not rest here, for a 
few years later (1578-85) it brought out the 
giustina of silver, valued at eight lire, or 160 
soldi, and its divisions, and ere long (1585- 
95) succeeded the giustina minore, corre- 
sponding in value with the silver ducat, the half 
and the quarter. The Doge Marino Grimani 
(1595-1606) added to these mediums the 
siudo di croce of 140 soldi, and his two 
immediate successors (1606-12) completed 
this extensive series by a new variety of 
silver lecchino current for ten lire, with its 
divisions (1606-15). The sixteenth century 
may thus be regarded as the epoch at which, 
above all others, Venice provided herself 
with a metallic currency eclipsing in richness 
and capability anything of the kind achieved 
before or since. The only supplementary 
feature in the numismatic chronicle was the 
substitution (i 606-1 2) of a gold ducat diverg- 
ing in design and circumference from the 
original sequin of 1284. It was a broader 
and thinner piece of analogous type and 
identical weight ; the size is precisely that 
of an English sovereign. The ground for 



the change is not obvious, but the Venetian 
2^ecca was evidently partial to new experi- 
ments, and besides the productions which 
were admitted into circulation, Schweitzer 
and others record numerous trial-pieces or 
patterns, which found their way into private 
cabinets, but were not adopted by the 
executive. Of these essays France has, in 
the same way, the honour of possessing a 
singularly large assemblage, submitted by her 
own Mint for approbation, and ultimately 
abandoned. 

The silver ducat of 1559-67 exhibited St. 
Mark on the obverse, seated, and tendering 
the standard to the Doge, while on the re- 
verse occurs the winged lion passant with the 
Gospel in his fore-claw. The silver giustina 
(1578-85) presented the patron saint and the 
Doge on the obverse, but on the other side 
for the first time in the annals of the coin- 
age we meet with a complete novelty in the 
standing figure of St Giustina and the lion 
reposing at her feet, with the legend Memor. 
Erg. Tui. Ivstina. Virgo, in grateful refer- 
ence to the Battle of Lepanto, fought on 
St. Justina's Day (October 7), 1571. There 
was a certain unusual originality again in the 
treatment of the two other heavy silver pieces 
which have just been mentioned as belonging 
to the same period ; the giustina minore^ 
which was reckoned, like the silver ducat, at 
124 soldi, and which bore on one side the 
erect figure of the saint from whom it 
derived its name, and the scudo di croce^ 
which passed for 140 soldi. The latter, 
which balances in the scales about 51. dd. in 
modem English currency, bears on one side 
an elaborate cross with the name of the Doge 
in the legend, and on the opposite one the 
winged lion with the glory enclosed in a 
shield, and encircled by the title of the patron 
saint The silver ducat, the two giustine, 
and the scudo of silver, with their fractions, 
seem to stand alone in expressing the value 
in soldi at the foot of the reverse ; but a 
ducat of a later type, while it expresses the 
denomination, omits the value. In the lower 
left-hand corner occurs a small view of St. 
Mark's, for which space has been made by 
removing the Book of the Gospel from the 
lion's claw. 

Subsequently to the commencement of the 
seventeenth century the Mint or Zecca of 



i6 



THE COINS OF VENICE. 



Venice shared the languor and narrowness of 
her later political life. No new monetary 
issues of any consequence marked the intervd 
between the date to which we have carried 
the history of the coinage and the Fall 
The administration of Marc Antonio Memmo 
(1612-15) made further subdivisions of the 
silver currency by the issue of the soldone^ 
and that of Antonio Priuli (1618-23) added 
the double and the half. These pieces were 
equal to twenty-four, twelve, and six soldi 
respectively, and were of base metal washed 
with silver. Of the soldo itself which with 
the lira formed the more modern Venetian 
money of account, we have failed to trace 
the original appearance, unless it was the old 
soldino with some modification of form and 
value. Schweitzer affords no assistance here. 
But where the multiple existed, the unit must 
surely have existed also. 

The number of coins of all metals in 
contemporary circulation at Venice after a 
hundred years of unexampled activity at the 
Zecca exceeded the number concurrently in 
circulation in any other country in the world 
at that or any other time. Many of the 
types which answered the wants of the Re- 
public in earlier years had silently vanished, 
including all the pieces of imperial or foreign 
origin and of dubious autonomy. Her rulers 
had no longer a motive for utilising the 
specie of their neighbours and allies, or for 
issuing money under the countenance of 
emperors. But what is apt to strike the 
student of Venetian numismatic art is the 
poverty of invention, and the servile and 
monotonous republication of the same design 
with the slightest possible pretence to varia- 
tion or novelty. The first school of moneyers 
had their cross with its pelleted angles \ the 
second, the tutelary Evangelist and the 
Doge in different positions, with the flag-pole. 
The grosso or matapan of the twelfth, and 
the ducat or zecchino of the thirteenth 
century were creditable performances for the 
time ; but with one or two reservations the 
genius of the Mint appeared to be capable of 
nothing more. Except the two or three 
testoons with excellent portraits of the Doges 
Moro and Trono, and the two giustine, all 
the coins were unfruitful seedlings of the 
same germ. 

Of the engravers, who were employed first 



at the Ducal Palace itself, and subsequently 
at the Zecca, we seem to possess no specific 
or distinct knowledge, although the names of 
one or two early moneyers have come down 
to us. We cannot even be quite sure whether 
the differential token, which after a certain 
date is observable on the pieces, is a mint- 
mark or a moneyer*s symbol We are not 
acquainted with the artists to whom we owe 
the ancient Greek coins and medallions, — a 
circumstance far more unfortunate ; and our 
conversance with the ruder artificers who 
worked in some of the mediaeval European 
mints arises from the occasional registration 
of their names on the money, — a practice, 
however, unknown to Venice. 

A view of the Venetian coinage is, perhaps, 
chiefly striking by comparison ; and by com- 
parison it is very striking indeed. The 
Republic was, of course, a commercial 
country, and for purposes of trade the early 
introduction of as ample and complete a 
medium as possible was imperative as soon 
as the world emancipated itself from the 
primitive system of barter and exchange ; 
and a survey of the numismatic economy of 
other peoples, even at a later period, will 
leave an advantage on the side of Venice. 
The English, prior to the reign of Edward 
III., had merely the silver penny. Till the 
time of Louis IX. (1226-70), who added the 
gros tournois and the gold florin, France 
possessed nothing but the Carlovingian denier 
and its half. A similar or greater dearth of 
coin existed in Germany, the Netherlands, 
Poland, and Italy itself. 

A volume * has been devoted by an enthusi- 
astic inquirer to the provincial and colonial 
coinage of Venice alone. It appears that no 
separate currency for the territories of the 
Republic outside the original Dogado had 
been attempted prior to the commence- 
ment of the fourteenth century. In 1282 
considerable dissatisfaction was felt at the 
systematic imitation of Venetian types by 
the King of Rascia,t more especially the 
grosso; and the inconvenience was aggravated 
by the wide circulation of these coins 
throughout the Venetian dominions, and their 

• Le Monete dei Possedimmti Veneziam\ da V. 
Lazari, 8vo, 1851. 

t See Zanetti, De Nummis Regum Rasciaad Venetoi 
typos percussu^ 1750- 



// 



THE COINS OF VENICE. 



17 



acceptance on an equal footing with the 
legitimate currency. The consequence was 
that on the 3rd March, 1282-3, the Great 
Council decreed that all holders of these 
pieces should bring them to the government 
and exchange them for lawful money, losing 
ten per cent., and that the counterfeits should 
be withdrawn and broken up \ and the same 
regulation was made applicable to the 
provinces.* 

EUsewhere another kind of anomaly had 
arisen by reason of the extension of the rule 
of Venice over portions of the Levant after 
the fourth crusade. For the Prince of 
Achaia and others, who owed their posses- 
sions to the operation of the same causes, 
coined tomesi^ which not only served as 
currency within their regular limits, but 
were as much the ordinary circulating me- 
dium of the Venetian dependencies as the 
money struck by the Republic. In 1305 the 
government of the Doge at length found a 
remedy for this state of affairs by the issue of 
otomesi f a new type for colonial use.f But 
although it was the provincial neighbours 
of Venice who had set the example of intru- 
sion and encroachment by pirating her nu- 
mismatic models, another century elapsed 
before a special coinage for the trans-Adnatic 
districts was midertaken. In 1410, tomesi 
of base metal were struck for 2^ara and for 
Dalmatia generally, t with moneta dalmatie 
on one side, and Santvs Marcus on the other, 
accompanied by a full-faced effigy of the 
saint with the nimbus. At a later date, 
the same pieces and others, such as the 
gaztetta (worth two soldi) were issued for 
Dalmatia and Albania; and in course of 
time a similar principle was applied to 
Candia and Cyprus. Thus the Signory, in 
its money, as well as in its principles of 
government and in its laws, aimed at spread- 
mg, wherever the sword or diplomacy had 
0[M3ied the way, its name and its influence. 

The employment of Occasional Money by 
the Republic in early days was extremely rare ; 
and it was limited to two objects — siege- 
pieces and largesse distributed at the inves- 
titure or coronation of a Doge. Only a 
lin^ instance of the former usage has 



P-4S- 

t/*.. p.9- 
tA., pw II. 



been traced. In 11 23 the want of some 
medium for papng the troops engaged in 
the Syrian war obliged, it is said, the Doge 
Domenigo Michieli, who commanded there 
in person, to authorize the mintage of leathern 
money, impressed on one side with the figure 
of St. Mark, on the other with his own family 
arms. The incident of the loan to his 
allies, which had produced the drain on the 
Venetian finances, and the publication of this 
leathern siege-money, may be corroborated 
by the circumstance that the Michieli subse- 
quently carried on their escutcheons, as a 
memorial of such a circumstance, a ducat of 
gold.* But the story belongs to a class which 
the judicious student always treats with 
reserve and distrust. Resort was had, doubt- 
less, to some temporary expedient, and pos- 
sibly it was this. A counterfeit marcella in lead, 
with the initiab DM. on one side, was long 
shown as a specimen of the identical coinage 
of 1 1 23, although that was expressly stated to 
have been of leather and of a different type.f 

The money struck at Venice on ceremonial 
occasions, though principally at the investiture 
of a Doge, forms the subject of an interesting 
monograph by Giovanelli. That writer J 
commences his series with a Do^e who 
reigned in the first half of the sixteenth 
century, and there very probably the 
known examples of such special currency 
may begin. Thenceforward the custom was 
followed at intervals down to the very £sdl of 
the Republic The Venetians had perhaps 
borrowed the idea from the ancients, who 
commonly struck money in commemoration 
of particular events, and allowed it to be 
current ; and the practice soon grew familiar 
throughout the continent of Europe. 

But centuries prior to the OsdU engraved 
by Giovanelli, a case is known in which a 
Doge resorted to this practice. § In 1173, 
before liis coronation, it is averred that Sebas- 
tiano Ziani circulated among the people 
certain money stamped with lus own name, 
and struck by his order for the express 
purpose on the preceding day. It is perhaps 

* Dandolo, ix., 27a 

t Compare Calogiera, Spiegq^icm delta Moneta dd 
Doge Domenigo Michieli in Soria^ with Lazari, Lt 
Monete dei Pbssedimenti Venetiattit 185 1, p. 3. 

I Jllustrauom dette Medaglie din^immaU Osette^ 
folio, 1834. 

§ Motiiielli, Annaii Urham^ p. 49. 



i8 



THE COINS OF VENICE, 



singular that, amon^ the many resuscitations 
of mediaeval curiosities, the largesse scattered 
by the Doge in 1173 has not descended in 
the form of an unique specimen snatched 
from the ooze of the lagoons; but the 
circumstance itself is not unlikely. 

The peculiar rarity of the earlier Venetian 
money, especially in all its varied types, 
arising from its flimsy character or from 
the practice of constantly calling in light 
and defaced pieces, renders it something like 
an impossibility to form a consecutive series ; 
and the assemblage of carefully engraved 
facsimiles published by Schweitzer is scarcely 
capable of being overrated The remarks 



and descriptions found in the present 
Essay have been based partly on a personal 
inspection of originals, and partly on a com- 
parative study of the pages of Schweitzer and 
others; but the labour of disentangling con- 
tradictory statements, and laying before the 
reader a narrative fairly lucid and intelligible, 
has been exceedingly irksome. Even such a 
man as Schweitzer needlessly perplexes us by 
admitting into the series coins which clearly 
form no part of it, and a second source of 
confusion comes from the occasional practice 
of multiplying one piece, christened at dif- 
ferent times by different names, into two 
independent productions. 



I. A Tabular View of the Ancient Venetian Coinage, a.d. 80a— a. d. 1200. 



Denomination, 



Denaro Grande 



•• • • • I 



Piccolo 



Quartuarolo or Denarino ... 

Grosso or Matapan 

Soldo (old) or \ Grosso ... 
Quattrino 



Metal, 



BiUon 



Silver 



Copper 



Weight, 



18 grains 
8 to 10 „ 

5 to 6 



n 



)> 



44 

22 to 16 „ 
16 to 25 „ 



First issue. 



About 800... 
Before 1156 

1173-1178 I 



Remarks, 



\ 



I 193-1205 

Uncertain ... 
1193-1205... 



Halfpenny. 

The half. 

i/i6th of a penny, 4th 
of denaro piccolo. 

About 5^. or 16 denari 
grandi. 

The half. 

The quarter. 



Foreign Money current at Venice. 



Denaro, Lombard and Prankish 


Billon (or base 
silver) 


28 to 18 M 


700-1000 ... 


Halfpenny. 


Dirhem, Arabic 


Silver 


Double 


Uncertain ... 


Double. 


Denaro, Henry III. or IV. 


BiUon 


8 to 10 „ 


1040-1080... 


The half. 


Romanatus or Solidus 


Gold 




Before 800... 


About 10/- 


JDesan I *•• ... .•« «(« 


Gold and silver 




900-1400 ... 




Perpero ••• 










■^'^"■^■"^ ••• 


w ^m^^^m^^m » » » 





Money op Account. 



Mark 

LiradiGrossi 

Picooli ... 

Perperi... 



es,%d. 
£4. los. od, 
y, 2d, 
Uncertain. 



II. A TABULAJt VlIW OP THE VSNtTIAN COINAGX AT THX OOMMXMCIMXNT OP TKX 17th CtNTUEY. 



Dt mtmi natum, 



Marcuccio... 

O rosso ••• ... 

Zcccluiio ... ... 

Double Qnattrino .. 

SoMino or Soldo ... 

GrossfCtto 

Triple Grossetto ... 

Bagattino 

Huf Bagattino ... 
Grossone ... 

Scsino 



Lira Trofi ... 

Half... 

Doable Bagattino... 

Marcella 

Moceniga 

Half ... 

Soldino or Mezia- 1 
nxDO ... \ 

ScsiDO 

Beuinoor Bezzo, j 
or Qiiattrino > 
Bianco ... ) 

Half-marcella 

Octangular Bezzo... 

Half-zecchino 

Scndo or Crovn ... 

Half 

Silrer Ducat 

Half 

Quarter ... 

Quarter-zecchino ... 

Giustina Maggiore 

Hair . 

Quarter . 

Minore ., 

Half 

Quarter .. 

Eighth . 

Scudodi^oce .. 

Half 

Quartet .. 

New Ducmt 
SOver „ 

Half 

Quarter .. 

Doppia ••. 

SoMone ... 

Half-ioldoiie 
Double toMooe .. 



Mttol, 



O^per 

Gold I 

Copper 
Base I 
silver ( 
Copper 

BiUon 

Silver 



Billon 
SUver 



Silver 

Copper 

Plated 

Silver 

SUver 



Gold 
Silver 



Weight, 



i*intki9ovm 
issue. 



[7carats,nearly^j^ 



5 to6gTs. 

40gTS. 

I, 

35 grains 
35 to 50 grs. . 

16 to 22 grs. . 

38 grs. 9 carats 
100 grs 



50 grs. 



31 carats 

15 to 17 carats 

15 carats 
30 carats 
15 carats. 



7lg«. 



25 g». 



About 7) carats 

84 carats 
About 17) carats 



1205-29 
1252-68 



It 1284 
1289-1311 

1328-54 

1383-1400 

1400-13 

1400-13 

1423-57 
1471-3 



Vahu. 



Fractional .. 

20grocsi 

\ silver grosso 



8 grossi of silver 



Rewuurks, 



9/6. 
KhoaiTd, 



; Various types. 



Gold 
Silver 



Gold 

Plated or 
washed 



4} carats 



• a. 



17 carats 



About 35 carats 



1473-4 
1474-6 



1474-6 

1485-6 
1486-1501 

1 501-21 
1523-38 

1559-67 I 



1577-8 ] 
1578-85 



1585-95 
Uncertain 

1595-1606 



1606-12 



1612-15 



1 



1618-33 



10 silver grossi 
6 lire 10 soldi 
The half 
6 lire, 4 soldi or 
124 soldi ... 
The half 
The quarter ... 

5 old grossi of 
silver 

81ireori6osoldi 
80 soldi 
40 soldi 
124 soldi or 6/^j. 
62 soldi 
31 soldi 
IS\ soldi 
140 soldi 

6 lire lOsokU... 

6 lire 4 aoMi ... 

10 lire 

5 lire ••■ .< 

2| lure... ... 

|2lire,or2scudi 
of goldy Of 
about 191. 

12 soldi 



Supposed to have been a pattern. 



The largest silver piece yet struck 

(The cmly coins ever issued with 
the portrait of the Doge, except 
\ the copper quattrino with that 
I of the preceding Doge Moro 
( (1462-71). 



Same type as the lira. 

{Same as the lira, but with a 
new design substituted for the 
portrait. 
I Schweitzer distinguishes be- 
I tween this and the old soldino; 
I but I have one of the earlier 
I period, which seems £ur silver. 
Smiilar to the copper quattrino. 

{Pieces of 4, 8, 12, and 16 bezri, 
bezzini, or ^uattiini bianchi, 
were issued m silver. 
Struck for the Colonies. 

I Not reissued. 



Perhaps superseded thegroasone. 



6ioldi 
24ioldi 



••• 
••• 



Minor divisions. 

Equivalent to the silver ducat. 

I possess one of a late reign. 

( Schweitzer en^^ved two dif- 
Iforing specimens, struck in 
1 1595-1606 of 6 lire precisely, 
I periiaps patterns. 
Same type as the gold. 



(This coin does not seem to 
have been feisBued. 

i About 5^. of modem Eaglisb 
money. 



BS 



ao 



SCARBOROUGH CORPORATION INSIGNIA, 



®cartiorou0l) Corporation 
3ln0ignta. 

By R. C. Hope, F.S.A. 



I. 




RE AT Mace, silver gilt; 3 feet 6 
inches long. Usual type of bowl 
on stem, surmounted by an open 
arched cover. The bowl is divided 
into four divisions by a monster formed of a 
human head and body without arms, the 
lower limbs being represented by foliage. 
Each division contains a badge between the 
letters C R. The four badges are, ( i ) crowned 
rose, slipped; (2) crowned thistle, slipped; (3) 
crowned fleur-de-lis ; (4) crowned harp. On 
the top are four hall-marks, nearly effaced by 
re-gilding: (1) maker, illegible ; (2) crowned 
leopard's head ; (3) lion passant ; (4) ? old 
English O; also the royal arms crowned 
within the Garter, with lion and unicorn 
supporters standing on a motto-ribbon, 
inscribed diev et mon droit. The crown 
is formed of four open arches rising from a 
coronet of crosses pat^es and fleur-de-lis, 
alternately, with pearls between. The orb 
on the top is surmounted by a cross patde, 
and divided equatorially by a rib, from which 
spring four others, meeting at the top. On 
the underside of the orb is engraved, ** In hoc 
figno vincit Carofus." The staff is divided 
into four sections by roses engraved with 
leaf-work. The uppermost section is longi- 
tudinally divided into three parts by ribs ; 
the two largest sections are engraved with a 
rose and thistle pattern, and the lowest one 
terminates in a knob. 

a. Small Mace o{ fXiy&[ ] lOj inches long; 
diameter of head, if inches. A silver rod, 
divided into four sections by slight rings, 
and topped by a flat head, which has the 
royal arms of the Stuarts, with C R above, 
engraved on it Inside the head, which 
takes off like a lid, are engraved two shields, 
placed side by side and surrounded with 
arabesque scroll work ; one is charged with 
a cross, the other with a harp. The first 
section of the staff originally had three 
flanges, which are now lost. 

3. Small Mace of silver ; 1 1\ inches long. 
A silver rod, with a round knob at the lower 
end and a flat head at the other, divided 
into three sections by slight rings. The first 
section once had three flanges, now lost On 



the flat head are the royal arms of the Stuarts 
within the Garter and crowned, dividing the 
date, 167 1, in the centre; the letters C* R 
in chief, and the word Scar' Brough in base. 

tlSi:^ltf:|3r diameter.,!" high. 

|- f out handles or ] ^7 " H 



i> 



Each bears the following inscription : — 



f) 



The Guift of 

to y® Towne of 

deceased the first 



Two-towered 

castle in base 

and a 

three-masted ship 

on the waves 

in chief. 



William Thomson 
Scarbrough who 
of December 1637 



The first bears only the lion passant hall- 
mark of cycle xiii. on bottom. The second 
has the half leopard's head and fleur-de-lis 
of old York ; the maker's mark, EM (for 
Edward Maud of York, free 1678), and the 
old York date letter, a peculiar shaped M, for 
1694-5. The third has the same marks as the 
last, but the old York mark is repeated. 

r Pair of silver tankards ; ordinary drum 
y < type, with domed lids and curved handles 

[ with thumb piece. 

On the front is engraved the same arms as 
on the silver bowls. Each lias four hall- 
marks on lid, and on side near the handle : 

(i) \K\ for 1716-17 ; (a) |Xo| ; (3) lion's 

head erased ; (4) Britannia. 

9. Laving cup\ silver; io|^ inches high. 
A most hideous modern affair with two 
handles. On one side is engraved a Roman 
chariot, etc., and on the other : — 

Robert Champley, Esq., J.P., 
presented this 
Loving Cup 

TO THE 

Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses, 

OP Scarborough, for 

ever, 

on the termuiation of the second year of his 

Mayoralty, 

November 9th, 1S68. 

Amidtise virtutisque foedus. 

The arms are three escallops, and the crest 
(so-called) a ship on a globe. Hall-marks 
under the foot: (i) lion pa ssant ; (a) 
leopard's head uncrowned ; (3) (^ vkr ^ ; (4) 
[t] for 1834-S ; (s) king's head [WiliiSn IV.]. 

10. The Mayor's chain is of solid gold, and 



FOREST LAWS AND fOREST ANIMALS IN ENGLAND. 



consists of ten roses alternating with seven 
nondescript links ; two shoulder links en- 
^ved with the old small seal ; and a central 
link with star, from which hangs by a fleur- 
de-lis the pendant Each rose has a small one 
on the reverse, and the pendant is engraved 
with the old great seal of the Borough, and 
the following inscription on the reverse : — 
The Gift of 
John WoonALL, EsQta.. 
TO THi Worshipful 
THt Mayor and Corporation 
OF Scarborough. 
9Novit.,i853. 
The chain is 3' 8J* in circumference, and 
I' 3' in diameter. 
The pendant is three inches in diameter. 
1 1 . BeaJUs staff. A wooden pole, 5 feet 
1 1{ inches long, painted black, mounted at 
intcrxab with brass rings, and surmounted bjr 
an open brass crown, with red velvet cushion. 




iTotm lams ami jFotest animals 
in (SnglanD. 

I. 

■■Inltr iilv«*,mler doerta feranim. " — VlRC. jEtuid. 

^AME Laws, it has been said,* are 
an institution peculiar to the more 
northern parts of Europe^ What is 
the date of the Gist legi^tion on the 

OS. D. Barrinetati'i OiurvaHtMi em Ikt Mmt 

UStaAUtLp. 4S4(ei 5)- 



subject we do not pretend to know. In this 
country, at any rate, there is no trace of game 
laws in the earliest historical period ; and one 
could hardly expect to find any such trace. 
When nine-tenths of the island was covered 
by heath or underwood or forest trees, or 
was impassable by reason of swamp and fen, 
there can have been no need for imposing any 
restrictive regulations on the pursuit and cap- 
ture of wild birds or beasts. Hunting was, 
in fact, at once a necessity and a duty. The 
area available for pasturage being exceedingly 
limited in extent, the flesh of wild animals 
must have been required for food no less 
than their skins for clothing. And the flocks 
and the herds of the Britons, scanty as they 
were in proportion to the si« of the country, 
would speedily have become altogether ex- 
tinct had the ravages of wolves and other 
noxious animals been suffered to go un- 
checked. The sport-loving Saxon kings did, 
no doubt, gradually restrict the popular rights 
and liberties in respect of hunting. But they 
do not appear to have introduced anything 
like a ri^ system of game or forest laws. 
In Alfred's day, as Mr. Freeman remarks,* 
the king's hunting is referred to not as a 
sport, but as a serious employment, along 
with (he cares of war, government, and study. 
The genuine laws of Canute show, indeed, 
that while his subjects were at liberty to hunt 
as they pleased on their own lands, there 
were already certain lands over which none 
but the king himself was to enjoy the right of 
sporting.t But ihe best modern authorities 
are agreed that the so-called Charta Canuti 
dc Foresia, upon which Kemble and otheis 
have thought fit to dilate at some length, and 
which contains a number of enactments con- 
cerning forest administration, is either al- 
together a forgery of a much later period, or 
at least so much interpolated as to be prac- 
tically valueless. And though a writer of the 
fifteenth century t says of Harold that di 
forestis mis . . ferediaitm tt sevtriiatem trga 
adjaienta nobilions txtrcuit, Mr. Freeman 
assures us§ that there is no sort of con- 
temporaneous evidence in suppwt of this 
doubtless unfounded charge. It was not 

' * HUitry ^ Ikt harmim CoHftutt, W. 609, 
t Willdns, Ltpt AngU-iaimilt, p. I46 O?)- 
4 Koighton. Ckrtm., c iGl 
\ fiormam Camfmil, ui, 630' 



22 



FOREST LAWS AND FOREST ANIMALS IN E^ GLAND. 



until the era of the Norman kings that field 
sports became a royal prerogative, fenced in 
and sanctioned by a host of written and 
unwritten laws and restrictions. 

The general character of the forest system 
which the Conqueror introduced, we have all 
been taught from our childhood. It was, no 
doubt, an exceedingly harsh and oppressive 
system. Unfortunately no genuine charter 
or ordinance upon the subject remains to us 
from William's day. As Mr. Freeman says,'*' 
we must rely for our information respecting 
that period on later notices and the rhetorical 
complaint of the national chronicler. From 
that chronicler t we learn that William 

set mickle deer-frith,} and laid laws therewith, that 
he who slew hart or hind that man shoald blind him. 
He forbade the harts and so eke the boars ; so sooth 
he loved the hish deer as though he were their father. 
Eke he set by Uie hares that they should fare free. 
His rich men moaned at it, and the poor men be- 
wailed it ; but he was so stiff that he recked not of 
their hatred. 

But cruel and severe as the forest laws were 
under the Conqueror, they would seem to 
have reached their extreme of severity and 
cruelty under Henry I. Professor Stubbs tells 
us§ that the fines exacted by the justices 
for breaches of these laws formed in Henry's 
reign a considerable item in the accounts. 
The area of land included within the forests 
went on increasing until the reign of Stephen, 
if not until the reign of John. Nor was it 
mere unappropriated waste land which thus 
fell within the jurisdiction of the forest system 
and outside the pale of the common law. On 
the contrary, as Mr. Justice Stephen points 
out,|| the soil was private property, and the 
population living upon it might be consider- 
able — circumstances which, above all others, 
rendered the forest laws so great a hardship. 
Thus, so long as land was included vrithm 
the regard of a forest, no com could be 
grown there without special licence from 
the kin^. An ecclesiastical versifier, referring 
to William II.'s doings in Beaulieu Forest, 

* Ibid.t V. 401. 

t Chron. Pitrib,^ 1087 » Saxon ChrankU^ 296 (Ed. 
IngramX 

X This expression, Mr. Freeman says, refers chiefly, 
but perhaps not exclusively, to the New Forest. 
— Norman Conqtust^ iv. 61 1, n, 

§ Const. Hist,, i. 384. 

I Sistoryi/tAi Criminal Law, I 135 



thus tersely siuns up the results of afforesta- 
tion: — 

Templa adimit divis^fora avtbus, arva colonis 
Rufiu, 

No wonder that a writer of the twelfth 
century complained that it was by the forest 
laws safer to be a beast than a Christian man. 
The only wonder is that the Norman kings 
were strong enough to maintain and enforce 
those laws in all their rigour for so long a 
period. 

The earliest forest code which has come 
down to us is of the reign of Henry II., and 
is known as the Assize of Woodstock, a.d. 
1184.* Of its provisions Professor Stubbs 
says that, though very stringent, they are 
somewhat less inhuman than the customs of 
Henry I. Certainly they are stringent enough. 
For example, the following is the first clause 
or section of the Assize : — 

Primum defendit [rex] quod nuUus ei forisfadat de 
venatione sua nee de forestis suis in ulla re : et non 
vult Quod confident in hoc quod habuerit misericordiam 
de illis propter eorum catalla hue usque qui ei foris- 
fecerunt de venatione sua et de forestis suis. Nam 
si quis ei amodo forisfecerit et inde convictus fuerit, 
plenariam vult de illo habere justitiam qualis fuit facta 
tempore regis Henrici avi sui. 

The Great Charter of John contained three 
clauses (44, 47, 48) dealing with the forests ; 
but these clauses were renewed and extended 
in the Forest Charter of 1217 (2 Henry III.), 
which effected several beneficial changes in 
the forest laws. The tenth clause was the 
most important : — 

NuUus de cetero amittat vitam vel membra pro 
venatione nostra, sed si ali(][uis captos fuerit et con- 
victus de captione venationis, graviter redimatur, si 
habeat unde redimi possit; et si non habeat unde 
redimi possit, jaceat in prisona nostra per unum 
annum et unum diem; et si post unum annum et 
unum diem plegios invenire possit exeat a prisona; 
sin autem, abjuret regnum Anglix.f 

This Charter may perhaps appear in some 
respects uninteresting, and even trivial, to the 
modem reader ; but there can be no doubt 
that it was in its day a great measure of 
relief, and the number of subsequent Acts 
passed in joint confirmation of it and of the 
Great Charter — as 52 Hen. III., c. 5 ; 25 
Edw. I., c. I ; I Edw. III.,c. i ; 2 Edw. III., c. 
I ; 7 Hen. IV., c. I ; 4 Hen. V., c i — ^shows 

* See Stubbs's Seltct Charters, p. 150 foil 
f Ibid,, p. 541. 



FOREST LA WS AND FOREST ANIMALS IN ENGLAND. 23 



the esteem in idiich this Forest Charter con- 
tinued to be held for at least a couple of 
centuries. 

To discuss at length the various statutes 
relating to forests and forest law would be an 
unprofitable as well as a wearisome task. 
All or most of them had, no doubt, their 
meaning and their value once ; but it is hard 
even for an antiquary to feel much interest 
b the petty details of an obsolete and highly 
artificial system. When and under what 
conditions foresters may use any violence 
they please in arresting an offender; whether 
persons whose woods have been disafforested 
shall continue to enjoy rights of common in 
the forest ; how offences done in the forest 
shall be prevented; how officers surcharge 
mg the forest shall be punished; whether 
offenders shall be admitted to bail or not ; 
what use persons may make of their woods 
within the forest; whether the justices of 
forests may appoint deputies to act for them, 
— these and many other like questions are 
deah with in the various statutes relating to 
forests passed between the reign of Edwai^ I. 
and that of Henry VIII. 

At what precise period the forest law 
system ceased to be an intolerable national 
grievance, and became merely an occasional 
nuisance in particular districts, it is of course 
impossible for us or for any person to say. 
Afforestation, the most frequent and the 
gravest cause of complaint in early times, 
continued long after the grant of Henry IH.'s 
Charter to oppress and annoy the freeholders 
living on the outskirts of the various forests. 
Thus, in 1328 a petition was presented in 
Parliament at the suit of John la Warre, the 
second baron of that name, complaining that 
the manor of Bristleton in the county of 
Somerset, which had always been without 
the bounds of the royal chase called Kings- 
wood in the county of Gloucester and the 
chase of Filwood in the county of Somerset, 
had been included within the said chases by 
the wardens thereof.* In many cases, how- 
ever, the rights of the subject were not 
materially interfered with, and afforestation 
assumed a less offensive form. Such a case 
was that of the annexation to Rockinsham 
Forest in 1554 of certain woods and closes 

^ Xct. FiaH, 2 Edw. III. ; CoUinson's Somirset, 
i-413- 



situate just outside the perambulation of that 
forest This afforestation was accomplished 
by means of a I^roclamation of Philip and 
Mary addressed to the sheriff of Northants 
and the lieutenant of the forest in question, 
and, if we may trust the recitals with which 
the Proclamation begins, seems to have been 
justified by the facts of the case. From those 
recitals we learn that 

the Game and Dfore of the said Forest are nowe of 
late Yeres moche decayed and destroyed, in certen 
our Woodes, in our said Countie, called the Gram^ 
Parh, and the Sort .... by certen ydell and evill 
dbposed Persons dweUing neare to the same Forrest, 
which be moche more gyven to onreasonable Huntimg 
and other veyne Pastime, then to any other good or 
godlie Disposicion, and t^ meanes thereof to [do?] 
kill all kynde of unseasonaUe Deare belonging to the 
said Forrest, resortync for their Feading Rel^e and 
Soucore into our said Woodes. 

Under these circumstances their Majesties 
declared that the said woods and some small 
closes adjacent thereto should from Christmas 
of that year be annexed, united, and knit to 
Rockingham Forest, and form part thereof to 
aU intents and purposes, and be within the 
rule and direction of the Justices of that 
Forest and the other Forests on this side 
of the Trent* It is noteworthy that the 
afforestation in this comparatively late in- 
stance seems to have extended to none but 
Crown lands. 

Nearly ninety years after the date of this 
Proclamation, the statute 16 Car. I., c. 16, 
which confined the areas of forests within 
the limits commonly known or reputed in 
the twentieth year of James I.*s reign, and 
declared that no place in which forest courts 
had not been held or forest officers appointed 
within sixty years before the king's accession 
should be regarded as a forest, bears witness 
to the recent extension of some forests, and 
even to endeavours " to set on foot forests " 
where forests had never been or, at least, had 
not been for a very long time. In point of fact 
it was Charles's desire to raise revenue without 
recourse to Parliament which at this period 
led to a sharp but brief revival of the forest 
laws. Blackstone in his C((7mmrif/tfmjt refers 
to the ** rigorous proceedings " of the Courts 
of Justice-Seat for the forests of Windsor 

• Acta de Rymtr, xy. 408-9. 
t Book III., chap. 6. 



24 



NOTES ON SOME REJECTED BILLS IN PARLIAMENT 



Waltham, and Deane,* held in 1632 and the 
following years by the Earl of Holland, 
Chief Justice in Eyre. These would appear 
to have been the last genuine itinera of the 
successors and representatives of those jus- 
tices whom Henry II. was the first to appoint 
Another Court of Justice-Seat was, indeed, 
held after the Restoration, and most of the 
forests "on this side Trent" were then 
visited But the real object of this iter was 
not so much the enforcement of the forest 
laws as the pecuniary advantage of Lord 
Oxford, the Chief Justice in Eyre. Roger 
North speaks of itt as an extraordinary 
event : — 

Many Reigns pass before there is another ; For it 
is a great Charge to the Crown in Salaries, Expences 
and Rewards ; and the Profits redounded to the Lord 
Chief Justice in Eyie. And it was said, at that Time, 
that the King's Intent, in ordaining a Sessions of 
Eyre, was purely to gratify the Earl of Oxford^ who 
was one that ever wanted Royal Boons. 

It was as ** royal boons," or sinecures, that 
the chief forest offices survived long after the 
performance of the duties once attached to 
those offices had become an absolute impossi- 
bility. In Manwood's Treatise of the Forest 
Laws X we read that 

the Negligence of putting these Laws in Execution 
hath induced a general Ignorance of them ; so that 
they are not only grown out of Use in most Places, but 
into Contempt by the Inhabitants of the Forests. I 
do not write this to have those Laws rigorously exe- 
cuted against Offenders ; but to have them so executed, 
that the Forests may still be known to be Forests, and 
that the Game may still be preserved for the King's 
Use : For otherwise it was much better to disafforest 
them all, and then the King will be discharged of 
those great Fees which he yearly pays out of his Ex- 
chequer to the Officers of the Forests. 

In at least one instance, however, an ex- 
cellent use was made of these great fees. 
The Right Hon. Thomas Grenville, who was 
Chief Justice in Eyre at the beginning of 
this century, received in that capacity the 
comfortable stipend of £zA^^ 13^. 4^. and 
three brace of bucks a year. This income, 

♦ At the Court for this forest, held at Gloucester, 
the jury were induced to find the bounds as extensive 
as in the time of Henry II. — Rudder's Gloucestershire , 
p. 28. 

{Life of Lord Guilford^ p. 44. 
Fourth Edition (b/ Nelson), 1717, p. 152. The 
firs( edition was published in 159^. 



easily earned and long enjoyed, supplied him 
with the means of accumulating that fine 
collection of books which at one time he in- 
tended should, after his death, be added to 
the already well-filled shelves at Stowe, but 
which upon further and better consideration 
he decided ought to find a secure and per- 
manent resting-place in the British Museum. 
With this reference to the Grenville Library, 
the strangest and the most valuable offspring 
of the Conqueror's forest system, we may 
fitly conclude this portion of our subject 

F. 





il^oteiB! on ^me Eejecten l&m in 

l^arUament* 



|T very often happens that in some of 
the sidelights of history may be 
discovered a forgotten fact or an 
unknown event which may be of 
great importance to the right understanding 
of certain periods or events. Perhaps in no 
case is this more certain than in the case of 
bills which have been introduced into Parlia- 
ment, and have then been allowed to drop, 
or have been thrown out. In some instances 
these have of course left their traces in par- 
liamentary history by the debates which have 
arisen from them, — statesmen have fought for 
them and against them, and their doings have 
been chronicled. But in other instances, 
where the bill has related to some local need, 
or has brought forward some legislative pro- 
posals which were not popular enough, or not 
important enough, to make a great political 
stir, there is nothing recorded to tell of the 
history which is to be obtained from these 
rejected fragments of parliamentary records. 
On the present occasion we cannot go over 
the full extent of this vast field of curious 
inquiry, and particularly we shall not attempt 
to notice the great political examples which 
have left their traces on our history ; but at 
all events, there is ample material at hand in 
the calendar of the manuscripts of the House 
of Lords, given in the Reports of the His- 
torical Manuscript Commission, to show the 



HOTES ON SOME REJECTED BILLS IN PARLIAMENT. 



25 



chief chtracteiistics and the value of a study 
of this interesting subject 

A few bills relating to the land holding and 
agricultural matters will perhaps not inappro- 
priately commence our examples. In 1584 
a bill " for the preservation of tillage," and 
against laying down in pasture land that had 
been heretofore arable, was '' condemned by 
the Committees." 

In 1597 the exact converse of this appears 
to have been occupying the attention of 
agriculturalists, for we have a bill brought 
from the Commons " to restrain the sowing 
of oade (oats) in meadows and cow pastures." 
Hay was scarce in some places, it is recorded, 
in consequence of pasture lands being sown 
with " oade," and it was sought by this bill 
to enact that no person shoiQd sow " oade " 
on land which within twenty years has been 
employed as pasture. The land question 
about this time was greatly unsettled. There 
were encroachments of landlords and the 
giving up of the old ways of agriculture both 
going on rapidly side by side. They were 
met, or attempted to be met, by the many 
acts which were passed about this time re- 
lating to the enclosing of common lands. 
But some of the bills Uiat never found their 
way into the statute book contained principles 
of legislation that are adopted now m similar 
In 1620 we have a rejected bill 



for the improving and better ordering of commons, 
iBterooomions, and waste grounds for the good of the 
poor commoners and all interested therein: 

a specimen of legislation frequently found 
in the statute book. 

A curious bill, that passed through all its 
stages in the two Houses, but did not receive 
the royal assent, gives us some instruction 
about the making of glass in 1584. It is 
entitled 

an act against the making of glass by strangers and 
outhndiMi men within the realm, and for the preserva- 
tioo ^ timber and woods spoiled by glaa houses. 

No alien is to carry on the trade of glass 
making unless he employ and instruct one 
Englishman for every two foreigners, and no 
one is to carry on Uie trade, or cut timber 
for the purpose of the trade, within twenty- 
two mite of London, seven of Guildford, and 
four of Winchelsea, Rye and Pevensey, " or 
the fool of the hills called the I>owns of 



Sussex." This is an interesting addition to 
the information ^ot together by Mr. James 
Fowler, F.S.A., m Archaohgia (vol xlvi.). 
Stow tells us that the first making of Venice 
glasses in England began at Crotchet Friars 
in London, about the beginning of the reign 
of Queen Elizabeth, by one Jacob Vessaline, 
an Italian.'*' In 1567 Anthony Dollyne and 
John Carye obtained a patent for making 
glass in England, and contracted with 

Thomas and Ballhazar de Hamezel, esquires, dwelling 
at the glass-houses of Vosges, in the countrie of 
Lorraine, 

to come and teach the art to Englishmen. 
So that, seventeen years later, we find by 
tlUs bill in parliament that Englishmen were 
still unlearned in the art, though apparently 
foreigners carried on the trade in their 
midst 

Another industry of which we obtain some 
information is that of saltpetre making. In 
1626 a bill was introduced 

for the preservation of the mine of saltpetre, and 
increase of the means for making saltpetre, and for 
the ease of the subject from the grievances they now 
bear, by digging their houses and taking their carriages 
by petremen, 

which grants certain privileges to Sir William 
Luckin and partners for the making of this 
article. The bill was allowed to drop. From 
an article in the Gentleman* s Magazine of 1 769 
we gather some information on this subject. 
From the time of Edward III., it is said (p. 
233), till 1696, England made saltpetre enough 
for its own consumption, but likewise supplied 
foreign parts, and saltpetre was always enume- 
rated among the staple commodities of Eng- 
land That injudicious duty, with other 
coinciding accidents, occasioned the laying 
down the saltpetre works. There was one 
near St Giles's, one near Radcliffe Cross, 
and many others in different parts ; but by a 
strange kind of idleness, we have depended 
upon the India Company for our only means 
of defence, which is gunpowder, of which 
saltpetre is the chief ingredient ; and we can 
now have no saltpetre but from India. 

We have often to lament the loss or de- 
struction of important local records, and in 
16 1 4 an attempt was made to prevent the 
loss of the then current documents, which 

* See Pennant's Umdon^ 5th cd., p. 377. 



26 



NOTES ON SOME REJECTED BILLS IN PARLIAMENT 



was even at this time going on. This we 
learn from the draft of an 

act for the safe keeping of the records and books of 
the sessions of the peace and of inrolments taken 
before justices and clerks of the peace, 

which sets forth that, in consequence of 
frequent changes in the office of Gustos 
Rotulorum and Clerks of the Peace, records 
were constantly lost, and enacts that a house 
shall be provided in each county for their 
safe custody. 

The want of international copyright occu- 
pied the attention of Parliament in 1614, for 
a bill was introduced, but rejected on the 
second reading, "concerning printing and 
binding books brought from beyond the 
seas," and imposing penalties upon both 
sellers and buyers of books, printed beyond 
the seas, which have been previously pub- 
lished by authority in this realm. 

In 1593 we have the draft of a bill "for 
suppressing of pedlars and petty chapmen." 
By colour of licences, under the Act of 14 
Eliz., pedlars and petty chapmen wander all 
over the country, carrying letters from one 
traitorous subject to another, and display 
their goods in church porches and church- 
yards on the Sabbath day ; the bill enacts that 
they shall forfeit all their wares unless lawfully 
licensed in the open sessions within the county 
wherein they shall utter and sell their wares. 

This leads us to enquire what there is of 
these instructive memorials of the past which 
would tell us something of the social habits 
and requirements of the day. In 1621 a bill 
passed both Houses of Parliament, but did 
not receive the royal assent, " for the better 
repressing of drunkenness and restraining the 
inordinate haunting of inns, alehouses, and 
other victualling houses," an evil which the 
present age has encountered by a different 
and more effectual remedy. A curious bill 
of 160 1, " to restrain the excessive and super- 
fluous use of coaches within this realm of 
England," gives an interesting piece of 
evidence on the petty interferences of legis- 
lation in these ages. In consequence of the 
great increase in the use of coaches, we learn 
&om this bill, which was rejected on the 
second reading by the Lords, the saddlers' 
trade is like to be ruined, and not only so, 
but evil disposed persons who dare not show 
themselves openly for fear of correction, 



shadow and securely convey themselves in 
coaches, and cannot be discerned from 
persons of honour ; besides which the roads 
are cloyed and pestered, and horses lamed 
In future, it was proposed, that no one under 
the degree of a knight or a privy councillor, 
queen's council, etc., or paying £,^0 to the 
subsidy assessment, shall ride or travel in 
coaches under penalty of £,^ for every 
offence, and no person shall let coach or 
coach-horses to any but those hereby author- 
ized to use them upon pain of forfeiting the 
same. 

That this absurd attempt to limit private 
affairs failed is not to be wondered at, and 
we know well enough from the annals of 
coach driving that necessity proclaimed 
against such legislation.* 

It would almost appear that the clergy of 
1 6 14 were rapidly getting into a state of life 
which the rebellion could not wipe out and 
which it remained for Macaulay to paint in 
such harsh colours; for in that year a bill 
was read a first time only, which provides for 
the punishment of ministers convicted of 
drunkenness or other immorality, and it 
goes further in adding that every living shall 
become void [ipso facto) upon the second 
conviction of the incumbent. It would 
almost appear as if the throwing off of the 
fearful trammels of Rome had left the clergy 
in a still worse plight 

An interesting bill relating to buildings in 
London, a subject that is as old certainly as 
Fitzalwyne's famous assize, printed in the 
Liber AlbuSf is that of 162 1, "for the order- 
ing and settling the manner of buildings, and 
for restraint of inmates and dividing of tene- 
ments in and near the cities of London and 
Westminster." The forefront and outer 
walls of all new buildings to be of brick or 
stone, and no tenement was to be divided 
into several habitations unless it be worth 
;£'2o per annum. Have we here a fore- 
runner of the evils which modem statesman- 
ship is called upon to ameliorate? 

As an evidence of the age which witnessed 
the taste of John Evelyn and his compeers 
in gardening, many examples of which are 
given in his diary, it is interesting to notice 

♦ See Macaulay, i., p. 179, for the use of coaches 
in 1685. See Archaalogia^ vol. xx., and Gent, Ma^,^ 
1830, pt. i., p. 18. 



CELEBRATED BIRTBPLACES. 



the stiugf[le of London gsidencrs to obbun 
in exclusive right to ihcir occupation. A bit] 
wu rejected without "one negative'* in 
l6>o-i Ua " ronrinnftlioii of several letters 
pttent giMUed by the King's Majest)- foi 
tiw idcorporating the gairdeners of the city 
of London, and of tlie franchises, liberties, 
powcn, privileges, vid jurisdictions of ihc 
Hid COTponuion," for confirmation of letters 
pnenl, far inoorponitioD of the gardeners of 
Ijoadcn and six miles round into a company, 
aad Cor preventing any, except members of 
the company, from practising the roystety. 
wfaid) many ignorant and untrained persons 
have ventuted to 
do. to the great 
isjnry of the sub- 
>eeL [See also 
Xtrnfrnfranna pf 



I 1614 

nnght neocsury 

D innodace a bill 

prevent the 

and 

fill departure of 

f Vivcs from their 

. ■ «hich 

perhaps indicates 




of the mantage 
tie at thi* period ; 
bat it icmaina for 

moUe a mil more 

iQgtlrng ttalc of affain. Certainly the most 
mnarfcabic bill introduciKl into Padiament, 
and rejected, is dtat mentioned in the Vemey 
corrapondeiKC, in a letter d.ited Nov. iSth, 
1675, which stales that "a bill was brought 
into the Commons thai a man mighl hait as 
mtamy n-iT*t a> At fJeaifJ, nrl txttediag twdw, 
by Mr- Mallei."* This is the first atiempl we 
hm met with to legalise polygamy in this 
csaDtTy, and perhaps it is the bcsi example 
to ibow the curious and incctcsting ]>hases of 
put social and political thought which is to 
tw gained from these out-of-the-way sources 
of iafanBation, and it may fitiingly conclude 
the aatnplea we have here gathered together, 
aod which we hope may be supplemented. 
* Stxi/uJttkaJ Miuaucri/* Cemniissii^n. vii.. p.4y3. 




Celebrateo I5itttiplaces. 

Jo!<Ei'ii Addison, at Milsto-j, Wilishire. 

[CAHXRED over the fair surface of 
our land arc many residences whose 
history is connected with the first 
days of our great men. Some of 
them are famous only, interesting only, as 
being the birthplace of a great man. StiU 
they must always represent something of more 
than passing interest to the traveller. The very 
plainness or humbleness of a house thus asso- 
ciated has its influence upon the character of 
_--^ the person who be- 

comes linked with 
it in the memories 
of mankind, and 
thus it is that the 
traveller who ap- 
proaches the vil- 
lage of Milston, 
near Amesbury, in 
Wtlis,lool(3uponit 
witli considerable 
interest, because 
here Joseph Addi^ 
sonwasbomonthe 
ist of May, 1672. 
His father, Dr. 
I ^ncctot Addison, 
liad been unfot- 
uinate, and ob- 
tained the living 
, 'V at Milston after 

■' having spent some 

considerable time abroad. He was a man of 
some learning and a non-juror, and we get 
some interesting glimpses of him from Hearnc's 
Diaries, The rectory-house as it stood about 
1844 was a plain enough structure of no 
special interest, and the illustration conveys, 
perhaps, all that is necessary. When Uie 
present rector, die Rev. F. A Radcliffe, went 
there in 1 863, the old rectory was still standing, 
and he lived in it for about two years. It 
was, he sa}-s, a superior kind of cottage, con- 
taining only one large room, used as ibe 
drawing-room. I'he staircase was almost 
perpendicular. Just before the bouse was 
pulled down a photograph of the front and 
back of the house was taken by Dr. Southby, 
and these arc in the ]x>sscssion of the rector. 



a8 



REVIEWS. 



A small piece of the old rectory wall is still 
standing as the only mark of Addison's 
birthplace. After the decease of Addison's 
father, the house passed away from the 
family, although it is on record that Addison 
was sued for dilapidations by the next in- 
cumbent. In the town there is the follow- 
ing tradition of a curious excursion made by 
Addison i;\hen a boy. Being at a country 
school, he committed some slight fault, when 
his fear of being corrected for it was so great 
that he ran away from his father's house and 
fled into the fields, where he lived upon 
fruits and took up his lodging in a hollow 
tree, till upon the publication of a reward 
to whoever should find him he was discovered 
and restored to his parents. 

Milston is mentioned in Domesday Book 
amongst the lands of Earl Roger, and again 
as the land of Robert, son of Giroldus. It 
was forfeited by John, Lord Zouch, who 
fought for Richard III. at Bosworth, where- 
upon the manor was given to Jasper W., of 
Bedford. The church requires but little 
attention, being small and mean. Sir Richard 
Colt Hoare gives particulars of the inscrip- 
tions and epitaphs in his Modem Wiltshire, 




EetttetDjB. 



Mediaifol Military Architecture in England, By 
Geo. T. Clark. (London: Wyman & Sons, 
18S4.) 2 vols., 8vo. 

|T is a matter of complaint, and rightly so, 
that books are going out of fashion, and 
collected articles are taking their place. Mr. 
Clark's two handsome volumes, illustrated 
most copiously and with good artistic skill, 
are in reality nothing more than a collection of articles 
from various sources ; but then it is the collection, 
the juxtaposition, that many of us have been de- 
siring for some time past, and we are quite sure that 
not one word of objection will be raised against the 
plan of publication adopted by Mr. Clark. He has 
been a life-long student of his subject : he has studied 
on the spot, and in company with our best antiquaries ; 
and he has seen his various printed articles usckI again 
and again to illustrate some great points in English 
history, and that too by such masters as Mr. Green 
and Mr. Freeman. We hasten therefore to accord 
our word of gratitude for the publication of these 
handsome volumes. 

The history of English castles does not end with 
their architectural or military aspect. There are legal 



and social aspects as well, and we are not quite sure 
whether these may not be reckoned as the most im- 
portant results of Mr. Clark's studies. Almost all the 
most important of our English castles date, in some 
form or other, from remote antiquity, and their asso- 
ciations were of slow growth, and deeply rooted in 
many centuries of the national history. A castle built 
up by the Norman conquerors was altogether different. 
It had no national life, so to speak, and it was out of 
harmony with the surroundine country and people. 
Into all these matters Mr. Clark very ably enters, and 
we have before us by this means many a phase of 
past historic life which could not have been obtained 
from any other source or by any other means. 

After ^ving a very succinct and graphic general 
introduction, every page of which teems with the 
knowledge of a master of the subject, Mr. Clark takes 
up each castle separately, and describes its architecture 
and its historical associations. He deals with the 
castles or defences of Alnwick, Arques (near Dieppe), 
Arundel, Barnard, Beaumaris, Bedford, Berkhamp- 
stead, Berkeley, Bodiham, Borthwick, B6ve8, Bowes, 
Bramber, Bridgenorth, Bronll^, Brough, Brougham, 
Builth, Caernarvon, Caerphilly, Cardiff, Carlisle, 
Castel Coch, Castle Rising, Ch&teau-Gaillard (Nor- 
mandy), Christchurch, Clifford, Clitheroe, Clun, 
Cockermouth, Colchester, Conisborough, Conway, 
Corfe, Covey-le- Chateau, Coyty, Dolforwyn, Dover, 
Dunster, Durham, Eaton-Socon, Ewias Harold, 
Exeter, Fillongley, Fonmon, Fotheringay, Grosmont, 
Guildford, Harlech, Hastings, Hawarden, Hdmsley, 
Hereford, Hertford, Hopton, Huntingdon, Hunting- 
ton, Kenilworth, Kidwelly, Kelpeck, Knaresborough, 
Leeds (Kent), Leicester, Leyboume, Lincoln, Llan- 
quian, London, Ludlow, St. Leonards, Middleham, 
Mil ford, Montgomery, Morlais, Norham, Notting- 
ham, Odiham, Oswestry, Penmark, Penrice, Penrith, 
Pevensey, Pickering, Pontefract, Porcester, Richard's 
Castle, Rochester, Rockingham, Old Sarum, Scar* 
borough, Skenfirth, Southampton, Tamworth, Thum- 
ham, Tickhill, Tretower, HUen-LIyfni, Crickhowel, 
Tutbury, Urquhart, Wareham, White Castle, Whit- 
tington, Wigmore, and York. Thus whether we are 
studying the defences of Celtic Britain by means of 
her vast earthem mounds, Maiden Castles as they are 
sometimes called ; or whether we are studying the 
remains of Roman stone military defences as at 
Porchester, the finest relic of all ; or whether Saxon 
or Norman defences engage our attention, here are 
the means not only of ascertaining the details of the 
structure, but for the far more important work of 
comparing them with other relics, contemporary or 
otherwise. Mr. Clark deals at some length with that 
most important monument of Norman military skill, 
the Tower of London ; and rising from a study of 
this paper, the question comes home to us with more 
than ordinary force, how was it that London, over- 
awed by the Tower, was for so short time the seat 
of the governmental machinery of the land ? how was 
it that the kings who built the Tower, knew its uses, 
understood its importance, went to Westminster for 
their palace of residence, and enabled Westminster to 
become the seat of government ? There must be some- 
thing in the history of old London not yet related, 
perhaps never to be related, which accounts for this ; 
out the history of the Tower gives the other side of 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES, 



29 



the quesdoo, and tells us why the city should have 
retained these lost priTileges. 

We notice that Mr. Clark has reprinted his article 
DO Colchester Castle without any allusion to the papers 
which hare appeared in this journal illustrating the 
architecture as well as the political significance of this 
important fntrcss. We think this a pity, because 
it would have been an advantage to have had Mr. 
CUrk*s opinion either for or against these later studies. 
But we cannot quarrel mith him for such a slight 
matter when we have to thank him for so much. It 
able in the space of one review to do ade- 



quate justice to this important work, but we hope to 
be allowed to return to it again with reference to some 
special studies which the writer of this notice hus pre- 
pared. Mr. Clark maps out before us the military 
postioQ of England at various stages of her history, 
and no one dealing with early English subjects would 
think of completing his studies without a reference to 
these volumes. 



AmmtirvyU Sxitiy Pubiicatiom, No. xxiv.-xxviL, Dec. 
i&3,toJnne 1884. 

These numbers contain '* Address to the People on 
the Death of Princess Charlotte " (concluded), '* The 
Pastiooate Remonstrance made t^ his Holiness in 
the Conclave at Rome " (1641), " A Discovery of the 
Barmndas ** (1610), ** The Russian Invasion of Poland 
in 1583^** "Kisses: being fragments and poetical 
pieces on the Kiss," and ^ A Marriage Triumphe 
solemnized in the Epithalaminm *' (1613). It will 
be seen that all these reprints are worth having, and 
in the handy form they are presented to us they can 
be bound up as the owner wishes. 



Clmrtndtm HiUorkal Sociity Reprints^ November and 
December 1883, January i8&^ 

The contents of this three-monthly part are " The 
LifeoC Henry Hudson ** (concluded), " A Letter from 
an English Traveller at Rome to his Father (1721),*' 
^ A King and no King ; or. The Best Argument for a 
Just Title (1716)," " Consideration upon a printed 
sheet, entitnled The Speech of the late Lord Russell 
to the Sheriffii (1683). I^e letter from the English 
traveller at Rome (now printed for the hrst time), 
gives some extremely interesting details about the 
Chevalier de St George and his wife. The princess 
is dcKribed as " of middle stature, well shaped, and has 
hyvely features, while vivacity and mildness of temper 
are painted in her lookes,*'and she *' spoke the prettiest 
English I think I ever heard, and invited the English- 
men to her concert that evening, and the Pretender 
entertained them on the subject of their families as 
knowim^ as if he had been all his life in England. 
They aLo saw the Pretender's son, a fine promising 
chikL'' This bears out the renorts brought to Heame, 
and io quaintly described in his Diaria. 



Trmumetimu tf the Rofol Historical Society, New 
Series. Vol L, pait ir. (Longmans.) 

Wc we 1^ to wekomc the Transactiom of this 



Society in their new form, and congratulate the mem- 
bers upon having such good work, as the papers in 
this part show is being done. Sir R. Temple s *' Per- 
sonal Traits of Mahratta Brahman Princes ; '* " The 
Conquest of Norway by the Ynglings," by Mr. 
Howorth, and Mr. C Walford's •• Bndgcs : their 
Historical and Literary Associations,'' well repay 
studying by those interested in these subjects. There 
is also a paper on *• The Keltic Church, by the Rev. 
W. Dawson. 



Transactums of the Glasgow Archaological Society. 
Vol. ii., part iii. (Glasgow : James Madehose.) 

The contents of this part are of ereat and varied 
interest. Perhaps the most generally interesting b 
one by Mr. W. G. Black on the derivation of the 
word " Glasgow." The author suggests that Gla^w 
was known by two names, one Bnrthonic, one Goi- 
delic ; the site of Glasgow, originally known under a 
Brythonic name, may have in Uter times changed its 
name, and that the present form comes from the 
later name. In early Glasgow directories Mr. J. 
Wyllie Guild claims, as the possessor of a Bailees 
Northern Directory^ published at Warrington 178 1, a 
Glasgow directory prior to the 1783 edition, an octavo 
of 103 pages, hitherto supposed to be the earliest 
A most valuable paper is Part 1 1, of Professor Ferguson's 
Notes on some books of receipts, so-called "secrets.** 
Other papers are on account of the Kinninghouse 
Bum ancl the adjacent lands of the Gorbals, by 
Alex. M. Scott, the Sheriff Court of Lanarkshire at 
Glasgow, and a reprint of an early Catalogue of 
Books for sale by auction at Glasgow, 17 12. This 
latter is an example of useful work which we should 
like to see adopted elsewhere. 



American Antiquasricm^ March 1884. (F. H. Revell, 
Chicago.) 

In our contemporary for March is a goodly selec- 
tion of antiquarian matter. There is a Lecture on 
Polytheism, by F. G. Fleay ; " Song of Altabiscar,** 
by Wentworth Webster ; a translation of some Basque 
lines which appeared in the Journal de FInstUut 
Historique, Tome 1st, 1834, the authenticity of which 
was questioned at the time of publication : Mr. 
Webster effectually proves its modem origin ; " Ruins 
in Mongolia,** by J. Gilman ; "Who were the Mound 
Builders ? '* by Cyrus Thomas, a lengthy review of Mr. 
(^arr*s Mounds of the Mississippi Valley Historically 
considered. Among the contributors to the " Cone* 
spondence ** we see the names of F. Max Miiller, O. 
D. Miller, W. S. Lach-Szyrma, and other well-known 
names. An article on Picture Writing in various 
parts of prehistoric America, and illustrated, is well 
worth reading. 



GUmcestershirt Notes and Queries. Part xxiL Edited 
by Rev. B. H. Blacker. (London : Kent& Co.) 

This part keeps up the good reputation this work 
has obtained for interesting records on matters oC 



so 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



antiquarian and historical interest in the county. 
Extracts from Parish Registers, Bristol in 1761, and 
List of Marriages in Hampnett, 1737-54, are, perhaps, 
the most valuable. 




QPeetings of antiquatfan 
Societies* 

METROPOLITAN. 

Society of Antiquaries.— May ist.— Dr. Edwin 
Freshfield, V.-P., in the chair.— Mr. Scarth exhibited 
tracings of some tiles discovered at Minchin Barrow 
Priory, in Somerset. — Dr. Perceval exhibited and 
descnbed a few deeds belonging to Mr. Everitt. — 
Mr. Seaton exhibited a bronze arm from a colossal 
statue, which was found in Seething Lane while ex- 
cavating for the Inner Circle Railway, about twenty- 
five feet below the present surface of the ground. 

May 8th.— Dr. E. Freshfield, V.-P., in the chair.— 
Mr. R. Brown, jun., exhibited the fragments of Samian 
pottery found at New Holland, near Barton-on- 
Humber, on one of which Mr. BroMrn considered he 
could detect traces of a representation of the constel- 
lation figures. — Colonel Fish wick communicated an 
account of a monstrous act of restoration which had 
been perpetrated on an ancient arch in Bispham 
Church, Lancashire. — Mr. W. M. Wylie communicated 
an account, which he had received from a relative, of 
the discovery in Lincolnshire of what the writer thought 
were traces of a prehistoric road in the second and 
lower stratum of peat separated from an upper stratum 
of i)eat by a stratum of silt. Mr. Wylie tnrew out a 
conjecture that the supposed road may have rather 
belonged to a Pfahlbau, 

May 15th.— Dr. E. Freshfield, V.-P., in the chair.— 
Mr. G. W. G. Leveson-Gower exhibited two Roman 
urns found in the parish of Crowhurst during the con- 
struction of the Croydon and East Grinstead Railway. 
Mr. Leve<^on-Gower also exhibited an interesting 
genealogical manuscript compiled and very beautifiilly 
ulustrated by the Kentish antiquary the Rev. Thomas 
Streatfeild. — The Rev. H. J. Cheales exhibited a tracing 
of another wall painting from Friskney Church, whicn 
he had cleared of whitewash with his own hands. — 
Mr. O. Morgan exhibited, by the hand of the Director, 
the earliest known charter of the borough of Newport, 
Monmouthshire. 

Philological. — May 2nd. — Dr. J. A. H. Murray, 
President, in the chair. — The paper, read by Mr. H. 
Sweet, was "Observations on some Keltic Etymo- 
logies, with reference to Prof. Skeat's Etymological 
Dictionary," by Prot Powell. 

May loth. — Anniversary Meeting.— Dr. J. A. H. 
Murray, President, in the chair. — ^The President de- 
livered his annual address. After noticing the 
members who had died since the last anniversary, 
and reviewing the work of the Society during the 
last two years, he read reports by Mr. W. R. MorfiU 
on the Slavonic languages; by M. Paul Hun&evy 
and Mr. Patterson on Hun^;arian since 1873 ; by 
Mr. £. G. Browne on Turkish ; and by Mr. R. N. 



Cust on the Hamitic languages of North Africa. — 
Mr. H. Sweet read his own report " On the Practical 
Study of Language." — The President then gave an 
account of the progress of the Sodety^s Dictionary. 

British Arcnseological Association. — May 21st 
— Mr. T. Mor]^n in the chair. — Mr. W. Myers 
rendered a description of many objects of antiquarian 
interest collected recently in Egypt — The Rev. S. M. 
Mayhew produced many articles of interest, especially 
to collectors of London antiquities, there being among 
them a handsome inlaid marquetry box, once probably 
the alms-box of the old church of St Olave, Tooley 
Street, since it was found close to the site of the present 
building, below the surface of the ground. It bears 
the inscription, **The gift of R. Makepiece, 1692,** 
and appears but little the worse for its rough uss^ 
A carved bone knife of Roman date and some hne 
examples of glass of the same period were also ex- 
hibited. — Mr. L. Brock produced several antiquities 
found in London, the most curious l>eing a spur of 
great length. — The first paper was by Signora Cami>ion, 
" On the Antiquities of the Ancient City of Limi, in 
Italy." — The second paper was by Mr. W. de Gray 
Birch. It was descriptive of a fine stained-glass fignre 
of a lady in Long Melford Church, Suffolk, shown in 
facsimile by a drawing by Mr. Watling. The figure 
is that of Lady Anne Percy, then wife of Sir Lawrence 
Rainsforth, Knt., and probably the yoimgest daughter 
of Hotspur, and not Uie first or second, as has been 
believed. The lady's third husband was Sir R. Vaughan. 
This is the earliest known portrait of any memto of 
the Percy family. 

Royal Archaeological Institute. — May ist. — The 
Rev. Sir T. H. B. Baker, Bart., in the chair. — 
Mr. Hellier Gosselin read a communication firom 
Mr. J. Thompson Watkin on recent discoveries of 
Roman coins of the latter part of the third century 
near Preston, Lancashire, and of the base of a small 
Roman column at Thistleton, Rutlandshire. — The 
Rev. J. Hirst read a paper on "The Religious Sym- 
bolism of the Unicom." — Mr. Hodgetts read a paper 
on ''The Scandinavian Element in the English 
People,** in which he pointed out that the early 
English were more closely allied to the Scandinavians 
than to the Low Germans. — The Rev. Precentor 
Venables exhibited a leaden impression of a seal be- 
longing to some religious house. In the centre is an 
effigy of the Blessed Vir^n Mary and Child, under a 
tabernacle of Gothic work. The legend is SIGILLVM 
CONHVNE STB MARIE DE . . . Lco. Also a parch- 
ment certificate, with a medal attached, professing to 
be a contemporary record of the landing of Cseiar ; 
but it is needless to add that both certificate and medal 
are of a very different date to that assigned to them. 

Asiatic. — May 19th. — Anniversary Meetii^. — Sir 
H. C. Rawlinson in the chair. — Prot Monier Williams 
gave an account of his recent visit to India and to the 
Jain and Buddhist temples there. 

May 5th. — Sir H. C. Rawlinson, Director, in the 
chair.— Mr. C. Allen rttd a paper entitled " The ' She 
King * for English Readers, in which he showed that 
the work in question consisted of a collection of 
archaic poetry and verses such &s are found in all 
nations in their primitive stages of civilization. 

Royal Historical Society.— May 15th.— Dr. 
Zerffi in the chair.— Mr. Robert Leighton read a 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES, 



3« 



paper oo "Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his Influence 
oo the French Revolution." 

Society of Biblical Archeology. — May 6th. — 
Dr. S. Birch, President, in the chair. — A paper was 
read by Mr. T. G. Pinches and Mr. £. A. Budge <* On 
loaie New Texts in the Babylonian Character, relating 
principally to the Restoration of Temples.** 

NumisQiatic. — May 15th. — Dr. J. Evans, Presi- 
dent, in the chair. — Mr. H. Montagu exhibited a half- 
penny or ftLTthing of Eadred, the original coin having 
been buiected for the purpose of creating two farthings 
in the same way as pomies were frequently halved and 
qnartered. — Mr. J. G. Hall exhibited a hammered 
luv ere i g n of Clnrles II.'s first coinage with the 
mmerus xx behind the head of the king ; weight, 158 

r'ns. — Mr. B. V. Head read a paper, b^ Mr. C. 
Keary, on a hoard of Anglo-Saxon coins found 
in Rome daring some recent excavations on the site of 
the Hottse of the Vestals at the foot of the Palatine.— 
Mr. N. Heywood communicated a notice of a find of 
Aq^o-Saxon coins beneath the foundations of Water- 
loo Bridge. — Mr. Toplis sent a list of forty varieties of 
s e ve nte enth century tradesmen's tokens of Netting- 
hastthire not described in Boyne*s work. 

HeUenic— May 8th.— Prof. C. T. Newton, V.-P., in 
the diair. — Mr. T. Bent read a paper on a recent tour 
among the Cyclades. In these islands, at all times 
tmpoftant as stepping-stones between Europe and 
Asm, mi^t be stuoied, (i) the great prehistoric empire 
of which traces have been found at Santorin.; (2) the 
great age of Greek history ; (3) the times of the 
Cmsades; and (4) the character, customs, and language 
of the mocfem Greeks, nowhere so pure as here. 
After torching in some detail upon the modem 
cnstmns, Mr. Bent proceeded to give an account of 
the objects he had found belonging to the prehistoric 
period. He had visited all the twenty-two islands 
which are now sparsely inhabited. On Amorgos he 
had obtained some interesting vase handles with in- 
cised inscriptioitti On Antiparos he had found several 
large rnnfteries and opened some forty graves. These 
mosUy contained pottery of the rudest description, not 
nnlike that which is found in British barrows, but in 
tome of the richer graves were found (juaint marble 
figvcs, attempts of the most primitive kind to imitate 
the hnman form. Examples of these and of some few 
flint instimnents and archaic jewellery were s^own by 
Mr. Bent The metals found were silver, copper, and 
branxe. The dvilixation indicated by the nnds here 
and at Santorin could hardly belong, in Mr. Bent's 
op ini oo, to a period later tlum the sixteenth century 
B.C — Mr. Monro, the Provost of Oriel, read a paper 
"On the Epic Cycle.'* 

St Fmil^s Bcdesiological Society.— May 2nd. 
—The memben visited the churches of St Katherine 
Crae, T^fadfnhaTI Street, and All Hallows, Barking, 
nder the guidance of Mr. G. H. Birch. In the 
comie of a paper which he read in the former churdi, 
Mr. Bbch aid that St. Katherine Christ, or Cree, 
Chmch was erected before the Great Fire in 1666, 
and to the minds of the ecdesiologist and archi- 
tect It posfciicd a peculiar value fv beyond even 
the bemitiiiil coocept i o n s of Sir Christopher Wren. 
When boilt in 1629, the chnrch was small and insig- 
nificaDt, and stood in a cemetery of the once magniS- 
oent pciofy of the Holy Trinity, AMgate. As it 



became too small for the growing population, it was 
rebuilt with the exception of the tower. The most 
striking objects, architecturally, were the east and 
aisle wmdows, in which the old Gothic form of tracery 
was still retained. The east window was very curious, 
and the wheel form of the upper part of the tracery 
was evidently an allusion to the emblem of St. Katherine. 
That and All Hallows' Church were, with the exception 
of the Cathedral of St. Paul's, the only churches with 
which Archbishop Laud was connected. Having 
carefully inspected the interior of the church, the party 
proceeded to All Hallows, Barking, where Mr. Birch 
gave an account of its history. lie pointed out that 
a portion of the church existed in 115a One of the 
most interesting features of the edifice was its brasses, 
which were still in good preservation. He did not 
believe there was any other church so rich in them. 
Archbishop Laud's nephew was one of its famous 
vicars. Whilst he was preaching in the church he was 
dragged from the pulpit, and taken round the city 
with a prayer-book tied roimd his neck. He was 
then taken on board ship, where he was to have been 
sold as a slave, but his freedom was bought by his 
friends. The remains of Archbishop Laud were in- 
terred in the church. 



PROVINCIAL. 

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.— June 
9th.— Sir William Fettes Douglas, President, in the 
chair. —The first paper read was one entitled "Notes 
on Early Christian Symbolism," by Mr. J. Romilly 
Allen. — The second paper was a notice by Mr. 
Charles Stewart, Tign'n Duin, KilUn, of several 
sepulchral mounds and cup-marked stones in the 
district of Fortingall, Glenlyon, Perthshire. In March 
last Mr. Stewart examined a cup-marked stone at 
Dalraoch, Fortingall, near the so-called " Roman 
Camp." Close beside it he found there was a sepul- 
chral mound, on the top of which it may have stood. 
The mound was about thirty feet in diameter, and 
was surrounded by a fosse about nine feet wide, beyond 
which there was a slight earthen mound or enclosure. 
On being excavated, the central mound was found to 
cover a small cairn heaped over two flat stones, under- 
neath which were the remains of a cremated interment 
A large stone circle stands on the Haugh of Fortingall, 
about three-quarters of a mile from the Dalraoch 
stone, and two other cup-marked stones were found 
on the hillside above it— one near the Mill of Balnald, 
and one at a place called the Cuile, not far from Dal- 
raoch. — In the third paper the Rev. Hu^ Macmillan 
described two boulders, having rain-filled cavities, on 
the shores of Loch Tay, formerly associated with the 
cure of disease. One of these is at Feman, on the 
north side of Loch Tay, about three miles from 
Kenmore. It is a large, rough boulder of day-slate, 
shaped somewhat like a chair, in the middle of a 
field below the frurmhouse of Borland. In the centre 
there is a deeo square cavity, evidently artificial, and 
capable of holding about two quarts of water. The 
bolder is known in the locali^ as Clach-no'Cruich^ 
or stone of the measles, and the rain-water contained 
in its acvity was believed to be a sovereign remedy 
for that disease. At one time it had a wide repota- 
tion, and people came to it from all parts of the 



32 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



district. It is only within the lifetime of the present 
generation that it has ceased to be frequented. . In 
Its immediate neighbourhood, in a field called the 
Cromraor, there are tumuli and cup-marked stones ; 
and not far off, under a sycamore tree on the top 
of the retaining wall of the road, is a square block 
of chlorite schist, with a shallow round basin scooped 
out in it, and marked on the bottom with a cross, pro- 
bably the font of a primitive chapeL The other stone, 
of a Kindred nature to that at Fernan, is in tl^e woods 
of Auchmore at Killin. This stone is calleid " The 
Well of the Whooping-Coiigh," and was formerly 
famous for the cure of this malady. The boulder has 
a rain-filled cavity on one of its projecting sides. The 
cavity in this case consists of a deep basin penetrating 
through a kind of arched recess into the heart of the 
boulder, and this accoimts for its being styled a " well.'* 
There is no indication of any sepulchral or religious 
site close by it, but there is a large stone circle of 
massive stones, with a few foint cup-matkinsis on 
them, within a short distance, near Kinnoull House. 
There are people in the village of Killin who remem- 
ber being taken to the stone to drink from its cavity 
for the cure of whoopingj-cpugh, but the practice has 
now died out, and the existence of the stone, is known 
only to a few. Another, ^t in the neighbourhood — 
a dripping well near Momish — ^had also a local repu- 
tation for the cure of whooping-cough. In a solitary 
graveyard below Momish, called Qadh Davi, where 
only members of the M'Diarmid family. haye been 
buried for the last two himcbred years, there is. only 
one erect tombstone. It is, of comparatively recent 
date. On the top of it there are two white quartz 
pebbles, one of which has a single cavity drilled 
in one of its flat sides, and the other a similar cavity 
in each of its opposite sides. They were believed to 
cure inflammation of the breasts when the holes were ^ 
appli«l to the nipples ; and not very long ago a * 
woman who was thus afflicted came from the head of 
Glenlochay to try. the remedy. These stones are 
evidently the socket stones for the spindle or vertical 
axle of a millstone, and thus probably belong to the 
series which is carefully preserved in the meal mill 
at Killin, still known as curing^ stones. — In the 
fourth paper Mr. George Sim, Curator of Coins, 

Sive an account of recent finds of coins in Scotland, 
nly two finds have occurred during the session, one 
of 177 silver pennies, chiefly of the Edwards, at 
Arkleton, parish of Ewe^ Dumfiriesshire ; and one of 
fifty-three silver coins, chiefly of Mary and EUtabeth, 
at Woodend, parish of Snizort, Skye. Neither of 
these hoards was of much numismatic interest. — ^The 
last paper was an elaborate descriptive notice of the 
stone circles of Strathnaim and neighbourhood of 
Inverness, by Mr. James Eraser. There were at one 
time no fewer than twenty-five of these circles within 
the drainage area of the river Nairn, and twelve or 
fourteen between the western watershed of the Nairn 
and the river Ness. Twenty-five of circles were 
described, and accurate plans of them, made {to 
a uniform scale of ten feet to the inch, were exhibited, 
forming a body of materials for the comparative study 
of stone circles of unprecedented extent and value. — 
Five old Communion flagons and a chalice and .paten 
of pewter, from Old St Paurs Church, were exhibited 
by the ReT. R. Mitchell-Innes. Two of the flagons 



show the Edinburgh Pewterers' stanop, and one has 
the maker's name, John Durand, 1688. 

Cambridge Antiquarian Society. — May 26th. — 
Mr. J. W. Clark, M.A., President, in the chair. — 
Professor Hughes, in speaking of the so-called Via 
Devana runmng from the end of Worts' Causeway 
towards Horseheath, pointed out that there was little, 
if any, evidence of its Roman origin. So^ too, in 
respect of the Castle Hill, he pointed out that the 
certainly Roman roads in the neighbourhood seem to 
converge to Grantchester rather than to Cambridge, 
and that the Roman pottery found here indicates 
rubbish-heaps rather tnan the site of a camp or 
permanent fortification, and from all available evidence 
^rew the conclusion that the mound and all the 
earthworks about it are of Norman origin. — Mr. 
Browne showed outlined rubbings of two stones 
tecently presented to the British Museum by Mr. 
A. W. Franks, acquired some years ago frx>m perspns 
who described them as coining from the City ; alsc^ of 
the. remarkable rune-bearing stone from St. Paul's 
Church Yard in the GuUdluiU Library, the case Qf 
which had been removed by the kindness of the 
librarian in order, that the rubbing ^ight be made. 
Mr. Browne showed similarities in4esign and execu- 
tion wnich rendered it highly prob£u>le that the 
Gujidhall stone and the stone of which the British 
Museum stones are fragments were respectively the 
headstone and the bodystone of a Scandinavian grave. 
The Yorkshire stones shown were those at Bilton and 
Kirkby Wharfe. At the former place, in addition to 
a unique crossihead previously described to . the - 
Society, there is a stone bearing three .figures much 
resembling the frescoes in the Catacombs of the 
Three Jews, but with no indication of flames. The 
$hafl of the cross at Kirkby Wharfe has a subject 
which frequently occurs on Northumbrian stones, two 
figures grasping an upright stem standing between 
them ; in this case the whole is complete, and the 
head of the stem is found to be a large. " Maltese " 
cross, the arms of which forin canopies for the man 
and woman. The Deerhttrst font is an unusual and 
very fine example of spiral ornament. There was a 
Saxon monastery at Deerhurst ajad the font might 
possibly be a relic of its inmn^y. According to 
William of Malmesbuiy, Abbot l*ica took to Glaston- 
bury in the eight century the relics 6f a large number 
of early Nortliumbrian Christians, Aidan, Bega, 
Hilda, etc, and his own tomb at Glastonbury was 
speciallv noted ph account of the *' art of its sculpture." 
Thus there was some evidence of a Northumbrian 
influence on the Christian art of the south-west. A 
fragment of an inscription in Roman capitals was* 
found at Thomhill near Dewsbury several years ago. 
Two inscriptions in runes were found at the same 
place, and a third was found two or three years a^. 
The fragment in Roman capitals is as follows, tne 
thick type showing the letters which are certain, the 
thinner type those of which only a small portion has 
been preserved : — 

EAEFT 

OSBER 

TAEBEC 

TBER 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



ZZ 



Mr. Browne preferred to follow the suggestion oS 
the most recent discovery at Thomhill, + fgiisuith 
armirdt a^Ur BtrckUmihi btcun at bergi gibiddai 
deier umlt ; and adopting Mr. Haigfa's Ec^ercht or 
way name of similar length, and omitting the c 
thronghoQt in accordance with local precedent, pro- 
poicd the following alliterative couplet : — 



+ E c g b e 
r h t a r a e 
r d E A E F T 
e r O S B E R 
hT A E B E C 
u n a T B E R 
g i g i b i d 
d a d d a e r 
8 a u 1 e -f- 



+ Ecgberkt araerde aefUr Osbtriktae 
Btcum ai btrgi gibiddaJt ^aer satdt -f 

Mr. Waldstein made remarks (i) on two stones 
from the Via Appia, lately given to the Fitzwilliam 
Museum ; (2) oo a red Jasper intaflio from Smyrna 
in the p o wes s i on of the Rev.- S. S. Lewis. 

Newcastle Society of Antiquaries. — May 28th. 
— Dr. Bruce presided.— A communication, indndiiur a 
sketch, was received from Mr. W. Shand, describmg 
earthwodcs at the Pottery Bank, near Messrs. Hanson^ 
tSBoery, Stepney, Newcastle. The works were de- 
cribed by Mr. Slymd to be perhaps the oldest piece 
of human work in Newcastle ; and he su^mted that 
they might he the remains of the ditch wmch formerly 
■orompauicd the Roman Wall on the north side dur- 
ing the whole of its ooune. — A paper on the remains 
oTthc church and monastery at Jarrow was read by the 
Rev. J. R. Boyle. 

Caradoc Field Club.— Blay 20th.— The party 
ftarted kx Condover, where they alighted to inspect 
the cbBich,R)ecial attention being attracted to the fine 
Boaamcnts for whidi it is remarkable ; the mosaic pave- 
ment of the chancel also claimed much notice. From 
C omkner the expedition proceeded to Leebotwood, 
where a curionsly conjoined oak was pointed out. 
Time, however, woidd not permit of close inspection, 
and the party drove on to Cardington, where they 
m>m^wm.xwt^^ thc chuTch, which contains a fine monument 
to Sir W. Leighton, the builder of Plaish HalL From 
C^wlmgtnn the mcmbeis proceeded on foot to Plaish 
HalL Mere great admiration was elicited by the ban* 
qaeting hall with its music gallery, the inlaid wains- 
cot of the drawing-room and other old oak carving, 
as well as the curious arrangement of the attics and 
the chimneys, for which the building is especially 
lemarkabfe. ll>e Rev. T. Anden, the hon. sec, read 
a paper, which had been fiimished by the Rev. W. 
Aupoft Leighton, on the history of the mansion and 
iu architectural diaracteristics. From Plaish the walk 
nas *^'^"«*«"mmI along the Roman Causeway, the paving 

VOL. X. 



stones of which were plainly visible for a considerable 
distance, in some places extending the whole width of 
the present road, and then to Langley Chapel, now no 
longer used for public service, but remarkable for its in- 
terior fittings. These date from the time of the Puritans, 
and comprise the old pulpit and readinc-pew, but the 
special feature is the arrangement of the holy table, 
which has seats between it and the east wall. The old 
gateway belonging to Langley Hall was also inspected. 
At Acton BumeU they inspected the old church, the 
ruins of the Parliament house, and other objects of 
interest 

Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field 
Club. — ^Nlay 27th. — The club made thc first excursion 
of the season to Avebury. The village of Avebury 
is surrounded by the immense vallum or rampart, 
vrithin which is a graff (ditch or moat) enclosing those 
few of the great stones which remain. Traces can be 
found of the one great circle said to have been com- 
posed of one hundred stones, and of the two snudler 
ones, but only fifteen stones are now standing, and 
about twenty prostrate. These being unhewn are 
much older than the fiishioned blocks standing at 
Stonehenge, and are certainly of much older date 
than the earthworks, neither of which, however, appear 
to have been described before the year 164S. The 
church, dedicated to St. James, and consisting of nave, 
aisles, chancel, and tom-er, was inspected by some of 
the dub, the vicar, the Rev. Bryan King, explaining 
it It is a very fine stone Saxon builmng, but the 
Norman aisles were added in 1 120 to 1150. The 
frescoes on the walls having been covered up with 
most substantial mortar for many years, were only 
discovered at the restoration of the church a few years 
ago. The font is Saxon, with Norman ornament, the 
bowl being carved with the figure of a bishop, holding 
a Bible, and piercing with his crozier a fallen serpent. 
The three circular windows in the north aisle are 
remarkable, and so is the "squint" leading from the 
chancel to the north aisle. Over the chancel arch is 
a beautifiilly preserved painted rood screen, and within 
the chancel a monumental tablet to John Truslow 
(i593)t whose family owned the manor, and whose 
descendants, now in America, have assisted in the 
restoration of the church. The visitors walked to 
Silburv Hill, distant about a mile, and ascended it. 
Considerable discussion ensued as to the probability 
of its having been raised by former inhabitants of 
the place, but its height (170-feet) and the angle of 
its formation appear to be not in accordance with this 
theory, and it was believed by some to have been a 
natural hill whose height has been increased for some 
purpose, possibly sepulchral. On returning to Devizes, 
a diort visit was paid to the museum, and the Church of 
St John was shown by the Rev. G. A. Cowan. It is 
a fine edifice, and as restored and enlarged will hold 
1,000 persons. Some decorations, supposed to be 
Norman, have been removed from the exterior of the 
north wall to make way for a large transept window, 
but generally the church appears to have been well 
restored. 

Clifton Antiquarian Club. — May 28th. — About 
thirty members gathered round the president Bishop 
CUfiord, and proceeded to the new gateway of Ashton 
Court. Arriving at the Courtthey were met byMr. Dykes, 
and after inspecting the older portions of the exterior, 



34 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



were taken inside to see the paintings, which include 
some very fine portraits. Asnton Church was visited. 
Here the handsome chancel screen was admired, and 
Mr. Price gave some information regarding Sir John 
Choke, whose tomb and effigy are in the oiurch. A 
pleasant drive then brought the archaeologists to Barrow 
Gumey Court. The present house is Elizabethan. 
The cnurch presents no feature of interest beyond 
two seventeenth-century monuments. The steep, 
long hill to Dimdry was then climbed. With a 
glance at the church tower and at the churchyard 
cross, which, after some discussion upon the state- 
ment of Rutter, a competent witness declared to 
be original except the small spire, which is a modem 
addition, the brakes were remounted, and they drove 
to Chew Magna. The fine church of St. Andrew 
was then inspected, under the courteous guidance of 
the vicar (the Rev. J. Galbraith) and Messrs. Colthurst. 
It was pointed out that the handsome figure of Sir 
John Piautville has been coloured by modem, though 
very good, taste, as there were no indications of 
mediaeval colouring to follow. Inquiry elicited the 
fact that a handsome hammered iron screen which 
enclosed the Baber monument had been removed in 
the *' restoration " and sold for old iron ! Careful 
inspection of the effigy of Sir John St Loe, by Bishop 
ClifTord and others, discovered that it has been very 
extensively repaired, the head and the legs being new, 
and the latter not being crossed as the origmal is 
described. The interesting old church house and the 
manor house, on the invitation of Mr. J. Colthurst, 
were inspected. At Stanton Drew the church, a 
remarkably interesting buildi^, was examined, 
under the guidance of the vicar (Rev. H. T. Perfect), 
who afterwards descanted on the wonderful stone 
circles. 

St. Albans Architectural and Archsological 
Society. — May 27th. — The places specified in the 
programme were Royston, Therfield, Barkway, Anstey, 
and Little Hormead, all of which, with the exception 
of the last-named place, were visited during the day. 
The Royston cave was of course a place of consider- 
able interest to the visitors. The Rev. Dr. Griffith (of 
Sandridge) gave an interesting summary of what is 
known of the cave, and of the opinions and conjectures 
which have at different times and by different authori- 
ties been formed concerning it. The accidental 
discovery of the cave in the year 1 742, and the active 
interest at once shown in it by the Society of 
Antiquaries, who sent down especially to report upon 
it, were referred to, and Dr. Griffith added that the best 
opinion formed of the place was that of Mr. Beldam, 
of Royston, who read a paper on the subject for the 
Society of Antiquaries, and who said the cave was filled 
up about the time of the Reformation with refuse from the 
old Priory buildings. But he (Dr. Griffith) did not 
think the question had ever been properly answered 
how this particular place was formed, and it was 
difficult to account exactly for the shape and make 
of it, and whether used as a prison or a hermitage. 
The figures were probably carved by someone who 
had been in Palestine, and the most probable account 
of the carving was that it was done by William de 
Magnaville, a son of one of the Lady Rooesies, who 
had been in Palestine as a helper of King Richard, 
but whether made by him, or some prisoner or hermit. 



no one could now tell. He (Dr. Griffith) thought it 
pretty clear that the name of Royston came from Lady 
Rocesie. It ought to be mentioned that this cave had 
been the cause of the publication of a great amount of 
literature by iDr. Stukeley, the Rev. Charles Parkin, 
Mr. Beldam, and others, and he could not do better 
than give them the summing up in Mr. Beldam's book, 
which was as follows : — (i) That the cave was first 
found by means of shafts, either of British or Roman- 
British construction, and at a period anterior to 
Christianity. (2) That at a somewhat laterperiod the 
cave was used as a Roman sepulchre. (3) That about 
the period of the Crusades it received the greater part 
of its present decorations, and was then, if not before, 
converted into a Christian oratory, to which a hermit- 
age was probably attached. (4) That it remained open 
until the Reformation, when it was finally filled up, 
closed, and forgotten. He (Dr. Griffith) might remind 
them that the present passage into the cave was made 
one winter when the people were out of work, by a 
person named Watson, who claimed the right of 
showing the cave. The party then proceeded to the 
parish church. Here a very interesting paper on the 
nistory of this Priory Church was read by the Rev. 
Henry Fowler (St. Albans). The history of the 
Church of St. John the Baptist, he remarked, dated 
from the dissolution of religious houses. The building 
had undergone successive alterations, alterations which 
were very puzzling even to an experienced archaeo- 
logist, but were all the more interesting on that account. 
He must express his obligations to the vicar of the 
parish (Rev. J. Harrison), and also to Mr. H. J. 
Thumall, to whom he was indebted for some informa- 
tion. ^ In 1539 the site of the Priory with all its remains, 
constituting the present manor of Royston, was 
granted to Sir Robert Chester, of Barkway, for the sum 
of ;f, 1 761, equivalent to about ;£i4,cxx>, and in speak- 
ing of the connection of the Chester sind the Scales 
families with the neighbourhood, he mentioned the 
recumbent monument in the church as being supposed 
to be one of the latter family. This Sir Robert 
Chester built a large priory house, of which the outer 
wall is still standing, enclosing the beautiful grounds and 
the modem house owned by Lord Dacre. It was in 
the old Priory House that King James stayed on his 
journey in 1603, when he was so delighted with 
Royston Heath as a place for sport — for shooting Uie 
dotterel and hunting the hare — that he determined to 
build the hunting-box at Royston which they had that 
moming seen. This Chester family appeared, to have 
l}een prominent persons in the county for centuries, 
and as they hela the advowson of the vicarage that 
brought him back to the church. It appeared that in 
monastic times the inhabitants had the right and 
privil^;e of worshipping in the westem portion of the 
church, and it was clearly established that the church 
then consisted of an eastern portion for the canons, 
and a westem portion for the laity ; a not un- 
common thing in conventual churches, as they had 
seen at St. Albans and Dunstable. At the time of 
the Dissolution, the fabric of the church was reserved 
to the king, and to the honour of the inhabitants it 
was placed on record that they purchased it at con- 
siderable cost for their parish church. In 1650 the 
annual value of the vicarage was put at only £^^ and 
it was not therefore surprising to hear that it was 



THE ANTIQUARY'S NOTE-BOOK. 



55 



destitute of a minister for want of maintenance. The 
iHirial of the deatl necessitated the curtailment of the 
fahric, aiHl there could be little doubt that the church 
once hail a nave, a central tower and transepts, and 
that the church extended westward. A priory church 
without a na\x' was an anomaly, and there was only 
nx»m on the eastern side for the choir. With regard 
to the detlication of the church, the oldest charter 
extant, given in Ehigdalc's MonastUon in November 
1 189, spoke of it as St. Thomas the Martyr, but a seal 
of Henry III. showed that there was also a dedication 
to Sl John the liaptist. Mr. Cussans gave the date 
i.»f the foumlation of the Monastery as 1180, shortly 
after the canonisation of the martyred archbishop 
vThoinos a Becket), when great enthusiasm doubtless 
wa^ manifested in hb honour. The earliest archi- 
tectural features of the building now existing were 
like l«eautiful remains of lancet windows, the period of 
which he gave at about 1225. The party then pro- 
ceeded in the conveyances to Therfield, missing a 
eloDce at King James's Stables at the end of the Heath 
VM want of time. At Therfield they were received by 
the Rev. J. G. Hale, the vicar, who proceeded to give 
an extremely interesting account of the early history 
of the %nlla^ with its system of dividing land culture 
fiuin> into strips of land intermixed all over the parish; 
a .t^'^tem whicn had been superseded now by an en- 
ckMurc AcL Of the old church, which, bemg in a 
dangerous condition, has been superseded by a new 
one, or at least by an entire rebuilding, he exhibited 
photographs. It was a fourteenth-century church, the 
north aisle of which was founded by Sir William Paston, 
1418. In 1667 Frands Turner, one of the bishops 
who were sent to the Tower, rebuilt the chancel m 
memory of his wife, and in hut zeal for her memory 
did not pay much regard to the antiquities of the 
place. The old registers dated from 1538, in one of 
whidi was a recipe for curing the bite of a mad dog, 
and also a record of the deaths of twenty-eight persons 
from the Plague in 1545. He invited them to visit 
the rectonr, which had been held by many distinguished 
men — bishops who held the living with their sees; 
deans and archdeacons, and canons residentiary, from 
Durham to Exeter. At Anstey they were met by the 
Rev. T. T. Sale, the rector, and Mr. Bates, of Anstey 
Hall. Castle Hill is an extremely interesting circular 
noKiod, oompletelj surrounded by a moat, and in an 
admirable state of preservation, situate close at the 
back of Anstey HalL Rev. Canon Davys gave a very 
interesting account of the ancient castle, built in the 
eleventh century on the mound on which they were 
standing. A portion of the castle Henry III. after- 
wards ordered to be taken dowiL In the year 1400 
the castle and the manor wrent to the Duke of York, 
and after an alienation came back to the Crown, when 
Henry VI II. granted it successively to his wives 
Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. After other 
vidssitiides it came into the hands of the Lytton 
&mily, and now the manor is held by Alexander 
Batbnrst, Esq. The manor is still known by the 
name of Anstey ad Castrunu Nothing is known of 
the building which stood on this mouixl. The mound 
iUclf was in a marvellous state of preservation. It is 
thirty feet high, and a quarter of an acre in extent on 
the snriioe. Hardly less interesting than the Castle 
HiQ is the cfaarch itself, with its old Uch gate and its 



central tower and cruciform structure. Its ground 
plan was almost like the sister church at Wheauiamp- 
stead — a miniature minster, perfect in its nave, its 
aisles, chapels, transepts, and its ancient choir. Anstey 
was noted for the ancient castle, an important strong- 
hold of the barons, which appeared to have given 
King John some trouble, and afterwards caused 
Henry III. to order the proprietor to destroy a large 
portion. There was a tradition that the materials 
thus set at liberty were used in rebuilding portions of 
the church, and the characteristics and date of some 
parts of the work confirmed the tradition in a remark- 
able manner. They rarely saw such a striking example 
as the one before them, and would not have had the 
chance if the massive stones of the huge baronial castle 
had not been thus placed at the disposal of the eccle- 
siastical architect of the period. He then called atten- 
tion to some structural peculiarities, such as that of 
the form of the chancel walls and the hagioscopes, 
which afforded those in the transepts a view of the 
altar. The Rev. T. Sale showed an old altar cloth of 
the time of Charles I., and a bottle, containing liquid, 
found near the chancel wall on restoring the church, 
and which, on sending to the British Museum, was 
analysed and reported to contain what was believed 
to l)e human blood. It was now suggested that it 
might be the blood of a saint, or of a Iwd of Anstev 
castle slain in battle. The old registers, dating bacK 
to 1 54 1, were inspected. 




C^e antiquary's iSote-IBooiu 



Archeology and Superstitions from Corea. — 
In spite of the early civilization of the country, the 
only subject of historical interest which we saw m our 
travels was a curious structure resembling a rude altar, 
consisting of one massive slab, placed horizontallv on 
small blocks of granite, which supported it on three 
sides, leaving the other side open and a hollow space 
some 16 feet by 10 feet beneath. Of these quasi-altars 
several were standing in the valleys ; but though it 
must have cost immense labour to place these stones 
in position, no legend was current to account for their 
existence, except one which cotmected them with the 
Japanese invasion at the end of the sixteenth century, 
when the invaders were said to have erected them to 
suppress the influences of the earth [H cki). Whatever 
their origin, they have been left undisturbed. 

Of the influence of superstition over the people con- 
stant evidence is seen, in offerings to the spirits of the 
mountains in the shape of rags tied to oranches of 
shrubs, heaps of stones at the top of mountain ridges, 
long ropes hanging from trees, shrines two or three 
feet hign placed by the roadside, and, most quaint of 
all, in thick planks set in the ground, with one face 
rudely hewn and painted to represent a human head, 
with teeth fiercely prominent. These figures are said 
to be intended to keep foxes out of the villages, and 
thus protect the people from their spells and i^itchery. 
Be^nd these few objects and a Buddhist temple, near 
a fme figure of Buddha cat in the rock not nur from 



36 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



the north gate of Soul, there was no trace of any 
religious feeling having any hold upon the people. 
Had we gone a few miles farther north we were assured 
we should have found at Chin Kang Shan not only the 
most beautiful scenery in Corea, but mountains thickly 
studded with temples, to which pilgrims throng in 
summer ; but we neither saw any such nor any trace of 
religious observances among the people even at the 
new or full moon. We were told, however, of sacri- 
fices being offered to the mountain spirits before a mine 
was opened. Graves as a rule are placed close together 
on the slope of a hill, without any stone or mark to 
identify them ; but occasionally a horseshoe clearing 
is seen in the woods, where some distinguished person 
lies buried, whose name and birthplace are given on 
a rough slab of stone. The funerals that we met were 
of the simplest character, and at one village the re- 
mains of the body of an old woman, who had been 
eaten by a tiger, were being burnt on a fire of brush- 
wood, lighted on the spot. — Report by Mr, Carles on 
a journey in two of the central provinces of Corea^ in 
October 1883. C— -3932. 

Anecdote of Dr. Plot. — Mr. PuUen, of Magdalen 
Hall, last night told me that there was once a verv 
remarkable stone in the Magdalen Hall Library, which 
was afterwards lent to Dr. Plot, who never returned 
it, replying, when he was asked for it, that *twcu a rule 
anumgst antiquaries to receive and fiever restore, — 
Bliss's Reliquia Heamiana^ p. 50. 

Origin of Personal Rights. — Mr. Story, in his 
work on the Conflict of Laws ^ has the following pas- 
sage : * * When the northern nations, by their irruptions, 
finally succeeded in establishing themselves m the 
Roman empire and the dependent nations subjected 
to its sway, they seem to have adopted, either by 
design or from accident or necessity, the policy of 
allowing the different races to live together, and to 
be governed by and to preserve their own separate 
manners, laws, and institutions in their mutual inter- 
course. While the conquerors, the Goths, Burgun- 
dians, Franks, and Lombards, maintained their own 
laws and usages and customs over their own race, they 
silently or expressly allowed each of the races over 
whom they had obtained an absolute sovereignty to 
regulate their own private rights and affairs according 
to their own municipal jurisprudence. It has accord- 
ingly been remarked, by a most learned and eminent 
jurist, that from this state of society arose that con- 
dition of civil rights denominated personal rights or 
personal laws in opposition to territorial laws. The 
eminent jurist here referred to is Savispiy, who, in his 
History of the Roman Law in the Middle Ages, speak- 
ing of the state of things which existed between the 
conquering Goths, Burgundians, Franks, and Lom- 
bards, and the races conquered by them, says : 
**Both races lived together, and preserved their 
separate manners and laws. From this state of 
society arose that condition of civil rights, denominated 
personal rights ox personal laws, in opposition to tern- 
torial Icnvs, ... In the same country, and often 
indeed in the same city, the Lombard lived under the 
Lombardic, and the Roman under the Roman law. 
The same distinction of laws was also applicable to 
the different races of Germans. The Frank, Burgun- 
dian, and Goth resided in the same place, each under 
his own law, as is forcibly statea by the Bishop 



Agobardus in an epistle to Louis le Debonnaire. ' It 
often happens,' says he, 'that five men, each under a 
different law, may be found walking or sitting to- 
gether.' " The same thing happened in India, and 
me Bishop Agobardus might have written the same 
account from Calcutta or Bombay or Madras. — Papers 
an East India, c, 3952. 

Fortune Teller at Court.— A little before King 
James II. came to the throne, there happened to be a 
fortune teller in the Court Several had their fortunes 
told them, and amongst the rest the Duke desired his 
might be told. The fortune teller said he should 
come to be king, but that he should reign but a little 
while, for he should be betraved by one that walked 
in the next room. The gentleman there walking was 
John Churchill (now Duke of Marlborough), and great 
notice was taken of the thing. " But," says the Duke, 
" I desire to reip^n no longer than till I am betrayed 
by Churchill ; ' he reposing, it seems, great con- 
fidence in him, tho' it happened according to the 
fortune teller's prediction. — BUss's Reliquia HeamioMa, 
vol. i., pp. 245-246. 




antiquatian Betoie!. 



A Roman villa has been discovered at Woolstonc, 
in the Vale of the White Horse, Berkshire, and 
some fine tesselated pavements have been disclosed. 
Several interments have also been disclosed, apparently 
of the Anglo-Saxon period. The seax, or knife ds^er, 
is, strange to say, still attached to the girdle of two 
of the bodies, presumed to be those of Anglo-Saxon 
ladies. 

It is reported from Athens that while the founda- 
tions of the new theatre at Piraeus were being laid the 
workmen came across indications of an antique struc- 
ture, which, it is expected, will turn out to be a temple 
of Dionysius. 

There has recently been fixed in Haworth Church 
a window in memory of Charlotte Bront^, bearing the 
inscription: **To the Glory of God. In memory of 
Charlotte Bront^. By an American citizen. " 

The widow of the late George Cruikshank has 
made an interesting gift to the nation. She is about 
to present upwards of 3,000 selected works of her late 
husband, ranging over a period of about 70 years, to 
the South Kensington Museum. 

The Commendatore de Rossi has printed a list of 
829 Saxon coins discovered within the ruins of the 
Atrium of Vesta at Rome, and among them are three 
of King Alfred, 217 of Edward the Confessor, and 
393 of Athelstan. Seven of the coins of the last- 
named king, Athelstan, were minted in Shrewsbury, 
and bear the names of the monetarii, or licensed 
coiners, by whom they were struck. 

The admirers of Thomas Carlyle will be pleased to 
learn that the interior of the plain little house in 
Ecclefechan, in which Carlyle was bom, has just been 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



37 



overhaoled, and several interesting relics placed within 
it. Mrs. Alexander Aitken Carlyle, who recently- 
purchased the house, ^-as careful in executing the 
alterations to have the old doors, etc., retained. In 
the room, *' the umbrageous man's nest,** in which the 
** stranger of reverend aspect'* appeared to old Andreas 
Futtend and his wife, and left them a present to take 
charge of under penalties, as described in the chapter 
on "Genesis" m Sartor Resartus^ the place where 
the bttle Carlyle "wore drivel-bibs and lived on spoon- 
meat," there nave been placed the easy chair of the 
sa^^ a mahogany table, which any one can imagine 
fr^ the numerous ink spots it beai^ must have seen 
a good deal of service, and an old-fashioned book- 
case, consisting of a series of shelves (now filled with 
Carlyle's worlu), supported by turned pillars at the 
side, and hung against the wall. 

A rare old relic of historic France has been sold in 
the Hotd du Grand Cerf at Les Andelys-on-the-Seine, 
Normandy. This old inn is almost a museum in itself, 
with its antique cabinet, old crockery ware, enormous 
wrought -iron kitchen fire-dogs, and innumerable 
curiosities. The house formerly gave frequent hospi- 
tality to the primates of Normandy. Antoine de 
Bourbon, father of Henri IV., died there in 1562 of 
wounds received at the siege of Rouen. In the last 
century the house bore the sign of the Fleur-de-Lys, 
which was changed at the time of the Revolution for 
that of Le Grand Cerf. The front of the building 
dates from the fifteenth century, and the interior has 
some splendid examples of sculpture and of old French 
decorative work. 

During the progress of the drainage scheme being 
carried out in rontefiract, some interesting discoveries 
have been brought to lighL Human remains have 
been discovered within the Castle precincts in a good 
state of preservation, although buried no doubt during 
the sieges of the Castle (1645 to 1648). A well has 
also been discovered near the Booths, which in all 
nrobability was used by the inmates of St. Nicholas' 
Hospital, at one time the oldest foundation in Ponte- 
fnct. In crossing Grange Field, where stood the 
Priory of St. John the Evangelist, founded by Robert 
de Lacey in the time of William Rufus ( 1090), some 
vesti^ of the Monastery have been brought to light, 
and It is believed by some antiquaries that the foun- 
dations of the structure still remain intact, buried at 
00 great depth. Remains have often been found in 
the Priory Field, no doubt of Cluniac monks. It was 
at the r^t of the altar of the Priory that Thomas, 
Earl of Lancaster, after being beheaded close by, was 
buried. Whether this be so or not, a stone coffin, 
cootainine a decapitated body, was found on the estate 
of Lord Houghton in 1822. amd this b supposed to be 
the remains of the Earl of Lancaster. The coffin and 
remains are now in possession of Lord Houghton, 
of Fryston. During tne excavations other interesting 
rdics have been brought to light, in the shape of 
pottery ware, bullets, etc A museum is in course of 
preparation, where many objects of interest connected 
iritn the past history of Pontefract are to be preserved. 

Some workmen engaged by Mr. Bullin, of Chester, 
in digging out the foundations for a cottage in White- 
finis» Clwster, struck into two columns, which there 



is reason to believe formed portions of a Roman 
temple. The workmen have now unearthed a plat- 
form composed of blocks of sandstone some 4 ft. 6 in. 
square, upon which, at intervals of 14 ft., are square 
pedestals of the same size, which bore columns some 
2 ft. in diameter. Thus there are clearly the founda- 
tions laid bare of what was once a large Roman 
temple. Portions of the Corinthian capitals, carved 
in the sandstone, and much worn by the weather, have 
also been found. The [Mivement outside the temple 
was composed of a mixture of broken Roman tiles and 
other materials, and while the pillars and platform 
have been left as they were founa, the tiles have been 
removed, but Mr. Bullin has generously placed all the 
ancient remains found on the spot at tne disposal of 
the Chester Archaeological Society. The base of the 
temple, it is found, was seven feet below the present 
street level. Over the fallen pillars, but at a depth of 
three feet only, is now disclosed the second portion of 
this extraordinary ** find,'* in the shape of the mediaeval 
tiles which formed part of the flooring of the Carmelite 
Monastery, or establishment of White Friars, which 
existed on this spot. Between the mediaeval remains 
and the Roman ones a layer of charcoal was found, 
which seems to indicate that the vandals in Chester of 
those dajrs — probably some invading horde — burnt 
the woodwork of the temple as well as threw down 
its columns. 

At a meeting of the " Sette of Odd Volumes,'* held 
on May 2nd, Mr. George Clulow delivered a lecture 
on '* Playing Cards,*' ancient and modem, illustrating 
it by a series of fifty-five distinct examples from 1480 
to modem times, these being selected from his very 
valuable collection, and categorically ammged on a 
table for the inspection of the members. The earliest 
of these consisted of ** Valets or Knaves of Spades 
and Clubs, with fragment of a suit of Hearts and Seven 
of Acorns, from wood blocks and stencil colours. 
French, 1480." Mr. Clulow has made the study of 
playing cards a speciality ; he was therefore able to 
give to the Sette much new matter concerning them, 
both historically and technically. The feature of these 
"Odd Volume" meetings is the production by the 
members of (Mipers on out-of-the-way subjects, and the 
publication and issue of privately printed opuscula ; 
many of these (being issued only to O. V.'s and their 
friends) have already become very scarce. It is 
rumoured in the Sette that Mr. Clulow has in con- 
templation an *' Opusculum *' on playing cards. From 
his Knowledge of the subject, we have little doubt, 
should such be his intention, that a most coveted little 
book will be the result, eagerly sought after by anti- 
quaries within and without the charmed circle of the 
"Sette of Odd Volumes." 

An interesting discovery of Roman remains has 
been made at Lincoln. Some workmen, engaged in 
excavations in the bail within the boundaries of the 
old Roman city, came across a crematory furnace and 
a sarcophagus. In the latter were ten cinerary urns, 
containing dust and calcined bones. The urns were 
of difierent sizes and shapes, and were all provided 
with saucer-shaped covers, only one of which, how- 
ever, was got out perfect The interior of the sarco- 
phagus was lined with lon|^ thin bricks, which perished 
on being exposed to the air. 



38 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



Mr. R. C. Hope, F.S.A., is engaged upon a work 
on "The Church Plate in the County of Rutland.** 

A description of the grotto of the Roc du Buffens, 
near Caunes (D^pt. Aude) appears in the last number 
of M. Cartailhac's MatMaux pour tHistoire de 
r Homme, This description Is contributed by M. G. 
Sicard, who has been engaged for some time in 
exploring the cavern. His researches have brought 
to light a lar^c number of objects in stone, bone, 
horn, bronze, iron, and pottery, many of which are 
figured. A small gold ornament was also discovered. 
The cave appears to have been inhabited during the 
neolithic age, and again towards the close of the 
bronze period. Associated with some of the bronze 
objects were several human skeletons. 

A gold coin, which appears to be a mailU noble of 
the reign of Edward III., has been found in a field 
near to Church Stretton. The obverse face is in fair 
condition, showing the king in armour in a ship with 
hb sword, but the legend is illegible. The reverse 
shows the cross fleune, the lions and crowns in the 
angles, and a portion of the legend, "Domine ne 
in furore tuo." 

The workmen while altering a shop in High 
Street, Shrewsbury, have come upon a large chimney 
of brick built upon a heavy stone foundation. Ad- 
joining the chimney the stonework forms a portion of 
a window showing a carved muUion and upper tracery 
in good condition, of very fair Early English design. 
A few tesselated tiles have also been laid bare, and 
these discoveries point to the probable site of the 
diapel of St. Martin, founded by one of the abbots of 
Lilleshall, who occupied a house still standing a few 
yards away in the Butchers' Row. 




Cotreisponlience* 



ESSEX AND SUFFOLK. 

It would be doubtless very acceptable to many 
lovers of the past in the East of England if some- 
thing could be done for Essex and for Suffolk similar 
to that which Mr. William Smith is domg for 
Yorkshire. Since the untimely death of the '• East 
Anglian," information on antiquarian subjects con- 
nected with these counties has to be sought for in 
the wide field covered by magazines dealing with the 
whole of England, or else m the journals of the 
county antiquarian societies, the papers in which do 
not supply tne need of popularly written articles and 
notes on minor matters nominum, rerum, et locorum. 
There must be a good deal in the old numbers of 
the Essex Standard and the Ipswich Journal which, 
reprinted, and together with new matter and illus- 
trations, could be turned to very good account in 
the publishing of yearly volumes, or quarterly maga- 
zines, dealing with the antiquities and histories of 
the counties whose names head this letter. 



Westgate, Granthsun. 



J. Hamblin Smith. 



PREHISTORIC REMAINS. 

The suggestion at p. 286 of The Antiquary 
can hardly be accepted as final. We read of a 
peat-bed, of clay, brick earth, and glacial drift ; now 
we really require an authenticated diagram of the 
strata to prove the real facts, and shake off mere 
surmises. The Romans are known to have laid 
down corduroy roads over peat-beds ; notably, for 
instance, in Perthshire, where the Roman roaa sur- 
mounts real prehistoric remains, viz., a whaling canoe 
with flint fishing implements, etc. 

This is rational, but the Lincolnshire peat-bed is, 
in your account, dissociated from the roadway. I 
would therefore suggest that this Ancholme corduroy 
roadway has sunk below the peat it was constructed 
to surmount, being imbedded m soft clay till arrested 
by the more solid brick-earth ; this failing roadway 
has then been replaced by a more durable road, the 
construction of which has hardened the clay and 
driven the lower roadway more firmly into the soil. 
Can we have fuller details ? 

A. H. 

[We printed the opinion of the excavator. A paper was 
read at the Society of Antiquaries upon the subject, 
and the opinion there expressed was against the road 
theory (see ante^ p. 30). We hope we may obtain 
more information such as A. H. indicates. — Ed.] 



THE EXCHEQUER CHESS GAME. 
[Anle, vol. ix, pp. 206 — 212.] 

Mr. Hubert Hall has, by his article on "The 
Exchequer Chess Game,*' earned the thanks of all 
antiquarian students for the light which he has thrown 
on the ancient system of auditing public accounts. 
But it still seems to me that his account is possibly 
incomplete in one or two particulars, an opinion which 
I have formed not from independent research, but 
merely from a consideration of the facts narrated by 
Mr. Hall, which facts I think lead to wider conclusions 
than those at which he has arrived. 

Firstly, the "chequered" table cannot have been 
used solely for purposes of subtraction. The items 
composing the sheriflTs accounts— Klebtor and creditor 
— must have been severally added up in some manner; 
and though this may have been done on paper for the 
satisfaction of the learned clerics of the Exchequer, 
yet the accuracy of the result must have been made 
apparent in some way to the understanding of a possibly 
unlettered sheriff. Did the latter, even if competent, 
work out the result on paper ? I think not ; because 
if he could add, he surely could subtract ; and if he 
could subtract the raison d'Hre of the chess game 
(according to Mr. Hall's account) would have oeen 
gone. I am inclined to think that the meeting in the 
Exchec^uer Chamber was not for the sole purpose of 
witnessing a sum in subtraction worked out oy officials 
of the Exchequer, but that it was a serious business of 
addition and subtraction : every item of the sheriff's 
account being examined, every payment by him, 
whether to the Excheauer or for the king's service, 
being gone into, and the amount of those payments 
being finally added up and subtracted from the sum of 
his account, which in its turn would be the result of 
the addition of the several advances received by him 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



39 



n his capacity of sheriflfl I have no evidence that 
this ^-icw is correct, and submit it in all diffidence ; 
though I think it will commend itself to any one who 
cunsuicrs that the business in hand was to satisfy the 
sheriff at all i)oints as to the correctness of the audit, 
a re^lt whicn could not have been arrived at unless 
bis accounts, from beginning to end, were gone into 
in hb nresence, and the result made apparent to him 
beyuod all doubt. 

Secondly, I am inclined to think that the table used 
in the game was divided into squares, though these 
wcie not ** chequered" like an ordinary chess-board, 
but diviilcd by vertical and horizontal lines. In fact, 
the table L" thus represented in an engraving prcser\*ed 
in the ijuecn's Remembrancer's Office. Taking it 
from Mr. Hall that the table was divided into columns 
of accounts by perpendicular lines, and omitting the 
marginal blank spaces, for the introduction of which 
there appears to be no authority, we have a lx>ard 
divided into seven sections by lines ; whether by 
** wands ** or chalk does not matter, though it is more 
probable that the latter was the material employed. 
At this table, says Mr. Hall, the sheriff sat on the one 
side. an<I the king's officials on the other ; draw a line, 
tberefiore, down the middle of the table to keep the 
CDonters of either party distinct from those of the 
other. Next suppose a sum in subtraction has to be 
worked. How is it done in the present day? One 
»am Ls put under the other, a line drawn, and the 
result put beneath the line. Applying this to the sub- 
ject in hand, imagine that the counters on the sheriffs 
side of the line amount to £2,000, and the counters 
OD the king's side of the line show ;f 1,745 lar. 2d, 
Clearly the subtraction must be made with the king's 
counters, as the bottom line of the subtraction sum ; 
draw a line, therefore, beneath the counters, subtract 
and i^ce the result beneath the line ; this shows 
£2^ 9/. iok/. due to the sheriff. Had the smaller 
sum been on the sheriffs side and the larger on the 
king's side, a line would have had to have been drawn 
00 the sheriff's skle of the table, and the result beneath 
the line would have shown something due firom the 
sheriff. Consequently it seems clear that to prepare 
the table for either contingency, it would be necessary 
to have it marked with three transverse lines in addition 
to the seven perpendicular ones. But were there seven 
•edioos? there should, I think, be eight ; as Mr. Hall's 
figure shows no colunm for farthings, which always 
appear in accounts of the period. Adding a farthings 
couunn, we have seven perpendicular lines making 
eight sections, and three transverse ones making four 
fectioos ; and recollecting that the table %vas double 
as long as it was broad, we have a table divided into 
thirty-two squares of equal size. For purposes of 
addition the convenience of so dividing the table would 
be apparent, when it is considered that three sums 
wouki be added together on the table and the result 
shown beneath ; the counters showing the several sums 
being all the time kept distinct. 

L. 

THE NAME OF BAYLEY. 

A certain family of this name — formerly seated in 
Cheshire, but now extinct, I believe, in the male line 
— daimcd descent from a person of distinction of the 



name of De Bailleul, who passed over from Picardy 
into England shortly after the Conquest. They 
stated that Bayley was a corruption of Bailleul, and 
that their early ancestors were related to the Baliols of 
Barnard Castle. An instance of the cliange of Bailleul 
into Bayley is given, under the heading of " Bayley of 
Thomey,* in Notes and Quiries^ 6th S., viii. 389 ; and 
that Bailly also has stood for Bailleul appears from 
Roger's Noblesse de Frame aux Croisades (Paris, 
Derache, Dumoulin ; Brussels, Vandale), where, in 
the list of the nobles who joined the First Crusade, 
we find (p. 168) the name of Coullart de Bailly ou 
Bailleul, of Normandy. 

I wish to know if there is any further evidence of 
the change of Bailleul into Bayley, or some other 
homophonous name, and if anything is known cor- 
roborative of the assertions made by this Cheshire 
family with regard to their origin. Their arms were 
Argent, a chevron, counter-ermine, between three 
martlets, and so bore some resemblance to those of 
the two baronets, Sir. Joseph Bailey and the Rev. Sir 
Emilius Bayley. Sir Emilius, I may observe, is 
descended from the Baylejrs of Thomey, a family of 
French Protestant refugees, who had originally borne 
the name of Le BailleuL 

I may add that, out of sixteen families of the name 
of Bailleul, and ten named Bailly, now existing in 
France, four of the former and one of the latter £ow 
ermine in their coats-of-arms, but not one has martlets. 

C. S. 



BRASSES (NOT IN Mr. HAINES' MANUAL). 

Durham. 

Gmnfard, — I. Lat. insor. in raised letters to Roger 
de Kyrkby, vicar. [1401-12]. E. wall of chancel. 

2. Lat. inscr. to Wm. Pegg, i486, and w. Katharine 
(d. of Thos. Brakenbury, esq.) 1485 ; under the alUr. 

3. Eng. inscr. to John Stevenson, and wives, Agnes, 
Alys, and Margaret, (c. 1500). £. wall of chanccL 

4. Eng. inscr. and coat of arms to Mrs. Mary 
Birckbeck, 1668 ; qd. plate on N. wall of chancel. 

Another inscr. lost, ** which is remembered to have 
commemorated a Pudsey." 

5. Lat. inscr. to Edm. Fotherby, Vicar, 1700-1, on 
an altar-tomb in the churchyard. 

Nos. I, 2, and 3 were moved to their present places 
when the church was restored in 1864. 

IVinston, — I. Lat inscr. to John Purlles " capellanus," 
1498. Chancel. 

2. Eng. inscr. to Richard Mason, 1532, eff. of a 
civilian lost. S. aisle. 

3. Eng. inscr. to Mrs. Mary Doi^lhwaite, 1606. 
Nave. 

4. Lat. inscr. to John Emerson, Rector, 1774, and 
dau. Eliz. 1765. Chancel. 

Two inscrs. lost. A. R. R 



PONIATOWSKI GEMS. 
Will some reader of The Antiquary favour me 
by sUting who the collector of the Poniatowski gems 
was ; when he lived ; also where the originals are. their 
history and number, and if casts are easily obtainable 
or are scarce ? 

RoBK&T Barclay. 



40 



THE ANTIQUARY EXCHANGE. 



C{)e antiquatp CrcDange. 



Enclose A^^for the First 12 Words^ and id, for each 
Additional Three Words, All replies to a number should 
be enclosed in a blank envelope, with a loose Stamps and 
sent to the Manager, 

Note. — All Advertisenunts to reach the office by 
the 15M of the months and to be addressed-^The 
Manager, Exchange Department, The Anti- 
QUARY Office, 62, Paternoster Row, London. 
E.C. 

For Sale. 

Some fine old Poesy Gold Rings for sale. — For 
particulars, apply 220, care of Manager. 

Willis's Current Notes, 1855, cloth, is, 6d., many 
interesting Notes on Antiquities, etc. Recollections 
of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, by T. Hall Caine, large 
paper edition, price 21s, Paul and Virginia, with 
eight etchings in duplicate (50 copies only printed), 
bound in parchment, 2^s, Sharpe's British Theatre, 
eighteen vols., 32mo calf, covers of one vol damaged; 
London, printed by John Whittingham, Dean Street, 
for John Shaipe, opposite York House, Piccadilly, 
1804-5 5 ^«7 ni^e engraved title-page to each volume, 
and portrait of W. H. W. Betty as Douglas ; book- 
plate of Francis Hartwell in each volume, 20f. 
Caxton's Game and Playe of the Chesse, 1474 ; a 
verbatim reprint of the first edition, with an intro- 
duction by William E. A. Axon, M.R.S.L., forming 
part of the first issue of " The Antiquary's Library, 
7J. 6d, Shakroeare as an Angler, by Rev. H. N. 
Ellacombe, M.A., vicar of Bitton, 1883, parchment, 
ia». 6d, ; very rare. Advice from a Motner to her 
Son and Daughter, written originally in French by 
the Marchioness de Lambert ; done into English by a 

!;entleman, mdccxxix, i8mo, calf, is, td. The 
uvenile Forget-me-Not, edited by Mrs. Clara Hall ; 
ulustrated by fine engravings in steel, 2s. 6d. King 
Alfred's Poems, now first turned into English metre, 
by Martin F. Tupper, mdcccl., y. 6d. CEuvrSs de 
Monsieur de Boissy contcnant, Soir Thddtre Fran9ois 
and Italic, Nouvelle ^ition, eight volumes old calf, 
with book plate of Princess Sophia, A. Amsterdam, 
etc., a Berlin Chez Jean Neaulme, Libraire, mdcclxviii, 
lOs. The Bab Ballads, original edition, in paper 
boards, 2s. 6d. — 191, care of Manager. 

The following Book Plates for sale, 3^. each, unless 
otherwise priced : — Daniell, George ; Davy, Lady ; 
Deane, Rev. H., B.C.L. ; Dendy, John, B.A. ; Dicey, 
Thomas Edward ; Drake, Francis ; Douglas, e libris 
Gulielmi ; Duncombe, Pauncefoot, of Brickhill Manor, 
Bucks ; Dumford, Francis Edward ; East ; Ekins, 
Rev. Fred ; Elliott, James, M.A. ; Elliot, Sir Henry 
Miers, KC.B. ; Elmer, Richard; Everitt, F. W. 
Everitt, Lincoln's Inn ; Fane, Julian H. C. ; Fam- 
ham. Lord ; Famham, Lord, K!.P. ; Fitton, William 
Henry, M.D. ; Fitchett, John ; Forbes, John, of 
Blackford ; Ford, John, Esq. ; Fourdriner, John 
Coles ; Fox, Henrietta ; Freeland, Francis Edward ; 
Freeling, Charles ; Freeman, William ; Gainsford, T., 
STP. /E.xri. decan ; Gardiner, Henry ; Gistling, 
Augustus, LL.D. ; Golding, Charles, ,mdccclxv ; 
Goliock, Rev. James ; Goodenough, O. H. ; Graves, 
Albert R.; Griffith, Thomas Taylor; Grimston, 



Thomas ; Gumey, Daniel.— Any of above, or from 
last month's list, post free, from Briggs and Morden, 
5, Longley Terrace, Tooting. {Letters only.) 

Cassell's Magazine of Art, vols, i to 6. The first 
three vols, in half morocco, and the last three in half 
roan, very fine copy, price £6 the set— 190, care of 
Manager. 

WilTement's History of Davington, Kent; large 
paper crown quarto, Pickering, only thirty printed, 
half-calf, clean. Offers invited. — 260, care of A^nager. 

Some fine Silver and Bronze Historical Medals; 
also others of eminent men, and Seventeenth Century 
Tokens. — Particulars, 261, care of Manager. 

Interesting copy of Percy's Reliques, the third 
edition, three volumes, 1775. Presentation auto- 
graphic copy from Bishop Percy, 15J. ^, — 259, care 
of Manager. 

Gentleman's Magazine, from its commencement, 
I73>» to 1840, 170 volumes, including two volumes 
of indexes, all in uniform half-calf bindings, with 
many hundred fine old plates, maps, cuts, etc. ; a 
marvellous Work of Reterence on all subjects and 
events for more than a century, including marriages, 
obituary, etc., for that period. Such a uniform set as 
this is now very rare, and next to impossible to meet 
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THE HOUSE OF LORDS-ITS PLACE OF MEETING. 



41 




The Antiquary. 




AUGUST, 18S4. 




C()e ^ouse of lorlis. 

By Henry B. Wheatlky, F.S.A. 
Part III. — Its Place of Meeting. 

|N considering the place of meeting 
of the House of Lords we are met 
at the outset by two difficulties, 
which must at all events be stated, 
even if we are unable to solve them. 

The Grand Councils of the Sovereign 
which were the natural successors of the 
WHemagemot gradually merged into the Par- 
liament, but we are not able to fix the exact 
date when this took place. This is the first 
diflkolty, and the next question is, when 
was the division of Lords and Commons 
into two Houses definitely settled. But 
an extra difficulty in answering this second 
question arises from the feet that it is by no 
means certain that they were ever in any 
true sense joined. 

Having referred to these points, I propose 
to pass on to the more local consideration 
of the subject, giving such answers to the 
questions as are possible in their proper 
chronological place ; but before doing so I 
may note, from the First Report of the Lords 
m thi Dignity of the Peerage^ the very clear 
description of the different councils of the 
Norman kings there given. 

The ordinary council of the king denomi- 
nated by the word "Concilium" simply 
consbted of persons selected by him for 
the purpose, and were assisted by the judges 
and the great officers of the Crown. The 
select council was not only the king's or- 
dinary council of state, but formed the supreme 
court of justice, denominated ** Curia R^;is." 
When the kmg convened in England the 
greater council, called " Magnum Concilium," 

TOL. X. 



or the more numerous assembly called " Com- 
mune Concilium Regni," those councils were 
usually convened at some time when the or- 
dinary " Curia Regis " sat by adjournment in 
discharge of its peculiar functions. On the 
occasions of the absences of the king abroad 
in his French dominions, a council attended 
him, and there was another at home, under 
the presidency of the Chief Justiciary or of 
such persons as the king chose to appoint. 
The report goes on as follows ; — 

In later times, and particularly towards the close 
of the reign of Henry III., about two centuries after 
the conquest, the " Curia Regis " was called the 
King's Parliament ; the word Parliament being then 
applied to almost any assembly convened for the 
purpose of conference ; and the ** Curia Regis ** sit- 
ting for any purpose seems to have been at length 
more commonly distinguished by the appellation of 
the King's Parliament than by its former name ; es- 
pecially after the Court of Common Pleas, a branch 
of the ancient " Curia Regis " by the provisions in the 
great charter of John, was no longer attendant on the 
king's person, but fixed in a certain place (generally 
the kin^s palace at Westminster), whilst the rest of 
the ancient "Curia Regis "was still requixed to be 
attendant on the person of the kine, or of the Regents 
or Lieutenants of the kingdom in hb absence. In the 
reign of Edward I., after the complete separation of 
the four Courts of Chancery, King s Bench, Common 
Pleas, and Exchequer, the appelUtion of Parliament 
seems to have been almost constantly applied to the 
remaining jurisdiction of the king's great court and 
council. The actual presence of the king, or of his 
deputy or deputies, or of commissioners specially 
appointed for the purpose, seems to have been always 
deemed essential to the constitution of the greater 
assemblies of the country ; but not of the * ' Curia 
Regis" or ordinary council, which frequently pro- 
ceeded without his presence, reserving for his personal 
consideration such matters as they thought required 
that sanction.* 

If we look at the plan on p. 44 (about 
which I will speak more fully further on), we 
shall see how all this gradual growth is asso- 
ciated with the old Westminster Palace. In 
B, the king's great chamber, parliaments sat 
from the earliest times ; in C, the Painted 
Chamber, parliaments were opened ; and in 
G, the Great Hall, the larger assemblies 
met. At the entrance end was the Exche- 
quer Court, and at the opposite end the 
Coiut of Chancery (i) and the Court of 
King's Bench (2) were placed. This Hall 
continued to be the great legal centre until 
a few years ago, and the judicial side of the 
House of Lords owes its origin to the early 

* Report^ pp. aob 21. 



4^ 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS-^ITS PLACE OF MEETING. 



arrangements described in the Lords' Report 
given above. 

The king determined the place of meeting, 
and various causes, such as pestilence, fear 
of the London mob, and the Scotch and 
Welsh wars, necessitated a frequent change 
of meeting-place ; but Dr. Stubbs says that 
Westminster from the days of Edward the 
Confessor was the recognized home of the 
Great Council, as well as of the king. This 
assertion, therefore, I shall consider as my 
text, for were I, in treating of the place of 
meeting, to discuss the various places where 
parliament has met I should require a volume 
rather than an article to do justice to them. I 
shall not, therefore, take my readers to Claren- 
don in Wiltshire, or to Merton in Surrey, 
or in fact do more than calendar the names 
of York, — where parliament met frequently, 
in general when the barons were wanted in 
the North during the long struggle with the 
Scots, — Northampton, Lincoln, Winchester, 
Bury St Edmunds, Leicester, Coventry, Wind- 
sor, Reading, Salisbury, Gloucester, Carlisle, 
Nottingham, Cambridge, Shrewsbury, Oxford, 
etc. Sometimes parliaments met at Black- 
friars, Bridewell, and the Temple, but Dr. 
Stubbs tells us that when Henry III., after 
the troubled times which followed the legis- 
lation of Oxford, avoided Westminster — 

The barons refused to attend the king at the Tower 
according to the summons, insisting that they should 
meet at Uie customary place at Westminster, and not 
elsewhere QAnn, Dunst.^ p. 217). The next reign 
saw the whole administrative machinery of the 
government permanently settled in and around the 
palace, and thus from the very first introduction of 
representative members the national Council had its 
regular home at Westminster. {Const, Hist. o/Eng- 
/and, vol. iii., pp. 413-14.) 

And that it should be so is for the best. Dr. 
Stubbs's inference from the long list of places 
where parliament has met, is that " the liber- 
ties of England were safest at Westminster." 
Even at Westminster the place of meeting 
was not in earlier times confined to the 
p>alace, but portions of the abbey were 
frequently used. The barons often met in 
the Refectory under Henry III., 'and the 
bishops at one time regularly met in the 
Infirmary, or the Chapel of St. Katherine. 
The parliament of Simon de Montfort as- 
sembled in the Chapter House, where for 
many years the House of Commons met 



The old palace of Edward the Confessor 
remained practically in all its irregularity and 
originality until the fire of 1834, because, 
although the buildings had mostly been 
burnt and rebuilt, they were destroyed at 
different times, and were rebuilt on the old 
lines. Until Henry VIII. removed to White- 
hall, the old Palace had been the home both 
of the king and of the parliament. 

The question when the councils became 
changed into parliament is a point the settle- 
ment of which scarcely comes within my pro- 
vince to discuss ; but as the House of Lords 
is the natural successor of the council, and 
the House of Commons an offshoot, it is 
necessary for me just to allude to the point. 
The Return of the parliaments of England 
does not enlighten us much. The first entry 
there refers to a parliament summoned to 
meet at Oxford on the 15th of November, 
1213 (15 John), To this the sheriffs were 
required "to send all the knights of their 
Bailiwicks in arms; and also four knights 
fi'om their counties ' ad loquendum nobiscum 
de negotiis regni nostri ' '' ; but it was not until 
the parliament summoned to meet in Lon- 
don 2oth of January, 1264-5 (49 Hen. III.), 
that citizens and burgesses were summoned. 
The note to this in the Blue Book is 
somewhat odd — " This appears to have been 
the first complete parliament consisting of 
elected knights, citizens, and burgesses.** 
Here the nineteenth century idea is projected 
back upon the thirteenth century, for these 
knights, citizens, and burgesses formed at 
that time but a very insignificant portion of 
parliament, of which the barons were the chief 
constituents. The main object of calling the 
Commons together was to obtain aids, and 
such places only were required to send repre- 
sentatives as were likely to supply these aids. 
During several years of Edward I.'s reign, the 
burgesses were not summoned to parliament. 
Representation, which is the fundamental 
idea of the House of Commons, was of slow 
growth. Each baron represented himself 
alone, and the knights of the shire appear at 
first to have been a selection of the lesser 
barons, or the smaller tenants in chief, the 
whole body not being able and not being 
required to attend. In course of time the 
knights of the shire became more distinctly 
representative, and they were chosen by the 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS— ITS PLACE OF MEETING. 



43 



freeholders of the county generally. Origin- 
ally, as lesser barons, they belonged to the 
same class as the greater barons, and there 
is no difficulty in believing that they all sat 
together. Still the conclusion of the Lords' 
Committee on the Dignity of the Peerage 
was that " the knights of shires were not sum- 
moned to deliberate about anything, but only 
to receive the king's charters and letters 
patent, and do what the prince, the king's 
lieutenant, and his council should ordain." * 
How, when the separation was eventually 
made, the knights of the shire held them- 
selves towards the burgesses, whom they must 
ha\-He considered greatly beneath them in 
social position, we cannot telL 
Hallam says : — 

It has been a very prevailing opinion that parlia- 
ment vas not divided into two nouses at the first 
admission of the Conunons. If by this is only meant 
that the Commons did not occupy a separate chamber 
tiU some time in the reign of Edward III., the pro- 
position, true or false, will be of little importance. 
They may have sat at the 1x)ttom of Westminster Hall 
vhi^ the Lords occupied the upper end, but that they 
were ever intermingled in voting appears inconsistent 
with likelihood and authority.! 

The idea of the two bodies sitting at oppo- 
site ends of the great hall is a pure assumption, 
for which there is no authority whatever. 
Hallam goes on to say : — 

There b abundant proof of their separate existence 
long before the seventeenth of Edward III., which is 
the epoch assigned by Carte, or even the sixth of that 
king, which has been chosen by some other writers. 
Thof the Commons sat at Acton Bumell in the elc- 
▼cDth of Edward I., while the Upper House was at 
Shrewsbury. In the eighth of Edward II. "the 
Commnncrs of England complain to the king and his 
ooQOciL etc 

Hlth respect to this case of Acton Bumell, 
the Rdum of the Members of Parliament 
sutes that the parliament was simimoned to 
meet at Shrewsbury. A previous parliament 
in the early part of this same year was divided, 
the members for the counties south of the 
Trent being summoned to meet at Northamp- 
lOD, and those for counties north of the Trent 
to meet at York. On this the Lords' Com- 
mittee say : — 

The occasioD for which these conventions were 
sammooed was extraordinary, but it can scarcely be 
ooocdvwxl that if a legislative assembly, consisting of 
the prelates and peers of the realm, and of two knights 

* Fint Repcrt^ p. 225. 

\ Emrwpt dmwingtki Middlt Aga^ chap. viii. 



elected for each county, two citizens for each city, 
and two burgesses for each borough having power to 
bind the whole kingdom, had l^n constituted by 
settled and unquestioned law . . . the king would 
have had recourse to so extraordinary a proceeding.* 

Although it seems probable that the Com- 
mons met by themselves at an early period 
of their existence, it was evidently long before 
their proceedings when separated from the 
barons were anything more than consultary. 
When their assistance was called for, they 
had to attend the barons in what was then 
known as the Parliament Chamber. 

The first mention of a Speaker is in 1377, 
when we learn fix)m the Rolls of Parliament 
that it was Sir Thomas de Hungerford, " qui 
avait les paroles par les communes d*£ngle- 
terre en c'est Parlement." This shows that 
at that time at least the two houses were 
distinct, but many years previously they evi- 
dently met in separate places. In January 
1351-52 the Commons, although separate, 
joined the Lords when their advice was 
required. It was proposed in the opening 
speech of the Chief Jtistice that a deputation 
of the Commons of twenty-four or tliirty per- 
sons should attend the king in the Painted 
Chamber, to have explained to them the 
occasion of the parliament being summoned, 
whilst the remainder of the Commons should 
withdraw to the Chapter House, and there 
await the return of their companions. The 
Commons refused to agree to this arrange- 
ment, but, two days after, the whole body 
attended Prince Lionel " et lesautres grantz," 
in the \Vhite Chamber, when their advice 
was requested as to what was proi)er to be 
done in respect to the contest with France, t 

It is evident that the distinction was made 
in the reign of Edward III., but in the sixth 
year of that king the knights of the shire 
only were asked to give their advice. Re- 
specting this the Lords' Committee say : — 

A distinction seems to have been frequently made 
between the knights of counties, and the citizens and 
burgesses representatives of the cities and boroughs. 
Thus in the 6th of Edward III., the knights of 
counties were required to give their advice, as well as 
the prelates, earls, and barons, assembled separately 
for that purpose, and the knights separately gave their 
answer to the king, the citizens and burgesses not 

♦ First Report on the Dignity of the Peerage^ p. 187. 
t Brayley and Britton's ** Ancient Palace at West- 
minster, from Roi, Petri, t voL ii., p. 236, 237. 

B 3 



44 THE HOUSE OF LORDS—ITS PLACE OF MEETING. 




Parliament. 



KEY. 
i Ihe cellai belonging ti 



1 house adjoining, which i 



A. Prince's Chamber. — Under this 

hired by Gujr Faux. 
8. The Old House ok Lords.— Also known as the White Chamber. The cellar was or^nallv the 

kitchen of the palace. It was hired by Guy Faux after the one under the Prince's Chamber. 

C. Painted Chamber, or St, Edward's Chamber. 

D. White Mall, supposed to i>e Ihe hall of the old palace before Westminster HalL Since the Cooit 

of Requests, then the House of Lords, and lastly the House of Commons. 

E. COUKT OF Wards and Liveries. 

F. St. Stefke.n's Chapel.— The old House of Commons, 

G. Westminster Hall.— Called (he Great Hall, i. Court of Chancery; a, Couit of King's Bcndi. 
H. New Palace Yard, 



having been, as far as appears, consulted. Bat the ad- 
vice given bythe knights requiring expendilurc, and an 
aid to be granted, the whole Commons concurred with 
the knights of counties in giving thai aid. * 

With regard to the division of the two 
houses, and the question as to whether they 
were ever in any true sense joined, we may 
quote the action of the Scottish parliament. 
This was never, Hke the English, divided 
into two houses. All the members sat 
in one hall, and though it consisted of 
three estates, a general numerical majority 
of members was considered sufficient to 
carr^ a measure. The greater part of the 
busmess, however, was transacted by the 
• Pint Report, p. 3JI. 



Lords of the Articles, a committee named 
by the parliament at the beginning of each 
session, to consider what measures should be 
passed, and whatever they recommended was 
generally passed without discussion. John 
Dalrymple in his Euay on Feudal Property, 
r759, p. 367, writes respecting this : — 
The great number of members in the English pailia> 
menc made it difficult in all the perambi^ations of 
parliaments to find one room capable of holding Ihe 
whole members, and therefore they came to be divided 
into two houses. The members of the Scotch parlia- 
ment, on the contrary, being less numerous, the same 
difhculty of (ioding a room htrge enough did not oocnt. 

This, however, is not a satisfactory explana- 
tion. 

Having opened the subject with these 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS-ITS PLACE OF MEETING. 



45 



general remarks, I will now proceed to deal 
with the more purely topographical points. 
It would take too much space to allude even 
to the more famous parliaments which have 
been held in Westminster, and it is only 
necessar)' to remark that the larger gather- 
ings alone took place in the great hall, one of 
the most interesting of these being held on the 
30th of September, 1399, when Richard II. 
was dep(»cd, and Henry of Lancaster was 
elected king in his place. On that occasion 
the prelates, the Lords, and the Commons 
sat in their proper order in the halL 

A. Th€ Princes Chamber is supposed to 
have obtained its name from the Black 
Prince, who after the parliament of 1371 
called the burghers into his own chamber, 
and obtained a grant of tonnage and pound- 
age from them.* The foundations were of 
the Confessor's time, but the superstructure 
was of a much later date. Single figures 
were painted on the jambs of the windows, 
and oil paintings of angels holding crowns 
had been placed round the upper part of the 
chamber. Several capitals (whence groinings 
sprung) which had been richly gilt and painted 
(blue and red) were found before this portion 
ol the old i)alace was demolished in 1823. 
Two of these, exhibiting the busts of Edward 
the First and Eleanor his queen, were carved 
in Reigatc stone, and coloured to resemble 
life, llie bust of the former is shown in a 
vignette in Brayley*s Palace at Westminster. 
The cellar under the chamber was attached 
to a private house adjoining, which was 
hired in December 1604 by Percy, one of 
ihc Gunpowder Plot conspirators. While 
the conspirators were working at the wall of 
the cellar they heard a noise in the one 
adjoining, which was situated under the 
House of Lords. This was found to be also 
to let, so they hired it at once, and began 
storing their gunpowder there.t 

The Prince's Chamber was also called the 
Robing Room, and here in 1760 the body of 
George 11. was brought from Kensington, 
before being conveyed for burial to Henry 
VII.'s Chapel. 

B. The hall in which the House of Lords 



sat from the earliest times until the Union 
with Ireland in 1800 was also known as the 
King's Great Chamber, the White Chamber, 
and the Chamber of Parliament. The cellar 
under the chamber, which was known as 
Guy Faivke^s Cellar^ from the conspirators 
having secreted their gunpowder there, was 
originally the kitchen of the Confessor's 
palace. When the building was pulled down 
in 1823 in order that the royal gallery might 
be built, the original buttery hatch was dis- 
covered at the south end, with an adjoining 
ambry or cupboard. The superstructure is 
supposed to have been rebuilt by Henry 11. 

In 1236 a mandate was directed to the 
king's (Henry III.) treasurer, requiring him to 
have the king's great chamber at Westmin- 
ster painted of a good green colour, in the 
manner of a curtain, and in the great gable of 
the same chamber, near the door, to have 
painted this motto : ** Ke ne dune ke ne tine, 
ne pret ke desire ; " * and also to have the 
king's little wardrobe painted green like a 
curtain, so that the king, on his first coming 
there, may find the above-mentioned chamber 
and wardrobe painted and ornamented as 
directed. 

There are several other references to the 
king's great chamber in the Close Rolls of 
the reign of Henry III., such as money paid 
for rushes, and directions to Odo, the gold- 
smith, to paint a picture there. 

In the reign of Edward II. extensive 
repairs were undertaken at the Palace, and 
we read of "The king's White Chamber^ 
which extends from the king's green chamber 
to the queen's bridge on the Thames." t 

In 1447 it appears from the Patent Rolls 
that the Marquis of Suffolk was constrained 
to defend himself before the nobles and 
magnates of the realm in the king's chamber 
for ceding the provinces of Anjou and Maine, 
the keys of Normandy, to the French crown 
when negotiating the union of Margaret of 
Anjou with his own sovereign (Henry VI.). 

In 147 1, soon after Henry VI. had perished 
in the Tower, Edward IV. created his eldest 
son Edward, Prince of Wales, Duke of Corn- 
wall and Earl of Chester, in the parliament 



• Stohhft's Comitituiional History of England^ vol. • " Qui ne donnc cc qu'il tient, nc preml cc qu'il 

ni.. p. 4>5 (note). desire. ' 

t J. T. Smith's Anti^ties of WestminsUr^ p. 40. f l^rayley's pBlaceat IVcstmtmtfr, p. 116. 



46 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS— ITS PLACE OF MEETING. 



chamber, in presence of the Archbishops of 
Canterbury and York, eight other prelates, 
the Dukes of Clarence and Gloucester, and 
many of the principal nobility and knights — 
all of whom swore fealty to the Prince as 
"the verey and undoubted heyre" to the 
king, ''and to the corones and reames of 
England and of France and lordship of 
Ireland" 

We learn that in 1351 the commission for 
authorising Edward III/s son Lionel to open 
parliament was read ** en la chambre 
Blaunche pres de la Chambre Peynte,** and 
a few years before Sir William Trussell is 
said in the Rolls of Parliament to have 
answered for the Commons in the same 
place. On the 4th of June, 16 10, James I. 
created his eldest son Henry Prince of Wales 
and Earl of Chester in full parliament, in 
"the Great White Chamber" of the old 
palace at Westminster. About the middle 
of the seventeenth century, soon after the 
Restoration, it was found that the floor of 
the House of Lords wanted some further 
support, and piers of brickwork were raised, 
as well as strong rafters of oak, supported by 
twelve octagonal posts of the same wood, 
which stood on stone plinths. 

It was in this room that occurred the 
famous scene depicted by Copley, when 
Chatliam fell back in a convulsive fit, after 
having addressed the Peers on the measures 
contemplated for granting independence to 
America, 

C. Painted Chamber, This famous room 
is frequently designated St. Edward's Cham- 
ber, from the tradition that here Edward 
the Confessor breathed his last. In the 
ceremonial of the marriage of Richard, 
Duke of York, second son of Edward IV., 
in the year 1477, ^^ ^^ ^^ called, and Sir 
Edward Coke, in his fourth Institute^ states 
that the causes of parliament were in ancient 
time shown in Le Chambre Depdnt, or St. 
Edward's Chamber. The name of Painted 
Chamber was given to this room on account 
of the paintings on walls and window jambs, 
which represented the battles of the Mac- 
cabees, the Seven Brethren, St. John habited 
as a pilgrim presenting a ring to Edward 
the Confessor, the canonization of the 
Confessor, with seraphim, etc There were 
also numerous black-letter inscriptions, 



chiefly of texts from Scripture. These paint- 
ings are noticed in the Itinerary of Simon 
Simeon and Hugo the Illuminator ^Fran- 
ciscan Friars), in the year 1322, which is 
deposited in the Library of Benet College, 
Cambridge. After noticing the monastery 
at Westminster, they write : — 

And to the same Monastery b almost immediately 
joined that most famous Palace of the King, in which 
is that well-known Chamber, on whose walls all the 
Histories of the Wars of the Whole Bible are painted 
beyond description {iruffabilUer defuta\ with most 
complete and perfect inscriptions m French, to the 
admiration of the beholders, and with the greatest 
regal magnificence.^ 

These frescoes were covered over by old 
tapestry (consisting of five pieces of the 
Siege of Troy, and one piece of Gardens 
and Fountains), and forgotten until the 
hangings were taken down in iSoo.t 

The parliament of 1364 met in the 
Painted Chamber, and it was long the 
custom for the king to open parliaments 
there. Bishop Stubbs says that it was used 
for the meeting of full parliaments imtil the 
accession of Henry VII. On the 8th of 
January, 1649, the High Court of Justice 
assembled in the Painted Chamber, and com- 
pleted here all the preliminary arrangements 
before proceeding on the 20th to Westmin- 
ster Hall to try Charles I. The warrant for 
the execution of the king was signed in the 
Painted Chamber, and before the fire in 1834 
it was the practice to hold here the Confer- 
ences between the Lords and the Commons. 
Here on the 7th and 8th of June, 1778, 
the remains of the great Earl of Chatham 
lay in state previous to interment in the 
Abbey. After the fire the place was fitted 
up by Sir Robert Smirke as a temporary 
House of Lords. The walls were heightened 
by about one-third, and a boarded ceiling 
and slated roof were added. 

D. The Whitehall or Lesser Hall is sup- 
posed to have been the original hall of the 
Confessor's palace, and it is said to have 
been a frequent practice with Kings John and 
Henry III. to order both the halls at West- 
minster to be filled with poor people, who 

♦ Brayley*s Palace of Westminster^ p. 419 (note). 

t The tapestry was thrown into a closet or cellar, 
where it remained for some years. About 1820 it 
was sold to the late Mr. Charles Yamold, of Great 
St Helen's, for £10. 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS^ITS PLACE OB MEETING. 



4> 



were feasted at the royal expense. As the 
large hall was used for state occasions, so the 
small hall was better liked by our kings on 
account of its greater comfort In Bromp- 
ton's Chronicle^ under date 1193, we find it 
suted that 

King Riduuxi the First, being at dinner at West- 
minster in the hall which is (^led the LUtU Hall^ 
received tidings that King Philip of France had 
entered Normandy and besieged Vemoil, whereupon 
he swore that he would never turn away his face until 
be bad met him and fought with him ; and having 
directed an opening to be made in the wall* he 
immediately made his way through it and proceeded 
to Portsmouth. 

In 1 263 the king's little hall and surround- 
ing buildings were burnt, and it was not until 
more than forty years after that the place 
was repaired, in conmion with a large part of 
the palace. 

Previously to the coronation of Henry IV. 
(1399) a Court of Claims was held in the 
White Hall by Thomas, the king's second son 
(who was then only five years old), who had 
been appointed Seneschal, and was assisted 
in the duties of his office by Thomas Percy, 
Earl of Worcester. 

On the occasion of the rejoicings in honour 
of the birth of a prince, in February 1 5 1 o- 1 1 ,t 
the ambassadors supped with Henry VIII. 
At the conclusion ot the banquet '' his grace 
with the Queen, lords and ladies came into 
the >\Tiite Hall, which was hanged richelie, 
and scaffolded and railed on all parts." Here 
was performed a magnificent pageant which 
is described by Holinshed. **Out of an 
arbour of gold in a garden of pleasure " there 
ali^ted in couples six ladies gorgeously 
apparelled and six lords (one of whom was 
the king) " in rich garments of purple satin 
fiill of posies, etc" The spectators who 
were admitted on this occasion behaved in 
a scandalous manner. Finding that the ^old 
ornaments of the dresses and decorations 
were to be given away, they attacked the 
knights and ladies, and tore their rich dresses 
and appropriated the spoils to their own use, 
so that the royal guards had to interfere for 
the protection of the company. 

About this time the White Hall was appro- 

* The remains of which, according to the chronicler, 
were visible when he wrote. 
t Who died nine days after this festival in his 



priated to the use of the Court of Requests, 
and appears to have been so occupied until 
the court was abolished by 16, 17 Car. I., 
c. 10. The name White Hall was discon- 
tinued, and that of Court of Requests con- 
tinued in use until the Houses of Parliament 
were burnt in 1 834. 

The following description of the Coiut of 
Requests is taken from Stow*s Sun^ey of 
London by Strype, sixth edition, vol. ii., 
'75S»P- 630. 

In this Court all suits made to the King or (^een, 
by way Petition, were heard and ended. This was 
called the poor Man's Court, because there he should 
have right without paying any money, and it was also 
called. The Court of Conscience. The Judges of 
this Court were called the Masters of Requests : one 
for the Common Laws, and the other for the Civil 
Laws. And I find that it was a Court of Equity, 
after the nature of the Chancery, but inferior to it 
There were judges of it ; commonly the Lord Privy 
Seal was the cnief. And there were Masters of 
Requests that were ordinary Judges. The Judges 
were conmionly Divines, Civilians, Knights and 

Gentlemen. This Court began 8 Henry VII 

Commonly the Court Bishops and Chaplains, and 
other great Courtiers, were these Judges and Masters. 

Although the original Court of Requests 
was suppressed, local Courts of Request for 
the recovery of small debts were situated in 
different parts of London and the country, un- 
til they were superseded by the County Courts. 

At the time of the panic caused by the 
Popish Plot, the House of Lords was in- 
formed that there was some timber and other 
materials laid up in a room or cellar under 
part of the Court of Requests, which might 
be a cause of danger. Witii a lively re- 
collection of the powder plot of James I.'s 
day, they recommended the Lord Great 
Chamberlain of England to take special care 
that the said timber and other materials were 
forthwith removed, and that no timber, fire- 
wood, coals, or any other goods should be 
lodged and kept in any of the rooms or 
cellars, under any part of the House of Peers, 
nor in any of the rooms or cellars under or 
adjoining the Prince's lodgings, the Painted 
Chamber, or the Coiut of Requests. Further 
action was taken, and after the report of a 
special committee, it was ordered " that all 
the cellars and vaults under and near adjoining 
to the House of Peers, Painted Chamber, 
and Court of Requests be forthwith cleared** 
SiiKe then it has been the practice of the 



48 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS— ITS PLACE OF MEETING. 



Lord Great Chamberlain, with proper officers, 
to make a search for combustibles in all the 
rooms and cellars under, or nearly under, 
either house of parliament. 

At the period of the Union with Ireland, 
in 1800, it was found necessary to increase 
the accommodation of both houses, in order 
to receive the augmented numbers caused by 
the additional members entitled to seats. 
The Court of Requests was therefore fitted up 
to receive the House of Lords, and the 
wainscoting of the St. Stephen's Chapel was 
placed farther back, for the convenience of 
the House of Commons. 

The tapestry hangings representing the de- 
feat of the Spanish Armada were enclosed in 
large frames of brown stained wood. They 
consisted originally of ten compartments, 
forming separate pictures, each of which was 
surrounded by a wrought border, including 
the portraits of the officers who held com- 
mands in the English fleet Lord Howard 
of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, bespoke 
them from Holland, and afterwards sold 
them to James I. They were woven, accord- 
ing to Sandrart, by Francis Spiering, from 
the designs of Henry Cornelius Vroom, a 
painter of eminence at Haarlem.* Unfor- 
tunately at the fire in 1834 these historical 
tapestries were entirely destroyed. It ap- 
pears that the alterations in 1800 were badly 
made by Wyatt, and Sir John Soane raised 
a warning voice in 1828. He wrote : — 

In the year 1800 the Court of Reauests was made 
into a House of Lords, and the old buildings of a 
slight character, several stories in height, surrounding 
that substantial structure, were converted into accom- 
modations for the officers of the House of Lords, and 
for the necessary communications. The exterior of 
these old buildings, forming the front of the House of 
Lords, as well as the interior, is constructed chiefly 
with timber covered with plaster. In such an exten- 
sive assemblage of combustible materials, should a fire 
happen, what would become of the Painted Chamber, 
the House of Commons,and Westminster Hall ? Where 
would the progress of the fire be arrested ? The want 
of security from fire, the narrow, gloomy, and unhealthy 
passages, and the insufficiency of the accommodations 
m this building are important objects which call 
loudly for revision and speedy amendment, f 

After the fire the Court of Requests was 
re-roofed and fitted up as a temporary House 
of Commons, the Lords, at the same time, 

♦ Brayley's Palace at IVestmimUry p. 423 (note), 
t Desipts/ifr Public Buildin^t, 



moving to the Painted Chamber, which was 
renovated for them. 

E. The Court of Wards and Liveries is 
described as adjoining the Court of Requests, 
but in Stow's Survey it is incorrectly said to 
be held in the White Hall, which was the 
Court of Requests. 

F. St. Stephen's Chapel, being appropriated 
to the use of the House of Commons after 
the Reformation, does not come within the 
scope of this article. 

G. When the Great Hall was erected by 
William Rufus a courtier remarked on its 
noble proportions, but the king exclaimed, 
'* This hall is not big enough by the one-hal^ 
and is but a bedchamber in comparison to 
that I mean to make." This appears to have 
been an empty boast, for nothing more was 
erected of the new palace, although this gave 
its name to New Palace Yard (H). 

Westminster Hall, like most Norman 
halls, was built with side aisles, but when 
Richard H. rebuilt it with a magnificent 
timber roof it took the form it still retains. 
Many important meetings of the Grand Coun- 
cil and of parliament have been held in the 
hall, but in later times it was reserved for those 
great trials when the Commons impeached 
some great person at the bar of the House 
of Lords. These trials have been numerous 
in past times, but two of the latest were those 
of Warren Hastings and Lord Melville. 

A passing allusion must be made to the 
timber house covered with tile which Stow 
tells us Richard XL built in the Palace Court 
in 1397, when the Hall was under repair. It 
was open on all sides, so that all men might 
see and hear. The chief object of this par- 
liament was to try the captive noblemen on 
charges of treason. 

In 1739 a proposal was entertained by 
government for the erection of new parlia- 
mentary buildings, but nothing was done, 
and the old buildings remained in use until 
the 1 6th of October, 1834. We have already 
seen how temporary buildings were prepared 
for the two houses. 

In 1840 the new Palace of Westminster 
was commenced, and on the 15th of April, 
1847, the Peers took possession of the hand- 
some chamber where they now sit, while the 
Commons did not obtain theirs until the 4th 
of October, 1852. 



THE LAD Y ANNE CLIFFORD. 



49 




Cte LaQp 9nne Cttffbrn, 

Coimte00 DoriBet, Ipemticoiie, ann 

a^ntgometp. 

By W. Brailsford. 

[he borough town of Appleby, in the 
county of Westmoreland, presents 
the complete appearance of being 
an out-of-the-world region. Once 
upon a time it sent two members to Parlia- 
ment That right was extinguished in 1832. 
A Roll of Freeholders is kept, and is read 
out annually. In 1881, when this roll was 
called at one of the borough courts, only two 
names were included in the ceremony — the 
Earl of Lonsdale and Sir H. J. Tufton, now 
Lord Hothfield. Peculiarities in the names 
of certain officials occur in the corporation 
records. Thus, there is a swine-looker, a 
house-looker, and a searcher of leather. At 
the time when the tanning trade was under 
the jurisdiction of the excise, the searchers 
of leather were excise officials.* A charter 
was granted to the burgesses in the first year 
of King John's reign, llie Mayor of Appleby 
is a very ancient office. The arms of the 
Corporation are gules, three crowned lions 
passant, gardant or ; the crest in a coronet 
a salamander proper; the supporters, two 
dragons gules; the motto, "Nee ferro nee 
igni.** These may be seen on a pillar in the 
Church of St. Lawrence, executed in iron- 
work, with a red velvet covered ring for 
holding the mace, and a red velvet covered 
hook for the sword. The town is situated 
on the river Eden, which separates the two 
parishes of St. Lawrence and St. Michael 
The principal street b terminated at one end 
by the Church of St Lawrence, at the other 
t^ the Castle. Facing each extremity is an 
obelisk, that on the Castle slope being 
mounted on worn stone steps, like those 
supporting village stone crosses, lliis struc- 
ture has these words on its chief side : 
•* Retain your loyalty. Preserve your rights." 
The Castle, first spoken of in 1088, stands 
at the upper end of the sueet. Of the 

* Statutes regulating the dressing and tanning of 
Icttber were pfomnlgated from the time of Henry VI. 
10 James II. like appointments^ such as sealers and 
icudien in leatlier, were made at several placo. 
See Gonme's MmrnUipal Ofka. 



original edifice only the keep remains, and 
this is of rough Norman workmanship; it 
is called Caesar's Tower, and at present is 
nearly covered with ivy, the interior being 
used as a receptacle for lumber and firewood. 
In the year 11 74 the King of Scots ravaged 
the district, surprising the Castle and destroy- 
ing the town. Later on, about the end of 
the fourteenth century, when Richard II. 
reigned, the Scots made another inroad, from 
which calamity the neighbourhood only par- 
tially recovered. In 1598 the plague made 
its appearance, when the trafific was stayed 
and the market removed. In 1641, when 
the Civil Wars had commenced, the Castle 
was garrisoned for Charles I. by its brave 
owner, the Lady Anne Clifford, Countess 
Dowager of Dorset, and Countess of Pem- 
broke and Montgomery. The government 
of the fortress was placed in the hands of Sir 
Philip Musgrave, who retained it till after 
the battle of Marston Moor. In 1648 the 
Castle was demolished almost to the ground. 
It had contained in its enclosure as many 
as 1,200 horse. Evidence of its cai)ability 
for holding so large a body of cavalry is 
manifest in the extent of S|)ace still subsist- 
ing between the present house and Caesar's 
Tower. In the summer of 1651, Major- 
General Thomas Harrison came to Appleby 
with his forces, for the wars were then hot in 
Scotland.* Looking now from the garden 
and banks of the dried-up moat, the view is 
peaceful and serene, and embraces in its com- 
pass Highcup Gill, between the lofty elevation 
known as Morton Pike and Roman Fell. A 
bold sweep of open country meets the eye in 
every direction, ridges and depressions, with 
occasional belts of trees, forming prominent 
features in the landscape. The larch flourishes 
amidst the woods in luxuriance, and large 
tufts of bracken grow in the peat-moss, which 
is the common soil hereabouts in the valley 
and waste land. 

In the historical perspective of the stirring 
sixteenth and early seventeenth century, one 
figure stands prominently forth, and gives 
the greatest amount of interest, not only to 
the town and castle of Appleby, but to the 
counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland 
as well. The Lady Anne Clifford, Countess 

* Abstract of records kept at Skipton Castle, in 
Yorkshire. 



so 



THE LAD Y ANNE CLIFFORD. 



Dowager of Dorset, Pembroke, and Mont- 
gomery, was, so to speak, a power in the 
state, one of those large-hearted women who, 
being distinctly feminine, yet have great force 
of character and individuality. She was the 
daughter of George, third Earl of Cumber- 
land, and Margaret Russell, daughter of 
Francis, Earl of Bedford. She was bom at 
Skipton Castle, in Yorkshire, in 1590, and 
by the death of her brothers became the sole 
heiress to her father's vast estates. She is 
known to have arrived with her mother at 
Appleby on the 22nd July, 1607. On the 
25th February, 1609, she was in London, 
at her mother's residence in Austin Fryars, 
for on that day she was married to Richard 
Sackville, then Lord Buckhurst, but who 
succeeded to the earldom of Dorset a few 
days later, on the death of his father. She 
was the mother of three sons, all of whom 
died in their infancy, and two daughters, 
who survived her. These were bom at 
Knole, an ancient seat of the Dorset family, 
near the town of Sevenoaks, in the county of 
Kent. This Richard, Earl of Dorset, was a 
man of expensive tastes and habits, was the 
friend and companion of Henry, Prince of 
Wales, and travelled in luxurious fashion on 
the Continent. He was an adept at tilting, 
and lived rather too fast for his means, which 
were by no means of a limited nature.* He 
died on the 28th March, 1624, and lies 
buried in the Dorset vault in the church of 
Wythyam, in Sussex.f After this, the Lady 
Anne took the small-pox from nursing one 
of her children. Notwithstanding all her 
vows of never marrying again, the lady, after 
remaining a widow for six years and over, 
re-entered the matrimonial state on the 3rd 
June, 1630, at Chenies, in Buckingham- 
shire, where she was united to Philip Her- 
bert, the fourth Earl of Pembroke, who was 
created Earl of Montgomery, a Knight of 
the Garter, Chancellor of the University of 
Oxford, and Lord Chamberlain to Charles I. 
As Countess Dowager of Dorset, she had 
the large jointure of ;^3,4oo per annunL 
She had told her secretary that if she married 
again, her second husband should not be a 

* Qarendon's History. 

t The Dorset chancel in this church was built by 
this earl shortly before his death. 



curser, swearer, or courtier. Some kind of 
disagreement ensued between the Earl of 
Pembroke and herself after their marriage, 
as they seldom lived together. She had two 
sons by him, but they pre-deceased her. In 
a letter written to her uncle, the Duke of 
Bedford, she thus expresses herself: — 

Iff my lorde sholl'd denie my comming then I 
desire your lordship I may understand itt as soon as 
may bee, that so I may order my poore businesses 
as well as I can withoutt my once comming to the 
towne, for I dare not ventter to come upe withe outt 
his leve, lest he shollM take that occasion to turn mee 
outt of this howse as hee did outt of Whittall, and 
then I shall nott know wher to put my hed. 

In 1643, her cousin Henry, Earl of Cum- 
beriand, died at York, by which event the 
earldom of Cumberland, as far as related to 
the Clifford family, became extinct, and the 
Craven property in Yorkshire, and the Appleby 
lands in Westmoreland, reverted to Lady 
Anne. We hear of her at Appleby on the 8th 
August, 1649, and on the 23rd January, 
1650, the Eari of Pembroke died in London, 
thus releasing the lady from her evidently 
miserable bondage.* She never married 
again, but passed the remainder of her long 
life in the north country, removing from one 
ancient casile to the other, being visited by 
her daughters and grandchildren, and per- 
forming very many acts of mercy and kind- 
ness, such as seemed altogether congenial to 
the nobility of her nature, and the genuine 
goodness of her disposition. Although her 
inheritance was a large one, and, indeed, 
might be called immense, considering Ac 
times in which she lived, yet she was troubled 
at one period with law-suits, and for some time 
was prevented from receiving her legitimate 
income, besides being a great sufferer from 
the effects of the Civil Wars. Dissensions 
arose naturally between her second husband 
and herself, on political grounds, he siding 
with the Roundhead party, and her sym- 
pathies being entirely enlisted with the King 
and the royal cause. Nearly all her casdes 
in the north suffered damage at the hands of 
the soldiers of the Parliament. Her energy 

• This Earl of Pembroke was one of the three 
peers who sat in the House of Commons by an Act 
passed March 1648, which permitted peers to take 
their seat for their allegiance to the Commonwealth. 
He entered the House as Knight of the Shire 0^ 
Berks on the i6th April, 1649. 



THE LADY ANNE CLIFFORD. 



SI 



was, however, equal to the occasion, for as 
quickly as the process of demolition went 
on, so as rapidly orders for restoration were 
given and carried out. As castle after castle 
was destroyed by Cromweirs armies, and 
afterwards repaired by her direction, she 
caused this inscription to be placed over 
the gate of each : — 

This castle was repaired by the Lady Ann Clifford, 
CoQDtess Dowager of Pembroke, after the main part 
of it had lain ruinous ever since 1648, when it was 
droHkltshed almost to the ground by the Parliament 
then sitting at Westminster, because it had been a 
prrison in the Civil War. Laus Deo. 

Appleby, Brougham,* Skipton, Brough, and 
Pendragon Castles, were all severally put 
in thorough repair and order. Caesar's Tower 
at Appleby had stood without a roof or any 
kind of covering from the times of the 
Northern Rebellion in 1569. This was 
covered with lead in July 1653. In addi- 
tion, she ordered the church at Skipton to be 
thoroughly repaired, particularly the steeple, 
which liad undergone severe injury. At 
Appleby the church was likewise put in 
tlumugh order. Here a board is yet pre- 
served on which it is written — 

"Ann^ Countess of Pembroke, in Anno 
1655 repaired all this building." 

A few years earlier she laid the foundation 
of an almshouse, or hospital, for twelve poor 
widows and a mother. This institution lies 
on the left-hand side of the steep street lead- 
ing to the Castle, to which it is adjacent. 
Id the spring of 1658 she rebuilt, out of her 
own revenue, the Chapel of Brougham, and 
in 1659 Nine Church, near Penrith, was simi- 
larly re-^rected at her cost. Several other 
religioas and public edifices were either 
entirely rebuilt or substantially renovated at 
her sole charge. Her state in the north 
country was regal, and her mode of pro- 
gressing from one residence to the other in 
accordimce with aristocratic prejudices and 
predilections. Much of her character in 
reference to family pride and dignity was 
inherited from her mother, Margaret Russell, 
Countess Dowager of Cumberland, who col- 
lected a number of records of the high and 
mighty families to whom she was related. 

* John de Vetripont is the first recorded possessor 
of this castle. Roger, Lord Clifford, made great 
additions to it. Eyton's History ef Salop may be 
oofisaUcd for the origin of the Clifford fiunily. 



Lady Anne was fortunate in possessing a 
secretary named Sedgwick, who has left pos- 
terity many interesting particulars of her 
manners and customs. He avers that she 
had an excellent memory, a sound judgment, 
was temperate, religious, and charitable.* 
She wore very plain apparel, such as a petti- 
coat and waistcoat of black serge. She never 
took physic, and never drank wine after she 
had attained the age of eighty. It is also 
recorded of her that she supported the ille- 
gitimate daughters of her first husband ; and 
having been the means of marrying one of 
them to a Mr. Belgrave, a clergyman of the 
Church of England, gave him a living in Sussex. 

On every Monday morning, at whichso- 
ever of her castles she might happen to be 
staying, she gave ten shillings amongst twenty 
poor houseliolders. She spent over ^^40,000 
on the repairs of her battered fortresses. Her 
education had been carefully superintended 
by the poet, Samuel Daniel Kogts North, 
who visited Appleby Castle in company with 
Lord Chief Justice Hale soon after her death, 
speaks of her as a magnificent and learned 
lady. It is certain that she employed clever 
men to make collections for a history of her 
illustrious ancestors, the Vetriponts or Vi- 
ponts, Cliffords, Vese)'s, etc., from out of 
the Tower Records, Rolls, etc, and had them 
transcribed and bound in three volumes, and 
preserved at Appleby. Gilpin, in his Obser- 
vations on the Mountains and Lakes of Cum- 
herland and Westmoreland^ speaks of these 
literary treasures, t Amongst the number of 
family documents and household recipes pre- 
served at Skipton are certain items relating 
to the education of my Lady Anne, as, for 
instance, one — 

Given to Stephens, that teacheth my lady 
to daunce, for one month . . . £i os,od. 

That she was a woman of taste, as well as 
of affectionate disposition, is evidenced by 
the superb marble monument erected by her 
to the memory of her mother in the chancel 
of Appleby Church.^ This is an altar-tomb, 

* Sedgwick died in 1685, aged sixty-seven, and 
was buried in the church at Kendal, in Westmoreland. 
There is a lengthy inscription in Latin to his memory. 

{Vol. ii., pp. 161, 164. 
There is a portrait of the Coantess Margaret i 
the National Portrait Gallery, painted when young. 
The Earl of Verulam has anotaer portrait of her at 
Gorliambuiy, Herts. 



52 



THE LADY ANNE CLIFFORD. 



having a recumbent effigy upon it in white 
marble of the Countess of Cumberland The 
head, surmounted by a gilt metal coronet, 
lies on a richly embroidered cushion, having 
tassels at each comer. A lamb is at her feet 
The hood over the head is large, but does 
not conceal the features, which are finely 
sculptured. The robe is also large; the hands 
are uplifted, palm to palm. The general 
aspect of the entire figure is in strict accord- 
ance with the costume of the period. On 
the south side of the tomb is the inscrip- 
tion — 

Here lyeth interred the body of the Lady Margaret, 
Countess Dowager of Cumberland, youngest child to 
Francis Russell, seconde Earle of Bedford, married to 
Georee Cliffbrd, third Earle of Cumberland. Shee 
lived his wife 29 yeres,and died his wydow at Brougham 
Castle the 24 of May, 16 16, tenn yeres and seaven 
moneths after his decease. She had yssue by him two 
sones, Francis and Robert, who both died younge, 
and one daughter, the Lady Anne Clifford, married 
to Richard Sackvile, third Earle of Dorset, whoe, in 
memory of her religious mother, erected this monu- 
ment, A.D. 1617. 

On the north side of the tomb is the 
following : — 

Who faith, love, mercy, noble constancy 
To God, to virtue, to distress, to right, 
Observed, exprest, show'd held religiously 
Hath here this monument, thou secst in sight 
The cover of her earthly part ; but passenger 
Know Heaven and fame contain the best of her. 

At one end is a coat-of-arms of the Clifford 
family. Near unto Brougham Castle is a 
memorial called the Countess's Pillar. This 
was erected by the Lady Anne, as a remem- 
brance of the spot where she parted from her 
mother for the last time. It is recorded that 
she left " an annuity of four pounds to be 
distributed to the poor within this parish of 
Brougham every second day of April for ever 
upon the stone table hereby." At Skipton 
Church she restored the monuments of her 
forefathers, and erected a tomb to the memory 
of her father and brother.* Near the altar- 
tomb of her mother is another of black 
marble, with white mouldings. Above, over 
against the wall, is a black marble tablet, on 
which are twenty-four coats-of-arms, the last 

* Some years after the death of her tutor, the poet 
Daniel, she placed a record of her cratitude to him 
over his tomb. It is said she caused two of her ser- 
vants, named Edge, to be buried in the chancel at 
Appleby Church. The plate is covered over, and not 
now visible. 



ten being surmounted by coronets. These 
belong to her progenitors, the first being 
Robert de Vetripont There is no effigy on 
the tomb, which is, indeed, of no artistic 
merit, and inferior in every way to the noble 
memorial erected to her mother. Close to 
it is a square block of stone, with four iron 
rings attached, which opens the vault of the 
subject of this memoir. The date and place 
of her death are stated in this inscription 
engraved on her tomb — 

Here lies, expecting the second coming of our Loid 
and Saviour Jesus Christ, the dead body of Uie Lodj 
Anne Clifford, daughter and sole heir to George Clif- 
ford, third £^1 of Cumberland, by his blessed wifi^^ 
Margaret Russell, Countess of Cumberland. Whicb 
Lady Anne was bom in Skipton Castle, in Craven, 
the thirteenth of January (being Friday), in the jrear 
1590, as the year beeins on New Year's Day. And 
by a long-continued descent from her father and his 
noble ancestors, she was Baroness Clifford, Westmer* 
land, and Vcsey, high sherifess of the county of West- 
merland, and lady of the honour of Skipton in Craven 
aforesaid. She married for her first husband, Richard 
Sackvil, Elarl of Dorset, and for her second husband, 
Philip Herbert, Ear] of Pembroke and Montgomeiy, 
leaving behind her only two daughters that Ixveo, 
which she had by her first husband, the eldest, Mar- 
garet, Countess of Thanet, and the younger, Isabella, 
Countess of Northampton. Whicn L^dy Anne Clif* 
ford, Countess Dowager of Pembroke, Dorset, and 
Montgomery, deceased, at her Castle of Broogfaam, 
the 22nd day of March, in the year of our Lord 1675, 
Christianly, willingly, and auietly, having before htf 
death seen a plentiful issue (by her two diBiughten) of 
13 grandchildren, and her body lies buried in this 
vault. * 

This illustrious lady thus describes henelf 
in the memorial preserved at Skipton : — 

The colour of her eyes was black, like her fiUbei't, 
with a peak of hair on her forehead, and a dimple in 
her chin, like her father, full cheeks and round fsuc'd, 
like her mother, and an excellent shape of body resem* 
bling her father, . . . The hair of her head was brown 
and very thick, and so long that it reached to the oilf 
of her leggs when she stoc^ upright. f 

Several portraits are in existence of tbe 

* Lady Anne purchased an estate at Temple Sowerbji 
and by deal bearing date February ana, i6j6, con* 
veyed the same to Sir James Lowther and others for 
the repair and decent keeping of these monuments. 

f The portrait of her father is in the National 
Portrait Gallery. On the left of the head appears his 
name, title, and the year 1588. He is dressed in 
russet armour, with a pattern of gold stars. The suit 
is still preserved at Appleby Castle. A like picture 
is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Another portrait 
is at Knole. The glove of Queen £lizabeth may be 
seen on the hat of this nobleman, indicative of his 
post as Champion to her Majesty. 



THE LADY ANNE CLIFFORD. 



S3 



Lady Anne. One is in the National Portrait 
Gallery. This came from the famous collec- 
tion belonging to Horace Walpole at Straw- 
berry Hill. A shield of arras, bearing the 
arms of Herbert impaling Clifford, is to be 
seen on the right-hand side. A medal was 
taken of the lady from this picture. There 
was also a miniature painted by Dixon in 
the same collection, which Walpole bought 
of Lady Isabella Scott, daughter of the 
Duchess of Monmouth. The late Countess 
Delawarr exhibited a portrait by Van Somers 
at the Special Exhibition at South Kensing- 
ton in 1866 ; it was a full-length of the Lady 
Anne, dressed in black, with open white- lined 
sleeves, with a rose in her hand, and a vase 
of roses beside her. This picture used to 
hang in the Lady Betty Germaine*s dressing- 
room at Knole. In the same magnificent 
seat there was another likeness of her, said 
to be by Mytens. A charming portrait 
miniature, by S. Cooper, was shown in 1862 
at South Kensington, from the collection of 
Mr. S. Addington. At the same time an- 
other equally notable miniature, by the same 
artist, was shown by the Duke of Buccleuch. 
In the Castle at Appleby may be seen a 
curious group, one of which is this celebrated 
lady. In the same place are other portraits 
of her. She is generally dressed in sombre 
attire, and her appearance is indicative of 
ber quality, as well as of her kindly dispo- 
sitioa Pennant, Whitaker, and Hartley 
Coleridge have given extracts from her diary. 
She is fairly described in the catalogue of 
iqyal and noble authors, and Mr. Hailstone 
compiled a record of her life, taken from a 
quarto volume preserved at Skipton Castle. 
Sir Thomas Wharton and Sir John Lowther, 
both cousins of Lady Anne, were elected 
Members of Parliament for the county of 
Westmoreland in the year 1660. At the same 
time, another cousin. Sir Henry Cholmeley,'*' 
and Christopher Clapham, Esq., were elected 
Members for the borough of Appleby. Later 
oo,*Mt. Thomas Tufton, my Lady*s grandson, 
was duly elected for Appleby, in the place of 
a letiring member. It was a time when men 
were apparently fighting against the influence 
of the Court, for Sir H. Cholmeley told Mr. 
Secretary Samuel Pepys that the electors of 

^ A Yorkshire barooet, who was at oiie time basy 
ooastructiiig the Mole at Tangiecs. 



some very small place declined to have Mr. 
Williamson as their representative, saying, 
" No courtier ; " whilst at Winchelsea, Bab May, 
though armed with the Duke of York's letters, 
was rejected, the people declaring they would 
have no Court pimp to be their burgess. Sir 
Joseph Williamson, when Secretary of State,* 
applied to Lady Anne for her influence in 
the election of a member for Appleby, when 
he received the following answer : " I have 
been bullied by a usurper, I have been 
neglected by a Court, but I will not be dic- 
tated to by a subject ; your man shan't stand. 
Anne, Dorset, Pembroke, and Montgomery." 
If the courtly Secretary of the Admiralty 
heard of this reply, he must have been 
mightily perplexed, and reckoned that "things 
bode very ill," as he had oftentime thought 
on similar occasions. But the Countess 
Dowager of Dorset, Pembroke, and Mont- 
gomery was not the woman to be trifled with, 
and it is easy to believe the high consideration 
with which she was treated by her friends 
and neighbours about Appleby and Brougham, 
where she lived paramount till 1675. She 
died about the time when Oliver Cromwell's 
second son, Henry, died, and when great 
opposition was being made in Parliament to 
Bills introduced by the Court party. Through 
all her long life the Lady Anne evidenced 
the bravery of her nature. Whatever her 
opinions might be in reference to politics, or 
such questions as presented themselves to 
her notice in the circumference of her various 
northern homes, she was never at a loss how 
to speak and how to act. Notwithstanding 
the settlement of the long disputed suit con- 
cerning the Skipton estates, she held out 
persistently, and would not be satisfied until 
a special verdict was obtained in her favour, 
when her cause was tried before Judge New- 
digate. All accounts agree in testifying to 
the excellence of her judgment, the tenacity 
of her memory, and the fine perceptive spirit 
which seemed to guide her actions in all the 
relations of life. In every sense of the ex- 
pression, she was a remarkable woman, whose 
life stands prominently out amid the numerous 
public personages of the seventeenth century, 

• Was a Keeper of the Paper Office at Whitehall, 
then Under-Secretary of State, afterwards Secretary. 
He sat for Rochester and Thetford, and was President 
of the Rc^ Society. 



54 



THE TOWER GUARDS. 



and offers to all time a noble illustration of 
true greatness in difficult seasons of the world's 
history. At her funeral in Appleby Church, 
she was followed by a large concourse of 
friends and acquaintance. There she lies, 
close to the mother that she loved so much, a 
real heroine, not to be forgotten in the annsils 
either of the beautiful county of Westmore- 
land or in those writ larger in the history of 
England 





Clbe Cotocr <j5uatli0 (1648). 

II. 

By J. H. Round. 

IE saw, in the former part of this 
paper, that ** the Tower Regiment,*' 
so far from being identical with the 
Tower Hamlets Militia, was, in truth, 
its rival and supplanter, and was essentially 
composed of regular troops.* While, there- 
fore, that regiment was taking part in the 
arduous campaign of this summer, the train- 
bands of the Tower Hamlets remained at 
home in peace, save for the affair of the 4th 
of June, when they were summoned to resist 
the Kentish Loyalists on their landing in the 
Isle of Dogs.t 

After marching out of the Tower, on 
the morning of the 26th May, " the Tower 
Regiment," as we learn from a statement in 
The Moderate Intelligencer, hastened to join 
the force that Fairfax was now gathering 
round him, preparatory to his advance into 
Kent. It may be presumed that, like the 
regiments from Westminster, the Tower 
Regiment took part in this advance, and it 
was clearly one of those which, a fortnight 
later, followed Fairfax to Colchester. For 
in the valuable field-state of Fairfax's forces 

♦ Since my first chapter went to press, my conjec- 
ture that the regiment originally numbered 600 
** men " has been confirmed by my discovery of a 
passage in Rushworth (Part IV., vol. ii., p. 830) 
mentioning a letter from Fairfax (istOct., 1647), '* con- 
cerning the Establishment of some forces to be 
continued in this service of the Tower, with a list 
enclosed . . . 600 men mentioned in the list." 

t " Here (by the Appointment of the House) lay a 
Re^ment of Hambleteers of the Tower, drawn up to 
their Arms." — Carter, 



engaged in the fight of the 13th of June, 
which is preserved to us in the contemporary 
Diary, ♦ we find mention of ** Col. Need- 
ham's Regiment, lately the Tower Regiment, 
commanded by Col. Needham, being seven 
companies, and about 400 men.*' We gather 
from this entry two facts. The first is that the 
command of the regiment had now been 
given to Colonel Needham, who had served 
as a colonel of foot, in 1644, at Selby and 
Marston, had afterwards been appointed 
governor of Leicester, t and had last been 
employed as a colonel of horse.t The 
second is, that to judge from this muster, 
the regiment must now have stood at its 
original strength of 600, rather than at its 
later strength of 1,000. 

The Tower men were in the thick of the 
fight, on this stubbornly-contested day, and 
the Diary tells us how, '^ notwithstanding " 
a repulse, they " fought many hours after in 
hopes to gain the town." § Their colonel, 
the gallant Needham, was mortally wounded 
at theu- head.ll The MS. diary of the siege, 
which, being in the possession of my family, 
I shall distinguish as the Birch Diary, states 
that— 

They lost in this action Colonel Needham, who 
commanded a regiment called the Tower Guards, and 
who fought very desperately. 

It is from this passage that I derive the title 
of this paper. Tlie regiment is described as 
" the Guard in the Tower " in the marginal 
heading to Ru5hworth,% and the names 
"horse guards," "dragoon guards," etc., in 
the contemporary siege-map, may serve to 
remind us of the special sense in which the 
term " guards " was then employed. 

It is not till nearly a fortnight later (26th 
June) that "the Tower Regiment" again 
figures. The rough maps of the ground 
which have already appeared in The Anti- 

♦ Reproduced in The Antiquary, i. 22, et seq, 
t Rushworth^ Part IV,, vol. iL, 937. 
X April 8th, 1647.— Whitdockc s Memorials (1682), 
p. 240^. 



S Antiquary, i. 23. 



He is wrongly said by the contemporary authorities 
to have been slain outright, but we learn from the 
Kinguom's Weekly Intelligencer (No. 265), that it was 
not till the following Sunday (iSth June) that his 
wound proved fatal. See also below. 

% Page 1061. Compare Fairfax's expression, *'Tbe 
several guards . . . from the Tower." 



THE TOWER GUARDS. 



55 



QU ARY ^ wOl enable my readers to follow their 
movements. Fairfax, having established 
himself at first opposite the west side of the 
town, made it his special object to block up, 
as soon as possible, the east gate on the 
opposite side, in order to cut ofif the besieged 
ftom the open country in their rear. But he 
would not be strong enough to effect this till 
the Suffolk forces came to his aid and secured 
the intervening space along the left bank of 
the Colne. This they could not be induced 
to do till the 24th of June. But meanwhile 
the indefatigable general had been at work 
in anticipation of their arrival. He deter- 
mined to throw a bridge across the Colne 
above " the north bridge '' (which was com- 
manded by the besiegers from the walb), by 
which to keep open his communications with 
the forces on the left bank. As a preliminary 
to this, on the 20th of June he commenced 
a work on the right bank,t eventually known 
as *• Fort Ewer," X to cover the bridge-head. 

The besieged attacked it on the 22 nd, 
but were repulsed,§ and on the following 
day it was completed, and its guns opened 
fire upon the town.|! The next day the 
bridge itself was completed, simultaneously 
with the arrival of the Suffolk forces. IT 

It is typical of Mr. Markham's singular 

* VoL L, p. 24 (Siege Map); voL v^ p. 246 (Domes- 
davMap). 

T *' loe kwd-general ba^nn a Work yesterday at the 
Nofth Gate, axM the Soldiers maintain it with much 
Gallantly aikl Resolution.** — Letter of 21st June (Rush' 
wvrrk, p. 1 161). 

X Frum Colonel Eore ("Ewer"), who had brought 
■p his Foot from Chep^ow a few days before, and 
was DOW posted at this point. This work is erroneously 
ipoken of by Mr. Mark ham, Mr. Townsend, etc, as 
** Fort Ingokisby,** a more advanced work, which was 
ooDstmcted sabsequently. 

§ ** A small pvty of Uie Besiq?ed sallied out to view 
a new work (afterwards called Col. Ewer's Fort), but 
were instantly beaten in by Musqueteers." (Arm/) 
Dimry^ 22&d June, confirmed by Ruskwortk^ p. 1 162. 
I " The Guns beean this Day to play from our new 
Briery, which mudi annoyed the besi^ed at North 
Bridge.** {Army) Diary, ajrd June, confirmed by 
Kmskw^rtk^ p. 1 164. 

5 ** This day we finished a Bridge over the River 
whereby we can hoki communication with the Suffolk 
Forces ^>^ &re this day come over.'* (^Ruikworthy 
p. 1 164.) The letter is "dated June 25Ch, at two in 
the morning," and by " this day ** refers to the 24th. 
The same parage occurs in the Perfect Weekly 
Aicmmi (list to 2Sth June, 1648), where the com- 
plctiao n similarly, at first sight, assigned to the 25th. 



errors that in his paper on ** The Siege of 
Colchester '* he thus describes these events : 

Colonel Eure crossed the Colne near a hamlet 
called the Shepen, and threw up a work in front 
of the North Bridge, called Fort Ingoldsby. Fort 
Rainsborough was next thrown up, opposite the ford 
at Middle Mill. The besiegers thus gained a footing 
on the left bank of the river, where they were joined 
by 2,500 Suffolk volunteers, etc., etc. 

Now Colonel Eure did not cross the Colne ; 
the work which he was throwing up was Fort 
Ewer and not Fort Ingoldsby ; it was not 
" in front of the North Bridge," but stood 
on the right bank, and flanked the bridge ; 
Fort Rainsborough was probably, as we 
shall see, not constructed till nearly a month 
later ; and the Suffolk forces, instead of 
joining the besiegers after they had " gained 
a footing on the left bank of the river,'* had 
actually arrived two days before they even 
crossed it 

The Suffolk men had arrived on the 
Saturday, and on the Monday (26th), the 
Tower Regiment marched over the new 
bridge, being the first regiment selected by 
Fair^ to occupy the left bank in conjimc- 
tion with the Suffolk forces.* Colonel 
Whalley*s was the horse regiment, destined 
for the same service. 

The forces holding the left bank had to 
keep watch, simultaneously, on the roads 
leading over the river from the north and 
from the east gates. The former they had 
been able at once to block, but the latter 
had baffled them for a time by the enemy's 
possession of the Hythe, which served them 
as an advanced sally-port. W bailey's horse, 
however, with the assistance of Ingoldsby's 
foot, succeeded, on the 30th June, in seizing 
Greenstead church, a position which com- 

• **The Tower Regiment are marched over our 
new bridge, and are intrenching themselves about the 
North Gate." (June 26th, The Afoderaie.) "The 
Tower Regiment marched over the new firidee, and 
intrenched themselves about the North Gate. (June 
27th, IVhUehckey p. 311.) Whitelocke has the name 
of the regiment right, but the date (owing to his 
mode of entry), apparently wrong. Rushworth per 
camtra has the date right, but the name of the regi- 
ment wrong. '* Colonel Barksiead's r^;iment are 
marched over our new Bridge, and are mtrenching 
themselves about the North Gate. . . . From Col- 
chester Leaguer, June 26th " (p. 1 168). Barkstead's 
Foot were, on the contrary, quartered about the south- 
west angle of the Leaguer. 



56 



THE TOWER GUARDS. 



manded the outlet from the Hythe.* Here 
they at once planted a gun, and began a 
redoubt round the church, which they named 
Fort Whalley.t 

The besieged thus deprived of their chief 
outlet, resolved on a desperate sally to 
" clear " the Leaguer in that direction. 
** About eight on Wednesday in the morn- 
ing " J—that is, on the 5th of July, not^ as 
Mr. Markham erroneously states, in both his 
accounts, on the 6th — they attacked the 
post at the east bridge with a force of 700 § 
or 1,300 11 men, captured the detachment, 
overturned the guns, 

and made good the charge till they had cleared the 
whole street, wliich gave so great an Alarm to all 
their Leaguer, that they immediately rallied together 
all the Foot and Horse on that Side of the River, and 
marched down the Ilill from behind the Windmill to 
the Top of another Hill in a very full and orderly Body, 
etc., etc.^ 

Among these were the Tower Guards, who, 
as we learn from Rushworth (though, here 
again, he is mistaken in the name of the 
regiment),** ** advanced towards the front" of 
the elated Loyalists, while Whalley,tt or 
rather his major, Swallow,tt *' presently ad- 
vanced with his horse to get between them 
and home."§§ The Loyalists were soon 

* Miscalled by Mr. Peacock " the Heith '* {Arckao- 
logia^ xlvi. 38). 

t Letters of 29th and 30th of June in Rushworih 
(pp. 1 1 72-3) and Siege Map, The almost infallible 
{Army) Diary must be mistaken in assigning to the 
1st 01 Julv the seizure of Greenstead church. 

X Rushworth^ p. 1 1 79. 

§ Carter— here strangely enough followed by Mr. 
Markham. 

II Rushworth y p. 1 179. 

\ Carter. 

♦* He again calls it * * QoXoiitlBarksieacCs regiment '* 

(p. 1 1 79). 

tt " Colonel Whalley perceived what advantage," 
etc Ib» 

11 {Arfny) Diary^ July 5th. 

§§ Rushworth. The fact that the Loyalists could 
not be checked till the Militia opposed to them had 
thus been reinforced by the regular troops, horse and 
foot, is of ereat importance as affording a test of the 
veracity of Colchtstet's 7 tares. The writer of this 
anonymous and mendacious pamphlet so contrives 
his statements that he can rarely be brought to book, 
but in this case he stands convicted by the following 
unlucky boast: — **Nay, and to admiration, how 
came that strong party of 1,000 men, besides horses, 
issuing the other day out of Colchester upon Sir 
Thomas Bamadiston*s regiment, to be beaten in 
again by a small party of green souidiers^ dut about 



compelled to retreat, but Shambrooke, the 
lieut -colonel of the Tower Guards, who 
had succeeded Colonel Needham in the 
command, fell, like him, mortally wounded,* 
and died the next day.t 

The ill-fated regiment having now lost 
both its commanding officers, a new colonel 
was found for it in a man who played some 
part in the history of his time, and who has, 
moreover, enjoyed the singular advantage of 
having for his biographer Mr. K Peacock, 
whose knowledge of these subjects is probably 
unrivalled, — I mean Vice-Admiral Rains- 
borough.:^ It is somewhat strange that, as 

200 men^ and they as well as the rest taken in great 
disorder too ? '' It may be noticed tliat '* green " is 
here used in the sense of "raw** or "inexperi- 
enced,** and refers to the Militia. 

* **0n our part we had slain Lieu L -Colonel 
Shambrooke and some others of Colonel Needham's 
regiment who were engaged.*' (^Army) Diary ^ July 
5tn. '* Amongst whom [f>., the slain] was the 
colonel that succeeded Colonel Needham in the 
command of his Regiment, who \i.e,^ Needham] was 
kiird the first night's Attack.**— Ca/Y^r. 

t ** Lieut. -CoL Shambrooke is dead of the shot he 
received by the poisoned Bullet*' (^Rushworih, p. 
1 181 ; cf. p. 1 179). See also, as to Needham*s wound, 
p. 1 169 : " They had chewed Bullets rowled in sand 
m their pockets, contrary to the Law of Arms ; and 
without doubt Colonel Needham was shot with such, 
for we have had shots more dangerous than his cured." 
Also {Army) Diary ^ 28th June: — "Chewed and 
Poysoned Bullets taken from several of the Besieged." 
These charges are reproduced, without Question, hj 
Mr. Markham ; but it should be observed tnat, aocord* 
ing to Rushworth (whose authority on this point is 
hi^h), Fairfax could not charge the besieged with 
using poisofuJ bidlets (which indeed is most impro- 
bable), but "chewed Bullets, and cast with sand," 
to which ** the Generals returned Answer, denying any 
such command or Practice ; but for rough cast slugs, 
they were the best they could send on the sudden ** 
(p. 1 173). An interesting specimen of these roug^ 
cast bullets is preserved in tne Colchester Museum, 
and well illustrates the controversy. It may be 
added, moreover, that Capel and Lucas simUarly 
complained to Fairfax that " wee have found buUetts 
which were chawd in our wounded men, and in 
somme of the prisoners' muskets that were taken '* 
(Ellis* Original Letters, ist S., iii. 304). 

X "Notes on the Life of Thomas Rainborowe. . . . 
by Edward Peacock, Esq., F.SA.*' {Archadcgia^ 
xlvi. 9 — 64). I have adhered, with Mr. Markham in 
his Life of Fairfax, to the accepted spelling " Rainx- 
borough, as it is no exaggeration to say that in ninetjr- 
nine cases out of a hundred in wnich the name 
occurs in print, the *'s" is found in it. It, therefore, 
causes great awkwardness, as indeed may be seen in 
Mr. Peacock's valuable notes on his life, to insist 
on now printing it *' Rainborowe." The practicaU/ 



THE TOWER GUARDS. 



57 



this rrgiment was commanded by him from 
now tiU the hour of his death, his biographer 
does not mention its name, or throw any 
light on its identity. But from its varied 
avatars^ during its brief career, its true cha- 
racter and continuous existence would seem 
to have been never hitherto suspected. * 
Mr. Peacock, however, states that " among 
the foot " originally collected for this cam- 
paign ^ was half a regiment conmianded by 
Admiral Rainborowe;*'t l>ut for this, it would 
seem, his only authority is Mr. Mark ham's 
Life of Fdirfax.X It is dangerous, I think, at 
all times, to take one's history second hand, 
but more especially, as Mr. Peacock will find 
to his cost, from such a work as the Life of 
Fairfax, In this case, unless I am very 
much mistaken, it will be found that there 
is no e\*idence for Mr. Markham's cate- 
gorical statement, and I hold, therefore, that 
Admiral Rainsborough had here no force 
under his command till he received, on 
Shambrooke's death, the colonelcy of the 
Tower Guards. 

Between the 15th and i8th of July — that 
iSy about ten days later — the horse of the 
besieged force attempted more than once to 

mirreml insertion of the " s " must have some mean* 
ia^ and sorely can only mean that the name was so 
pr9mmmttd^ howerer the family may have written it 
at the time. Mr. Peacock traces tne theory of the 
Dotch extraction of the family to the name of John 
Van Rcede, "Lord of Renswoude . ... a name 
<|Bite solBdently like Rainborowe to account for the 
mistake '* (p. 10). The similarity, though not obvious 
IB this Ibnn, is strengthened, I think, in the Anglicized 
fann *'the k>rd A'aituow'' (^Ruskwcrtk, Part IV., 
▼oL ii*f Pi 1268), the initial syllable bein^ Kmns in 
both. There is, however, a more suggesuve name, 
<d whidi Mr. Peacock may be glad tohear, namely, 
that of " Robert Van iansborottgh^ a brewer m 
Dartlbnl,** which is met with in 1657 (Dunkin's 
Hui9ry if Dartfard), 

* I am, of course, aware that " Colonel Rains- 
boroofh'* had commanded a regiment in the New 
Modop whidi was known at the time as " Rains- 
boro ugh 's Regiment," and this has probably caused 
the oonfonoo, it being thoughtlessly assumed that 
** Bajnshoroqgfa's Regiment " must alwajrs have been 
dw mow ; out the regiments in Fairfiuc's army 
dttoged their names with their colonels, and th» 
one, for instance, had previously, as we have seen, 
been described as ''Colonel Needham*s Regiment, 
JteBJr tke Tmmr Rigimeni,'* Thus arose olten an 



t ArthnUgia^ xlvi. 37. 

X " Half aresvnent commanded by Admiral Rains- 
borough. '*--Z4^^/at>/5Mr, p. 376). 

VOL. X. 



escape, and join Sir Marmaduke Langdale. 
According to my ** Birch Diary,'* — 

Upon these attempts of the Horse to break out, 
the Enemy built a small fort in the meadow right 
against the ford in the river at Middle Mill " (22nd 
July). 

Now this, I think, must have been " Fort 
Rainsborough," which the siege-map places 
exactly in this position. If " the new fort," 
spoken of by Rushworth (nth August) on 
page 1224, was, as Mr. Markham admits, 
** Rainsborough's Fort," this becomes a cer- 
tainty. This fort stood in the centre of the 
position assigned to the Tower Guards, and 
became henceforth their head-quarters. It 
would, therefore, naturally be called after 
Rainsborough, as being now their colonel* 
Carter thus describes it : — 

Then they raised two or three Homworks and 
Redoubts, on the North-side of the Leager, .... 
where they placed divers great pieces, which they 
pUyed violently at a MiU caU'd the Middle MUl. 

The besiegers had set their heart on de- 
stroying, and the besieged on preserving, this 
the last remaining mill. The former became 
impatient of the slow destruction effected by 
the fire of their guns, and on the 25th July, 
under the darkness of night, the Tower 
Guards, led by Rainsborough, waded across 
the river from their fort, and stormed and 
fired the mill.* Carter tells, in stirring lan- 
guage, the tale of its recapture by the 
Gentlemen Volunteers, and of their success- 
ful struggle with the flames. Mr. Peacock 
narrates the incident, but antedates it, 
strangely enough, by nearly three weeks, and 
erroneously assigns it to . the ** water-mill 
below the north bridge," instead of to the 
famous Middle MilLt Nor can it be said, 
with strict accuracy, that "the work of 
destruction had been suflliciently complete,"! 
for in the words of the Diary ^ •* the design 
proved ineffectual at that time," and it was 

• " (25th July) A party, in the meantime, fired the 
Middle Mill, with the loss of three men, and cut off 
a sluice, but the fire did not take, so the design proved 
ineffectual at that time.** {Artny) Diary, coiifirmed 
by Rushworth, p. 121 7. 

t On the 5th of July Rainborowe destroyed what 
seems to have been their last hope — a water-mill 
below the north bridge {ArcAaa/ogia, xlvi. 38). 

t lind. 



58 



NETHER'WASDALE, CUMBERLAND. 



not rill the " 6th of August *' that the besiegers 
could at length announce — 

The Middle Mill (which we fired a Week since) is 
spoiled by oar cannon, that it cannot be serviceable.* 

It was even later than this, on the nth 
August, that the besieged first set going the 
mill they had erected at the Castle.f 

On the same page, Mr. Peacock tells the 
story of Rainsborough driving back the 
starving women of the town (21st August), 
but when he states that " none were stripped " 
it is needful to point out that, though White- 
locke says so, Rushworth, who was present 
at the Leaguer, declares that " four were 
stripped"! 

The town surrendered on the 27 th, not, 
as Mr. Peacock states, on "the 28th of 
August,"§ and " Tho. Rainsborough " was 
one of the Commissioners who signed, on 
that day, the Articles of Surrender.|| On 
the following afternoon " Colonel Rains- 
borough's Regiment," as the Tower Guards 
were now called, enjoyed with another 
regiment of foot the privilege of being the 
first to enter the ruined and famine-stricken 
town. 

{To be coniintud.) 





2:)epo0it of ®lag 31ron, Better 
iDQasDale, CumberlanD. 

Bv Rev. Samuel Barber. 

[BOUT six miles from the Cumber- 
land coast, and a mile from the 
western end of Wastwater, lies the 
little village of Nether-Wasdale, 
commonly l^nown to tourists as "Strands." 
Two snaall inns, a homely-looking farm, a 
primitive whitewashed church embowered 
among trees, a tiny school, and quiet vicar- 
age, constitute, together with a farm and a 
few cottages, one of the most picturesquely 
situated villages in Lake-land. The only 
antiquarian remains would seem to be those 
which I now wish to bring before readers of 
The Antiquary, viz., the occurrence of 
mounds consisting of iron slag, intermixed 

♦ Rushworth^ p. 1217. § Archaohgia^ xlvl 38. 
+ Ibid,^ p. 1224. ' \ Rushworth f p. 1244* 

t /^> p. 1237. 



with earth and gravel. These mounds are 
close to the bridge which takes the road from 
Strands to Wasdale Head, over a brook 
running into the Irt (this river runs from 
Wastwater to the sea). They are close to 
the road and to the stream, and situated on 
the Nether-Wasdale side of the bridge. 

The pieces of metal are mosdy flattened 
in form, and often curiously shaped. They 
are inserted in the bank in considerable 
quantities. As far as at present known, there 
are no remains of any works in the neigh- 
bourhood, which is remote firom towns. 
Gosforth, where the noted Runic cross 
stands in the churchyard (having long lain 
under ground), is four miles away, and this 
is not a large village. 

In connection with this subject, it is inter- 
esting to note the appearance of iron ore 
upon the side of the Wastwater ** Screes." 





©teentoicl) jTair* 

By Cornelius Walfobd, Barrister- at-Law, 

PROPOSE now to give an his- 
torical sketch of another pleasure 
fair, — one which was alwa3rs re- 
garded as essentially a London fair 
too. I have never seen any attempt to explain 
its origin. It has, as far as I am aware, no 
pretended association with purposes of com- 
merce ; and my conviction is that it took its 
rise in the circumstance that at the hblida3rs at 
Easter and Midsummer the public resorted 
to Greenwich Park for recreation and amuse- 
ment; that refreshment stalls were first 
introduced, and all the rest followed, as of 
course. It was probably a creation of the 
present century, or, at the farthest, of the 
latter half of the last century. Neither 
Pepys nor Evelyn, in their various notices of 
Greenwich, makes any mention of the fair ; 
and hence alone we might almost assume 
that no fair existed. While we speak of 
** Greenwich Fair," there were, in fact, 
two fairs, but that of Midsummer was, on 
account of the season, the one most largely 
thronged, and that which really became 
famous. 



GREENWICH FAIR. 



59 



\Vhile in its prime it was attended by 
vendors of fruits, gingerbread, ribbons, toys, 
and all the paraphernalia of a country fair or 
wake, such as Gay described : — 

Pedlars* stalls with glittering toys arc laid. 
The various firings of the country maid. 
Long silken laces hang upon the twine, 
And rows of pins and amber bracelets shine. 
Here the tight lass knives, combs, and scissors spies. 
And looks on thimbles with desiring eyes. 
The mountebank now treads the stage and sells 
His pnlLs hb balsams, and his ague-spells : 
Now o'er and o'er the nimble tumbler springs. 
And on the rope the ventrous maiden swings ; 
Jack Pudding, in his party-coloured jacket. 
Tosses the grove, ana jokes at every packet : 
Here raree-shows are seen, and Punch's feats. 
And pockets picked in crowds, and various cheats. 

While the fair embraced most of these 
features, still in many of its characteristic 
features, as its theatres and enormous drink- 
ing and dancing booths, it was essentially a 
London fair. The fine park, the trees, 
glades, pleasant turf, and the fine view from 
the Observatory Hill, always have attractions. 
From this hill on a fine day is seen *' the 
mighty heart of the Empire," yet it is beyond 
the reach of the beat of its mighty daily and 
almost nightly turmoil. At the foot of the 
hill lies that noble palace, built for a 
moDarch*s residence, and afterwards ennobled 
into a refuge from life's storms for the gallant 
defenders of their country at the approaching 
close of their life's pilgrimage. Then the 
bright shining river, alive with the busy 
ships that bear the commerce of the world. 
That b the location to which you are invited 
on a visit to this once &mous, but now 
extinct, pleasure fair. 

I shall try and reanimate it for the present 
purpose. It is Easter Monday. At the very 
dawn of day all the leading avenues towards 
Greenwich give sign of London's first 
festival of the year. Working-men and 
their wives, 'prentices with their sweet- 
hearts, nifiians and bullies, all are making 
their way to the £ur. Pickpockets and their 
female companions go later. The greater 
put of the sojourners are on foot, but 
vdiides for convejrance are also numerous. 

There are to be seen what were called 
^ gooseberry flairs " by the wayside, whereat 
hots are run upon half-killed horses, or 
spare and patient donkeys. Here are the 
bewitdiiiig sounds to many a boy's ears of 



" A halfpenny ride, O ! " and upon that sum 
being paid in advance the immediately bc- 
strided urchin has full right to "work and 
labour " the bit of life he bestraddles, 
for the full space or distance of fifty yards, 
there and back — the returning half being 
always accomplished much more rapidly 
than the outgoing one. Then there is 
** pricking in the belt," an often exposed but 
still continued fraud. Besides these there 
are numerous invitations to take a " shy for a 
halfpenny" at " a 'bacca-box full o' ha'pence," 
poised on a stick standing upright in the 
earth at a reasonable distance for experienced 
throwers to hit, and therefore win, but which 
turns out to be a mine of wealth to the 
costermonger proprietor from the number of 
unskilled adventurers. 

The fair itself is nothing ; the congregated 
throngs are everything, and fill every place. 
The Observatory Hill and two or three other 
eminences in the park are the chief resorts of 
the less experienced and the vicious. Here 
is seen the famed running or rolling down 
the greensward. But these sports soon tire, 
and group after group succeeds till evening. 
Before then, the more prudent visitors have 
retired to some of the numerous houses in 
the vicinity of the parts whereon is written 
" Boiling water here," or " Tea and Coffee," 
and where they take such refreshment as 
these places and their own imported stores 
afford, preparatory to their toil home after 
the day's pleasiure. 

It is quite the morning of the next day 
before the roads from Greenwich cease to 
disgorge incongruities only to be rivalled by 
the figures and exhibitions in Dutch and 
Flemish prints ! Greenwich fair was truly a 
day of toilsome pleasure for the masses 1 
Those who have read Lavengro^ by George 
Borrow, will recall his description of this 
fair, in chapter xxiv. : — 

At length I find myself in a street or road, with 
terraces on either side, and seemingly of interminable 
length, leading, as it would appear, to the south-east. 
I was walking at a great rate ; there were likewise a 
great number of people, also walking at a great rate ; 
and all — men, carts, and carriages — going in the 
selfsame direction, namely, to the south-east I 
stopped for a moment, and deliberated whether or not 
I should proceed. What business had I in that 
direction ? I could not say that I had any particular 
bosmess in that direction, but what could I do were I 



6o 



GREENWICH FAIR. 



to turn bftck ? Only walk about well-known streets ; 
and if I must walk, why not continue in the direction 
in which I was to see whither the road and its terraces 
led ? I was here in terra incognita^ and an unknown 
place had always some interest for me ; moreover, I 
nad a desire to know whither all this crowd was going, 
and for what purpose. I thought they could not be 
going far, as crowds seldom go far. . • . 

I reached in about three-quarten of an hour a kind of 
low dingy town in the neighbourhood of the river ; 
the streets were swarming with people, and I con- 
cluded, from the number ofwild-beast shows, caravans, 
gingerbread stalls, and the like, that a fair was being 
hela. Now, as I had alwa^ been partial to fairs, I 
felt glad that I had fallen m with the crowd which 
had conducted me to this present one, and, casting 
away as much as I was able all gloomy thoughts, I 
did my best to enter into the diversions of the fair ; 
staring at the wonderful representations of animals on 
canvas hung up before tne shows of wild beasts, 
which, by-the-bye, are freouently found much more 
worthy of admiration than the real beasts themselves ; 
listening to the jokes of the Merry- Andrews from the 
platforms in front of the temporary theatres, or admir- 
mg the splendid tinsel dresses of the performers, who 
thronged the stages in the integrals of the entertain- 
ments ; and in this manner, occasionally gazing and 
occasionally listening, I passed through the town till 
I came in front of a Targe edifice looking full upon the 
majestic bosom of the Thames. 

It was a massive stone edifice, built in an antique 
style and black with age, with a broad esplanade 
between it and the river, on which, mixed with a few 
people from the fair, I observed moving about a great 
many individuals in auaint dresses of blue, with 
strange three-cornered nats on their heads ; most of 
them were mutilated : this had a wooden leg — this 
wanted an arm : some had but one eye ^ and as I 
gazed upon the edifice, and the singular mdividuals 
who moved before it, I guessed where I was. " I 

am at ," said I ; " these individuals are battered 

tars of Old England, and this edifice, once the favourite 
abode of glorious Elizabeth, is the refuge which a 
grateful country has allotted to them. Here they can 
rest thdr weary bodies ; at their ease talk over the 
actions in which they have been injured ; and with 
the tear of enthusiasm flowing from their eyes, boast 
how they have trod the deck of fame with Rodney, or 
Nelson, or others whose names stand emblazoned in 
the naval annals of their country." 

Turning to the right^ I entered a park or wood, 
consisting of numerous trees, occupying the fort sides 
and top of a hill which rose behind the town, where 
were throngs of people among the trees diverting 
themselves in various ways. Coming to the top of the 
hill, I was presently stopped by a lofty wall, along 
which I walked, till, commg to a small gate, I passed 
through, and found myself on an extensive green plain, 
on one side, bounded in part by the wall of the park, 
and on the other, in the distance, by extensive ranges 
of houses; to the south-east wais a lofty eminence, 
partly closed with wood. The plain exhibited an 
animated scene, a kind of continuation of the fair be- 
low ; there were multitudes upon it, many tents, and 
shows ; there was also ^orse-racing, and nmch noise, 
and ibotttSDg ; the sun was shintpg brightly overtiead. 



1818. — Greenwich fairconstituteda placeof 
very popular resort at this period. The Easter 
fair was the opening of the London £aur season. 
The Whitsuntide fair was perhaps more aristo- 
cratically attended. At these fairs Richard- 
son's Show always occupied the best position. 
John Cartlitchy the original representative of 
Mazeppa, and James Barns, afterwards famous 
as the pantaloon of the Covent Garden pan- 
tomimes, were members of Richardson's 
company at this time ; and it was joined at 
Greenwich by Nelson Lee, well known to the 
present generation as an enterprising theatrical 
manager and a prolific producer of panto- 
mimes : but at this time fresh from school, with 
no other experience of theatrical business than 
he had gained during a brief engagement as 
a supernumerary at the old Royalty to serve as 
the foundation of the fame to which he aspired. 
This and some of the following notes are 
drawn from Frost's Old Showmen and Old 
London Fairs ^ 1875. 

1823. — Shows were excluded from the fair 
this year, — Hone says, at the instance of the 
magistrates, who were now moving towards 
suppressing it altogether. But a score of 
booths for drinking and dancing were there, 
only two of which, Algars and the Aibioni 
made any charge for admission to the 
''assembly room*^; the charge for tickets at 
these being a shilling and sixpence respectively. 
Algar's booth was 323 ft. long by 60 ft wide* 
70 fl. of the length constituting the refresh- 
ment department, and the rest of the space 
being devoted to dancing to the music of two 
harps, three violins, bass viol, two clarionets, 
and flute. 

1837. — Richardson had died before the 
Whitsuntide fair, and his theatre had passed 
into other hands. It was this year placed at 
the extreme west end of the fair, near the 
bridge at Deptford Creek. The newly-intro- 
duced Esmeralda dance was a great success, 
and Oscar Bryne, who had arranged the ballet 
for the Adelphi, visited the theatre and com- 
plimented Lee on the manner in which it was 
produced. The drama was The Tyrant D^e^ 
and the pantomime arranged for Lee for the 
occasion had local colour given to it, and the 
local title of One Tree Hill. The season 
opened very favourably, though both the 
management and the public experienced con- 
siderable annoyance from a party of dissolute 



GREENWICH FAIR. 



«i 



yoang men, of whom the Marquis of Water- 
ford was one, who threw nuts at the actors, and 
talked and laughed loudly throughout the 
performance. 

It wasabout this period that a most &cetious 
little tract was pubhshed: — Cruikshanks Trip 
to Gnenwich Fair; a Whimsical Record^ con- 
taimimg the Humorous Adventures of Peter 
Grace and his three Daughters ; also of their 
Nine Friends^ the Muses, etc, ; together with 
a Description of the Various Amusements in 
Greenwich Park, the Fair, etc, etc. With 
lUustrtUions on Wood, by Robert Cruikshank. 

Hail ! morn of chilling frost and hail 1 
Good Friday — hot-cross-bun day ; 

Bat mMf-giained is the whelp that kails 
Hail, upon Easter Monday 1 

Hail ! six weeks afterwards — to wit 

That ever glorious fun -day — 
When frost and hail give place to sun, 

Upon 9k fair NMiit Monday. 

Of those important Mondays two, 

All who wish *• up to flare," 
The park-bound Fair of Greenwich seek, 

At gas-Ht Greenwich Fair. . . . 

. 1839.— This year a tragic event happened 
au the fair. The practice of having female 
performers with the lions, tigers, etc., in the 
menageries had recently been introduced; 
Wombwell's menagerie was at the fair. 
Helen Blight, the daughter of a musician, 
became the " Lion Queen " for the occasion. 
During her performance a tiger exhibited 
some sullenness or waywardness, for which 
she struck it with a riding-whip she carried. 
With a terrible roar the infuriated beast 
sprang upon her, seized her by the throat, 
and killed her before she could be rescued* 
This melancholy affair led to the prohibition 
of such performances by women ; but " Lion 
Kings " still exhibited as before. 

It was believed that at this date the fair 
was visited by not less than a quarter of a 
million of people. 

1840. James Grant, in his Sketches of 
London^ published this year, gives (2nd 
Edition, p. 306) the following details re^ird- 
ing this fair : — 

There were congrefpited in the narrow limits of 
perhaps one hundred and fifty yards long by six or 
■even yards broad, a mass of human beings, number- 
■e, I ahookl think, not less than thirty thousand. 
Tkey were so densely packed together that it was 
Qntc a Herculean task to force one's way through them. 
Ob ckher side of the market-plaoe were stalk tad 



cararans, and other things to which I know not what 
name to give, of all sizes and descriptions. I hold it 
impossible that any human being, be his imagination as 
fertile as it may, could previously have form«l any 
idea of the vast variety of expedients which were 
resorted to at this fair, with tne view of didting 
money from the pockets of the visitors. Of eataUes 
of all descriptions, there was a most abundant supply 
... Of showy articles, or things which were merely 
intended to please the eye, there was also a most 
liberal supply . . . 

In the article of "sights'* again Greenwich fiur 
was, if that were possible, still more amply supplied. 
You would have 6uicied, from the number of caravans, 
booths, and other places for the exhibition of wonders 
of all kinds — artificial and natural — ^that the marvels 
of the whole world had been congregated within the 
limited space appropriated to Greenwich fiur. The 
seven wonders of the world is a phrase whidi 
became familiar to us in our younger years: . . « 
here we had instead of seven at least a hundred 
wonders of the Worid. And what was worthy of 
observation was that every individual wonder was 
more wonderful — that is to say, if you took the pro- 
prietor's word for it — than any other wonder. The 
great difficulty with those who had but little 
copper in their pockets, — though, perad venture, 
abundantly suppliea with another well-known metil 
in their faces, — the great difficulty with them was to 
make a selection. The figures which were daubed on 
the canvas which was displayed at the front of the 
caravnns and other wooaen erections, were most 
inviting ; indeed, as is usually the case, the represen- 
tation far surpassed the things represented. But in 
addition to the attack they made on 3rour curiosity 
and your pockets, through the medium of jrour eyes, 
there were dead sets made at your ears. Nothing 
could exceed the earnestness or the eloquence with 
which the various proprietors of exhibitions praised 
the artides exhibitra. . » . 

185a A disorderly scene occurred this 
year. A practical joke was played by a soldier 
upon a young man who resented it, and then 
fled from the soldier up the steps of the 
parade waggon. Nelson Lee, the proprietor, 
interposed for the protection of the young 
man ; other soldiers in the crowd nished to 
the assistance of their comrade. The adors 
fled, leaving the proprietor alone to defend 
himself and property. The soldiers next 
commenced to break down the front of the 
theatre. The constables now interfered, 
and some of the offenders were arrested, and 
committed for trial at the Old Bailey Ses- 
sions. Johnson and Richardson withdrew 
from the prosecution, apparently on the 
understanding that the officers of the rq^i. 
ments to which the men belonged would 
make some compensation ; which, however, 
was not carried out. 



62 



LONDON IN 1669. 



1852. Johnson and Lees' Theatre appeared 
at Greenwich for the last time. About this 
period the company had been joined by James 
Robson, who afterwards became a famous 
comedian at the Olympic. In the following 
year the property of the company was 
disposed of by public auction. 

1S57. The fair was ordered to be discon- 
tinued. The end had come. A writer of 
the period gives the following account of the 
last holding of the fair : — 

At the entrances to all the streets of Greenwich, 
notices from the magistrates were posted, that they 
were determined to put down the fair ; and accord- 
ingly not a show was to be seen in the place wherein 
the fair had of late been held. Booths were fitting 
Vip for dancing and refreshment at night ; but neither 
Richardson's nor any other itinerant company of per- 
formers w^ there. There were gingerbread stalls, but 
no le^moed pig, no dwarf, no giant, no fire-eater, no 
exhibition of any kind. There was a large roundabout 
of wooden horses for boys, and a few swings, none of 
them half filled. . . . There were seveml parties 
playing " kiss in the ring." . . . On th^ hill the 
runners were abundant, and the far greater number 
were in appearance and manners devoid of that 
vulgarity and grossness from whence it might be 
inferred that the sport was in any way improper. . . . 
There were about two thousand persons in this [the 
Crown and Anchor] booth at one time. In the fair 
there were twenty other dancing booths. ... At 
eleven o'clock stages from Greenwich to London were 
in full request, . . . and though the footpaths were 
crowded with passengers, yet all the inns in Green- 
wich and on the road were thoroughly filled. Cer- 
tainly the greater part of the visitors were mere 
spectators of the scene. — Hone's Every-Day Booky 
1,694. 





LonDon in 1669, 

By J. Theodore Bent. 

|H£ following account of London is 
undated, and without any clue 
to the name of the writer. It is 
written in excellent Italian, and 
from the fact that it alludes to the Are as 
a recent event, we may presume that it was 
written about 1669, the year that Cosmo III., 
Grand Duke of Tuscany, paid a visit to 
England. The MS. is, with some of Count 
Magalotti's correspondence, relative to this 
visit, and the probabilities are that it was 
written by the Florentine ambassador, 
resident in London at that time — one 



Antelminelli, whose father had been an exile 
from Lucca, and had found a refuge in our 
island. Young Antelminelli, if not actually 
bom in London, had spent the greater part 
of his life there, which will account for his 
intimate knowledge of our affairs : — 

Before the fire there were 130 parishes in London, 
of which 93 were burnt. The inhabitants of the city, 
according to very accurate calculations, amount to 
384,000. There were in all 13,000 houses burnt 
down. The houses already begun, and more than 
half finished, of which the greater part will be habit- 
able next year, amount to from 5,000 to 6,ooa Those 
which are completed, and are already reinhabited, 
are over 3,000. Wood, except for the ceilings, beams, 
and panels, is banished from the new buildings, which 
are entirely built of brick, and are adorned outside 
with palings painted blue and tipped with gold. The 
architecture is good, and all are obliged to follow with 
little difference the same design. 

Before the fire there were always to be found a 
thousand carriages up and down the city, now they are 
reduced to about five hundred, because of the smaller 
necessity for them, commerce having entirely left that 
part of the city destroyed by fire. They are paid at 
the rate of one shilling the hour, which is 12 saldi^ 
and the first hour 6 soldi besides, which makes 18 soldi. 
They are never paid for less than an hour, however 
short the journey mav be which is made in them. 

Of ferry boats on the Thames — that is to say, of very 
light skiffs with two oars — there are over a thousand ; 
to cross the river one pays 6 soidij and to go up or 
down it, that is, from Westminster to the bndge, the 
same. To pass the bridge, if only for two single strokes, 
the price is doubled. In these skiffs six people can 
go conveniently enough, with two rowers ; if there is 
one rower one only pays 6 soldi. 

At night at all the comers of the town are con- 
tinually to be found boys with little lanterns to light 
people home ; they are paid at discretion, there not 
being any fixed price ; for being accompanied a mile 
in the streets one would pay about 4 soldi. 

In some places there are chairs, but to tell the truth 
they are not many ; they are paid like carria|^, bat 
they come dearer, as they only hold one, whilst car- 
riages hold four. 

The porters who stand at nearly all the comers of 
the streets are most reliable men, and are sent, not 
only with parcels, but with money, letters, jewels, or 
any other valuable thing. To go from Westminster 
to the city one gives them one shilling, and they are 
obliged to bring back in writing the receipt of the 
recipient of your message. They wear a large white 
clotn across their breast, like a scarf, tied at the hip, 
which they use to wrap up their parcels, or to aid in 
carrying a burden of an awkward shape or great 
weight. Before taking up the business they are 
obliged to give good security for their honesty. 

Coffee houses^ where coffee is sold publicly, and not 
alone cofiec, but other beverages, such as diocolate, 
sherbet, tea, ale, cock-ale, beer, etc, according to 
the season. In these houses there are diverse rooms, 
or meeting-places of newsmongers, where one hears 
all that is, or is thought to be news, true or false as 



LONDON IN 1669. 



63 



may be. In winter, to sit round a large fire and to 
smoke for two hours costs but 2 soldi ; if you drink, 
you pay besides for all that you consume. 

Tkert art two theatres for comedy, and three com- 
panies, all English. The first is called His Majesty's, 
the second that of the Duke, and the third is no more 
than a school for young comedians, who sometimes 
recite in the theatres, nabituate themselves to the 
stage, and at times enter the other companies afore- 
said. They rehearse every day during the whole 
year, except the Sundays ; these days are here univer- 
sally sanctified with superstitious devotion. The 
country inns on the highroads will not give horses to 
passengers without a license. In London neither chairs 
nor carriages are to be found at the stands, so that he 
who wishes to have one must order it the Saturday 
evening before. The inns and taverns in London 
will not deal except secretly, and keep their doors 
clobed till the pravers of the day are over in the 
evening. In Lent there is only comedy four times a 
week— Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday; 
in Holy week, never. 

A paragraph follows this not quite so much 
to the credit of our ancestors, which we will 
pass over, and proceed with the next piece of 
mformation. 

TTu kcuses which are known by the name of inns 
are for the most part most noble, and are all superbly 
famished, so that persons of high quality, as well 
women as men, do not make the smallest scruple of 
going to them. There are also a great quantity of 
** ordinaries," which in France would be called bons 
irmimrst — that b to say, people who provide dinners 
and sappers, — some kept by Englishmen and some by 
FfCDduncn, where the first gentlemen of the Court 
go in the morning with the same frequency that the 
gentlemen of Florence go to the inns in the evening, 
to flee from subjection, and to enjoy liberty. 

The difference between taverns and ordinaries is 
that people generally go to the first to drink — not that 
yoo cannot sometimes eat in the former, or that you 
oiay never drink in the latter, but that is out of the 
offdinary way, and in such a case the hosts are out of 
their element ; the matter of fact is that both the one 
and the other are very dear. 

There are an infinite number of beer shops, where 
every tort of drink in the country is sold ; of these I 
have counted as many as thirty -two kinds. These places 
are not very extravagant, and they are nearly always 
to be foand full, downstairs crowded with the rabble, 
and upstairs with every condition of men, from artisans 
to gentlemen. They differ in this point from the 
taverns — namely, that in those they drink Spanish 
wine, whidi here they call sack, wines of the Canaries, 
Malaga, and Bourdeaux, Muscat, and other valuable 
foreign wines, whilst in the beershops there is nothing 
bat ale, cock-ale. Butter ale, Lambeth ale, and the 
like. 

There are other more conunon and cheaper " ordi- 
naries** where they serve lacke3rs and other poor 
people. They eat very coarsely, however, in these 
pbcca, and do not drink any wine. For 12 soldi you 
may have three dishes, all of which consist of beef, 
weu, iittoo, or lamb, according to the season. 



Before the fire there were six different tennis courts, 
all built in the French fashion. Now there are only 
four, two having been burnt. The finest is that be- 
longing to the king, just opposite the palace, with 
which there is communication by a gallery over an 
arch. The king has a bedroom there to change his 
clothes in, the window of which, guarded by an iron 
grating, looks upon the game. They generally play 
there three times a week, in the morning, in vests suited 
to the purpose. 

In St. James* Park they play the game of mall on 
a ground thirty measured paces in length, and, aftet 
the ground at Utrecht, it is absolutely the finest I have 
ever seen. 

In divers parts of the town are games of bowls. 
The garden of Lambeth on the other side of the rivet 
and others near the town serve all the year round as 
walks, and arc supplied with hostelries and houses of 
ill-repute. For the same object was fabricated a short 
time ago the ** Court of Neptune," called in vulgar 
parlance *'the Folly.** This is a great wooden edifice 
built on boats, which at the commencement of the 
season is taken doWn to the river, and because the 
size of the machine does not permit of its being easily 
moved it is dragged by cords, and generally moored b^ 
tween Somerseil louse, where the Queen-Kf other lives, 
and Whitehall, but at the opposite side of the river. 
Around the deck of the bark is a balcony with balus- 
trades, which surrounds a eallery, divided into more 
than thirty little rooms, each capable of containing a 
table and a few chairs. These rooms open on the 
inside, each with its own door, which communicates 
with the court of the palace. At the four comers of 
this erection rise four turrets, which give room on 
another floor for four little apartments more retired, 
and more free. On the roof is a bowling ground, 
protected on both sides by a balustrade of wood ; it is 
painted w^hite over the whole outside, so that it ap- 
pears like a gay house built on an island in the middle 
of the river. 

Three amusements arc to be found in London for 
the entertainment of the lowest of the people — namely, 
prize-fights, bull and bcar-fiehts, ana cock-fights, on 
all of which there is a great deal of betting. 

At the first of these, which I imagine to be the 
most curious, but at which I have unfortunately never 
been present, they fight with swords, pointless indeed, 
and with blunted edges, but notwithstanding, they very 
frequently inflict severe wounds upon one another. 

The bulls and bears are brought into a theatre, built 
on puqxxse at the other side of the town — that is to say, 
across the ri\*er ; it is all surrounded by rows of seats. 
The bear is tied by a cord to a post in the middle of 
this theatre, long enough to allow him to describe a 
circle of about seven or eight paces ; mastifis are then 
let loose upon him, which are supposed to attack him 
in front ; those dogs which do otherwise — attacking hiM, 
for instance, on the flanks or the ears — are deemed of 
no account The betting here b really tremendous. 

Exactly the same thing is done at the bull fightSL 
The horns and testicles of the animals are protected, 
so that they may not be injured, and that when they 
toss the dogs in the air they may not wound them. 

It is really a very fine sight to see the dogs tossed 
up into the air, and then, after pei forming several evo* 
lutions, fall down to the ground again. More de« 



64 



LEGENDS, TRADITIONS, AND 



lightfiil still it is to see their owners rushing in, who 
are generally butchers, or that class of folk with whom 
the lower part of the theatre is generally filled ; these 
men rush m stooping down, so as to receive the dogs 
on their shoulders, and break their fall on the spot 
where they see they are about to descend, for it often 
happens that the impetus is so severe, that they come 
to the ground with a tremendous bang. Sometimes 
several of the owners will rush at the same moment to 
the same spot, and form most absurd groups, and it is 
most ridiculous to see how, when the infunated bull is 
about to rush upon them, they tear away shouting and 
in a great scare. 

The places made for the cock-fights are a sort of 
little theatre, where the spectators sit all round on 
steps under cover. 

At the bottom of these is a round table six braccia 
in diameter, or thereabouts, and raised about two 
braccia from the ground ; it is covered with mat- 
ting all stained with the blood of cocks. 

The days on which they are going to have the 
contests are always advertised by large printed bills, 
stuck up at all the comers of the streets, and dis- 
tributed through the city. When a large crowd 
of people has been got together, two cocks are 
brought out in sacks by two of those men whose 
business it is to breed them and look after them. 
One of these men goes in at one side of the theatre, 
and the other at the opposite entrance, and having 
taken [their cocks out of the bags, they hold them in 
their hands whilst the first betting is going on, which 
everyone docs without any rule or regulation what- 
soever, being solely actuated by his own judgment, 
which makes him fancy one cock more than another. 

The cocks have their wings cut and their crests re- 
moved.. They are not generally finely-grown birds, 
but are very strong, and of extraordinary pluck. Half- 
way up their legs they are armed with a Itind of spur, 
of very sharp steel, with which, when they flutter up 
into the air, and come to close quarters with their 
beaks, they wound each other severely. 

As soon as they are set at liberty the combatants 
glare at each other for a little while, and fix each other 
with their eyes. They then proceed to the contest 
with their necks stretched out, and all their feathers 
rufiled. At first they approach one another slowly, 
step by step ; then all of a sudden they dart at one 
another, flapping their wings to raise themselves from 
the ground so as to attack each other in mid-air, and 
wound one another with their beaks with such fury 
that at the commencement you would think that a 
very keen contest was going to ensue. However, the 
truth is that they tire then^ves by degrees, and the 
end becomes very tedious — simply reducing itself to 
this : that one sets to work to kill the other by the 
sheer fury of its peckmg on the head and eyes of its 
enemy, which part of the scene will last over a quarter 
of an hour, and sometimes nearly half an hour. 

During the time that the contest lasts you hear a 
perpetual buzz amongst those who are betting, who 
are doubling, trebling — nay, even quadrupling — their 
original bets ; and there are those who make new 
ones, according as they see how the cocks are getting 
on. It often happens that when one of the birds 
appears to be conquered, aqd on the point of death, 
it will become restored to SUch wonderful vigour that 



it vanquishes the stronger and kills him, and when it 
happens, as in the k^t case, that the beaten cock 
seems roused up to courage again, then are the 
wildest bets made — twenty, thirty, or a hundred to 
one. Sometimes it happens that both birds are left 
dead on the field of battle ; sometimes when the first 
is dead, the other will drag itself on to the body of its 
enemy, and with the little breath that remains to it 
will nap its wings and crow for victory. After this he 
will lay himself down to die. 

When one duel is finished, other cocks are brought 
on as long as there are people left to ask for them. 
You pay a shilling to enter, which goes into the purse 
of those who for this end breed the cocks. So that 
six or eight couples of cocks, which do not always die 
on the same day, are paid for with the sum of from 
forty to fifty crowns. This race of animal is not so 
plucky when once it is taken out of the island, it 
having been proval that in Normandy they do not do 
as well as in England. The hatred between them is 
natural, so that immediately they cease to be chickens 
they have to be fed separately, otherwise they would 
quickly kill one another. 

In London there are several places where yon can 
go and take walks with ladies, and these are St 
James* Park, Gray's Inn Gardens, Lincohi's Inn 
Fields, and the Temple, which are universities for 
students of law. Here you may always find masked 
women, with whom, if you widi to enter into con- 
versation, you are certain not to be refused. It som^ 
times happens that in the course of conversation you 
may chance to touch on subjects of a tender nature. 

Driving about in carriages does not commence till 
after Easter, and by the first of May the great meadow 
of Hyde Park is very full. They drive around in 
divers concentric circles, in rows which are sometimet 
four deep. 





Hegentis, Cranittons, ano 
^upet0tttton0 of dieciaentiurgt). 

By Jessie Young. 
Part II. 

|S may well be imagined, in any part 
of the native country of Faust, the 
dismal story of men selling them- 
selves to Satan, sealing the compact 
by signing their names in their blood, and 
enjoying wealth and prosperity for a number 
of years, but being ultimately carried away 
by the evil one, is a tale that frequently 
occurs in all German folk-lore. Herr Bartsch 
gives us numerous stories of that description 
in his collection of Mecklenburgh legends. 
Here is one in which, wonderful to relate, 
the man escaped his doom. It is related 
as having taken place at Ankershagen : 
In the pastor's garden at Ankershagen (so runs the 



SUPERSTITIONS OF MECKLENBURGH. 



6S 



U2e) there stands a Tenerable lime-tree, probablv the 
oldest and largest in all Mecklenburgh. The follow* 
lag traditioo is related of it : 

A fishennan, who plied his calling in the neigh- 
bouring lake, signed away, in a peric^ of great ne«d, 
lus sool to Satan, in order that he might obtain the 
necessaries of life. Rescued from the cruel grip of 
winft, and indeed enabled for some years to live in 
comfort, the man saw, however, to his horror, the 
time drawing near when the evil being he had in- 
vokcd in his distress would claim his rights upon 
him. Despairing of escape in any other way, on the 
evening of the fiiteful dav the man fastened himself to 
hb ao^ior, in the hope that the devil would be unable 
to carnr him away with such a weight attached to 
him. But he was disappointed, the evil one managed 
to carry both him and tne anchor away ; but the lime- 
tree pat a stop to his flight, the anchor stuck in its 
stcm« and thoi{gfa Satan tugged with all his might and 
main, he could not loosen its hold there. Morning 
broke, and the fisherman was saved. The hole which 
the anchor made in the stem of the tree is still shown. 
As a memorial, the anchor was fastened on to the 
chozch-door, and the name of the village. Ankers- 
hagen, is said to have been derived from the drcum- 



More likely, we think, the legend was in- 
Tented to account for the name. Such has 
often occurred in various places, in connec- 
tion with some rather peculiar local name. 
la the fc^owing grim story, the compact with 
Satan had to be literally carried out. It is 
one of the numerous stories of stains of blood 
still visible as ocular proof of the truth of 
Icgendsy but has this peculiarity, that the 
ttain here is only visible during a continu- 
ance of rainy weather. 

Between Rostock and Ribnitz, about a 
qnaxter-ol^-hoiu^s walk from the high-road, 
bes the estate of Niederhagen. Many years 
ago, so runs the tale, this estate was inhabited 
by a certain Herr von Hagemeister, who had 
fed a wild, dissipated, ungodly life. He was 
a hard, tyrannical landlord, who treated his 
tenants very ill, and rumour said that he and 
his wife had made a paa with Satan. 

On a certain stormy and rainy day, the 
evil one got the mastery over Herr von 
Hagemeister, and flew away with him through 
the cdling of the sitting-room. Frau von 
Hagemeister, who had tried to escape into 
the cellar, was pursued by the fiend, and 
found dead upon the cellar staircase. Of her 
husband no trace was ever found, except a 
large spot of blood upon the ceiling, which 
nu^ed the place through which Satan had 
carried him after their struggle. To this very 
day they omtinue to show you, after there 



has been a long continuance of rain, a moist 
spot. 

That there should be a moist spot in a 
room after wet weather seems a phenomenon 
scarcely requiring a tale of horror to explain 
it ; but there are several varieties of this 
legend. According to one of them it was a 
farmer who entered into an agreement with 
Satan. In this story the man one day told 
his wife, that when he was gone she was to 
travel in the same cart, drawn by the same 
horse he had himself used. Shortly after he 
had said this, a man came riding on a grey 
horse, and asked to see the master of the 
house. When he had gone they found the 
farmer dead, and stains of blood were per- 
ceived in the room. The wife was soon after 
carried away by the evil one. 

In one of the stories the man gets the 
better of Satan, instead of Satan getting the 
better of the man, and the fiend is ultimately 
imprisoned. 

On the way from Dreiliitzen to Wittemberg (so 
runs the story) you pass a thicket which lies close be- 
side the high-road. Everyone passing along this road 
without repeating a paternoster, used formerly to be 
breathed upon by the evil one, and to get in conse- 
quence a swelled face or singing in the ears. If 
horses or cows passed along that way, the fiend would 
drive them about with such diaboliod ener^ that the 
former went lame in consequence, and the latter lost 
their milk. 

Now there was at one time living at Dreiliitzen, a 
peasant proprietor, who had a good deal to suffer from 
those visits of the evil one, because his cattle had often 
to pass through that particular thicket. He deter- 
mined to take the enemy by stratagem, and accordingly 
dug, with the help of his labourers, a deep pit, anil 
hearing that the evil being liad a good human liking 
for food prepared with eggs, got nis wife to bake a 
large batch of pancakes. As soon as the pit was dug, 
he sent his men into a neighbouring wood, where they 
were to lie in ambush, ainl when he called them, to 
come quickly to him, armed with good stout sticks. 
He then procured a sack large enough to hold six bushels 
of wheat, put the pancakes inside it, and stretched the 
mouth very widely open. It was not long before the 
devil made his appearance, and jumped into the sack to 
get at the pancakes. The man, however, with great 
presence oi mind, tied up the sack and cried out to 
nis men, who came speedily at his call with their big 
sticks, and gave the foul fiend such a drubbing that he 
began to writhe and wriggle about like a worm. At 
last he began to cry for mercy, and promised moun- 
tains of gold, and even greater things, if he were 
released ; but our farmer would not allow himself to 
be bribed, knowing well that the devil never keeps 
his promises. He was flung, sack and all, into the 
pit, and one shovelful of earth after another was thrown 
upon him, tmtil SKk and pit were alike fiilL Tht 



66 



LEGENDS^ TRADITIONS, AND 



fiend lay in his sack in the pit, with eight feet of earth 
upon him. How long he lay there is not told, but 
ever since then he has avoided the neighbourhood of 
Dreiliitzen. 

f^ This highly material and realistic view of 
the being whom Scripture shadows forth to 
us as a spiritual agency, a principle of evil, 
is thoroughly North German. The de- 
vice of clapping Satan into a sack by means 
of tempting pancakes, is one that would never 
have occurred to one of a more imaginative, 
or at least less realistic nation. The follow- 
ing story is very Sabbatarian in its tendency. 
Plucking nuts on Sunday morning seems to 
have been regarded in Mecklenburgh as 
plucking the ears of com on the Sabbath was 
by the Pharisees. The story is variously re- 
lated — in some versions it is a boy, in some 
a woman, that is the subject of it. We will 
give what Herr Bartsch evidently thinks the 
most correct version. 

A boy went on a Sunday forenoon into the wood to 
get nuts. He was perceived by the evil one, who 
would have carried him away or done some harm to 
him, but was unable to do so, because the lad had got 
some of the plant valerian * in his shoes. The fiend 
therefore took his departure, but exclaimed as he went 
along : — 

Harrst du nich den Bullerjan 

Ik wult mit di Noetfliicken gan, 

Dat di dei Agen sulln in *n Nacken stan. 

Which precious piece of patois may be freely 
rendered — 

If thou hadst not the valerian worn, 
Plucking those nuts on the Sabbath mom 
Would cause thine eyes to thy neck to be torn. 

Among the numerous versions of this story, 
one relates that the boy had brass buckles to 
his shoes, which caught the saving plant ; 
another, that some children were plucking 
nuts as they went along, when they met an 
ugly man who stretched out his withered 
hands towards them, but retreated on seeing 
the valerian, exclaiming " Wie widert das ! 
WU widert das/" According to a third ver- 
sion it was a woman, who, hearing something 
rustling in the bushes, was greatly alarmed, 
and on running away, heard some one uttering 
a rhyme similar to the one we have quoted. 

* German superstition doubtless endows this plant 
with the possession of magical virtues. It is described 
in Hill's Herbal as being ^cacious against headaches, 
low spirits, and trembling of the liml». 



This story, so widely spread, is of little in- 
terest, except from the Sabbatarian feeling 
shown, and the belief in the virtues of the 
valerian. 

Akin to the subject of satanic influence is 
that of witchcraft, concerning which, as may be 
imagined, Mecklenburgh folk-lore has much 
to Say. Perhaps no cotintry was so strongly 
affected by the witch-mania of the sixteenth 
and seventeenth centuries as Germany. These 
witch-stories have no particular individuality 
to distinguish them from legends current in 
other localities. One, in which the unfortun- 
ate victim to this cruelsuperstition was a poor 
man, not woman, has a certain sort of poetiy 
beyond what is generally to be found in this 
collection. It is as follows : — 

Of the old castle at Penglin many terrible stories 
are told, in connection with persons apprehended on 
the charge of witchcraft. A vault is still shown there 
as ** the Witches' Cellar," which lies firom eighteen to 
twenty steps below the actual cellar of the castle. 
The niches are still shown there, to the walls of which 
the witches were fastened by means of an iron stake 
placed over the breast. In the upper cellar is shown 
the so-called "burning oven," in which persons 
accused of witchcraft were burnt. The last who so 
perished is said to have been a cowherd, who took 
charge of the lord of the manor's cattle. One of the 
cows under his care not giving her mUk so well as 
before, an evil-disposed woman declared the animal 
to have been bewitched, and accused the poor cow- 
herd of having done it. The man stoutly denied the 
charge. He was condemned to die at the stake. 
Before his death, however, he declared his conviction 
that God would make his innocence manifest, and 
behold, on the following morning, three marvellously 
beautiful flowers, which no one had ever before seen, 
were growing before the castle gate. 

The latter and more poetical portion of 
this legend has parallels in other parts of 
Germany and the north. One, which has 
furnished Dr. Simrock with his ballad of 
** God's Tears,*' is striking. A maiden, 
brought to the scaffold under a false charge, 
declared that if no mortal wept for her, God 
would. No mercy, however, was shown to 
her, but after her execution large drops of 
rain fell from an entirely cloudless sky. But 
the sad circumstance in these tales is that 
the victim's innocence is never represented 
as being vindicated before death. 

From witchcraft we naturally turntothebelief 
in animal-transformation, a branch, indeed, of 
the same subject. Lycanthropy, that strange 
superstition which at one time prevailed 



SUPERSTITIONS OF MECKLENBURGH. 



6? 



o\'er Europe, and had its counteq)art in other 
pfltfts of the world, is represented by several 
ustances in this collection, but it is not only 
into wolves that persons dealing with occult 
science are here represented as being trans- 
formed ; horses, cows, dogs, owls, foxes, hares, 
especially three-legged hares, share the same 
honour. The transformation is detected by 
some one wounding one of these mysterious 
mnimals, and then finding that the witch has 
a wound in the same identical part of the 
body as the creature has. On one occasion 
a woman, who has been in the habit of going 
about bewitching the five-stock of her neigh- 
bours in the shape of a fox, returns home to 
find her husband back from his da/s work, 
and, in great alarm at being discovered, 
rushes through the back door, and tries to 
hide herself in bed, but the tail of the crea- 
ture hangs out The man seeing this, runs 
for his axe to kill the fox, ''but before he 
letums his wife is in her bed, and the fox, 
tail and all, has disappeared." 

This singular belief has scarcely yet died 
oat among the common people of Mecklen- 
burgh. At a place called Klein-Luckow, 
near Teterow, it was believed so recently as 
the year 1850 that an old woman living there 
had the power of transforming herself into a 
three-legged hare. In the village of Karbow, 
near Lutz, a man and his wi^ were in the 
habit every year of stealing cabbages from 
the neighbouring gardens If surprised in 
the act, they had the power of transforming 
themselves into hares, which were without 
the right hind-leg. If any one injured either 
of thoe hares, he was sure on the third day 
after to die a miserable death. 

Another superstition was that these magic, 
OTy as we may call them, possessed, animals, 
could only be wounded by some particular 
kind of silver bullet. Herr Ackermann, of 
Schwerin, communicated the following legend 
00 thb subject to Herr Bartsch : — 

Some men woriung on the estate of Gulzow, in 
■isty weather, saw several tines through the haze a 
knc nnuuDg along upon three legs. They asked a 
sportsman to shoot the animal, but he was unable to 
ha iL At length an old woman gave it as her advice 
that the gon should be charged with silver that had 
inbented. Accordingly a silver button that had 
down from &ther to son was put in it. The 
erions animal vantsbed, bat a thresher in the 
lum-yaid at Giibow, who had the reputation of being 



a wizard, fell down bleeding upon the threshing-floor, 
and in his wound was found the silver button. 

Of course there are the usual stones about 
black dogs, grey pigs, red cows and calves, 
and black horses, though a grey horse, 
" Schimraelpferd," seems the most uncanny. 
Odin, it will be remembered, rides on a 
•* Schimmel " when he appears among mor- 
tals. There is also a curious story about a 
ghastly black goat haunting the neighbour- 
hood of Gustrow. 

Haunted houses appear to be as common 
in this part of Germany as they are in Eng- 
land. Especially frequent are the white 
ladies who "walk," to use the technical 
phrase of the believer in ghosts. The Bliicher 
family (we do not know whether it is that of 
the great Prussian general) possess the privi- 
lege of a white, or rather grey lady, who 
conies before any member of their family is 
going to die. This ancestral lady, '* banshee " 
one might almost say, appears in a grey dress 
and white cap, and is distinguished by hav- 
ing a sharp-pointed nose. This not very 
beautiful vision appeared when the sister of 
the last BlQcher of Wietow died. "The 
mother of the invalid," writes Herr Bartsch*s 
informant, 

had quitted the sick room for a few minutes, and 
on her return found the grey lady bending over her 
daughter's bed. On the mother entering the apartment 
she got up and made with her hand a gesture to enjoin 
silence. On the following day the daughter died. 
The ghostly ancestress is often seen, especially about 
midnight The servants of the ca;tle rose on one 
occasion at an unusually early hour in the morning to 
get some baking done. One of them, leaving the 
bakehouse for the dwelling, to procure something, 
beheld a female figure, whom he at first took for the 
housekeeper, to whom he had something to say. He 
followed the figure, therefore, but after leading him 
on from room to room she suddenly disappeared. 

The guardian-ancestress (Ahnfrau) who 
appears from time to time in the mansions 
and castles of her descendants, particularly 
when there is to be a death in the family, 
seems to be an especial privilege accorded to 
noble German houses. The reigning im- 
perial family of the Hohenzollems have, we 
believe, a white lady of their own, appear- 
ing before every death in the family. 

The river Elde at Slaten, near Parchim, is 
believed to be the abode of a singular being, 
something like the Scotch Kelpie, only of 
the female sex, known as the " Water- 



68 



LEGENDS, TRADITIONS, ETC., OF MECKLENBURGH. 



Mohm."* There are two versions of her 
legend related by Herr Bartsch ; one is as 
follows : 

As the pastor of the parish was one evenmg walking 
along the banks of the river, he heard a hollow voice 
rising out of it and saying : ** The hour is at hand, but 
the bov not yet " {^De stunn is da^ awer de know noch 
nicK)n\ The clergyman felt much alarmed, and turned 
his steps homewards towards the village, when there 
met him a boy, who, on being asked where he was 
going, replied that he was on his way to the water- 
side to get snaik and mussels. " Don't do that,** re- 
plied the pastor. '*I'll give you a shilling if you go 
to my house and fetch me mv Bible.*' The boy hurried 
away to execute the commission, and speedily returned, 
Bible in hand, just as the pastor was passing a road- 
side inn. ' ' I'll go on to tne water-side now, said the 
boy, but the pastor again begged him not to do so, but 
to go into the inn and get nimself a glass of beer. 
Again the lad obeyed, but as soon as he had drunk 
the beer he fell down dead. '* The hour had come of 
which the voice had prophesied, and the boy also." 

This story, in spite of its very German and 
prosaic element of beer- drinking, and coUect- 
mg snails for food, has a certain vague, grim 
ghastliness about it, which makes it the more 
striking. The following is very similar, 
though with a less tragical ending. 

A miller, living at Hohen-Luckow, near Doberan, 
was on his way home from Schwerin. It was winter- 
time, and as his road led him past the Schwerin Lake, 
he perceived that the sur£u:e of the water was covered 
with a thin coating of ice. As he went along his way, 
he heard a voice, apparentlv rising from the depths of 
the water, which said, " Tia und Stund is da, awer de 
Mensch noch nich" (The time and the hour have come, 
but not the man).} While he was thinking over these 
strange words, and pondering over what the meaning 
of them could be, he saw a figure rapidly approaching 
him. In spite of the severe cold tne man was in his 
shirt sleeves, his coat being thrown over his arm. 
The miller, astonished at this strange apparition, 
tried to stop him, and inquired the cause of his urgent 
haste. 

** Good friend," he said, just as a pretext for stop, 
ping him, " can't you give me a little fire to light my 
pipe with.'* 

But the stranger paid no attention to his request, 
and the miller, struck with the wUdness of the man's 
demeanour, determined by some means or other to 
stop him. Accordingly he endeavoured to draw him 
into conversation, and bj^[an asking him what he was 
in such a hurry about llie stranger replied that, cost 

* Mohm is evidently from Muhme, female relation, 
old woman. Water is one of the instances in which 
words, different from the English equivalent in correct 
modem German, are identical with it in North-Ger- 
man patois. The Scotch would translate Water- 
Muhme as " Water-wife.'* 
+ ** Die^Stunde ist dort, aber der Knabe noch nicht.** 
I Zeit und Stunde ist dort, aber der Mensch noch 
nicht 



what it might, he must be in Schwerin by a certain 
hour. On the miller telling him that that would be 
impossible, the man replied that he would walk there 
across the lake. Now, thought the miller, I must use 
force with him. He seized hold of the man, who 
wrestled with him with the enerey of a maniar, and 
only sheer bodily exertion caused the stranger at length 
to yield. At last the mysterious man heaved a deep 
sigh as if he were just awakening from a bad dream, 
and he then told the miller that he had, as it were, 
been driven by an irresistible force to cross the lake^ 
but that there was no necessity for his going to Schwerin, 
and that he would turn back with him. Before they 
parted he thanked the miller in the warmest manner 
for his preservation, and told him that had it not been 
for his arrival at that moment, he would tbea have 
been at the bottom of the lake. 

Numerous are the spectre-stories in this 
collection, " Blue Mantle," " Jager Brandt," 
"Jager Glaudt," ** Jager Jenns/' '* Juch-hans," 
" Klatt-hammel," ** Klas Panz,'' "The head- 
less one/' and numerous other hobgoblins 
being supposed to appear from time to time 
to the solitary and belated traveller, though 
it seldom or never appears that they do any 
mischief to anybody. Most of these seem to 
be the ghosts of men and women, who in life 
enjoyed no particularly good reputation. Jager 
Jenns is only one of the many versions of 
the Wild Huntsman. None of these legends 
seem in any way connected with history, 
except the following, which relates to compar- 
atively recent historical events. 

At Herzberg, in the Lubzer district, a Frenchman 
was, in the year 1812, buried alive by the exasperated 

Peasantry. His ghost is said to appear as a light that 
oats upon his grave every night from September to 
November, at ten o'clock. A shepherd from Hen- 
berg, who tried to strike at it with his staff, was im- 
mediately struck dead. 

The following legend has its parallel in 

various other localities : 

In the neighbourhood of Parchim stood formerly 
the castle of Kiekindemark. A high-bom damse^ 
residing in this castle, once dared a knight who was 
in love with her, to prove his courage by gallop- 
ing on horseback up and down the steepest part of 
the castle hill, promising, if he complied with tiiis 
re(]uest, that she would become his. The yonnjg; 
knight paid for his foolhardiness the penalty of his 
life, ana the lady found no rest for the agony of ^ her 
remorse, even in the grave. She still appears in a 
white dress, sometimes in the Sonnenberg Hill, some- 
times in the neighbourhood of Kiekindemaik, moit 
freouently on dark nights, but sometimes also in the 
middle of the day, b^use it was at noon that the 
fatal ride took place.* 

* An interesting and romantic tale, turning on thti 
or a similar story, appeared in London Socitiy tome 
nineteen or twenty years ago. 



CELEBRATED BIRTHPLACES. 



69 



Here b a tragic-comic sort of legend : 

On the road between Eldena and Bresegard, you 
come to a little brook, the bridge over which goes by 
the name of the Spooken Briigg (Spuken Briicke, 
bnanted bridge), or more commonly, for shortness, 
' Spooken. Tbb bridge does not enjoy a very 
repntatioD, it being supposed that an ox 
00 it at night, preventing persons from 
cn.ming over iL 

The story of the origin of this apparition is 

as follows: 

A girl was oo her way home one ni^t from Brese- 

Brd to Eldena, where her friends lived. A voung 
low from Bresmrd, thinking it would be fun to 
git« her a fright, drew an ox-skin over his head, and 
kancd 00 aU fours over the bridge. The girl, who 
was not at all timid, came to the bridge, and seeine 
the apparent ox« called out, " Step on one side ! ^ 
••That I won't do," replied the human Quadruped, " I 
shall only go on straightforward." The girl then 
polled up a stake that stood near the bridee, out of the 
groQiidv and as repeated requests would not induce 
the apparition to oudge, she struck it between the 
boms, and down it went into the water. The girl 
oootinncd her journey to Eldena, and told her parents 
the story, and when, on the following morning, 
teaicfa was made, the body of the youth from Brese- 
gard was Ibond in the brook. His ghost, however, 
B said to have appeared since then on the bridge in 
tbefonn of an ox. 





Celetiraten lBittl)place0. 

The Founder of the Russell Family. 

By J. J. FosTtR. 

\HE sara sara " (" What will be, unll 
bt "), such is the motto of the ducal 
house of Bedford, which has been 
used by so many generals, admirals, 
ministers, and (Uplomatists ; and such may 
have been the words on the lips of John 
Rossell one winter's morning in 1506, as he 
descended the steps of his birthplace — the 
old manor-house of Kingston Russell, Dorset 
— in answer to a simimons from his neigh- 
bour Sir John Trenchard, of Wolverton, 
to attend upon a shipwrecked King and 
Qaeen. We say such may have been his 
wofds, for it was he who, according to 
the Anecdotes of the House of Bedford, 
dianged the ancient war-cry of the Norman 
Rotels or Rousells, << Diex aie;* for << Che 
mm smra; " and John Russell was, the same 
authority assures us, one of the most com- 
plete gentlemen and best scholars of his 



time. He had entered the army when very 
young under Henry VH., and visited most 
of the courts of Europe. He was distinguished 
for bravery, and ultimately lost one of his eyes 
at the siege of MontreuiL 

Probably he little thought that this visit to 
his kinsman would lead to his becoming 
a gentleman of the Privy Chamber of 
Henry VH., and an adviser of Henry VHI. 

Yet so it was to be, and the gale which 
raged for six or seven diays, and dirove Philip 
** the Fah-," Archduke of Austria and King 
of Castile, with Juana, his consort, into 
Weymouth Bay, blew John Russell straight 
to Court, and was the direct origin of all the 
greatness of his family. Henry VHI. made 
him a Baron of the Realm, under the title of 
Lord Russell, Baron Russell of Cheynes, co. 
Bucks. 

This incident of the compulsory visit of 
Spanish royalty to our shores is well known 
to students of the history of the period, for 
it is related at length in Bacon's valuable 
Historie of the Raigne of King Henry the 
Seuenth written by the Right Honourable 
Francis, Lord Verulam Viscount St, Albans. 
London J 1622. 

From the above-named record we learn 
how Philip and Juana set sail from Mid- 
dleburg in the Low Countries, January 30th, 
1506; how their "navy of 80 ships" was 
dispersed by tempestuous weather; how 
"the ship wherein the King and Queen 
were (with 2 other small Barkes onely) tome 
and in great peril, to Escape the Furie of 
the weather, thrust into Waymouth, King 
Phillip himselfe [being] all wespied and 
extreme sicke ; " how " the rumour of the 
arrivall of a puissant Navie upon the coast 
made the Coimtrie arme ; " how " Sir Thos. 
Trenchard with forces suddenly raised, not 
knowing what the matter might be, came to 
Waymouth, where, imderstanding the acci- 
dent, he did in all humblenesse and 
htunanitie, invite the King and Queen to 
his house at Wolveton,* and forthwith de- 
spatched posts to Court The King as soon 
as he heard the news, commanded the Earl 
of Arundel to go to visite the King of 
Castile. The Earl came to him in great 
magnificence with a brave troupe of 300 

* A fine old fifteenth centary house doic to 
Dorchester. 



•JO 



CELEBRATED BIRTHPLACES. 



horse, and for more state came by torch- 
light." 

Then follows the invitation of John Russell 
to attend their Majesties and to act as inter- 
preter ; and we may be sure that he must 
have had no mean graces of mind and 
person to have so soon ingratiated himself 
with the proud and ceremonious Spaniards,* 
The Dorset squire was taken to London, 
introduced to Henry VII., and, aj we know, 
rose rapidly to power, rank, and wealth. 

Before dismissing this opening scene in 
the drama of Russell's life, it may be noted 
that Philip the Fair died prematurely within 



successive sovereigns, and one of these 
Henry VIII. ! 

And here may, perhaps, be worth meit- 
tioning a high tribute paid to his character 
by the unfortunate Anne Boleyn, who, in 
the dark hour of her fa]l and abandonment, 
with the shadow of death already thrown 
upon her, found herself treated by him with 
a respect and courtesy which leads her "to 
name Mr. Comptroller as a very gentle- 
man." Indeed chroniclers of the time call 
him " the gentle and the good." * 




KiNGSTON RUSSILL HOUSB, DOHSBTSIIIItB, AS IT STANDS AT PRESSNT. 



eight months of his visit to Wolverton, after 
but eight months' enjoyment of his kingdom 
of Castile ; and that juana's mind became 
a complete wreck from the shock it thereby 
received. 

John Russell not merely knew how to 
take advantage of his opportunities, but, 
what is perhaps more difficult, he knew how 
to retain the favour of princes ; for, not to 
dwell upon the details of his career, it is 

* A» Mr. Wright remindt us (b a paper on this 
visit of Philip to the English Court in the Arciaala- 
gual Atsodation JvfmiaS, voL ixviii.), 5p«inwi«theD 
at the height of her greadieu. 



In Lloyd's State Worthief\ there is % 
quaintly- worded description of the man, from 
which we learn that 

he had a moving beauty that wailed on his wbok 
body, a comportmenl unaffected, and such a comdi- 
ne«s in his mien as exacted a lilting, if not a love, 
from all that saw him, — the whole set off with a 
person of middle stature, neither tall to a foimidable- 
ness, Dor short to a contempt, stnugbt and propoc- 
tioned, vigorous and active. 

There are three portraits of him, and all by 
Holbein; one in the royal collectioo, the 



OIRON WARE, 



71 



others at Wobum. One has been engraved 
in Lx>dge, and another by Houbraken, the 
latter from a fine picture which gives him 
regular, well-cut features, marked by great 
d^nsion of character. He is represented as 
sitting in a chair of state, with his wand of 
office as Comptroller of the Household, a 
•* Tador " cap on his head, and wearing the 
order of the Garter. 

John Russell died in 1555, and was buried 
at Chenies in Bucks, where, no doubt, he 
lived in the state befitting a great noble such 
as the first Elarl Russell was ; for we are 
told his liberality was great, his hospitality 
unbounded, he having 205 servants in livery, 
for all of whom he provided at his death. 

Of his birthplace and parentage there is 
but little to be gleaned. He was the son of 
James Russell and ** Alys his wyfe, daughter 
of J. Wise, Esquier ** (who came from a good 
knightly family). The house in which he 
taw the light is situated in a remote and 
thinly- peof^ed part of Dorset. By the kind- 
ness of Mr. Pouncy, of Dorchester, we are 
enabled to show a capital illustration of its 
present appearance, reduced fi'om an etching 
made on the spot The deeply-recessed 
windows show the thickness of the original 
vaQsy and point to an old structure ; but the 
front is evidently Italianised, and the build- 
ing has probably undergone many changes. 

Ahhongh, perhaps, there may be many 
l^accs more celebrated than Kingston 
RuskU, in Dorsetshire, as birthplaces of 
men whose names have lived in English 
history, yet it may be difficult to find one 
which has become distinguished by such 
associations as the roll of celebrated Russells 
makes this to be. 



** La Fayeoce est fragUe, en est-elle moins belle ? 
La plus riche cnstal est fragile comme elle, 
Ud email delicat et qui charme les yeoz 
Far la fragility devient plus pr^enx ; 
La porcelaine enfin oii le bon goOt reside 
Sc ferott moins cberir en devenant solide.'* 

Pierre Defranav, 1735. 

|HE sale of the remarkable Fountaine 
Collection a short time since at 
Messrs. Christies' embraced, amongst 
other choice objects, qo less tlum 




three specimens of the Oiron, or, as it was 
formerly called, Henri Deux Ware. 

The artistic merit and the extreme rarity 
of this famous faiencey together with a cer- 
tain mystery about its origin, have combined 
to give it a very high pecuniary value. 
A brief description of the pieces which re- 
cently changed hands, and a short account 
of the history of the manufacture, taken from 
reliable sources,* may prove not unwelcome 
to readers of The Antiquary. 

For a long while this much admired and 
precious ware was a puzzle to amateurs. 
Some supposed it to have originated in Italy, 
but it is now generally admitted to have been 
made in France, viz., at Oiron in Poitou. 
1520 to 1537 may be assigned as the date of 
its manufacture, since some of the earliest 
pieces bear the emblems of Francis I. ; on 
others (and the greater number) we see the 
device of Henry II., with crescents inter- 
laced, said to refer to Diana of Poitiers.t 

At length, in the year i860, Le Comte de 
Ris noticed in the Gazette des Beaux Arts 
that a great resemblance exists betv^een the 
interlaced ornaments of the Henri II. ware 
and the book-bindings of Grolier and Maioli : 
but the credit of the solution of the problem 
is due to Benjamin Fillon of Poitiers, who 
published a pamphlet on the subject in 1862. 
His death is recorded in The Antiquary, 
vol. iv., p. 27. 

The paste used for modelling this ware is a trae 
pipe-clay, fine, and ver)' white ; so that it does not 
require, like the Italian ya>VMr^, to be concealed by a 
coating of opaque enamel ; the decorations are merely 
glazed with a very thin varnish, yellowish and trans- 
parent. 

These decorations consist of initial letters, interlac- 
ings, and arabesques impressed upon the paste, and 
the cavities filled in with coloured pastes, so as to 
present a smooth surface of the finest mlaying, like the 
damascening of metal work. 

The ornaments, which are drawn with wonderful 
clearness and precision, are not traced with a brush 
(as might be at first sight supposed), but are engraved 
in the paste, and the colouring substances have been 
then encrusted in the depressions, so as to leave no in- 
equalities upon the surface ; after the completion of this 
operation the object was baked and then glazed. 

* We may refer to the useful manual on The 
Industrial Arfs, published for the Committee of 
Council on Education; Chafferi* AfarJb and Monograms 
on Pottery and Porcelain (1874); and Wheatley and 
Delamotte's Art Work in Earthenware (1882). 

t Mr. Chaffers, however, is of opinion that Diana 
never used these crescents. 



72 



REVIEWS. 



Id addition to these elegant niello-like decorations, 
the Oiron ware was enriched with raised ornaments in 
bold relief ; masks, escutcheons, shells, wreaths, etc. 
The forms are always pure in outline and in the style 
of the renaissance, so that this exquisite pottery may 
be justly compared with the chased and damascened 
metal work of the sixteenth century. . . . Whilst 
displaying great variety in their forms and details, the 
pieces are all conceived in the same general style, 
typical of a well-known and brilliant epoch, and in the 
highest degree pertonal and locaL In fact, there can 
be no doubt that this famous pottery, as is the case 
with the Palissy ware, was the work or conception of 
one artist, perhaps by the hand, certainly under the 
patronage, of a woman, Helene de Hangest Genlis.* 

The actual authors of the ware were Francois 
Charpentier and Jehan Bemart. 

The rarity of Oiron ware is shown by the 
fact that only some eighty pieces are known, 
none is a duplicate of another. Of these France 
and England boast of about equal propor- 
tions. The Rothschild family are the for- 
tunate possessors of several. The Louvre 
claims a few specimens, arid our South Ken- 
sington Museum five, including a tazza and 
cover, a candlestick, salt-cellar, etc These 
cost the nation ;^i|8oo, but would now un- 
doubtedly fetch far more, as the subjoined 
particulars and prices of the Fountaine sale 
will demonstrate. 

On the 17 th June, 1884, three pieces of 
Oiron ware were sold at Messrs. Christies*, 
forming, as stated, a portion of the celebrated 
collection made hy Sir Andrew Fountaine, 
a courtier of the. time of William III., and 
successor to Sir Isaac Newton as Master of 
the Mint in 1727. This collection has been 
kept intact at Narford, in Norfolk, ever since. 
The following account of its dispersal is taken 
from the Times^ which remarks, apropos of the 
sale catalogue, that it was taken almost ver- 
batim from the private list written by the late 
Mr. A. Fountaine, who was an accomplished 
connoisseur, and a large purchaser at the 
famous sale of the Bemal collection in 1855. 

296. Henri II. ware. — Flambeau, or candlestick, 
lower part of the stem of architectural design, three 
figures of children on a bracket, one bearing a shield 
with the Arms of France, each of the figures standing 
on a bracket supported by a mask, forming a tripoa 
on a large circular plinth, the upper part of stem 
formed as a vase; the Montmorency Laval Arms 

* Such is the conclusion which M. Fillon arrived at 
after a careful study of the subject, and by aid of a 
chronological arnuwement of the monograms, ciphers, 
and arms with whidi the vrare is adorned. 



painted on top and plinth, I2|in. high, the plinth 
6|in. in width. This celebrated piece was put up at 
1,000 guineas and speedily rose to 2,000, the two 
contending bidders being M. Clement and M. M^n- 
heim, of Paris. After a very' spirited encounter Ubit 
winner was M. Clement, at the enormous figure of 
3,500 guineas (/3»675)- 

297. A mortter a cire, the lower part of the bowl 
spirally fluted with a rosette ornament and protecting, 
shield with mask on each side, the upper part of the 
bowl having a broad band of ornaments with four' 
cherubs' h^ds in relief; four pillars with Doric 
capitals in ereen glaze and lions heads coloured in 
imitation ot marble surround the bowl, which is Sin. 
in diameter and 5lin. high. This was put up at 500 
guineas, and was bought by M. Manheim at 1,500 
guineas (/i, 575). . 

298. A biberon, formed as a vase, handles on each 
side and across the cover ; children s heads in relief 
and a mask under the spout. Ornamentation of pink' 
and yellow. The cypher " A-M." in Gothic chaiac* 
ters repeated round the mouth of the vase ; 9in. hi^ 
The same opponents contended for this, but M. 
Clement obtained it at ;^i,o6o ids. It was said by 
those likely to be correctiv informed that M. Clement 
had purchased these costly works of the rare fauna 
<t. Oiron for M. Dutuit of Rouen, the well-known' 
connoisseur and collector of works of art. 




iReioietDS. 



Handbook of the Old Northern Runic Monmmnii tf, 
Scandinavia and En^nd^ now first coUeciid 
and deciphered. By DR. Georgb STEPHENS. 
(London and Copenhagen, 1884 : Williams 9l 
Norgate.) Folio, pp. xxiv. 281. 

{very student of old English life has fong 
ere this sent his word of heartfelt thanks 
to our gifted countryman at Copenhaggn* 
for this treasure-house of knowledge. As 
Dr. Stephens tells us in his forewords, 
many could not afford to purchase, and many coold ' 
not find time to read, the three handsome folio 
volumes in which he has so ably and exhaustively 
treated of runic monuments ; and therefore this 
handbook, of goodly size too, giving us the benefit of 
his latest researches and amendments, is more^ th^n 
ordinarily a welcome addition to the antiquary's 
stock of books. What does it practically do for as ? 
It takes us into an earlier home-life dian we gtt in 
England, with its mixed influences, Celtic, Roman, 
Teutonic/ and Scandinavian, and it pronounces, in 
terms very unmistakable in the force with which thejr 
appeal to us, that the Scandinavian influences in tfaie 
settlement of England are far more powerful and fiur 
more thorough than has yet been established fay 
English histotians. When Dr. Stubbs opens this 
story of the English constitution, he opens it - in 
Teutonic Germany; when &ir* Freeman opens tbe 



REVIEWS. 



73 



I storj, he opens it in Switierland ; when Mr. Coote 

docs to, be opens it in the splendid consolidation of the 
old Roman empire. But admitting that each of these 
gieat aathorities is right in claiming that English 
constitutional life has a close connection with the 
le^'cral phases of older continental life which they 
represent, there still remains the Court that Dr. 
Stephens so forcibly puts before us in his runic 
researdkes, that the rune-monuments of England and 
ScandinaTia are of one family, that in Germany there 
is nothing like them to be found, and that the 
Scandirtavian influence which these fincts proclaim 
most have been neither sudden nor transient. The 
mne is not confined to one particular spot in each 
Borthem land ; it was not, says Dr. Stephens, the 
special heirloom or invention of one single northern 
cun, one conquering northern tribe, and com- 
Bunkated by war or peace, by force or fraud, to 
the other northern races nearest them. The Runes 
meet us in Sweden from the north to the south, in 
Norwar from the north to the south, in Denmark 
from the north to the south, in England from the 
north to the south. And everywhere from the oldest 
northern days and at one common period. There is 
therefore neither time nor place for a certain Runefolk 
to convey its letters from land to land. All the 
northmcn had these staves everywhere, and at the 
same time. Now these are conclusions ^ven in Dr. 
Stephens*s own words, and we must admit that they 
carr^- an enormous weight of evidence with them. 
They are not the hasty conclusions of a novice, nor 
the incomplete conclusions derived from a narrow circle 
of study. They come to us from a master-mind, and 
are drawn from a land which includes all Scandinavia. 
We n-i^ we could adequately convey half the 
interest and value of this marvellous study as it is 
presented in the book before us. There are engraving 
of the rune-blocks on almost every page, and there is 
no excuse if the student of the future neglects the 
lesson which is thus conveyed to his mind. Let us 
take the illustration on page 49. Rbing up from the 
ordinary land-level near the sea shore is the cliff front, 
aikd about 16 to 20 feet above the highest water-flow 
is a runic inscription. How eloquent does this 
writing from old days appear! *'To the Lord 
(capCam) Thewse Godaegses wrote these runes.*' 
There was hand and heart and brain here, and simple 
thoogfa the words are, the grandeur of the surround- 
ings allows us to imagine tluit some great sea victory, 
some great event in this man*s life, no doubt leading 
to events in Scandinavian history, dictated the 
beaatifnl reverence and worship which we ought to 
wdl appreciate, for it is dying out from amongst us. 
The English collections of runes are well represented, 
and Dr. Stephens tells us that in one rune ** London ** 
is mentioneo. Dr. Stephens does not appear to have 
given this, which personally we regret ver^ much, for 
London histoiy is, we consider, so much indebted to 
ScandiiMvian mfluence, that all objects bearing upon 
this phase of the question are of more than ordinary 
interest to London topographers. 

It is needless to say that all parts of Dr. Stephens*s 
book are worthy of the subject — word-list, index, and 
everything to make the work of permanent interest to 
stadcnts of old days. And we part from it as from an 
old friend, for Dr. Stephens shoukl know that many 

VOL. X. 



an Englishman's thoughts are now enabled, through 
his studious care and learning, to travel into ages that 
until lately have been unknown. 

71u Haunted Homes and Family Traditions of Great 
Britain. By John H. Ingram. (I^ondon, 
18S4 : W. H. Allen & Ca) 8vo. pp. s\., 319. 

Ghosts just now are popular enough, and Mr. 
Ingram may be congratulated upon his useful compila- 
tion. It is very remarkable how old traditions have 
lingered round old houses and old families, and it is 
ix>ssihle, when we have them collected together into 
one volume, that something may be obtained whereby 
the scientist may gain insight into the origin of this 
phenomenon of human belief. We must confess that 
the one or two tests we have made with the instances 
here given have completely failed, but we think that 
there must be some explanation of the veij wide- 
spread belief. Either it is traditional^ or it is owing 
to local phenomena. Of the former class Is the 
Brownie, a typical example of which is the '* Cauld 
Lad of Hilton.'* And the question becomes, are not 
the family ghosts degenerate descendants of the archaic 
belief ? Setting aside these questions, however, the 
book is intensely interesting to all who love the 
marvellous. No one, nowadays, believes that ghosts 
have any foundation in real and sober observable fact ; 
but still there arc plenty, and we must confess our- 
selves to belong to the class, who take an interest in 
ghosts, even if only from their very weirdness. We 
are giving up a great deal of the romance of life in 
this matter-of-fact age, and it is pleasant to think that 
romances are preserved which can still be read. This 
perhaps is not the occasion to discuss the origin 
of this species of stores, but we cannot but think 
that the folklorist is the rightful owner of this 
domain; and if Mr. Ingram's book should be the 
means of inducing any one to work out the (question 
of the origin of ghost-legends and stories it will have 
served a purpose which he should reckon among its 
chiefest honours. Certainly this subject could not be 
taken up in the spirit we have indicated without the 
help of such a collection as Mr. Ingram has given us. 

The Barony of Ruthven of Freeland, By J. H. 
Round. (London and Aylesbury : Hazell, Wat- 
son, & Viney, Lim.) 8vo. 

Mr. Round having entered into a discussion about 
the barony of Ruthven in Notes and Qntries, and his 
final reply having been declined by that journal, he 
availed himself of Mr. Foster's Collectanea Geneal^ica 
to place on record his view of the controversy and the 
baronage which gave rise to it. A reprint of Mr. 
Round^ article is now before us, and we have risen 
from a caieful perusal of it with the conviction that 
he sUtes his case fairly and succinctly, and proves it 
beyond a doubt. It is a remarkable instance of the 
loose way in which peerages have been claimed and 
allowed. As Mr. Round says, it began with a joke. 
Soeral theories have been started to account for it, 
and yet Mr. Round clearly proves that taking any one 
of these theories it will not fit in with the known 
facts of the succession— a proof which does not seem 
to us to l)e capable of refutation. Mr. Round's ability 
as a herald, and his capacity for close reasoning, are 



74 



REVIEWS. 



thoroughly shown in this admirable contribution to 
the history of the peerage. 

Folk-Lore of Modem Greece: The Tales of the People, 
Edited by the Rev. E. M. Geldart, M.A., author 
of The Modem Greek Language in its Relation to 
Ancient Greeks A Guide to Modem Greece^ etc.^ etc, 
(London: W. Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1884.) 
Small 8vo, pp. 190. 

This very interesting collection of popular tales is 
taken from the Contes Populaires Grecs publiis 
ifaprh les Manuscnts du Dr, J, G, de Hahn 1879, and 
the stories are translated from the original Greek text 
of that book. Von Hahn himself, although he col- 
lected the stories in the original by the means of 
native amanuenses, translated them into German for 
his own book, Albandsche Studien^ Jena, 1854, and 
Griechische und Albancische Mdrchcn^ Leipzig, 1864. 
In doing this he was not very careful to be accurate 
to the original, so that in the present volume the 
reader will find a more genuine text than if he were 
to turn to Von Hahn*s German versions. Moreover 
the stories are short, and not worketl up into a literary 
form. Many are old friends, with a difference ; thus 
on the first page we come to The Two Brothers and 
the Forty-nine Dragons^ which is a version of AH Baba 
and the Forty Thieves^ then farther on is Little Saddle- 
slutj the Greek Cinderella. Evidently these tales 
come from many sources, as one would naturally 
expect from the characteristics of the Greek nation ; 
most oft hem have, however, some local colouring. 
Mr. Geldart draws attention to the great i)rominence 
of the solar and stellar elements in the stories, which, 
he says, point to considerable antiquity. We can 
strongly recommend this agreeable volume for the 
value of its contents. 



In the Land of Marvels : Folk-Tales from Austria and 
Bohemia, By Theodor Vkrnaleken. With a 
Preface by E. Johnson, M.A. (London : W. 
Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1884.) Small 8vo, 

PP- 363. 

Professor Vemaleken collected these stories from 
Lower Austria and Bohemia as a sort of supplement 
to Grimm*s Tcdesy which were mostly derived from 
North- Western Germany. The volume is largely 
made up of variants of stories with which we are 
familiar ; for instance, Winterkolble is an old dwarf who 
will not give up his adopted daughter to be married 
to the king till his majesty guesses his name, and then 
skips about the fire singing out 

"Boil, pot, boil, 
The kmg knows not — all the same — 
Winterkolble is my name.*' 

Kruzimiigeli, another dwarf, does the same foolish 
thing. He promises a charcoal-burner's daughter that 
she shall be queen, but at the end of three years if she 
does not know his name she is to be his. The queen 
of course forgets the name, but the king's forester hears 
the stupid dwarf singing 

** She knows not— oh what jollity I — 
My name is Kruzimiigeli. 

We most of us know the silly fellow under the 
name of Rumpelstilskin. A large number of the 



stories relate to the change of boys and girls into 
animals, such as The Seven Roes^ The Seven Ravens^ 
The Three White Doves, etc. Mr. Johnson has added 
an interesting pre£u:e concerning folk-tales in general, 
and the notes at the end are of considerable value. 
Many a pleasant half hour may be spent " in the land 
of marvels." 



Christian Legends, By William Maccall, author 
of The ^fewest MaieriaJism, Foreign Biographies, 
Elements of Individualism , and other works. (Lon- 
don : W. Swan Sonnenschein & Co.) Small 8vo, 
pp.320. 

Although this book is stated on the title-page to be 
by Mr. Maccall, we find by the preface that it is a 
translation of an enlarged edition of a work by Karl 
Eduard von BUlow. We are too apt as Protestants 
to pass over the beautiful legends that are to be found 
in the lives of the saints, and the contents of this 
volume therefore gives us much in a convenient form 
which we ought to know, and which we might have 
to seek in some unwieldv volumes. The legend of 
the three holy kings, and that of St. Christopheros, 
associated as they are with art, are i>articularly 
interesting. Some of the stories, such as tne Faithless 
Bride of God, tell of a code of morality far removed 
from that accepted in the nineteenth century. As 
showing us what was once believed we can read these 
pages with pleasure, and we are not annoved by that 
sceptical spirit in which some writers think it proper 
to write of such legends as these. Of course we don't 
believe them to be true, but our interest in them is 
sadly marred if the narrator continually tells us that 
they are not true. Such is not the spirit of Von 
Billow or of his translator. 



Gloi'eSf their Annals and Associations: a Charier of 
Trade and Social History, By S. WiLLlAM Beck. 
(London : Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1883.) Smi^ 
8vo, pp. xix., 263. 

Mr. Beck, who is favourably known by his 
Drapers* Dictionary, has followed up that valuable 
book by the publication of an excellent work on 
gloves. The author says that when he proposed 
to take up this subject he was met by the question, 
'* What can there be in gloves to make a book 
about ? '* No reader of The Antiquary, we think, 
is likely to echo this question. We all know how 
much of interest has ^thered roimd almost every 
article of costume, and gloves in an especial manner 
have been so distinguished. Used as ornaments, they 
are, probably, of comparatively late introduction, but 
for use as a protection they must be of Uie greatest 
antiquity. It is supposed that the word translated 
shoe, in Psalm cviii. 9, ''Over Edom will I cast 
out m^ shoe," should be glove, and this would be 
more m accordance with our ideas of the symbolism 
of the glove. But a much greater antiquity than this 
has been found for gloves, for Professor Boyd Dawkins 
proves that the early cave-men wore them reaching 
up to their elbows. If we suddenlv drop down to 
more historical times, we shall fina gloves holding 
a very respectable place in the world, with a patron 
saint of their own. This was St. Anne, the mother 
of the Virgin Mary. 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



75 



The glovers of Perth honour St. Bartholomew as 
their patron saint, and he is said to owe this position 
to the supposed fiict that he was flayed before being 
crucified. The Society of Glovers show a picture of 
the saint with a flaying knife in his hand, and the 
tools of the crafi, knife, shears, and bodkin, by his 
side, which picture is dated I $$7. 

Gloves have been made of a multitude of materials; 
thus Evelyn, in his Mundus Atulubris, writes : 

'*5>ome of diicken skin for night. 
To keep her hands plump, soft, and white.** 

Still later the same material is mentioned in the 

New Baik Guidi:— 

'* Come, but don't forget the doves 
Which, with all the smiling loves, 
Venus caught young Cupid picking 
From the tender breast of chicken.*' 

We learn that the majority of the gloves sold as 
kkl are made from lambskin, those known as doe, 
back, or dog skin from the skins of sheep or calves. 
Stilt kid-skms are largely used. The kids in France 
aie not allowed to roam about and injure their skins 
by pushing through prickly hedges, but are carefully 
confined under a coop. Here they are fed with milk 
only, and the result is that the French skins command 
higher prices than any others in the market. 

Idr. Dcdc treats his subject both from the historical 
and the symbolical ooints of view. He tells of gloves 
in the church, on tne throne, and on the bench, of 
hawking gloves, of gauntlets, and of perfumed gloves, 
of companies of glovers, and of the glove trade. He 
then pomes on to tell of gloves as pledges, as gages, 
as gifts, and as favours. At betrothals and weddings 
gloves were formerly very profusely given away. The 
down in Wimttf^s Tale complains : " If I were not 
in love with Mopsa, thou shouldst take no money of 
me : but being enthralled as I am, it will also be the 
bondage of certain gloves.** For the wedding in 1 567 
of the danghter of Mr. More, of Losely, there were 
purchased — 

One dozen of gloves .... lor. 

One other dozen of gloves . . . y. 

iij doxen of gloves at iij' a dozen 9;. 

Tbere is, however, a less agreeable side in the sym- 
bolism of gloves. To bite the glove was a sign of 
hostility, and the certain prelude of a quarrel; and we 
can an call to mind the many instances in history and 
fictkm where the glove figures as a Mge of battle. 

We must refer our readers to Mr. Beck's book 
itself for fiirther particulars of the history of gloves, 
promising them that they will find there a most 
mtcfcstiiv chapter in the history of costume. 




o^eetmgpB of antiquarian 
^cictics« 

METROPOLITAN. 
Brititfa ArchKologicnl Association.— June 4th. 
— Mr. T. Morgan in the chair. — The Rev. S. M. 
ICayhrw exhibited a Roman mortar of bronze found 



recently in the City, its silver covering showing the 
marks of intense heal from burning, the silver being 
fused into granules over the surface. A bronze lizard 
from Palestine, probably a Gnostic emblem, was also 
descril)ed. — Mr. Morgan produceil some interesting 
relics from Cagliari, Sardmia, recently found there. 
— Mr. Hughes exhibited a facsimile of the charter 
granted by Richard III. to the Wax Chandlers* 
Company of London, which he has reproduced in 
colours. — Mr. J. W. Grover read a description of a 
tumulus still existing in the grounds of one of the 
modem houses in the Ce<lars Road, Clapham Com- 
mon, which is shown on old maps prior to the district 
being built over. It is called Mount Nod ; but there 
is no evidence to show if it is of comparatively 
modem or prehistoric date. The old house of Sir 
D. Gordon, where Pepys died, stood close to the 
s|X)t. — Mr. R. Smith contributed a pa[>cr, read by 
Mr. W. de Gray Birch, on Old Winchester, in which 
he showed that the so-called Roman camp is in 
reality an ancient British oppidum of considerable 
size. — Mr. L. Brock read a paper on a chapel of 
thirteenth-century date, which still exists at the entry 
into I>over, close to the Maison Dieu, hidden behind 
the modem houses of Biggin Street, and hitherto 
unnoticed. It Ls used as a blacksmith's shop and 
for various other purposes. — The Rev. Prebendary 
Scarth forwarded a paper, read by Mr. Birch, on an 
ancient harpsichord which formerly beloifged to 
Tasso. It is at Sorrento, and is dated 1564. It is 
decorated with {xuntings of Apollo and the muses, 
and is in fair condition. 

Archaeological Institute. — June 5th. — The Pre- 
sident in the chair. — Mr. T. G. Waller made some 
interesting observations explanatory of the costume 
and other features on a number of rubbings of brasses, 
ranging from 1325 to 148^, presented to the Institute 
by Mr. Iluyshe. — Mr. Micklethwaite described some 
fine wall paintings discovered in Pinvin Church, near 
Pershorc, of which tracings were exhibited, made by 
Canon Wickcndcn as long ago as 1855. — Mr. A. Ii. 
Church drew attention to some specimens of Roman 
pottery lately found at Cirencester. — Miss Ffarington 
exhibited a number of Roman coins lately found in 
Lancashire, and some very remarkable Chinese 
figures used for wall decoration. 

July 3rd.— The Rev. F. J. Spurrell in the chair. 
— ^rrecentor Venables communicated a description of 
the Roman burying-place recently discovered at 
Lincoln.— Professor B. Lewis read an able paper on 
the Roman antiquities of Switzerland. — Mr. F. 
H el more read a paper on two fine coffin lids at Great 
Berkhamstead and Tring, which there were good 
grounds for supposing belonged to two stone coffins 
lately discovered at Northchurch.— Prof. Lewis and 
the Rev. S. S. Lewis exhibited a remarkable collec- 
tion of Roman gems and coins ; and the Earl of 
Aberdeen a fine cinerary urn recently found in 
Aberdeenshire. 

Philological.— June 6th.— Rev. Prof. W. W. 
Skeat, President, in the chair. — Prince L. L. 
Bonaparte read two papers : (i) *'On Modem Basc^ue 
and Old Basque Tenses," showing the peculiarities 
of the Basque translation of the New Testament ; 
(2) " On the Neo-Latin Names of Artichoke," giving 

O 8 



76 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



the forms which it assumed in the various Neo-Latin 
languages. — Dr. Murray gave the result of his investi- 
gations into the histoiy ofthe plant and word. 

June 20th. — Prof. Skeat, President, in the 
chair. — A paper on "Irish Gaelic Sounds" was 
read by Mr. James Lecky. — Mr. Sweet, who is at 
present in Germany, sent a communication dwelling 
on the importance of Slaving the Irish dialects 
analysed and recorded while they were yet spoken. 

Anthropological Institute. — June loth.— Prof. 
Flower, President, in the chair. — A paper was read 
««On the Deme and the Horde," by Mr. A. W. 
Howitt and the Rev. L. Fison, in which the authors 
traced a close resemblance between the social struc- 
ture of the Attic tribes and that of the Australian 
aborigines. The word "horde" is used to indicate 
a certain geog^raphical section of an Australian com- 
munity which occupies certain deftnite hunting 
grounds. Its members are of diflferent totems — in 
net, all the totems of the community may be repre- 
sented in any given horde. Descent being through 
the mother, as the general rule the child is of its 
mother's totem, not of its father's, but it belongs to 
the horde in which it was bom. So, too, the 
children of aliens are admitted into the exclusive 
organization by virtue of the right derived from their 
mothers. In Attica there were also two great 
organizations ; one based originally on locality, and 
another whose sole qualification was that of birth — 
the demotic and the phratriac. Both included the 
freebom citizens, and therefore coincided in the 
aggregate, but no deme coincided with a phratria or 
with any subdivision of a phratria. The naturalized 
alien was enrolled in one of the demes, but there 
c«uld be no admission for him into a phratria. If, 
however, he married a freebom woman, his children 
by her were not excluded, they were enrolled in her 
father's phratria, the relationship between a child 
and its maternal grandfather being looked upon as a 
very near tie of blood. Thus, making all necessary 
allowance for the difference of culture in the two 
people, it appears that the phratriac is analogous to 
the social organization in Australia, while the demotic 
divisions correspond to the Australian hordes. — A 
paper by the Rev. C. A. Gollmer ** On African Sym- 
Dolic Language " was read. 

Society of Antiquaries.— June 19th.— Dr. C. S. 
Perceval, Treasurer, in the chair. — ^Mr. C. J. Elton 
exhibited and presented two manuscript volumes, one 
the speeches of Sir John Eliot, small quarto, and the 
other reports and other legal documents drawn up or 
collected by Sir J. F. AUmd while Solicitor-General, 
viz., 1715 — 1716, with a list of contents in the hand- 
writing of Sir J. F. Aland. — Mr. E. Peacock exhibited 
rubbings of book stamps of Archbishop Usher and 
of George Villiers, Duxe of Buckingham, from the 
Bibliotheca Thysiana at Levden. — Major Cooper ex- 
hibited some clay bars and fragments of bone and 
pottery from Willud's Bank, Lei^rave Marsh, Luton, 
Beds. Major Cooper believed that the clay bars had 
served as supports to the fuel used in sepulture by cre- 
mation, so as to introduce a current of air underneath 
the burning pile. — Dr. E. Freshfield communicated a 
paper on the palace of the Greek emperors at Nym- 
phio, a village about fifteen miles from Smyma. 

June 26.— Dr. E. Freshfield, V.-P., in the chair.— 



Mr. W. H. Richardson exhibited some fragments of 
heraldic tiles which had been found under the floor of 
Fenny Compton Church, Warwickslure, and a draw- 
ing of a tile bearing the same inscription. from Worm- 
leighton Church. The arms on Uie tUes appeared to 
be those of Butler and Beauchamp respectively. — Mr. 
R. S. Ferguson communicated sonxe notes on the 
tomb of Margaret, Countess Dowager of Cumberland, 
which had recently been moved from its original posi- 
tion in the church of St. Lavn'ence, Appleby, to a spot 
more convenient for the performance of divine service. 
He also reported on recent discoveries in Cumberland, 
and exhibited some of the early Rolls of the City 
Court of Carlisle. In connection with this paper Mr. 
L. Gower exhibited an interesting portrait of his 
ancestress the Countess of Cumberland. — The Rev, 
W. F. Creeny exhibited a third instalment of rubbings 
of foreign brasses, thirhr-four in number, which he hiui 
executed with his own hand during a summer trip last 
year, in which he traversed over five thousand miles. 

Asiatic— June i6th.— Sir W. Muir, President, in 
the chair. — Prof. T. de Lacouperie read a paper " On 
Three Embassies from Indo-China to the Middle 
Kingdom, and on the Trade* Routes thither 3,000 
Years Ago." — Dr. T. Duka exhibited forty pieces of 
Tibetan printed books and MSS. which the late 
A. Csoma de Kbros gave in 1839 to the Rev. Dr. 
S. C. Malan, then secretary of the Asiatic Society of 
Bengal, and which this gentleman has just presented 
to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at Buda-Pesth. 

Hellenic— June 26th.— Annual Meeting. — ^Thc 
Bishop of Durham, the President of the Soaety, for 
the first time took the chair. — The Honorary Secretary 
read the report on behalf of the Council : " As pointed 
out in the report of last year, the resources of the 
Society do not as yet admit of much being done towards 
the fulfilment of its objects other than the publication 
of the Journal. The fourth volume of the Journal — 
containing an unusually full and varied couection of 
papers — Is the chief fruit of the Society's labours in 
the year now ended. The publication m the volume 
of 1083 of more of the valuable series of papers in 
which Mr. W. M. Ramsay has from time to time 
recorded his researches in Asia Minor, suggests a 
reference to the remarkable success of his work* 
with which the Society has from the first been at least 
indirectly associated. Mr. Ramsay has now started 
again into Phrygia, and has been joined by another 
member of the Society, Mr. A. H. Smith. 

New Shakspere.— June 13th. — Mr. F. J. Purw 
nivall, Director, in the chair. — ^The Rev. W. A. 
Harrison read copies of letters from the Earl and 
Countess of Pembroke and the Earl of Oxford to Lord 
Burghley, showing that as early as 15971 when William 
Herbert was only seventeen, his parents had in hand 
a scheme for his marriage forthwith to Bridget, grand* 
daughter to Lord Burghl^. This correspondeaoe^ 
preserved in the Record Office, removed the difficulty 
which has been felt as to Shakspere's Sonnets, i 
to 17, being addressed to a youth of eighteen. — Mr. 
T. Tyler read his second paper "On Shakspeie's 
Sonnets." 

London and Middlesex Archseological So- 
ciety. — ^June 26th. — ^The members made an excursion 
to Rochester. At half-past eleven thgr held a meeting 
in the Guildhall, by permission of tne Idayor, ni^ien 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



77 



Mr. C. Rodbch Smith gave an address upon the Roman 
and Nonnan antiquities of the neighbourhood, followed 
by Mr. W. H. St. J. Hope, who described the city 
regalia, including the ancient maces, and at the con- 
duBoo of the meeting he conducted them over the 
Nonnan Castle keep and the Cathedral The party, 
■nmbering considerably over one huinired, next 
▼isted ** Restoration" Ilouse, by permission of Mr. 
T. S. Aveling. It was here that Charles 11. slept 
on the eve of the Restoration. Next they visited the 
moiCBm of Roman curiosities at the residence of 
Mr. Homplirey Wickham, Strood. 



PROVINCIAL. 

Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field 
Club. — ^Jone 24th. — The third excursion of the sea- 
Km was to Wardonr Castle. Entering the six-sided 
€oait fonning the centre of the castle, with its now dis- 
vcd well, — a relic of the tenure of the castle in the 
period of the Civil War, — the various portions of the 
mlcrior were pointed out ; the kitchen with its huge 
open dumnejr, the hall and vaulted chambers beneath, 
the portcullis groove and other indications of its 
Sormcr piupose. An exit was made through the north* 
emit doorway, a Jacobean structure, bearing marks on 
the outside of the siege it had undergone in troublous 
tiMek The members passed through the park, visiting 
a fiue ancient and historical oak-tree on the way, and 



the chapel of the modem house, the present 
proprietor. Lord Arundell of Wardour, having given 
Ukb permisiion to see it, the pictures being unfortu- 
nately doaed to them owing to domestic reasons. The 
party letomed to Tisbury and saw the church, a fine 
cracilbrm structure, with old wooden roofs and good 
faraacs inside. On the chancel wall was hung up a 
hefaBCt, trophy of one of the earlier borons, a brave 
and soooessnil soldier who warred against the Turks, 
for this created Count of the Sacred Roman 
IJ95. A black marble slab in the chancel 
r ecar di this. A fine sixteenth-century brass on the 
north side of the above records the resting-place of 
Lawrcooe Hyde, grandfiuher of the Chancellor, 
Edward Earl of Clarendon. 

Banbury Natural History Society. ^une 14th. 
— Tlie members of the above society visited the 
ooonty of ** Spires and Squires," as Northamptonshire 
hat been called. The first halt was made at Edgcote 
Ckorch. The church b of various dates and styles, 
with a tower at the west end. The general character 
ctf the lower is of the fifteenth century, but the west 
door ai^xars somewhat earlier. It has an ogee head 
crocheted with bold mouldings of the fourteenth 
C KuUuy ; the window over it has similar mouldings, 
bat thie traoefy ban in the head run in vertical or 
pcqicndicalar lines, and it must be considered as 
tnnstkxi work between the Decorated and Perpendi- 
cakr sMei. The nave has three arches on the south 
ade, 01 Transition Norman work, the pillars Norman, 
and the ardies more like Earlv English. The south 
aide is Early Decorated, with a good plain door. 
Ob the north side there are two D«x>rated windows 
wmi door. The chancel is of the fifteenth century, 
wiUi two windows having Perpendicular tracery, and 



a piscina of the same character. The fine monuments 
of^ the Chauncy family were inspected with interest, 
and particular attention was paid to a curious inscrip- 
tion on one of the slabs of the floor, and of which the 
foUo\i'ing is a portion : — " Under this marble stone 
lyeth whatsoever was mortal of Bridget Chauncv, of 
whom man was not worthv.'' The church and the 
front of Edgcote House naving been viewed, the 
Gtfuty again took to the vehicles, and proceeded to 
Eydon by way of TrafTord Bridge. The excursionists 
then went to the seat of Sir Henry Dryden, Bart. 
(Canon's Ashby). Conducting the party inside the 

f rounds, he gave some details with reference to the 
ouse, stating that, the earliest part was the hall 
and the tower, which were believed to have been 
built l)etween 1551 and 15S4, and that a great change 
was made in the house about 1 710, when many of the 
mullioned windows were stopped up and sash windows 
inserted. The party then went into the house, being 
conducted to the drawing-room, where Sir Henry said 
the date of the chimney and the ceiling was 1633. 
Some tapestry in one of the rooms was much admired. 
The tower was ascended, and a capital view of the 
surrounding country obtained. The church was next 
visited, and Sir Henry explained the position of the 
old monastery of the order of Black Canons, and 
which he said was prol)ably taken down at the 
Reformation. The church consists of a nave, north 
aisle, and a tower attached to the north side of the 
aisle. The western doorway and the arcade are the 
earliest parts of the church, prolmbly 125a The 
tower was built about 1350, and the present west 
window was inserted about the same time. There 
are two fine arches in the nave. After leaving the 
church the party visited an old monastic well, w*hich 
formerly supplied the monasterv, Imt now furnishes 
water to the house. Apart n-om the interest of 
Canon's Ashby in an archaeological point of view,^ it 
has a peculiar interest to literarv men, for l)esides its 
connection with ''glorious John,** Spenser was a 
freouent visitor here, and m later days Samuel 
Ridiardson wrote much of Sir Charles Grandisam 
here. In reference to John Dryden*s connection with 
Canon's Ashby, it has been said : — *' It is pleasant 
to think that a name so intimately connected with the 
county should still survive there, though in a col- 
lateral and female line, in the present Ixuronet of 
Canon's Ashby ; and as the poet certainly courted his 
cousin. Honor Dryden, the eldest daughter of the 
then l)aronet, we may well l>elieve that the old 
clipped yews and formal terrace and walled courtyard, 
which yet remain, have looked upon the light-hearted 
pair, as they strolled along in that cousinly flirtation, 
so presumptuous in the eyes of Sir John, who saw 
nothing but a poor cadet in the future author of St, 
Ced/uTs Dayr Sir Heniy stated that it was by the 
marriage of one of the Drydens with the sister of 
Sir John Cope in the early part of the reign of Queen 
Elizabeth that the Dryden family came into possessioD 
of Canon's Ashby. 

Midland Union of Natural History Societies. 
—June 25th. — The seventh annual meeting and 
conversazione of the above was held at Peterborou^ 
The chairman having apologised for the absence 
of the Dean, proceed^ to read the Dean's address, 
which contained the following remarks : — In the name 



78 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



of the Peterborough Natural History and Scientific 
Society, and as their president for the year, he offered 
a most hearty welcome to the delegates and members 
of the Midland Union of Natural History Societies. 
In considering what should be the subject of his 
address, his thoughts naturally turned to the cathedral. 
Under ordinary circumstances he would have had 
nothing new to say on such a subject, but recently 
much had been learned about the cenUnl tower and 
the adjacent parts, which was not known before. 
Toward the upper part of the lantern the filling in 
of the wall presented to those engaged upon its 
demolition curious fragments of earlier and later 
work, bits of Decorat^ carving, pieces of marble 
shafts, — perhaps from the west end, — one of the large 
keeled angle stones from the west front which had 
been placed in the extreme angles north and south, and 
a portion of Decorated plaster screen work, covered 
and ornamented with black plaster inlay. There was 
also found a very large quantity of"^ fragments of 
monumental cross slabs of Early English and Decorated 
work, some presenting good and ele^^t designs, and 
two curious foot stones with incised line double 
crosses. Several of the window jamb stones had been 
wrought out of these, the words "hie jacet" being 
plainly discernible on one of them, and the use of 
tombstones was carried so far as to include the use of 
stone cofhns for ashlars in two or three instances. 
Very considerable remains of the old Norman lantern 
had been recovered, and the history of the " three 
storeys " of the tower had been fully made out. First, 
there were the bases, caps, jambs, and arches, of what 
appears to have been the lower stage, or blind storey, 
which was shielded from the light on all sides by the 
roof. Secondly, almost all the caps, bases, and parts 
of jambs, arches, and pillars of what formed the 
second internal stage, and also quantities of the jambs 
and external arcades, as well as the small blank arcades 
over them — a feature similar to what is seen on the 
present transept gables. Thirdly, there were consider- 
able quantities of the caps, jambs, and arches, etc., of 
the upper stage. This in the interior presented 
a design of three arches, precisely as in the wmdows of 
the clerestory on the east side of the transept, and like 
these had probably a small blank arcade above on 
the exterior. Further, large portions of the richly 
zig-zagged string over the Norman arches of the crux 
had been found, as well as of the two moulded strings 
over it, and also fragments of the shafts at the angles 
of the interior and of the attached half columns which 
formed the interior upright column lines of the com- 
position. In a similar way, a great quantity of the 
external strings and half pillars had come to 'light. 
Of the outside work a part still retained the lichened 
coating with which it became covered when it was in 
its original position. It was well worth considering 
whether in rebuilding the lantern it would not be 
desirable to make some use of this Norman arcading. 
There was enough, or nearly enough of it to reconstruct 
the whole of the tower, or first stage immediately 
above the arches of the crux. If that was thought 
desirable, and he confessed it appeared to him to be 
very desirable, the next point that required considera- 
tion was whether the two pointed arches on the east 
and west sides of the crux should be rebuilt, or 
whether Norman arches should be substituted for 



them. The pointed arches, as they originally existed, 
had an historical interest; they would hardly hare 
the same as merely rebuilt. They would cease to tell 
any tale beyond the fact that diey were an exact 
reproduction of the arches which stood there when 
the reconstruction of the tower became necessary. 
They would have no meaning in relation to the new 
structure. The addition of this stage of arcading 
would, of course, raise the tower to the height of the 
arcading. On this the fourteenth-century tower might 
still be erected. But could nothing more be done? 
Such a tower would still be low, and out of proportion 
to the cnreat length of the church. Surely something 
more should be done, and a spire would be a erand 
feature. There were now spires on two of the 
western towers, and there was, as late as a century 
ago, a third spire. To erect a lofty and noble spire 
on the great central tower would be a triumph of 
architectural skill, and would give a dignitv and an 
elevation to the church whi(£ nothing else could 
impart. The Dean then went on to refer to the 
remains of the supposed Saxon churdi, which were 
discovered at the foot of the south-eastern pier, and 
which he said were probably the lower portions of the 
church, the uoper part of the building, perha^ being 
built of wood. How far the remams of tms Saxon 
building extended, and whether the lines of walling 
indicated the existence of one or more buildings, it was 
at present impossible to determine. This could only 
be done when the immense shoring and scaffolding 
were removed. In the foundations of the eastern 
piers a few fragments of Saxon moulded work 
were found, such as perforated slabs of windows, 
door jambs, two lintels, and one very interesting 
and richly-carved fragment of a capital, sJmost 
unquestionably Roman. This might have been 
brought from Castor, but it was curious no other 
fragment of Roman work had been discovered. [We 
are obliged to postpone the remainder of our report 
until next month.— ^D.] 

Newcastle Antiquarian Field Meeting. — 
July 3rd. —A party of members, under the guidance of 
the Rev. Dr. Bruce and the Rev. J. Low, vicar of 
Haltwhbtle, proceeded to Greenhead Station, and 
from thence visited the ruins of Thirlwall Castle and 
walked along the line of the Roman Wall over the 
Nine Nicks of Thirlwall. The party visited the site 
of the camp of Magna at Cavora, and inspected the 
interesting inscribed stones and other relics preserved 
in the farmhouse, which were described by Dr. Bruce. 

Shropshire Archaeological Society.— June 25th. 
— The annual summer excursion of the members of this 
society visited the Montgomeryshire border of Shrop- 
shire. The well-preserved tumulus of H^n Domen 
was noticed, and the course of Offa's Dyke was 
traced in the meadows below the left side of the road. 
On arriving at Montgomery, the castle, hill, and ruins 
were visited. This once formidable fortress stands on 
a bold cliff, with scarped sides. A steep, winding 
path leads to the top, where a few blocKS of solid 
masonry are all that remain to mark the outline of 
the castle walls. An inner and outer court, pro- 
tected by four deep fosses, are clearly traceaole. 
These fosses and the escarpments of the almost per- 
pendicular rocks mark the castle as one which moaem 
science might have rendered impregnable. In 1644 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



79 



the castle n'ss garrisoned by the Parliamentary troops, 
and Sir John Price was governor. The fortifications 
weie shortly after this date dismantled. On a wooded 
eminence on the north side of the castle, from which 
e%'cn a finer and more extensive view is obtainable 
than from the castle mount, are the well-defined 
remains of a British encampment known as Tre 
FaMwyn, bot time did not allow of a visit to it On 
arriving at the church, which stands on an eminence 
lacing the castle, the town occupjring the valley 
be t wee n , the party was received by the Rev. F. W. 
Parker, the rector, and Dr. Wilding. The church of 
Sl Nicholas is an Early English edifice, rendered 
cnicifbrm by ^^ later additions of north and south 
transepts. The roof is very remarkable, being divided 
into tnree spaces, the woodwork and ornamentation 
of each difTerine. There is a fine but cumbrous altar- 
sdcen and rood-loft, said to have been brought here 
from Chirbory. The south transept, or Lymore 
Chapel, contains a splendid canopied altar-tomb with 
the recombent fi^pres of Richard Herbert, Esq., and 
Magdalen, his wife, the daughter of Francis Newport, 
of llich ErcalL These were the parents of the cele- 
bcated Lord Herbert of Chirbury and George Herbal, 
the poet. Geoige was bom at Blackball, just below 
the town. Other effigies in armour are believed to 
represent some '>f the Mortimers, Earls of March. 
The grave in the churchyard, known as " The Robber's 
Grave,*' over which grass is said to refuse to grow, 
wa» inspected. The party next drove to Lymore 
Park, a remarkable specimen of the timbered 
maxt&ion, with a splendid staircase, large panelled 
rooms, tapestried walls, and superb oaken floors. 
Bt directions of the owner, the Earl of Powis, the 
whole of the features of this remarkable building 
are carefully preserved. The figures on one of the 
gables ate placed i over 67 and 5 underneath, which 
may be read as 1567 or 1675. The paneUinfi^ of the 
rooms conclusively points to the latter date, iuthough 
at first sight the house would seem to be much older. 
In the pwk Offa's £>yke may be traced. — Re-entering 
the cariia^, the party drove to Marrington Hall, a 
cnrioos b.ack-and-white timber house, the residence 
of Mrs. Price. Very little is known of the history of 
this mansion. Over the doorway are the arms of 
BowtUer, of Hope Bowdler, with three quarterings 
and inpporters. On the lawn is a finely-preserved 
son-diaJ, carved with quaint masks resembling 
Eg>-ptian deities. The date of the dial is 1505, and 
on uoe side the Bowdler arms are carved. The 
tcntentioos inscriptions on the column are well worth 
recording. One runs thus : " Ut hora sic vita " (As 
the hoar so life). The other : ** Fui ut es, eris ut 
sam " (I was as thou art, thou shalt be as 1 am). On 
the laws is an ancient oak, girthing, at five feet fix>m 
the ground, upwards of twenty Feet Marrington, 
it is conjectured, was formeriy a residence of the 
Bowdler uunily, descended from Baldwyn de Boilers, 
cutellian of Montgomery Castle in the time of 
Edward I., and afterwards of Hope Bowdler and 
Shrewsbury. More recently it belonged to a Shrews- 
buy merchant named Lloyd. The Rev. J. Burd 
now drove with them to Chirbury, where the finely- 
r es to red church of St. Michael, ^ith its massive square 
tower and noble arcades, was inspected. Some 
aacicBt tHeSt some indsed aiid others m relief, whidi 



were found at the restoration of the church, have been 
placed in the space beneath the tower. Mr. Burd 
exhibited the cnurch^K^urdens' accounts, which date 
from 151 1, and a small bronze mould of the Virgin 
and Child, discovered in the churchyard. The mould 
yields a remarkably well-drawn and clearly-cut im- 
pression. Such moulds were in use in the fourteenth 
and fifteenth centuries for the production of waxen 
images of saints, and for the moulding of **the pax 
brei^." Chirbury once boasted of a castle, erected 
in the tenth century by Ethelfleda, Queen of the 
Mercians, to repel the incursions of the Webh. The 
site near the church is still visible. Here also was a 
Benedictine priory, founded by Robert de Boilers in 
the time of Richard L, but all traces of this building, 
like those of the castle, have vanished. 

Edinburgh Architectural Association. — 
June 14th. — The society visited Jedburgh, Kelso, 
and Floors Castle, under the guidance of Mr. John 
M*Lachlan, who pointed out the historical and archi- 
tectural points ot interest connected with Jedburgh 
Castle, the site of which — a richly-wooded terrace 
on the banks of the Jed — is one of the most attrac- 
tive in a very pretty district. In like manner Mr. 
M'Lachlan gave a graphic account of Kelso Abbey. 
After the inspections were completed, on the motion 
of Mr. M*Gibbon, the president, Mr. M*Lachlan, 
was accorded a cordial vote of thanks. The party 
also visited Floors Castle, the princely residence of 
the Duke of Roxburghe. The building was originally 
designed by Sir Jonn Vanbruch, the architect of 
Blenheim, but it was remoddled by Playfair in 
1858. 

Northamptonshire Natural History Society. 
— ^June 19th. — The geolc^cal section of this society 
had an excursion to Fmedon Gardens. Finedon 
village was reached between two and three o'clock. 
The fine church was first visited. This church is a 
handsome building of the fourteenth century, and con- 
tains several interesting points. In the church is a 
square sided Norman font with figures on each of 
the sides. The company admired the fine buttresses. 

Warwickshire Naturalists' and Arch«o- 
logists' Field Club. — ^June 25th. — The meml)ers of 
this club began their summer meeting at Oxford. 
Under the leadership of Mr. James Parker they looked 
through the fossils m the Museum, which had been 
found in the Oxford and Kimeridge clay, the coral rag, 
the ironsand and Portland. On Thursday the party 
drove out west, up Cumnor Hall to Cumnor Clump, 
on the way to Besseleigh, whence the party proceeded 
to Fyfield, where they were hospitably cntcrtaineil by 
Mr. and Mrs. Parker, at the old fourteenth-century 
Manor House. This most interesting houM; was in- 
spected, with its various alterations frum Charles II.'s 
time until now. The church was built in the reign of 
Edward H., by the same man who built the Manor 
House, and is most interesting. It has. besides its 
fourteenth-century work, some fifteenth and later period 
features. The house, which was built for a chauntry 
house, in which some old pensioners were pro\idcd 
for, and who had to attend the daily services in the 
chapel, is now a public-house. 

Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Architectural 
Societies. — ^July 3rd. — The annual meetings of the^ 
societies were opened in Hull on Thursday. The com- 



8o 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



pany visited the Parish Church, and were afterwards 
received by the Mayor at the Town Hall. The party 
proceeded in the afternoon to visit Holdemess and the 
churches in the district. 

Berwickshire Naturalists' Club.— June 25th. — 
The club left Berwick on board the Leith steamer, 
Fiay Cross^ for the Fame Islands. After passing 
Holy Island, Captain Norman read a paper on the 
history, lighthouses, geology, botany, and ornitho- 
logy of the Fame Islands. After mentioning that 
the islands numbered from fifteen to twenty-five 
according to the state of the tide, he said their 
names were mostly of Anglo-Saxon origin, and 
given to them for some real or imaginary feature. The 
islands formed a retreat for saints, monks, and hermits 
of old, and are intimatelv connected with ecclesiastical 
worthies, as, soon after the introduction of Christianity 
into Northumberland, they were selected by religious 
men as a station and retreat. Aidan, first bishop of 
Lindisfarne, occasionally retired there ; but St. Cuth- 
bert, origfinally a shepherd boy, gave celebrity to the 
islands. He lived there for nine years, and died there 
in 687. Referring to later times, he alluded to the 
heroic feat of Grace Darling, who died in 1842, and 
was buried at Bamboroueh. 

NewcastleSocietyoI Antiquaries.— Julv2nd. — 
The Rev. Dr. Bruce in the chair. — ^The chairman 
read the following notes on the discovery of a grave 
cover : — ^A few days ago, I was informed bv Mr. 
Reavell, resident architect at Alnwick Castle, tnat in 
cutting a drain in the abbey grounds in Alnwick Park, 
he had come upon a tomb, which he asked me to 
come and see. I went accordingly, and was accom- 
panied in my inspection by Mr. Hmdmarch, solicitor, 
Alnwick. The slab covering the tomb is an elegant 
one. An elaborately-carved cross occupies its centre, 
and an inscription in ecclesiastical Gothic rans round 
the margin. The letters are clearly cut, but to eyes 
unaccustomed to their form the reading of them was 
a matter of some difficulty. With considerable care 
and pains we made it out as follows : — *' Obruta loreta 
de botry per fera leta hac jacet in meta vivat rcdimita 
q : leta." These words form two lines of hexameter 
verse. I was at some loss how to translate them. 
Mr. Hindmarch made a near approach to a correct 
reading of them. I sent a copy of them to our friend 
and associate Canon Raine. Writing to me in reply, 
he says : '*The inscription b curious. It is a fair 
sample of a style of epitaphs not uncommon in the thir- 
teenth and the earliest part of the fourteenth century. 
No ladv would be buried in the graveyard of a house 
of monks or canons unless she was a person of distinc- 
tion as a benefactress. The translation presents no 
great difficulty : — * Loretta de Botry overthrown by 
cruel death lies in this trench (or grave) ; may she 
live and be joyful crowned — i./., have a crown of joy.*" 
From the records of Alnwick Abbey, which are in the 
possession of Mr. Hindmarch, several persons of dis- 
tinction, besides ecclesiastics, have been buried in the 
abbey grounds. William de Vescy, son of Eustace, 
was buried before the door of the Chapter House. 
Burga, his wife, was buried near him. Jonn de Vescy 
was buried here on February 7th, 1288. Henry de 
Percy, second lord of Alnwick, was buried here in 135 1. 
Lady Marv Plantagenet was buried in the abbey in 
1363, and Henry Percy, third lord, in 1368. In 



cutting the drain already referred to, the foundations 
of die walls of the conventual buildings were in several 
places laid bare, and were found to be in an encourag- 
ing condition. His Grace the Duke of Northumber- 
land has given orders for a complete examination of 
the foundations of the abbey buildings to be made. 
In this way not only may some more tombs of illus- 
trious personages be found, but the whole structure of 
the abbey will probably be ascertained, of which only 
the gateway at present remains above ground. — The 
chairman read a paper on '* The Recent Dis- 
coveries in the Roman Camp on the Lawe, South 
Shields." — Mr. T. V. Gregory read a paper " On the 
Place-Names of the County of Durham." — ^The Rev. 
J. R. Boyle read a paper on ** The Windows in the 
South Wall of the Chancel of St. Paul's Church, 
Jarrow." 

Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History 
and Antiquarian Society.— June 21st — ^The pur- 
pose of the meeting was to hear a statement of the recent 
excavations at the Old Bridge, and also an account of 
Lincluden Abbey. Mr. Starke, in introducing his 
subject, said he would confine himself to a short 
sketch of its history. The bridge which spanned the 
Nith where the Old Bridge, as we called it, now 
stood, was erected by the Lady DevorgiUa. That 
lady was daughter of Alan, one of the Lords of 
Galloway, married John Baliol of Barnard Castle in 
Yorkshire, and became the mother of John Baliol, 
afterwards King of Scotland. She founded, in con- 
junction with her husband, Balliol College in Oxford, 
and, for her munificence was great, several other 
monasteries and colleges in other parts. Among these, 
and previous to her erecting the Old Bridge, was the 
Franciscan or Greyfriars* Monastery in Dumfries. 
That monastery occupied a large extent of ground 
between where the Greyfriars' Church stood at pre- 
sent, on the one side, a point half-way down 
Friars* Vennel, and, on the other side, in a sloping 
direction, a point near Moat House. After thi» — and 
Mr. M'Dowall fixed the period in the thirteenth cen- 
tury as historically authentic — the building of a bridge 
to connect Dumfries with the province, or rather, as 
it then was, independent kingdom of Galloway, took 
place. It was generally stated that it was done for 
commercial purposes and as a convenience to the in- 
habitants of the burgh of Dumfries, and especially of 
the inmates of the monastery. He did not know 
where they could get a better idea of where the 
Monastery originally stood than from a point of view 
in College Street. There they could see the spire of 
Greyfriars' Church, on the lofty ground at the head of 
Friars' Vennel, where the castle stood, and the Moat 
House farther to the left, and the ground sloping 
towards the river. In those days the moat was a 
sufficient natural, or it might be artificial, defence to 
the town on the north side, and the old town wail 
ran from the Moat round by St. Mary's Church (where 
used to stand St. Christopher's Chapel, built by a 
sister of King Robert Bruce, widow of Sir Christopher 
Seton), and on past St. Michael's Church and wnere 
Uie Ro3ral Infirmary now was, towards the river. 
Thus Dumfries was sufficiently protected on its north, 
east, and south sides, and beyond the wall on the 
south there was a natural defence in the rocky height 
of Castledykes, opposite to which, on the Galloway 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



8i 



ade of the river, there was another moat. But on the 
west side of the town the ground was all open except 
for the river, and the river, though wide, was shallow, 
ave in winter, and crossed by fords. A few years 
ago» when the Caul was in course of repair, the track 
wms oUinly seen of one of the ancient fords, partly 
paved, so as to funlitate the passage of carnages. 
Then there was a ford higher up — the StakefoRi— 
and one lower down. This then was the weak side 
of the town for defensive purposes. Galloway was a 
friendly province, ho^-ever, and there was no likeli- 
hood of attack in that direction, and the advantage of 
a bodge was this, that it afforded great facilities to a 
friendly party, and opposed the greatest possible diffi- 
coUies to an enemy. Well, that bridge existed, in 
£Kt« no more. Except for the foundations, and one 
or two of the piers, and some of the stones which 
nij^t have been used in the work of reconstruction, 
DevoffgiUa*s bridge disappeared in the year 1620, 
when it was carried away by a flood ; so that what we 
DOW called the Old Bridge dated from the seventeenth 
ccotoiy. It would take some years to build it. 
What we called the New Bridge took three or four 
yean, and it was built with greater facilities in the 
end of last century. The Old Bridge was, however, 
erected on the foundations of the original structure ; 
and it was only right and proper that Devorgilla's 
name should be continued to it, for the purpose of 
pcewrving, in the minds of the people of Dumfries, 
the memory of her munificence. Very probably, too, 
its form would be made closely to resemble the 
owinal ; and to us it was pre-eminently the Old 
Bridge of Domfrics. On that bridge there was a little 
poet-gale at the end of the third arch from the Gallo- 
way side. That marked the boundary division between 
the two districts of Dumfriesshire and Galloway, and 
at that point certain dues were taken by those who 
had anthority in the burgh. Originally the bridge 
dnes were assigned by DevorgiUa to the Monastery. 
Sofasecpiently, when the bridge was rebuilt by the 
vohmtary ^orts of the burgh, out of the common 
eood, assisted by the liberality of private individuals, 
tne king was so much ^surprised and gratified by that 
piaiseworthT conduct that he gave a grant of all 
owtnmi and tolls to the buigh, and these were con- 
veyed as effectually to the burgh as they had previously 
been to the Monastery. Such was, in brief, the history 
of the Old Bridge, excepting that some of its arches 
were r e n ewe d in subsequent years, and there were 
ihoie still living who could remember when, forty 
fean ago, there were seven arches. Most of them, 
bowciei, had seen no more than six, and the sixth 
they had seen in so frail a condition that it had to be 
taken down, and the society had to step forward, 
when the pcooev of reconstruction was about to begin, 
and ask that the lines of the old arch be closely 
followed. The seventh arch referred to was, he 
might mention, taken away to widen the road and 
incTrate the area of the cattle market There was no 
donbt that exaggerated accounts would come down 
from generation to generation of so notable a structure 
as the Old Bridge of Dumfries. There is no record 
of Devocgilla*s bridge except occasional references in 
oU books ; bat there was a tradition that the present 
bridge had thirteen arches at one time. That, he 
tboqglit, was manifestly imaginary. No doubt, look- 



ing at it from a distance, if it had ten arches, and still 
more if it had another, it would have the appearance, 
with the river flowing under it and over the flat land, 
of a bridge of great extent and endless arches. In 
1866 search was made in Brewery Street for traces of 
the building there, and none were found to show that 
it could ever have had more than nine arches. It had 
been their goo<l fortune to come witliin the last few 
days upon what they conceived to have been the 
ninth and last arch. That was a matter about which 
Mr. Barbour would give them more exact and scien- 
tific information tlian he was able to do. At the 
Dumfries end of the bridge there were also grain mills 
formerly — the town mills, which were afterwards 
removed to where they now were on the Maxwelltown 
side of the river. And besides the spring of the ninth 
arch they had come across what seemed to be the 
remains of a mill lade. — Mr. Barbour then read the 
following paper : — Following out the wishes of the 
committee of this society, I beg to make a short state- 
ment in reference to certain masonry which has been 
found in the course of excavations at Mr. Muirhead's 
property. Bridge Street. The old buildings which 
abut upon the narrow street, extending between Bridge 
Street and Brewery Street, at a point exactly opposite 
the Old Bridge, were being demolished to make way 
for improvements, and in excavating the foundations 
the masonry referred to was brought to light. The 
masoniy consists of a wall starting from the east side 
of Bridge Street, and extending eastwards 10 feet 
5 inches, thence in a direction south-east 6 feet 3 
inches, and a^[ain eastwards 40 feet 4 inches, termi- 
nating in a Ime with the Brewery Street end of the 
building belonging to Mr. Foster, situated on the 
opposite side 01 the narrow street before mentioned. 
The depth at which the wall is founded varies, being 
upwards of 10 feet below the sur£u:e of the street, and 
4 feet below the present water-line of the river opposite, 
4. feet below the surface and 9 inches above the water- 
line at Brewery Street, and 6 feet below the surfiBM:e 
and 9 inches below the water-line midway between 
these points. The top line of the wall is also 
irregular, and the work varies in height from 9 feet or 
more at Bridge Street to about 4 reet at its centre, 
and 2} feet at Brewery Street ; and it measures about 
3 feet in thickness. The masonry is solid and strong. 
It is composed of the red sandstone of the district, 
well cemented together with lime mortar, in which is 
a mixture of sheUs, and it is faced on one side, the 
south one, with hewn ashlar, in regular courses about 
1 1 inches in height. The westmost part of the wall 
is in a line with the south side of the Old Bridge. At 
a point 27} feet east of the line of Bridge Street the 
wall is divided in length by an opening 4 feet 3 inches 
wide, the floor of which is 9 inches below the present 
water-line of the river opposite. The opening is con- 
tinued northwards beyond the thickness of the wall, 
under the narrow street ; its sides are of ashlxu*, 
similar to the fadnc of the wall, and rest on their flat 
foimdation-stones, the edges of which are splayed and 
hewn, and project like a base course ; and its top 
appears to have been closed by arching. The west 
end of the masonry is terminated by the remains of 
a large arch, consisting of a sprinmng course, 12 inches 
in height, which projects, and is splayed on the 
top, and 13 thin aich-coorses, their tnickncss being 



THE AUTIQVARY'S NOTE-BOOK. 



abonl 6 tncbes, whicli extend northwuds in the 
direction of crossing the end uf the narrow atreel. 
The atch rinc is oboul 18 inches deep, and its south- 
west angle is chMnfered ; it is of good and taste- 
ful workmanship, and in excellent pieservstion. [We 
ue compelled to postpone the remainder of our report 
tmtil Dext monlh. — Ed.] 



Cfje antiquary's Bote^lBooft. 



RcBtoratioiiB at Westminster Hall. — The 

pulling down of the excrescences of some recent cen- 
luries, but more particularly of those brick and mortar 
attd plaster ad- 



Wcs 



t Hall at 

ihil 



beginning of the 
present era for 
the Law Courts 
lalelj swept 
away, has laid 
bare some of the 
oldest portions 
of the venerable 
structure. Be- 
fore the Law 

erected, there 

mean dwellings 
abutluig on the 
western wall of 
the HaU. The 
original work of 
RllAis was BO far 
embedded, that 
in 1834 only a 
couple of win- 
dows and a 

Sirtion of the string course lold of its existence. 
uring the restorstion of the north front, when 
Cattingham's drawings were made, considerable 
portions were (or a short time uncovered, and again 
at a later period the whole of the Norman walls were 
laid bare, to be recased by Sir Robert Smitke. It 
has remained for (he removal of the Law Courts 10 
uncover permanently the earlier Notman walls, fortu- 
nately in a fairly perfect state of preservation. The 
plans for the reconstruction of the west side of the 
ball have been drawn by Mr. Pearson, R.A., whose 
object, in accordance with the wishes of the First 
Commissioner, has been to recover the aspect pre- 
sented in the lime of Richard II., whilst at Ihc same 
time the existing evidences of (he earlier historical 
work should be preserved , and not be .igain obscured. 
It is proposed, therefore, lo build the wait between 
the buttresses in its originai position, making an open 
cloister with a gallery over it eitending nearly the 
whole length of the hall. This cloister will be 



formed by a series of ardies, which are invested by 
the wall arches inside, by the jambs found against the 
large buttresses, and alao by the evidences supplied 
by Capon, and which latter mdicate what might have 
been the original Irealment. The height of this work 
is accurately marked by the returns of the parapet on 
the buttresses, and from the position of these the 
parapet was probably embattled. On the foundation 
of Henry Ill.'s work the architect hai designed 
a two-sloreyed buildinj; projecting westward, of the 
same height and appearance as the two-storeyed 
cloister, havii^ a high-pitched roof and gable towards 
Si. Margarets Churcli, but in character with the 
Richard II. work. There is evidence of a former hieh- 
pitched roof in this position. The lower floor of uie 
cloister vrill be arranged to form a stand for horses, to 
supply the purposes of the shed at present occupying 
the site. The upper floor of the cloister may be one 
large chamber 
simitar to the 
Eichequei 
Court, and there 
will be itvresi 
to it by a fli^t 
of steps from Uie 
hall, and also an 
approach from 
rfew Palace 
Yard by an 
octagonal turret 
at the north-west 
angle, which will 
occupy a posi- 
tion not far from 
one built by 
Elizabeth. The 
plans also show 
the completion 
of Sir Charlci 
Barry's work on 
the north side 
of St. Stephen's 
Porch in such 




E Law Courts, 



Westminster Hall, befoke t 

the two works. 

First Auction Sale of Books.— "The fini cata- 
logue of books sold by mictan was the library of Dr. 
Seaman ; the second was that of the Rev. Mr. Thomas 
Kidner, A.M., rector of llitchin, in Hartfordshire, be- 
ginningFeb. 6, 1676-7." — W\^%RiiiquiaHeamitaia, 
11. ISS. 

Library at the Castle of Wrexhil. — Leiand has 
the following quaint account i "One thing I likid 
cxcedingly yn one of the Towers that was a study 
caullid Paradise, wher was a closet in the midle of a 
squares laiisid aboute : and at the Toppe of evenr 
square was a Desk ledgid to set Bookes on, and 
cofers wilhyn them, and these semid as yoinid hard 
to the Toppe of the Closet : and vet by Pulling one 
or al wold cum downe, briste higtne in rabettet, and 
serve for Deskes to lay Sokes on, "—Leiand's Ilintrary 
(edit, Heome), vol. 1., p. $4. 

Ancient Municipal Offices. — Some interesting 
allusions to these, at "merry Ceerlel" (Carlisle), are 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



83 



to he fooDd in the btUibd of Adam fiel^ Clym of tJu 
Clmtglu^tSiA Wiliyam o/ClmJtsii, At line 1 73 we read: 

** That lytle boye was tkt tffunu suynt-htardj'^ 

S«e for '• the town swine-herd " Mr. Gomme*s valu- 
able indfx of Municipal Offices^ pp. 32, 74. Again, 
at lines 557-56a we rttd : 

** Of all the constables and catchipolUs 
A]]rue were left not one ; 
The baylyes and the bedyls both. 
And the sergeauntcs of die law.** 

It «oa]tl seem more likely that these last were the 
(town) sergeants than the serjeants-at-law. It should 
also be noted, as bearing on the origin of the mace, 
that the mayor's weapon and its use is specially 
aUnded to. 

'* The mayre of Caerlel forth com wns. 
And with bym a fill great route, 



The mayre came armed a full great pace, 
With a fdlaxe in hys hande. 



The majTie smot at Clondesle with his bil, 
Hys boder he burst in two." 

{Lines 349.50, 353-4, 3578.) 

Compare Thompson's description of the mace : " Ori- 
ginally an implement of war, invented for the purpose 
of braikii^ through the steel hehnets or armour ot the 
cavalry 01 the middle ages. It was borne by the 
chief magistrates of boroughs as a weapon ; some- 
times at the head of the townesmen called forth to 
battle, at others to strike dowm the rebellious towns- 
Bien in dvil turmoils." (Antk^uary, vii., p. 42. cf. 
p. 108.) Thus, in this " pollaxe *^ we may here re- 
cognise the predecessor of the mace. — [Conmiunicated 
by J. II. Round.] 

First Use of Iron Bedsteads. — Oct. 3, 1733. 
" I hear of iron bedsteads in London. Dr. Massey 
totd me of them on Saturday, Sept. 29, 1733. He 
said they were used on account of the buggs, which 
have, since the great fire, been very trouHesome in 
Londoo. ** — Bliss s Reliquiti licamicuuty iii. 105. 

Maidstone Burghmote. — *' It was usual to give 
notice of the Burghmote in the church; but Mr. 
Barrd^ the Minister,* not permitting it any longer, 
this tmirt was afterwards proclaimed in the Mormng 
it was beki, by a Bau Hom^ in several parts of the 
Town ; as it is now h^ Notice in Writing put up in 
a fmblick place.*'— Newton's Historic of Maidstone 
(174SK p. 51. — [Communicated by J. H. Kound.] 

A Lesson from Plutarch. — In the Life of 
PerikUs^ this writer begins by sa3ring: — "One day 
in kome, Caesar seeing some rich foreigners nursing 
and petting young lapdogs and monke>'s, inquired 
whether in their parts of the world the women bore 
no children,'* — an inquiry which might have been 
made with singular pertinence to Henry III. of 
France. But let us proceed a little further, and we 
shall find another passage, which comes nearer home 
both as to place and time. "That was a clever 
saying of Antisth enes ," observes Plutarch, a few lines 

* He watt, M Might be expected, a Laodiao, and was silenced 
asnchia 1643 (Walker's ^■|/SnnM|r'> P- «>«X~J. H. R. 



lower down, "who answered, when he heard that 
Ismenias was a capital flute-player, ' But he must be 
a worthless man, for if he were not, he would not be 
such a capital flute-player.* And King Philip of 
Macedon, when his son played brilliantly and acree- 
ably on the harp at an entertainment, said to him, 
* Are vou not ashamed to play so well ? * It is enou^ 
for a king if he sometimes employs his leisure m 
listening to musicians, and it is quite a sufficient 
tribute from him to the muses, if he is present at the 
performances of other persons." But H.R.H. the 
Duke of Edinburgh is of a diflferent opinion. — [Com- 
municated by W. C. Hazlitt.] 

Book Curses. — "The ancients did not only add 
anathemas at the end of their books to any that should 
steal or abuse them, Init oftentimes they pronounced 
a curse upon such as should carp at the composition 
of the book. Thus in the Bodleian Library there b a 
paraphrase on the Psalms in English verse, and at the 
end this anathema : Quicunqtu alimaverit anathema 
sit. Qui cut fat carmen sit maledictus. Amen," — Bliss*s 
Heliquia Heamiana, vol. i., p. 166. 




antiquarian jQctDis. 



The " Vandals " arc busy in the quaint old town of 
Ludlow. During the last few weeks a fine old 
domicile, situated in the " Narrows " (so called from 
the limited width of the thoroughfare), has been 
pulled down to make room for a more elaborate 
establishment in the shape of a nineteenth-century 
grocer s shop. This old house was one of the linlu 
of the past history of the town, being one of the 
ancient workhouses of our old boroughs erected in the 
reign of Queen Elizabeth. It was in this building 
that the overseers of the poor kept at work the 
indigent inhabitants of the to^-n, upon a stock of 
hemp and wool which was provided by funds raised 
by the more wealthy householders. There were one 
or two interesting old marks upon the premises. The 
tablet upon the front stated tnat " Thomas : Hanky 
Bvylded This Howse : Robart Wryght Beying Over : 
Seer 1576." The coat-of-arms of Sir Henry Sydney, 
the governor of Ludlow Castle. Some good oak 
panelling in one of the lower rooms and a circular oak 
staircase. 

The old annual festival, Shrewsbury Show, was 
celebrated after a fieishion on June 1 6th, the whole of 
the proceedings being a mere burlescjue as compared 
with what the show was when at its best. There was 
a procession through the streets about noon, consisting 
of a couple of bands, with the " Black Prince, 
"Rubens," "Queen Catherine," and a number of 
show people, and they proceeded to the field next the 
cricket field, where there was a large number of shows. 

On 27th June reopening services were held at the 
parish church of Llangendeime to celebrate its re- 
opening after partial restoration. This building is 
one of more than usual interest. It is dedicated to 



84 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



Cjndeym (English, Kentigem), who is said to have 
been the son of Arthog ab Caredig ab Cunedda. 
The church contains many ancient monumental relics, 
and each of the three bells bears an inscription 
dating back to the seventeenth century. Prior to 
the recent restoration, the building had fallen into a 
greater state of decay than any of the many decayed 
churches in this district which have been restored 
during the time of the present bishop and his pre- 
decessor, Dr. Thirlwall. The roof was worn out and 
leaky, the old pews were rotten, the floor was always 
damp, and the whole atmosphere of the place un- 
wholesome and depressing. At the starting a ghastly 
discoverv was made in excavating the floor of the 
nave and ofl* aisles, in which no less than 497 skeletons 
were brought to light and removed to the churchyard. 

The Rev. R. H. Clutterbuck has unearthed among 
the corporation records of Andover some most 
interesting early guild rolls, which will probably be 
published in extenso. 

The parish church Shcrifl'hales has recently been 
restored and reopened. The old high square pews 
have been removed and the west gallery talcen down. 
The chancel, which was on a level with the rest of the 
church, has been raised three steps, and divided from 
the nave by a low stone wall. The pews in the 
chancel have been replaced by choir stalls. The old 
wooden windows in tnc north aisle have been removed 
and stone tracery-headed ones inscrteil. The flat 
ceiling of the north aisle has been removed, leaving 
the old oak roof exposed, which has been repaired as 
far as possible. The hacking off of the old plaster 
revealed some frescoes, illustrating the Creation and 
the Fall of Man, as well as the Sacraments of the 
Church. These were so decayed and imperfect that 
it was impossible to retain them. 

The ancient church of Llangadwaladr, which has 
been undergoing a complete restoration, was reopened 
on 26th June. Describing the unrestored fabric. 
Canon Thomas, in his history of the diocese, says, 
" The church is one of three dedicated in memory of 
Cadwaladr Fendigaid, King of the Britons, the wake 
or festival being held on October 9th. It is small and 
plain, of early date, with a south porch and western 
bell-gable. The east window a trefoiled triplet. It 
was restored in 1840, at an expense of about ;£'300, to 
which fund the Viscount Dungannon was the chief 
contributor. The massive communion plate, consisting 
of flagon, chalice, and patten, were the gift of his 
ancestor. Sir John Trevor, of Brynkinalt, Master of 
the Rolls. In the churchyard are some very fine yew 
trees of great size and age." The church, which was 
in a very dilapidated condition, has been thoroughly 
repaired ; the roofing entirely renewed, the old semi- 
circular plaster ceiling removed, and the rafters 
boarded to the apex of the roof. The old prindpids 
have been cleaned and strengthened and the west 
gallery removed. The old wood window-frames have 
also been removed, and trefoil-headed stone windows 
inserted. 

At a late meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire 
Antiquarian Society at Lancaster, it was announced 
that tne Duke of Devonshire has undertaken, at his 
own cost, to publish the cartularies of Fumess Abbey. 



A silver coin, rather larger than the ordinary siz- 
penccf, and in tolerably good condition, was on July 
1st shown to the corr^npondent of the Yarkskin 
Gazette by Mr. William Thompson, a paper maker, 
employed at the Richmond Mills, who had found it 
in a slip of earth from Richmond Castle yard. On 
one side the date 1572 was very distinct, whilst on 
the other side was the crowned head of Queen Eliza- 
beth, a representation of a rose being placed just 
behind the crown of Her Majesty. 

An interesting discovery is reported firom Gibraltar, 
a diver having found at the bottom of the sea from 80 
to 100 large guns and two anchors. These articles 
are believed to be relics of the battle of Tra£Ugar. 

Saturday morning, June 28th, the dav fixed for the 
historical pageant in commemoration of the legend of 
the Piper of Hamelin, opened fovourably. The weather 
was magnificent, and crowds poured into the town, 
many of the visitors coming from long distances. All 
the streets were decorated, in many instances with 
much artistic taste. The procession was the chief 
feature of the festivities. 

Bickington Church has been reopened after being 
completely restored. The first thing to be noted, we 
believe, in the restoration is the charmingly quaint lych- 
gate on the south side, through which me worshipper 
approaches the church. It is of half-timbered fifteaAh- 
century oak-work, and is an excellent example. The 
actual gates themselves have gone ; but the *' oldest 
inhabitant," and several of his more juvenile com- 
panions, distinctly remember their existence, and 
carved oak joists of the originals still remain in situ. 
Over the lych-gate is a parvoise-chamber, in which, in 
the old days, resided the officiating priest. The 
ancient font, which is octagonal, has been removed 
from the midst of the north arcade, and placed at the 
south-west end of the church. It is surmounted by a 
remarkably (quaint oak cover. This belongs to the 
Debased penod, but is of interest as a diaracter- 
istically conceived sample of Jacobean work. Its 
panels are alternately ornamented by foliage carv- 
ing and the heads of seraphim. This font-cover was 
placed in the hands of Mr. Harry Hems, and has been 
renovated by him« All the old mural tablets have been 
carefully preserved. Of the sacred vessels the flagon is 
pewter, and dates from early in the last century. The 
chalice and paten are more andeiit, the former dating 
from 1575. In the vestry are two very old oak- 
chests. 

On July 1st the Rev. J. J. Christie, vicar of Ponte- 
firact, opened a museum of great historic interest, Lord 
Houghton being engaged in London and unable to 
perform the ceremony. The building devoted to the 
preservation of relics in connection with Pontefract 
Castle and the district, including many objects of 
Roman times, is situated at the entrance to the Castle 
erounds, and in a portion of the ruins of the Castle 
building remodelled for the purpose. 

The good old term ''scot" is still in full use in 
Sussex. The annual " Watercourt '* for the Lewes 
and Laughton levels was held at Lewes on the i ith 
June, and " a general scot of Zd, an acre " was sanc- 
tioned. The mterests of the ''scotpayers" were 
much discussed. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



8S 



Tbe report of the British Museam submitted to 
PvUaunent shows that during 1883 the number of 
pcfiOQs admitted to riew the general collections (ex- 
dnsiTe of readers) was 660,^57. The number of 
visits to the reading-room and other departments for 
tbe purpose of study or research was 859,856. 
Deahng with the general progress of the Mu<;eum, 
tbe report says: — "The removal of the natural his- 
tory collections to the new museum in Cromwell Road 
hAving been completed, the rooms in Bloomsbury in 
which tbe soologica] collections had been exhibited 
have been applied to the accommodation of the 
departments remaining there. This has enabled the 
keeper of the department of Oriental antiquities to 
Bake a more extensive exhibition of Egyptian objects 
of varioos characters in a system of instructive classifi- 
catioQ ; the ancient vases and terra-cottas, the bronzes 
and tbe ancient paintings have been rearranged and 
More ioUy displayed by the keeper of Greek and 
Roman antiquities ; British and mediaeval collections 
bave been placed on exhibition ; the glass and porcelain 
coUectioos have been brought togewer in one room ; 
an extensive ethnographical collection, including the 
oootents of the Christy Museum, transferred from 
Victoria Street, is in process of geographical arrange- 
mcBt in the long gaUery formerly occupied by the 
collection of birds. In the gallery lately occupied by 
tbe British soological collection, coins and medals of 
all coontriea, together with photographs of drawings 
of the old masters, and of early engravings of the 
ItaUan and Flemish schools, have been exhibited.'* 

Oo a I St June Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson, & 
Hodge ooDclnded at their rooms, Wellington Street, 
Strand, Loodon, the sale of a fine aUlection of coins. 
Prices ruled high, but the sums paid for Scottish silver 
p^*»»*^ and other Scottish coins* were extraordinary. 
Tbe most interesting lots were as follows : — Scottish 
&hvr Cmms, — David I. penny, £^ i$s, (Rollin) ; 
aootber specimen from the same dies, but differently 
strode, £S 2x. 6J, (Verity) ; uncertain penny, attn- 
boted by Lindsay to Malcolm IV., usual type of 
David 1. 00 reverse, ;^7 ; 2 pennies, Roxburgh RavL 
On. Roc ; RavL Der Lig ; 3 William the Lion 
pennies, doable cross, Roxburgh. ;^4 15/. ; William 
tbe Lioo penny, bearded head to right, ^5 12s. 6J. 
(RoUin) ; Alexander II. peimy with the sceptre with 
legendary circle, £g ; Alexander II. penny, beard- 
less bead to right, name of mint obliterated, unioue 
and mpablished, fractured, /12 ; Alexander itl. 
penny, same type, Berwick, ^6 icr. ; six David II. 
groats, Edinburgh, ;f3 15/. ; David II. groat, Aber- 
deen, £4 4/. ; Robert II. penny, Perth, TOod state, 
£j (Rollin) ; Tames IL groat, Edinburgh, fleur-de-lis, 
pcOct type, £3 ^* » James IV. half-groat, good por- 
trait, in splemiid condition, ;(22 i8f. ; James IV. 
balfjpoat, full face, £14; Mary testoon 1553, 
crowned bead, £j 7/. ; Mary, pattern of jetton, un- 
dated, M under a crown between thistles, both 
crowned, jCl2 ; Mary testoon, with widowed bust, 
ic6l, jf 12 v. ; Mary and Henry, one- third ryal. 1565, 
£^ iGtr. ; Mary sola ryal, with vgris for vtWx, £^ 31. ; 
lames VI. two-thirds sword dollar, 1568, £6 ; James 
Vl. thistle doUar, 1579. £6 7s. 6d. ; James VI. two 
shilling jiiece, 1581, arms of Scotland on the obverse, 
tbi^ between I.R. on reverse, £$$ icv. ; 



James VI., first coinage after the English Accession, 
six shilling piece Scottish or sixpence sterling, 1625, 
£y Js. Scottish Gold Coins. — Robert III., St. Andrew, 
close nimbus like a cowl round the head of the saint, 
£7 15^.; Robert III., St. Andrew, short cross, ;f 6 
\os. ; James III., rider, ^6 zs. 6J. ; James IV., uni- 
corn, old English lettering on the obverse, £S ; James 
IV., unicorn, crown, ^17 ; James V. ecu, wonls on 
both sides divided by two annulets, ;f 26 los. ; Mary 
lion, or forty-four shilling piece, £4. ; another, the 
escutcheon, smaller than on the usual variety, ^^33 ; 
Mary portrait ryal, or three pound piece, 1558, fine, 
£1$; James VI. thistle noble, £$ los. ; James VI. 
hat piece, 1593. / 12 S^. ; James VI. rider, iS94t£^ 
los, ; James VI. sword and sceptre piece, 1594, rare, 
;£'22 ; Charles I. half unit, by Falconer, yfi2. 

Thorvald Stolberg has supplied a bibliography of 
important English works on Scandinavian Literature, 
which has been added to F. W. Horn's work, 
recently translated by R. B. Anderson, under the 
title of " History of the Literature of the Scandina- 
vian North." The bibliography includes over a 
thousand separate works and editions covering nearly 
one hundrea pages of the book, which is a manual for 
scholars, and not intended for popular reading. 

The city of Winchester, on 26th June, commemorated 
the seven hundredth anniversary of its incoqMration 
by a series of festivities, in which the Lonl Mayor of 
London, the Bishop of the diocese, and a numlK.-r of 
provincial chief magistrates, including the Mayor of 
Newcastle-on-Tyne, took part. The procetxlings 
included a procession to the catheilral, where the 
Dean delivered an address, in which he traced the 
gradual growth of freedom under municipal institu- 
tions. The day's engagements included a luncheon 
at the Castle Hall, which dates from the reign of 
Henry III., an exhibition of ancient charters and 
documents relating to the early history of the city, 
extending over a thousand years, and a torchlight 
procession, in which tableaux illustrative of various 
remarkable scenes in the history of the city formed a 
prominent feature. The joint committee of the cor- 
poration and citixens will publish A Collection 0/ 
Charters aud Other Reayrds fllustrcUive of the 
AfunieipcU History of the Town^ a proposal which we 
hail with pleasure. Mr. Stopher could not signalize 
his year of^office better. 





CorcesponDence* 

PLACE-NAMES. 
[Ani€f p. 6.] 
It is at all times dangerous and sometimes very 
misleading to generalise on place-names. The writer 
of a paper entitled ** Field- Name and Toponymical 
Collections " has ventured very widely a-ficld on this 
subject. Thus, to single out one oidy of his specula- 
tions, at p. 7 of The Antiquary, we find an as- 
sumed sept or tribe of HoUin^as evolved from the 
place-names HoUingsbury, Hollingdean, and HoUing- 
ton, all in Sussex i but we have also Hollingboume 



86 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



in Kent, HoUingdon in Bucks, Hollinghill in North- 
umberland, HoUington in Derbyshire, also in Staflford- 
shire, HoUingworth in Cheshire, HoUingwood in 
Lancashire ; truly all these HoUingas were very 
wide-spread ! But that is not all ; as variants we 
have : Hayling in Surrey and Hants, which lead up to 
Hailing in Kent, Hallingbury in Essex, Hallington 
in Lincolnshire and Northumbei'land ; then again, 
Hillingdon in Middlesex, Hillington twice in Norfolk. 
Now, on this scheme, we must either assume that 
the one tribe of HoUingas has mutated by vowel 
change with a and % or admit two other tribes, viz., 
Hallingas and Hillingas, and so on throughout the 
whole alphabet. Let us, however, rather bury Mr. 
Kemble*s theory, and start afresh. 

A. H. 
Brighton. 



CLIFTON ANTIQUARIAN CLUB. 
\AnU, p. 38.] 

I cannot agree with the remarks of your correspon- 
dent upon the colouring of the effigy of Sir John 
Hautville in Chew Magna Church. I think instead 
of painting the figure according to the taste of the 
then incumbent of the parish or of the architect, the 
old and, as far as was apparent, the original colouring 
should have been strictly preserved and no indulgence 
allowed to fancy. I have a good drawing of the figure 
as it appeared before the ** restoration.*' 

With respect to the tomb of Sir John St. Loe, I 
cannot endorse the opinion of the gentlemen who 
made the "careful inspection," and found that the 
head and legs had been restored, and that the latter 
had been crossed. I believe the head to be the 
original one, with the exception of the nose, which 
was very badly restored about twenty years ago. The 
hands were also restored at the same time, and very 
badly done. I believe the legs are original ; the 
supposition (from whatever source derived) that 
crossed legs had formerly occupied the place of the 
present ones, I think must be erroneous, as the monu- 
ment is long posterior to the epoch of crossed-legged 
figures. 

One word about the iron railing which formerly 
surrounded the Baber tomb, the removal of whicn 
appears to have exercised the minds of some of the 
visitors not a little. It may be gratifying to them to 
know that the supposed ** hmidsome hammered 
iron screen '* was in fact a simple iron railing, and 
possessed neither beauty nor interest. 

Wm. Adlam 

(Of Chew Magna). 

The Hurst, Bournemouth. 



ESSEX AND SUFFOLK. 

[Antty p. 38.] 

Being interested, like Mr. Hamblin Smith, in the 
antiquities of these counties, I am glad to be able to 
inform him that it is proposed to start an antiquarian 
column, about a month hence, in one of the very 
papers he mentions, namely I'he Essex Standard and 



West Suffolk Gazette^ published weekly at Colchester. 
It will include, as sugggested by Mr. Hamblin Smith, 
copious extracts from old papers, such as the Ipswich 
ymmal. J. H. Round. 

Brighton. 



SILCHESTER. 
(viii. 134.) 



CALLEVA. 
(viii. 39, 85.) 



No doubt Calleva existed in the time of Augustus, 
and long before ; but after the time of Ptolemy and 
Antoninus the name is only mentioned or heard of in 
history in the Revennas, of unknown date. 

But it is not so with Caer-Segout. No doubt this 
also " was a town in the very earliest times of the 
Roman rule " ; but the inscriptions found on its site 
(Silchester) refer probably not to the emperors 
Septimus Severus (A.D. 194 to 212), nor Alexander 
Severus (a.d. 222 to 235), but to the Roman 
governor, Severus, sent into Britain a.d. 367, when the 
city, newly built by Constantius twelve or fifteen yean 
before, would be **inits glory" — ^but Camden states 
that A.D. 407 Constantine was made emperor at Caer- 
Segout ; and this shows that at thcu date Caer-Sqgout 
was known and recognised by thai name. 

Sir Francis Palgrave, in his History of the Angio* 
Saxons, gives a map of England a.d. 491, where there 
appear Caer-Gwent (loco Windiester) and Caer- 
Segeut (loco Silchester). 

In a subsequent map of the Anglo-Saxon Empire 
he gives Winton-ceaster and Retding as places of 
most importance ; and in a further map A.D. 1051, 
Winton-ceaster and Reading again appear ; so that in 
the interval between 491 and 105 1 Caer-Segout, aluu 
Silchester, or the Great Camp or fortified city, had 
disappeared as a place of any importance in historv. 

But Caer-Segout, after being enlarged and fortified 
with stone walls by Constantius, the son of Constantine 
the Great (circa 353), no doubt became the capital or 
seat of government of the province of Britannia Prima, 
and was evidently a place of first class importance, 
and if, as is probable, a large army-corps were stationed 
or assembled there, it is not improbable that the army 
might take on itself to elevate whomever it thought 
proper to be its commander. 

Accordingly, we learn that A.D. 407, the Vandals 
threatening Britain from Gaul, as well as the Picts and 
Scots, the Roman army in Britain for some reason 
revolted, and declared Marcus emperor, who was 
murdered almost immediately, and Gratian, a Briton, 
was named, who was deposed and killed four months 
after ; when the army elected Constantine, a private 
soldier, who was made emperor merely for the sake 
of his name, in the hope of success against the enemy. 
Now to do all this implies an army of great numben^ 
and a castrum or fortification of great extent, such as 
we know of Silchester, to contain il ; but, nevertheless, 
it is recorded that it took place at Caer-Segout and 
not at Calleva. The inference is too plain to need 
pointing to. 

The Romanized Britons naturally continued to 
occupy Caer-Segout until driven out, and it was 
destroved by the Saxons or Danes; but to this day 
their descendants, the Welshmen, know and recognize 
Silchester by no other name than Caer-Segout. This 
seems conclusive that Silchester is not Calleva ; and 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



87 



wc are therefore at liberty to look for another site for 
the Utter. 

Then as to Calleva, last autumn I made a second 
exploration at Calvepit Fann, Reading ; and I found 
that the farm homestead, which is very ancient, is 
built and stands in a laxge dbused marl-pit, and the 
entire locality is chalk marl ; and there are two other 
large pits, one near a furlong in length, and some 
(Duller, from which it b difhcult to believe that all 
the marl taken could have been used solely for the 
|mrpo«es of husbandry. 

uikier the head of Tadcaster, Yorks, which 
Camden considers to be the Roman '* Calcaria," he 
derives that name from calx^ chalk, or lime. So 
likewise the name Calleva may have come from the 
tame root. 

I must confess that on this occasion I could find no 
indications of any city having existed there. But on 
the other hand I must say also that there is not the 
slightest reason to doubt that a great city may have 
eaisted there without leaving any such indications. 
First consider that seventeen and a half centuries have 
elapsevl since Hadrian's journeys. Next, that a British 
town would not have a stone, nor brick, nor tile or 
slate used in its houses, but only timber and wattle, 
made of the marl and thatch ; and so nothing to 
leave any remains. Again, admitting for the sake 
of ar^^ment the latest theory, '*that every station 
which leads and " every station which terminates an 
Iter was walled,** it does not follow as probable that 
only forty jrears aAer the subjugation of the island by 
Agricula all the stations would have walls of stone 
masonry. Palgrave says even that London wall was 
boilt, it is supposed, about the age of Constan- 
tine ijia to 337). In 924 Edward ** timbered ** the 
boigh of Withiam, and temp, Edward Confessor the 
great towns of Elngland were quite open, or fortified 
only by stockades and banks, or perhaps a ruinous 
Roman m-all. Therefore it is not probable that A.D. 
120 a town near Reading on this marl subsoil was 
Ibrtified l^ anything better than a timber stockade 
filled in with marl ; which, together with the houses, 
would account for the large quantity excavated and 
removed from the various pits. 

The destruction of the aty and its defences would 
be no doubt by fire ; and in the ages of years since 
ela{«ed, both the ashes and marl have become merged 
in and amalgamated and levelled by cultivation with 
the soil ; and thus most or all trace or indication of the 
site liKt, and nothing remains to attest that it ever 
cxisterl there, but the coins scattered about the fields 
of Calvepit (Callevapit) Farm and the gardens of 
Soathcot Manor House, which have been, and are lieing, 
(aand — Haw tlst are these to be accounted fori 

In due time a successor and new Roman town was 
luazhied, but not exactly on the same spot, and that 
saccei^^or, as indicated by Palgrave, is Reading. 

H. F. Nappe R. 
LoKwood, Sussex. 



DOUBLE PLURALS. 

\Ante^ ix., p. 143.] 

Mr. Fry can add to his double plurals " hoUins ** 
(-hoUics), as used in the West Riding. There are 



many old houses called ** Hollins." One commonly 
so called is Mrrittcn in an indenture, dated 1 624, 
**Thick-hollinges," to which my attention was called 
two days ago. 

Thomas Cox. 
Hipperholm, near Halifax. 
May 7th, 18S4. 



CURIOUS MARRIAGE BILL. 

[Ante, p. 27.] 

I am sure many of the readers of The Antiquary 
would like to know more of the remarkable Bill to 
legalize the marriage of men with as many wives as 
they please not excecJini; twehe. Who was Mr. 
Mallet, and for what constituency did he sit ? — What 
l>ecame of the Bill ? R. B. P. 



CHURCH PLATE DISCOVERED AT SHORE- 

DITCH. 

[Ante, p. 239.] 

In reply to your correspondent, Veargitt W. 
Maughan. I beg to say that the following particu- 
lars of an alleged discovery on the site of the ** Bonnet 
Box ^ were published at the time. A chest 6 feet long, 
3} wide, and 3 deep, was found buried at a consider- 
able depth from the surface, in that part which had 
not been built upon. It was with difficulty the chest 
was removed, the weight l)eing very great. On being 
opened, it was said to contain a large quantity of chur(m 
plate, consisting of a ciborium, two silver pyxes, an 
antique chalice, an elalx>ratclv chased sanctuary lamp 
of great size, and a numl)er ot other articles. Opposite 
the spot stood Holywell Priory, and it is known that 
at the dissolution of the monasteries many objects of 
art which decorated the churches disappeared, and 
were never accounted for. 

I have been informed, however, that, though the 
report became current in the public papers, the whole 
thmg was a fabrication and on imposition — no plate 
whatever was found. 

John Alt Porter. 

Blackheath. 



ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. 

Correction.— i^/ii;?, p. 28, col. i, **Jasi^r W. of Bed- 
ford " should be, of course, Jasper Duke of Bedford. 

Robinson (G.) — Thanks for the report ; we hope to 
use it next month. 

Smith (H. W.). — We are sorry the report came too 
late for this month. 

BowKER (JAS.).— We have forwarded your letter to 
Mr. Barclay. 

Harrison (Richard).— We should be glad to hear 
from you on the subject you suggest 

Hall (Hubert).— Wc regret your letter (in reply) 
could not be inserted this month« 



88 



THE ANTIQUARY EXCHANGE. 



Cbe antiauar? CrcDange. 



Efulose ^jf<^ '^ First 12 IVords, and id, for each 
Additional Three Words, All replies to a number should 
be enclosed in a blank envelope^ with a loose Stamp^ and 
sent to the Manager, 

Note, — All Advertisements to reach the office by 
the iSth of the months and to be addressed— The 
Manager, Exchange Department, The Anti- 
quary Office, 62, Paternoster Row, London, 
E.C. 

For Sale. 

Some fine old Poesy Gold Rings for sale. — For 
particulars, apply 220, care of Manager. 

Recollections of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, by T. Ilall 
Caine, large paper edition, price 2iJ. Paul ana Virginia, 
with eight etchings in duplicate (50 copiesonly printed), 
bound m parchment, 251. Sharpens British Theatre, 
eighteen vols., 32mo calf, covers of one vol. damaged; 
London, printed by John Whittingham, Dean Street, 
for John Sharpe, opposite York House, Piccadilly, 
1804-5 ; very fine engraved title-page to each volume, 
and portrait of W. H. W. Betty as Douglas ; book- 
plate of Francis Hartwell in each volume, 20f. 
Caxton's Game and Playe of the Chesse, 1474 ; a 
verbatim reprint of the first edition, with an intro- 
duction by William £. A. Axon, M.R.S.L., forming 
part of the first issue of ** The Antiauary's Library, 
7 J. 6d, Shakspeare as an Angler, by Kev. H. N. 
Ellacombe, M.A., vicar of Bitton, 1883, parchment, 
los, 6d, ; very rare. Advice from a Mother to her 
Son and Daughter, written originally in French by 
the Marchioness de Lambert ; done into English by 
a gentleman, mdccxxix, i8mo, calf, is, 6d. The 
Juvenile Forget -me-Not, edited by Mrs. Clara Hall ; 
illustrated by fine engravings in steel, 2s. 6d, CEuvrcs de 
Monsieur de Boissy contenant, Soir Th^Stre Fran9ois 
and Italian, Nouvelle (fdition, eight volumes old calf, 
with book plate of Princess Sophia, A. Amsterdam, 
etc., a Berlin Chez Jean Neaulme,Libraire, mdcclxviii, 
los. The Bab Ballads, original edition, in paper 
boards, 2s, 6d, — 191, care of Manager. 

Casseirs Magazine of Art, vols, i to 6. The first 
three vols, in half morocco, and the last three in half 
roan, very fine copy, price £^ the set. — 190, care of 
Manager. 

Practice of the Exchequer Court, with its several 
Offices and Officers, by Sir T. F. London, 1658, 
very quaint. The Manuscript Journal of His Majesty's 
ship Ocean, 1780-81-82. Also have other book cu- 
riosities. — Address D. G. G., Buildwas, Ironbridge, 
Salop. 

All antiques : Carved Oak Chest, panelled, 26s. 6d. ; 
Escritoire Oak Bureau, solid, $os. ; ditto, 3-drawer 
Cromwell Table, 2$s, 6d. ; Cromwellian Oak 8-legged 
nicely turned Table, 21s. 6d, ; Chippendale Secretary 
Bookcase, ^10 ; Chippendale Chairs, los. each. — 
Mr. Hetherington, Wnttle, Essex. 

Book Plates {ex libris) for sale at 3//. each (unless 
otherwise stated), as follows : — Hessey, Francis, 
(Ditto D.C.L.); Hill, George Gossett ; Holland 
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THE GRIFFIN. 



89 




The Antiquary. 




SEPTEMBER, 18S4. 




Ct)e Griffin. 

By Edward Peacock. F.S.A. 

|HE griffin is ''a fictitious animal 

compounded of the eagle and the 

lion;'' thus curtly is this beast or 

fowl, for we must be careful that 

we do not speak unadvisedly in a matter 

of classification, dismissed by the best of 

our modem heraldic writers.* 

Guillim is more reverential, though he 
indicates scepticism by classing the griffin 
with the wivem, the mermaid, and the cock- 
atrice, telling us also that Saint Augustine 
says (where we are not informed) that such 
*' monsters cannot be reckoned among those 
good creatures that God created before the 
transgression of Adam : for of these did God, 
when He took the survey of them, pronounce 
to be volde bonar\ 

From the number of heraldic bearings he 
^ves, in which the griffin or parts thereof 
figure as charges, we may be quite sure 
that its existence was fully credited in the 
middle ages. A bird under that name, pro- 
bably the Grypaetus harbatus, is mentioned 
in the Vulgate version of Holy Scripture 
among the fowls of the air that are unclean : 
^ Immundas ne comedatis : aquilam scilicet, 
et gryphem, et halioectum.*']: 

The Douay version renders this **ihe eagle, 
the grype, and the osprey.*' Bartholomew 
Glanvil in his Z>^ Proprittatibus Rerum gives 
but a meagre account of the griffin, almost 
every word of which is taken fi^om the old 
Ghaa ardinaria^ which was the popular com- 
mentaiy on Holy Scripture before the publi- 
catioo of tfie great commentary of Nicholas 

• CSfaff. 9f Ttrms m British Heraldry, 1847, p. 153. 

IDispUty 0f HtraUry^ 1679, p. 193. 
DcoLxnr. 12. 



de Lyra. He says— we quote John Trevisa's 
version, which he tells us he made for ** Syre 
Thomas Lorde, of Berkeley," a work which, 
we may remark by the way, deserves careful 
editing and reprinting almost more than any 
of the remains of our older literature, — 

A Grype hyghte Griphes, and is accounted amongc 
volatiles, Deutronomi xiiii., and there theglose saythe, 
that the grype is foure foledde, and lykc to the ecle 
in heed and in wynges, and is lyke to the lyon in the 
other parte of the body, and dwelleth in those hyllcs 
that ben called Hyperlwrei, and ben most cnmyes to 
horses and men, and greueth them moste, and layeth 
in his nest a stone that hyght Smaragdus agaynstc 
vencmous beastcs of the mounta>'nc.* 

Marco Polo and the writer of the book of 
travels which passes under the name of Sir 
John Mandeville, both mention the griffin, 
but neither of them had ever seen one. We 
do not indeed remember ever to have heard 
of any person who professed to have come 
in contact with the creature alive, though 
its portraits, heraldically treated, must have 
been very common in the middle ages. Not 
to mention any of the very numerous coats 
of arms in which the griffin figures, it was a 
common object of adornment of jewellery and 
embroider)', and often appears on seals. The 
Black Prince possessed a set of hangings 
ornamented with eagles and griffins, t and 
Richard H. had brooches with griffins on 
them.J 

A very curious griffin-seal was found in the 
ruins of the Cistercian Abbey of Stratford- 
Langthome, in Essex, in 1792. The animal 
is represented in the ordinary heraldic man- 
ner, with the lion's body and the wings and 
head of an eagle. Around the margin is in- 
scribed " Nuncio vobis gaudium et salutem." 
In whose possession this interesting seal is 
at present we know not. An engraving of 
it is given in the Gentleman's Magazine.% 
The correspondent who sent the drawing signs 
G. B., and dates his communication from 
Dover. He says, " Whether it was the abbey 
seal or a private one I must leave better 
judges to decide." Its character gives us no 
room to doubt that it was a private sigillum. 
The question is, however, removed into the 
region of certainty by the fact of an impres- 

• Book XII., chap, xix., edit. 1535, fol. 171. 
' Archaohgia, xxiz. 34. 

Ibid^ p. 3S. 

1793, Part II., p. 985. 

H 



90 



THE GRIFFIN. 



sion of the conventual seal, bearing a figure 
of our Blessed Lady with the Divine Infant 
in her arms, and inscribed, " Sigill com . . . 
de Stretforde," being in existence, attached to 
the surrender of the house.* 

Although no man had ever, as far as we 
have ascertained, the effrontery to tell 
the world that he had really seen a live 
griffin, objects relating to griffins were not 
uncommon. There were no museums in the 
middle ages. The churches seemed to our 
forefathers, who had no idea of a hard line 
separating science and religion, the proper 
home of all such objects of art or of nature 
as were in their eyes holy, beautiful, or 
curious. In the church of St. Denis there 
was formerly preserved the claw of a griffin 
which had been sent by a monarch of Persia 
to the Emperor Charles the Great t 

We have several times come across the 
mention of griffins' eggs among ecclesiastical 
treasures, but have failed to note exact 
references. In one case only has our 
memory not played us false. In an inven- 
tory of the goods of the guild of the Holy 
Trinity of Coventry, taken in 1442, there 
occurs, " A whyte grypes eye that weyeth xxi 
unce." t We do not think that there is here 
absolute certainty, but no reasonable doubt 
can be entertained that this was the egg of an 
ostrich. That it was a custom to suspend 
the eggs of ostriches near to shrines is known 
from many sources. We ourselves possess 
an egg of this kmd, which a long train of 
traditional evidence affirms to have once 
hung in York Minster. 

The most interesting griffin relic of which 
we have any knowledge has but recently 
been brought under notice. If we said dis- 
covered we should not much overstate the 
case, for although it has long rested in the 
British Museum, we think that we are right 
in saying that its existence was unknown to 
those antiquaries to whom it would have 
been an object of especial interest. At a 
meeting of the Society of Antiquaries, held 
on February 22nd, 1883, Mr. C. H. Read 
exhibited a drawing of a griffin's claw, the 
original of which is preserved in the British 

♦ Mon, Ang,^ v. 586. 

t William Jones, Credulities Past and Present, 
p. 349. No reference is given for this statement. 
X Proc, See, Ant,, 11 S., vol. v., p. 122. 



Museum. How it came there is now un- 
known, though, as will be seen, it was, in all 
probability, at one time a part of the Cotton 
collection, and was passed over with the 
manuscripts. The report of the meeting at 
which this griffin's claw was exhibited has 
appeared in the number of the Proceedings 
of the Society of Antiquaries which was cir- 
culated among the fellows a few weeks ago. 
The object is described by the gentleman 
who exhibited the drawing as appearing to 
be *' the horn of some animal, considerably 
curved like that of an ibex, but with a smooth 
surface." What, however, gives special 
interest to this relic is an inscription on a 
silver mount, which appears to be of the 
sixteenth century, — 

^ GRYPHI VNGVIS DIVO 
CVTHBERTO DVNKLMENSI 
SACER.* 

The great church of Durham was renowned 
for its vast collection of rare, costly, and beau- 
tiful things, at a time when our laige churches 
were vast treasure-houses. We had hitherto 
entertained the sad conviction that every one 
of the lovely and glorious things which it 
contained had perished in the spoliation of 
Henry VIII. *s days, or passed into the 
maws of the greedy cormorants who bat- 
tened on the Church's remaining treasures, 
during the short and most unhappy reign of 
his son. That these treasures must have been 
scattered in all directions we knew. Surtees, 
the Durham historian, thought he had dis- 
covered a trace of one of them in the inven- 
tory of the goods of a certain Anne Swift, who 
was the daughter of Thomas Leaver, a noted 
minister of the Reformed faith. This lady 
possessed *' one figure of Sent Cudbert with 
jewels and ivory." At the risk of being 
blamed by unimaginative folk for a digres- 
sion, we must quote the picturesque verses 
which this short entry in an old law paper 
suggested to the northern poet-antiquaiy. 
They are almost unknown to readers of this 
generation, who are not so fortunate as to 
possess a copy of the very scarce volume firom 
which we make our extract.t It is entitled, 

* 1 1 S., vol. ix., p. 2^0. 

t Taylor's Memoir of Robert Sartees, Suitees See., 
No. 24, p. 256. 



THE GRIFFIN. 



9> 



THE VISITORS THREE. 

Before them lay a flittering stone, 

The Abbey s plundered wealth, 

The garment of cost, and the bowl emboss*d, 
And wassail cup of health. 

And riches still from Saint Cuthbert's shrine, 
The chalice, the alm*ry, and pix ; 

The image where gold and where ivory twine. 
And the shatter*d crucifix. 

And the visitors three, with wicked glee, 

Sit feasting full and high ; 
And still as they drink, they sit and think 

Of the devil and King Henery.* 

The inscription on the claw, if taken alone, 
would furnish most persons with sufficient 
e\'idence for believing that this object is a 
relic that has been most unexpectedly pre- 
served to us from the hands of the sixteenth 
century spoilers. The inscription, however, 
does not stand alone. Mr. Read quotes evi- 
dence which proves that in 1383 there were 
upon the third shelf of the shrine of Saint 
Cuthbert, in Durham Cathedral, " two claws 
of a griffin,'* and in a notice of the Cotton 
library, written early in the last century, also 
quoted by Mr. Read, we find that there were 
at that time in the library many relics which 
had belonged to the dissolved religious houses, 
and that among others was '* the claw of a 
griffin with a silver hoop.*' The annotator 
goes on to speak of a Saxon inscription, 
which has either been lost or was a mistake 
on his part, probably by confounding this 
claw with some other object he saw there. The 
Cotton library was much injured by a fire 
which occurred in the house where it was kept, 
in Little Dean's Yard, Westminster, in 1731. 
It is probable that at this time most of the 
monastic relics perished. The persons who 
rescued the books that were not consumed, 
would feel that their first duty was to preserve 
them. The griffin's claw was probably saved 
by accident, perhaps it was in a more secure 
place than the others, it was almost certainly 
of much less inflammable nature than many 
of them. 

Of the age of the claw it is impossible to 
speiL If there were a Saxon inscription 
upon it that has now perished ; it may be of 
▼eiy remote antiquity— brought over perhaps 
by some pilgrim from Rome, in the early 
days of Northumbrian Christianity. If, on the 

* The nortfaem prooimciation of Henry. 



other hand, the Saxon inscription be a mere 
mistake, or an error of interpretation, we have 
no means whatever of fixing its date, beyond 
the fact that it must have been acquired by 
the Church at some period before Saint 
Cuthbert ceased to be an object of public 
devotion. Such objects were, we believe, 
frequently brought home from the Holy Land 
by crusaders. It is of course mere fancy, 
but we ourselves are inclined to dream that 
it may have come fi^m the East, among the 
baggage of some one of the great northern 
houses ; a Percy, a Scrope, a Nevil, a Grey, a 
Heron, or a Swinburne may have picked it 
up in some far eastern land, and have pre- 
sented it to the great wonder-worker of the 
north, who, a wanderer like himself. 

Chose his lordly seat at last 
Where his cathedral, huge and vast, 
Looks down upon the Wear. 

AfarmwM, 11^ xiv. 

Such a man would be full of faith not 
only in spiritual things, but in things natural 
also. Though he had never seen a griffin 
in his own wanderings, he would no doubt 
have met with many an eastern story-teller 
who assured him that he himself had been 
far more fortunate. Such a traveller would 
have no doubt whatever as to the genuine- 
ness of the relic which he imported, and it 
would be received by the guairdians of the 
shrine with equally simple faith. 

The inscription it appears is certainly not 
older than the sixteenth century. Mr. Read 
suggests that possibly the original mount 
may have been removed, and this latter one 
put in its place. We think it highly pro- 
bable that whatever gold or silver there was 
may have been swept away with the other 
precious objects, the absence of which 
we deplore, in the reigns of Henry VIII. 
and Edward VI. The only thing that would 
be valued would be its garniture of precious 
metal ; if this were reft away the griffin*s claw 
would be of no interest to its new owners, 
and may have been cast aside, or given 
away as a child's plaything. When the rites 
of earlier times were restored under Queen 
Mary, we may be sure any of the objects 
that had been valued in earlier times would, 
if recovered, be reverently preserved. We 
believe that the modem mount was added 
at that time to replace something that had 

HS 



92 



A JOURNEY TO MANCHESTER AND 



been torn away by unhallowed hands when 
the shrine furniture was secularized. 

A Dutchman, whose delight is in reading 
the German poets, once said, addressing an 
English friend, '' You Englishmen cannot 
write on any subject in the world without 
spotting the pages of your books with quota- 
tions from Shakespeare." At the risk of 
incurring the censure of this gentleman, we 
will, in conclusion point out that Mrs. 
Cowden Clarke's Concordance to Shakesfear^s 
Plays only gives two references under 
"Griffin." In one instance — 

A clip-wing'd griffin, and a moulten raven, 
A couching lion, and a ramping cat. 

Hen, /F., pt. i., Act III., Sc, i., 

and other things of the like sort are given as 
examples of " skimble-skamble stuff." 

In the other place where the griffin 
appears it is used as a strong contrast. 
The griffin which is dangerous to men and 
horses is represented flying from the gentlest 
of creatures — 

Apollo flies and Daphne holds the chase, 
Tne dove pursues the griffin, the mild hind 
Makes speed to catch the tiger. 

Midsummer NighCs Dream^ Act II., Sc, ii. 

Lord Byron knew little of symbolism, 
either religious or secular, still less, probably, 
of folk-lore. Caesar, however, in his song in 
Tlie Deformed Transformed^ in praise of his 
magic horse, says — 

In the stall he will not stiffen, 
But be winged as a griffin. 

The idea may have been suggested to him 
by sculptures or paintings he had seen in 
Italian palaces. 




a 3loutnep to ^anctiestet anD 
Litierpoolin 1792, 



R. WILLIAM PHILIPS, of Broad- 
way, in the county of Worcester, left 
his home on the 13th of May, 1792, 
on a visit to his brother Thomas 
in Manchester, the father of the late Sir 
Thomas Philips, ist Bart. He wrote a diary 




of his adventures by the way, and of all he 
saw, which forms a valuable memorial of the 
state of commerce and enterprise at that 
date in our large northern towns. 

Mr. Philips set off on horseback with a 
friend, Mr. Russell, and gives us small items 
of his experience by the way, which are 
occasionally interesting ; it is especially con- 
soling to read his account of the weather, 
which, day by day, seems to have been wet 
and cold, proving, beyond doubt, that the 
climate of our island has not so materially 
changed during a hundred years as many 
would have us believe. 

On the third day after leaving Broadway, 
he arrived at his brother's house at Shepley, 
seven miles from Manchester, and thereupon 
he begins to relate his amazement at the 
activity and life into which he is thrown, as 
follows : — 

Wednesday, went round the fields and villages 
about Shepley, saw several coalpits, and a steam 
Engine that Pumps the water out of some of the 
Pitts : strange and amazing invention I think this is t 

On Friday our traveller paid a visit to 
Ashton-under-Lyne, with a view to seeing the 
carding and spinning machines, about which 
the Worcestershire gentleman thus quaintly 
writes : — 

It is very curious and surprising to see the spinning 
Mules and Jennys, as they call them, spin 144 threads 
at once, and will spin one Pound of cotton to so fine 
a thread that it will reach, accordincf to calcttlation, 
168,000 yards, or 95 miles and a half; then it is 
weaved into aprons, handkerchiefs. Likewise saw 
the Iron works where they Cast Iron Rolls and 
Cylinders and Bore through an Iron Pipe the same as 
Boring through a wood Pump ; it eoes by Water, and 
the Wheels as large as any Mill Wheels, all Cast Iron 
except the water Wheel ; they also turn large Iron 
work in a Leathe, the same as our Carpenters turn a 
piece of Wood. Very wet this afternoon. 

On Saturday Mr. Thomas Philips took 
his guests into Manchester for the first time ; 
it was market day, so probably he had 
reserved this treat for them until the bustle 
of the manufacturing town could be seen 
to the best advantage. They vkited a pin 
manufactory on the way, and lionised the 
old church, and then, quoting fi-om our diary, 
they 

went and saw a large Old School or Colledge given 
and supported by one Cheatem ; upstairs we saw many 
Rooms full of Books piled up like Mows to the Ceiling, 
and many Serpents, Lizards, Monke]rs, etc, etc., wiu 



LIVERPOOL IN 1792. 



93 



many stones and Balls of Hair that had been taken out 
of Cattle when killed, unth Skeletons of several sizes, 
and many curiosities of different sorts ; we then went 
down in the cellar and tasted the Beer that the boys 
drink, which was very good ; saw some remarkable 
large Loaves of bread, and a Large Knife that's Bxcd 
to a Bench, to cut the Bread for Milk or Broth, which 
they have in wooden Piggins. 

Mr. Philips then went to the quay, where 
the vessels used to load and unload ; but he 
calls the river the Mersey, poor man, showing 
how dazzled he was with all he saw. Then 
he went 

to the Sugar House, where they make Sugar, but they 
are leaving of Business, had not made any for three 
wcdLS. We saw about twenty or thirty loaves, and 
the Poets the^ make them in. This very dirty place, 
c^t story high. 

His visit to the quay of the Duke of 
Bridgewater's canal, where all the trafRc was 
carried to Manchester before the railway 
came, is interesting. "We saw," he writes, 

the vesseb sail into the Warehouses to load and 
onload ; vefv large Warehouses, anil a CTeat Quantity 
of Com in them, of all sorts, tradesmen s goods, etc. 

After \isiting the fustian works, where, 
unfortuoately, the people were absent at 
dinner, so that he could not see the process, 
Mr. Philips was next taken to the new 
prison. •• This," he says, 

is a new-built Place, and verv grand it is, too Good 
for some that are brought there ; it*s more like a 
Nobleman's House and gardens (walled round on the 
outside) to appearance, than a Prison. There are 
lereral Cells with looms in for those that are 
Ittstian weavers to work in, and some for fustian 
catters ; there is a hundred and twenty-four separate 
CcUa» and kept very clean and neat. 

After dining with Mr. Lowe, and being 
detained for an hour, after dinner, by the 
rain, Mr. Philips was taken to the infirmary 
to see the baths. 



Hoe b a hot and cold Bath for the ladies and a 
hot and cold bath for the Gentlemen, with j)rivate 
drcanng Rooms for both ; kept very clean and neat. 
The Infirmary is a very large, handsome Building, 
with pleasant gardens to walk in, and a large water, 
with uoo Pallisadocs before the front ; went and drank 
tea with Mr. Lowe, and then to Sbepley to supper. 

On Monday Mr. Philips came into Man- 
chester again and went a second time to see 
the business that was going on at the Bridge- 
water Quay, " for/' says he, 

If t astooidiing to a PerMO that never saw anything of 



the Kind to see the husinervs that is going on here, 
there's such Quantities of Slate. Timber, Stone, antl 
Merchandise of all sorts ; the Warehouses arc very 
extensive, but they are very well fiUetl with one thing 
or other; there's not less than thirty or forty Thon> 
and Bushells of corn in them at this time, and large 
Quantities of Flower, etc. 

Tuesday was occupied in a ride over the 
Cheshire hills and fields, and about this day 
Mr. Philips does not say much, only that 
their sheep struck him as curious, bein^^ 
small and homed, and that he was pointeii 
out the house where Parson Cook was born, 
" that invented Drill Ploughs." 

On Wednesday he started for Liverpool, 
first riding in from Shepley to Manchester 
in time to catch the eight o'clock boat The 
usual mode of transit from Manchester to 
Liverpool, by the Bridgewater canal, at that 
time, is especially curious, so I will here give 
Mr. Philip's account in full : — 

We got in the Boat about eight o'clock, and when 
we had gone four or five miles breakfasted in the 
Boat; a very fine Morning and pleasant riding. 
Between Manchester and London Bridge, the place 
where we got out is twenty-one miles, ami we went 
under twenty-three Bridges and over nine or ten. 
There's the River Mersey runs under it, and several 
Roads and Brooks goes under it. There was a Gentle- 
man went under it in a Phaeton .md pair, just at the 
time we were going over him in the Boat. Horsemen, 
Waggons, and Cart^ we see in uther places go under. 
This was a very great undertaking of the Duke, and 
must cost an amazing sum of money. 

Got to Ix>ndon Bridge aU>ut one (/clock ; there 
is four Coaches stand ready every day to take the 
Passengers on to 1 Jverpool and other places. 

After dining at Warrington and a long 
coach drive, our traveller reached Liverpool 
at six o'clock, — rather different from the 
hour's run now between these commercial 
capitals. He returned by the same route, 
and gives us further details about this jour- 
ney. Every coach was full, so they had to be 
driven to London Bridge in a chaise, where 
they met the boat at one o'clock. He seemed 
to enjoy this mode of travelling by canal 
boat excessively, and contrasts it forcibly 
with the jolting of the coach ; and what made 
it more pleasant on the boat, he adds — 

was one Passenger in perticular that played with 
the Krench-hom, and entertained the Comp.nny very 
much, likewise the Violin at the same time, which I 
thought was very Extraordinary and worth noticing, 
for he seem'd to do it with as much Ease as any 
Person couW play one ! 



94 



ON SOME ANCIENT TREES. 



Mr. Philips gives us further information 
about this boat, as follows : — 

This Boat has seldom less than thirty or forty, 
sometimes sixty, eighty, one hundred, one hundred 
and twenty, and the Captain told us he once took 
one hundred and twenty-nine at one time. A Gentle- 
man that was in the Boat said that these Boats, being 
three or four of them, every day brings the Duke in 
^'1,500 a year, and the whole tradeing on the Canal 
£io,ooo a year : this was confirmed by the Captain 
and others. The Boat sets off every morning from 
Manchester at eight o'clock, and returns m the 
evening at six. 

Liverpool made a great impression on our 
Worcestershire traveller : — 

We stopt none at the Inn (he says) but went 
directly to see the Shipping, which is a very fine 
sight mdeed, and what is very extraordinary to see 
them Sail alon^; the Streets, which th^ do for a 
great way, and in several Places which I could not 
have believed if I had not seen it. 

Liverpool must then have been in a transi- 
tion state from a mean, dirty seaport town, 
to the place it is now. Mr. Philips saw the 
demolition of the old streets going on around 
him, and the building of grand streets *' with 
Houses just ahke," perhaps not altogether in 
accordance with the present fashion, for we 
should have probably kept more of the 
old. The buildings near the docks greatly 
astonished him. 

There's some of the highest Buildings I ever saw 
down at the Docks, where the Ships load and unload. 
There's Warehouses eight, nine, ten and eleven story 
high, I saw a sack of com drawn up to the top of it, 
and in at a Door in the uper story, there's door 
places to every story to draw the Goods in at. There 
was at the time upwards of a thousand ships, some 
very large and some small, that trade to difTerent 
Nations. 

After sleeping at an excellent inn, called 
the Golden Lion, Mr. Philips went next 
day to see the fort where the soldiers were 
exercising, and was much struck with the 
cannon balls he saw "built up like the Roof 
of a House." About here and on his way 
back to the town, Mr. Philips was struck 
with the quantity of windmills he saw, 
sometimes as many as five or six in one 
spot. He visited the theatre, and tells us 
quaintly — 

There's a very grand House a being Built for the 
Mayor to live m joining to the Exchange, which is a 
very grand building of Stone. The town in general 
is Brick with stone cornice and window firames. 



Mr. Philips enters a curious table of 
statistics in his diary to prove the increase 
of Liverpool — 





Ghristened. Mairied. Buried. 


In the year 1660 


3 ... ... 


„ 1700 


... 132 ... 35 ... 134 


»» 1750 


... 972 ... 290 ... 1075 


1789 


... 2366 ... 819 ... 1662 



On his return to his brother's house at 
Shepley, Mr. Philips spent a few days in 
visiting points of interest in the neighbour- 
hood, and on May 28th set ofif on his 
homeward journey, passing through Buxton, 
Matlock, Derby, and other places, reaching 
his home in time for breakfast on the morn- 
ing of the fourth day, "at the end of a very 
pleasant journey." 

J. Theodore Bent. 





€)n ®ome ancient Cree0* 

By William Brailsford. 

lOWEVER ancient certain structures 
may be, and however interesting 
to the eye of the archaeologist, it 
may yet be allowed that trees claim 
a kindred allegiance in virtue of their classic 
associations. We know how thoroughly 
implanted in the minds of the Greeks was 
the solemnity of a forest-grove. Xerxes, 
when he passed through Achaia, would not 
touch a grove dedicated to Jupiter. So 
venerable was the Minturensum grove, no 
stranger was suffered to enter it The oak 
was dedicated to Jupiter ; it was held sacred 
by the Greeks, Romans, Gauls, and Britons. 
Heroes returning from victory hung the 
weapons of war taken from the enemy, on 
the knotty boughs of an oak. Assyrian sculp- 
tors present us with representations of the 
tree of life, which bear a perfect resemblance 
to the oak. Then there is the tree of the 
thousand images, spoken of by Father Hue 
in his Journey to Thibet, Husbandmen 
crowned themselves with oak leaves before 
harvest An oracle predicted that a city 
should be impregnable until a tree brought 
forth armour. So, arms and armour which 



ON SOME ANCIENT TREES. 



95 



had been hung upon a tree were discovered 
yean after, the bark having grown over them, 
and thus the prediction being verified, 
Pericles sacked the city.''^ Pliny declares 
that the timber of trees grown upon 
mountains is better and of finer grain than 
that from trees on the lower ground The 
spear of Agamemnon was formed from a tree 
so exposed. The gathering of the mistletoe 
was a part of the religious worship of the 
Britons, who wtnx in procession to cut it with 
a golden sickle from the oak, at the approach 
of the new year.t 

Trees of gigantic growth are found near 
Glacier Point in the Yosemite Valley beyond 
San Francisco. Some of these have been 
the production of centuries. There is one 
called the Grisly Giant, which is three 
hundred feet in height and one hundred 
feet in girth. A black poplar at Willany, 
near Warsaw, which ?iwt men could not reach 
round, was known to be an old tree in the 
past century.J There is a place called Gli 
Trc Castagni upon Mount Etna in Sicily, 
where three chestnuts of almost mammoth 
dimensions were standing in 1669, whose 
capacity for holding sheep and men in their 
interior was the subject of marvellous stories. 
The eruption of the above-named year did 
not destroy them. A fossil tree of the cactus 
tribe was found at Cresswell, a village on the 
North Sea, in Northumberland. It consisted, 
when found, of alternating layers of schist 
and softish sandstone. It measured seven 
feet six inches in girth, at three feet from 
the ground. § The Ruminal Fig Tree must 
not be forgotten in a record of old trees, for 
under it the she-wolf suckled the twins 
Romulus and Remus. 

In England there have existed many re- 
markable trees of great age, and indeed at 
the present time there still may be seen many 
having great historical interest The Bram- 
riELD Oak fell to the ground on the 15th 
June, 1843. It was noted as a way-mark 
to Roger Bigod in his flight from the king, 

* DM, Sic. . lib. xii. 

t Mistletoe is now not often found on oaks, more 
oooiixioaly on the ash, maple, nhitethorn, and crab 
a|jples. A remarkable example was until recently 
to oe leen close to the Regent's Park. 

t Ladv BhomfiihTs Reminiscences^ vol. i., p. J40. 

9 llodgson^s Northumberland^ vol. ii, part ii., 
P.J05. 



Henry II., in 11 74. An old country ballad 
has the following amongst its verses : — 

When the Baily had ridden to Bramfield Oak 

Sir Hugh was at Ilksal l)ower ; 
When the Baily had ridden to Halesworth Cross, 

He was singing in Bungay tower.* 

An enormous oak stood in the gardens of 
Magdalen College, Oxford. This tree was 
older than any one of the colleges in that 
city. Dr. Stukeley declared that William of 
Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, ordered 
Magdalen to be founded near this tree in 
1457, and that the oak was standing five 
hundred years before the bishop's time, 
possibly even in the days of Alfred the 
Great t 

Damory's Oak, near Blandford, in Dorset- 
shire, was converted into a kind of beer-shop, 
during the progress of the Civil Wars. It 
measured sixty-eight feet firom the ground.^ 

The interior of an oak at Kidlington 
Green, in Oxfordshire, happening to stand 
near the house of Judge Morton, was 
utilised by his order as a prison for rogues 
and vagabonds, until such time as they could 
be put into gaol. 

In a charter granted to the monks of 
Waverley Abbey, in Surrey, by Henry de 
Blois, leave is given to enclose their lands 
from the Oak at Tilford, three miles from 
Farnham. This oak is the frequent object 
of attention of tourists. 

The Shelton Oak, near Shrewsbury, has a 
girth of forty-four feet close to the ground 
Sometimes called Glendower's OjJc, it is 
said to have been the tree from whose 
branches Owen Glendower witnessed the 
battle between Henry IV. and Sir Henry 
Percy on July 20th, 1403. In 1853 it bore 
a large number of acorns and oak-apples. § 

The Oak of Reformation at Mousehold 
Heath, near Nomvich, sheltered a popular 
leader of the people, who held his councils 
under its branches. Different chroniclers 
place the tr>*sting-tree in various localities, 
some asserting that it is still existing in the 
road leading from Norwich to Wymondham. 

• Sucklings History of Suffolk, vol. i., p. 135. 

t Dr. Plot's History of Oxfordshire, chap. vi. 

X Hutchins' Account of Dot setshire, vol. i. 

§ Oak -Apple-Day was, and may be still, kept at 
Starcross in Devonshire, by children carrying little 
dolls, which they call May-habics. 



96 



ON SOME ANCIENT TREES. 



The Parliament Oak (now only a stump) 
stands about a mile from Clipstone, at the 
corner of the park between Mansfield and 
Edwinstowe. It holds a place in history by 
two reputed events. Under it, King John 
summoned his councillors in 12 12, to de- 
bate on a revolt amongst the Welsh, the 
news having reached him while enjoying 
the pleasures of the chase. In 1296,* 
Edward I. held a council under the tree, 
also in consequence of a disturbance amidst 
his newly-conquered Welsh subjects.t 

In and about Welbeck, in Nottinghamshire, 
are many large examples of oak trees of great 
age. The Greendale Oak has the reputation 
of being seven hundred years of age. Its 
breadth from bough end to bough end 
diametrically was eighty-one feet. In 1724 
a hole was cut through the trunk. The 
height of the arch thus fonned is ten feet 
two inches. A road was made through this 
opening, and there is an engraving extant, 
drawn by S. H. Grimm in 1775, of this oak — 
a man on horseback is shown riding through 
the tree, which is now a mere ruin. J Two 
stag-headed trees, called the Porters, stand 
on each side of an entrance-gate, and one, 
called the Duke's Walking-stick, is one 
hundred and eleven feet high. The Major 
Oak is a magnificent forest giant. It stands 
near Budby, and has a circumference of 
thirty feet, the branches spreading out to the 
extent of two hundred and forty feet.§ 

The Shire Oak, near Worksop, has a 
circumference of great dimensions. From 
bough end to bough end is ninety feet It 
owes its name to the fact of dropping into 
three shires, York, Nottingham, and Derby. 
It is recorded of an oak in Worksop Park, 
then the seat of the Duke of Norfolk, that 
its branches spread three thousand feet square, 
and that a troop of a thousand horse might 
commodiously stand under its shade at one 
time. II Was it from the limbs and trunk of 
this tree alone that one John Garland built 
a bam, containing five bays, with posts and 
beams, as asserted in Evelyn's Syiva f 

* Fisit to Sherwood Forest ^ by James Carter, p. 79. 
t Spencer T. Hall's Forester's Offerings p. 75. 
i Evelyn's SylvOf vol. ii., chap, viii., p. 199. 

I There is a masterly painting of this oak by Mr. 
MacCullum. 

II Evelyn's Sylva^ with Hunter's Notes, Edition 1776. 



The Yardley Oak stands in Yardley Chase, 
on land belonging to the Marquis of North- 
ampton. The tree is hollow, and much 
injured by the senseless practice of carving 
names on the bark. A tradition exists that 
it was known as Judith's Oak, so named in 
memory of Judith, niece of William I., who 
became the wife of Waltheof, Earl of North- 
ampton and Huntingdon. She was Lady of 
the Manor of Yardley.* An oak in Ampthill 
Park is denominated the Yardley Oak; it 
has a date, 1791, affixed to it on a metal 
ticket, together with some verses. From a 
survey taken of trees in this park in 1653, 
two hundred and eighty-seven trees are regis- 
tered as too old and decayed for use in the 
navy.f 

Camden, in his Britannia^ records a &mous 
oak that grew in the New Forest, in Hamp- 
shire, which put forth leaves at Christmas 
which withered again before night, and which 
was ordered by the king, Charles II., to be 
enclosed with a pale. J Another oak received 
the attention of James I., but the common 
people cut and hacked it to death. So, too, 
the oak known as the Boscobel Oak was 
treated in the same way. 

Some pollard oaks in Moor Park, Hert- 
fordshire, are said to have been originally 
lopped by order of the Duchess of Mon- 
mouth, when she heard of the execution of 
the Duke, her husband. This county has 
always been celebrated for its fine oaks. At 
this day we find the following: the noble 
Panshanger Oak, in the grounds of the Earl 
Cowper at Hertingfordbury, was a venerable 
tree m the time of Charles II. Its circum- 
ference is now, at three feet from the ground, 
exactly twenty-three feet, and the extension 
of its branches is to the extent of eighty-five 
yards. Some of the top branches are show- 
ing signs of decay, being leafless and seared.§ 
Within a few miles may still be seen GoflTs 
Oak, which tradition declares to have been 
planted in 1066, by Sir Theodore Godfrey, 
or GofF, who came over with William the 
Conqueror. Its girth, at three feet from the 

* Strutt, in Sylva Britanmca. 

+ Lvson*s Bedfordshire^ 4to, 1806, p. 39. 

% The White Thorn at Glastonbury was reported 
to bud in a like manner and time. 

§ This tree is full oi solid timber, in that respect 
surpassing all other living examples. 



/ 



':^u 



ON SOME ANCIENT TREES. 



97 



groond, is twenty-three feet nine inches; 
although it bears acorns it is a ruin,* 

The once notorious Fairlop Oak had a 
singularly rough and fluted stem. It stood 
in Epping Forest, in Essex; its branches 
spread three hundred feet, and its girth, at 
three feet from the ground, was thirty-six 
feet It was accidentally set on fire in 1805. 
A part of it was used in the manufacture of 
St Pancras New Church.f Gilpin, in his 
Fntst Santry, says tradition traced this oak 
half-way up the Christian era. 

The Minchendon Oak stands in the village 
of Southgate, Middlesex. Nine centiuies are 
said to have passed over it. It is still thriving, 
mod bears acorns. Its grandest feature is its 
royal top. Some of the limbs are twelve feet 
in circumference at their base ; its girth 
twenty-one feet from the ground. 

The Marton Oak b in the township of 
Maxton, in the parish of Prestbury, Cheshire. 
This tree had an immense girth, and, accord- 
mg to one authority, a height of thirty feet.J 
Much of the tree has crumbled away. Only 
three great fragments remain. 

The Watch Oak, which stood at Battle, in 
Sussex, took the name because it marked the 
spot occupied by a detachment of Harold's 
army on the watch for the approach of the 
Normans. 

The Cowthoqie Oak is in the valley of the 
Nidd, near Weatherby, Yorkshire. It is esti- 
mated to be over sixteen hundred years old. 
At three feet from the ground it measures 
forty-four feet six inches. Close to the ground 
it measures over fifty-three feet It is full of 
foliage, and bore acorns in 1883. It is kept 
op by artificial support In the beginning of 
the last century a limb of the tree fell, and 
00 weighing it turned the scale at five tons.§ 
In addition to its great age, the tree is re- 
markable for having afford^ the idea of the 
Edd)^tone lighthouse totheengineerSmeaton, 
who was bom at Whitkirk, near Cowthon)e. 

There arc many oak trees of very great 
age in Hatfield Park, Herts. One of these, 

* There b a sonnet on this oak in Hone*s Year Book ^ 
«»3^, P- 1598. 

t It IS figured in the Gtnttewwn's Magazine for 
J«^i8o6l ^ 

f Mr. George R, Jesse. 

f The tree is figured in Evelyn's Syha, York 
17S6. Tol. ii., chap iii., p. 197. ' 



called the Lion Oak, is thirty-four feet in 
circumference; another has a diameter of 
over thirty-three feet. Queen Elizabeth's 
Oak takes its name from the circumstance of 
the death of her sister. Queen Mary, having 
been communicated to the Princess Eliza- 
beth whilst she was sitting reading under the 
shade of its branches. 

There were three large oaks at Donnington 
Park, called respectively the King's Oak, the 
Queen's Oak, and Chaucer's Oak.* 

Heme's Oak, in the Home Park at Windsor, 
has long since disappeared. The legend runs 
to the effect that Heme was a forester here- 
about, who hung himself on a branch of the 
tree called after him. Shakespeare makes 
Sir John Falstaff disguise himself "viith huge 
horns on his head," and, with what results all 
readers of the Merry Wives of Windsor re- 
member well, encounter elves and fairies at 
the foot of this oak. The poet says — 

There is an old tale goes that Heme the hunter. 
Sometime a keeper here in Windsor Forest, 
Doth all the winter time, at still midnight, 
Walk round about an oak. 

Sir Philip Sidney's Oak at Penshurst, in 
Kent, is stated to have been cut down in 
1768. In the picturesque park there are yet 
remaining trees of ancient growth, which have 
been celebrated in the verses of both Southey, 
Waller, and Ben Jonson.t 

Junius, in his forty-ninth letter, writing to 
the Duke of Grafton, says, " Make haste, my 
lord; another patent applied in time may 
keep the oaks in the family ; if not, Birnam 
Wood, I fear, must come to the Macaroni. J 

Yews attain great longevity. In the church- 
yard at Crowhurst there is a yew which, in 
Evelyn's time, measured ten yards in compass. 
The Fountain's Yew boasts a high antiquity. 
Tradition declares that the monks took shelter 
under it when rebuilding Fountains Abbey. 
It stands between the back of the mins and 
Fountains Hall. It is recorded to have been 
a large tree in 1 133.§ The yew at Ankerwyke 
House, near Staines, is believed to be one 

• Evelyn's Syhfa, Speight notices the "elde okc 
at Donnington, called Chaucer's Oak." 

t The Earl of Leicester's tenants used to meet him 
with boughs cut from this tree. 

t Z^///r, dated 2nd June, 1771, edition 1779. 

§ Dugdalc, in the Monastuon^ is silent on the sob- 
ject, but Henslow mentions it in the Fortign Quarterly^ 
vol. ii., p. 36S. 



98 



ON SOME ANCIENT TREES. 



thousand years old. Mr. Strutt describes it 
as twenty-seven feet round at three feet from 
the ground, but later writers give it as twenty- 
eight feet It witnessed the signing of Magna 
Charta, and was used by Henry VIII. as his 
trysting-place with Anne Boleyn when she 
was residing at Staines. The yews at Kingley 
Bottom, near Chichester, form a feature in 
the view. It was on this spot that a famous 
battle was reported to have been fought 
between the Saxons and the Danes about 
the year 900. 

The Hethel Thorn, which was in existence 
in 1 85 1, stood on a farm belonging to the 
Gumey family in Norfolk. Legend has it 
that in the reign of King John a meeting 
of rebels took place underneath this tree.* 

The Tortworth Chestnut has been long 
celebrated. It stands near Tortworth New 
Court, in Gloucestershire, and is credited 
with being over seven hundred years of age. 
It is mentioned in the annals of the reign of 
King John, and was a boundary-tree in King 
Stephen's reign. It measures fifty-three feet 
round, and bore chestnuts in 1788.! In a 
village near Hitchin, in Herts, a chestnut 
tree stood in 1789, which had a circumference 
of fourteen yards at five feet from the 
ground. 

The Hampstead Elm had a girth of twenty- 
eight feet near the ground. It had a great 
name, and was the subject of some verses 
written by Robert Codrington, who lived in 
the time of Cromwell. A flight of forty-two 
steps was formed within it It is figured by 
Hollar in a print dated 1653. The New 
Forest Groaning Elm was an object of great 
curiosity for upwards of two years. The 
cause of the noise produced was never dis- 
covered, t The Bletchingdon Elm in Oxford- 
shire must have been a tree of size and age, 
inasmuch as it gave shelter to a poor woman 
who had been refused admittance into human 
habitations. In this sylvan dwelling the poor 
creature was confined of a son, who lived to 
be a fine fellow. § 

Fig-trees boast of great longevity \ Evelyn 



* Sir Thomas Beevor stated that the tree is men- 
tioned as a boundary in a deed dated 1200. 
! Gilpin's Forest Scenery. 
The sound ended when busy inquirers opened out 
the branches and killed the tree. 

§ Dr. Plot's History of Oxfordshire^ p. 487. 



speaks of one of great age, which measured 
seventeen paces in circumference. The fig- 
trees in the grounds at Lambeth Palace were 
planted by Cardind Pole. At the Deanery 
at Winchester there is a Fig-tree, which bore 
fruit in 1623, and figs from it were eaten by 
James I. At West Tarring, in Sussex, is a 
fig-tree of great size and age, said to have 
been planted by Thomas \ Becket. 

The tomb of the Lady Anne Grimston at 
Tewin, in Hertfordshire, has been for years 
one of the county curiosities. Long umbs 
of some ash and sycamore trees have shot 
up from the vault below, and pierced through 
the stone work above, and also encompass^ 
part of the iron work.* 

The beeches at Knole, in the New Forest, 
at Gatton, on Enfield Chase, and many other 
places, evidence great antiquity, but yield in 
interest to the Bumham Beeches. Gray, the 
poet, writing to his friend Horace Walpole in 
1737, says, "Both vale and hill are covered 
with most venerable beeches." These trees 
are all pollards, and owe their condition, so 
runs the fable, to the necessities of Oliver 
Cromwell's soldiers, who wanted the tops for 
staves. 

The Enfield Cedar is an unequalled specimen 
of its kind. It was planted by Dr. Uvedale, 
a schoolmaster at Enfield, at the time of the 
Great Plague in 1665. It stands in the 
garden of the old palace at Enfield, Middle- 
sex. The body, exclusive of the boughs, 
contains about one hundred and three cubical 
feet.t It suffered damage in 1703 and 1794, 
through violent gales of wind. It flourishes 
still, and has a girth of eighteen feet at three 
feet from the ground, whilst close to the earth 
it is twenty-four feet in circumference. 

A court-leet used to be held under a maple 
tree for the Manor of Epping-presbyter. This 
tree stood in the road between Epping-bury 
and the church.J 

Wesley's Tree is an ash, standing at Win- 
chelsea, Sussex. Under its shade John Wesley 

* A legend current in the locality declares that this 
lady, being an unbeliever, asserted that if the Scrip- 
tures were true, seven ash trees would spring| from 
her vault. Probably the story followed the drcum- 
stance. 

t Notes to Evelyn's Sylva^ by Dr. A. Hunter, voL 
II., cap. i., p. 3. See also Robinson's History of 
Enfieldy vol. i., p. 113, and the Archat^ogia, voL xii. 

X Wright's Essex, vol ii., p. 459. 



THE ADELPHI AND ITS SITE. 



99 



preached his last open-air sermon in 1790, 
when eighty-seven years old. 

The disposition of the trees in Blenheim 
Park is said to represent the order of the 
battle which gave its name to the estate. 

The precise age of a living tree is to be 
reckoned by massiveness only, according to 
Humboldt, the age of fallen trees by the 
number of annular rings ; but this is not 
always to be relied on when the interior is 
not sound at the heart. Decandolle says 
the yew, of all European trees, attains the 
greatest longevity. The Hampton Court 
Vine is a tree in a certain sense of the word. 
It is the largest and longest of its species, 
and was planted in 1769. With this last 
word we bid adieu to Old Trees. 





By Hbnry B. Wheatlev, F.S.A. 

III. 

HE Act of Parliament obtained by 
the brothers for the purpose of 
disposing of their property by lottery 
was 13 Geo. III., cap. 75 (1773) :— 

An Act for enabling John, Robert, James, and 
WOliun Adam, to dispose of several houses and build- 
ings in the parishes of St. Martin -in-the- Fields, and St. 
Maiy-le-Bow, in the County of Middlesex, and other 
thdr effects by way of chance in such manner as may 
be aiost for the benefit of themselves and creditors.* 

In accordance with this Act the lottery 
was arranged. The scheme was as follows : — 

Thete were 4,370 tickets at /so, making /2i8,Soa 
The prixef nnmb^ed loS, arranged thus :— 

;f 50,000 
40,000 
30,000 
20,000 
10,000 
5.000 



00 of different values from £\o 

tO;f8oo 33.500 

The first drawn ticket was entitled to 5,000 
The last drawn to . . . 25,000 

;t2i8,5oo 
On Thursday, March 3rd, 1 774, the drawing 

• Statutts at Lar^i^ vol. ii., p. 838. 



of the lottery b^an at the great room, for- 
merly Jonathan's Coffee House in Exchange 
Alley, when No. 3,599 was drawn a blank, 
but being the first drawn ticket it was entitled 
to ;^S,ooo. Nine other prizes were dra^Ti 
on that day, six prizes were drawn on Friday, 
and at this rate the drawing continued for 
some time. The newspapers of the period 
were full of information and advertisements 
respecting the lottery ; and the art of adver- 
tising appears to have been very thoroughly 
mastered at that time. Tickets were sold 
in all parts of the town, as well as at the 
Messrs. Adam's Office in Robert Street, and 
intending purchasers were told that there 
was a great demand, and early application 
was necessary, — in fact, that the demand 
began to be prodigious. Then they were 
informed that Messrs. Adam proposed to 
keep their office in Adelphi open till 12 
o'clock on Wednesday next (9th March) for 
the sale of tickets at ^^50 each, after which 
the price of the small quantity remaining in 
the market must be considerably raised, on 
account of the consumption of tickets by 
the wheel. Portions of tickets were sold at 
the various lottery offices thus, — a half cost 
;^25 5 J. ; a thirty-second, ^^i 13^. ; and a 
sixty-fourth, 17J. Then there are little bits 
of gossip in the papers, intended to whet the 
appetites of the public. Thus we are told 
that No. 3,599, the first drawn ticket, entitled 
to an estate of the value of ^£^5,000, was sold 
by Messrs. Richardson and Goodenough not 
half an hour before the lottery began drawing, 
and what is very remarkable, was the only 
ticket they had left unsold. Soon after- 
wards the winner of this ticket sold it by 
auction. 

It is to be noted that the prizes were not 
instantly realizable, for the houses were to be 
divided among the prize holders, and the 
houses were not yet finished. Those who 
could not wait for their money sold their 
prizes by auction, and it may be presumed 
that in course of time the tickets got into a 
few hands. The following is the explanation 
by the Adams of their action : — 

The Messrs. Adam having received a letter signed 
A. B. C, which the writer sajrs is sent to be inserted 
in the public papers, requiring to know the state of 
the mortgages on the buildings which constitute the 
Adelphi lottery, and also what security the public 
have for their completing the unfinished buildiDgs? 



lOO 



THE ADELPHI AND ITS SITE. 



In answer to these questions the Messrs. Adam, 
desirous to satisfy the adventurers in the lottery, and 
the public in all reasonable demands, think it neces- 
sary to inform them that the mortgagees have already 
been paid one half of their mone^, but as it is requisite 
that they should join in assigning the prizes to the 
fortunate adventurers, they deter paying the other half 
till such assignments are completed. The Messrs. 
Adam, ever since the obtaining of the Act for their 
lottery, have proceeded with an amazing rapidity in 
finishmg their houses, in the same substantial manner 
with those formerly finished and sold in the Adelphi ; 
they are happy to think the whole will be completed, 
and ready to be assigned, by the time they have 
ascertained in their scheme and allotment, as no 
attention and no expense shall be spared for that 
purpose. 

When the buildings were finished they 
were eagerly sought for, and if we consider 
how superior they were in beauty and general 
agreeableness to the rest of London, we shall 
not be surprised at this. 

David Garrick moved from Southampton 
Street to No. 4 on The Terrace in 1772, and 
there he remained until his death in 1779. 
His widow lived on in that house for many 
years, even till 1822. Garrick also obtained 
the comer house of the Strand on the east 
side of Adam Street, for his friend the book- 
seller Becket, and his interesting letter 
begging the favour has been preserved by 
Hone in the Every Day Book, 

Topham Beauclerk was another resident 
on the Terrace. These names remind us of 
that scene when Johnson and Bosvvell were 
standing by the railings, looking on the river 
below them. Boswell remarked that he 
could not but think of the two friends they 
had lost, who once lived in the buildings 
behind them. Johnson answered tenderly, 
" Ay sir, and two such friends as cannot be 
supplied." Of other inhabitants may be 
mentioned Dr. Vicesimus Knox, a once 
famous essayist, at No. i, Adam Street; 
Tommy Hill, the Hull of Theodore Hook's 
Gilbert Gumey, and the Paul Pry of Poole's 
play of that name, at No. 2, James Street ; 
and the King of the Sandwich Islands 
(Kamehameha II.), at Osborne's Hotel, John 
Street, in 1824. 

The notorious quack, James Graham, M.D., 
lived for a time on the Adelphi Terrace, 
before he became still more known at Schom- 
berg House, Pall Mall. In the sixth edition 
of his General State of Medical and Chirur- 
gical Practice Exhibited^ 1779, he gives a full 



description of his house, in which occurs the 
following passage : — 

The stately and highly ornamented pilasters which 
run up in the front, distinguishing this and the other 
two centre houses, give my house a temple-like ap- 
pearance. Over the entrance, therefore, in a white 
compartment with gold letters is written, Templum 
j^culapio Sacrum I a building consecrated or devoted 
to the great purposes of preserving and restoring 
Health, 

Gibbon was at the Adelphi Hotel in 1787, 
when he brought to London from Lausanne 
the remainder of his history for publication, 
and in 1805 Benjamin Disraeli was bom in 
the Adelphi, but m which house is not known. 

Towards the end of the last century Dr. 
Monro, who had inherited from his father a 
valuable collection of draw'uigs and had him- 
self greatly added to the collection, opened 
his house on the Terrace to the young artists 
of the day. Girtin, Turner, Varley, and 
others availed themselves of the privil^c. 
Another celebrated artist — Rowlandson — 
died in the Adelphi on the 22nd of April, 
1827. 

When the Adelphi was first planned by the 
Adams, a chapel was built at the comer of 
James and William Streets, which was some 
years ago taken by Messrs. Coutts, who still 
occupy it as a part of their bank. When 
this change of occupation took place, Mr. 
Bottomley, an old resident, and an authority 
on the history of the district, tells me that 
the congregation removed to the Hackney 
Road, and erected a chapel there which they 
called by the old name — Adelphi chapel, a 
name it still bears. In William Street there 
is a covered bridge which connects together 
the Strand portion of Coutts*s bank with that 
in the Adelphi. In order to build this, 
Thomas Coutts obtained an Act of Parlia- 
ment, 39 Geo. III., 1799 : — 

An Act to enable Thomas Coutts, £s(j., Banker, to 
make a communication between the buildings on the 
opposite side of William Street, in the parish of Saint 
Martin*s-in-the-Fields, within the City and Liberty of 
Westminster, by a passage to be bmlt over the said 
street. 

Coutts did not wish the view from his 
drawing-room window spoilt, so he buQt a 
low house in John Street, and arranged with 
the Adams that the opening, now Robert 
Street, should be opposite to this, so as to 
form a frame for his landscape. 



I 



THE ADELPHI AND ITS SfTE. 



In 1754 (be Socicly of Arls was (bunded, bul from the latter date the history of the-'' 

in 1771 an agreement was entered into with Society has been entirely associated with the 

Mcssn. Adam (or the erection by them of Adelphi. The structure and omamentation -'_ 

"1 proper twilding in the Adelphi for the of the rooms tell of the brothers Adau, and 

DK of tae Sodciy, and the accommodation of the style which they made fashionable, and 




the first stone of this 
by Lord Romoey. atid tn 1 7 74 
possessioQ of the finished 
1754 and 1774 there 
in the place of meeting. 



which has been revived in our own dayi ; but 
the chief glory of the place are the noble 
pictures on the walls, which were {)ainte<] for 
the position they hold. The painting of 
these constituted the first attempt in EngUnd 




• •• 






102 



• •. 



LANARKSHIRE FOLKLORE. 



• • 












•.'. 



# 



"••to decorate the walls of great rooms with 

,^ mctures of grand proportions. In these pic- 

^••tures we see the great of all ages, and also 

•* the great men more especially connected with 

this Society. Dr. Johnson said of Barry's 

pictures : " There is a grasp of mind there 

which you will find nowhere else." This 

dictum of Johnson's may remind us, that the 

great Doctor made his only public speech in 

the Society's room. The great circle who live 

in BoswelPs pages were well represented here, 

— Garrick was an influential member of 

the Society, and Goldsmith was once anxious 

to become its secretary. 

I have as yet spoken only of the superstruc- 
ture of the Adelphi, and merely casually 
alluded to the arches below, which form one 
of the most remarkable sights in London, 
but it is a sight that only a few are 
privileged to see. I have wandered through 
these arches with wonder, under the obliging 
guidance of the custodians. Below you 
there is a very town, much of it filled 
with bottles of old vintages. The arches 
were many of them open for years, and 
formed subterranean streets leading to the 
wharves on the Thames. They were con- 
structed (as stated on an old engraving) 
so as to keep the access to the houses level 
with the Strand, and distinct from the traffic 
of the wharves and warehouses. They extend 
under the whole Adelphi, including Adam 
Street, from York Buildings, and were also 
carried under the additional buildings at the 
end of Salisbury Street. In many places 
there are double tiers of arches. 

Some twenty years ago the dark arches had 
a bad name on account of the desperate 
characters who congregated there and hid 
themselves away in the innermost recesses, 
but at last the place was cleared out, and the 
greater portion of it closed in. The extensive 
cellerage of Messrs. Tod Heatley gives evi- 
dence of the former state, for one of the 
alleys is still styled Jenny's hole — and the 
arch above was known as the Devil's Bridge. 
The disgraceful condition of the arches could 
not have existed for any length of time, as, 
some forty years ago, the place was well 
cared for by (he wharfingers, and at nine 
o'clock at night a gun gave a signal for the 
gates to be closed. 
The closed and deserted " Fox under the 



Hill," which still stands on the land under 
the Terrace, was once a much-firequented 
tavern, and to the stairs close by came all 
the stores for the Hungerford market. 

At spring and neap-tides the water rose as 
high as 3 feet 6 inches in the tap-room, and 
the tide also ran far up the arches — ^but the 
Thames Embankment has now changed all 
this. 

When the leases of the Terrace-houses fell 
in, in 1867, a claim was set up by some of the 
leaseholders for a share of the foreshore, 
which had been reclaimed when the Adelphi 
was built, but on the case being brought into 
the Court of Queen's Bench, on June 24 and 
July 6, 1871, Messrs. Drummond and others, 
the plaintiffs and representatives of the 
original ground landlords of Durham House, 
proved the groundlessness of the claim, and 
gained their cause. 

In concluding this paper I may point out 
that to the genius of the Adams we owe it 
that a site little different, in regard to distin- 
guishing character, from the sites around, 
should have become a recognised district 
with a distinct name. The Adelphi — a name 
which will ever perpetuate the memory of 
the famous Brothers. 





ilanattolitre jFolMore* 

By William George Black, F.S.A.Scot. 

HE value of the New Statistical 
Account of Scotland is apparent to 
those who refer to^ its pages, for 
although it might with great advan- 
tage have been condensed, its very liberality 
of editorship has enabled many of the clergy 
to note curious customs for the benefit of 
present-day students of folklore. 

In the Lanarkshire volunae there are 
numerous folklore notes, which have not 
yet, I believe, been brought together.* Refer- 
ring first to what may be called "folk 
recollections of historical events," I note 

* The Folklore of the Statistical Accounts of Scot- 
land will shortly be printed by the Folklore Society. 
This will include both the old and the new statistical 
accounts. — £Ed.] 



LANARKSHIRE FOLKLORE. 



103 



that — according to the Rev. James Walker, 
— at ODC of the five fairs held in Camwath, 
in August, " a foot race is run, which 
deserves mention, as it is one of the tenures 
by which the property of Camwath is held 
by the Lockhart family." 

The prize (Mr. Walker continues) is a pair of red 
A«sr, which are regularly contended for, and the old 
peoole in the village tell me, that, fifty years ago, 
the laird used to have a messen^ ready, whenever 
the race was finished, to communicate the intelligence 
to the Lord Advocate of Scotland. This prompt 
inlonnatioo is now, I suppose, dispensed with, but I 
cm testify that the race has been regularly run for 
tbe bst twenty-five years.* 

If Mr. Walker be correct as to the time 
and marmer of the fair, as I have no doubt 
he is, then the terms of the feudal grant are 
not strictly observed. As reddendo for the 
barony of Carnwath, two pairs of shoes, says 
Cosmo limes, each containing half an ell 
of English cloth, were to be given on Mid- 
smnmer day to the man who ran fastest from 
the east end of Camwath to the Tallaw 
Cross.^ 

Tbe Minister of Culter, describing the 
river Clyde, refers in a footnote to a tradition 
of Michael Scott, the wizard. 

At Wolf-Clyde (he says) a curiosity may some- 
times be seen, viz., the Clyde running into the 
Tweed. The vale of Biggar-water, which here 
stretches between these two waters, is but slightly 
elevated above the bed of the Clyde. During a 
top-flood, part of the latter river sometimes finds its 
way into biggar-water, and is thereby carried into 
the Tweed, and this happens once perhaps in three 
or four years. Hence it will be seen that it were 
a very easy matter to send the Clyde to Berwick 
instead of Glasgow. Indeed a common tradition is 
pfevaleot here that the famous magician Michael 
SooCt had nearly accomplished this. The story is, 
that he was marching down the vale of the Biggar, 
with tbe Clyde foUowmc at his heels, but that being 
alarmed by the sound of the water as it came roaring 
bchiiid, he looked back, and so the speU was broken, 
■od the vagrant waters returned irto their wonted 



* New SiaHsHcal Account of Lanarkshire^ by the 
Iftnistcn of the Respective Parishes, 1S41, p. 91. 
Mr. Walko^s Account of Camwath is dated May 

1814- 
f Lectures on Scotch Legal Anticmtia^ 1872, p. 68. 

X Stat, Acc^ p. 342. The Minister of Culter's 

Aeooant is dated July 1835. A popular rhyme is : — 

Annan, Tweed, and Clyde, 
Rise a' out o' ae hill-side ; 
Tweed ran, Annan wan, 
Clyde feU, and biak its neck owre Corra Linn. 

—See Cbamben* Popular Rhpnts of Scotland^ p. 225. 



At Biggar is preserved in a local name a 
tradition of Wallace. Blind Harry tells of 
a battle at Biggar between the English under 
Edward I. and the Scots under Wallace, 
and 

Tradition (says the Rev. John Christison) points 
to a low-lying field south-east from Biggar, where 
pieces of broken armour have often been gathered. 

Wallace b said, hke Alfred in earlier times, 
to have gained access to the enemy's camp 
in disguise. He professed to be a "cadger" 
selling provisions. He learnt much that he 
desired to know, but aroused suspicion, and 
took his departure. He was pursued, and 
on reaching a bridge over Biggar-water, at 
the west end of the town of Biggar, he turned 
at bay. The foremost of his pursuers he put 
to death, and escaped 

There is still a foot bridge over the stream to the 
west of Biggar, which has been called from time 
immemoriaP''the Cadger's brig." 

We are not surprised to learn that tradition 
points out on the north side of Bizzyberry 
(or Bushyberry) " a hollow rock and a spring 
called Wallace's seat and Wallace's well." ♦ 
Wallace is without doubt the ideal hero of 
Scotland, and Lanarkshire Folklore, as might 
be expected, has preserved remarkable tales, 
not only of his valour, but of his super- 
human strength. Tinto hill has a familiar 
rhyme : — 

On Tintock-tap there is a mist. 
And in that mist there is a kist. 
And in the kist there is a caup. 
And in the caup there is a drap, 
Tak up the caup, drink aff the drap. 
And set the caup on Tintock-tap. 

On the top of Tinto is an inunense heap 
of stones, said to have been conveyed by 
countrymen from the vale three miles away, 
as a penance imposed by the priests of 
St John's Kirk. The sunmiit of Tinto is 
often shrouded in mist, 

And the "kist" (mentioned in the rhyme), con- 
jectures Chambers, was perhaps a large stone, 
remarkable over the rest of the heap for having a 
hole in its upper side, which the country-people say 
was formed by the grasp of Sir William Wallaces 
thumb, on the evening previous to his defeating the 
Enghsh at Boghole, in the neighbourhood.! 

• Stat. Ace, p. 359. The Minister of Biggar's 
Account is dated Au^t 1835. 

t Chambers contmues,— "The hole is generally 
full of water, on account of the drizzling nature of the 
atmosphere ; but if it is meant by the * caup ' men- 



104 



LANARKSHIRE FOLKLORE. 



The historian of Wandell tells us that 

Wallace **is reported to have once encamped 

on the heights above Wandell Mill, where he 

entrapped and cut off a party of English " 

(p. 8i8). 

An historical tradition of another kind is 

connected with Bothwell Brig, famous for 

the battle between the Duke of Monmouth, 

with whom was James Grahame, of Claver- 

house, and the Duke of Hamilton. The 

grammar of the historian of Bothwell is not 

very good, but this is the anecdote he 

contributes : — 

According to a tradition in the village of Bothwell, 
when the Royal Army was lying near the bridge, a 
child having wandered into the camp, was found by 
its parents, after a long search, sitting on the Duke 
of Monmouth's knee, who was caressing it with great 
tenderness. 

Mr. Patrick also tells us that an original 

painting of the battle, said to have been 

sketched by an artist on the spot, was, at 

the time he wrote, in Hamilton Palace. I 

do not know if any such picture was sold at 

the recent displenishing of the palace.* 

We hear, as we might expect, from the 
Minister of Carmunnock, that Mary Queen 
of Scots slept at Castlemilk the night before 
the battle of Langside, and that an old thorn 
tree is pointed out as near the spot from 
which she saw the defeat of her army. " A 
likely situation," he thinks, "is a rock on 
the top of Cathkin-hill," which still goes by 
the name of the Queen's Seat.t 

The Rev. John Wylie, minister of Car- 
luke, gives a curious tradition of the 
derivation of the word "Carluke," which 
admirably illustrates the tendency of local 
inquiry, and the danger of word-hunting as 
an amusement. He Hrst states the supposed 
correct derivation {Caevy hill, LuaCy Luke = 
hill of St. Luke) ; then in a footnote he 
adds : — 

tioned, we must suppose that the whole is intended 
as a mockery of hunan strength ; for it is certainly 
impossible to lift the stone and drink off the con- 
tents of the hollow." — Popular Rhyvus of Scotland^ 
pp. 245-246. 
Another Tintock proverb is :— 

The height atween Tintock-tap and Coulterfell, 
Is just three-quarters o' an ell, — Ibid,^ p. 245. 
* Stat, Ace, p. 780. The Account of Bothwell 
(by the Rev. William Patrick, Hamilton) was drawn 
up in 1836, and revised in April 1840. 
t Stat, AcCf p. 601. Account is dated July 1839. 



By the following tradition, the name of the parish is 
derived from a different source. The church was 
formerly situated in the forest of Mauldslee (hence it 
was sometimes called the Forest Kirk), close to the 
banks of the Clyde. This situation, han^ at the 
extremity of the parish, was found inconvement, and 
it was therefore proposed that the church should be 
removed to a more centrical spot. This proposition 
met with strong opposition from a part of the popula- 
tion, who clung to the holy ground, and after much 
difficulty, could only be brought to agree that the 
new site should be the Law of Mauldslee, a situation 
not far from the old one. This, however, not meet- 
ing the views of the opposite party, it was at length 
determined that the dispute should be referred to the 
arbitration of Providence. With this view a pow 
(skull) was taken from the ancient burial-ground, 
and, together with a burning peat, was laid on the 
propos^ site at the Law. If the pow attd peat 
remained, that was to be the spot ; but if thev 
should be removed bv a guiding haftd^ the church 
was to be erected wherever they might be found. 
They were removed, and the whole parish was raised 
to seek for the pow and the peat. After much 
search, they were at last, to the great joy of the 
people, discovered by Symeon Haddow, of Easterseat, 
on the spot where the church was eventually erected, 
about two miles nearer Symeon's house than the 
Law. The truth was, that the guiding hand was 
none other than that of Symeon himself, a secret 
which was carefully kept within his family for many 
generations. Hence the name Kirk-look, — looking 
for the kirk. The derivation is, of course, absurd, 
but there can be little doubt as to the reference to 
Providence and its result* 

In the account of Wandell and Lamming- 
toune there is reference to a building on the 
side of Tinto, called Failips Castle, but the 
meaning of this is not explained This castle 
was built by the laird of Symington, opposite 
the castle of Lammingtoune, and Symington 
boasted that from his superior elevation he 
could observe everything which the wife of 
Lammingtoune may do. The result was that, 
to escape the supervision from Fatlips Castle, 
Lammingtoune built Windgate House in Key- 
gill glen.t Fatlips Castle is again referred 
to in the account of Symington Parish. The 
account was drawn up in July 1840, and 
states that a piece of the wall, about two feet 
high, was then standing, — " its thickness is 
fully six feet, and it adheres so firmly, that 
persons building a stone fence lately chose 
rather to quarry stones than take them from 
the wall," — which the compiler seems to 

* Stat, Acc.y p. 564. The Account of Carluke is 
dated March 1839. 

t Stat, AcCi p. 818. The account of Wandell and 
Lammingtoune, by the Rev. Charles Hope, is dated 
May 1840. 



LANARKSHIRE FOLKLORE. 



loS 



have regarded as much the more natural 
course.* 

Rutherglen we know had an importance in 
the past in nowise indicated by its present 
fiune. But it had also a questionable noto- 
riety as to marriages. It was the Gretna 
Green of Lanarkshire. Even down to 1836, 
the fonn was simple. The account of 
Rutherglen was framed by Dr. Cleland, and 
I shall quote his words. 

The ooaple eo before a magistrate and acknow- 
ledge that tbej Dare been marri^ without the pro- 
cJamatioo of banns bv a person unauthorized by the 
dmrch, whose name they do not recoUect ; and in con* 
teaoence of this irregularity they acknowledge a fault, 
ana snbiect themselves to nne and imprisonment ; on 
which ttie magistrate fines the parties, remits the im- 
prisooment, and gives an extract of their acknowledged 
naniage, which is binding in law. 

The magistrates frequently received a fee 
for their trouble.t 

The most famous fair of Rutherglen was 
St Luke's in October. Rutherglen, like 
other places, signalised its great fair by 
making cakes. No one who has been in 
Rotterdam during the kermasse in August 
but must have noted how many of the 
dealers in that madcap fair devoted them- 
selves entirely to wafHes and other cakes, 
which were made publicly and as publicly 
devoured by a mob which seemed ever 
hungry. Chambers in the following rhyme 
mmmariates places in the Upper Ward of 
Lanarkshire which were famous for their un- 
sav ouiy foods, 

Cauld kail in Covington, 
And crowdie in Quothquan, 

Singit sweens in Symington 
hxA brose in Pettinain : 

* Simi. Ace, p. 87a 

t -Sta/. Ace.^ p. 396. Milngavie also seems to have 
had a bttd sodat repute. In me Scots Piper's QucrUs^ 
or y^m FaUarlis CarkktSy the foUowing appears : — 

Q. — Where was the osefulest fiur in Scotland kept ? 

A, — At Milngavie. 

Q. — What tort of commodities were sold there ? 

A, — Nothing but ale, and iU wicked wives. 

Q. — How was it abolished ? 

A, — Because those who went to it once would go 
to it DO more. 

Q. — For what reason ? 

A. — Becasse there was no money to be got for them, 
bat fail baiter, wife for wife, and he who put away 
a wife lor one fimlt got a wife with two as bad. 

SmC§at€UdWritimgs9fDngMGrQkam,n^^i^ 

VOL. X. 



The assy peat o' Focharton, 

And puddings o' Poneil ; 
Black folk o' Douglas 

Drink we* the dcil.* 

Rutherglen cakes were more pleasantly 
famous. 

About eight or ten days before St. Luke's fair, 
says Dr. Qeland, a certain quantity of oatmeal is 
made into dough with warm water, and laid up in a 
vessel to ferment. Bein^ brought to a proper decree 
of fermentation and consistency, it is rolled up mto 
balls, proportionably to the intended largeness of the 
cakes. With the dough is commonly mixed a small 
quantity of sugar, and a little aniseed or cinnamon. 
The bidcin^ is executed by women only, and they 
seldom begin their work till after sunset, and a night 
or two before the fair. A large space of the house 
chosen for the purpose is marked out by a line drawn 
upon it. The area within is considered as consecrated 
ground, and is not by any of the bystanders to be 
touched with impunity. A transgression incurs a small 
fine, which is always laid out on drink for the use 
of the company. This hallowed sp>ot is occupied by 
six or eight women, aU of whom, except the toaster, 
seat themselves on the ground in a circular form, 
having their feet turned towards the 6re. Each of 
them IS provided with a boke-board, about two feet 
souare, which they hold on their knees. The woman 
who toasts the cakes, which is done on a ^rdle sus- 
pended over the fire, is called the Queen or Bride, and 
the rest her maidens. These are distingoiished from 
one another by names given them for the occasion. 
She who sits next the fire towards the east is called 
the Todler, her companion on the left hand is called 
the Hodler, and the rest have arbitrary names given 
them by the Bride, as Mrs. Baker, best and worst 
maids, etc. The operation is begun by the Todler, 
who takes a ball of the dough, forms it into a small 
cake, and then casts it on the bakeboard of the Hod- 
ler, who beats it out a little thinner. This being 
done, she in her turn throws it on the board of her 
neighbour, and thus it goes round from east to west, 
in Uie direction of the course of the sun, tmtil it comes 
to the toaster, by which time it is as thin and smooth 
as a sheet of paper. The first cake that is cast on the 
girdle is usually named as a gift to some well known 
cuckold, from a superstitious opinion that thereby 
the rest will be preserved from mischance. Sometimes 
the cake is so thin as to be carried by the current of the 
air up into the chinmey. As the baking is wholly per* 
formed by the hand, a great deal of noise is the con- 
sequence. The beats, however, are not irregular, nor 
destitute of an agreeable harmony, especially when 
they are accompanied with vocal music, which is fre- 
quently the case. Great dexterity is necessary, not 
only to beat out the cakes with no other instrument 
than the hand, so that no part of them shall be thicker 
than another, but espedaUy to cast them from one 
board to anoUier without mffline or breaking them. 
The toasting requires considerable skill, for which 

* Focharton is an extensive barony in Lesmahagow 
parish ; Poneil is a large farm on Douglas water ; the 
colUers of Douglas were supposed to ht dissolute. See 
Chambecs' P^puiar PAymes, p. 288. 



io6 



LANARKSHIRE FOLKLORE. 



reason the most experienced person in the company 
is chosen for that port of the work. One cake is sent 
round in quick succession to another, so that none of 
the company is suffered to be idle. The whole is a 
sc^ne of activity, mirth, and diversion, and might 
afiord an excellent subject for a picture. There is no 
account of the origin of this custom. The bread thus 
baked was doubtless never intended for common use. 
It is not easy to conceive why mankind, especially in 
a rude age, would strictly observe so many ceremonies, 
and be at so great pains in making a cake, which, 
when folded together, makes but a scanty mouthful. 
Besides, it is always given away in presents to strangers, 
who frequent the fair. The custom seems to have been 
originally derived from Paganism, and to contain not 
a few of the sacred rites peculiar to that impure re- 
ligion, as the leavened dough, and the mixing it with 
su^ and spices, the consecrated ground, etc., etc. 
Tms custom is ^ven up, except in the house of Bailie 
Hugh Fulton, vintner, where the entire ceremonies are 
gone through.* 

We are indebted to Dr. Cleland, also, for 
notice of the custom of perambulating or 
beating the marches of Rutherglen. After 
the procession was over, he says, "a mock 
engagement with broom-besoms took place, 
which ended in a jollification." This custom 
was given up in 1830.! 

It is unfortimate that the writers of the 
statistical accounts did not more frequently 
record local observances and customs. The 
minister of Lanark (the Rev. William Men- 
zies), however, like Dr. Cleland, has recorded 
some matters of interest. Writing in April 
1834, he says — 

Palm Sunday was observed as a holiday at the 
grammar-school imtil within the last thirty years. 
The scholar who presented the master with the largest 
Candlemas offering was appointed king, and waUced 
in procession with his life-guards and sergeants. The 

Ct and little palm-branches of the scuix capraa in 
er, and decked with a profusion of daffodils, were 
carried behind him. A handsome embroidered flag, 
the gift of a ladv in the town to the boys, was used on 
this festival. The day concluded with a ball.^ 

Lanark, like Rutherglen, preserved the 
custom of beating the marches of the town 
lands. One of the march stones is in the 
river Mauss, and the writer of the account 
says that those who shared in the march for 
the first time were ducked in the river to 
impress the event on their memories, and 
give the town in future the benefit of theu: 
immemorial recollection. The custom is still 

* Stat, Acct PP* 383-5. The account is dated 
June 1836. 

t /W., p. 383. Rutheiglen was famous for the 
qualitv of its sour cream, see p. 385. 

} Stat, Accn pp. 19, 20. 



observed, in June of each year, on what is 
known as the Lanemar or Landmark-day. 

Lammingtoune long preserved relics of the 
past The soncalled Stool of Repentance 
projected three feet from the Wandell gallery 
of the parish church, and had ** merely a few 
coarse spars in firont ; '' a fiill view of the 
culprit was thus afforded to idl the congrega- 
tion ; there was no seat ; this " Canty " re- 
mained entire till it was removed when the 
church was* repaired in 1828. The minister 
of the imited parishes of Wandell and Lam- 
mingtoune says he believes this to have been 
the last Stool of Repentance in the kingdom.* 
Mr. MacGregor, m his edition of Dugald 
Graham's chap-book, Jockey and Maggfi 
Courtships in a footnote says, 

the stool was placed in front of the pulpit in full view 
of the congregation. In some panshes the culprits 
were allowed to sit, but in most cases they had to 
stand.t 

The custom of Lammingtoune seems to have 
afforded a position even more exposed. The 
Juggs, also, were attached to Lammingtoune 
Church, and Mr. Hope, the minister, had met 
with people who had seen a culprit with the 
iron-padlocked collar round the neck, j: 

A local custom of more pleasant associa- 
tion was kept up in Carluke, where '' creeling 
the young guidman '' was very popular. The 
day after marriage a creel was bound on the 
back of the bridegroom, who set off running 
at full speed, — the wedding fiiends pursued 
him, endeavouring to fill his creel with stones 
and so overlade him. The fun was ended by 
the clear escape of the runner or his release 
from the creel by the quick cutting by his 
bride of the binding cords ; " the joke was to 
insert the girdle dips amongst the cords." 
The custom is a common one. Allan Ramsay 
describes it in his continuation of Christ's 
Kirk on the Green : — 

A creel *bout fu* o' muckle stanes 

They clinked on his back ; 
To try the pith o' his rigg and reins 

They gart him cadge his pack. 
Now as a sign his wife's ricnt fain, 

I trow she was nae slack, 
To rin and ease his shouther-banes, 

And snegged the raips fii' snack, 
Wr her knife that day. 

* Stat, Acc.^ p. 840. 

t Collected Writings of Dugald Graham^ ii. ao, 
note X, 
X Stat, Ace, J pp. 840-841. 



LANARKSHIRE FOLKLORE. 



107 



The custom was followed in the parish of 
Galston, Ayrshire, in 1793, on the second 
day after the marriage. 

The yoang wedded pair, with their friends, assemble 
ID a ooovenient spot. A small Creel, or Basket, is 
prepared for the occasion, into which they put some 
stoocs ; the yoong Men carry it alternately, and allow 
tbcmsehres to be caught by the Maidens, who have a 
kis when thev succeed. After a great deal of inno- 
cent mirth and pleasantry, the Creel Calls at length to 
the yomig Husband's share, who is obliged to carry it, 
fenerally for a long time, none of the young women 
baTing compassion upon him. At last, his lair Mate 
kindly rdieves him from his burden ; and her com- 
plat»ice, in this particular, is considered as a proof 
of her satB&ction with the choice she has made. The 
Creel goes round again ; more merriment succeeds ; 
and all the comptny dine together and talk over the 
feats of the fiekL Perhaps the French phrase, adieu^ 
r, vemdan^ sent faites^ may allude to a simi- 



Tbe custom became rare, as might be ex- 
pected. Napier, in his Folklore of the West 
4/ Scailand^ does not mention it, and yet it 
b not quite extinct In 1876 the marriage 
of Miss Whitelaw, eldest daughter of the 
Rev. Dr. Whitelaw, to Mr. Arthur St. Quintin 
Forbes, son of the Hon. Robert Forb^ and 
grandson of Lord Forbes, took place in the 
parish church* Athelstaneford. "After the 
marriage ceremony was performed by the 
fiuber of the bride,*' says an anonymous 
wntcTi 

it WIS stated that the newly-married pair left on their 
■airiage trip in the afternoon, the bridegroom having 
lint to go through the ancient custom c? bearing the 



In the West of Scotland mining districts there 
b said to be a similar custom associated with 
the proclamation of banns of marriage. The 
day after the proclamation the bridegroom is 
pat into a hutch, '' called in the olden time a 
* creel' or 'coif,' from its being composed 
principally of wicker-work," and is drawn 
triumphantly home by his unmarried friends ; 
the bide's house is afterwards visited; the 
bridegroom stands treat, the health of the 
pair b drunk, and the day is spent in mirth. 

Quis uiUs hamiius beati4niis 
Vukif qms Vmirtm ouspuaHortm t 

Many of our Scottish wedding customs 

* Sua. Act, (Carhike), p. 587, note * ; see also 5/^. 
Ace. tfScttiamd^ 1792 (Galston), voL ii., p. 80, dted 
by Braad, PftfiUar Amtiquitia (1877 ed.), pp. 354- 



i87«. 



il. i7., lA <;X^sMv m«i^ AniiU; 9th September, 



are still clearly indicative of capture. Men 
still living remember when the bride made 
a supposed secret escape from the wedding 
feast by the window, and was searched for 
after sufficient time had been allowed for 
departure ; still in the concealment of the 
marriage-honeymoon destination is the same 
survival, and we may be almost as sure that 
the pursuit of a laden bridegroom is as clear 
a remembrance of very remote ways and 
days, as is the Banffshire custom, which 
forbids a bridegroom to enter the wedding 
house during the time of the wedding meal ; 
and permits him to be entertained as it were 
surreptitiously after all the guests have been 
served.* 

The inordinate length, extravagance, and 
want of decorum of Scottish funerals in the 
early part of this century is referred to in the 
accounts of the parish of Avondale, and of 
the parish of Carluke, t The writer of the 
account of the parish of Old Monkland (the 
Rev. William Patrick) has some curious 
notes on local expressions, which may be 
referred to in connection with Lanarkshire 
country-life. The strong theological bias of 
the true Scotchman is shown in the Monkland 
use of the word "infidel" as synonymous 
with idiot, — thus, if a man say, " Do you 
think I am an infidel?'' (a frequent inter- 
rogatory, says Mr. Patrick, among the handi- 
crafts), " he merely means he is no fool, but 
knows what he is about." 

The no less common expression, '* WUl you never 
deval f " merely means, will you never give over. In 
such a concourse of strangers as now prevails here, 
there are many doubtful or uninteUigible characters, 
lliese are uniformly termed " nomalistic characters." 
Compdlment is also a common word for forcing or 
compelling one against his will, and combustibUs is 
most erroneously applied to the filthy accumulations 
of animal, vegetable, and earthy matters in ditches and 
covered drains, which carry away the refuse from their 
dwellings, t 

No notice of the folklore of Lanarkshire 
can be complete without some reference to 
the Lee Penny, the "Talisman," of Sir Walter 

* As to the Aberdeenshire custom, see Gregorys 
FoUdori oftht North-tost of Scottand^ 1881, p. loa 

t Stat, Acc,^ Avondale, p. 506; and Carluke, 
p. 587, note t. 

f Stat, Acc.^ pp. 655-656. The account is dated 
February 184a A statistical entry regarding this 
parish is: "Natural diildrent9 per annum ; bachelors, 
46; old maids, lao" (p. 655). 

I a 



io8 DISCOVERIES OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES AT KESTON, KENT. 



Scott's novel, and yet I feel I must delay the 
consideration of its remarkable history until 
another time. It cannot be dealt with in 
half-a-dozen lines, and I have already written 
more about Lanarkshire folklore than I at 
first intended. 





Dt0cotierp of IRoman antigutttes 
at I&e0ton, I&ent. 

By G. Clinch, 
Of the Library^ British Museum, 

|N the year 1882, during some ^- 
dening operations near the British 
Camp in Hoi wood Park at Keston, 
Kent, the gardener's spade un- 
earthed a curious piece of pottery, which 
the finder at the time supposed to be a 
quaint kind of cream-jug. A short time ago 
I had an opportimity of examining it, and I 
found it to be a terra-cotta lamp of Roman 
date, in excellent preservation, and almost 
perfect, the only part in which it is defective 
being that which is indicated by a small rough 
fracture upon the upper part of the handle. 
The part broken off was probably a small 
head, or some such ornamental device. The 
lip is longer than is usual in other specimens 
which I have examined, giving the lamp an 
ovoid appearance. The length is 4I inches 
and the breadth 2\ inches, whereas the 
greater proportion of Roman lamps are of a 
circular shape, from which a small lip pro- 
trudes about half-an-inch. In this lip is 
an apnerture for the wick, and opposite the 
wick is generally a small handle. Between 
the hole (in the centre of the bowl) for re- 
plenishing the oil and that for the wick there 
is, in this specimen, a small triangular slit, 
designed probably to allow of the escape of 
the air from the bowl when oil was poured 
into the lamp. The junction of the lip with 
the circular bowl has been executed with 
care, and on each side of the lip there is a 
kind of volute or scroll ornament which 
imparts elegance to the general form. Marks 
of wear appear upon the underside of the 
lamp, caused, doubtless, by friction upon 
the disc which surmounted the candelabrum 
upon which it was usually placed. 



The terra-cotta is good, and so thin that 
one wonders how it has been preserved in 
such a perfect state during its burial under- 
ground for so many hundreds of years. 
There is no doubt, however, that the interior 
of the bowl became filled with sand in such 
a manner as to give it some kind of solidity. 
The lamp is so fashioned that when it stands 
upon a level surface it inclines forward 
toward the lip, and the latter is considerably 
lower than the handle. This was intended 
by the maker to facilitate the progress of the 
oU toward the wick. The lamp was pro- 
bably not intended to be carried about much 
in the hand, as the handle is small and in- 
convenient, and the inclination of the lamp 
toward the wick indicates that its proper 
place was upon the candelabrum. 

The chief interest of this relic arises from 
the locality in which it was found. This 
was a garden close to Keston Common, 
and within about three hundred yards of the 
British Camp in Holwood Park, and nearly 
half-a-mile from the ** Warbank," where the 
foundations of Roman buildings, graves of 
Roman date, and other contemporary anti- 
quities were found in the early part of this 
century. The latter spot has been con- 
jectured by many archaeologists to be the 
veritable site of Noviomagus^ mentioned in 
the Itinerary of Antoninus ; and, although 
opinion is divided upon this point — other 
authorities preferring Woodcote, near Croy- 
don, as the site of that station — ^yet it is 
clear that a Roman station formerly existed 
at Keston, and the discovery of a Roman 
lucemay although not at aU settling the 
question as to the name of the place, adds 
one more fact to the evidence which had 
already indicated that this was one of the sites 
which the Romans selected with so much 
discretion and good taste for their habita- 
tions. The site is a ver^ charming one ; a 
beautiful valley, with fertile fields and hazel 
shaws, sweeps gracefully round Holwood 
Hill. Just beyond is the quaint little parish 
church of Keston, whose time-stained walls 
are partly hidden by the fine elms which 
nestle around it. Behind the Warbank, the 
rising ground of Holwood Park serves as a 
shelter from the cold east winds, and one 
has little difficulty in repeopling, in the mind's 
eye, this now deserted hill| and in restoring 



THE NEVILLS OF RABY AND THEIR ALLIANCES. 



109 



to their original form the dwelling-places as 
they were in Roman times, although the 
ploughshare has long since buried their 
foundations and scattmd their contents. 





dre BebifljB! of iaabp ami 
tM 9IIiance0« 

By C Staniland Waki. 

Part I. 

H>SWORTH (MS. 160, f. 234) 
mentions, under date 20th Novem- 
ber, 1620, that in the east window 
of Uie church of Cottin^ham, near 
Kingston- upon-Hull, was ''a man m a gowne 
kneeling on his head Sa. a wolfe rampant and 
crosslet or Orate pafa di^i Nichi de Louth 
rectoris huius ecclesie qui istud cancellum 
fieri fecit A« Dfti M™> ccc»> bcxiiij®.*' The 
window has long since disappeared, but the 
"Cure monument of marble inlayd with 
brasse, . . . with the portraiture of a clergy- 
man," which Dodsworth also refers to as 
being in the ''quyer,'* or nUher the brass 
work let into another stone, still remains to 
commemorate Nicholas de Luda (Louth), 
who in A^. 1362 was presented to the church 
by Edward the Black Prince, and who sub- 
sequently caused the choir to be erected. 

In addition to the figure of Nicholas, the 
east window of Cottingham Church, and also 
the other windows of the choir, showed 
various armorial devices, which are thus 
described by Dodsworth : — 

In the East Window. 

Eafknd a border Ar ^^ 

qvl^ Frmnc ft Englmnd a fTI Ar paled with 

England a bolder Ar 
qnlly Franc h. England a border Ar. 

In Windowis round about the Quire. 

Dfit de Mowbray 

DilsdeRoos 

le Coote de Richmont cheque b. & or. a 

canton er. a border g. sem de lion pass* 
Coote de Arondal qoflj gu a lyon ramp* or, 

second cheque 
CoBte de Pembrok qoflv Valence & Hastings 
Coote de Warwick g a tesse en't 6 crosslets or 
le Conte de Sar i Ar 3 ftisiUs m (esse gn 
SttSolk Sa a -f- engr or 
SdHoidor/ys 



Oxenfoid . . . S X o a mallet Arg* 

le Conte de Demofifur or 3 torteaux a m b 

le de Angus g a cinqncfoil & 8 crosslets in orle or 

le S' de Spencer quFly Ar & g on the 2 & 3 

qurs a firette or a bend Sa 
leecheno% a Neuil pona X ArawSa 
le S' de Percy a lyon Ar 
le S' de NeuU gfi a x er 
le S' de latymer Ga + patence or 
le S' de Segrave Sa lyon ramp* Ar crowned 

or a bold g. 

It is mentioned by Camden that in Raby 
Castle, now the seat of the Duke of Cleve- 
land, was a chamber ''wherein was, in windows 
of coloured glass, all the pedigree of the 
Nevilles." This castle was chiefly erected in 
1379 by John de Nevill, whose descendant 
John de Nevill, the eldest son of Ralph, 
Lord Nevill, of Raby Castle, the great Earl 
of Westmoreland, in the reign of Henry V., 
married Elizabeth, the fifth daughter of Thomas 
Holland, Earl of Kent, the owner of the manor 
of Cottingham. Alice, the daughter of 
Alianore, another daughter of Thomas Hol- 
land, also married a Nevill. This was Richard 
Nevill, afterwards Earl of Salisbury, the eldest 
son of that Earl of Westmoreland, by his 
second wife, Joane, a daughter of John of 
Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. On the death, 
without issue, of Edmimd Holland, Earl of 
Kent, the son of Thomas Holland, the manor 
of Cottingham was divided among his sisters, 
and the Nevills therefore acquir^ two parts 
of the manor, which are still known as Cot- 
tingham Westmoreland and Cottingham 
Sanim. As this family was so intimately 
associated with Cottingham, it is far from 
improbable that the armorial bearings in the 
windows of the church there had, like those 
at Raby Castle, reference to the Nevill pedi- 
gree. 

This is true more especially of the " win- 
dowes round about the quire ;" as the arms of 
the east window were those of the Earls of 
Kent and of the ro]^ princes connected with 
them. The bordure is, says Boutell, a mark 
of cadency borne by princes and by person- 
ages of various ranks. The Hollands, Earls 
of Kent, differenced England with a plain 
silver bordure. The shield quartering France 
and England with a silver label ^ was that of 

* It WIS also the shield of Edward^ only son of 
Richard III., who was created Earl of Salisbury by 
bis ancle, £dwaid IV., and who died before bis fisher* 



no 



THE I^EVILLS OF RABY AND THEIR ALLIANCES. 



Edward the Black Prince, eldest son of 
Edward III. This prince married Joan, 
daughter of Edmund de Woodstock, Earl of 
Kent, second son of Edward I., who called 
herself Lady Wake (her mother having in- 
herited the great possessions of Thomas 
Wake, Baron of Lydell), but was popularly 
known as the fair maid of Kent, and who 
had married for her first husband Sir Thomas 
Holland, in her right Earl of Kent. The 
silver bordure about the quartered shield of 
France and England was that of Thomas de 
Woodstock, youngest son of Edward III., if 
France ancient^ and that of Humphrey, 
youngest son of Henry IV., if France modem. 
Probably Thomas de Woodstock was intended 
to be commemorated, as his daughter Ann 
married Edmund, Earl of Stafford, whose son 
Humphrey was the heir of Joan, widow of 
Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent The east 
window may be supposed, therefore, to have 
perpetuated the memories of the Hollands, 
Earls of Kent, and the two sons of Edwardlll. 
with whom they were most closely connected, 
Edward the Black Prince and Thomas de 
Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester. 

As to the other windows of the choir, all 
the persons mentioned by Dodsworth in con- 
nection with them were closely allied to the 
Nevills of Raby. At the head of the list 
stands De Mowbray. This powerful family 
was represented in the reign of Edward II. 
by John, the son of Roger de Mowbray, by 
Rose, sister to Gilbert, Earl of Clare. John 
de Mowbray married Aliva, daughter, and 
finally one of the coheirs, of William de Brewes. 
This baron had certain possessions in Wales, 
called Gowerland, to which John de Mow- 
bray laid claim in right of Aliva his wife. 
Now, William de Brewes had contracted to 
sell those lands, first with the Earl of Here- 
ford and afterwards with the two Rogers de 
Mortimer, father and nephew. Nevertheless, 
he dealt for them with Hugh de Spencer, 
then lord chamberlain to the king, who had 
other lands adjoining, and gave him pos- 
session of them. The aggrieved barons 
thereupon complained to Thomas, Earl of 
Lancaster, who, with many other lords, armed 
themselves to take part against De Spencer. 
The king, however, raised an army to oppose 
them, when the Mortimers and some others 
submitted, and the rest were slain or taken 



prisoners at Boroughbridge, in Yorkshire, 
among the latter being the E^l of Lancaster 
and John de Mowbray, both of whom were 
hanged at York. The son of this John de 
Mowbray, also called John, gained the favour 
of Edward III., and took a leading part in 
the French and Scottish wars. He died in 
35 Edward III., leaving issue by Joan his 
wife, one of the daughters of Henry, Earl of 
Lancaster, John de Mowbray his heir. ''This," 
says Dugdale, "is that John who took to 
wife Elizabeth, the daughter and heir to John, 
Lord Segrave, by Margaret his wife, daughter 
and sole heir to Thomas of Brotherton 
(second son to King Edward the First), Earl 
of Norfolk and Earl Marshall of England, 
by which marriage a great inheritance in lands, 
with addition of much honor, came to this 
noble Family." The last-named John de 
Mowbray was slain near Constantinople by 
the Turks in 42 Edward III., and was suc- 
ceeded by his son John, created Earl of 
Nottingham, who, dying without issue, was 
succeeded by his brother Thomas. This 
baron, who was appointed Earl Marshal of 
England, with descent of the oflRce to his 
heirs mde, married Elizabeth, the widow of 
William de Montacute, eldest son of William, 
Earl of Salisbury, and sister and coheir of 
Thomas FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel Never- 
theless he was a principal party to the execu- 
tion of Thomas FitzAlan in 21 Richard II., 
and soon afterwards to the murder of Thomas 
of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester. He was 
rewarded by a grant of a large part of the 
possessions of the Earl of Arundel and of 
Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, and 
was created Duke of Norfolk. Less than a 
year afterwards, however, he was banished, 
and he died at Venice in i Henry IV. He 
was succeeded by his son Thomas, who mar- 
ried Constance, daughter of John Holland, 
Earl of Huntingdon and Duke of Exeter, but 
he was beheaded for conspiracy in 6 Henry IV. 
Dying without issue, his brother John, Lord 
Mowbray, who married Katherine, the daugh- 
ter of Ralph, Lord Nevill, of Raby Castle, the 
first Earl of Westmoreland, had the dignity 
of Duke of Norfolk restored to him. John, 
Lord Mowbray, died in 11 Henry VI., 
leaving a son, John, who succeeded him, 
and who appears to have borne the titles 
of Lord Segrave, Earl of Nottingham, and 



THE NEVILLS OF RABY AND THEIR ALLIANCES. 



Ill 



Duke of Norfolk. In i Edward IV. he 
died* and his son and successor, John, 
Lord Mowbray, was created, in addition 
to his other titles, Eari Warren and Surrey. 
He died in 15 Edward IV., leaving an 
only daughter and heir, Anne, who after- 
wards married Richard, Duke of York, 
second son of King Edward IV., but died 
without issue. 

The fiunily of De Roos or Ros became 
directly connected with the Nevills at an 
earlier date than that of De Mowbray. Ralph, 
Lord Nevill, the grandfather of Ralph, Lord 
NeviD, the first Earl of Westmoreland, 
had a daughter, Margaret, who in 16 Ed- 
ward III. married William de Ros, Lord 
of Hamlak^ in Yorkshire. The surname 
of this £unily was taken from the lordship 
in Holdemess, where its ancestor Peter de 
Ros had hb residence. This Peter married 
Adelinei one of the sisters and coheirs of 
the £uiious Walter Espec, founder of the 
abbey of Rievaulx, in Yorkshire. The 
neighbouring castle of Helmsley or Ham- 
lake and that of Werke or Berwick were 
erected, in the reign of John, by his grand- 
son, Robert de Ros, who married Isabell, 
danghter of William the lion. King of 
Scoiland The grandson of this baron, also 
called Robert, married Isabell, daughter and 
hdr of William de Albini, Lord of Belvoir, 
and in 51 Henry III. he raised ''a new 
embateUed wall about the castle of Belvoir, 
whereof he stood possessed in right of 
Isabell his wife.** His son, William de Ros, 
was one of the competitors for the crown of 
Scotland in respect of his descent from 
his ^reat-grandmother, Isabell, daughter of 
iraiiam the Lion. In i Edward IL, with 
Robert de Umfranvill, Earl of Angus, and 
HeniT Beaumont, he was constituted the 
King^s Lieutenant in Scotland, between 
Berwick and the river Forth, as also in 
the marches of Annandale, Carryk, and 
Galloway ; and though, says Dugdale, " this 
Lieutenancy was conferred upon John de 
Segrave the next following year, yet he 
con t inu ed still in Scotland in that King's 
service.'* He was succeeded by his son 
William, who in 12 Edward III. had a grant 
finom the king of a certain Tower in the city 
of London, built by King Edward the 
Second, and adjoyning to the River Thames, 



near to a place called Baynards Casde, to 
hold to him the said William and his heirs, 
as appurtenant to his castle of Hamlake, in 
Yorkshire, by the service of a Rose, to be 
yearly paid at the Exchequer upon the Feast 
day of the Nativity of S. John the Baptist 
for ever." It was William, the son and suc- 
cessor of this William de Ros, who married 
Margaret, daughter of Ralph, Lord Nevill, 
but he died in the Holy Land in 26 
Edward III. without issue, and his widow 
became the wife of Henry, Lord Percy. He 
was succeeded by his brother Thomas, from 
whom was descended another Thomas, who 
married Alianor, daughter of Richard Beau- 
champ, Earl of Warwick, by whom he had a 
son, also called Thomas, and died in 9 
Henry VI. The fidelity of the last-named 
Thomas de Ros to the Lancastrian cause led 
to his being attainted and his lands confis- 
cated. Belvoir Castle was given to Lord 
Hastings, but on his coming to view it he 
was repelled by a friend of Lord de Ros. 
Dugdale states that ''the Lord Hastings 
came again with some forces, and did great 
spoil to the castle, defacing the Roofs and 
taking away the Lead wherewith it was 
covered to his House at Ashby de la Zouch, 
where he then bestowed no small cost in 
building, which occasioned the castle to fall 
to such mine by rotting of the Timber, as that 
it was wholly uninhabitable, until the Earl 
of Rutland in King Henry the Eighth's time 
repaired it, making it a more stately structure 
than ever it was." Thomas de Ros lived to 
I Edward IV., and his son Edward, who 
succeeded him, died in 24 Henry VII. 
without issue, and leaving his three sisters 
his coheirs. 

The next person referred to by Dodsworth 
is the Earl of Richmond. The armorial 
bearings in the choir of Cottingham Church 
were those of De Dreux, Dukes of Brittany, 
created Earls of Richmond, in Yorkshire. 
According to Dugdale, John de Dreux 
married Beatrice, daughter of Henry HI. 
(and therefore sister of Edward I.), and had 
in 52 Henry HI. granted to him by letters 
patent the earldom of Richmond, and by 
charter a few days afterwards the honour of 
Richmond in fee, in exchange for the earl- 
dom of Agenois, in France. Boutell figures 
a shield borne by John de Dreux, Earl of 



112 



THE NEVILLS OF RABY AND THEIR ALLIANCES. 



Richmond, the nephew of Edward I., and he 
thus describes it: *'the field chequte or 
and lazurcj being for De Dreux ; the canton 
ermine, for Brittany ; and the bordure, gules 
charged with golden lions of England, repre- 
senting the royal shield of England, and 
showing the close connection existing be- 
tween the Earl of Richmond and his 
sovereign." In i Edward III. John de 
Dreux obtained licence to grant the earldom 
of Richmond to Arthur, his brother and heir, 
whose son John did homage for the earldom, 
but died in 15 Edward III. In the following 
year Edward III. advanced his fourth son, 
John of Gaunt, afterwards Duke of Lan- 
caster, to the dignity of Earl of Richmond, 
but in 46 Edward III. the earldom was 
surrendered by the Duke of Lancaster and 
was granted by the king to John, Duke of 
Brittany and Earl of Montfort, who had 
married Joan, daughter of Charles, King of 
Navarre. He was succeeded by his son 
John, styled the Valiant, but in 5 Richard II., 
" fallhig oflf to the King of France, contrary 
to his Faith and Allegiance to the King of 
England and his Progenitors," his lands in 
England were seized, and by Act of Parliament 
he was afterwards deposed from all titles of 
honour here. Joan, the mother of this earl 
of Richmond, became, on the death of her 
first husband, the wife of Henry IV., King 
of England, who on his landing at Ravenspur, 
in Holdemess, in a.d. 1399, was joined by 
Ralph, Lord Nevill of Raby. This baron 
had been created Earl of Westmoreland by 
Richard II. the year before, and now 
Henry IV., in the first year of his reign, 
granted him the county and honour of Rich- 
mond for the term of his life, constituting 
him also Earl Marshal of England. At a 
later date the holder of the earldom of Rich- 
mond was interested also in the manor of 
Cottingham. Edmund of Hadham, the half- 
brother of Henry VI., married Margaret, the 
daughter of John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, 
and granddaughter of Margaret, one of the 
sisters and coheirs of Edmund Holland, 
Earl of Kent The husband of this Mar- 
garet was the son of John of Gaunt, Duke 
of Lancaster, and perhaps for this reason the 
earldom of Richmond was bestowed on 
Edmund of Hadham, whose son Henry, 
Karl of Richmondi afterwards Henry VII., in- 



herited from his mother* a share of the 
manor of Cottingham. Edward IV., the 
father of Elizabeth, who became the nife of 
Henry VII., was himself entitled* as the 
eldest surviving son of Richard, Duke of 
York, the gran&on of AUanore, eldest sister 
of Edmund Holland, Earl of Kent, to a share 
of that manor. This, however, he transferred 
to Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who had 
already become the owner of a share of the 
manor by virtue of his marriage with a 
daughter of the Earl of Warwick. One of 
the four parts into which the original manor 
of Cottingham is divided is still called the 
manor of Cottingham Richmond. 

The Earl of Arundel comes next in Dods- 
worth's list, but it will be advisable now to 
refer again to the Nevills of Raby. This 
family sprang from Uchtred, Earl of 
Northumberland, in the days of King Ed- 
mund Ironside, whose descendant Robert 
FitzMaldred, in Henry III.'s reign, married 
Isabel, the sister and heir of Henry de 
Nevill, and thereupon assumed the surname 
of Nevill. John, Lord Nevill, after much 
warlike service in France, died in 12 
Richard II., having married first Maud, 
daughter of Lord Percy, by whom he had 
issue Ralph, his heir, created Earl of West- 
moreland by Richard II. ; and then Elizabeth, 
daughter and heir of William, Lord Latimer, 
of Danby. By his second wife he had issue 
John de Nevill, afterwards Lord Latimer, 
who died without issue, and was succeeded 
by his brother Ralph. The arms of Nevill 
are given by Boutell as gu, a saltire arg., and 
he states that '' in addition to various labels, 
the Nevills charge no less than eight different 
small figures upon their silver saltire, to 
distinguish different members and branches 
of their powerful race." The crescent is the 
difference of the second son or house, and 
probably the crescent sable "f was that of 
Richard Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, who was 
the eldest son by the second wife. The 
Latimer arms mentioned by Dodsworth, gu, a 

*This Lady Margaret married three times. Her 
second husband was Henry, a younger son of 
Humphrey, Duke of Buckingham. Her third hus- 
band was Thomas, Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby, to 
whom in 1485 she made an assi^ment of (part oQ 
the manor of Cottingham for his life. 

t Edmondson gives the crescent sahU as the mark of 
the Nevills o\ Sheostone Park, in Stafibrdshire. 



THE HAZUTTS IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783—87). 113 



anns paiana or^ were those of the Latimers 
of Duiby, and not of the George de Nevill, 
Lard Latimer^ who succeeded John de NevilL 
This George was a younger son of Ralph, 
Earl of Wes tmo reland, by his second wife, 
and he married Elizabeth, daughter of 
Ridiard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. 

Ralph, the eldest son and heir of John, 
Lord Nevill, of Raby, married for his first 
wife Margaret, daughter of Hugh, Earl of 
Stafford, by whom he had two sons and seven 
daughters. His eldest son, John de Nevill, 
who married Elizabeth, one of the sisters and 
coheirs of Edmund Holland, Earl of Kent, 
died in his lifetime, leaving a son, Ralph, who 
thus became the heir of his grandfather. By 
his second wife, Joane, the Earl of Westmore- 
land had eight sons and five daughters. The 
ddest son of this marriage was Richard de 
Nevill, who had the title of Earl of Salisbury 
in right of his wife Alice, the daughter of 
Alianore, one of the sisters and coheirs of 
Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent, by Thomas 
de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, whose sole 
heir she was. The arms of Salisbury, repre- 
sented in the choir of Cottingham Church, 
are those of Montacute or Montague, arg. 
thrufusUs conjoined in f esse gu. Richard de 
NeviU, Earl of Salisbury, was beheaded by 
the Lancastrians after the battle of Wakefield, 
fought in the last year of the reign of Henry 
VL He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
Richard de Nevill, who having married Anne, 
the dau^ter of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of 
Warwick, was confirmed in this dignity, and 
become known from his actions as the stout 
Earl of Warwick. The arms of Warwick 
given by Dodsworth are those of Beauchamp, 
^, a ftsse between six crosslets or. Richard 
Nevill, Earl of Warwick and Salisbury, was 
slain at the battle of Bamet His only children 
were two daughters, of whom theelder, Isabel, 
married George, Duke of Clarence, the ill- 
fitted brother of Edward IV., and the other, 
Anne, married first Edward, Prince of Wales, 
son of Henry VL, and afterwards Richard, 
Duke of Gloucester, <* who possest himself of 
aU Warwick's lands,*' and who afterwards be- 
came king as Richard HI. 

(T0 he cmUimud.) 





Cl)e l^a?Utt0 in amedca a 
Centutp jB!ftice(i783— 87)- 

By W. Carbw Hazlitt. 

OWE to the kindness of the owner 
the use of an unpublished MS. 
which incidentally throws some 
interesting light on the history of 
the United States in the first dawn of Ameri- 
can independence. The volume, which is 
an octavo of nearly two hundred pages, was 
written between the years 1835 and 1838 for 
the information and instruction of her nephew 
(my father), to whom it is addressed, by 
Margaret Hazlitt, only surviving daughter of 
the Rev. William Hazlitt, A.M., and sister 
of John Hazlitt, miniature-painter, and 
William Hazlitt, critic and essayist It 
easily divides itself into two portions : the 
account of the origin and early history of the 
family, with its fortimes at home from 1725 
to 181 4 ; and the voyage of the Rev. Mr. 
Hazlitt across the Atbuitic in 1783, and what 
he saw and did there. It is with the latter 
alone that I here propose to deal ; the more 
strictly biographical and domestic particulars 
I shall reserve for another opportunity. 

There is no reasonable ground for ques- 
tioning the perfect authenticity and trust- 
worthiness of the details which follow, for, 
although the account was drawn up so many 
years after the events which it describes, the 
authoress or compiler had the advantage not 
only of family papers, some of which are 
still extant, but of her own and her mother's 
recollections. It will be found, I hope, that 
the selections which I am enabled to give in 
illustration of the early life of Hazlitt, will 
prove to be interesting, nor destitute of 
novelty and freshness. 

I have already explained, in the commenc- 
ing pages of the Memoirs of Hatlitt^ 1867, 
how my great grandfather, the Unitarian 
minister, after moving about from place to 
place, eventually settled in 1780 at Bandon, 
near Cork, in Ireland. He remained here 
with his family for some time, and contracted 
many agreeable and lasting fiiendships, as he 
had done in nearly every congreg^on of 
which he had had charge ''But," writes 
his daughter, ''though happily situated in 
many respects, some events happened at this 



114 THE HAZLITTS IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783— S?)^ 



time which served to strengthen the wish he 
had long entertained of transporting himself 
and fomily across the Atlantic, and seeking 
a haven of rest in the western world. The 
feud between Whigs and Tories ran high, 
and my father, who never disguised his sen- 
timents, gave great offence by his freedom in 
writing and speaking at a time when the 
unbridled licence of the army (who took 
liberties in Ireland that they dared not do at 
home) made it dangerous to offend the 
haughty officers, who seemed to think wear- 
ing a sword entitled them to domineer over 
their fellow subjects. The American pri- 
soners, being considered as rebels, were 
most inhumanly treated, particularly in Kin- 
sale prison, where some officers amused 
themselves by running their swords into the 
hammocks of the sick. These and similar 
practices my father exposed in the news- 
papers, and he and many friends made fre- 
quent journeys to Kinsale to see and assist 
the poor prisoners, and three of them escap- 
ing, were a long time concealed among our 
friends." 

The conduct of the soldiers became so 
unbearable that Mr. Hazlitt wrote to the 
War Office ; a court of enquiry was held, and 
the regiment was changed. Miss Hazlitt 
notes that when her father's letter to head- 
quaiters was read in court they said, "Who 
could have thought a Presbyterian parson 
could have written such a letter?" But it 
appears that Mr. Hazlitt also appealed to his 
friends in London, Dr. Price of Newington, 
and Mr. Palmer, and that at the request of 
the former, the Premier, Lord Shelbume, 
forwarded a letter from him to Colonel Fitz- 
patrick, the commandant at Kinsale. The 
matter was settled for that time; but the 
feeling broke out again more strongly and 
bitterly than ever, and it was apprehended 
that if Mr. Hazlitt had not left Ireland his 
life would have been sacrificed to the violence 
of party spirit The family quitted Bandon, 
and proceeded to Cork, where they stayed a 
fortnight with friends ; and on the 3rd of 
April, 1783, the whole party embarked on 
board the Hmry^ Captain Jeffreys, for New 
York, carrying a veiy flattering testimonial 
signed by Dr. Price, Dr. Kippis, Mr. Palmer, 
and Dr. Rees, dated March 3rd| 1783. There 
were Mr. and Mrs. Hazlitt; John, a boy 



of fifteen ; William, about five ; Margaretf 
seven years his senior; and Harriet, an 
infant On the whole a rather notable group 
— at least, as one looks back at it after the 
lapse of years by the sort of dim light which 
is all that one has, and glances aside at very 
different careers then very possible for hi^ 
names in letters and art in England. Not 
that the members of it entertained any such 
impression, for they were poor, anxious, and 
sad at the notion of leaving, perhaps for ever, 
the Old Coimtry; and the future was dark 
and full of incertitude. Still the small band 
had a brave leader, a person of rare stability 
and sincerity of disposition, a man as strenu- 
ous and resolute in character as he was by 
temperament trusting and serene. What the 
tonnage of the Henry was we do not hear at 
all, but we may very well take it for granted 
that it was a fragile lit^e craft in comparison 
with the splendid liners to which modem 
travellers have grown used. 

''We sailed with a fiair wind and fine 
weather, and with mingled feelings of hope 
and regret. I had just been reading the 
American Farmer^ a book that gives a most 
delightful and romantic description of that 
country, and though true in the most essen- 
tial pomts, was (to say the least) too highly 
coloured. I had formed to myself an ideal 
terrestrial paradise, and, with the love of 
liberty I had imbibed, looked forward to a 
perfect land, where no tyrants were to nilei 
no bigots to hate and persecute their breth- 
ren, no intrigues to feed the flame of discord 
and fill the land with woe. Of course all 
the Americans were to be good and happy, 
and nothing was to hurt or destroy in adl 
that holy mountain." 

The voyage was not eventful, nor do I 
perceive anything about it of sufficient 
moment to extract from the MS. They were 
more than six weeks out, and New York was 
not reached till the 26th May. 

** As soon as we cast anchor," the writer 
observes, " we were visited by some of the 
British officers, who came on board eager to 
hear the news. Ours was the first ship that 
brought an account of the treaty of peace. 
And then how they raved and swore, cursing 
both the Congress and those at home, who 
had thus put a stop to their ravaging with 
fire and sword their brothers' land| and in 



THE HAZUTTS IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783— S7). 115 



this our most valiant captain most piously 
joined theia So much were their American 
brethren transformed in their ejres (by that 
little magical word rdnl) into bands of 
lawless banditti, whom it would be meritori- 
ous to destroy. 

''We landed at six in the evening, but 
it was some time before we could get a 
lodging. This was owin^ to an oversight 
of a friend who had given my father a 
letter to Mr. Tench Cox, a gentleman 
of New York, who was obnoxious to the 
Americans on account of his favouring 
the British cause; and his walking about 
with my fruher and John made us to be 
looked on as refugees, and no one would 
take us in. I remember my mother sitting 
down in the porch of some door with me, 
the diildren and servant, to wait with no 
very pleasant feeling the return of my father 
with his most unludcy, though kindly inten- 
tioned, conductor. At last the mistake was 
cleared up, and we were admitted into the 
house of Mrs. Gregory. Here we stayed 
two days, in order to receive our goods from 
the ship, and then set off for Philadelphia, 
that beautiful city of which we had heard so 
much. We went to Perth Amboy, and next 
to Burlington, a very pretty township by the 
side of a fine river. On the opposite side 
stood Bath and Bristol, which looked beau- 
tiful with their green woods on either side. 
It was Friday when we arrived there, and on 
Saturday the Jersey Assembly (sitting there 
at diat time) sent an invitation to request 
my father to preach to them on the morrow, 
which he accordingly did. 

^ By what means they knew that a minis- 
ter of the Gospel, and a warm friend to 
liberty and to them, was come over to cast 
in his lot amongst them, I do not know. 

''The room he preached in had no pews, 
but only benches, to sit on, as I have seen 
in some Quakers' meetings. Here, a house 
to let, which had belonged to a son of Dr. 
Franklin (who, strange to say, had been 
banished as a refugee), made my mother 
desire to settle here, and she proposed to 
my father to open a school. It was an 
exodlent plan, and would have succeeded 
well, but it was his wish to ^o on ; and we 
took our departure for Philadelphia in a 
stage-waggon (not unlike our long coaches). 



and rode two dajrs through the Jersey woods, 
full of various majestic trees, mingled with 
the blossoms of the wild peach and apricot, 
and the sweet-scented yellow flowers of the 
locust trees perfuming the air. 

" We passed through many little towns 
where the ground was cleared away for some 
miles round each, and made a pleasant con- 
trast to the neighbouring forests. 

" When we arrived at the city we took a 
lodging the first week in Strawberry Alley. 
My father then hired a house in Union Street. 
This house had a parlour, with a door open- 
ing to the street, a kitchen, two bedrooms, 
two attics, cupboards in every room, and a 
good cellar ; our only pantry a shelf on the 
cellar stairs, where a colony of ants devoured 
everything that did not stand in a pail of 
water ; the kitchen had a door into a bit of a 
yard, and this, with a small plot of ground 
that had never been dug or enclosed, were 
the whole of our premises, and for this fifty 
pounds a year of their money, about thirty 
English, was paid." 

The description which occurs in the MS. 
of Philadelphia, as it appeared to an intelli- 
gent observer in 1783, should possess no 
slight interest : — 

" As we stayed," notes Miss Hazlitt, " so 
long in Philadelphia I have a perfect recol- 
lection of this fine city. It had nineteen 
straight streets from north to south, crossed 
by nineteen others from east to west, reach- 
ing from the Delawar to the Schuylkill 
They were each two miles long, but were 
not all finished Those between the rivers 
were called Water Street, Second, Third 
Street, and so on ; the others were named 
after difierent firuit, as Walnut, Pine Street, 
etc There were only three Episcopalian 
churches here, but a great many of Dutch, 
Presbjrterian, and Quakers, and some few 
Catholics. A great part of the population 
of this city were Irish and German. My 
father dined one day with the society of 
the Cincinnati on the banks of the Schuylkill 
My father and John went to St Peter's 
church, on purpose to get a sight of General 
Washington. It was on a week day, on 
some public occasion, when that great and 
good man was present. In July my father 
went to preach at New London, and here he 
met with some of his own name and kindred. 



ii6 THE HAZLITTS IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783— «?)• 



some of whom we afterwards saw in Phila- 
delphia, where also lived, with her guardians, 
Miss Hazlitt, a daughter of Colonel Hazlitt, 
to whose wedding my mother went. She 
was a distant relatioa From New London 
my father went to Carlisle, where he spent 
some time, and might have been settled with 
three hundred a year and a prospect of 
bein^ president of a college that was erect- 
ing, if he would have subsgribed the confes- 
sion of faith which the orthodox insisted on ; 
but he told them he would sooner die in a 
ditch than submit to human authority in 
matters of faith. 

" Some of our neighbours in Union Street," 
she continues, "were very friendly. Mr. 
Gomez and his family were much interested 
about us. They were Jews, and had lost 
much of their property by the war, but were 
still rich. Late in the summer Mr. Gomez 
returned to New York, where his property 
lay, and whence he had been driven by the 
British troops. He often enquired what 
were my father's sentiments, and why the 
orthodox were so bitter against him, and he 
thought the Unitarian doctrine the most 
reasonable scheme of Christianity he had 
ever heard. Of course the notion of a 
Trinity must ever be a stumbling-block in the 
way of Jews and Mahometans. 

" I forgot to mention, among our friends 
here, Mr. Vaughan and his two sons, Eng- 
lish gentlemen of large property. They 
wished my father to take a school at German 
Town, five miles from the city, and oflfered 
to advance him any money necessary to 
begin with, but this he declined, as he did 
not think it right to give up preaching en- 
tirely. Mr. Vaughan, with his wife and 
daughters, afterwards returned to England, 
but his sons remained there some years longer, 
and one, that we afterwards met at Boston, 
behaved to us in a very friendly manner. 
While he was in Philadelphia, Mr. Vaughan 
assisted some English ladies to open a board- 
ing school there. German Town is a beau- 
ti^ village, and it is said the yellow fever 
never reached it, so that it seems a pity we 
did not settle there. But perhaps my father 
was destined to remove the rubbish and to 
clear the way for more fortunate Unitarians 
who, coming after him, entered into his 
labours and reaped the fruits thereof." 



The family had not been spared its sorrows 
since the arrival in the States. IJttle Harriet 
had been taken, and another daughter, 
Esther, came and went like a vision. But 
a more serious danger seemed at one time 
imminent, and it led to a sublime develop- 
ment of piety and heroism on the part of a 
mere lad. 

" Soon after the death of Esther my father 
was invited to preach in Maryland. It was 
a township (as they call their scattered vil- 
lages, where a field or two intervenes between 
every house). And here, in the midst of the 
forests, and at a distance from the cities on 
the coast, he found a respectable and polished 
society, with whom he would have been 
happy to spend his days, and they were very 
anxious to have him for their pastor. But 
on the second Sunday he was seized with 
the fever of that country, and fainted in the 
pulpit Although he might himself after so 
severe a seasoning, have been able to bear 
the climate, he feared to take his family 
there, and a stop was put to our being 
settled with a people so very suitable in 
many respects. I forget the name of the 
place, but to Mr. Earl and his family our 
everlasting gratitude is due. At this gentle- 
man's house he was hospitably entertained, 
and but for the great care and attention with 
which he was nursed, he must have died. 
Nothing could exceed the kindness with 
which they watched over him, even sending 
twenty miles for lemons and oranges for him, 
and providing him with every comfort Two 
black men sat up with him every night, and 
he partly ascribed his recovery to a large 
draught of water that he prevailed on them 
to let him have, which, however, had been 
strictly forbidden. For a long time his 
family were ignorant of his situation, but at 
last Dr. Ewing and Mr. Davidson came to 
break the matter to my mother, who very 
naturally concluded he was dead, and it was 
some time before they could make her be- 
lieve it was not the case. At length she was 
convinced that he was recovering, and the 
next morning my brother John set ofif to go 
to him. He went alone on horseback. He 
rode through woods and marshes a hundred 
and fifty miles in fifty-six hours, over an 
unknown country and without a guide. He 
was only sixteen at that time, and how he 



THE HAZUTTS IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783—87). 117 



performed so difficult an enterprise astonished 
e^-ery one who knew it. But he was wild 
with his fears for his fisither, and his affection 
for him made him regardless of every danger. 
He found him slowly recovering, but dread- 
fully weak, and after staying there some 
wedu they both returned together. How 
they got on I cannot think, but when they 
came to the door my &ther could not get off 
his horse without help. It was November, 
and the snow fell for the first time that day. 
My fiuher was very ill and weak for a long 
time after his return. I recollect he looked 
very 3relloW| and sat by the fire wrapped in a 
great coat, and taking Columbia root. The 
jjrd of this month we felt the shock of an 
evthquake. 

" TTiis winter proved very severe ; the 
snow lay many feet on the groimd, and the 
cold was intense, and more like a New Eng- 
land winter than (to speak comparatively) 
the usuaUy mild frc^ts of Pennsylvania. 

^ In the spring my father was well enough 
to give lectures at the college of PhiladelpMa 
00 the evidences of Christianity. These 
lectures were well attended, and were of 
great service to a numerous class of young 
men who, taking it for granted that the 
doctrines of Calvin were those of Christ, 
were ready to renounce the whole system at 
once. But the Unitarian doctrine, being 
consistent with reason and scripture, brought 
many of them back to the ranks of the 
believers. Not but there were some few 
Unitarians there before my £uher arrived in 
that country. But nonedared to avow their real 
sentiments, fearing to offend the many. And 
here I cannot help remarking how strange it 
teems that my £uher, who openly preached 
the doctrine of the Divme Unity from Mary- 
land to Kennebec, should have been so 
entirely overiooked, and the whole work 
ascribed to Dr. Priestley, who went there so 
many years after him. But it is so 1 

^ In the Sluing of 1784 my fother had an 
invitatioD to settle at Charlestown, in North 
Cmw^ny, but this he was obliged to decline, 
for die same reason that prevented his stay- 
ing in Maryland, as the heat there is so great 
that for two months every summer the places 
of public woi^ip are shut up. Yet some of 
oar firiemk wished us to go, as they thought 
it would be an advantageous dtuationi and 



aigued that the sea breezes at midday made 
the heat tolerable. About the same time 
my father had an invitation to Pittsburg, 
two hundred miles from Philadelphia. But 
this he also declined, on account of its being 
at that time so far back in the wilderness. 
But now it is a very flourishing place, and 
by all accounts most beautifully situated I 
remember the two farmers coming to talk 
the matter over with my father, and thinking 
to myself how much I should like to go and 
see those wild and beautiful forests. 

"In June my father went to preach at 
Brattle Street meeting in Boston, where he 
was so much liked that no doubt was enter- 
tained by his friends of his being chosen, 
and they advised him to send for his fiunily, 
and we, of course, prepared to follow him, 
hoping we should at last find a ' resting place 
for the sole of our foot.' But in this we 
were again mistaken, for the persecuting zeal 
of the orthodox sent one of their chosen 
brethren after him, and thus put a stop to 
his settling there ; but this we knew not till 
afterwards. 

« We then bad fiarewell to Philadelphia and 
to our own friends there, whose kindness to 
us, strangers as we were, deserves remem- 
brance, and casting a last look at this beau- 
tiful city of William Penn, where so many 
events had befallen us, and where we left 
my two infiuit sisters sleeping in their early 
graves, the beloved and the b^utiful. 

'* In August 1 784, having lived there fifteen 
months, we took our departure in the stage 
which brought us here the year before, and 
riding through the same woods, now rich 
with wild patches instead of blossom, ripe 
grapes, and hickory and other nuts, the oak 
and ash raising their lofty heads above the 
rest, we came the first day to Burlington, 
and were welcomed as old acquaintances by 
our host And here we again admired the 
little towns of Bath and Bristol shining in 
the morning sun, whose very names brought 
back to my mother many sad and pleasing 
recoUections of former days. From Burling- 
ton we went on to Perth Ambo^. This is a 
very large inn, said to contain a hundred 
beds. It stands alone, and its green lawn in 
front gently slopes down to the river. From 
the rising ground on which the house stands 
there is a beautiful and extensive view, and 



ii8 THE HAZLITTS IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783—87)- 



more than one river is seen hence. I am 
told that Cobbett has somewhere given a 
very fine description of it, but, as I have 
never seen his book, you must be content 
with my imperfect recollections. 

"Here we slept one night — my mother 
and William, and I, in one room, with a lady 
and her little girl. In the night I awoke, 
and heard a snoring under the bed. I crept 
softly out to feel, and hoping it was only a 
dog, I made up my mind not to speak, but 
to watch till daylight, when seeing a large 
Newfoundland dog, who was come to guard 
us, stretched at his full length under the bed, 
I went quietly to sleep. Early in the morn- 
ing a very large party met at breakfast on 
the lawn before the door. We had tea, 
coffee, cakes, pastry, eggs, ham, etc., for an 
American breakfast is like a Scotch one." 

It was during the stay here that the 
Hazlitts met a gentleman, who seemed at the 
first flush more interesting than he turned 
out to be. So early as the time of the English 
Commonwealth, it may be worth while to par- 
enthesize by saying that the name of our great 
poet is to be found in the rai^s of the sect 
called Ranters. Here, proceeds the narrator, 
" what most struck me was a puritanical old 
gentleman, of the name of Shakespeare, on 
whom I looked with great reverence, thinking 
perhaps that with the name he inherited the 
talents of his immortal namesake ; besides, 
his face bore a strong resemblance to all the 
prints I had seen of the great poet of whom 
I had heard so much. He was dressed in a 
sad-coloured suit, was reserved and stately, 
and took his coffee with the air of a prince in 
disguise. All our company were curious to 
know who he was, some affirming that he 
must be a Jesuit, and others made many 
different conjectures. But we left him there 
without making any discovery. After break- 
fast we went on board a little sloop to proceed 
to New York. . . . We waited here two days 
for the packet going to Rhode Island, and took 
our lodging at a boarding-house. Our old 
neighbours, the Jewish family, came to ask us 
to spend a day at their house. My mother 
and John went, but left me to take care of 
William, lest we should be tempted to laugh 
at the odd ceremonies they use in saying 
grace. . . . Wc left New York on Sunday, 
m the packet for Rhode Island. ... We 



passed through Hell Gate, a dangerous whirl- 
pool, and over the Hog's Back safely before 
sunset It was a very fine evening, and 
pleasant sailing between the mainland and 
Long Island. The views on each side were 
very beautiful, and we remained on deck 
until a late hour, enjoying the moonlight and 
the fresh air. About noon, the next day, we 
arrived at Newport. This is apretty, neattown, 
but it had not, at that time, recovered firom the 
devastations of the British troops, who had 
not left a tree on the island, and many of the 
floors bore the marks of their axes where they 
cut up the mahogany ftimiture of the houses 
for firing. My brother joined a party of 
gentlemen and ladies in riding round the 
island on horseback. It is twelve miles long, 
and made but a desolate appearance then. 
It had been pretty formerly, and I doubt not 
has since been well planted, and has recovered 
its good looks. We stayed here two days, 
and ate of a most delicious fish, of the size of 
a mackerel; they are called black fish, and 
seem to be peculiar to these seas, as we never 
met with them anywhere else. 

" Our next day's voyage brought us to Pro- 
vidence, a very handsome town, on the banks 
of the river, thirty miles fit)m its mouth. 
The river itself, and the scenery on each side, 
the most beautifiil that ever was seen, and die 
clear blue sky over one's head, the sun shin- 
ing in all its glory, set them off to the best 
advantage. Providence, though built on the 
continent, belongs to Rhode Island. Here 
we stayed one night ... At six o'clock 
the next morning we went on in two coaches, 
and this day's journey brought us to Boston. 

'* Our road lay through woods abounding 
with every variety of beautiful trees, dressed 
in their most lovely foliage, majestic in stature, 
and tenanted by numberless tribes of the 
feathered race, whose matin and vesper 
hymns rose sweetly on the ear. At intervab 
we passed by many little townships, but I 
only remember the name of one. It was 
called Jamaica Plains ; it was pleasant^ and 
near Boston. Here lived Dr. Gordon, who 
wrote a histoiy of the war of the Revolution, 
and came over to London to publish it 
What his fate was, I never heard. But now 
there is not any necessity for American 
authors to take a voyage to this cotmtzy to 
publish their works. 



CELEBRATED BIRTHPLACES. 



119 



^ As soon as we got to the inn, my father, 
who had been anxiously expecting us, took 
us to his lodgings in State Street This was 
a boarding-house and table-dliote kept by 
Mrs. Gray and her two sisters. Here we 
stayed three weeks, and then went to lodge in 
the country at farmer Witherington's, in Lower 
Dorchester, five miles from Bostoa He was 
a good old man, and his eldest son was called 
Mather, a name given to many out of respect 
to Cotton Mather, a celebrated minister. 

*' An Indian who worked for the Withering- 
tons we often saw. He had a ^ood voice, 
and sang some songs about Washmgton ; he 
bad a little girl, who might have passed for 
one of our handsome brunettes. 

" It is said those Indians that come to live 
among the white people are generally such 
as have been turned out of their own tribe, 
and so it proved in this instance. I do not 
know that I saw any other Indians except six 
Cherokee chiefs, that I met once in the 
street at Philadelphia, dressed in their robes 
of state, with feathers bound roimd their 
heads like a coronet. 

"These were come to conclude a treaty with 
the Pennsylvanians. At the end of seven 
weeks, my £uher having an ofier of a good 
and cheap house at Weymouth, fifteen miles 
from Bo^n, we prepared to leave the worthy 
fiirmer and remove to that place. Of this we 
made two days' journey. We passed through 
Miltcm and some other places, and about tea- 
time reached the house of Judge Cranch, at 
Braintree, where we had been invited to sleep. 
We here fbund a very pleasant family, and spent 
an agreeable evening. ... It was the bc^gin- 
ning of November. . . . Our house belonged to 
the lady of JohnTQuincy] Adams, at that time 
ambasndor to England from the Congress." 

Miss Hazlitt explains that there was some 
relationship between her family and the 
Quincys ; but what it was she does not re- 
1^ further, except that we see that the tie 
was acknowledged, and that there were other 
o&hoots from the same stock living round 
about Miss Hazlitt also takes occasion to 
mention that their house at Weymouth was 
divided into two tenements, of which a fiaurmer 
occupied one, and had, according to the 
custom of the country, half the produce of 
his land for himself! 

{,1^ he tmUmmi,\ 




CelebrateD IBirtbpIaceiB! : 

Bishop Latimer at Thurcaston, Leices- 
tershire. 

BOUT four miles from the county 
town of Leicester is the little vil- 
lage of Thurcaston. In 1480, 
that is in the reign of Edward IV., 
there lived in this village one of those sturdy 
yeomen who have made England the coun- 
try she is. His name was Hugh Latimer. 
No doubt he was an ofishoot of the family of 
Latimer which was settled in this part of the 
country. From 1321 to 1421 the Latimers 
had property at Church Langton and West 
Langton, and from 1324 to 1400 they were 
lords of the manor of all or of the greatest 
part of Smeton, Westerly, and Foxton. In 
the north window of the church at Ratly 
(not far from Thurcaston) are the arms of 
the Latimers, — Gules a cross patonce or, a 
label of France. In the churches of Ayles- 
ton Wigston and Lubbenham the same 
arms occur, but without the label, and in 
the chapel of Harborough are the same arms 
with a label of three points azure. Thus 
Hugh Latimer came of good Leicestershire 
blood. 

He had six daughters and one son. This 
son was Hugh Latimer, who afterwards be- 
came Bishop of Worcester, and was burnt at 
the stake for his adherence to the Protestant 
religion. His name is one of the most 
famous of that band of martyrs, the memories 
of whom are not yet eradicated from the 
minds of the people. He was a learned and 
a great man, and as one of the pioneers of 
progress he must always be considered among 
the best of England's worthies. 

As a child, Latimer was brought up at 
home under the care of his parents, imtil he 
was four years of age. His frither, seeing 
his ready, prompt, and sharp wit, sent him 
to the schools of his own county, to be 
trained in the various branches of know- 
ledge then taught. At fourteen, however, 
he left the scenes of his birth, and entered 
on that career which has made him frunous, 
for at this age he went to Christ*s Collie, 
Cambridge. 

But he never forgot his country home. 
It is dififcult for us now to undentand the 



CELEBRATED BIRTHPLACES. 



tunnoil and party fiiry which in those days 
raged on the subject of retigion, but Latimer 
bore bis part in the struggle well. It is in 
one of his sermons, the first he preached 
before King Edward VI., on March 8th, 
1549, that we perceive how bis thoughts 
went bade to his Leicestershire home. "My 



we have just quoted. " He kept me to 
school, or else I had not been able to have 
preached before the King's Majesty now. 
He mairied my sisters with five pounds <n 
twenty nobles apiece, so that he brought 
them up in godliness and fear of God. He 
kept hospit^ity for his poorer neighbours, 



fother," he sa^s, " was a yeoman and had and some alms he gave to the poor." Surely 

no lands of his own, only he had a farm these good honest yeoman-sons of En^nd 

of three or four pounds by the year at the deserve their meed of praise from us who 

uttermost, and hereupon he titled so much inherit the good they did. 

as kept half-a-dozen men. He had walk for The house in which the Latimers lived, 

a hundred sheep, and my mother milked and in which the Bishop was bom, does not 

thirty kine." This little picture of rural now exist, though a bouse near the church is 

simplicity is exceedingly interesting. Would called " Latimer's House," and is so entered 

that we knew as much about the father and in the parish registers, and is generally spoken 



mother of others 
of our great names 
— Shakespeare 
above aU. Latimer 
goes on to say 
that his father 
" was able and 
did find the king 
a harness, with 
himself and his 
horse, while he 
came to the place 
that he should 
receive the king's 
wages. I can re- 
member that I 
buckled his har- 
ness when he 
went to Black- 
heath field." This 




UTIUa'S HOUSB, 



the actual 
place of the 
bishop's birth. 
Nichols, in his 
History of Ltkts- 
tershire (vol. i., 
p. 1061), point! 
out that the old 
house which now 
occupies the exact 
site was built in 
1568. On a beam 
00 the outside 
of the house, in 
raised lett«v, is 
this insdiptioa : 

~ " THYS HOWS 
WAS BOYLDBD 
ANNO D'NI 1568, 
AND IN y" I VKR 



little effort of memory on the good Bishop's or y raign of owk£ sovsraign ladyk 

part brings up a host of historical associations qvsne euzabeth, by ue nycholas oravno." 

relative to the militaiy practices of our land It appears that at the original building of this 

before we bad a standing army. The Black- house, after laying the foundation, four large 

heath field that old yeoman Hugh Latimer wooden turned pillars were set np as 

went to was a field of battle, and we cannot comer posts, as large as are generally met 

doubt that the affection of the son was sore with in country churches, and in these are 

troubled when he buckled on the harness erected wooden arches. In 1843 this was 

of his soldier father, who was going to fight occupied by a publican and blacksmith, and 

the Cornish rebels, headed by Lord Audley, our illustration gives a view of it at diat date, 

and help to win the battle that was gained Another illustration, from a different pcunt 

for Henry VIL on the land June, 1497. of view, is given in Nichols' IRstory ^ 

Latimer was then seventeen years of age I Leicestershire, vol. I, plate czl, figure a. 

Had he come fix>m Cambridge to see his The front of it has been modernized. Except 

father before he started? How he loved the modem parts of it it is entirely of wood- 

the memory of his father is shown by the work, and jomed together by wooden pins, 

very next words of his sermon, from which which protrude considerably from the wall. 



The font in which Latimer was christened is 
ttill preserved in the church, and ia the 
rectory-bouse is a painting of him, in the 
style of Holbein, which has been bequeathed 
asanhorloom. Tht niustrattd Loiuhn News 
of August sth, 1843, puts forward a strong 
plea fca the erection of a memorial to Bishop 
Latimer, a plea which found a suitable 
answer, for the Rev. Richard Waterfield 
ereaed a monument in the church during 
that year. 



EettidDS. 



TV Ordir ^ Ikt Ccif. By ALtXANDBK PuLLINC, 
Seijeuii-11-Law. (London, 1884 : CloweiA Sou, 
LhnitedO Sto, pp. xxvj. 388. 

. SERJEANT FULLING b«s nurated 
mnc Terj impoiUnl lacU in conaection 
with the imtitulioo of which he b*s 
ooacdtsled bimielf the hislorun. Len] 
hktoiy oontum within it lome of the 
t ardak mvirals of our compikateil social 
e treued »s minntel)' 
lase with the iab)ect 
s home to the itudent with coq- 
lideiable bree. The order of the coif ii (be oldest 
ntkbliibed anociatioo of liwyen in our conntrr, 
and we wtj imicb qucstioo whether It doe) not come 
irMo direct contact with Roman times. The mem- 
Uinc of the Roman Jonsperiti at carl; mom, mi 
tmlU ua^mm, and their peripatetic exerdsc up and 
down the Focnm, in actod consultation, or ready to 
coofer with the cfumltam or clients, it described by 
Hofacc aad many other writers. Horace's words are 
(5./.LLT.9):- 

"AEricotaai landat JBrialeKomqueperims 
Sob plli csntom consollor nbi ostia pultat, " 
and apin in tbe fint cpislle of bis (ccood bo^ he 
npluaa more at laise the costom whiA i* aeais 
mfationtd by Ctceni in his oration for Msrcna. But 
tMt ptaclioe ^if^ied to those lawyen whoae yean and 
fc u oo M* had ginwD with their knowledge of the lawt. 
Ib their ytKueer days, oo tbe public days of market 
or av^nb^, tBe maMcr* of toe art, says Gibbon, 
were lecn walkiitg in tbe fonmi rcsdf I0 impoit the 
needfnl adnoe to themeanest of their feltow-cilisens, 
fron wboac voles oa a future occauon tbey might 
Bobcil a natcAd return. Let us take a step farttier 
m the UtUCT of Roman lawyers. When they 
awaited thai aioMi at hone, the ronthx of their own 
order aad family were permitted to listen, and Gibbon 

EM to poiol out the evident corollan' from this, 
f ffM^^ faiiH—^ u for instance the HuciBn» were 
loaw tenowBcd fct their hereditary knowledge of the 
civu law. Now all ibeu bets are in exact parallel to 



the early customs of the order of the coif. Serjeutl 
Pulling points out the stgniticance of the order as a 
bmil; M lawyers, so to speak, who appear at the 
earliest dawn of English history, but originating 
from no special enactment from the government o7 
the day, called into being by no charter or sanction of 
the soTereign. But the close parallel between the 
order of the coif as a family or corporation of 
lawyers and the Roman lawyers who developed into 
hereditary custodians of legal knowledge Wotne* 
even moie remarkable when we consider their prac- 
tices, and the theory of their duties. They assembled 
in the Parvii of old St. Paul's Cathedral, each serjeant 
having been allotted a special {Hilar in the cathedral 
at his appointment, where th^ met their clients in 
Iccal consultation, hearing the facts of the case, and 
taking notes of the evidence, or pacing up and down. 
Farvis strictly meaat only the cnurch porch, but in 
the case of St. Paul's il deariy comprehended the 
nave or the middle aisle of llw old cathedra], or 
Paul's Walk. This is 
tmly the old Roman 
practice over again, and 
a practice which was 
deariy related in the 
naltue of parent to child, 
not that of descendant 

lor. Further than this 
il tbe parallel between 
the theory of their ac- 
tion. As the Roman 
lawyer was ready to 
give aid to tbe poorest 
citizen without pecuniary 
reward, so was the Ser- 
jeant " inUj to sftT-e the 
King's people " without 
pecmiiary mvard. We 
cannot discover that Mr. 
Coot^ in the many 
remarkable and acute 
parallels between Roman 
and English institutions, 
has touched upon this ; 
and we are disposed to dan it as one of the moct 
remarkable pieces of evidence on this subject which 
is yet brougfal to light. 

Mr. Serjeant P^ng hat much to say about tbe 
later history of tbe order, down to the time when it 
received the first deadly blow at its eiislence from the 
hands of Frartcis Bacon. This reroarkable geniu 
does not stand high in estimation in his conduct as a 
lawyer, and Mi. Pullinc, in drawing attention to hia 
pertinacity for promotion, when he was at last ap- 
pointed King's Counsel, mentions a curious anecdole : 
that he threatened if his application was refused "to 
sell his inheritance and purchase some sinecure ofBce, 
and M bKomta lerry hcAmalitT.' Perhaps the world 
would have loved him more if he had carried out 
this resolution, for il is not as a succeasful la^cr that 
Francis Bacon is known to Englishmen. This ap- 
pointment u King's Counsel was followed up by 
Francis North, afterwards L^d Keeper Goildltwd ; 
and from this time the appointments have been coa- 
tinnoai, until in modem days the Queen's CoumcI hai 







r-LAW. 



n]cc««ded ia ousting 1 

—the otd«t of the co 

We •''.cinnot dev 



mmpmnammm 









TEMP. HEN. VII. 



inteiesiing book. It is well woithj of its Important 
subject. The costome, always a valuable archaco- 
losical ai<li is dealt with at some length, nnd 
we are pennitted by the conrtcs; of the puhtisliers 



tonsnie of the priest. The oidvt at no time < 

it? existence was an ofTiJioot, or in any w«; 0( " 

with the priesthood. The student-world % 
Eralulale itself that the oiiler of the c<»( 1 



REVIEWS. 



123 



been allowed to die out without securing for itself an 
historian able and willing to give it the best monu- 
meot of its past life. 

limnUv Mmd tki Hmui §f Lukwure. (London, 1883 : 
Pickering ft Ca) 4to» pp. riiL 79. 

The hoQonred name of Evelyn Philip Shiriey does 
not appear upon the title-page of this interesting 
family memoir, only because the hand of death had 
removed him when it was nearly ready for the press. 
Most antiouaries have mourned the loss of Mr. Shirley, 
and it needs no wocds of ours to explain that all his 
work was done with the care and accaracy that 
bfxxiglit him a lepntation second to none other per- 
haps. He was aUkd by marriage to a brandi of the 
Ledunere fiunily, and he became fiuniliar with the 
asiodatioDs which duster roond the interesting old 
flunsion on a rinng bank not (ar from the river 
Scvera, in the parish of Hanley Castle, in Worcester- 
shire. The JUort ra tions of the eastern and western 
front ol this fine old mansion give a very capital idea 
of its peculiarities and beauties. It is now called 
Severn End, and the site is said to have been in the 
pnss cnio n of the Ledmiere family from very early 
times, and to have been given by William the Con- 
queror to the foonder of the family. The earliest 
recorded anceitoc of the Lechmeres, however, is 
Rwnald de Lecfamere de Hanlee, about the period 
of Edward L They have produced femous lawyers 
and men who have fou^t gsllantly for their country, 
into all of whidi particulars Mr. Shirley enters with 
an interest that is quickly imparted to his roulers. 
Once the oU hnSiy seat passed away by sale into a 
stranger's hands, but after the lapse of twenty-two 
years it was pordiaaed by the late Sir Edmund 
Hongerfcid l ^ rchmfie on the 2nd of November, 
1852. We have here an interesting record of Engli^ 
feinily history. 



and what it ought to become, namdy, a handbook in 
the library of aU students. 



YmrB^tk tf tke SciaUifU and Leamtd Saeitius of 
Crmi Briimm mmd Irtland: gwittf an acc&uHt of 
tktkr Origjm^ C^mtHtrntwHt and IVorkittg, First 
Annnal bsoe. (London, 1884 : C. Gri££i ft Co.) 
8vo, pp. ir. 226. 

This book promises to become very useful to 
workcss in sdenoe and ardueologgr< It gives business 
particnlars of the learned sodeties in Great Britain 
and Ireland, and when it has eained a year or two's 
experience it will indnde, we nave no doubt, many 
more paiticakrs whidi would be of great importance 
in the caoM of scientific research. Our local societies 
are taking a prominent place in the learned world, and 
it b a freat mon to know where to write to for in- 
fnrmation, and what kind of work is being done. We 
kave noted one or two omissions which should be at 
once attended to : for instance, no place is found for 
tbe Folklore Society, one of the most active and 
widely Bsefnl of scientific sodeties lately established. 
Keither do we see the Topographical Sodety of 
LonrtoH mentioned, and the Index Society has a very 
allotted to it We do not sav this in any 
spirit, but merdy with the wish to 
where fntne editions may improve upon this 
and ao sake the book what it aims to oecome. 



Th€ Hull Quarterly and East Riding Portfolio, 
Edited by W. G. B. Page. (HuU, ^uary and 
April, 1884 : A. Brown & Sons.) 

There was plenty of room for this northern col- 
lector of departed and departing historic relics. The 
editor has secured the services of several earnest 
workers, and it appears to us that he is likdy to pro- 
duce some excellent material for Yorkshire history. 
The Rev. W. H. Tones gives some very good notes 
on Holdemess Folk-lore; the Rev. M. G. Watkins 
gives a paper on Andrew Marvdl's Bible ; and the 
Rev. Canon Venables gives an account of a Roman 
altar to the Parcae discovered at Lincoln. ** Cotting- 
ham Castle and its Lords" is the title of a very 
interesting paper by Mr. C. S. Wake. Of purelv 
local matters, ** Hull's Greatest Member of Parliament, 
Henry Vane, b a capital instalment of a branch of 
study which might be extended. Every borough 
must take an interest in its pariiamentary repre- 
sentatives, and those which possess a local journal 
should not be slow in giving to the world these pieces 
of biographv, which must always be useful bevond 
the load sphere. We shall be glad to hear of the 
success of this excellent local jounud. 



Gtmalogy of Morgan^ Llantamam Abbey^ Monmouth" 
shire f and of Monasterevan^ Co, Kiidare, 

The compiler of this genealogy, Mr. G. Blacker 
Morgan, b to be congratulated upon the successful 
result of his laborious undertxiking. It carries the 
genealo^ up to Lord Tredegar, in 1328, and in the 
course of the process illustrates many important items 
of family history. 

CeUidsm a Myth, Bv James Cruikshank Roger 
(London, 1884.) 8vo, pp. 9a 

We are thoroughly disposed to agree with the author 
of this paper that Celtic civilization, as propounded 
b^ its most devoted students, cannot be accepted as an 
historical fact, although we cannot go with him in all 
he says to prove his position, nor can we endorse his 
antagonism to archaeological sdence. Unfortunatdy 
for the purpose of review, this able little brochure is 
far too dialectical for us to say more than that we 
believe the author has proved his case. But we wish 
he had not been content with proving, even if ever so 
deverly, that his antagonists are all ^-rong ; there are 
after all always two sides to a question, and the ad- 
vocate is not the right source to obtain an impartial 
opinion from. If Mr. Roger Mrill take up the subject 
less in the spirit of an advocate, and more in that of 
ardueoloeical sdence, which he seems to despise, he 
will be doing good and useful work, and we shall 
wdcome his researches with considerable pleasure, 
because we believe, as he does, that the evidence of 
Cdtic dvilization is not so strong as the evidence of 
Cdtic barbarism. We are glad to have met Mr. 
Roger on the platform he has chosen ; but we should 
still better like to meet him on the broader platform 
of original research. 



124 



MEETINGS OB ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



Q^eetings of antiquarian 

METROPOLITAN. 

London Qeologists' Association.— July 22Dd. — 
Annual Excursion. — The party were met by Mr. R. N. 
Worth, who conducted tnem to the Hoe, where its 
peculiar geological features and its relation to that of 
the nei^Dourhood of the Sound generally were pointed 
out. The party then proceeded as £ur as the 
Catterdown limestone quarries, and the evening was 
spent in inspecting the museum at the Athenaeum, the 
Council having invited the members of the Association 
to a conversazione. On Tuesday the members visited 
the ancient town of Totnes and the neighbourhood. 
The castle is close to the north gate, which is still 
standing. On a lofty mount is a circular keep, 
probably of Norman origin, and from the top of this 
Keep magnificent views were obtained of the surround- 
ing country. The guildhall stands on the north side 
of the church, ana was formerly a portion of the 
Priory of St. Mary. Amongst the various objects of 
interest pointed out to the visitors were the old stocks 
in the main hall, also an elm trunk with a hole bored 
through its centre, and used as a water-pipe. In the hall 
is a large oil painting by William Brockedon, a native 
of Totnes, the scene being from the poems of Ossian. 
In the gallery was observed a coat of arms, which 
appear to be those of a member of the Bedford family, 
as in 1630 Francis, fourth Eail of Bedford, was High 
Steward of the borough. The very ancient chest m 
the Council Chamber, and a curious arm chair, used 
by the town clerk, were also pointed out, together 
with the specimens of some of the oldest muniments 
of the Corporation on the walls, with descriptions 
affixed. In the parish church, the exterior of which 
is undergoing restoration, one of the greatest objects 
of interest to which attention was directed was the 
very handsome carved stone rood screen under the 
chancel arch, with two parclose screens ; also the 
beautifully carved Corporation stalls. In the sacred 
edifice is an ancient Bible and Prayer-Book, presented 
in 1690 for the use of the Mayor by Lady Anne 
Seymour, relict of Sir Edward Se3rmour, of Berry 
Castle, ^*ith an inscription signed by her. On the 
right side, entering the churcn, in the porch, there 
were also pointea out the remains of the ancient 
stoup, whicn has been discovered recently, during the 
restoration. Concerning east gate it was explained 
that Totnes was a walled town and had originally four 
gates, of which only two now remain, the east and 
north. The east gate, which divides Fore-street and 
High-street, has been very much undermined. 
Formerly it consisted of two arched portals, one for 
carriages, which was enclosed with gates, and a 
smaller one, "a needle's eye/' for foot passengers. 
In the room over this gateway the visitors were shown 
a fine coloured freize, above the panelling, and 
surrounding the room, with, over the chimney-piece, 
heads of King Henry VIII. and Anne Bolejrn. From 
Totnes the geologists proceeded, under the guidance 
of Mr. T. C. Kellock, to Partington Hall, the 
residence of Mr. Arthur Cbampemowne, by whom 



they were conducted to the chief points of interest. 
The ruins of the ancient hall, built by the Hollands, 
Dukes of- Exeter temp. Richard II., with their 
accessory buildings, excited much interest, and Mr. 
Champemowne gave a brief outline of the history of 
this famous mansion. Wednesday was occupied at 
Torquay under the accomplished guidance of Mr. W. 
Pengelly, whose name vdil be associated with the 
systematic working out of the many problems con- 
nected with Kent's Cavern. 



PROVINCIAL. 

Midland Union of Natural History Societies. 
—June 25th (continued firom anUt p. 78). — Dr. T. J, 
Walker delivered an address in the evening on 
the Roman remains in the neighbourhood, in the 
course of which he exhibited a magnificent collection 
of relics. Taking a flint, he said it was all that 
remained of the oldest inhabitant of Peterborough, at 
a time when historical records had not begun to be 
written. The first inhabitant had not left mudi 
behind him, but there it was, and it had been found 
in the gravels formed by the river Nene, when the 
face of tne earth was totally different from what it was 
at the present time, when the river Nene extended 
from the high ground on the right to the hi^ ground 
on left, the vast accumulation of water rolling and 
dashing down the valley, breaking off pieces of the 
rock in its course, and carrying wim it these pieces of 
stone, and depositing at the mouth of the stream this 
gravel, which was now used by the inhabitants of 
Peterborough for gravelling their paths ; and with 
this gravel the volume of water earned down bones of 
the elephant, the mammoth, the ox, and other extinct 
animals, and it was from these deposits that the 
remains of the earliest inhabitants of tnis district were 
found. How long ago it was he would leave them to 
judge ; but he would ask them to step over that age, 
to leap over an immense abyss of time, and come to 
the time when the face of the country had been 
changed to what it was now. Then they came to 
another flint, which might be an impostor as far as 
this district was concerned, for it might have been 
dropped higher up the country and washed down the 
stream untu it came to Orton, where it was pidced 
up. It had considerable historic value attmchmg to 
it, because it was the first of those flints observed 
north of the Ouse, and it indicated the presence of 
human residents at that age. Dr. Walker tlum pro* 
ceeded to show a celt discovered in the neighboui^ood, 
and to illustrate its use, which was that ot a hammer, 
and stated that one was found at Newboroogh, buried 
in the skull of an ox. What an incident that pre- 
sented to the mind ! That weapon would not have 
been left there if the man himself had not died. It 
was easy to imagine the dusky Iceni, attacked in the 
Fens by the bull, and though gored and mortally 
wounded, he bravely faced his foe, and with a blow 
he embedded his weapon in the hioA of the ok and 
slew it. Coming to the time when metal implements 
had given place to stone, he stated that from a col- 
lection of Roman coins which he possessed, the bistonr 
of the Roman occupation of EnguuKl could be traced. 
These coins proved that that oocnpttion lasted for a 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



"S 



period of 350 years. Until lately it had not been 
thoiwht that the Romans had occupied Peterborough 
at alJ, but it was now pretty certain that they had. 
A Roman am was recently foond during some exca- 
vations at Wcstwood House. Skelet(»is had been 
fcond at Westwood, with Roman vessels, umsy oma- 
mentSy etc., lying bv their side, and during the 
cacaTatioDs at the cathedral a Roman relic had been 
diaoovered. There was also a Roman wav extending 
fitMn PeterborcNigh to Denver, but it would not start 
from PeterbofTOUgh without it was connected with 
cither Ermine Street or King Street, the great Roman 
highways. Possibly the houses of the town stood on 
the sites of Roman houses. At Wcstwood, too, he 
had discovered a section of a Roman road, an illustra- 
tion of whicii he exhibited, showing the roadway and 
the ditches on either side. He ako called attention 
to a ooUectioii of Saxon remains discovered at Wood- 
tton, Iwt he stated that as his lecture was to be con- 
fined to the Roman remains of the district he would do 
no move than call attention to the relics. — Mr. W. J. 
Harrison, F.G.S., afterwards delivered a short addr^ 
on "The Ice Age and the Stone Age."— On Thursday 
the members 01 the Union went on two excursions : 
one an ufdand excursion to Stibbington Hall and the 
Bedford Purlieus, and the other to the Fenland. — 
The UplandpartT left Peterborough about nine o'clock, 
and proceeded by way of Chesterton (the birthplace 
cf DiydenX hispecttng the church and crossing the 
old Roman roao, known as Ermine Street, thence to 
Watcmewton (where the river gravels have yielded 
and still yidd Roman pottery and bones). The 
ictam joomey was by Sutton Marsh and Castor, — 
the D iuob i i f g of the Romans, — so famous for the 
d i scov eri es of baths, tes&elated pavements, and of 
ancient kilns with Ronum pottery. The fine old 
chardi was immectcd, its chief features pointed out and 
explained. — ^Tne Fenland partv left Peterborough, 
and proceeded to the Decoy in ik>roiiph Fen ; thence 
the party proceeded to Crowland, nrst visiting the 
Abbey, where an address was given by the rector 
(Rev. T. H. Le Boeuf), and then the Triangular Bridge 
■a the centre of the town was inspected. — Nlr. 
€*myi^wm exhibited a fine and rare collection of flints 
end other relics found in the neighbourhood. 

Dnmfriesthire end Galloway Natural History 
and Antiquarian Society, ^une 21st (continued 
from mmU^ p. 82). — The Chairman then called upon 
Mr. W. lf*Dowall to give a historical account of 
iiii<4iAp^ Abbey.— Mr. M'Dowall said there was a 
f'*— »>*«^ fitness in the drcumstanoe of having a dis- 
covery connected with Devorgilla's Bridge explained 
within this church, seeing that both bridge and abbey 
wcrebniltbymembersof thesamefiunily. the M*Dowalls 
of GaUovray. To go back to the origin of the abbey 
ther mast revert to the reign of David I., who was 
caued by a royal descoxlant of his *' ane sair sanct 
for the drown,** because he appropriated so many of 
his royal ettates and so mucn of his revenue to the 
^a<iwi£ and oxlowing of churches and monasteries. 
Undonis auspices the simple Culdee worship of 
Sf^^*^ was saperseded by the gorgeous ritual of the 
Charch, and in accordance therewith he 
lany of those ecclesiastical edifices the rem- 
of whose magnificence and beauty still survived 

tke had. One of Darid's most powerful sab^ecu 




was Fergus, Lord of Galloway, who, following the 
example of his sovereign, erected no fewer than five 
monasteries. When Fergus died, about 11 62, he left 
the lordship of Gallowav divided between two of his 
sons. Galloway was then, in a sense, an indepen- 
dent province, Celtic in its language and laws ; for 
if it had been Saxon or Scoto-Saxon, the eldest son 
would probably have received the undivided lordship. 
These two sons, Gilbert and Uchtred, were the Cam 
and Abd of Galloway history. Uchtred erected this 
once beautifiil abbey, the grey ruins of which still 
helped to keep his memory green, and the inmates 
of which, it is supposed, consisted of some thirty 
Benedictine nuns brought from the parent establish- 
ment in France. Those pious sisters would of 
course remember in thdr daily service the name of 
the founder and their munificent bendactor. There 
came a day, however, in September 1174, when 
terrible news reached them from the Castle of Loch- 
fergus, the residence of Uchtred, situated on an 
island in a lake long since drained in the neighbour- 
hood of Kirkcudbright. That news was to the effect 
that Gilbert, wishing to appropriate the whole pro- 
vince to himsdf, had attackea his brother in his 
castle and put him to death under circumstances of 
the most revolting cruelty. The exact date of the 
fratricide was the 22nd September, 1174. No doubt 
piteous wails would be raised within those walls, and 
mass be celebrated for the repose of the soul that had 
been sent so suddenly to the bar of Heaven *s assize. 
Gilbert succeeded to the entire lordship, and wonder- 
ful to say, he was allowed to rule for eleven vears 
after that brutal deed of blood. On his death he 
was succeeded by Roland, who was the son of the 
founder of Linduden, and who asserted his rights to 
the lordship over that of his cousin Dtmcan, the son 
of the fratricide, to whom, however, he assigned 
Carrick, and hence Duncan became the first lord of 
Carrick. There was a very romantic stoiy connected 
^nth this branch of the family. Duncan med, leaving 
a son, Neil. Ndl died, leaving no male heir, and 
the earldom of Carrick descended to his daughter 
Marjory, who became Countess in her own right. 
Marjory was a widow, and when she had cast off* ner 
weeds, and was hunting one day in the woods of 
Tumberry Castle, who should pass by on horseback 
but a handsome cavalier, Robert Bruce, lord of 
Cleveland and Annandale. The lady, captivated by 
his fine appearance, caused her attendants to seixe his 
bridle-reins, and made him literally her captive, and 
wooed and won him in that strange manner. As a 
result of their union a child was bom — the hero-king 
of Scotland, the Bruce of Bannockbum. Roland of 
Galloway was succeeded bv Alan, who was father of 
Devorgilla, who became tne mother of John Baliol. 
The M'Dowalls, lords of Galloway, were paramount 
in the province up to this time ; but when Bruce had 
got seated on tbe throne, the M'Dowalls, who had 
sided with the Baliols in the competition for the 
Crown, suffered a reverse of fortune — as his star rose, 
theirs sank ; and hence there was a transitionary 

nriod in the history of this andent structure of 
nduden. The Douglases rose on the ruins of 
the andent lords of Galloway. The first of the 
Douglases bore the soubriquet of the " Grim," and 
sometimes he was called *Mhe Blade Douglas '*-» 



126 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



a greedy, grasping, tyrannical chief, as the nuns soon 
found to their cost. The abbey was endowed with a 
goodiv number of lands, given as a voluntary grant 
for religious purposes. Douglas desired to take some 
of these back again, but not wishing to do so in the 
manner of a bandit, a rumour was raised that the 
nuns had broken their vows, were leading irregular 
lives, and he, the Black Douglas, then stepped 
forward, posed as an ecclesiastical reformer and 
administrator of Church discipline, which, as adminis- 
tered by him, was severe enough, for he seized the 
building, appropriated the revenues, and cast the 
sisters adrin. Pangs of remorse were felt, and he 
sought to compensate to some extent for what he 
had done by building a magnificent church on the 
site of the abbey, em^xlying as much of the building 
as could be appropriated for that purpose. Accord- 
ingly in due time this veritable church and its 
pertinents were built and partially endowed by 
Archibald. This would be about the year 1394. 
To him succeeded Archibald Tyneman, so called 
because he lost a number of battles. But he also 
gained a number, and what was more, he won 
the hand of the Princess Margaret, daughter of 
Robert III. of Scotland. Nor was he satisfied with 
fighting in the wars of his own country. He went 
to France and assisted King Charles to fight his 
battles there, was made Duke of Touraine, acquired 
a vast amount of wealth, and when he died was 
buried at Tours. His widow discharged the 
duties of the Lordship of Galloway at the Castle 
of Threave to a pretty advanced age ; and when 
her turn came to die, she received a gorgeous 
funeral, and was here interred in this church. 
Previous to her decease the Princess had endowed a 
chapelry at Lincluden, and increased the inmates 
considerably. At that time these consisted of the 
Provost, who was a man of note, held up his head 
with the best of the land, and was called Lord 
Provost by his subordinates, eight prebends, or 
gentlemen priests, to each of whom was assigned 45 
merks, which annual salary was drawn from the rents 
of the lands that Archibald the Grim had restored 
of the original possessions of the abbey; and, in 
addition to these prebends, twenty-four bedesmen. 
In the course of time the Douglases declined in 
fortune, and became almost strangers in Galloway, 
over which they had ruled with no gentle hand. The 
Maxwells took their place. The famous Lord Henries, 
Queen Mary's protector, had a residence in this 
building, and no doubt they had a vault here in 
which their dead were deposited. This the party 
had seen to-day. The Reformation took effect about 
1560. It put down the mass among other things. 
Yet the eighth Lord of Nithsdale daringly gathered a 
number of his followers in Dumfries on Christmas 
Day, 1585, came over here, and celebrated mass in 
this very building in defiance of the law. He very 
nearly suffered tor it. He was called before the 
Lords of Privy Council, sent to prison for a while, 
and was only allowed to get out on condition that he 
would make terms with the Kirk. Just eight years 
afterwards die bells of Lincluden rang dolemlly, and 
its gates were thrown open for a great funeral pro- 
cession, that of the same eighth Lord MaxwelL He 
bad a few weeks previously led the Maxwell dan on 



a raid into Annandale, met the Johnstonet at Diyfe 
Sands, and when the battle declared itself against 
him he, with the remnant of his forces, retreated. 
The poor Lord was not allowed to escape, however. 
He was struck from his horse by Willie o' Kirkhill, 
and when on the ground the trooper cut off his bead 
and right hand and bore them away as trophies to his 
own chief, the Laird of Johnstone. Maxwdl's eldest 
son, like Hannibal in similar circumstances, vowed 
that he would wreak vengeance on the Laird of 
Johnstone. He trysted Jolmstone to meet him, pre- 
tended that peace was restored, but before parting he 
shot the Laird of Johnstone dead, and fled away to 
France. After many years he ventured to return, 
thinking everything forgotten. Not so, however. 
He was seizea, tried for the crime, condemned to 
death, and publicly executed on the scaffold at Edin- 
burgh. Such was the end of the tremendous tragedy 
with which this building was so closely associated. 
He would give another instance of the building's 
extraordinary associations. In the time of the Wars 
of the Roses, when Henry the King, head of the Red 
Roses, was defeated by the Yorkists and taken 
prisoner, his wife, the heroic Margaret of Anjoa, with 
the Prince of Wales, fled to Scodand, thinking pro- 
bably that as the Duke of Touraine had been friendly 
to her uncle Charles VII. of France, she might get 
protection behind the shield of the Douglases in 
Galloway. She arrived in Dumfiries, got a splendkl 
welcome from the lieges, made her way to Lincluden 
College, and in due course of time who should come 
to see her there but the Queen of Scotland and her 
young son, even though at that period she had just 
put on widow's weeds on account of her husband 
James II. having been killed at the siege of Roxburgh. 
The Scottish Queen brought with her also some of 
her councillors, and they had a conference in this 
building which lasted for twelve days. The Queen 
of Scotland gave Margaret of Anjou good advice, pro- 
mised her assistance with troops, advanced her loans 
of money, and feasted her most hospitably. The 
Exchequer Rolls to this day bear vntness to the fiurt 
that there were sent down to Lincluden three pipes of 
white wine (French), for the use of the Queen of 
England and Prince of Wales while staying there. 
To make the generosity of the Queen complete, she 
took the royal refugees with her from Lindnden to 
her own palace and entertained them there. 

Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian 
Society. — July i8th. — The sodety first visited 
Sennen. The Table-men — the erstwhile dining-table 
of seven Saxon kings — is pointed out at the entrance 
of the village, the names of these monarchs being, 
according to Hals, *' Ethelbert, fifth king of Kent ; 
Cissa, second king of the South Saxons ; Kingills, 
sixth king of the West Saxons ; Sebert, third king of 
the East Saxons; Ethelfred, seventh king of the 
Northumbers ; Penda, ninth king of the Merdans ; 
and Sigebert, fifth king of the East Aisles ; who also 
flourished about the year 600." At the diurch-gate 
the party was met by the Rev. P. P. Agnew, who 
conducted them into the ehurch, where Mr. Cornish 
explained that the edifice was dedicated to St. 
Senanus, an Irish Abbot, who is stated to have been 
a firiend of St. Patrick, the date of dedication bemg 
probably 1441-4, according to a date on the foot of 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



127 





tlie lout, tlie last 6gitre being destroyed. The Rev. 
W. S> Lach-Ssynna added Uiat this was one of the 
few medixral dated churches, and it was consecrated 
OQ the festival of the beheading, of St. John the 
B a p tis t . The chnrdi was evidently built to suit the 
dimate and the storms. He also odled attention to 
an interesting fresco, and to a headless image of the 
viigm, standmg on a bracket which projects horn the 
nocth wall of the transept. This image is bereft of 
beftd a&d arms, and, savs Mr. J. T. BUght, was 
ptobably mutilated by the Puntans. — St. Leven 
dmrcfa, romantically situated in a beautiful and 
romantic * gulph/* was the next point of interest, 
where the rector, the Rev. P. D*0. Silvester, conducted 
the puty through the ancient churdi, dedicated to St. 
LevcB, nid to bie an Irish prelate, who supported him- 
aelf by fishing near Pen-men-an-mear, and who suffered 
martyrdom m 656. Standing on the chancel step, 
the rector then read the following description of the 
dnrdi :— On the stile you will observe a lych-stone, 
Med for resting the corpses which have been brought 
here for intennent Such stones are very rare, though 
in some other churches of the diocese, k>r 
at Sheviocke. On the left of this nuy be 
the head of a circular cross ; to the right a 
At the junction of the transept in the north 
wall of the chancel will be found an abutment of 
maiQory, which seems in some way connected with 
the strange obliquity in the north wall of the chancel. 
^ roond to the south side of the church, we 

large and beautiful cross, which contains a 
pattern distinctly traceable on its sides, and 
the earring of the bark of which is remarkablv perfect. 
With respect to the defl stone near that, there is a 
ip e istlt ioQ that when it is completely separated the 
end of the world will have arrived. The porch at 
the aooth appears to have been a later erection ; at 
aO events it has been so placed as almost to hide the 
niche in which we may imagine the statue of the 
patron saint to have stood. On its right is a square 
tfoap. The church itself, which is dedicated to St 
Leven, is of late Perpendicular architecture, with the 
oception of the transept, which is Early English, 
its northern window bemg of later date, called the 
" dairy." About ten years ago this church was com- 
pfetely restored. The last subject to which I wish to call 
year attention is the bench-ends, for which the churdi 
IS jttstly femed. The two at the west end represent 
jatcrs in cap and bells. This is supposed to be an 
alhision to a passage in the Vulgate — " The jester, or 
fool. Ml a dntrdi is symbolic of the sectarian heretic, 
or icofler at the mysteries, doctrines, or ritual of the 
Psalm XXXV. 16, Subsanna vtrunS in 
mcmU tttfi,** The others represent several em- 
; the fignre of a palmer and, apparently, the 
and monograms of benefactors. The archaic 
spirit and beantv of these vestiges make one bitterlv 
rcigret the heartless crudty and vandalism with which 
they were broken up as firewood some years ago. 
The Bonnments in the church were few, probably 
owiaf to the feet that the living was a dependency of 
Sc Biimn« There was one curious inscription in 
Latin, however, concerning a learned lady (Miss 
Dcnaia) who had lived in the parish. This lady is 
Mid to have Unght herself Latin, Greek, and 
Ficach ; to have published a novd named "Sophia 



St. Clare;'* and to have written several poetical 
pieces. 

Newcastle Society of Antiquaries.— July 30th. 
— The Earl of Ravensworth, president, in the diair. 
A paper by Mr. James G. Mofntt, on '* A pre-historic 
grave discovered on Lilbum Tower estate in Tune, 
1883," was read.— A paper by Mr. William Wood- 
man, Morpeth, on "A leaden seal of Henry IV. 
found at Catcheate, near Morpeth," was read. — Mr. 
R. Morton Middleton, jun., read papers on the follow- 
ing subjects: — i. *'On Yoden, a mediaeval site 
between Castle Eden and Easington;" 2. "On a 
leaden tobacco stopper found at Castle Eden, of 
abbut the seventeenth century ; " and 3. " On an 
armlet of fine gold found at Shotton, and supposed to 
be Roman." Mr. Blair read the following further 
observations, written by Mr. John Clayton, on the 
Roman inscribed altars discovered at Housesteads : — 
"At the monthly meeting held in December last, 
the writer of the paper brought under the considera- 
tion of this society three objects of Roman antiquity 
latdy dug up at the station of Borcovicus — the first 
a statuary group, of which, however, a considerable 
portion had been detached, the main feature being a 
statue in the garb of a Roman legionary soldier, imd 
two altars apparently dedicated to Mars by German 
soldiers servmg in the Roman army in the Frisian 
battalion. Inasmuch as a Teutonic epithet is applied 
to the god, and coupled with him were two Teutonic 
divinities, it seemed expedient to the sodety to sub* 
mit these objects to the consideration of the autho- 
rities of the University of Berlin. In the month of 
June last the resumption took place of the woik of 
excavation at Borcovicus which was promised at our 
meeting in December last, when the first object dis- 
covered was the missing portion of the statuary group, 
being one side of it, and which was found to be less 
injured by time and exposure than the other side ; and 
it is now clear that tne martial figure had on each 
side of him a nude figure, apparency floating in air, 
holding in one hand apAlm oranch and in the other a 
garland or chaplet. Tne pencil of our colleague and 
secretary, Mr. Blair, has supplied us with an accurate 
drawing of this portion of the group, which, being 
engravM, has been added to the portion first dis- 
covered. The excavators next came upon a Roman 
well, filled to the brim, and to an extent of more than 
three feet above it with accumulated earth, in which 
was found a copious spring of pure water, affording 
one of many examples of the appreciation by the 
Romans of the numerous springs which g\ish from 
every hill, and flow through every valley 01 Western 
Northumberland. The excavators then came upon 
two altars of hewn stone, very carefully finishcxl, and 
ready to recdve inscriptions. It seems to have been 
the practice of the priests of the pagan temples to 
keep in store blank altars till they met with a cus- 
tomer] who would pay for the privilege of inscribing 
them. It will be remembered that in the wdl of the 
goddess Coventina there were found a dozen bl&nk 
altars. On opening out the grass-grown ruins of the 
temple of Mars it was found that our utilitarian pre* 
decessors of the middle ages had removed fbr 
building purposes a large proportion of the building 
stones, IcAving behind them some of the latter and a 
large heap of mbbidi. The remaining ttoaes have 



128 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



been removed and the rubbish examined without 
meeting with other objects. Several exploratoiy 
trenches were cut in various parts of the Chapel Hill, 
but no buildings could be found in situ^ and the very 
foundation stones have been taken up and removed. 
After four weeks of labour, the excavators took a 
final leave of the Chapel Hill of Borcovicus." — Mr. 
Thos. Hodgkin said these last discoveries at the 
Chesters seemed to be exciting a great amount of 
interest amons Germans, as it was possible they 
might throw light on the social political condition of 
ancient Germany. The god to whom the altar was 
dedicated was called '*Mars Thingsus." It was 

2uite certain that Thing was the nnme of the old 
ierman popular assembly, resembling our parlia- 
ment ; it was called the Folksthing. The German 
popular assembly was specially under the control of 
the gods, and the priests had great influence to keep 
peace ; and the impression was that " Mars Thingsus * 
was Mars who ruled the parliament. The two float- 
ing figures on each side were supposed to be divinities 
who maintained order and adjudged the prize in the 
popular assembly. This seemed fanciful, but it was 
the idea of the Cjermans, and this matter was exciting 
a great deal of interest among German scholars. 

Banbury Natural History Society and Field 
Club.— I2th July.— The Field Club held their 
second excursion this season. The ^rty first went 
to Brailes. There it was met by the Rev. T. Smith, 
the Vicar, who showed them the fine old church. 
It is of the fourteenth century, but was greatly 
altered and mutilated in 1649, at which date the 
vestry was built. There are three stained -glass 
windows, one over the communion table, the date of 
which is 1350, another at the west end of the church, 
and the other, also at the west end, recently erected 
to the memory of some inhabitants of the village. 
During the restoration of the chancel, an awmbry, or 
cupboard, for the reception of the communion vessels 
was discovered in the wall on the north side of the 
altar. At the back of the communion table is an or- 
namental reredos, part of the design being the parapet 
on the exterior of the church. — ^They next visited an 
ancient British encampment at Castle Hill, and an old 
Friend's Meeting House, built and used in the time 
of Fox. The party resumed their journey in the direc- 
tion of Long Compton, and the next point of interest 
was the Rollright Stones, which stand at the top of 
the hill beyond Long Compton. These consist of a 
circle of stones, originally about sixty in number ; a 
group of five larger stones which stand at some dis- 
tance from the circle are called the Whispering 
Knights, and a large solitary stone, standing in a fleld 
on me opposite side of the road, is called the King 
Stone. The Whispering Knights are most probablv 
the remains of a cromledi or altar for idolatrous sacn- 
fices, but the upper, or table stone, has either fallen or 
been removed. The King Stone, which is about 8 fl, 
in height, may either have served as a pedestal for an 
idol, or as a mark to guide people from the opposite 
hills and the valley beneath to the temple, ana this 
from the prominent position of the stone appears to 
be the more likely supposition of the two. 

Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeological 
Society.^ioth July.— The party proceeded to Whitley 
Camp. They gathered on top of one of the lai^ge 



knolls which characterise the camp. After examining 
a Roman altar in the garden of the Castlenook Farm, 
they returned to Alston, a number of them visiting 
the diurch of St. Augustine, the parish church of 
Alston. Mr. Ferguson read a valuable paper on Alston, 
in which he discussed the question of how it came to 
be in the diocese of Durham, and in the county of 
Cumberland. He said the par^ of Alston was situate, 
locally, in the franchise of^ Tindale ; it was the most 
southerly parish of the deanery of Corbridge ; once 
part of the diocese of Durham, but now, since 1SS2, 
part of the bisJiopric of Newcastle. It lay on the 
eastern watershed of England, and its rivers, the 
Nent, the Ale, the Blackburn,. the Gilderdale bum, 
and the South Tyne, poured their waters into the North 
Sea, and not into the Solway Firth, as do the rivers of 
the rest of Cumberland : it lay where he wished Car- 
lisle lay, at the back of the Helm Wind ; its inhabi- 
tants spoke a different language firom what we did in 
the rest of Cumberland — to give but one instance, 
what in the east of Cumberland we call a beck, at 
Alston they call a bum, and the streams running east 
from Hartside Fell were all bums, while those running 
west were all becks ; its parish church was dedicated 
to a saint to whom no chiurch in the diocese of Carlisle 
was dedicated, viz., to St. Augustine ; it naturally — 
that was by the laws of geography — belonged to the 
coimty of Northumberland, from which county alone 
it was accessible without crossing a mountain pass. 
Yet the parish of Alston was part of the county of 
Cumberland, to which it has access only over a coi 
whose summit was 1,900 feet above the level of the sea. 
— Papers on a "Roman find at Silloth" and on 
** Crosthwaite Belfiy and its Bells " were also read. 

Essex Archaeological Society. — ^Tuly 29th. — 
The annual meeting and excursion at Halstead* The 
Rev. Cecil Deedes read a paper on "The Church 
Bells of Halstead and its Neighbourhood. '^ Essex 
was fairly rich in ancient bells, out, as they were not 
dated, there was a difficulty in fixing the exact periods 
to which they belonged. Modem bells generallv 
recorded the bell-founders' names and the date, with 
sometimes the names of the churchwardens or the 
rector. Frequently they had rhjrming inscriptions, 
such as the following, from an Essex bell : — 

Thomas Rider did me cast, 

i will sing his praise to the last. 

As might be expected, some of the best of the old 
bells were found in small places, where, of course, 
they had had less wear than m a larger place. Their 
inscriptions were in Lombardic characters. A large 
number of the old bells in the Halstead district were, 
as m^ht be supposed, from the celebrated old Bury 
St Sdmund's foundry of Stephen Tonni, who 
flourished about 1570. His mark, like the mark of 
other founders at Bury, consisted of a crown and two 
arrows, symbolical of the martyrdom of St Edmund. 
Stephen Tonni was not a Pre- Reformation founder, 
but» judging from the style of his inscriptions, he was 
supposed to have sympathised with the old form of 
reli^on. One of the oldest bells in the county had 
the inscription, — 

Me made THE HAND 

Of William Land, 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



139 



A beO at St. Andrew's, Halstotd, had the mark of 
the crown and arrows, and the inscriptioii, — 

Omnia Jovam laudant animantia, 

— ^* Toram" being probably meant for ** Jehoram." 
At ^eblnaIsh there was a bell from a London foundry, 
the mark being a i^eld, bearing a chevron between 
three crosses. Robert Rider, who founded many 
bells in the district, was also undoubtedly a London 
Idnnder. The pre- Reformation date of bells was 
often cleariy indicated by the inscriptions. The 
fmrth bell at Sible Hedin^faam was inscribed '* Ave 
Maria," and two fine belU at Great Maplestead were 
iiiicribed,(i) Sancta Margarita or a pro nobis," 
aad (a)f ** Sancta Cathsrina ora pro nobis." 
Mr. Deedes mentioned a laige number of other 
iucriptioiis, but was obliged, from want of time, 
to omit the latter part of his paper, dealing with 
Bore modem bells. His remaiks were illustrated by 
a laipe number of rubbings of bells lent for the 
occaiywi. — The Secretary, on bdialf of Mr. Clarke, 
PS.A., read a j^per on North Essex Bells, giving 
the dimensions, mscriptions, and other particulars of 
a large number of befts in the northern part of the 
coanty. The paper sUted that the Saffron Walden 
pod (cast I7<^) was considered the best in Essex. — 
The party proceeded to the renowned "Round 
Church ** at Little Maplestead. Mr. King remarked 
that aome persons supposed these round churches 
obtained their shape from the fonn of a baptistery. 
The architect, Mr. Warren, thought, however, 
that the circular form was in imitation of the 
Chnrdi of the Holy Sepulchre at Terusalem. The 
old monuments of the Deanc iamilv in the south 
transept of this diurch attracted much attention. It 
was tnought that both monuments had been altered 
snoe being first erected. The following curious epi- 
ta|>h b upon the moiymtient to Lady Deime, who died 
1633 :- 

Lef all time Remember ye 

Worth ypes of 

Lady Deans 

who liTed ye faithfTll wyf 

and died ye ooostant widdow, of 

Stf John Deane^ 

of Mapplestcd, m ye covntie of Et&ex 

nor forget that thee 

de|iarted this lyfe 00 ye asth of 

May 1633. to wnome trvth testyfics 

Her shape was rare Her beauty exqvisite 

Her wytt acctsrate Her Ivdgmt singvlar 

Her eniertaymt harty Her hand hdpfuU 

Her covnes modest Her discovrses wyse 

Her charitie heavenly Her amitie constant 



Her practise holy 
Her Towes lawfnll 
Her Cuth vniaygnd 
Her prayers devovt 
Her days short 



Her religion pvre 
Her meditations divine 
Her hope stable 
Her devotions divmall 
Her life everlasting 



To her Beloved Memory Sr Dav. Dxani, her eldest Son, 
here prostrate at her feete erects this monument. 
April ye 14th 1634. 

A ooDsaderable portion of the party drove from Great 
Maplestead to the grand old Norman castle at Heding- 
ham. — Mr. Parker had at first considered that the 
th ev ion or tig-zag ornamentation of the arches showed 
that the castle was of Henry IL, but from documents 
placed in his hands by Mr. Majendie, he afterwards 
he should not quarrel with anyone who said that 



it was of the reign of Stephen. Most probably it 
was built by Stephen himself. Hedingham Castle was 
mentioned in the Domesday, but it must be remem- 
bered that the Domesday " castles " were undoubtedly 
only wooden structures. — Mr. Hayward, after giving 
a few particulars as to the De Vere Earls of Oxford 
(the last of whom died in 152$), referred to the state- 
ment in Wright that the castle was " ruined in 1676 
to prevent its being used for Dutch prisoners. '* This 
assertion, as far as he (Mr. Hayward) knew, was not 
corroborated. The building could scarcely now be 
called a ruin. It almost rivalled Rochester Castle, 
and was in some respects very fine indeed. The great 
beauty of it was the magnificent arch in the keep, 
where they were standing. The mouldings and chim- 
ney-pieces were also very noteworthy. He should 
have put .the Castle at a rather earlier date than 
Stephen. He had always attributed the building to 
Alberic de Vere, who had so many manors to protect 
in Essex. The architecture ^*as such that it could not 
possibly be improved upon, and whoever built it 
doubtless had tne help of the best workmen. The 
corbels still remaining showed that the keep had not 
been a vaulted chamber. The great point that oc- 
curred to him was how could they have got such grand 
materials together into such an out-of-the-way place. 
Doubtless it was not such an out-of-the-way place 
then. 

Surrey Archaeological Society. — 17th July. — 
The annual excursion of the members and friends 
of this Society took place at Leatherhead, Mickleham, 
Effingham, and Fetcham. Mr. Leveson-Gower was 
appomted chairman of the day. Having assembled 
in the church, Mr. Milboum proceeded to read a 
^per upon its architectural features, written by Mr. 
K. H. Carpenter, who was unable to be present. 
Mr. Carpenter said that he had made a careful 
examination of the church, and had been able to 
arrive at its architectural historv with some degree 
of certainty. The plan of the church now consisted 
of nave and chancel, north and south transepts, north 
and south aisles, north porch, and western tower, but 
there was no evidence that the Norman and Early 
English church had a central tower at the intersection 
of me arms of the cross ; a portion of its south-eastern 
pier might be seen both inside and outside the chancel 
wall vdth its moulded base. The western arch of the 
tower was now the chancel arch ; the rest had all 
disappeared. It was possible that portions of the 
chancel wall belonged to the Norman period, and 
that as the work suivanced westwards the western 
arch was built in the noble transitional style from 
Norman to Earlv English, together with the nave and 
its aisles. Parallel instances of the gradual alteration 
were very abundant. Probablv no western tower 
tlum existed. The building of the nave was on a 
grand scale, and might be explained by the fact that 
m 1272 Eustace de Broc eave the churches of Leather- 
head and Ashtead to ue Abbey of Colchester, by 
ndiom (or more likely Eustace de Broc) the work was 
carried out The incumbents then were appointed 
by the Abber till 1503, when it was found tnat the 
church had been erected on land belonging to the 
king. Edward I^ the then king, enforced his claim 
to the appointments. And now to describe the work 
of this period. The nave arcade on the south side 



130 



THE ANTIQUARY'S NOTE^BOOK. 



has four arches resting on grand pillars, alternately 
round and octagonal in plan, witn bold mouldinss 
characteristic of the late transitional or Early Engli^i 
style. The north arcade has only three axxdies, and 
one of the columns has a carved capital. The western 
bay on this side has a solid wall, on which may be 
noticed traces of ancient decoration ; it is now pierced 
by a modem doorway. The mouldings of the west 
side of the chancel arch are particularly beautiful. 
The southern side of the chancel is crippled and out 
of its proper curve, through undue pressure on its pier 
and the consequent giving way above; however, 
relieved of the weight of the tower, it is safe enough. 
In the fourteenth century (about 1344) Queen Isabella 
obtained the living of Leatherheacl for the convent of 
Leeds, probably about the time when the tower col- 
lapsed. The convent appointed a vicar instead of the 
former rectors, and appropriated the rectorial tithes 
to themselves — a very common practice then ! The 
first vicar was William de Harple, in 1345, and Mr. 
Rickards says large additions and improvements had 
to be made to tne church in order to obtain from 
Pope Clement VI. a confirmation of the appropriation 
of the rectory. These were of course the re-building 
of the chancel and transepts caused by the fall of the 
tower, but though the re-building of the tower was 
part of the Pope^ conditions, the Prior was unable to 
carry it out, and it had to wait till the latter part of 
the next century. The windows of the chancel and 
eastern windows of the transept, now restored, are 
very charming instances of the flowing " reticulated " 
tvpe of tracery. The transepts were formed into 
chapels, and the piscina of the north one can be seen, 
with the remarkable '* squint *' or hagioscope in the 
north chancel wall pointing towards tne ancient high 
altar. At the beginning of the sixteenth century the 
western tower was built, and he drew attention to the 
very extraordinary angle at which it is placed with 
regard to the church. Late as was the period of the 
tower, it was evidently a most costly and beautiful 
piece of workmanship in inlaid flint and stone. Its 
plinth can now be seen, and gives evidence what the 
rest was before it was covered with plaster in 1 766. 
— The paity was then driven on to Micxleham Church, 
where Mr. Ralph Nevill read a paper. He said that 
as Henry I. ^nted the manor to the family of De 
Mickleham, it was probable that the church was 
erected by them in place of that mentioned as existing 
at the time of Domesday. The two Norman windows 
in the south of the chancel also represent the original 
windows. At the east end was a three-light tracery 
window, which was perpetuated by Robinson, but 
had given way to the very peculiar specimen of 
modem Norman now to be seen. The font, which is 
of Sussex marble, was of the usual early type. The 
north chapel formerly belonged to the Stidolf family, 
which flourished there at that time and for many 
generations. It was probably founded by Wyllyam 
wyddo^^-son, whose monument was the principal 
feature. The shield in the centre is the badge of the 
Mercers' Company. The head, he had been told, was 
that of the Virgin Marv, the patroness of the Com- 
pany, although it had been sometimes said to repre-* 
sent Queen Elizabeth Woodville, or some other 
Queen. He incidentally mentioned that the great 
Roman highway of Stone-street passed from Dorking 



through where they were, and over the Downs to 
Croydon. — From Mickleham the company proceeded 
to Efiingham. Here Major Heales read a paper on 
the church and its history. It appeared that in 1278 
or 1279 (Edward I.) the church was given I7 WiUiun 
de Dummartin to the priory of Merton. In the ^nring 
of the year 13 17 the priory mortgaged to Philip de 
Barthon, the Archdeacon of Surrey, all the tithes of 
com and frait, and the great tithes of the parish, for a 
term of six years as a security for a loan of £26. In 
1759* tbc tower having liEdlen, and in its foil carried 
away the west end of me nave, that part was reboilt 
in brick ; the names of the vicar and churchwardens, 
with the date, they handed down to posterity by an 
inscription over the doorway. The singular thickness 
of the wall, especially for a building of modem dimen- 
sions and height, was particularly noticeable. At the 
beginning of the present century there remained three 
beUs, one of which it was stated was hung, and the 
other two rested on the ground. When he first came 
to the church (in 1877) the two bells on the ground 
had disappeared, and that which remained in the 
tower was dated 1679, and bore the well-known 
initials of "W.E." (WilUam Eldridge), one of the 
famous bell-founders, by whom a large number of the 
Surrey bells were cast. — Mr. Granville Leveson-Govrer 
read a paper on the '* Howards of Effingham.*' At 
Feltham the Rev. W. H. F. Edge read a paper on 
the parochial records, and the architecture was 
descnbed by Mr. C. F. Hayward. 

Bristol and Gloucester Archseological So- 
ciety. — ^July 23rd. — The ninth annual meeting of this 
Society commenced at Evesham, Worcestershire. — Mr. 
Jerom Murch, in seconding the election of members 
of the Council, said that as a member of the Corpora- 
tion of Bath he wished to say how glad he was that 
at the Bath meeting last year they passed a resolution 
requesting the Corporation to do all in their power to 
complete the uncovering of the Roman Baths. He 
felt glad of this because he feared that the Corporation 
of Bath required strong influence to go on with that 
important work. However, be believed that as soon 
as the funds allowed the Corporation to complete the 
uncovering, they would do so. The present meeting 
would be mterested to hear that since the Bath meeting 
additional discoveries had been made, and in the next 
place great interest had been aroused throughout the 
country in this great discovery ; people came not only 
from all parts of England, but from distant countries 
to visit this important work. 




Cbe anttquatp'0 ii^ote^'Booft. 



Curious Church Customs.—*' Sama is prettily 
situated on the banks of the river, which here had 
widened into a lake. It has a parish church, a good 
inn, and an excellent school, open from October to 
the end of June. The pastor had been settled here 
for twenty-seven years, and visited the old church 
with me. Ascending the pulpit, I saw near the BiUe 
what resembled a policeman's club, at the end of 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



131 



viikfa WBS a thkk piece of leather, the whole remind- 
ing one of a maitmet. Thb had heen used, until 
wtthin a few years, to awake the sleepers, the parson 
striking the pulpit with it Tery foraUy, thus com- 
pelling attention. Near the pulpit was a long pole, 
ronnded at the end, with which the sexton, it appears, 
mtd to poke the ribs of sleepers. These two imple- 
ments, intended to keep the congregation awake, 
were used eztenstrely in many out-of-the-wav places 
in Sweden twenty or thirty years ago, and here till 
within a few years, but were discontinued by the 
pfcscnt pastor. Now pinches of strong snun are 
often ofioed to the sleeper, who, after sneezing for a 
considerable time, finds his drowsiness entirely gone.*' 
— Dn ChaiUu's Latui of the Mulni^t Sun, p. 262. 

Book- Worm. — ^This insect must alwajrs be of 
interest to book-men, and we therefore print the 
foOowiitf mteresting note from the FublisJUr/ Circular 
of I Jth July, 1884 :'A Bcok- iVorm is described in the 
d i ctio n a ri es as ** a great reader or student of books,*' 
and also as *' a worm that eats holes in books." Mr. 
Bowden, whose note we append, says that "despite 
itt large ravages the worm itself b very rare.** We 
ooofess that, although quite £uniliar with the little 
ctrcnlar tunnel, to be met with in bound books as 
wdl as in •' quires," we hive never before seen the 
engineer that so scientifically performs this destructive 
kind of woik. He is not at alt what our fancy painted 
him. We had always imagined a dark-coloured, 
toagh« wiry worm ; but he is a while, wax-like little 
fellow; he so exactly resembles those little white 
maggots to be seen in a well-decayed ** Stilton " that 
one t* inclined to regard him simply as a ** Stilton '* 

maggot with a taste for literature, in 
hci (like his prototype) a " student/* 
or, perhaps, it is better to say a 
rodent of books. Mr. Bowden 
having been good enough to send 
the destructive little Mrretch to us, 
we have done him the honour of 
having him engraved, and now pre- 
sent him to our readers in his natural size, and also in 
a magnified form. His history will be found in the 
ibUowing note : " Booksellers are often made aware, 
in a manner that is more painfiil than pleasant, that 
there are such things as book-worms in existence. 
However, it is not many booksellers that have ever 
seen one. for, despite its large ravages, the worm 
itself is very rare. Mr. G. Suckling discovered three 
at Mesivs. Sotheran*s Strand house a few days ago. 
They were half-way through a bundle of quires, and 
were evidently on their second or thira journey, 
judging from the number of perforations made in the 
paper. Mr. Blades devotes, in his Enemiis of Books, 
some ^>ace to a description of this destructive, but 
withal mteresting species of worm.'* — A. J. BowDKN 
(at Sotheran*s). 

Caricature Portraitore. — A caricatura painted in 
oil colours by Thomas Patch was presented by Sir 
Richard Wallace, during the last year, to the National 
Portrait Gallery. It is a curious specimen of the 
eza»erated form of portraiture then in vogue in Italy. 
Sir Joshua Rejrnolds, who was there at the time, in- 
dnlged in several groups of his personal friends, all of 
them grossly caricatured. They are still in existence. 
Fittchy the artist, in early life luid studied chemistry, 




and came to Italy, in company with Dal ton, about 
1750. He was befriendea by Sir Horace Mann, 
British Minister to the Court of Tuscany, and resided 
at Florence till the time of his decease in 1782. A 
similar figure of the Duke of Roxburghe occurs in a 
whimsical picture at Holland House, representing the 
interior of Patch's studio at Florence, with the Amo 
in the distance, where the painter is seen taking the 
portrait of a wealthy elderly lady. — Twenty^s^venik 
Annual Report oftJU TrusUes oftht National Portrait 
Gallery, \%&^ 

Taxation of Books.—*' The transporting books 
from beyond sea is a vast charge at the custom house 
in England. No country but England knows a tax 
on learning. The doctrine of Naples broached by 
the Emperor Charles V. is libri sint liberi, and that 
in a country fertile of taxes." — Bliss*s Rdiquia 
Heamiana, iii. 18. 




amiquattan ^tm> 



A skull and other human bones have been 
discovered in the course of excavations close to 
Westgate Towers, Canterbury. They are believed 
to be those of Nicholas Nolan, who was hanged for 
highway robbery, and buried near that spot in the 
early part of the present century. A portion of the 
old gallows is in tne Guildhall cellar. 

One more relic of bygone days has disappeared 
for ever. The relentless inarch of improvement has 
just swept awav the ancient manor house of the 
manors of Avlesbury. This house was situate on the 
north side of Kingsbury, and of late years has been 
in the occupation of Mr. Mackrill ; it has been 
demolished for the purpose of the erection on its site 
of modem business premises. A 6ne old fireplace 
in one of the rooms of the ground floor retained much 
of its originality. The house had at various times 
been modernized ; indeed its late outward appearance 
did not show age. Tlie old fireplace was not in 
unison with the late building, and it may be fairly 
surmised that it had been an appendage to an earlier 
erection, and formed a part of a house of greater age 
than the one now dismantled. The opening of the 
hearth was 12 ft. 6 in., and the fireplace was deeply 
recessed. Gothic seats, carved in stone, once occupied 
each side of the recess ; one had been removed, 
probably long ago ; the remaining one was somewhat 
rude in construction, and massive. The beam which 
carried the chimney front was of solid oak, 12 ft. 6 in. 
in length, cut to an ellipsis and moulded on the face, 
with egg and tongue mouldings. The date of the 
erection of the fireplace may be put at the commence- 
ment of the i6tn century. The supports which 
carried the chimney beam were formed of stone, 
masonry evidently of an earlier date than the chimney ; 
they were carved, but the ornamental part was built 
into the wall, showing that they had done service 
elsewhere in earlier times. They had the appearance 
of fragments of Early English pien which had been 



132 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



removed from some ecclesiastical building. They 
were of Hartwell stone. 

Mr. J. H. Rivett-Camac, of the Bengal Civil 
Service, has reprinted from lAit Journal of the Asiatic 
Sodetv of Bengal his paper on '* Stone Implements 
from the North-western Provinces of India," together 
with three lithographed plates. The striking resem- 
blance between these objects and those found 
throughout Europe may now be studied by anyone in 
the British Museum, to which Mr. Rivett-Camac has 
presented all his best specimens. In India, as in 
Europe, they are held by the villagers to be 
"thunderbolts," though the Hindus have a special 
reason for revering them as emblems of Siva. On this 
account they are often collected and placed under the 
village^]^/ tree. Mr. Rivett-Camac has not found 
any evidence that these stone implements are in use at 
the present day, though there is much reason to 
believe that they belong to the period recorded in the 
Sanskrit epics. 

The very interesting fresco painted by Giovanni 
Battista Albert! in 1575 for the Pope has been restored 
and is now exposed to view. In the centre is a large 
bird's-eye view plan of the city of Bologna, showing 
all the streets and the buildings. The roofs of the 
more important edifices, such as the cathedral of 
St. Petronia, the University, and others, were gilded 
to distinguish them from the rest. On the right side 
of the plan, Pope Boniface VIII. is represented 

S'ving, m the vear 1298, the sixth volume of the 
ecretals to the Professors of the University of 
Bolo^a, for the study of canon law there. On the 
left side Gregory XIII., who, previous to his elevation 
to the Pontificate, held two professorial chairs in that 
University, is deliveri^ another volume to the 
Professors of his day. These figures are all life size. 
The room where this firesco has been discovered was 
in past times known as the Sala di Bologna. We may 
mention that the grand series of the historical frescoes 
in the splendid Sala Regia, which includes those 
representing Gregory VI f. absolving the Emperor 
Henry IV. at Canossa, the Battle of Lepanto, the 
return of Gregory XI. from Avignon, the Massacre 
of St. Bartholomew, and other subjects, has been 
most admirably cleaned, and the pictures exhibit 
a brilliancy of colouring that one had no idea of 
before. Unfortunately this hall has been closed to 
the public since 1870. 

Three hundred silver coins, bearing the effigy of 
Queen Elizabeth, have just been found by six men 
while walking on Crawshaw*s Cray, Pontypridd. The 
coins, which were discovered concealed in a stone 
mountain wall, bear dates ranging from 1570 to 1605, 
those of the later date having inscribed the tf^gf of 
King James I., the profiles ^ing clear and distinct 
The collection has been given up to the police. 

A mastodon*s remains, according to a despatch 
from Avon, N. Y., have been discovered by Thomas 
Boyd, on his farm, while excavating for water at that 
place. The location was in clay, but with plenty of 
quicksand, where even now cattle are liable to become 
entombed. The remains found some fifty years ago 
at Temple Hill were at the border of the vast li£e 



having its outlet at Irondequoit. This discovery is in 
the then bed of the lake. One tooth foand measures 
3i inches in length, and across crown 2\ in ¥ridth. 
Some ribs of mammoth size were dug out of the clay 
and quicksand. The excavation is about forty rods 
from the Genessee river, and the remains were 
uncovered at a depth of ten or twelve feet 

On behalf of an influential Committee, of which 
Sir John Lubbock, Bart, M.P., has consented to act 
as treasurer, and which consists, among others, of the 
Lord Mayor, M.P., Alderman Sir Reginald Hanson, 
and Mr. Alderman Staples, members for the Corpora- 
tion ; Sir J. M'Garel-Hofi^ and Mr. Depntv Saunden, 
members of the Metropoutan Board of Vv<Mrks ; and 
the Treasurer uid Director, with Mr. A. W. Franks, 
Dr. J. Evans, Dr. Freshfield, the Hon. H. Dillon, and 
many other Fellows of the Society of Antiauaiies, Mr. 
John E. Price, secretary to the London ana Middlesex 
Archaeological Society, draws attention to the measures 
now being taken to prevent the destruction of valuable 
monuments of antiquity when found in London and 
its vicinity, or, when such destruction is inevitable, to 
secure the execution of proper plans and drawings. 
The necessity of an organization for this purpose is 
just now made evident by discoveries of considerable 
interest progressing in Bevis Marks. In the course 
of excavations at the comer of Castle Street, founda- 
tions have been disclosed which evidently belonged 
to a structure of great soliditv and strength. A 
preliminary examination showed the remains to be 
composed of large fragments of Roman sculpture, 
taken fix)m some anterior building in the locality, and 
used as building materials. By the courtesy oi the 
contractors, Messrs. Mowlem, Burt, and Ca, some of 
these pieces were extracted. These were of the highest 
interest ; but, as the works could not be deStyed 
an hour, they would have had to be covered in and 
again buried, if it had not happened that Mr. Price 
felt warranted in undertaking on behalf of himself and 
a few friends the risk and cost involved. With the 
sanction of Colonel Haywood, City Engineer, fiirther 
excavations were accordmgly commenced, from which 
interesting results have been obtained, and the work 
will be continued until everything of importance has 
been removed. In the meanwhile, arrangements will 
be made for the safe custody of the objects found in 
one of our public museums. To meet this and future 
emergencies a fund is being raised, to be administered 
under the supervision of the general committee by a 
small executive committee, viz., Mr. E. W. Brabrook, 
Mr. W. H. Overall, librarian to the Corporation, Mr. 
Alfred White, with Mr. Price. He appeals to the 
public for subscriptions to this fund, which may be 
addressed to Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., Lom- 
bard Street, as treasurer. 

The first edition of Braun and Hogenberg's in- 
teresting Plan of Jjmdony from the CwitaUs Orbis 
Tsnrarum (1572), has been reproduced for the Tope* 
graphical Society of London, and is now issued as 
a publication for the year 1882-3. The volumes 
already announced as having been undertaken are 
approaching completion, and will soon be in the 
hands of subscribers. Among these will be a reprint 
of the reports of the society, with engravings ot old 
buildings that have lately been pulbd down. Iq 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



133 



addhioQ to these Visscber** long Vi^^ Londm is 
bcu^ reproduced for the present year 1883-S4. 

Mr. D. Atkinson has nearly ready for the oress two 
itihuDes on Ralph Tkcrtsby, ike Tofograpker: His 
Twwm and TUmts, No life of Ralph Thoresby has 
yet appeared b^fond the condensed accounts of him 
pfcfized to Dr. Whitaker*s edition of the Ducatus 
Lndimm^ and to the Diary edited by Mr. Hunter, 
with the now almost foigotten memoir in the Bi^ 
grmpkia BriUumka, Hb biography has a wide range. 
Few, if any, no higher in rank than Ralph Thoresby, 
have afibided material for a life so illustrative of the 
UtentBre, politics, and social condition of the age in 
whidi he lived ; and although his published diarv 
and oorrespoodence supply an autobiography of much 
amusement and value, they gain in both when the 
satteicd incklents which they record have been 
fafon^t into connection, and the blanks which 
necesarily lie between filled in from other sources. 
More than may generally be supposed is available 
for the purpose, though it needs to be sought for 
amid manuscripts never printed, and print that is 
seldom disturbed ; and if the volumes, which it is 
BOW proposed to publish, shall in any degree ful to 
intefcst, n must be the fiuolt of the author and not of 
hb materials. 

A short time ago there was discovered in a marsh 
at Schusscnried, m Wiirterober^ a well-preserved hut 
of the age of stone. The fioonng and a part of the 
waUs were intact, and, as appeared from a careful 
admcasorement, had formed, when complete, a rect- 
angle, 10 mitres long and 7 metres wide. The hut 
was divided into two compartments, communicating 
with each other by a foot-bridge, made of three girders. 
The sii^ door, looking towards the south, was a 
DHre wide, and opened mto a room 6*50 mitres long 
and 4 metres wide. In one comer lay a heap of 
itoaes which had apparently formed the fireplace. 
Thb room was the kitchen, " the living room, * and 
probably a night refuge for the cattle in cold weather. 
fnie second room, which had no opening outside, 
masured 6*50 mitres long and 5 mitres wide, and 
was no doubt used as the funily bedchamber, llie 
floors of both rooms were formed of round logs and 
the waUs of split logs. This, be it remembered, was 
a hut of the Stone Age. It nuy be safely presumed 
that the lake dwellings of the Bronze Age were larger 
in size and less primitive in their arrangements. At 
both periods the platform supporting the houses com- 
municated with the shore by means of a bridge 
(probably removable at leisure) and with the water by 
baders. These Udders, as appears from an example 
found at Chavannes, were made of a single stan^ with 
holes for the staves, which protruded on either side. 

The resolu ofDr. Schliemann*s excavations at Tirvns 
turn out to be very important The buildings he has 
discovered consist of a palace and two temples. The 
anai^emcnt, size, and position of these ame in the 
moat remarkable manner with those of the temples 
and pdace of the second prehistoric dty at Hissarlik, 
and thus help to settle the date of the Utter. In spite 
of the wall-paintinn, the remains at Tiryns must be 
iffl i^rr than tboae at Myoeue, since, besides the archaic 



pottery found among than, large numbers of obsidian 
implements have been disinterred. 

Mr. Warwick W. Wroth has reprinted from the 
NumisimaHc Chronicle hb paper on *' Cretan Coins," 
consisting of fifty-eight pages, with three autotype 
pUtes, which we are gUd to know is only a prelimi- 
nary study for the CsUalogue he b preparing on the 
coins of Crete in the British Museum. 

With reference to the recent interesting archaeo- 
logical discoveries at Woolstone, Berks, a corre- 
spondent of the B^ks Advertiser writes : — It b much 
to be regretted that for the next few years no further 
excavations will be permitted at Woobtone, one of 
the most interestingspots in this countnri and rich in 
Roman remains. The trustees of the llaj\ of Craven 
have now finally decided not to permit any exploration 
during his lordship's minority ; the field b closed to 
the public, and the pavements, etc., covered over 
with soil. Mr. R. Walker, of Uffington, has most 
energetically pursued hb search for other remains 
and with most encouraging results. At a dbtance of 
about thirty yards from the Roman VilU he uncovered 
another pavement, somewhat mutiUted, the tesserae 
larger than those previously found, and Uid in the 
well-known key pattern ; in the centre and level with 
the pavement was a stone about a foot square, per- 
forata which on being raised was seen to have rested 
upon two others placed perpendicularly, thus forming 
a small cbt : from the remains therein found it was 
evidently the burial-pUce of a child ; it had however 
been previously op«ied, the perforated stone being 
broken in two pUces. In walking through the various 
fields, fragments of Roman tiles, tessera*, and pottery 
are found in large quantities, and the plou^ishare 
turns up the foundations and portions of Mralb of stone. 
For nearly a mile in extent these traces of eariy 
habitations are to be met with every few yards, giving 
evidence of a settlement of considerable sue. Judging 
from these surUce indications, we have little doubt, 
had further investigations been permitted, that much 
of deep interest to the antiquarian would have been 
laid open to view. The lack of a proper organization 
to carry out such enquiries in thb county b here 
clearly demonstrated. We do not hesitate to say that 
did such an assocUtion exbt, permission to explore 
would be granted readily, the chief reason for the veto 
being, we believe, that the enquiry was conducted by 
a pnvate person, and naturally trustees could not 
permit it to be pursued in an irre^Ur and unofficial 
manner, no matter how enthusiastic and disinterested 
thb gentleman may be. The handsome tessellated 
pavement previously described by us has been removed, 
but we are grieved to say it b lost for ever to our 
county, having been deposited in the A^hmolean 
Museum, Oxford. Surely a resting-place for such a 
treasure might have been found in Berkshire. When 
asked. Lady Craven at once most generouslv gave it 
to the Ashmolean, but we are con zinced she would 
far rather have presented it to a museum in her own 
county, with the interests of which she b so intimately 
connected, had proper representations been made. 

Messrs. Waterlow and Sons (Limited) have Just 
isnied a beautifiilly printed and illustrated sketch of the 
Okl LoodoQ Street at the Health Kihihition, which 



134 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



is likely to be of more than passing interest. The 
historical events connected with the Duildings repre- 
sented are carefully preserved. 

That masterpiece of wood-sculpture, the famous 
" Oelberg " in the church at Kreuzlingen, in Canton 
Thurgau, has just been "completely restored," at a 
cost of 5,cxx3 frs. The work contains nearly a thou- 
sand figures, each a foot in height, and occupied the 
sculptor, a native of Tvrol, no less than eighteen 
years. The restoration has been carried out by the 
" Cristus '* of the Oberammergau Passion-play, who 
is the president of the Kunstschnitzlerschme m that 
district. 

Some time ago a piece of Roman statuary was found 
in connection with some excavations in Castle Street, 
Camomile Street, and the London and Middlesex 
Archaeological Society obtained the permission of the 
Commissioners of Sewers to make further investiga- 
tion. The excavators have now discovered a large 
stone coffin and a piece of a Roman bastion, which 
will, in due course, be conveyed to the Guildhall 
Museum. 

On the farm occupied by Mr. James Wentworth, 
at Beckhampton, near Devizes, an ancient British 
dwelling-pit has been discovered. The dwelling con- 
sists of two circular holes sunk in the clean chalk, 
adjoining and intersecting each other. Tliey are about 
5 ft. 6 in. deep and 5 ft. in diameter. On the floor of 
the pit were found the fragments of an earthen cooking 
vessel resting on three stones, and under it the ashes 
of a fire that had been used in boiling the pot. There 
were also found a well-shaped spindle whorl, a loom 
weight, bone ornament, and several so-called pot 
boilers ; also bones of the ox, sheep, rabbits, etc The 
dwelling appeared as though it had only been vacated 
the day before. 

A discovery of some importance has been made 
near the Loch of Stennes, Orkney, in the same district 
as that containing the circle of^ standing stones. A 
large mound has been opened by Mr. Clouston, of 
Sand wick Manse, and was found to contain a chamber 
about 7ft. long, 5ft. broad, and jfL in height, contain- 
ing in each comer of the room a skeleton. The 
chamber was reached by a passage 12ft. long, 3ft broad, 
and 3ft. high. Some very large stones are in the 
building. The mound is not yet completely explored. 

The Elarl of Yarborough has contributed £2x30 
towards restoring the fine old Norman church (date 
1 100) of Thornton Curtis, Lincolnshire, and Mr. R. 
Winn, M.P., ;f 580, the estimated cost of rebuilding 
the chancel. 



Correjsponiience. 

THE EXCHEQUER CHESS-GAME. 
[AfUe^ vol, ix., p. 206.] 

In his lucid exposition of the apparent necessity for 
a subsidiary system of calculation on the Exchequer- 
Board, your correspondent "L." has suggested a 
difficulty which had occurred to myself before. 



It does in fact seem an arbitrary prindide to enun- 
ciate, that only the sum of the shmtt's account was set 
out in counters by the computator at the dictation of 
the treasurer ; but then it will appear equally certain 
to those who are actually acquainted with the recorded 
system of " Dots," that the expedient in question was 
in its very use purely arbitrary. 

What I mean is that these "Dots" were made 
use of only in fits of laborious official ingenuity, 
whereas there seems to have been no purpose of 
practical utility to be served ; and their occasional 
employment as a numerical agent down to the 
seventeenth century lacks equally a well-defined 
motive. 

I am of opinion myself that their sole advanta^ 
lies in the ease with which thev could be utilized m 
casting up several entries, (say; in the middle of a 
colunm of account for marking the subsidiary total 
between the lines without causmg a confusion firom 
interpolated figures. 

We must remember that the mere act of writing, 
especially on paper, was a serious business in those 
days, most of all to officials who worked single- 
handed. Thus we find even Burghley in his capacity 
of treasurer, and joint-commissioner for auditiiur 
public accounts, plodding pen in hand through a roU 
of account, checking every entry, writing nis own 
pungent comments thereon in the margin, and casting 
up the whole usually in figures, but sometimes, and 
then for no apparent reason, in " Dots." Doubtless 
the habit of counting by "Dots'* was encouraged 
by the prevalent system of numeration bv twelves of 
pence, and scores of shillings and pounds ; * but on 
the whole, in the absence of the internal evidence of 
records and the external evidence of DiahgHS^ I 
see no reason for supposing that the individual items 
of the sheriffs account were severally added up by 
counters on the board for that worthy's satisfiactioiL 
As a matter of fact, the amount of nearly every one of 
those items was not materially varied from year to 
year ; and it was, after all, a sunple matter for such 
adapts in mental arithmetic as were the Exchequer 
officials of that age, to cast up these monotonous 
entries, displaying the result as they proceeded with 
it in duplicate on the board in the way described in 
my pai>er. 

Witn regard to "L.V* suggestion for a new- 
modelled chess-board, I must admit his calculations 
to be beyond my comprehension. But at any rate 
we may content ourselves by remembering that the 
treasurer and sheriff did not sit opposite each other 
across the board ; that there is no possibility of their 
having walked round the table to grapple with an 
inverted calculation; and, finallv, that the whole 
arrangement suggested by "L.*^ is completely at 
variance with the account of Dialogus, "ll's" 
mention of seven columns of account is clearly a 
clerical error, and I would remind him also that I 
expressly stated that Auctions of pence were dealt 
with de incremento at the Exchequer in the early 
period, both in the case of tallies and counters. 



* The use of this system explains the caution of 
the author of the Dialogus^ that the computation at 
the Exchequer was not made UgUms ariihmiikis. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



«3S 



la ooodusioii, I regret that, much as I admire their 
iivcnaity, I cannot, for mjseli; accept any one of 
''l.'s " nvgestioQs. 

Hubert Hall. 

45t ColTiUe Gardens, W. 



THE TOWER GUARDS. 
(AnU, pp. 54-58.) 

I hasten to express the extreme regret with which 
I have seen that in mr last paper, by a most unfortu- 
nate printer's error, the name of Bir. E. Peacock has 
been snbstitnted for that of Mr. Freeman (p. 57). 
The wards ran, in my MS.,— **as Mr. Frteman will 
find to his cost** Inis allusion was no idle threat, 
Int was introduced by me with the specific purpose 
of warning the public that the fiunous problem 01 the 
coodoct and fiue of Lucas and Lisle has by no means 
been settled, as Mr. Freeman would have us believe, 
by the aaertions of Mr. ClemenU Markham. The 
/nBWJMM of the charge brought against Mr. Freeman 
al the time of the original discussion was that, in an 
CMentiaUy nnhistoricarspirit, he had based hb dogmas, 
in this homing question, " on the unsupported state- 
ments of a modeni writer.*' I repeat then that, 
before kiQ^ be "will find to his cost^ the mistake he 
has made m so doing. 

Mr. Peacock's viduable services to the cause of 
historical researdi, especially for the period of the 
Qvil War, are so wdl known to all students, that 
they will, I trust, at once have seen that there was 
•one error in the text. 

J. H. Round. 

Brighton. 

P.S. — I take this opportunity of correcting another 
Cfratnm. On p. 55 (coL 2), for " thc/rtt rmment ** 
tend "tht/mi rtgiment" 



OLD WORDS USED IN MIRACLE PLAYS. 

SiK, — In studying the subject of Mysteries and 
Miracle Plays a great many notes have been sent 
to me. Some of the expressioiis and notices con- 
tained in them are very curious, and I cannot find 
cat their meaning. Perhaps some of your rouiers 
would kiDfUr help me :~ 

I4S<X ** For a Chirch ale made on Fasixngiqugi 
Stmi^ by T. Keys and his neighbours vi/. viii^. 
U this ^mAm 5#«d9r ; 

145^ *' For a Oiirch ale made on Sunday next 
after xii for ye ^arhdi^ ivi.** 



1457- **^or Chirdi ale made and given by the L'. 

1459- *'RecxL of ye Ld. on ye Jmriadt n^t in 

oocy iiix. iv<£ What is ^r/^/ 

IU5. (Biaintree Church, Essex). A court was 
hdd to inonire into the Erendyll wAea/ st<Kk, the 
"cimatofy'* wkiot. the "Croppys" wheat stocks be- 
koging to the church." 

153a. 23 H. viii Robert Pathows gives a cow for 
a Isht before St Nidiobs, Robert Noifolk da before 
St. Katberiae and St Mary. A stock for Our Lady 
oC PHy. I slMuki like to know the meaniag of tboae 



terms applied to wheat in 1525. Then was it usual 
to give stacks of wheat to churdies in other parts ? 
With many apologies for thus troubling ]rou, 

J. S. A. Hb&ford. 
The Qose, Salisbury, 
July aoth, 1S84. 



THE BROUGH STONE. 

Just returned from my summer wanderings, I find 
on my table crowds of things — among them many 
numbers of TMe Acadany, Half-a-doien of &e latest 
handle the " Runic " stone at Brough, and several of 
our best scholars show that the writing is no more 
" Runic " than I am, but in Greek hexameters I 

There can be no doubt that these experts are right, 
and that I ou^ht to be hanged. I am delighted with 
the good work they have already done, and am sure 
our English Gredsts will at last more or less master 
the whole inscription. 

One word in mitigation of my ridiculous mistake. 
The photograph (from which I worked before the 
arrival of casts) was sent to me as Runic^ but this 
I could not believe. I thought it was i Jt Grttk^ or at 
least some classical alphabet, so I took the photograph 
t« a distingmshed Gretk authority herc^ told him my 
idea, and asked his opinion, leaving it in his hancu 
for several days. His final answer was, that it was 
certainly not in Greek letters. This threw me on a 
(alse scent, and I began to study it as Runic The 
rare palm-branches and the apparent crosses were 
also pit£slls. 

The amusing part of the business is, that out of such 
excellent (Trift'Jmaterials I could so ingeniously extract 
a North* English Rune-risting with such a seemingly 
reasonable and likely meaning. It was really very 
clever of me. 

But all pioneers are exposed to such blunders. " In 
the multitude of counsellors is safety." As £mile 
Emer says in his Mhmoires <t Histmre Ancienni et de 
J^iologu, Paris, 1863, p. 8:—*' On est quclouefois 
un pen humilie de reconnaltre ses propres fautes; 
on s'^tonne d 'avoir compris si tard une verity dont 
r^vidence nous frappe maintenant les yeux. Mais 
quelle joie de oorriger Terreur et de pouvoir se dire 
que Ton a enfin marqu^ d'un trait juste le fait ou la 
pensee ^u'il fidlait mettre en lumiire ! A aucun ige 
ae la vie Tattention n*est infaillible ; re&ignons-nous 
k sa fiublesse et ne d^sesp^rons pas de ses progr^" 

Cheapinghaven, Giorgb Stephens. 

Denmark, Aug. 1st, 1884. 



ESSEX AND SUFFOLK. 
{Ante, pp. 38, 86.] 

Since my letter hi The Antiquary for July I have 
found that for some little time the Ifswuh yntrmd 
has been giving extracts from old numbers, containing 
much interesting information. These extracts are 
reprinted in the form of monthly narts, of which the 
first was published in October 1883. I am tokl, too, 
that the Bufy Post is giving in its columns a series of 
extracts from fcmner numbers. 

Westgate, Grantham. J. Hambun Sicmi. 



136 



THE ANTIQUARY EXCHANGE. 



C|)e anttquarp OErctiange. 

o 

Enclose A^i^or the First 12 Words ^ and id, for each 
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Manager, Exchange Department, The Anti- 
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For Sale. 

Some fine old Poesy Gold Rings for sale. — For 
particulars, apply 220, care of Manager. 

Recollections of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, by T. Hall 
Caine, large paper edition, price 21s, Paul and Virginiai 
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bound in parchment, 25^. Sharpens British Theatre, 
eighteen vols., 32mo calf, covers of one vol. damaged; 
London, printed by John Whittingham, Dean Street, 
for John Sharpe, opposite York House, Piccadilly^ 
1804-5 * ^^ "^^ engraved title-page to each volume, 
and portrait of W. H. W. Betty as Douglas ; book- 
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Caxton's Game and Playe of the Chesse, 1474 ; a 
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Middleton Hall, Essex ; Taswell, Wm.; Taut, N. C, 
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nant, William, Aston Hall ; Thomson, John Deas, 
commssioner of the navy ; Thomson, Sir John Deas, 
K.C.B., F.R.L.S.; Torraine, William Harcourt; 
Tower, Rev. Charles; Treacher, John; Treacher, 
Henry ; Trotter, Alexander, Esq. ; Turner, Charles 
Henry ; Turner, Rev. William Henry ; Turner, 
William; Turner, William Henry; Van Sittart, 
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N., 24, Portland Place; Webber, Rev. Charles; 
Whateley, John Welchman; Wheatley, Edward 
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Yarborough, Earl of, Appuldurcombe.— Posl»fr«e, y£, 
each, from Briggs and Morden, 5, Longley tjurace, 
Tooting. {Laters only,) \ ^^ 

Fine collection of Engraved Portraits of Efc^^. 
Men, 800 in number, many rare list, booxid in ^wSU:, 
price £$ 5^., or exchange fine coins. — 262, care' of 
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Old Latin Folios, several for sale or exchanse.-^ 
Cheap list on application to E. W. Dmry, ci, biffh 
Street, Hull. /• a » Ht 

Clarissa Harlowe, 8 vols., 1774, 14J. ; Geraldine, 

Lvols., 1820, y, 6d.; White's Essex, 1848, y.; 
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THE HAZUTTS IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783—87). 137 



) ^^^-"^^ 



The Antiquary. 




OCTOBER, 1884. 




Cbe 1^7lttt0 in America a 
Centurp wnce(i783— 87)- 

By W. Carbw Hazlitt. 
Part II. 

HE first object we saw here " [Wey- 
mouth], Miss Hazlitt presently 
goes on to say, " was a very large 
and old picture, in oil, of the meet- 
ing oi Esau and Jacob. The embracing of the 
two brothers, the meeting of their followers 
on either side, with the groups of camels and 
olher cattle, and the background, winding up 
between the hills, and seeming to vanish in 
the air, completed the enchantment. On 
this picture I used to gaze with delight, and 
wondered at the skill of the artist who had 
made so natural and lively a representation 
of the scene. But as John never copied or 
sud much about it, I suspect it was not so 
fine a painting as I imagined. I have heard 
it was one of the first attempts of Copley ; 
he was afterwards a painter of some note. 
He and West, who were both Americans, 
lived chiefly in England, and produced most 
of their works there.*' The house appears 
to have been commodious ; there is a minute 
account oi it, for which I cannot spare room ; 
but the writer was particularly struck by a 
beech-tree in the garden, which the humming- 
birds haunted for the sake of the blossom. 
^The house," she says, "stood in a most 
romantic spot, surrounded on three sides by 
very sleep hills, that sloped down, just in 
sight oi the windows, and were covered with 
locust trees. 

"These trees grow to a great height, and 
their yellow blossoms (somewhat like the 
laburnum) perfume the air in spring. On the 
green bdbre the door stood a solitary pear- 
tree, beyond the shade of which, in the hot 
troL. X. 



days, William was not allowed to go until 
four o'clock, when the sun was in some sort 
shaded by the neighbouring hills On the 
pales that inclosed this sloping green, the 
woodi>eckers were wont to sit, and maJce a 
noise with their bills like a saw. Beyond the 
garden and lane was a large meadow, which 
in the summer evenings, with its myriads of 
fire-flies, made a brilliant appearance. 

" On a little low hill to the eastward stood 
the house of prayer, and below it Dr. Infts's, 
the road to Boston passing close by them ; to 
the north King-Oak Hill, which in the winter, 
when covered with snow, reflected the golden 
and purple tints of the setting sun. Over 
this hill the road leading to Hingham was 
seen. How often have we stood at the 
window looking at my father, as he went up 
this road, with William, in his nankeen dress, 
marching by his side like one that could 
never be tired. The hills behind the house 
are very steep, and it was one of our childish 
exploits, when they were covered with ice, to 
climb up and write our names on the frozen 
snow. From the top of these hills we had a 
distant view of the bay of Boston and many 
of its islands and the hills beyond it, 
with Dorchester heights, famous for the 
Battle of Kegs ; Bunker's Hill, where so many 
British oflicers fell in the space of fivt minutes, 
singled out by the sharp-shooters of the 
Yankees; to the south, dark and firowning 
woods, and nearer to us the river, with a 
mill and two houses on its banks, and a 
variety of meadows, fields and trees below. 
Here also was seen the house of Captain 
Whitman, a good fiiend of ours. He was so 
fond of William that the boy spent half his 
time in going with him to the woods, or to 
tlie fields, to see them plough, or attending 
the milking of the cows, where I too was 
often present . . . We paid frequent visits to 
Mrs. Whitman, and were alwajrs glad to see 
her and her niece Nelly, when they came to 
us at three in the afternoon and brought their 
work with them. A bright wood fire, and a 
clean hearth to bake the Johnny cakes on 
(cakes made of Indian flour without yeast 
and baked on a pewter plate before the fire), 
were always prepared on the occasion. . . • 

** General Lovell lived in Weymouth. He 
and Captain Whitman, like many of the 
American officers, after the war was over, 

L 



138 THE HAZLITTS IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783—87). 



retired to their farms, which in general were 
large, cultivating them with care, and some- 
times guiding the plough with their own hands, 
and thus not only directing their servants, 
but giving them an example of industry. . . . 

" In the summer a variety of little birds 
flew about us, humming-birds of five or six 
different kinds, some of them brown, others 
of different colours, all of them very small, 
with a body an inch and a half in length, and a 
bill like a coarse needle, which served them 
to suck the honey out of the flowers. But 
the most beautiful were dressed in purple, 
green and gold, crimson, and a mixture of 
white and a little black about the head. 

" Some of this sort used to enliven us by 
their visits to the peach-tree, and it was one 
of them that flew into the window, to his 
own great discomfiture. Besides the birds 
common to Europe, there are many others. 
The blue bird of a pale sky colour, the scarlet 
bird, whose name tells of her bright plumage, 
and the fire-hang-bird, so called from her 
colour and the curious way in which she 
hangs her nest at the end of a bough, sus- 
pended by a string of her own making. This, 
it is said, she does to protect her young from 
the monkeys. It is also a protection against 
the boys, for the bough chosen is too small to 
bear the least weight. This bird differs from 
the scarlet bird in having some black under 
Its wings. There is also the mocking-bird, 
who delights in imitating every note he hears ; 
the Bob Lincoln, a very pretty singing bird ; 
the red linnet, the Virginia nightingale, and 
the king-bird from whom the hawk is glad 
to escape; the little snow bird, and many 
others that I forget. The swallows are of a 
brighter purple than ours. The robins are 
much larger, but their notes and colour the 
same. 

" This winter was also a very severe one, and 
my father spent it chiefly in going to and from 
Boston, where he was engaged to give lectures 
on the evidences of Christianity, the same 
that he had delivered at Philadelphia the 
winter before. And here also they were at- 
tended with great success. It was fifteen 
miles, and he was often obliged to walk 
through the snow. But he thought no labour 
or fatigue too much in the cause he had so 
much at heart Once he and John set out to 
walk in a most tremendous rain. 



'* I do not recollect my father preaching at 
Weymouth more than once, and when he 
was with us on Sunday we had service at 
home. The congregation there was large, 
and they were Presbyterians of the old 
orthodox stamp. Calvin, and the kirk of 
Scotland, had settled the faith of two out of 
three of the American churches at that 
period. There were but few Episcopalians, 
and their churches but poor building, and 
often without steeples or trees, while the 
popular party had both. There were many 
Quakers (but not so many as in Pennsylvania), 
and here and there a very few Catholics. 

" When the snow and ice melted, the low- 
lands were threatened with a deluge, but as 
I remember no damage that ever happened 
from these thaws, I suppose they were pro- 
perly guarded against Here is also, about 
February, what they call a middle thaw, when 
the weather is mild for a week or two and 
the snow seems to have vanished. Yet to 
this other and deeper snows succeed, and 
the frost is as sharp as ever. This winter 
the melted snow ran into our washhouse, 
and froze so hard that my father and John 
were obliged to cut it up with axes in pieces 
of half a-foot thick, and throw it out 

'' My father often went to Hingham to preach 
for Mr. [Ebenezer] Gay, a very pleasant old 
man above ninety years of age. He was fond 
of a good story, and used to tell with great glee 
how he cured a man of a propensity to steal 
It seems this man was in the haUt of mak- 
ing free with his master's hay, which Mr. 
Gay suspecting, he one evening took his pipe 
in his mouth, and standing behind the stable 
door, softly shook out the ashes of his pipe ob 
the hay the man was carrying away on his 
back, and as soon as he got out the fresh air 
kindled it into a flame, at which the poor 
fellow was so much terrified that he came the 
next morning to confess his trespass, saying 
that fire came down from heaven to consume 
his stolen hay, and promised never to steal 
again. This promise he faithfully kept, and 
though Mr. Gay, in compassion to his fear% 
kindly explained the matter to him^ he never 
could believe but that a fire from above had 
fallen on him. 

'^ Hingham is twenty miles from Boston, and 
five from Weymouth. Here my father met 
with society quite to his mind. 



THE HAZUTTS IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783— S7). 139 



M 



My fiather often spoke of the numbers of 
fine-looking old men, between eighty and 
ninety, that attended that meeting and sat 
together before the pulpit. This congrega- 
tion was very large, but in a place where 
there was no other church, and where none 
but the sick or in6rm absente<l themselves 
from public worship, five or seven hundred 
people being assembled together is nothing 
extraordinary. 

•' At Boston, too, my father had many friends, 
among them Dr. Chauncy, a fine old man 
above ninety ; he was cheerful, and retained 
all his Acuities. 

*' In the summer of 1785 my father often 
went to Salem, where he sometimes preached 
for Mr. Barnes.'* But the English minister 
stayed with Mr. Derby, a merchant, and the 
son of an acquaintance at Hingham. William 
often accompanied his father in his journeys, 
and sat inside the pulpit with him while he 
preached. ** John," she adds, " spent a great 
deal oi his time at Hingham, where he 
painted many portraits, and perhaps some of 
his first pictures are to be seen there even at 
this present time.** Mr. Hazlitt met in this 
neighbourhood, curiously enough, with two 
of the prisoners in whose cause he had inter- 
ested himself at Kinsale, and they expressed 
the warmest gratitude to him. It had been 
wished that he should succeed old Mr. 
Ebenezer Gay at Hingham, but the latter 
declined to resign. 

"This summer [1785] my father," con- 
tinues our chronicler, *' visited Cape Cod, and 
stayed there three weeks, but he could not 
make up his mind to settle in so desolate a 
place. It was a neat little town, inhabited 
chiefly by fishermen, but nothing was to be 
seen but rocks and sands and the boundless 
ocean. He took William with him, who, 
child as he was, could not help being struck 
with the barren and dreary look of the coun- 
try, and inquired if any Robins or Bob 
Lmcolns came there, and being told there 
were none, he said, ' I suppose they do not 
like such an ugly place.* Stepping into the 
boat, he dropped his shoe into the sea, which 
he lamented because of his silver buckle. 

'^ It was while we resided at Weymouth that 
mj fauher assisted Mr. Freeman in prepar- 
ing a liturgy for his church, which had been 
episo^ml, and furnished him with a form of 



prayer used by Mr. Lindsey, in Essex Street 
Chapel, which they adapted to suit the trans- 
atlantic church. He also republished many 
of Dr. Priestley's Unitarian tracts, and many 
other little pieces to the same purpose, such 
as the TWa/ of Elwall^ etc., besides writing 
much himself These things took up much 
of his time, and occasioned many journeys 
to Boston, where John often went with his 
father. 

''In the autumn of this year, Mr. Sam. 
Vaughan persuaded him to go to a new settle- 
ment on Kennebec River, called Hallo well, 
in the province of Maine, where Mr. Vaughan 
had a large tract of land and much interest 
in settling the township. This was in the 
midst of the woods, with a few acres cleared 
round each farm, as usual in all their new 
places, which, by degrees, are changed from 
solitary woods to a fruitful land. At this 
time the wolves were near neighbours, and 
sometimes at night would come prowling 
about the place, making a dismal noise with 
their hideous barking, and as the doors were 
without locks, and my father slept on the 
ground floor, he used to fasten his door by 
putting his knife over the latch to prevent a 
visit from these wild beasts. In this remote 
place he found a very respectable society, 
many of them genteel people. Here he 
preached a thanksgiving sermon which was 
afterwards printed at Boston. It was a cus- 
tom in New England to preach one every 
year after harvest He would have had no 
great objection to settling with these people, 
but it would not have been eligible for his 
sons. John's profession was not wanted in 
the woods, where good hunters and hus- 
bandmen were more needed He therefore, 
after spending the winter there, returned to us 
in the spring ; and he narrowly escaped being 
lost in the Bay of Fundy, to which the sailors, 
for its frequent and dreadful tempests, have 
given the name of the 'Dev-il's Cauldron.* ** 

After describing a tremendous storm which 
unexpectedly visited them on the ist April, 
1786, Miss Hazlitt states that her father and 
mother saw the necessity of moving from 
Weymouth nearer to Boston, where Mr. 
Hazlitt and John had frequent occasion to go. 

" We>Tnouth," she writes, "with its sloping 
hills and woods, beautiful and romantic as it 
was, yet had its inconveniences. The great- 



140 THE HAZLITTS IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783—87). 



est, the distance from the city ; there was no 
market or butcher's shop or any baker in the 
parish, and only one shop containing some 
remnants of linen, a few tapes and thread, 
with a small assortment of grocery. Hard 
sea biscuits, butter, cheese, some salt beef and 
pork, were our winter's fare. In the summer 
it was better, as we often got a joint of fresh 
meat from some of the farmers, who would 
spare us some of what they provided for their 
own use. This, when not wanted directly, was 
kept by being suspended over the well Some- 
times we had barrels of flour and made our 
own bread, and when the farmer's wife heated 
her oven, she would kindly bake our bread for 
us, or anything else, so that, on the whole, we 
did very well, and thought not of the flesh- 
pots of Egypt 

"One day I observed the water in the well 
was red. I asked Mr. Beales the reason ; he 
said, 'We shall have an earthquake soon,' but 
added, *do not tell my wife.' The next morn- 
ing, about seven, we felt a smart shock, but 
not bad enough to throw anything down ; yet 
it made the handles of the drawers rattle. 
To the eastward it was worse, and indeed it 
came from the east. It was in February, and 
the weather was very close and cloudy, and 
not a breath of air stirring. 

"New England abounds more in maize, 
Indian com, than wheat, and in the country 
it is much used, and is not unpleasant to the 
taste, though rather too sweet ; and it is very 
convenient, as it requires no yeast. Besides 
maize they have buck-wheat, barley and rye, 
and from the other states they have plenty 
of the finest wheat. With the West Indies 
they carry on a considerable trs^c, exchang- 
ing their cattle and lumber for rum and 
molasses. On the Southern States the West 
Indies chiefly depend for com and other 
food, and send them in return the finest 
fruit, sugar, mm, pepper, etc. I once saw a 
cartload of pine-apples, that were just landed 
in Philadelphia market, that were sold for 
a half pistoreen each, about ninepence. 

"The woods are filled with a variety of 
game ; the number of pigeons are incredible ; 
and the wild turkeys are very large and fine, 
and their colours very beautifiil, and they 
make a grand appearance when seen stand- 
ing, being from four to five feet in height 
They have also plenty of wild geese, ducks, 



teal, and aU the wild and tame fowl that we 
have in Europe ; many kinds of parrots and 
the Virginia nightingale of a bright crimson, 
snakes and monke3rs more than enough; 
foxes, wolves and bears, and the tiger cat, veiy 
fierce and strong for its size, about two feet 
high, I think. The moose deer is peculiar 
to North America. Once, while we were 
there, an animal they call a cat-a-mount made 
its appearance near Falmouth; it was said to 
be five feet long, besides, the tail was as much 
more ; and it could mount trees, whence its 
name. It was hunted by eighteen dogs, killed 
six of them and got off. It was said that only 
one of these animals had been seen before. 
But no one knows what, or how many, un- 
known creatures may be concealed in diose 
endless forests. 

"In July we took our leave of Weymouth, 
where we had spent a year and eight months, 
and bad farewell to our good friends the 
Whitmans and others with whom we had 
begun a friendly intercourse, and left our 
romantic hills and groves, never to see them 
more ; but we did not then know that it was 
a last farewell. 

"We removed to a small house in Upper 
Dorchester. It was pleasantly situated, but 
not to be compared to the one we had left 
It was five miles from Boston, and in the 
high road to it. In front, on the other side 
of the road, were some large meadows, and 
beyond, at the distance of a few miles, the 
blue mountains rose to our view. Covered 
with thick woods, they are said to be fiimoas 
for rattlesnakes. It is observed that the 
rattlesnake is never found near the searshorft 

" Behind, and on each side of the bouse^ 
there was a very large orchard, and ascend* 
ing a little way we had a fine view of BostoOi 
its bay and many islands, the same we saw 
at Weymouth, but nearer and more distinct 
To the eastward. Fort William and its light* 
house, and to the north, a vast extent of 
country ; and behind the dty the hill of batH^ 
where so many fell in the beginning of duit 
quarrel which in the end gave liberty tod 
happiness to millions, who still regard En^^and 
as the land of Father. 

"The last summer my father passed in fio* 
quent visits to Boston, to Hingham, and to 
Salem. At length he made up his mind to 
return to England in the autumn, and tijr lo 



THE HAZL1T2S IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783—87). 141 



gee settled before we arrived, and we were to 
follow him in the spring. O most unfor- 
tunate resolve ! for but a few months after he 
had sailed, old Mr. Gay died, and Dr. Gordon 
came over to London to publish his book ; 
and at either of these places my father would 
have been chosen. 

^This last summer passed quickly away, 
and October came ; and the time of my fothei^s 
departure drew near. I recollect his coming 
to fetch me home from Boston, a few days 
before he sailed He talked to us of our 
separation and the hope of meeting again, 
and charged me above all things to be careful 
of, and attentive to, my mother, and en- 
deavour by every means in my power to keep 
up her spirits and soften every care. 

**^ From my father's journal it appears that 
he sailed from the Long Wharf, Boston, on the 
ijjrd October [1786], on board the Rebecca.** 
ffis son John saw him off. He describes the 
passage to England as terrible. The vessel 
did not sight Plymouth till the 9th December, 
but did not make for it. On the 14th, after 
beating about, and a good deal more heavy 
weather, the Rebecca was in sight of Dover at 
noon. Mr. Hazlitt spent nine months in 
London, at the house of his old and good 
friend, Mr. David Lewis. 

After his father's departure John Hazlitt 
was busy in the pursuit of his professional 
studies, and our narrative says that he painted 
a picture of two wild turkeys for Mr. Vaughan, 
to send to Germany. He also taught his 
brother William Latin grammar, at first, it 
teems, not with much success, but eventually 
•o much so, that William nearly killed him- 
self through excessive application. 

** Dorchester," she says, " wasa very pleasant 
place to live in. It stood high, and com- 
manded a fine prospect on sdl sides. We 
had some good neighbours, and were so near 
to Boston as to be able to go there at any 
time. . . We stayed there until the summer, 
preparing for our departure. At the last, the 
time came, and there were some we regretted 
to leave, but from none was I so sorry to part 
as from Susan Butt. She was a good and 
kind-bearted girl, and much attached to me. 
She persuaded my brother to give her a 
pictore he had done of me in crayons. . . . 
How often we have looked back with regret 
on the pleasant evenings John and I used to 



spend with them [at Dorchester.] Our games 
and songs, and the tumbles we got in the 
snow, coming home by moonlight, when 
the rain, freezing on the ice, made the road 
slippery as glass. Twas then who best 
could keep their feet How delightful a ride 
in a sleigh was then ! How swift we cut 
through the air, going over hedge and ditch ! 
For the snow made all level 

** This last Christmas I spent at Mr. Boot's. 
There we had a constant round of visits, and 
I was more expert at cards than I have been 
since ; for I was pleased to do as grown-up 
people did, though often tired and weary of 
cards and sitting up late. Whist and palm 
loo were the games most in fashion; but 
chess was a fovourite with all . . . At the end 
of three weeks my brother came to take me 
home, and I did not see Boston again till 
the summer. 

"On the loth April this year (1787) a 
most tremendous fire broke out in Boston. 
It made a very grand appearance as we 
viewed it from the orchard, and, though at 
five miles' distance, the light was so great 
that the least thing was visible. The column 
of fire and smoke that rose to the clouds 
resembled a volcano. John got a horse 
and attempted to go in to assist our friends, 
and bring away anything for them. He soon 
returned, saying it ^as impossible to get into 
the town, as South Street, the only entrance, 
was burning on both sides. About a 
hundred houses were burnt, and a church. 
But the damage was not so great as we sup- 
posed. Some rum-stills had served to increase 
the splendour of the blaze. 

" Boston is built on a peninsula, and joins 
the mainland by a narrow neck of land, four 
or, perhaps, five furlongs in length. I know 
not if it is a natural isthmus, or the work of 
man, but from the swampy meadows on 
either side I should think it to be natural. 
South Street is part of it The bay in which 
it stands surrounds it on every other side. 

**The entrance into the bay is defended 
by Fort William, and no ship can come into 
the port without passing under its guns. 
The government keep a small garrison here, 
and a chaplain. Mr. Isaac Smyth was the 
chaplain when we were there. He was in 
England during the war, and settled in Sid- 
mouth, in Devonshire. 



142 THE HAZLITTS IN AMERICA A CENTURY SINCE (1783— «7)- 



" Fort William is nine miles from Boston. 
The bay is very extensive, and contains many 
beautiful islands, most of them small and 
wooded to the top. Those we saw from 
Weymouth and Dorchester had two or three 
hills of a sugar-loaf form, adding to the 
beauty of the scene by the deep mdigo of 
their firs, mixed with the bright and ever- 
varying green of the other trees. Perhaps 
when the country is more filled, these un- 
tenanted islets will be studded with neat 
cottages and farms. 

'*At Cambridge, two miles from Boston, 
there is a very flourishing college, and, I 
believe, it is the oldest in the United States. 
A ferry divides Cambridge from Boston. 

'^ Boston is more like an English town in 
the irregularity of its streets and houses than 
any other that I saw on that continent. It 
had its government or state house, and other 
public buildings, and churches of every de- 
nomination, more than I can recollect. The 
people were then in everything English ; their 
habits, their manners, their dress, their very 
names spoke their origin; and the names 
given to their towns prove that they still 
regard the land of their fathers. 

" Beacon hill, just at the edge of the com- 
mon, was a pretty object at a distance, and 
the house of Governor Hancock stood close 
to it. He was an old man then. His lady 
was of the Quincy family, but we did not 
know it then, though my father often visited 
at the house. 

*• The spring brought letters from my father, 
full of hope and anxiety to see us again ; 
and with mingled feelings of expectation and 
regret we prepared to follow him. 

** In June, [1787,] we left Dorchester, and 
spent a fortnight in Boston, paying farewell 
visits to our friends there. More than one 
inquired of my brother if anything was 
wanted by my mother for our voyage, of- 
fering to supply her with money or any 
other needful assistance. These offers were 
declined with grateful thanks, as we had 
money enough to take us home, and we 
trusted the future to that kind Providence 
which had guided and supplied us hitherto. 
After passing these last days with our friends 
in Boston as pleasantly as the prospect of 
so soon parting with them would allow, we 
went on board the Nonpareil, ready to sail 



the next morning, the 4th of July, the grand 
anniversary of American Independence.'* 

The home voyage was prosperous on the 
whole, although the vessel had to avoid the 
Algerine pirates, who at that time seized all 
American vessels which had not a passport 
from them. Among their fellow-passengers 
was a Mr. Millar, son of a farmer in Hamp- 
shire, of whom Miss Hazlitt tells the follow- 
ing story : — 

" At the age of fourteen he had run away 
from home and listed for a soldier, and being 
sent off with the first troops to America, had 
settled (after the war was over) in Nova 
Scotia, where he had left his wife and chil- 
dren, and was to return there as soon as the 
object of his present voyage was conipleted. 
His chief business in England was to implore 
the blessing and forgiveness of his father, 
whom he had not seen since the day that 
his boyish folly had so unhappily estranged 
him from the paternal roof. We heard after- 
wards that his father had died two days 
before he reached home." 

On Sunday, the 12th August, 1787, the 
Hazlitts disembarked at Portsmouth, and on 
the following morning set out for London in 
the stage. " On arriving in London,*' Miss 
Hazlitt tells us, *' my father met us at the 
inn, and before I had time to see him, took 
me in his arms out of the coach, and led us 
to our very good friend, David Lewis ; and 
from him and Mrs. Lewis we received the 
greatest attention and kindness. With them 
we stayed some weeks; but, my mother's 
health being very indifferent, we took a lodg- 
ing at Walworth, and she was in some measure 
revived by the fresh air. This is near Cam- 
berwell, where your father saw the garden he 
speaks of in his works, and which had made 
so strong an impression on his young mind, 
and being the first gardens he had seen after 
our long voyage, were of course doubly valued. 
After staying there a fortnight, David Wil- 
liams proposed our taking part of a house 
in Percy Street, which was to be had cheap, 
as it would be more convenient for my 
father to attend to anything that might occur. 
Here we stayed eleven weeks, and my grand- 
mother came up from Wisbeach to see us. 
She stayed with us a month. She could 
walk about two miles, yet she must have 
been eighty-four at that time, and she lived 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS. 



143 



about fourteen years after. This was a meet- 
ing she at one time did not hope for, as she 
was very old when we went to America, and 
oar return to England was not intended. I 
never saw her after this time, but my mother 
paid her a visit of nine weeks in 1792. She 
died at my Uncle Loftus's house at Peter- 
borough in 1801." 

Of the subsequent history of the Rev. 
Mr. Hazlitt I need say nothing here. I 
collected on that subject aU that I could 
while I was engaged in preparing the Memoirs 
of my grand£iither, a work for which I have 
accumulated very large and valuable new 
material, since the first edition appeared 
nearly twenty years aga All that I proposed 
to myself at the present moment was to pre- 
sent a remarkable episode in a long and 
tranquil career, and an episode which must 
be di course treated as forming part of the 
biography of a son more illustrious, not 
moie noble. 

The contents of the little volume before 
me, beyond the American experiences of the 
Hazlitts from 1783 to 1787, are, it must be 
frankly owned, of interest solely inasmuch as 
they supply or correct certain dates and 
other items in the earlier history of our 
£unily, and elucidate two or three hitherto 
obscure points in the youth of my grand- 
fatho*. 




Cbe Doujse of %tsm. 

Part IV. — ^The Transition from Tenure 

TO Writ. 

Bt J. Horace Round. 

|lTH every facility at their command, 
and with every wish to do justice 
to their subject, the Lords* Com- 
mittee on the Dignity of a Peer are 
compelled to confess, in the first of their 
vohnninous and admirable reports, — 

That after all the exertions of the former committees, 
as wen as of the present committee^ the subject has 
appe ar ed to be so mvolved in obscurity that they have 
been anable to extract from the materials to whidi they 
have had lecoiuse any conclusions perfectly satis£sc- 
tonr to their minds. At different times, and with 
dia e icpt views, men of considerable talents and learn- 




ing (some of them peculiariy Qualified for the task by 
their previous studies and employments), have used the 
greatest industry in investi^ting the subject ; but, 
unfortunately, they have in general adopted certain 
positions, which they have sought to prove, and have 
suffered themselves to be miued in many instances 
by the influence of party and the eagerness of con- 
troversy.* 

And they close that Report with these 
words: — 

They are conscious of many defects, and fear there 
may be many inaccuracies in what they now offer, and 
they are disposed to consider this report as rather 
leading the members of the House to satisfy them- 
selves oy their own exertions on points which may be 
the subject of doubt or difficulty, than as affording all 
the materials necessary to remove doubt and difficulty 
on these points, with respect to which there may be 
found sufficient authority for the purpose ; at the 
same time showing that it is highly probable that no 
exertion can now obtain all the mformation necessary 
to remove all doubt and difficulty on a subject appa- 
rently involved in great obscurity, f 

Hallam also, in entering on an investigation 
of the same subject, pronounces it, with 
truth, "exceedingly important, but more in- 
tricate and controverted than any other."t 
Nor could anyone be more conscious than 
myself of the difficulties that surround on 
every side the origin and the development 
of the House of Lords. I would therefore 
disclaim, at the outset, for my conclusions, 
any pretensions to finality, especially where 
they are of an original character, based on 
my independent investigations. 

It is impossible, moreover, within the 
limits of an article, to do more than gene- 
ralise on so wide a subject, or to argue out 
each disputable point Mr. Gomme has set 
us, in his introductory paper, a model of the 
treatment required, — broad, lucid, historical, 
and, above all, scientific 

With him, I would insist on " a wide diver- 
gence " between the " two schools — the legal 
and the archaeological," of which the former, 
from necessity and fh>m natural tendency, 
has exercised, in my opinion, so injurious an 
influence on the study of our constitutional 
antiquities. Nowhere is that divergence more 
apparent than in the treatment of such a sub- 
ject as I am about to discuss, a period of 
transition^ where the same words have differ 



* 1st Report (25th May, 1820), p. 14. 

t lb,, p. 448. 

\ MiddieAgts{iUxlU Ui., 4. 



144 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS. 



ent meanings not only at different periods, 
but even at one and the same period, and 
thus refuse to be bound and fettered within 
the narrow and misleading limits of legal 
definition. 

I take as my starting-point the Norman 
Conquest. In so doing I am well aware 
that I am somewhat at variance with the 
historical school, as represented by Dr. 
Stubbs and Professor Freeman ; and still 
more with the archaeological, as represented 
by Mr. Gomme. Yet, that, in this matter, the 
Norman Conquest did make a distinct break 
in the continuity of our historical develop- 
ment ; that the history of the House of Lords 
can be traced uninterruptedly back to the 
Norman Conquest, and (uninterruptedly) no 
further; that an absolutely new and funda- 
mental principle was introduced at this point, 
and that from this principle all that follows 
can be deduced — all this I hold to be capable 
of absolute demonstration. 

I would invite attention to four changes 
which distinguish the Assembly after, from 
the Assembly before the Conquest, (i) In 
name : the "Witenagemot" is replaced by the 
"curia" or "concilium." (2) In personnel: 
the "Witan" are replaced by " Barones." 
(3) In nationality: the Englishmen are re- 
placed by Normans. (4) In qualification : 
" wisdom " is replaced by " tenure.*' 

It is in the fourth and last of these changes 
that the vital distinction is to be sought. 

For what was the Witenagemot itself on 
the eve of the Norman Conquest? For the 
answer of this question we naturally turn to 
the works of those recognised authorities on 
the political and constitutional history, re- 
spectively, of that period — I mean Professor 
Freeman and Dr. Stubbs. Now even the 
former, with his democratic bias, recognises 
it as at that time " an aristocratic body, . . . 
a small official or aristocratic body.'* He 
adds that " the common title of those who 
compose it is simply the IVitan, the Sapientes 
or Wise Men,' and that " we find no trace of 
any property qualification."* 

It is similarly proclaimed by Dr. Stubbs 
that " the members of the assembly were the 
wise men, the sapientes, witan " ; and he 
further divides i\s personnel into two elements : 

♦ Nifrman Conquest^ 2nd edit., i., 102-3, 590. 



(i ) " the national officers, lay and clerical, who 
formed the older and more authoritative por- 
tion of the council " ; (2) •* the king's friends 
and dependents."* 

But while, according to Professor Freeman, 
"we find no trace of nomination by the 
Crown," t Dr. Stubbs insists on that power 
of nomination, and attaches to it great im- 
portance, urging that, by its means, the 
kings 

could at any time command a majority in favour of 
their own policy. Under such circumstances the 
Witenagemot was verging towards a condition in which 
it womd become simply the council of the king, 
instead of the council of the nation.} 

Now, whatever differences of opinion there 
may be between these two great authorities, 
— differences which I cannot here discuss-— 
they are both entirely at one with Kemble in 
rejecting what Professor Freeman terms "the 
strange notion of Sir Francis Palgrave, that a 
property qualification was needed for a seat 
in the Witenagemot" Yet Mr. Gomme 
would contend, on a priori grounds, that 
" every lord attended the Witan in r^ht of 
the manors and villages held under him § — 
a fact " which may be essential to his own 
theory of the origin of the House of Lords, 
but which is absolutely unknown to our 
recognised authorities, and at direct variance 
with their conclusions. I must, therefore, 
respectfully decline to accept so novel and 
revolutionary a view until its truth has been 
established by unimpeachable evidence, or 
at least by a reference to something more 
authoritative than an allusion to an h3rpothesis 
as to the state of things long after the Witan 
had passed away.|| 

Let us now turn from the Witan to the 
council of the Norman kings. 

There would appear to me to be three 
paths by which we may approach that diffi- 
cult subject, the constitution of the National 
Council under the Conqueror and his imme- 
diate successors. We may either (i^ examine 
that constitution at the point where it emerges 
from obscurity, and work backwards from 
that point to the Conquest. Or we may (2) 
collect from contemporary writers the re- 

♦ ComU Hist.f i., 124-5. 

{Ut supra. 
Const. Hist.f i., 140. 
§ Ante^ vol. ix., p. 50. 



TEtA ffOUSM OF LORDS. 



US 



ferences to such councils as were held during 
this period, and draw, from the language 
employed, inferences as to their probable 
constitution. Or we may (3) investigate the 
Conqueror's principles of administration, and 
then, applying them to the circumstances of 
the case, and adjusting them by his political 
necessities, form our conclusions as to the 
course he would be most likely to adopt 
And if these three different paths should lead 
us to the same conclusion, we may safely 
claim that such conclusion b not likely to be 
wrong. 

Briefly pursuing these three methods, we 
obtain, as to the first, from Dr. Stubbs him- 
self, when treating of the ''gatherings of 
magnates " in the great council of the king- 
dom, the foUowing definite admission : — 

that these ntberings, when they emerge from ob- 
scurity in the rngn of Henry II., were assemblies of 
UmmmiS'm^kit/^ b dear on the &ce of history.* 

And in another place he again observes that 

the '^•t*'*^^ coondl under Henry II. and his sons 
Mcms, in one aspect, to be a realization of tht priu' 
cipU wkkk was inirodsued ai the Conquest^ and had 
been derdoped and grown into consistency under the 
Norman kb^ that of a compUU commcil of feudal 
ttmamis^m^kufA 

It is true that he regards this feudal ideal 
as having been less perfectly attained, and, 
indeed, only inchoate, in the days of the 
Conqueror himself, when he would assign to 
the assembly a constitution more nearly 
resembling that of the Witan. But as, from 
its introduction into England with the Con- 
quest, the feudal system had to struggle for 
existence against adverse and disintegrating 
influences, we must presume that it would 
be more, not less, powerful under the 
Conqueror than under the second Henry. 
Whatever may have been, in practice, the 
composition of the Conqueror's councils, 
we must infer that, in theory, from the first 
they must have been composed of tenants-in- 
chidL 

Dr. Stubbs' view is clear and consbtent. 
He calls upon us to see 

(I ) in the Witcnageroot a council composed of the wise 
men of the nation ; (2) in the court of the Conqueror 
and his sons a simihur assembly with a dinerent 



* Ccmst, Hist,, i., 356. 
t />^ i-, 563-4. 



Qualification ; (3) and in that of Henry II., a complete 
feudal council of the king's tenants.* 

And he similarly contends in his auxiliary 
work, that 

althoi^h not, perhaps, all at once, the national council, 
insteaa of being the assembly of the wise men of the 
kingdom, became the king's court of feudal vassals, 

and that, at any rate, by the time of Henry 
II., *Mts composition was a perfect feudsd 
court."t The only point, therefore, that I 
question, is whether this court is at all likdy 
to have been less feudal under the Conqueror 
himself than under Henry II. t Admit, as 
Dr. Stubbs does, the *' different qualification," 
and the question, I would submit, is at an end : 
we have at once an assembly founded on 
tenure^ that entirely new and distinctive 
" principle which was introduced at the 
Conquest." 

Secondly, as to the constituents of the 
Council during this obscure period, slight 
as is the available evidence, it points to the 
same conclusion. The Conqueror announces 
himself as acting '' communi consilio et con- 
cilio archiepiscoporum et episcoporum et 
abbatum et omnium principum regni mei,"§ 
while the chronicler describes him as acting 
" consilio baronum suorum."i| In the charter 
of liberties of Henry I. (iioo) the expres- 
sion used is similarly — "communi consilio 
baronum totius regni Anglise,"ir and we shall 
see below that the barones were the body of 
tenants-in-chief. It is true that, accord- 
ing to Professor Freeman, ''the body thus 
gathered together kept their old constitutional 
name of the Witan,"** but for this assertion 
he has no evidence, either from ofiScial docu- 
ments or from Norman chroniclers. He 
takes the expression from the English chroni- 
cle, the compiler of which would cling to 
the term, at once from habit and from 

* ConsL Hist, ii., 168. 

f Select Charters, po. 15, 22. 

i Const, Hist,, L, 564. See 00 this point, p. 257, 
where it is contended that "the organisation of 
government *' on the feudal * ' basis ** was actually ^^pmi 
an end to " by " the legal and constitutional reforms 
of Henry 11.'^ 

§ Ordinance separating the spiritual and temporal 
courts. 

H R. HoYeden, Ckromca^ ii., 218. 

% Select Charters, i., 96. 

** Horman Confmst^ iv. 623 ; d. pp^ 690^ 694, t^ 
etc 



t46 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS. 



patriotism. We have, indeed, a reducHo <id 
absurdum in the fact that we might claim 
on the same ground that the true title of 
Pontius Pilate was that of "shireman" of 
Judea ! Dr. Stubbs more accurately assigns 
to the assembly " the title of the great court 
or council/'* the title, in fact, which had 
been borne by the assembly of the Norman 
dukes. 

Thirdly, passing to the policy of the Con- 
queror, it is now, of course, a recognised fact 
that it was essentially " a policy of combina- 
tion, whereby the strongest and safest elements 
in two nations were so united as to support 
one sovereign and irresponsible lord"t But 
it is also a fact that, the Norman system 
originating as it were from above and the 
English from below — the former strongest at 
the centre, and the latter at the extremities — 
these "strongest and safest elements" were 
to be sought in the upper portion of the 
Norman body politic, and in the lower por- 
tion of the English. Thus it would be the 
object of the Norman kings " to strengthen 
the Curia Regis, and to protect the popular 
courts." t Consequently, the retention of the 
English Witan would not form part of the 
" policy of combination." The Norman curia 
or concilium^ moreover, would derive, as we 
shall see, from the feudal lord its existence 
and its raiscn d*itre: the Witan, on the 
contrary, derived their authority from com- 
paratively independent sources. Here again, 
then, the former would be selected by the 
Norman kings.§ Practically, the policy of 
the Conqueror may be thus briefly sum- 
marised : to use his rights as feudal lord, to 
strengthen his position as king ; and, on the 
other hand, to use his rights as king wherever 
he was weak as feudal lord. Now, turning 
from the two extremities of his administrative 
system to the two periods of his reign, we 
see how this principle must have worked. 
So long as his danger was from the resistance 
of the English, or the invasions of their allies, 
he would be found to rely on that feudal 
system which formed the tie between him 
and his scattered followers. But when his 

♦ Const, Hist, I, 356. 
lb., L, 444* 

:: lb, 

% It mtUI be observed that here I incline to Gneist*s 
view {Verwalt, i., 238 sq.), rather than to that of Dr. 
Stubbs. 



hold on the country grew firmer, and he 
could set himself to check the feudal ele- 
ment, his government would then become 
less exclusively feudal Here, then, we are 
driven to the same conclusion, namely, that 
the feudal council must have been introduced 
with the Conquest. 

We may notice, at this point, the famous 
assembly of 1086, at Salisbury, because it 
has been vigorously claimed as a survival of 
the old national assembly of freemen. Mr. 
Gomme claims for it that 

Here, indeed, was a great primanr assembly, unin- 
fluenced by Norman la\^'s, and tradition has handed 
down through the chronicler Orderic that the number 
here assembled was no less than sixty thousand.* 

But let us turn to the truly contemporary 
accounts, not to that so styled by the Lords' 
Committee,! and learn from them, as quoted 
by Dr. Stubbs himself, J the true composition 
of this assembly. It consisted of (a) the 
tenants-in-chief ; (b) their own feudal tenants 
(milites eorum\ and of no one else. As to 
there being "no less than sixty thousand" 
present, that number, as Mr. Freeman re- 
minds us,§ comes from Orderic, who bases it 
on his notoriously absurd boast that the Con- 
queror divided the kingdom into fees for 
sixty thousand knights (" Ix millia militum.'*||) 
This fact is of special importance as proving 
that Orderic is at one with Florence in 
limiting this assembly to milites^ and includ- 
ing no class below them. And the purpose 
of the assembly agrees with its constitution. 
The under-tenants swore fealty to WiUiam as 
their feudal lord — they became his " men " 
{watron his menn) — that their lords, the 
tenants-in-chief, might not be able to claim 
their exclusive fealty, if engaged in rebellion 
against the king. Lastly, though we find 
Dr. Stubbs speaking of ** the great councils of 
Salisbury in 1086 and 1 1 i6,ir and even claim- 
ing such assemblies as one form of " the 
royal council ; "** yet Mr. Hunt has shown 
good reason for doubting whether the as- 
sembly of 1 1 16 corresponded with the pecu- 

♦ AnUt ix., 55. 

+ 1st Report, p. 34. 

I Select Charters, p. 78 ; Const. Mist., L, 266. 
§ Norm. Conq., ix., 695. 

II Lib. iv., cap. 7. 

if Const. Hist., i., 358. 
♦• Jb., I, 564. 



THE NUMERICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT GOTHIC ART 147 



liar character of the gathering in 1086,'*' andt 
as to the latter, I find no evidence whatever 
that it can be described as, or in any way dis- 
charged the functions of, a " Council." This 
distinction is of great importance, as, had it 
done so. the royal council would not have 
been limited, as it essentially was limited, to 
the tenants-in-chief alone. 

Two more points have yet to be noticed, 
as they seem to have been hitherto over- 
looked, and as they throw light on that 
important subject, the denotation of harones 
and miliies. In the same passage in which he 
describes the gathering, Florence alludes to the 
great Survey: '* Quantum terrae quisque baronum 
suorum possidebat, quot feudatos milites** 
{Le.j how many tenants they had enfeoffed). 
We see that die barofus must here include 
tki wholt body of tmants-in-chief. When, 
therefore, he goes on to s|)eak of those pre^ 
sent at Uie Salisbury gathering as ''archie- 
piscopi, etc., etc., . . . cum suis militibus,** 
we understand that all the former are summed 
up in the class of tenants-in-chief, while the 
latter are, similarly, their feudal tenants.t 
And finally, when we compare the passage 
in Florence with that in the English Chronicle^ 
we find the two classes rendered by " his 
witan and ealle tha land-sittende men,** thus 
proving the very point I contended for, 
namely, that by " witan," in the Conqueror*s 
reign, wis really meant nothing else than 
barones^ that feudal council of tenants-in- 
chief, based on the new principle of tenure^ 
which, as Dr. Stubbs ol^erves, was ''intro- 
duced at the Conquest.'* 

Thus, then, to resume the results of our 
investigation, we have seen that the old 
Englbh Witenagemot was replaced under 
the Norman kings, and indeed, in my own 
opinion, immediately after the Conquest, 
by a feudal council, which though it might, 
in practice, bear to it a certain superficial 
resemblance, was based on a wholly novel 
and radically distinct principle, the principle 
of tenurt. That council was co-extensive 
with the tenants-in-chief, the barones regis^ 

* y^rman Briiain (1884), pp. 120-I. 

t All the tenants-in-chief, I mean, were, as stscA, 
''barones.'* Bat those who enjoyed, in addition, an 
official dignity, as the Earls, Bishops, etc., would, of 
couie, figure under those names in ordinary affiurs 
of state. 



who sat in it exclusively as such. It will 
next be my object to trace the process by 
which that council was restricted in practice, 
and so, eventually, in principle, to one sec- 
tion of those tenants-in-chief, and thus to 
connect our House of Lords, as a baronage 
and as a peerage, with the barons and the 
pares of Norman days. 

I shall hope to show, in so doing, that 
this great historic institution springs from a 
single principle, a principle to which its 
existence can be traced by overwhelming 
proof. And that principle is — Vassalage. 

(To be continued.) 





Cbe jSumerical Ipttndples of 
ancient (2^oti)ic 9rt. 

By Clapton Rolfs. 

Part I. 

[UMERICAL principle may be said 
to be the very essence of ancient 
Gothic art. We may perceive its 
influence not only in such work as 
Norwold's at Ely, or Prior William de Hoo's 
at Rochester, two of the most beautiful speci- 
mens of ancient Gothic we possess, but in the 
numberless old churches scattered broadcast 
throughout England, the designs of Church- 
men whose names have long been forgotten, 
though their works live on in attestation of 
their piety and their skill. 

It is surprising, and much to be regretted, 
that more attention has not been given to the 
subject in this age of Gothic revival Our 
text-books on Gothic art say little or nothing 
about it ; and it is only here and there that 
an antiquary can be found who has devoted 
attention to it To suggest anything about 
numerical principle to the great majority of 
those who think they know all about Gothic 
is only to provoke a smile. 

But although this is true enough of the 
majority, there are men who think differently. 
One of them, the late well-known antiquary 
Mr. Mackenzie Walcott, a short time before 



148 THE IfUMEkiCAL PRINCIPLES OP ANCIENT GOTHIC ART. 



his death, wrote to me on the subject as 
follows : — 

I quite go along with you in vour appreciation of 
numerical principle. I used the seven-method at 
Cleeve, ana find it in a consecration cross at West 
Ham. The triple formula is self-evident in old plans. 

This admission from so eminent an archae- 
ologist as Mr. Walcott is worthy of note. It 
is not the crude theory of a zealous young 
antiquary, but the conviction of an eminent 
man towards the close of his career, — ^a con- 
clusion arrived at from life-long study and 
observation. Thus much by way of preface.* 

In considering this subject we must bear 
in mind that church-building in olden time 
was a science^ subservient to the science of 
theology. 

Theology (says St. Thomas Aquinas) ought to 
command all other sciences, and turn to its use those 
things which they treat of. 

It was the effort to build religiously, to 
make the science of building subservient to 
the science of theology, which led to that 
development of ancient Christian art that we 
call Gothic. The development was a very 
gradual one ; but in the end the efforts of 
Churchmen were crowned with success. The 
Gothic builders of the twelfth and thirteenth 
centuries accomplished what had exercised 
the minds of the Romanesque and Byzantine 
builders of the first thousand years of the 
Christian era, and what they but partially 
succeeded in effecting. 

In Romanesque and Byzantine art we ma^ 
perceive the germs of Gothic art, the appli- 
cation of numerical principle to the general 
features of a building. It was the application 
of the same principle to the ^/ai/of a building, 
as well as to its general features, which matured 
Gothic art ; rendering it a style of Christian 
art the most religious, and at the same time 
the most beautiful, the world has ever known. 
In the one case, in that of these older styles, 
constructional features were mainly influenced; 
in the other, i.e. in the case of Gothic, the 
very ornamentation of the building, its mould- 
ings and carvings and the like, were influenced 
in like degree. The one chiefly affected 

* I would also add, by way of preface, that I take 
this opportunity of drawing attention to the subject m 
print, naving been asked to do so by the late Sir Gilbot 
Scott 



construction ; the other, both construction 
and ornamentation. 

The mystical numbers which have exercised 
most influence in the development of ancient 
Gothic art are one, three, five, seven, and 
twelve — the numbers five and three in par- 
ticular. Generally speaking, one is the nume- 
rical S3rmbol of the Unity of the Godhead ; 
three, of the Trinity of the Godhead \five, of 
Sacrifice ; seven, of Grace ; and twelve^ of the 
Incarnation. These mystical numbers, there- 
fore, symbolise doctrines — the five fundamental 
doctrines of the Catholic Faith ; and the play 
upon them in ancient Christian art, whether 
Romanesque, Byzantine, or Gothic, has a 
doctrinal import.* 

From the very commencement of the 
Christian era, religion began to exercise an 
influence upon the classic art of ancient Rome. 
In the age of Augustus, the art of Rome was 
purely pagan ; by the time of Constantine it 
was almost wholly Christian. The change 
appears to have been brought about by the 
agency of numerical principle. 

Mr. Fergusson writes, in allusion to this 
particular period of early Romanesque art : — 

The fact seems to be, that during the first three 
centuries after the Christian era an immense change 
was silently but certainly workii^ its way in men's 
minds. The old religion was emte : the best men, 
the most intellectual spirits of the age, had no fiuth 
in it ; and the new religion with sul its important 
consequences was gradually supplying its place in the 
minds of men long before it was genially accepted.f 

Of the basilican churches of ancient Rome 
— the first parents, so to speak, of our Gothic 
churches — the finest of them all was ancient 
St. Peter's, erected by Constantine, circa a.d. 
330, upon the site of the Circus of Nero, 
where tradition affirms that St. Peter suffered 
martyrdom. It was ruthlessly destroyed in 
the fifteenth century, to give place to modem 
St. Peter's ; but before this act of vandalism 
was perpetrated, some measured drawings of 
the old building were made, and from them 
we may judge of its plan and design. 

In the general arrangements of its plan, 
and in many of the leading features of its 
design, the play upon the mystical numbexs 
one, three, and five, is very apparent. The 

* As in sacred writings. Cf, Bishop Wordsworth, 
Greek Testament with Notes, Rev. xi. 
t History of Architecture, voL L, p. 40a 



THE NUMERICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT GOTHIC ART 149 



cm Apse, a feature of pagan art, was retained.* 
Beyond this the Bema, or sanctuary, was sub- 
di\ided into three^ the central space being 
flanked on either side with a transept-like 
projection, divided off by an arcade of thru 
arches. While beyond the Bema the niain 
body of the Basilica was oifivt aisles, running 
east to west after the manner of the aisles of 
a Gothic church, and not around the four sides 
of the buflding after the &shion of pagan artt 
Then again with regard to its design, theyftv 
entrances to the front, as also the three large 
single-light windows over, surmounted by 
thru more in the next tier (much after the 
^shion of the Anglo-Norman work at Peter- 
borough), indicate the influence which the 
Catholic faith was already bringing to bear 
upon Roman art by the agency of numerical 
principle to christianize and render it worthy 
of its sacred use. 

A compaurison between this old basilican 
Church and the Circus of Nero which it 
supplanted, and upon whose very foundation 
it was erected, indicates it more clearly. 
The design of the Circus of Nero, in accord- 
ance with the canons of pagan art, was based 
on even numbers. A play upon even numbers 
was indeed a first principle of pagan art 
The Parthenon, for example, was an octostyle 
building, so named from the chief feature of 
Its desgn, the group of eight noble pillars to 
its front So also the famous temple of 
Jupiter Oljonpius was a decastyle building, so 
called from its ten front columns, and so on. 
Indeed this very nomenclature — distyle, 
letrastyle, hexastyle, octostyle, decastyle, and 
soon — sufficiently indicates that a play on 

* The early Christian builders did not discard every 
feature of pa^m art ; on the contrary, they re- 
tained those which were compatible with Christianity. 
For example, the Attic base moulding was never wholly 
discarded : it was simply christiani^ —reduced from 
four monlded members to tkrtt. In this latter form 
we meet with it a^in and again in ancient Christian 
ait, as, f.^., at St. Mark's at Venice, as well as in the 
best and purest examples of Gothic art in old Elngland. 

t In Tnjan's Basilica (see Fergusson's History of 
ArckiUctmrt^ voL L, p. 317) we have an example of 
the way in whidi the Roman Basilicas, or Halls of 
Jastioe, were surrounded on their four sides by aisles, 
or porticoes, as Vitruvius calls them. The Basilica at 
Famim (see Wilkins's Civii Architecture of Vitruvius^ 
Sec I II., plate i) afibrds another example of this feature 
of pa£ui Mt. The early Christians ddiberately dis- 
carded thisyter-sided arrangement in lavour of a more 
perfect three or five-aisled arrangement of plan. 



even numbers was a characteristic feature of 
pagan art. 

Viewed in connection with this circunnstance, 
the numerical principle of ancient Christian 
art — a play chiefly upon odd numbers — is the 
more remarkable. The builders of ancient 
St. Peter's had these classic canons to guide 
them in erecting this great Christian temple. 
They deliberately cast them aside, retaining 
only so much of pagan art as was compatible 
with Christianity, to work out a new style 
which would symbolise the Unity of the God- 
head, and the Trinity of the (Godhead, and 
attest to the cardinal doctrine of sacrifice. 

So consistently did Churchmen work upon 
these lines in the ground-plans of their build- 
ings, that every basilican church erected at 
Rome during the first thousand years of the 
Christian era was either a onty three^ ox five- 
aisled building. During this period there were 
just twenty-four basilican churches built at 
Rome. Of these, three had five aisles each, 
twenty had three aisles each, and one (Sta. 
Balbina) was a one-aisled building. 

I must now pass away from Rome, to follow 
up this stream of Christian art in its further 
development elsewhere. 

Theyfi'^-aisled churches which Constantine 
erected at Jerusalem and Bethlehem, the 
former of which had its apse adorned, so tra- 
dition affirms, with tiifelve noble pillars ; the 
churches of northern Syria built in the fourth, 
fifth, and sixth centuries, all of which appear 
to have had either three or five aisles ; * and 
the great monastic church at Kelat Seman, 
situated about twenty miles from Antioch, 
dedicated to St. Simeon Stylites, and erected, 
there is good reason to believe, in the fifth 
century — illustrate, one and adl, how well 
the builders of ancient Christendom under- 
stood these first principles of early Christian 
art. 

Indeed the work at Kelat Seman indicates 
in its plan and general design a niunerical 
principle &r in advance of anjrthing we meet 
with in the work of this period at Rome 
itsel£ In plan, this monastic church forms a 
huge cross of the Byzantine type, with an 
octagon to its crossing exceeding in size the 
famous octagon of Ely Cathedral. The four 

* In De Vogii^*s work there are some dozen churches 
of this period indicated : one has five aisles, all the 
reft three. 



ISO THE NUMERICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT GOTHIC ART. 



arms of the cross have each three aisles, in 
all twehfe, symbolizing with scholastic accu- 
racy the great mystery of the Incarnation.* 
The eastern arm of the cross, corresponding 
to our choir, terminates with three apses, a 
further development in Christian art ; while 
the central of these, round about where the 
high-altar stood, is lighted by a conspicuous 
group oifive windows ; each side-apse being 
Ughted by one. This play upon the numbers 
five and three in connection with the altar 
shows a still further development, the import 
of which I can best explain later on. Suffice 
it to say, it indicates a scholastic accuracy of 
design rarely met with in such very early 
work. 

The importance of finding these features 
in this early monastic church of northern 
Syria cannot be over-estimated. There can 
be no doubt whatever as to their genuineness, 
for the whole of the buildings remain, except- 
ing their roofs, which have disappeared, just 
as they were abandoned in the seventh cen- 
tury, when northern Syria was visited with a 
Mohammedan irruption, when this ancient 
monastery was forsaken, after its monks 
probably had all been massacred We have 
nothing in the coeval art of Italy or Rome 
to compare with it in catholicity of design. 

But to return from the far east. The 
noble church of Sta. Sophia at Constanti- 
nople, built by Justinian in the swth century, 
and, later on, that of San Marco at Venice, 
commenced circa a.d. 977, are both typical 
examples of the success achieved by the old 
builders of the first thousand years of the 
Christian era in their efforts to make the 
science of building subservient to the science 
of theology. 

In Sta. Sophia we have one of the most 
renowned buildings of Christendom. Its 
design is unique ; but those very features 
which render it so are unmistakably the out- 
come of numeric principle — the result of 
trying to eclipse all else that had gone before 
in symbolizing and dogmatizing the Catholic 
faith. And right well did the builders of 

♦ The mystical number twelve in ancient Christian 
art is moie generally made up of 3 x 4 (3 the svmbol 
of the Creator, x 4 that of the creature— 12 the In- 
carnation). Bishop Wordsworth says : " 3 x 4 - 12 is 
the blending and in-dwelling of what is Divine with 
what is created." — Gretk Testament with Notes, 
Matt. X. 2. 



Sta. Sophia do so. Throughout this magnifi- 
cent building mystical numbers are every- 
where played upon. The one great central 
dome ; the five apsidal terminations to the 
main body of the church (scholastically ar- 
ranged as 3 + 2) ; the three windows to the 
central or eastern one, with three more im- 
mediately over, dJidfive lights over them in 
the semidome of the apse ; the arcades of 
three arches each to the other apses, with 
arcades of seven arches each immediately 
over, and groups oifive lights to each apsidal 
semidome; the noble arcades oifive arches 
each on either side of the great central dome, 
north and south, with other noble arcades of 
seven arches each immediately over, etc., etc., 
will give some idea, when we reflect for a 
moment upon what each number symbolizes, 
how truly this great Christian church, one of 
the finest in the world, was built up, as it 
were, of the fundamental doctrines of the 
Catholic faith.* 

It is interesting to note that it was in 
Sta. Sophia that the final scene in those long 
bickerings between Rome and Byzantium 
was enacted. On July i6th, 1054, the 
legate of Pope Leo IX. laid upon the high- 
altar of Sta. Sophia a writ of excommunica- 
tion against the ruling Patriarch. The action 
which he took in return is historical It may 
be that other reasons besides Xhtfilioque con- 
troversy induced the Patriarch to act as he 
did. It may be that he was well aware of a 
declension at Rome in these first principles 
of Christian art, now so apparent, correspond- 
ing in a degree to her declension in primidve 
orthodoxy, as instanced by the unauthorized 
insertion of the filioque into the Nicene 

* Both ancient and modem writers agree that Sta. 
Sophia surpasses all other churches previously built. 
Evagrius speaks of it as '* such a one the like whereof 
hath not beene seene heretofore ; the which so passed 
for beauty and omature as may not for the worthinesse 
thereof sufficiently be expressed." (lib. IV., chap xxx.) 
And Fergusson, ** In fact, turn it as we will, and 
compare it as we may with any other buildings of its 
class, the verdict seems inevitable, that Sta. Sophia 
— internally at least, for we may omit the consideration 
of the exterior as unfinished — is the most perfect and 
most beautifiil church which has yet been erected bv 
any Christian people " {^Hist, of Arch., vol.ii., p. 450). 
My object is to point out, what these writers omit to 
state, why it is that Sta. Sophia is a nobler work of 
art than any other church previously built, viz., 
because these numerical principles of Christian art are 
more perfectly worked out in its design. 



THE NUMERICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT GOTHIC ART. 151 



Creed At all events, the action he took is 
clear, for in Sta. Sophia, the very stones of 
which attested to the orthodoxy of his Church, 
Cenilarius the Patriarch, in righteous indig- 
nation, hurled back an anathema against 
Rome, which shook the Christian Church as 
an earthquake, and finally, alas! separated 
her in twain. 

Space will not allow me to allude to the 
grand old church of St. Mark's at Venice, 
and its marvellously symbolic plan. I pass 
on therefore to the final development of 
this numerical principle of ancient Christian 
art in the Gothic Churches of the Middle 
Ages. 

Hitherto, 1^. for the first thousand years 
of the Christian era, Churchmen did not get 
very much further than the application of 
the principle to the general features of a 
building, as I have endeavoured to point out. 
There were many things, more especially in 
the latter part of the period, to account for 
this. The bickerings between Rome and 
Byzantium ; the check to civilization in 
many parts of Europe by the irruption of 
barbaric hordes ; and lasdy, though not least, 
the general expectation of the Second Advent 
at the end of the thousand years ;♦ — all these 
things retarded the progress and development 
of Christian art At Rome itself the stagna- 
tion, so to speak, appears to have been most 
keenly lelt, for throughout the whole of the 
tenth century there was but one new church 
(Sl Giovanni in Laterano) erected at Rome. 
In England it was less felt. Archbishop Odo, 
we know, was at work about the middle of 
this century rebuilding his cathedral church 
at Canterbury, which looks as if the conti- 
nental theory of the end of the world did 
not much trouble him. And St iCthelwold, 
opon his promotion from Abingdon to Win- 
chester, inmiediately set to work to rebuild 
his cathedral church also. These, however. 
were excepuons. There was not much church- 
building going on anywhere in western Chris- 
tendom in the tenth century ; and St. Mark's 
at Venice appears to have been the only 
church of real importance then built. 

But, no sooner were the thousand years 
past, and it was found that the world still 

* At the end of the tenth century all archives began 
the words **now that the end of the world is 



lived on, than a fresh outburst of religious 
enthusiasm followed. Monasticism advanced 
with rapid strides,* and with it advanced the 
science of church-building. The movement 
surpassed everything that had gone before, 
so far as the science of building was con- 
cerned. It brought about an entirely new 
style of Christian art, commonly called Gothic, 
through applying to the detail of a building 
the same numerical principle which hitherto 
had been mainly applied to general features 
only. The aim was a very high one, to 
make every stone in the building attest to one 
or other of the fundamental doctrines of the 
Catholic faith. But with such consummate 
skill and cunning art was this accomplished, 
— the basilican churches of ancient Rome 
sink into insignificance compared with the 
Gothic churches of old England. 

It is quite impossible in brief limit to give 
an adequate idea of the paramount influence 
of mystical numbers in the development of 
Gothic art The influence, as I have said 
before, did not merely affect the larger and 
more important Gothic buildings, such as 
York and Ely ; it afiected in like d^ee the 
design and detail of the smallest village 
church. 

One of these small, and comparatively 
unknown, village churches I will now allude 
to, the church at Shellingford in Berkshire. 
This interesting little old village church is 
situated about two miles from Farringdon. 
It contains work of the transition period 
from Romanesque to Gothic ; and it is the 
work of this period we must carefully study 
to understand aright the principles of ancient 
Gothic art. The chiut:h, small though it is, 
contains three doorways of twelfth century 
date, which have not only withstood the 
ravages of Ume, but happily escaped that still 
greater enemy of ancient Gothic art, the 
nineteenth century restorer. The three door- 
ways remain just as they were built in the 
twelfth century; and their detail admirably 
illustrates what I maintain. 

Fig. I shows the south doorway of the nave. 
In the base mouldings to the jamb shafts we 

* Between a.d. 1098 — 1132, as the Afatuutic^m 
states, no less than about five hundred Cistercian 
abbe3rs were erected. >Miat was accomplished by this 
one order alone will eive some idea of the advance 
monasticism made at this period. 



iSa THE NUMERICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT GOTHIC ART. 



may see the play upon the mystical number 
three ; each base has its three moulded mem- 
bers, implying that thedoctrineof the Trinity 
ofthe Godhead is the very basis of theChristian 
faith. Even though one of these bases, that 
to the jamb moulding B, has only the projec- 
tion of an inch, still it has its three moulded 
members all the same. The next moulding 



As the mystical number fivct subdivided 
in this way into 3 + 3, has exercised so 
powerful an influence in the development 
of Gothic art, a few words explanatory of 
the symbolism may not be out of place. 

The subject is not difficult to understand. 
Just as the mystical number five typified 
Sacr^iee in the ancient Chrisdan as in the 




we come to following upwards is the annulet 
to shaft A, of which a detail is given. This 
has its five distinct moulded members, de- 
signed with such scholastic accuracy (with 
three convex, A, C, E, plus two concave, B, D, 
mouldings) as to merit more than passing 
notice. It implies, in the language of nume- 
rical symbolism, not merely sacrifice, but, tht 
Divine Sat r^ 



more ancient Jewish Church,' so the mys- 
tical number three in all ages has been held 
to be a symbol of Almighty God — of that 



upon the number Jivt where taerifia U 

both in thoK parts leferriog to ibe Levitical syttem 

>s in olhers having refei«nce lo Ihe Chriitiui. It 

was from Ibe Bible the old Churchmen called tbci 

^mboUan. 



THE NEVILLS OF RABY AND THEIR ALLIANCES. 



»53 



which is Divined Hence the schoolmen of 
the middle ages, by a play upon these two 
numbers in combinatwn^ beautifully symbol- 
ized iMg DMne Sacrifice. 

Moreover, thb scholastic symbolism was 
not confined to Gothic art. We meet with 
it again and again in the old Sarum use. 
Duruig the canon the priest, according to 
Sarum use, thrice madeySirvsi^ of the cross 
at different parts of the service, and thrice 
also made thne. And precisely the same 
doctrine was implied by the five inclinations 
of the head during the recitation (according 
to Sarum use) of the Nicene Creed, sub- 
divided as they were into 3 + a ; or, again, 
by the fingers of the priest's upraised hand 
in the ancient Western mode of blessing, 
three being upraised and two bent athwart 
the palm ; or, again, according to Eastern 
use, by the bishop at the celebration of the 
mysteries signing the Book of the Gospels 
cross-wise with a iaMe taper (dikerion), 
which he held in his left hand, and likewise 
with a tripie taper (trikerion), which he held 
in his right; — all these, and many other 
similar liturgical uses of ancient Christen- 
dom, symbolize precisely the same thing, 
the Divine Sacrifice.t 

But to return to the Shellingford doorway. 
Following upwards, we come next to the 
neckings of the carved caps (see Fig. i). 
One of them is a simple roll moulding of 

^ Bishop Wordsworth says : — " From an induction 
di paiticolari it would Apip^ that 3 is the arith- 
metical mibol of what is DwineJ** 

t Notning, however, to beautifbUy explains this 
ancient symboUsn. and clearly indicates its doctrinal 
import, as the wording of the old liturgies. In the 
pcayer of oblation, immediately after the consecration, 
commencing Undf ei mimtra^ Damine^ five crosses 
are used, sabdivided as it were into 3 -h 2, to 
cnhanor the mystical fire-Ibid diction of the canon 
(the pare ^ ofieiii^ the holy ^ offering, the un- 
de&led 4i oAering, the holy ifi bread of etmal life, 
and the chalice ^ of ererlasting mlvation), by which 
the Dirine Sacrifice is described. We meet with 
thii wording in all the old Sarum books : — ^** OfTerimus 
pnedane SUjestati tuae ; de tuis donis ac datis ; 
mmtimm pm 4i rmm ; kcsiiam son ifi dam ; kastiam 
immmm # Imimm ; ^ ^ ntm samchtm vita mtemm ; 
ti cm ^ iierm smirniu pertttum.^ In Leofric*s Anslo- 
Saxoo mi«al of the tenth century (Bodl. 579, fo. 04), 
the five crooes occur in precisely the same manner, 
thopflh in this case they are written over the words 
kmhmm^ pmmem^ and auictm ; tkru crosses over the 
Ihriot repeated htfstiam^ and the other ttpo over the 

Bfds/MMwi and coHcem. which more clearly still 

dimci the doctrinal symholism of the 3-f a. 



one moulded meml»er; the other, that to 
shaft A, is cut to show five faces, as the 
detail at side of cap indicates. The carving 
itself is just as cunningly wrought. Three 
conventional kinds of leaves form the chief 
feature of the smaller cap; while that of the 
other is a scroll ornament carved in low 
relief, in which the play upon the mystical 
number five is equally unmistakable. This 
conventional ornament was certainly not 
carved from anything in nature. It was the 
creation pure and simple of the carver's own 
fancy and originality to symbolize, by the two 
end scrolls superadded to the thtee central 
ones, the Divine Sacrifice. Devotion to the 
Catholic faith was the sole guiding prin- 
ciple of its design. 

We come next to the abacus, which has 
its three distinct moulded members, as the 
detail at side of cap indicates. Upon the 
abacus rests the arch, which is indeed in 
point of symbolism the crowning featiu^ of 
the whole desiga It is of three rings or 
courses of stonework, as the jointing indi- 
cates, the label in this case forming the 
third course of voussoirs. Upon the first 
course of stonework one roll moulding D is 
worked ; upon the next a chevron of three 
roll mouldings A, B, C (see detail), very 
cunningly wrought So that upon each 
7Hfussoir in the lower arch the Unity of the 
Godhead is set forth ; and upon ei*ery stone 
in the arch above it, the Trinity of the God- 
head. The symbolism is perfect It is 
difficult which most to admire, the artistic 
merit of the design, or the skill by which 
Gothic art was made subservient to theology. 

(To bi conHmud,) 




Clie jSeiotlte of iRabp anD 
tlietr 9Uiance0« 

By C. Staniland Wakx. 

Part IL 

IeTURNING now to Richard de 

Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, we find 

that his eldest daughter, Joane, 

became the wife of William Fitz- 

Alan, Earl of ArundeL The arms of Arundel 

represented in the choir of Cottingham 




IS4 



THE NEVILLS OF RABY AND THEIR ALLIANCES. 



Church were the quartered arms of FitzAlan, 
gu^ a lion rampant^ or^ and Warrene, chequee. 
Boutell gives a representation of the shield 
of Radulphus de Arundell, showing these 
quarterings. William, Earl of Warenne, 
whose mother Alice was sister by the mother's 
side of Henry III., married Joan, the daugh- 
ter of Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford. He 
died in 14 Edward I., leaving a son, 
John, who styled himself Earl of Warren, 
Surrey, and Strathern, and who died without 
issue in 21 Edward III. His next heir was 
his sister Alice, the wife of Edmund Fitz- 
Alan, Earl of Arundel, whose son Richard 
married a daughter of Henry, Earl of Lancas- 
ter. This Richard FitzAlan died in 49 
Edward III., and his son, also called Richard, 
who succeeded him, was beheaded in 17 
Richard II. Thomas FitzAlan, the son of 
the last-named earl, was restored, but died 
without issue in 4 Henry V., leaving his 
sisters Elizabeth, Joane, and Margaret co- 
heirs. Of these sisters, the eldest, Elizabeth, 
was four times married, first to William de 
Montacute, the eldest son of William, Earl of 
Salisbury, who was "unhappily slain in a 
tilting at Windsor by the Earl his father,'' 
and secondly to Thomas, Lord Mowbray, 
Earl of Nottingham. Joane, the second 
daughter, was married to William de Beau- 
champ, Lord Bergavenny, and Margaret to 
Sir Rowland Lenthall, Knight. The right to 
the earldom descended, says Dugdale, to Sir 
John FitzAlan, cousin and next heir male to 
Thomas, Earl of Arundel, 

by reason of an entail of the castle of Arundel and 
lands thereto belonging, made by Richard Earl of 
Arundel (his grandfather), 21 Edward III. 

That John FitzAlan died in 9 Henry V. 
and it was his son William, who became Earl 
of Arundel on the death of his nephew 
Humphrey without issue, who married Joane, 
the eldest daughter of Richard Nevill, Earl 
of Salisbury. He died in 3 Henry VII., 
leaving four sons and one daughter him sur- 
viving. 

The second daughter of Richard dc Nevill, 
Earl of Salisbury, Cicely, became the wife of 
Henry Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick, and 
his sixth daughter, Margaret, married John 
de Vere, Earl of Oxford, for her first husband, 
and afterwards William, Lord Hastings. John 
de Vere, Earl of Oxford, was one of the chief 



adherents of Henry VII., and commanded 
the vanguard of his army at the battle of 
Bosworth Field. He died in 4 Henry 
VIII. The arms given by Dodsworth as 
those of Oxenford, although not very clearly 
described, can hardly be any other than those 
of the De Veres,* which are quarterly gules 
and or, in first quarter a mullet argent. The 
grandfather of John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, 
was Richard de Vere, who died in 4 Henry 
V. This Earl married for his second wife 
Joan, daughter of Sir Hugh Courtney, younger 
son of Edward Courtney, Earl of Devonshire, 
from whom was sprung John de Vere, Earl 
of Oxford in the time of Henry VI IL This 
was not the only connection between the 
Courtneys and the De Veres ; as Isabel, 
one of the daughters of John, the seventh 
Earl of Oxford, who died in 1358, was 
the first wife of John Courtney, the grand- 
father of Hugh, the first Earl of Devon. 
The marriage of Margaret, daughter of the 
Earl of Salisbury, with John, Earl of Ox- 
ford, was followed by another alliance 
between the De Nevills and the De Veres. 
On the death of the last-named Earl of 
Oxford without issue, he was succeeded 
by his nephew John de Vere, who married 
Anne, daughter of Thomas Howard, Duke 
of Norfolk. In 18 Henry VIII., he died 
without issue, leaving his three sisters his 
coheirs, one of whom, Dorothy, became the 
wife of John de Nevill, Lord Latimer, but 
died childless. Moreover, the earldom of 
Oxford having descended to another John 
de Vere, his son and successor, who died in 
4 Elizabeth, married Dorothy, daughter of 
Ralph, Earl of Westmorland. 

It was mentioned that Isabel, daughter of 
John, Earl of Oxford, became the wife of John 
Courtney, the grandfather of Hugh, the first 
Earl of Devon. The arms given by Dods- 
worth as those of 'Me Conte de Demoffur*' 
[Demossur ?], or^ three torteaux^ a label d, ap- 
pear to be £hose of the Cotutneys, Earls of 
Devon, described by Edmondson as or^ three 
torteaux^ a label of three points^ each charged 
with as many bezants. Hugh de Courtney, 
who died 19 Edward I., married Alianore, 
daughter of Hugh le Despencer, father of 

* Banks (Baronia Anglice Concentraiat vol. ii. p., 
176) mentions among the persons summoned to Car- 
lisle in 26 Edward I. Rob, de Ver^ Conte de Oxen. 



THE NEVILLS OF RABY AND THEIR ALLIANCES. 



^SS 



Hugh, Earl of Winchester, by whom he had 
a son, Hugh, besides several other children. 
This Hugh became entitled by right of in- 
heritance from Isabel de Fortibus, Countess 
of Albemarle and Devon, to divers lands in 
this county, and in 9 Edward III. he was 
allowed to assume the title of Earl of Devon. 
He was succeeded in 14 Edward III. by 
his son and heir, another Hugh, who married 
Margaret, the daughter of Humphrey de 
Bohun, Earl of Hert*ford. The issue of this 
marriage was a son, Hugh, who took to wife 
Maude, the daughter of Thomas Holland, 
Earl of Kent and Lord Wake, but died with- 
out issue in 48 Edward III., his father being 
then alive. The earldom of Devon was 
held in the reign of Henry VII. by William 
de Courtney, who married Katherine, 
daughter of Edward IV. By this princess 
he had a son, Henry, who succeeded him and 
was created Marquess of Exeter by Henry 
VIII. His great influence appears, however, 
to have caused the king much jealousy, and 
in 30 Henry VIII. he was beheaded, along 
with Henry, Ix>rd Montacute, for conspiring 
the king's destruction. His son Edward de 
Courtney, who died in the fourth year of 
Queen Mary's reign, was the last Earl of 
Devon of that £unily. 

It is related by Dugdale that so little did 
John de Hastings, Earl of Pembroke (who 
owed his title to his descent from Isabell, 
the eldest sister and coheir of Aymere de 
Valence, Earl of Pembroke), regard Hugh de 
Hastings his next heir, and so much did he 
dislike Reginald, the father of Reginald, Lord 
Grey, of Ruthyn, who claimed to bear the 
anus of Hastings, that he entailed the greater 
part of his landis upon William de Beau- 
dump, a younger son of Thomas, Earl of 
Warwick, and Katherine Mortimer. After 
a contest which lasted twenty years, the 
arms were adjudged to Lord Grey, and the 
entailed lands belonging to the old Earls of 
Pembroke, although claimed by William 
Hastings, great-grandson of Hugh de Hast- 
ings^ were retained by William de Beauchamp. 
This William was made a Knight of the 
GarteTy and was summoned to Parliament by 
the name of William Beauchamp de Ber- 
gavenny, chevalier, *' being then possessed of 
die ca^e of Bergavenny and other lands 
which John de Hastings, Elarl of Pembroke, 



had entailed upon him.*' His wife was 
Joane, daughter of Richard, Earl of Arun- 
dell, and one of the sisters and coheirs of 
Thomas, Earl of Arundell, and the widow of 
Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford ; by 
whom he had a son, Richard. This Richard 
Beauchamp, shortly after his father's death 
in 12 Henry IV., although then only fourteen 
years of age, married Isabel, sister and heir 
of Richard, son and heir of Thomas, late 
Lord Despenser, Earl of Gloucester, who 
was cousin and heir of Elizabeth, wife of that 
Lord Despenser. Thomas, Lord Despenser, 
had been beheaded in i Henry IV. for being 
a party to the conspiracy of Thomas Hol- 
land, Earl of Kent, John Holland, Earl of 
Huntingdon, and John Montague, Earl of 
Salisbury, to surprise Henry at Windsor. 
Richard Beauchamp was created Earl of 
Worcester in 8 Henry V., but shortly after- 
wards he died through a wound received in 
France, leaving his wife Isabel and an oiily 
daughter and heir, Elizabeth, him surviving. 
Elizabeth married Edward Nevill, a younger 
son of Ralph, Earl of Westmorland, but all 
the manors and lands of which her father had 
been seised descended to Richard Beau- 
champ, Earl of Warwick. This Richard, 
observing that Isabel, the widow of the Earl 
of Worcester, was a great heiress, obtained a 
special dispensation from the Pope and took 
her to wife. The shield of the Earl of War- 
wick shows this alliance. A representation 
of it is given by Boutell, who says that the 
Earl, on his hereditary coat, quarters Beau- 
champ with Newburgh, and upon this " for 
his countess, Isabelle, daughter and heiress 
of Thomas le Despencer, Earl of Gloucester, 
he marshalls an escutcheon of pretence 
charged with De Clare, quartering Le De- 
spencer — quarterly arg, and gu, in the second 

and third guars afrette or, over all a bendsa " 
— which are the arms of De Spencer in the 
choir of Cottingham Church, as described by 
Dodsworth. Richard Beauchamp had by 
his wife Isabel a son, Henry, and a daughter, 
Anne, and by his first wife EUzabeth, daugh- 
ter and heir of Thomas, Lord Berkeley, three 
daughters, of whom Eleanor married first 
Lord Roos and afterwards Edmund Beaufort, 
Marquess of Dorset and Duke of Somerset, 
and Elizabeth married George Nevill, I^rd 
Latimer. Richard, Earl of Warwick, died 

Ma 



iS6 



THE NEVILLS OF RABY AND THEIR ALUANCES. 



in 17 Henry VI., and was succeeded by his 
son Henry, who in 22 Henry VI. was 
created premier Earl of England and Duke 
of Warwick, and was afterwards crowned by 
the king's own hand King of the Isle of 
Wight. He died, however, during the next 
year, being then only twenty-two years of 
age. In his father's lifetime, when scarcely 
ten years old, he had married Cecily, daugh- 
ter of Richard Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, by 
whom he left issue a daughter, who died 
unmarried, whereupon her aunt, Anne, 
sister of the whole blood to Henry, Duke of 
Warwick, and wife of Richard Nevill, Earl 
of Warwick and Salisbury, became heir 
to the earldom of Warwick, which was con- 
firmed to her husband. 

We have seen that Ralph, Lord Nevill, 
created Earl of Westmorland by Richard II., 
had for his first wife Margaret, daughter of 
Hugh, Earl of Stafford. This baron, whose 
arms were or^ a chevron guleSy being those 
given by Dodsworth, married the Lady Phi- 
lippa, daughter of Thomas Beauchamp, Earl 
of Warwick, the eldest brother of William 
Beauchamp, Lord Bergavenny, who succeeded 
to the lands of John de Hastings, Earl of 
Pembroke. By his wife Philippa, the Earl of 
Stafford, who died in 9 Richard II., had issue 
Thomas, his heir, and three other sons, with 
several daughters, of whom the Countess of 
Westmorland was one. Joane, another 
daughter, married Thomas Holland, Earl of 
Kent, and Katherine became the wife of 
Michael, the son of Michael de la Pole, 
to which Katherine, says Dugdale, 

in respect of the low estate of him the said Michael, 
King Richard the Second gave fifty pounds per 
annum out of the Fee-Farm of Kingston -upon- Hull, to 
make up One hundred pound per annum, which was 
covenanted by her Husband's father to be settled 
upon her. 

Michael de la Pole, the father, was in high 
esteem with Richard II., and in the ninth 
year of this king's reign he was advanced to 
the title and dignity of Earl of Suffolk, and 
he received, among other benefits, a grant in 
tail of lands worth ;^Soo per annum, part of 
the possessions of William de Ufford, late 
Earl of Suffolk, deceased, namely, the castle, 
town, manor, and honour of Eye. These 
had been granted to Robert de Ufford for 
his services in the wars of France by 



Edward III., who had previously created 
him Earl of Suffolk. He was succeeded by 
his son William, who married Joane, daugh- 
ter of Edward de Montacute, by Alice, 
daughter of Thomas de Brotherton, Earl of 
Norfolk, and died suddenly in 5 Richard 11. 
without children, and leaving the issue of 
his three sisters his next heirs. It would 
seem, however, that this William married 
twice, as Dugdale states also that his widow 
Isabell, who was the daughter of Thomas 
de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, died 4 
Henry V., leaving Richard Beauchamp, then 
Earl of Warwick, son of her brother Thomas, 
her next heir. The arms of Suffolk men- 
tioned by Dodsworth would seem to have 
been those of the Ufford family, or^ a cross 
engrailed sa, but differing somewhat from 
those which are given by Boutell as the arms 
of Ralph de Ufford, the brother of Robert de 
Ufford, the first earl of this family. 

Returning to Thomas, Earl of Stafford, 
we find that this baron was succeeded by 
his sons Thomas, William, and Edward in 
turn, the last-named of whom was in 4 
Henry IV. slain at the battle of Shrewsbury, 
By his wife Anne, daughter of Thomas of 
Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, he had a 
son, Humphrey, who, in 21 Henry VI., was 
found to be the heir of Joan, widow of 
Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent In 23 
Henry VI., on account of his eminent ser- 
vices and his near alliance in blood to the 
king,* he was created Duke of Buckingham. 
Fourteen years afterwards he lost his life, 
fighting for the king, at the battle of North- 
ampton. By his wife Anne, daughter of 
Ralph, Lord Nevill, Earl of Westmorland, 
he had several children, and he was suc- 
ceeded by Henry, the son of his eldest son, 
Humphrey, who had been slain at the battle 
of St Albans in 33 Henry VI. Henry, 
Duke of Buckingham, became a staundi 
adherent of Richard, Duke of Gloucester, 
and the principal agent in advancing him to 
the throne. Nevertheless he lost his head on 
the scaffold, soon after the accession of 
Richard III., for plotting against him in 

* Edward the Black Prince, the fiUher of 
Richard II., married Joane, the "fair maid of Kent,'* 
the daughter and heiress of Edmund of Woodstock, 
Earl of Kent, and the widow of Sir Thomas Hol- 
land, Earl of Kent in her right 



MANX LEGENDS. 



IS7 



fiivour of Henry, Earl of Richmond. His 
son Eel ward met with the like fate in 13 
Henry VI H. By his wife Alianore, daughter 
of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland 
this duke of Buckingham had a son, Henry 
and three daughters, of whom Elizabeth 
married Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, 
Katherine married Ralph Nevill, Earl of 
Westmorland, and Mary became the wife 
of George Nevill, I/>rd Bergavenny. 

{To becontimud,) 





(l^anr lUgenli0* 

L How THE Great " Macabuin ** was 

DISHONOURED. 

|ANX bards have disappeared and 
show no signs of returning, a rail- 
road now crosses the country, and 
will still further hasten the ex- 
tinction of old legends. Before they entirely 
disappear, it may not be uninteresting to 
gattor up a few of these tales, and notably 
we may takt the story of Olaf Goddardson as 
a type of the mixture of fable and history of 
which they are composed. Their simple, 
poetical phraseology reminds us of Icelandic 
Sagas, and had Manx literature flourished, 
many more such tales might have been pre- 
served, instead of the few broken links that 
have come down to us.* 

Of Olaf Goddardson, history tells us that he 
was one of the most famous lungs of the royal 
line of Goddard Crovan the Conqueror, that 
he was bom about 1 1 77,and was married three 
times. These kings of Man lived at Peel 
Castle, and a very pleasant place must have 
been thb sea^;irt " Holm Peel," for even now 
there is something inexpressibly grand and 
beautiful in the ruins that stand on the snudl 
rocky peninsula, jutting out from the main- 
land, which at high tide becomes an island 
round which the waves dash fiercely, guarding 
what was once a fortress, whose towers and 
massive battlements encircled a cathedral 

But if grand now, in the days of Olaf 
Goddardson it was in the height of its glory, 

* See article, "Isle of Man," in Rncyclopadia 
UmUmnm; abo hU o/Man, by Rev. W. P. Wmid. 



and it is no wonder that round this king, whose 
life was full of stirring adventures, should 
have been collected some of those wonderful 
legends so dear to the Northman's heart. 

When only ten years old, Olafs father 
died ; there were two other sons, Rognwald 
and Yvar, but they were illegitimate ; yet a 
child-monarch in those days was never wel- 
come to turbulent subjects, so Rognwald 
made himself king without much opposition, 
and ruled in Man, not caring at all what 
became of the child Olaf. When this latter 
was of age, he begged humbly for some share 
of his rightful inheritance, but Rognwald, 
not wishing to surrender the pleasant castle 
or the fertile island, gave him instead the 
Isle of Lewis, barren, mountainous, and 
unfruitful, so that poor Olaf could find no 
means of sustenance for himself and his 
followers. He came back, therefore, boldly 
to Rognwald. 

" Brother and Sovereign," said he, " you 
know well that the kingdom you possess is 
mine by right of inheritance, but since God 
has made you king, I will not envy either your 
good fortune or your crown. I only beg for as 
much land in these islands as will maintain 
me honourably, for upon Lewis I cannot 
live." Rognwald was cruel and treacherous, 
so he pretended to think the request natural, 
said he would consult his "keys" (ie.^ his 
parliament), and bade Olaf return the next 
day for the answer. Olaf was fearless and 
honourable, and thinking no evil presented 
himself the next day before his brother, 
whereupon he was seized, and taken to 
William of Scotland, to be kept a prisoner. 

On William's death, at the end of seven 
years, Olaf came back to Man. One wonders 
that he was simple enough to trust himself 
again to his brother's tender mercies. This 
time Rognwald again bade him retire to 
Lewis, and also provided him with a wife, 
Lavon by name, his own sister-in-law; but the 
Church, then all-powerful, interfered, so Lavon 
was divorced, and "Christina," daughter of the 
Earl of Ross, was taken in her place. 

More troubles followed between the 
brothers, sometimes one, sometimes the other 
gaining the upper hand, but on the whole the 
Manxmen sided with Olaf ; and Rognwald, 
when he was driven away, was wont to make 
descents on Peel harbour, or Derby Haven, 



iS8 



MANX LEGENDS. 



and bum all the ships that lay at anchor. 
The chronicles, after minutely following 
and recounting all these vicissitudes, tell 
us that on the 14th February, 1228, there 
was a battle fought near the Tinwald Hill, 
the same spot where in this present time the 
laws are read out in the hearing of the people. 
Certainly that day Heaven defended the 
right, for by evening-time Rognwald lay a 
corpse, and Olaf Goddardson could at last 
reign in peace. 

In 1234, history tells us that Henry III. 
granted Olaf a certain annuity in silver coin 
and wine for defending the sea-coast, which 
prosaic and businesslike transaction mingles 
curiously with the legends that surround the 
good king of Man, who, like Arthur of 
Britain, has his enchanted sword called 
"Macabuin,** and his good enchantress 
"Ada.'* 

This great sword " Macabuin ** was not 
Manx-made, but forged at Trondhjem by the 
renowned blacksmith Loan MacLibuin, 
himself of royal blood. Night by night, for 
many a long month, he fashioned the weapon, 
assisted by the clever Hiallus-nan-urd, his 
hammerman, who, during the process, man- 
aged to lose a leg, which loss, however, did 
not seem to prevent him from taking long 
journeys, as we shall afterwards hear. Olaf 
had received the sword under one condition, 
and this was that its magic blade was never 
to be stained with common, low-bom blood ; 
so Macabuin was hung up at Holm Peel, 
more omamental than useful. 

In spite of precautions, however, a great 
misfortune befell " Macabuin," the Stainless, 
and it happened in this fashion. Kitter, a 
mighty Norwegian baron, having a passion 
for the chase, found his way to Man, and so 
eager was he in this sport that he nearly 
exterminated the bison and the elk which 
abounded there. The Manx were alarmed, 
and some of them betook themselves to 
" Ada " for advice — " how was Kitter to be 
prevented from his reckless chase ? *' Now 
that moming Kitter had left his fortress on 
the brow of South Baroole, and had taken 
with him all his retainers to hunt in the Calf,* 
except his cook, Eaoch, or the " Loud-voiced." 
Instead of minding his cooking pot, Eaoch 

* The Calf of Man is an island near the mainland 
to the south. 



fell fast asleep, and never perceived Ada 
stealing into the castle. She had come to 
revenge the Manx, so pausing before the 
seething cauldron, she muttered charms 
and curses till the fat bubbled and danced 
higher and higher, then out of the pot and 
on to the hearth. Here it set fire to the 
wooden beams, and soon the house blazed up. 

At this moment Eaoch awoke, and gave 
such a roar of surprise and fright that the 
Baron Kitter heard it in the Calf, though it 
was nine miles away. He felt there was 
something much amiss, so mshing to the 
shore he seized an empty corragh, and with 
his men rowed toward home with all his 
might; but the enchantress's charm was 
working, the boat struck against a reef, and 
Kitter and all his retainers perished ; indeed, 
to this day, you may see the spot which is 
called Kitterland, 

Now all the blame fell on poor Eaoch 
instead of on "Ada," and the Manx, to 
appease the Norsemen, sentenced the cook 
to lose his life, and to be hung over the gate 
of Castle Rushen. 

Unfortunately Norsemen had the privilege 
of choosing their manner of death, and 
Eaoch, claiming this right, said, " I wish 
my head to be placed transversely on King 
Olafs knees, and there to be severed from 
my body by the sword Macabuin, that hangs 
in the hall of Peel Castle, and that was 
forged at Trondhjem by Loan MacLibuin.'' 

There was a general outcry from the 
" deemsters," the " keys," and the courtiers 
at Eaoch*s audacity, for they all knew that 
Macabuin would cut through a granite block, 
should it come in its way, so most certainly 
it would kill the king. They prayed Olaf to 
refuse the request, but Olaf had given his 
word, and he never departed from what he 
had said. 

Now Ada, who had wrought all this mis- 
chief, was present, and taking pity on the 
sorrowing Manxmen, said. 

Break ninety twigs from the rowan tree. 
Bind them in bundles three times three ; 
Then gather in the pale moonshine, 
Counting over nine times nine, 
Toad skms, lizards, adders' ^gs. 
Which, placed upon King Olars legs, 
Shall save him from the contact dread 
Of Eaoch *s false and plotting head. 

All this was done the next day, with great 



MANX LEGENDS. 



'59 



ceremony. Macabuin was brought, Eaoch 
laid hb head on the king's knees, and the 
sword descended : in half a moment it had 
cat through everything except the adders' 
eggs ; evidently Loan MacLibuin had never 
charmed the blade against them ; they alone 
could resist the magic power. 

In this way was good King Olafs life 
saved. 

IL King Olaf's' Journey to Trondhjem. 

Although Olaf had escaped death from the 
blade of Macabuin, he had yet incurred an- 
other danger, for in due time Loan Mac- 
Libuin heard what had happened to his work 
of many days, and he was filled with anger. 
Olaf, King of Man, had dared to stain the 
priceless weapon with low-bom blood, so he 
called the one-lt^ged Hiallus-nan-urd, and 
bade him go and take his defiance to King 
Olaf at Holm Peel He was to challenge 
the king to appear as soon as possible at 
Trondhjem forge, and the cunning black- 
smith knew well that the king never refused 
a challenge; further he disclosed to his 
hammerman what he meant to do when 
Olaf should be in his power, which disclosure 
pleased Hiallus-nan-urd, who was a heathen, 
whilst Olaf was a good Christian. 

On his arrival the horseman delivered the 
challenge, which Olaf accepted with pleasure^ 
bidding a pikeman bring him from among 
his Danish shields one which was of ''two 
boards' thickness,*' and was of the same 
make and weight as the one which the 
hammerman carried. 

On a bright sunny May morning, King 
Olaf and his companion sallied forth, having 
first provided themselves with salt according 
to the usual Manx custom. The northern 
portal of Peel Castle was opened wide to let 
them pass through, and descending some 
steep stairs, cut in the solid rock, they reached 
the water's edge, and it being low tide, crossed 
over to the mainland on foot Then first 
they toc^ the coast-road as far as Shergydoo, 
and then struck off into a footpath that ex- 
tended for miles along the Cladagh, a dreary 
common, unrelieved by tree, cabin, or dyke. 
Wolves and bisons had formerly roamed here 
at pleasure, but Kitter had driven them away, 
and nearly exterminated them. Olaf, as he 
walked, bewailed the wild herds that in his 



youth inhabitated these regions, and especially 
he regretted the noble herons that were wont 
to fly slowly across the Cladagh. 

At last they reached a deep, gloomy valley, 
strewed with black volcanic rocks, which 
made Hiallus-nan-urd shudder. He knew 
well that this was the abode of a wicked en- 
chanter, whose huge castle was filled with 
evil spirits, and that whosoever entered the 
gate was immediately turned into a black 
rock, and hurled down into the valley, to lie 
there till doomsday. 

But Olaf, though himself not altogether 
free from fear, was too good a Christian to 
show outward signs of it, and chid the ham- 
merman, who was still gazing at the dark 
rocks. 

" See," cried he, " I can surely recognize 
that great stone, it has the form and humped 
back of my foster-brother Sitric, who was 
lost on these mountains ten years ago next 
Oie'l Vayree.* 

" I would I could remember good Bishop 
Michael's prayer against the evil spirits," 
sighed the king, ''but it has quite escaped 
my memory — ah ! what is that roar ? surely it 
is Eaoch's voice I hear ;" and hastily taking 
some salt from his pocket, he sprinkled it on 
the unholy ground according to the Manx 
fashion, and then walked on in silence till 
they gained the end of the narrow gorge that 
led from the haunted valley, after which 
they emerged on a smiling plain of cultivated 
ground dotted about with rude cottages. 

This being May-day, buttercups and prim- 
roses, and crosses of mountain ash, lay on 
every threshold, to exclude the fairies from 
the homes of baptized Christians. But on the 
other hand the lads were busy collecting 
brush-wood to kindle the Baal fires in the 
evening. Good Olaf sighed over this heathen 
custom, whilst the hammerman, who was a 
heathen, muttered angrily as they passed a 
large bit of black barren earth where twelve 
Druids were said to have been burnt by order 
of St. Patrick. Olaf tried to expostulate with 
his companion, but he was not to be con- 
vinced, and presently drew forth from his 
bosom an amber bead, which he said pre- 
served him from all harm far better than any 
Christian mummeries. 

* Christmas Eve, an old name meaning " Eve of 
Mary." 



i6o 



MANX LEGENDS. 



Thus talking, they came upon Lough 
Balla, whose fenny banks afforded very in- 
secure footing for the traveller. Hiallus-nan- 
urd with his one leg found the task very 
difficult, and, slipping, was precipitated head 
over heels into the black water, and would 
have been drowned had not Olaf rescued 
him ; but alas ! in his struggle to regain terra 
firma he dropped his amulet of amber, and set 
up a loud lamentation over his lost charm. 

This lake has now disappeared, owing to 
the elevation of the land, but a deep bed of 
bog has taken its place, and offers a not much 
better footing for the wayfarer who may by 
chance wander over it. 

As the two approached Ramsey, Olaf 
turned oflf the road to visit the cairn of the 
young king Fingall, "who fell boldly facing the 
foe " at the foot of the woody Sky Hill. The 
king, approaching the cairn, solemnly threw a 
stone on it in token of respect. Among the 
Scotch Highlanders there is a proverbial 
expression which alludes to this custom — 
** Curri mi cloch er do chome," or " I will 
add a stone to your cairn,'' meaning, "I 
will honour your memory when you are 
dead " ; and on the top of most of the Manx 
hills cairns may still be found on which the 
passer-by throws a stone, little knowing he is 
honouring the memory of some ancient 
Orry or brave Fingall. 

Olaf rejoined his companion at Glentram- 
tnon^ and here they examined the fortress 
erected by Magnus Barfod. Magnus ac- 
quired his surname by appearing in the streets 
of Trondhjem in a Highland dress, and was 
much laughed at for it, and surnamed '* bare- 
legs," but Magnus made good use of these 
same legs, and his power was felt in Man 
and the Isles.* 

King Olaf, thinking to please Hiallus-nan- 
urd, eagerly told him some of the wonderful 
stories attached to the great Norseman Mag- 
nus, the ** Dragon of the Isles,'* as history 
called him, and how he compelled the men 
of Galloway (whose faint outline they could 
trace on the horizon) to supply him with 
timber and stones to erect this fortress. Nor 
did he spare the Irish, for he sent his 
shoes to Murchard, king of Meath, com- 
manding him to carry them on his shoulders 
through his hall on Christmas day. King 
^ OiXi'% ScamUnavian History, 



Murchard was of a very humble disposition, 
for his only answer was that " he would not 
only carry them, but he would also eat his 
Majesty's shoes rather than the King of Man 
should destroy one Irish Province." 

The travellers now reached Myerscough, 
which occupied the plain of the mountain. 
The evening sun sent its glimmering shadows 
over the water, on the surface of which lay 
three picturesque islands. On the first was 
the state prison, the second was a miniature 
paradise, the home of Ada the enchantress, 
who was much beloved by the Manx, in spite 
of her one peculiarity of never crossing the 
threshold of a consecrated dwelling. The 
third and largest island had once been the 
abode of the chief Druid, but it now lay 
desolate, the sacred oaks were uprooted, and 
no trace was left of the altar for human 
sacrifices. 

But the holy Patrick, though thorough in 
uprooting the worst forms of heathenism, 
had not been so successful in eradicating the 
love of heathen customs, for as evening drew 
near the king was startled by a sudden out- 
burst of blazing fire from every surrounding 
hill-top, accompanied by a peculiar kind of 
music, called " Cairn tunes^' which simply 
meant songs in honour of Baal. All the 
Manx were congregated round the various 
bonfires, and now began to raise wild shouts 
as they darted about, flinging their arms 
round their heads like so many lunatics 
dancing an intricate chain dance. 

After a time the music ended, and the 
people ceased dancing, for suddenly on a 
neighbouring hill appeared a man, dr^ed in 
druidical vestments, an oaken garland round 
his head, surmounted by a golden crown ; on 
his neck hung the adderstone amulet, whilst 
the mystic bill-hook and divining rod were 
suspended at his girdle. In his outstretched 
hand he held a piece of bread, covered with 
a custard of eggs and milk. Then turning 
his face towards the east, he broke the bread, 
and throwing a piece over his shoulder, he 
cried, ** This I give to thee, O storm, that thou 
mayest be favourable to our com and pas- 
ture ; this to thee, O eagle, and this to thee, 
O fox, that thou mayest spare our lambs and 
kids." 

Hiallus-nan-urd was much interested in 
the ceremony, though he shuddered a little 



CELEBRATED BIRTHPLACES. 



i6i 



with stnmge dread ; bot good King Olaf 
turned away pained, as he devoutly crossed 
himself^ murmuring, " When will the people 
have done with these vain customs." 

At last they passed through sea- washed 
Ramsey, and reached Bewaigne Point, and 
the night being clear, the king and the 
hammerman opened their leathern shields, 
got on them, and sailed away over the sea, 
and before sunrise they landed at St Bee's 
Head. Then after four days' journey on 
foot they crossed the Tyne, and came to the 
sea coast, where Olaf hired a ship to convey 
them to Trondhjem, and after a prosperous 
joiimey they beheld the beacon-lights of 
the Trondhjem tower shining brightly over the 
fiord. 

III. How Macabuin was Avenged. 

All this time Loan MacLibuin was brooding 
over the disgrace that had come upon his 
magic sword, and awaiting with impatience 
the arrival of King Olaf. There was but one 
way to purify the weapon, and that was to 
sh^ the blood of some nobly bom person ; 
therefore Loan MacLibuin had determined 
that Olaf himself should die. 

Now it happened on the day that Olaf was 
approaching the smithy, Loan MacLibuin*s 
beautiful daughter, Emergaid, was with her 
fiuher at the forge, and he, aware by his 
magic power of the king's approach, revealed 
to her what he was about to do, and how 
for many days he had been fashioning a sword 
for this very purpose. 

Soon they heard the hammerman's voice 
shouting out, '' Open the door," for he wished 
to warn his master. But before he could enter 
the smithy, Olaf, foreseeing some treachery, 
sprang forward, and appeared at the entrance, 
adling out in his clear, ringing voice, " Shut 
It!** Then immediately he seized the huge 
forge hammer and struck the anvil such a 
blow that it was split from top to bottom, 
and also the block on which it resteti. 

Emergaid stood astonished at this display 
of strength after so long a journey, and a 
tender feeling of love and pity rose up within 
her for the hero whose death her father had 
plotted. She determined, if possible, to save 
his life, so whilst MacLibuin and the hammer- 
man were slowly replacing the anvil, Emergaid 
stole up to Olaf s side. 



** My father intends your death, noble 
Olaf," said she. " He is even now replacing 
the anvil in order to 6nish the sword you see 
in yonder fire, and that sword he has prophe- 
sied will spill royal blood, and thus avenge 
Macabuin." 

** Is not your father the seventh son of old 
Windy Cap, King of Norway?" asked Olaf, 
unmoved. 

" Yes, truly," said Emergaid, wonderingly. 
At this moment Loan MacLibuin, having 
6nished his business, approached the king. 

" Now ! '* cried Olaf, " let the prophecy be 
fulfilled ! " and drawing the red steel ^om 
the fire, he struck the magician and quenched 
the sword in his blood. Emergaid, with a 
cry of anguish, tried to defend her father, 
but Loan MacLibuin's last hour had come, 
and he died where he fell. 

Olaf raised the weeping maiden, and as he 
seems to have been wifeless at this time, the 
legend concludes in the good old-fashioned 
style, !>., that the brave and good King of 
Man married Emergaid, who had saved his 
life, and that they lived happy ever after ! 

History further tells us that Olaf Goddard- 
son died much lamented by his people. 
They buried him at Rushen Abbey, and 
the modern tourist may still see the lid of a 
stone coffin, on which is sculptured a rude 
sword. Surely this can be no other than 
King Olaf s coffin, and the sword a representa- 
tion of the far-famed and mighty Macabuin ! 

EsMK Stuart. 





Celedraten I5irtt)place0 ; 

Jonathan Swift at Dubun. 

lURING those troublous times of 
Charles the Firsi, when the nation 
broke out into rebellion against 
the sovereign, a parsonage-house 
stood within a few minutes' walk of the village 
of Goodrich, near Ross, in Herefordshire. 
The owner and builder thereof was the vicar 
of Goodrich, the Reverend Thomas Swift 
Mr. Craik, in his recently -published admir- 
able Uft of Jonathan Sunft^ has told us some 
of the peculiar features of thb building, and 



i6a 



CELEBRATED BIRTHPLACES. 



how indicative it was of its owner's idio- 
synciacy and sirength of cliaracter. The 
Reverend Thomas Swift was a royalist, while 
all aiound him were for llic parliament. 

'ITie royil standard had been raised nt NottinBham 
in August 1641. In October of Ihc same year, 
11)00131 SwiU'i ilout house and Ihrivine homestead 
wcic visiled 1^ the parliataentaty tnaraudeis. Twelve 
limes, so it was uXt\, his flocks were driven off ; fifty 
limes his house was plundered Irom roof-tree to 
cellar, (Craik's Li/f, \i. 5.) 

Stout and royal as the indomitable vicar was, 
[he force of events was against htm, and, 
dying two years before the restoration of ihe 
royal family, he left 
his ten sons and three 
or four daughters to 
shift for themselves. 

'J'hc mother of this 
large family of Swifts 
was Elizabeth Drydeii, 
niece to Sir Erasmus 
Dry den, the grand- 
falher of the poel 
John Dryden. But if 
this family were, as 



Mr 



Crailc 



"brokei 

poverished," they had 
inherited from their 
parents gieat and use- 
ful talents. They went 
forth into the land, as 
other Englishmen have 
done, and stilt do, to 
make their fortune. 
Five of Ihe sons went 
to Ireland. One of 
these five was the so 
seventh or eighth of 
the family, and he bore the name of 
Jonathan. " He had come to Ireland," 
says Mr. Craik, "a lad of eighteen at his 
falher^s death. Before he had secured any 
sure income, and while he could settle on 
his wife no more than X^o a year," he 
married Abigail Erick. the dowerless daughter 
of an old Leicestershire house. A daughter 
was soon born to this thrifdess pair ; and in 
1667 another child was expected. But before 
this latter momentous birth, death overtook 
Jonathan Swift very suddenly. And then, 
ihai same year, on the 30th of November, 




1667,* was bom a son, afterwards to become 
one of the greatest of England's liicrarr 
heroes. We can almost picture to ouraelvcs 
the young widow's mournful tribute to her 
dead husband, when she christened her infant 
by the name his falher had borne, Jonathan 
Swift. 

These events took place at No. 7, Hoe/s 
Court, Dublin, t The house is now pulled 
down, and the site enclosed in the castle 
grounds. It is still remembered, says Mr. 
Craik, by the older inhabitants as one of 
the largest houses in the court Before its 
destniclion, however, a dtan4ng of il was 
made, and an engrav- 
ing, reproduced for 
this journal, was given 
in that curious and 
useful miscellan)- of 
notes and queries, 
Willis's Current Mitt 
for 1853. This now 
famous court was 
erected in the seven- 
teenth century by Sir 
John Hoey, on a por- 
tion of the site of 
Austin's Lane and Sir 
James Ware's house, 
and, though now dirty 
and mean-looking, was 
in Swift's time one of 
the best in Dublin. 
Robert Marshall, third 
sergeant of the ex- 
chequer, and the friend 
of Swift's " Vanessa," 
resided herefrom 1738 
to 1 741, so Ibal Swift 
was all his life con- 
nected with the spot of his birth. 

The boyhood of this extraordinary character 
has many incidents, which show his intense 
association with localities. Mr. Craik hu 
• It ii worthy of note in connection with this birth- 
day, that long after Swift hAd passed from active life 
the Irish population still continued to light bonfireiaci 
his birthday. Sec Mocauby's Hiit«ry of EifgUmJ, 
i. 299. 

t Mr, GUbert, in his HUlery ef DuUin, p. 6, mh 
it was No, 9, Hocy's Court, the house of his uBcfVi 
Counsellor Swift. Johnson, in hii Liva oflkt Pettt. 
alludes to the statement in Spence's anecdctcB. that 
Swift was bora at Leicester, But there is na donbc 
thai No, 7, Hoejp'i Court, wu the place t^his Unh. 



FOREST LA WS AND FOREST ANIMALS IN ENGLAND. 



163 



collected these together in his admirable 
volume, and we roust be pardoned for sum- 
marizing them here. Surely a tale of so much 
interest bears repeating so long as we are in 
teach with, and have sympathy for, the literary 
careers of those who have gone from amongst 

Swift's mother was not too poor, thanks 
to the eldest brother of her late husband, 
Godwin Swift, to have had in her service a 
nurse whose relations were Elnglish, and with 
whom is connected the first strange story of 
Swift's life. The nurse became so attached 
to her charge, that, having occasion to visit a 
dying relation at Whitehaven, she carried 
with her secretly the infant of a year old, and 
kept him with her for more than three years ; 
and it was to this residence at Whitehaven 
that Swift's earliest recollections belonged. 
At four years of age he returned to Dublin, 
and he had then learned to spell, and even 
to read any chapter of the Bible. At the 
age of six he was sent by his uncle, Godwin 
Swift, to the grammar school of Kilkenny, 
and there he remained till he was fourteen 
years old. Long after his death there was 
to be seen in the old schoolroom his name 
cut in the desk with a penknife. Of his 
schoolfellows there was his cousin, Thomas 
Swift, who afterwards brought on himself 
that sarcasm of his greater kinsman by laying 
claim to the authorship of the Tale of a Tub ; 
and there was William Congreve, for whom 
Swift entertained a life-long admiration. At 
fourteen, Swift left Kilkenny school for Trinity 
College, Dublin, where he was entered as a 
pensioner, still owing his livelihood to his 
uncle Godwin. Thus we get him at Dublin 
during these early years for two years between 
the ages of four and six, and then for seven 
vears between fourteen and twenty-one. But 
DC never loved his birthplace. He told his 
friends that he was bom at I^cester, whither 
during his college days at Dublin his mother 
had gone to reside with her own relations. 

^^^ Godwin Swift died, Jonathan left 
Dublin, and sought his mother's home at 
Leicester. He was then twenty-one years of 
a^ He tenderly loved his mother, and of 
her we get some knowledge, knowing her to 
be in many respects the author of some of 
her great son's many peculiar characteristics. 
But she was a tender, lovable woman, way- 



ward, and occasionally perhaps something 
more nearly akin to eccentric; but not, on 
the whole, so far as we can see her at this 
distance of time, out of unison with her 
son's greatness and fame. Swift's birthplace 
at this period of his life lay far enough 
behind him, with no pleasant recollections, 
but he journeyed thither later on, and built 
his fame in Dublin city. 





JFore0t ILatD0 anD JForesft 9nimal0 

in €nglanli- 

IL 

VU Ufcri hospitium prabent^ sUvestrilms oHm 
Qmt timidas tattbris damcu ursosqtte tegebani, 

Vanierius, Prttd, Rust. 

|T remains for us now to say some- 
thing about the beasts and birds 
for whose preservation the forest 
laws were originally established 
and were maintained so long. 

One word of caution is perhaps necessary 
at the outset : it is this. Manwood's Trea- 
tise of the Forest Lawsy first published towards 
the end of Elizabeth's reign, is beyond a 
doubt the highest authority upon all matters 
with which it deals. When, therefore, he 
differs, expressly or by implication, from other 
writers upon the same subject, we shall 
accept his ruling as conclusive, and, with 
few exceptions, shall make no reference to 
any contrary or divergent opinion. If we 
were not to adopt this course, the apocrypha 
of forest law and custom would be so volu- 
minous that our readers might easily lose 
sight of the canon altogether. 

The beasts of forest were five in number 
— the hart, the hind, the hare, the boar, and 
the wolf. We will devote a little space to 
each of these creatures in tiun. 

"The Hart," says Manwood, "is the most 
noblest and the most worthiest beast, and 
taketh the first place." From time imme- 
morial, indeed, precedence would seem to 
have been given to this gallant animal. The 
so-called Charta Canutiy which in our first 
article we referred to as untrustworthy, but 
which must yet of necessity possess a certain 
amount of historical value, draws a broad 
line of distinction between offences committed 



164 



FOREST LAWS AND FOREST ANIMALS IN ENGLAND. 



against the common ferte foresta and those 
committed against the r^alisfera quam Angli 
Staggon appellant, William I., as we have 
already seen,* "loved the high deer as though 
he were their father " — just as it is sometimes 
said nowadays of a keen sportsman, that he 
would as soon fire at his grandmother as at 
a fox. And, as our readers are no doubt 
aware, deer have from the earliest times 
occupied a prominent position in the English 
statute-book. The hind, though of course 
she is but the feiuale red deer, as the hart is 
the male, was for the purposes of the forest 
laws accounted a distinct beast of forest. 
The reason for making this distinction was 
that, while harts were in season from Mid- 
summer until Holy-Rood Day, the season 
for hinds began on Holy-Rood Day and lasted 
until Candlemas. These seasons were, it 
would seem, in the seventeenth century found 
to be too long, at least in the royal forests, 
chases, and parks. For by a Proclamation 
issued by Charles I. on the 17th of January, 
1637, the king's foresters, rangers, keepers, 
and officers attending his " Game of Deer ** 
are commanded 

to forbear the hunting or killing upon Warrants of 
any of our Harts, Stags, Bucks, or other Male Deer, 
Red or Fallow, in an^ our Forests, Chases, Parks or 
elsewhere, within this our Kingdom of England or 
Dominion of WcUes^ in any Year hereafter, before the 
seventh day oijuly^ being about the end of the Fence 
Month, or after Holyrood day, and likev\-ise that they 
from henceforth yearly forbear to hunt or kill upon 
Warrants, any Hind, Doe or other Female Deer, 
before l/olyrood day, or after the Feast of Epiphany^ 
commonly called the twelfth day. f 

The fence month, or mensis vetitus^ during 
which the deer were specially protected from 
disturbance on account of the calves and 
fawns, began on St. Edmund's day, fifteen 
days before Midsummer, and ended on St 
Cyril's day, fifteen days after Midsummer. 

It is pleasant to think that the love of 
sport has hitherto succeeded in preserving 
the red deer in a wild state on the borders 
of Somerset and Devon. The following ex- 
tracts from CoUyns's Chase of the Wild Red 
Deer link together, so to speak, the practices 
of mediaeval and of modem times : 

When the stag's neck begins to swell, evidencing 
the approach of mt rutting season, the time for hunt- 

* AnUf p. 22. 

t Acta Oi RymiTi xx., p. 186. 



ing him is at an end ; and, accordingly, sbortlv after 
the 8th of October, which should be the last day for 
hunting the sti^, the autumn season for hind hunting 
commences (a fortni|[ht or three weeks being allowed 
to elapse, during which time the stags and hinds are 
permitted to consort together without molestation), 
and continues for the five following weeks, or even 
up to Christmas if the weather permits and no frost 
sets in (pp. 53, 54). 

Again : — 

The period for stag-hunting commences on the 
1 2th of August, and ends the 8th of October. . . . 
Hind-hunting recommences in the spring, as soon 
after Ladydav as the weather will permit, and con- 
tinues until the loth of May. In the autumn huntinff, 
a " yeld " or barren hind should, if possible, be selected. 
. . . About the end of July again, the hounds mav be 
allowed to hunt one or two hinds, so as to get them 
in wind for the stag-hunting ; and, indeed, unless 
there be a gjeat scarcity of deer, a kill may be per- 
mitted, as I have no doubt that the eagerness of the 
pack will be materially increased hy giving them 
blood (pp. 72, 73). 

So much for wild red deer in England. 
As for their semi-domesticated brethren, Mr. 
Shirley, to whose interesting book on English 
Deer Parks we are under considerable obli- 
gations, tells us that about thirty-one English 
parks contain red deer, or at least did con- 
tain them less than twenty years ago.* So 
that for the present at any rate, there is small 
chance of this indigenous British animal 
becoming extinct in this country. 

The hare, the third of the beasts of 
forest (although in the Charta Canuti she is 
not included among them), from very early 
times, and in other countries beside our own, 
has been highly esteemed both for the sport 
she affords in her lifetime and for the meat 
she supplies after death. Martial sings her 
praises in almost ecstatic tones : — 

Inter quadrupedes gloria prima lepus (xiii., 92). 

By some old foresters, as Manwood tells 

* Mr. Shirley gives no separate list of these parks ; 
but they would appear to oe the following : — Rich- 
mond in Surrey, Eridge and Ashbumham m Sussex, 
Eastwell in Kent, Thomdon in Essex, Charboroufi4i 
in Dorset, St. Audries in Somerset, Melton Constable 
in Norfolk, Helmingham in Suffolk, Wobum in Beds, 
Ashrid^ and Langley in Bucks, Windsor in Beiks, 
Blenheim in Oxfordshire, Bradgate, Donineton, and 
Gopsall in Leicestershire, Deane in Northants, 
Charlecote in Warwickshire, Spetchley in Worcester- 
shire, Calke in Derbyshire, Bagots and Chartley in 
Staffordshire, Grimsthorpe and Sjrston in Lincolnshire, 
Badminton in Gloucestershire, Tatton, Ljnne, and 
Doddington in Cheshire, Knowslev in Lancashire, 
and Burton Constable in the East Riding of Yorkshire. 
We doubt whether this list is quite complete. 



FOREST LA WS AND FOREST ANIMALS IN ENGLAND. 



'6s 



OS, she was caUed *< the king of all beasts of 
Venerie, and in hunting maJceth best sport 
and delight.*' And Harrison, who wrote the 
Hi>toricali Description of the I land of Britain^ 
which stands first in the collection known as 
Holinshed's Chronicles, says that hare-hunting 
is ^ mother to all the terms, blasts, and arti- 
6ciall deutses that hunters doo vse." * The 
same writer, however, ranks the hare after 
the roe, an animal which is not properly a 
beast of forest at all 

According to Gyfford and Twety (orTwici), 
who wrote a treatise on hunting in Edward ll.*s 
reign, '' the hare is alway in sesoune to be 
chasyd."t This may no doubt have been 
the case at a very early period ; but the prac- 
tical necessity for a close season roust soon 
have asserted itself. Manwood and others 
say that the hunting season lasted from 
Michaehnas to Midsummer. This was obvi- 
ously carrying on the season too far into the 
year. " You should never hunt after March," 
says Beckford ; " and if the season is fomard, 
joo should leave off sooner." { So far as 
die Game Laws are concerned, however, 
hares may still be hunted, coursed, or shot 
at any time of the year. Their destructive- 
ness to crops is no doubt the reason why they 
are debarred from that periodical protection 
whidi is given to all the other creatures 
included within the statutory definition of 
•* game." Viewed in certain aspects, and in 
rdation to certain persons, hares are not 
game but vermin. 

Of wild boars Manwood naturally says but 
little, and in at least one passage he omits 
both them and wolves from the list of beasts of 
fOTest. He tells us, however, that the season 
for boar-hunting lasted from Christmas until 
the Purification of our Lady (Candlemas). 
At a later period, indeed, these limits would 
Kem to have been disregarded ; for in a 
letter dated 28th September, 161 7, and 
addressed by Adam Newton, Esq., to Sir 
Thomas Puckering, Bart., we read § that the 
king and princes had a few days previously 

Ke to Windsor " to the hunting of the wild 
r." But at that time wild boars in this 

* Holinshed, bk. iiL, c 4 (ed. 1587). 
t See Strutt's Manners and Customs^ vol. iiu, 
p. 121 (1776). 

1 Thmgkts on Hunting, pp. 151, 152 (ed. 1810). 
I Cmn and Timis ^Jtmis I^ ^, y^ 



country must have been wild in about the 
same sense in which the cattle at Chillingham 
are wild in the present day. As late as 
1683-4 "wild swine" were kept in Lord 
Ferrers' park at Chartley in Staffordshire ; * 
but the extent of their wildness may be 
inferred from the fact that they were supplied 
at that date with a " paile," which cost two 
shillings. Several attempts have been made 
at various times to reintroduce wild boars in 
England for the piupose of hunting or shoot- 
ing ; t but, though the exact date of their 
becoming extinct is uncertain, there can be 
little doubt that as beasts of forest they were 
practically extinct long before Manwood's 
day. 

Wolves, the last of the beasts of forest, are 
said to have been a favourite object of sport 
with the Britons and the Saxon chiefis ; and 
in feudal times estates were sometimes held 
by the seijeanty or service of keeping wolf- 
dogs, for the use of the king whenever he 
should visit the various districts in which 
those estates lay. But a spirit of destruction 
as well as a spirit of preservation in respect 
of wolves seems to have animated our fore- 
fathers from an early period. The tax or 
tribute of three hundred wolves a year im- 
posed by Edgar on the Welsh prince Judwal 
IS well known to all ; and though it did not 
succeed, and probably was not meant to 
succeed, in exterminating these animals in 
England, there can be no doubt that it must 
have thinned their numbers very considerably, 
and driven them, at least temporarily, from 
one of their favourite strongholds. Our old 
friend the Charta Canuti makes mention of 
wolves in somewhat contemptuous terms, 
saying that ncc forestcR nee veneris habentur^ 
and ranking them, therefore, after wild 
boars, which were termed forest beasts 
though not beasts of venery. And in 
Bloimt's Tenures of Land we find wolves 
classed with "martens, cats, and other 
vermin," for the destruction whereof dogs 
were to be kept by the tenant of certain lands 
in Pightesle (Pytchley), Northamptonshire — 
a place associated in modem times with the 
piusuit of another kind of animal. Mr. 
Harting, in the book to which we have 

• Shirley, Dter Parks, p. 177. 
t See Hartiiig*s British Animals Extinct within 
Historic Times, pp. 94 — loo. 



i66 



CHARITIES OF OVER, ETC., CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 



already referred, says that in the half-century 
between 1327 and 1377, 

While stringent measures were being devised for 
the destruction of wolves in all or most of the in- 
habited districts which they frequented, in the less 
populous and more remote parts of the country, steps 
were taken by such of the principal landowners as 
were fond of hunting to secure their own participa- 
tion in the sport of finding and killing tnem. In 
Edward III.'s time, Conan, Duke of Brittany, .in 1342, 
gave pasture for cattle through all his new forest at 
Richmond in Yorkshire to the inmates of the Abbey 
of Fors in Wensleydale, forbidding them to use any 
mastiffs to drive the wolves from their pastures 
(pp. 146, 147). 

The general statement with which the 
passage above quoted begins is, we daresay, 
true enough ; but the particular illustration 
which follows is unfortunate. Conan, Duke 
of Brittany and Earl of Richmond, who gave 
to the Abbey of Fors the valley watered by 
the Ure {JorevcU^ Jervaux), to which they 
removed in 1156, died more than 150 years 
before Edward IIL came to the throne. 
And though Burton, in his Monasticon Ebora- 
cense,* which Mr. Harting follows, tells this 
story about the monks being forbidden to 
keep mastiffs, Conan's charter itself, if it be 
correctly given in Dugdale, t contradicts him 
flatly in this matter. In that charter Conan 
says: — 

Deo b* beattt Marine, 6* abbatia de Jorevalle Cister- 
ciensis ordinis, quam fundavi in honorem Domini 
nostri Jesu Christi, b* numachis meis ibi Deo servien' 
tibuSf $f pro me orantibm^ dedi 6* concessi pro me 6* 
meis haredibus .... imperpetuum pasturam per 
totam novam forestam meam juxta RICHMOND ad 
omnia averia sua, qua habere poterunt, sine coniradic' 
ti4m€ mei vel hceredum meorum. Et pracipio quod 
haheant mastrvos ad lupos coercendos de piutuns suis. 

It would therefore appear that, far from 
" forbidding them to use any mastiffs," Conan 
expressly commanded the monks to keep 
them. Such express command may, no doubt, 
fairly be deemed to show that, but for its 
insertion in the charter, the monks would not 
have been allowed to hunt or disturb the 
wolves in Wensleydale. Nevertheless, if 
Dugdale is right. Burton and Mr. Harting 
are clearly wrong in their statements respect- 
ing Conan's grant 

Though wolves survived in Scotland and 
Ireland until about the middle of the last 

* P. 370. 

t Monast, Angl,, p. 87$, ed. 1655 • ^^l* ^*t ?• S72> 
ed. 1825. 



century, in England they probably became 
extinct during Henry VII.'s reign.* Man- 
wood was, therefore, fully justified in sa^ng 
" wee haue none here in England, nor I thmke 
we neuer shall haue in any of our Forests.'* 
The season for wolf-hunting is said to have 
lasted from Christmas to Lady Day. 

So much for the beasts of forest, strictly 
so called. But, as Manwood tells us, 

Because a Forest is the highest and greatest Franchise, 
being also a general and compound Word, it compre- 
hends both a Chase, Park, and Warren ; and for that 
Reason the Beasts of Chase, and the Beasts and Fowls 
of Warren, are privileged in a Forest, as well as the 
Beasts of Forest ; and therefore, if any such Beasts or 
Fowls of Chase, Park or Warren, are hunted or killed 
in a Forest, 'tis a Trespass of the Forest, and to be 
punished by the Laws thereof, and by no other Law 
whatsoever. 

We propose in another article to say some- 
thing about these other creatures — the beasts 
of chase and the beasts and fowls of warren — 
to which the forest laws afforded special 
protection. p 




Cljaritie0 of ©tier, etc-, Cam^ 
tinligestitce- 

By J. King Watts. 

|HE charity estates in Over, Cambs., 
are very valuable and of consider- 
able relief and importance to the 
inhabitants. From some ancient 
records respecting those charities it is clearly 
shown that for a long time previously to the 
13 Henry VIII. (1522) the feoffees or 
trustees of the town were in possession of 
many charity estates for '^tlie use and 
benefit of the Inhabitants." It is, however, 
not very well ascertained by what means some 
of such charity estates became vested in the 
feoffees, as some of the earlier records of the 
parish in that respect, after the long period 
of more than 350 years, appear to be lost 
However, I find by an old record dated at 
Westminster the i6th May, in the 17 Eliza- 
beth (1575), that it is evident such feoffees 
had previously to that time in their possession 
several lands and commons for the use and 

* Halting, p. 204. 



CHARITIES OF OVER, ETC,, CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 



167 



benefit of the town, as will appear by the 
following extracts : — 

The Feo ffees of the Town of Over hold one Messu- 
age or Tenemt: called the ^^ Court House'* with a 

Garden adJorning in Over aferesd & three roods of 
meadow in Owze Fen in Hempstretch and six roods of 

meadow in ye Shoft and two Tenemts called Cades p'. 
ann 12^. And two roods & a half of meadow in 
Owz Fen aforesd with one selion of Land called 
Bkmritt holt And 7 a^ & halfe of Land arrable Where- 
i^wn the Downe, half an acre in Golyfield one acre in 
ye severall fields there And 18 roods of Comon in 
House Fen All which s^ pemisses the S* Feoffees 
hold freely by fealty & suit of Court as apoeareth by 
ft writing^of Geffery Brizland dated ye 10"* day of July 
m yc 34" vear of Hemy ye 8*** As well as ye use of 
bearing and paying ye tenth & fifteenth or Taxation 
when they shall be granted by authority of Parliamt: 

as for bearing and supporting of all comon charg es of 

the Towne & reparacon of ways of Over aforesd here- 
after when needs should require And do pay therefore 

p: ann at ye feast aforesi' J^. 
The aforesaid Feoffees of the Towne of Over do 

hold one Tenemt: called JfCeys with all lands arr: 

Meadows Marishes & Comons to the s^ Tenemt: 

belonging together wUi one Croft To have to y* and 
their Su ccess ors freely by Charter in free socage by 

iealy as appeth bv writing dat : ye 9^ day of January 
in ye 18* jr of King Henry ye o*** paying &c. nothing 

bat suit of Court only. 

The Feofiees of Over do hold one tenemt & 3' of 

Mar in House fen wth the appt & one croft or grove to 
yesd messuages adjoyning To hav e to y" & their heirs 

freehr as by writ dat. 23 day of Octob in ye first yr of 
2 Eliz. hokling as aforoi^. 

The record also contains an enumeration 
of several other estates as belonging to the 
town for charitable purposes. Disputes, how- 
ever, appear to have arisen in the parish prior 
to the year 1729 relative to the distribution 
of some of the charity funds, and a petition 
was presented to the Court against the feoffees 
by a parishioner named John Collett relative 
thereta An Inquisition was consequently 
issuedoutof the Court of Exchequer dated 20th 
December, 2 George II. (1729), appointing 
the Reverend William Nichols, D.D., William 
Greaves (Commissary of the University of 
Cambridge), Joseph Kettle and Hoste 
Archer, Esqrs., as Commissioners to inquire 
and examine into the affairs of the charity 
estates. In Mr. Collett's petition he alleged 
that the charity funds and profits had been 
^misemployed and misconverted." After 
due and proper inquiry had been made by 



fourteen gentlemen named as assessors, it 
was ascertained that on 20th January, 1692, 
several persons had been appointed as 
trustees of the charity estates upon certain 
trusts as therein set forth, and that upon the 
decease of several of the trustees certain other 
persons were appointed as feoffees in lieu of 
those deceased by a deed dated 25th March, 
1726. The Commissioners, upon hearing Mr. 
Collett's petition at Cambridge on 25th Sep- 
tember, 1729, decided and made their decree 
that he had no just cause of complaint against 
the feoffees — dismissed his petition, and 
caused him 

to pay the sum of £$ towards the Costs for his 
having occasioned the Feoffees to be put to extra- 
ordinary Costs and Chai^ges by his unjust complaint 

The old trusts of the estates were thereby 
confirmed — namely, that after paying certain 
charges out of the rents the remainder of 
such rents should be divided by the feoffees 
into three parts for the ease and benefit of 
the town, and they should pay one-third part 
thereof towards the expenses of the constables* 
charges and levies, one- third part for pay- 
ment of the churchwardens' charges and 
levies, and the other third part thereof to- 
wards the payment of the overseers of the 
poor's charges and levies. Up to the present 
time the moneys have always been paid over 
to the beneficiaries in pursuance of the trusts, 
the accounts regularly kept, and annually 
audited and published. The property consists 
of 148 acres of first-rate quality arable and 
pasture lands, besides several messuages, 
school gardens, etc., comprising thirty -one 
different estates and several holdings. The 
annual rents or income, which are moderate, 
amount to ;£388, and that sum is divided 
yearly between the recipients in the manner 
above stated. Exclusive of the above there 
are several small charities payable out of, or 
arising from, some lands devised many 
years since to the vicar and churchwardens 
for the time being in trust for the poor ; they 
amount to jQ^o and upwards annually. 
These sums are always divided between such 
poor people two or three times a year when 
necessary, and regular accounts always taken 
and balanced. 

There were also several other districts in 
the parish which had some peculiar rights and 



i68 



CHARITIES OF OVER, ETC., CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 



privileges pertaining to them. As, for instance, 
the lands in "Ouz Fen," "Swalney,** 
"Ausley," ** Hawcroft," " Fordfen," "Fore- 
hill.** " Bluntishmere " and *• Skeggs " were 
to be occupied in a certain manner. These 
districts were formerly called Fens according 
to an old Field and Fen Book made in the 
year 1487 as to such lands, and upon which 
lands many hundreds of cattle were main- 
tained and depastured. The ** Milches '* also 
were properly attended to by duly-appointed 
herdsmen. In the above-mentioned records 
the following quaint clauses occur : — 

In times past many wett years hapned together & 
some of the Inhibatants y" being very poor for that in 
those times there benefit and advantage out of y* fens 
was very small & some years nothing at all by reason 
of the great abundance of ye moysture that then 
happned for in one moist sumer & a hard winter 
following they lost more by death and drowning of 
Cattle then they gained by the fens in three years. T he 

sd Inhabits for their more ease and mittigacon of 

charges wch they then were evil able to endure and 
because that e very p oor person y' had parte of ye Fens 

was not able psently at every brake & rage of water 
to dbbust money towards ye repaire of ttie Bankes 

Bridges ditches & draynes wch at that time were most 
argeable to maintaine & notwithstanding must of 
necessity be done, made ord er by ye genrall consent 

as well of ye Abbott & Covent of ye late dessolved 

Monastry of Ramsey Lords of ye Manr; and ye Lords 
of divers other Lands there as of all and every ye In- 
habitants that there should be defaulted of ever y man 

prte of the s* Fen 4 fo ot for every pole in ye aforesd 
fen called House Fen aforesd so that everv man y^ had 
18 foote to ye pole had by this means left 14 foot for 
every pole, and ye residue which after yt porcon was 
by ye fen Greeves sold and employed towards ye 
repaire of ye sd Banks Bridges ditches & draynes by 
means whereof & ye good bdaviour of ye officers the 
fens were grately amended & as well ye rich as ye 
poor beare their parte equally together with less griefe 
& hindrance then if they should have paid in ready 
money. 

And so the matters have continued up to the 
present time. 

Many years previously to the Norman 
Conquest, in 1066, the ancient town of 
St. Ives was called Slepe by the Anglo-Saxons. 

It is very near to Over, but is divided 
from it by the river at HolywelL St. Ives 
was well known as a place of great resort 
in early times, as well on account of its 
chalybeate spring, so well described by 
Drs. Layard and Morris in Vol. 56 of the 
Philosophical Transactions, The existing fairs 
therein were established in 1020 and i no by 



Charter. The present Charter for a weekly 
market was granted by King Edward I. in 
1 290. The fairs and market were supplied by 
Over and the neighbouring villages with large 
quantities of dairy and agricultural produce, 
as well as with a plant there cultivated called 
tvoad. The woad was grown in some of the 
warm fields of Over, particularly in " Mill 
Field," so well adapted for its production. 
This pretty cruciform flowering plant, the 
Isatis tinctoria, was cut and carried at the 
proper time, and bound up in sheafs fastened 
and enclosed with osier bands to prevent 
injury, and so exported from Over by or 
down the escarpment or hillside, in Mill 
Field and " Lowberry Holme," and adjacent 
parts to and over the water and river to 
St. Ives, and there disposed of. It was from 
the juice or dye of this plant that the ancient 
Britons painted themselves of a purple colour, 
as recorded by Caesar in his Commentaries, 
lib. 5, § 10, who says: — 

The Britons paint themselves with Woad, iR^iich 
gives a bluish cast to the skin, and makes them look 
dreadful in battle. 

The cultivation of woad was no doubt a 
lucrative one, as well for Over as for other 
places near thereto, and we find that privileges 
were granted by Charters dated 1237 and 
1334 to certain merchants of ** Amias " (now 
Amiens), in the department of " the Sonme " 
in France, to allow them to export woad 
from Britain to their own country. Those 
merchants exacted from St. Ives (the only 
place in England except Winchester where 
woad was allowed to be exported to foreign 
countries) the sum of twenty-five marks 
annually ; — a good round sum in those early 
times. Over, of course, felt a portion of this 
exaction. So lucrative did the growth of 
woad and produce become, that the Bishop 
of Ely endeavoured to establish a fair at 
Ely, near to where the Normans had landed 
from Willingham, and close to Over. This 
would have injured the cultivation of woad 
in Over, St. Ives, and other places. Sl Ives* 
fair would have been injured if the fair 
at Ely had been continued. But I find in 
Vol. ii., p. 439, App. 17 of Rotuli Fariia- 
mentorum ut et Fetitiones et Fiacita in FarUa- 
mento Tempore, Edwardi R. HI, it is sUted 
that— 
Whereas the Abbott of Ramsey hath Andent 



REVIEWS. 



169 



Charten of the Kings of Englmnd to hold a Faire 
at St Ive at Easter, for 20 days for confirmation 
vhereof they Vyf^ ^ marks to H. Ill and L lis per 
anmnn to the ^chequer and John the Bp. of Elie 
oot renrding the Qause of the said Charter forbidding 
any other Faire at that time doth keepe a Faire at 
Eiye in the Eve of the Ascension, which is the best 
tyme of the Faire at Su Ive. 

The bishop was therefore ordered to come 
before the King and make answer, etc, to 
the matters contained in the Petition, etc.; 
see Rd. la The fiur at Ely was therefore 
from that time abolished. 





Slet)ictai0. 



De Ckrist9 d sm§ Adversario Antichristo : Ein PoU^ 
mUuJUr Trmctat Johanm WUlifs, am din Hand- 
KkrifUn der K, K, Hofhibliothtk at Wim und dcr 
UmivtnUatskibiiatkik tu Prog, Zum ersten Malet 
heransgegeben Ton Dr. Rudolf Buddsnsieg, 
Dresden. (Goiha: F. A. Perthes, 18S0.) 

not altogether inopportune to the W]rcliire 
quincentenary, we mention a book pretty 
well described in the title-page. It is a 
cootroYersial tract of Wydiffe's ; published 
for the first time from the MSS. at Vienna 
and Prague. It will be an addition, if not to the 
UniTenity of Oxford " Select Works of Widif,'' at 
least to the *' Fasciculi Zizanionmi Magistri Johannis 
WydH;'' published in 1858, bv direction of the Master 
of the Rolls, edited bjr Dr. Shirley. Being in Latin, 
it \o&e% one incidental interest, — the philological value 
of Wycliffe*s English, as showing the formation of our 
lanpMge, and its transition state in his day. 

Ur. Baddeosicg rightly terms it a polemical treatise ; 
it is that, and something more; marked, as it is, 
tkrooghoot by unusual virulence even for its class and 
its day. We do not care to quote, but one of its 
phrases, p. 5s, may pretty correctly convey a notion 
of its manner of speech : *' Papa edificans castra 
Ecdesbe, rcaUter est fur et Utra*^ Though of small 
interest for its polemics, it is of great interest for the 
positioo which such a treatise holds in the controversy 
then begun. It is of interest, too, chronolo^cally. 
Written with power and with vigour, full of scnptural 
and patristic quotations, it is marked by that tone 
which bemaks an intimate knowledge of^the sacred 
books ana of the Fathers, — we will not say shown 
chieBy in perverse misapplication, but which using 
them, rightly or wrongly, only for polemical purposes, 
ocftamly uses them as frmiliar weapons. 

This tractate, then, is an added proof that the clergy 
of that day were not the ignorant folk it was at one 
tiaw a popular error to suppose ; and then again that 
mdi a treatise should have been written, presupposes 
that it would not have been written if there had not 
been an andience for it, and an audience prepared to 
receive it. The marvel is, — and this is another lesson 
we Icam from what Dr. Buddensieg naively calls 



•• this new Wiclifs tractate for the first time published 
by me,*' — the marvel is — and no less the moral to be 
drawn from it — that with the lar^ following Wycliffc 
must have had, so few traces of it survived when the 
movement of the sixteenth century began. The time 
was not ripe ; political mischances no doubt befell 
them as a body ; still the ** Lollards," as Wycliffe's 
disciples were odled at the end of the fourteenth cen- 
tury, were to be found not alone in the Church, or 
among the poor, but in the castle and on the throne, 
or what then overshadowed even the throne. It re- 
mains one of the problems of history. The strong 
impress Wjrdiffe left on his own age cannot be 
doubted, and it may be reasonably concluded that if 
it slumbered it was not wholly effaced or extinguished 
when what is called **The Reformation " overtook it 

We will only add that this contribution to English 
history, and to English theological history, has been 
edited with most exact, conscientious care by Dr. 
Buddensieg. He is, we believe. Rector of the Vitx- 
thum Gjrmnasium at Dresden. He has bestowed on 
it a minute and loving attention, in collation and re- 
cension of the double MS., and has, without doubt, 
given from the two a perfect text To the text he 
has added several papers of his own, three of which 
at least are excellent as profuse dissertations : I. *' Der 
gegenwartige Sund der Widif Uteratur ** ; 2, ** Die 
Uteinishen Werke Widif *s und ihr Werth " ; 3. " Die 
polemischen Schriften und die Polemik Wiclifs." 

There is yet another entitled, " Stellung des De 
Christo innerhalb der Polemik WicUrs,** which, ac- 
companied by a dassification and an index of its 
contents, shows keen appredation of this "De 
Christo Adversario " tractate. The second part of 
this dissertation treats of the respective MSS., their 
" gcgenseitiges Verhaltniss," and the like, showing an 
amount of painstaking care and minute collation 
worthy some important codex ; a favourable spedmen 
of German editorship, of which it might be well if 
there were a few more like examples among oursdves, 
exercised on subjects deserving such, and worthy of it 
As this article is going to press we hear that the 
Wyclif Sodety have despatched Mr. Reginald Lane 
Poole to Vienna, on the subject of the M^dif MSS., 
presumably, inttr a/ia, as to this duplicate there and 
at Prague. 



Attain/ and Modem Britom : a Retrospect, (London, 
1884 : Kegan Paul.) 2 vols. 8vo. 

This book b written bv one who acknowledges, in 
one or two passages, that he is not a scholar. We agree 
with him. And we are inclined to go farther, and 
to say that he has had no previous literary experience, 
and possesses naturally no literary taste. Without anv 
attempt at order or seouence, with absolutely arbi- 
trary and meaningless divisions into "books'* and 
*' chapters '* and " appendixes,** with no iiKlex of any 
kind, the reader flounders throu^ the nine hundred 
pages with something akin to dismay. Facts crowd 
upon him, theories creep out, quotations follow one 
after the other, second-hand references are constantly 
made to books easily obtainable — until we ask ourselves 
in despair, what does it all mean ? and who can it be 
who hu given us this medley ? An author who quotes 

N 



I70 



•11 sorts of out-of-the-way boolu shonld 
comem with sajiae utioti one subiicl. 
uit to his object, thai 
ami PaiHmts would 
light upon the msttei 
doea pve some curi 



in one suDject, not unimport- 
s reference to Stnitt's Sfiorti 
doubt throw B good d^ of 
As a matter of fact, Slrult 
a facts and two illustrations, 
ftad the author, in the course of his lone series 
of arguments, has used many more doubtful pieces 
of evidence than this from Strult would have given 

But objecting, as we must do, to the style of this 
book, objecting, moreover, to many of the minor cod- 
clusions, and, most of all, to the general Iheory of the 
book, there is, curiously enough, a great deal retnain- 
ine which is of greal and unique importance upon a 
tubjed that has doE been propCTly dealt with, namely. 




The customs, superstitions, and characteriitic* of 
the gipsy race ate all brought out with singular 
force, but nowhere does the author grapple with the 
first great problem. The history and migration of 
the gipsies, says Professor Sayce, have been traced 
step by step by means of an examination of their 
leacon. The grammar and dictionary of Ibe Romany 
prose that they started from their kindred, the Jits, on 
t he north-western coast of India, near the mouths of 
the Indus, not earlier than the tenth century of the 
Christian era; that they slowly made their way through 
Persia, Armenia, and Greece, until, after a sojoam m 
Hungary, they finally spread Ihemsetva through 
western Europe into Spain on the one side, and Elog- 
land on the other, We are quite aware that much of 
what the author of the book before di has advanced 
would meet the proposition of Professor Sayce, that 
philology and ethnology in point of bet may be, and 
sometimes are, at variance ; but still, it il not foe ni 
to settle this dispute, hut rather for the atithor, 
who has raised it ; and, of course, it is sdf-crident 
that, though the author may be, and probably ia, ririit 
in suggestmg that some of the marauding clant no 
infested the borders were descendants of old and 
dispossessed families, just such as readers of Laram 
Doom will recognize, it does not follow that thCM are 
to be identitied, either archfeologically or actnally, 
with the Romany gipsy. In such a subject ai ii 
here discussed pitfalls meet the unscienCilic inqoker 
everywhere, and if it has been our doty to poiiit out 
that the anonymous author of this book baa veiy 
frequently fallen into them, we must also stale Aat 
he has opened up a question of immense importance, 
that he has laid before the student plenty of new &ctt 
which in juxtaposition and in their collected form mnit 
be of the utmost value to future inquirers, and that 
if the unskilled reader is careful to avoid the theories, 
he will find plenty of curious and intereslii^ reading 
in these goodly volumes. By the kindness of the 
publishers we reproduce a curious illustration of the 
" savage in modem history." as we may call it, 
representing, as it does, one of the supporters of the 
Colville family arms, and (his 
of heraldry has been duly dragged in 
theory of the survival of savagedon 
civilization. 



the survival of pre-Aryan races in the British Isles. 
Many of the author's propositions are undoubtedly 
correct, and deserve some close attention from those 
authorities who are not content to take all their history 
from chronicles and official records- Now and then 
in the narrative there appear parages which show 
some considerable powers of historical insight, as, for 
instance, the definition of Billv Marshall' sposition as 
the last chieftain of PicCish Galloway. That we are 
much nearer "savagedom" than is quite _po3Bible for 
m to understand, has been siiraested by Dr. Mitchell 
in his Part in l/u Prtitiil, andthe present work is bat 
an elaboration of the same idea upon totally different 
grounds. The anonj'mons author tries hard to prove 
that "black" races have existed in Ireland and 
Scotland to within quite historical times, and that 
the gipsy is the best representative of this nee, 



:i to bmld up the 
n English modem 



A Tmt Report «/ Certain Wonderful Overflgaritip of 
Waleri in Somerset, Norfeik, and Othtr Parts ^ 
England, A.D. 1607. Edited by Eknest E. 
Baker. (Weston-super-Mare, 1SS4 : " Gaiette " 
Office.) 4to, pp. iii, 41. 

Readers of Mr. Green's Making tfEnntastd'kaow 
full well the value of all evidence which Ihrowa light 
upon the early topographical history of oar land ; uid 
not among the least valuable of soeh evidence are 
those few tracts which remain to tell ui of the floodi 
that now and again came suddenly and disastrously 
upon southern and middle England. One of thcK 
relates to the l6t>7 flood, and Mr. Baker has reprinted 
two hundred copies. We welcome it most cordially. 
It reports facta which are of the gieatest interest and 
value. " Who would not have thought," it is written, 
" this had bin a second Deluge 1 for at one time these 



Mw b lw J pUon wvt fnnkc dtsiw mt ot agbt. A'ttet and Euayi urn Statatawe. By ton: 



I Tilttgr. ali*itr ovetStowue. Kenhrni 



Hal£S, M.A. (LondcMi, 1SS4: G. Bdl A Sonn.) 



_ TiUat^. oovcml oil q ... 

mDate. lUcciruc lies buried in uli 



Kingwn. > thyid 



Mliet (ouU cuttage. Muuling in valiu) U Brian Downe. 
m *illi^ quite conwaiod." 'flic desctlpliun uf iheu 
Aoodi i* KT«[ihlG enough, uid tdU uf [he severity 
•iih •hicn llie i>e"i>le sufTeral. Theie are iiot 
' " ' ' " our eilli«t, as for 



So {bc&idcs We have read through Ihu lillle Look wilh alniMl 



I lliE i«oi>le 



UDtnixed pleasure, and coniidering huw Shokeipeiue 
a deah with nowad^s, U is «iDtctbiDg to be Bbte to 
sajt this. ProfesEOT Hales' idea of a " Note " apaa 
Sbateipeare is to give sotnethiae definiie by «ay «S 
illuslrating his life aiul hi.i work, >onic iiiull faci 




igBinoc. when a father, seeing his whul 

drovned before bim. kdds hii tears 

•atcn. and when the church belli bcil 

itrialtliw' It wu to annouiux a die. eric 

■tin I 4011 upon viewiiv the ippcoaching floods that ProfcBor Hales joumefed thence 

favad ihejf had got more ofthal commodity ifian they " ' '^ --- >- > 1 

dented. The quaint woodcut on tite title-page was 
«dl worlb Ulutlratiag, as it ihows some vciV c 
pdnta, and we have to thank the author lor 
aUovad to rcptwliice il in these page*. 



gleaned from ool-of-tbe-way book!: or from p 

us to swell the observation of places known to and loved by ine great 

ring mog, people, poet. Opening the book at an account ol^ a j.iumey 

icd out. " Water 1 From Slratford-00-Avon to London, we fed quite sore 

-ofessor Hales journeyed thence on foot hlni- 

fae coold not h-iTc put on record hii simida but 

telling little narrative. It u graphic and delt^tfid in 

the extreme. " Round about Slmlfdrd in 1605 " is 

just tuch another treat, but it ought to have been 

much longer. These and one or two oihet |>apcn. 







IJ2 



REVIEWS. 



such, for instance, as those on " Shakespeare*s Greek 
Names." and '* Wily Beguiled and the Merchant of 
Venice," have direct and important bearing upon the 
personality of Shakespeare himself ; while the rest of 
the contributions give us excellent textual criticisms 
based upon minute observations of "men and things'* 
outside Shakespeare's plays. Thus there are two 
distinct groups of studies m Professor Hales* book, 
and we cannot but be struck with the acute and often- 
times, as it seems to us, intuitive knowledge which the 
author shows in his interesting handling of all things 
connected with Shakespeare. 

Professor Hales is often very severe, and rightly so, 
upon those who without iw^m/fif^ Shakespeare venture 
to criticise him. One or two of these reprinted papers 
are reviews of books on Shakespeare literature, and it 
is useful to get ready to hand the opinion of so good 
an authority. Throughout the pages of this daintv 
little volume we have oeen entertained and instructed, 
and, adapting a phrase used by Professor Hales, we, 
who love but cannot criticise the great master, have 
truly found that the few miscellanies here put together 
are '* not useless for the better understanding of the 
masterpieces they concern.*' 



Offspring of Thought in Solitude. By W. Carew 
Hazlitt. (London, 1 8S4: Reeves & Turner. ) 
8vo, pp. 384. 

It is a pity that the title of this book is not more 
indicative of its interesting and instructive contents. 
We all know Mr. Hazlitt as an indefatigable worker 
at old English literature — the editor of many old 
tracts and publications, which we of this age most 
gladly welcome, and the compiler of three biblio- 
graphical works, which are of the greatest value to 
stuaents. During these heavy labours, ranging from 
1858 to the present day, it would be strange indeed if 
an acute observer of men and things like Mr. Hazlitt 
had not something worth the telling, some chips, 
indeed, from his workshop which were worth pre- 
serving. As a matter of fact, he has much to tell us 
of great interest and value ; and those who read this 
volume of essays will, we have no doubt, be prepared 
to endorse our opuiion. It deals with some of the 
side-lights of literature and history, and the author has 
succeeded in placing himself, as it were, outside 
literary circles, in order to view literature from afar 
off, from the point of view of an outsider rather than as 
a devotee. Mr. Hazlitt has some bitter things to say 
about the neglect of English literature by the general 
run of middle class Englishmen, and he says them in 
a manner which tells us ne feels the neglect keenly. 

Many of the essays will be of special interest to the 
antiquary. "Englishmen in Italy and Italians in 
England" deals with a subject too much neglected 
by nistorical students. Our insularity of opinion is 
appalling. Wej can never understand that the Con- 
tinent has been to us the means of obtaining great 
advantages, political and social, over and over a^n, 
and when we read this paper of Mr. Hazlitt^, it 
dawns upon us almost suddenly that Chaucer was not 
the first, or the last, Englishman who profited by a 
visit to, and intercourse with, the sons of Italy. 
Mowbrav Duke of Norfolk, banished in 1399, went to 
Italy and borrowed from Antonio Bembo 750 ducats 



of gold and did not repay them, a fact which shows 
in part the source of the Duke's ways and means 
during his forced absence from England. Then 
there are papers on "Old Ballads,** "a chapter on 
Saws,** "a leaf of errata,** and a litorary essay of some 
considerable interest "on persons who have done 
only one thing.*' Mr. Hazlitt alludes to the late Mr. 
Thoms, but we are glad to sav that the veteran 
antiquary is still with us, a link with a very old 
past. Finally we would ask whv Mr. Hazlitt speUs 
the name of our great poet " Shakespear.'* 



Th^ History of S, Nicholas" Churchy Leicester. By 
T. W. Owen, M.A., Vicar. (Leicester, 1884: 
Tompkin & Shardlow.) Small 8vo, pp. 46. 

This is a very practical and interesting guide to one 
of the oldest churches in England. Ten years ago 
the chief architectural features were plastered over, 
and this concealed the distinctive masonry of the 
different styles and periods of Gothic architecture 
which adorn the church. The author has carefully 
discriminated these features, which are now fortunately 
exposed to view. Two narrow openings above the 
arches in the north wall of the nave are among the 
most striking features of the Saxon church. The 
Anglo-Norman church is believed to have consisted 
of nave, chancel, or choir, tower in the centre with 
transepts, and north and south aisles. To these some 
beautiful specimens of Early English work were added. 
At an early period the Norman south aisle and tran- 
sept were swept away, and a much broader aifle built 
in their place. The restoration operations were carried 
out in 1873-76, through the exertions of the late 
vicar, the Rev. T. Henry Jones. The present vicar, 
the author of this valuable little book, states that the 
north transept, the north side chapel, the outside of 
tower, and west wall and windows of south aisle, still 
require to be restored ; and he adds that the churdi 
is worthy of better roofs for south aisle and chancel. 



iouthwtll Minster. An Account of the CoHegiate cmd 
Cathedral Church of Southwell — Archituturalj 
Archceohgicaly and Historical. By GREyiLE Nf airis 
LrvETT, B.A. (Southwell : J. Whittingham, 1883.) 
Small 8vo, pp. 160. 

Southwell Minster has always been an object of 
interest to architects and antiquaries as one of the 
fine old churches of England, but its claims to atten- 
tion have been brought lately more prominently for- 
ward by reason of the prop<^ed formation of the 
bishopric of Southwell, and the consequent raising of 
the church to the dignity of a cathedral. A con- 
siderable stone churdi is believed to have existed 
in the eleventh century, but no part of the present 
fabric, with the exception of one or two fragments, 
dates further back than the twelfth. Mr. Livett has 
produced an excellent history of the church, and has 
added to this a careful description of the College of 
Secular Canons, which is of special interest The 
town is not without its points of^ interest, and Roman 
remains have been found here in some quantity. 
Charles I. lodged at the Saracens Inn on several 
occasions, and Cromwell b said to have afterwards 
lodged in the same apartment. 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES, 



173 



^eetingm oT anttanarian 
Octettes. 



Rojral Historical and Archaeological Associa- 
tion of Ireland. — At the August meetings held in 
Armsgh, presided over by Lord Charlemont and by 
Dean Reeves, the following papers were read by Mr. 
James J. Phillips : (i) " Notes on some old Wrought- 
iron GriUe Work in the Vicinity of Armagh."—" I 
oonld not help obsenring when first I visited Armagh, 
tome ei^teen years ago, the frequency with which, 
in ccftam parts of the city, one met with excellent 
examples of a peculiar class of architectural wrought- 
iron work, which, on a return journey to the lociQity 
some years afterwards, I noticed was very sensibly 
diminished, owing, no doubt, to municipal exigencies, 
and the structunu changes of residences into shops, 
etc There is, however, sufficient of this work now 
remaining in the vicinity of the cathedral and elsewhere 
to show that at one time this was the locale of the 
labours of a blacksmith or family of blacksmiths, 
whose artistic power was very considerable, and for 
the merit of whose productions we must entertain the 
highest respect. Owin^ to civic changes just referred 
to, we need not seek m the bustling and changeful 
streets of the city, or even under the shadow of the 
Abbey Minster, for the culminating work of this 
handicraftsman, but in the more remote suburbs 
where duster the gables of the quaint old mansions 
(few and Car between though they be) of the county 
£unilies. and to which such art-works serve as the 
harmonious adjuncts. Accordingly, we find in the 
pastoral village of Richhill, about five miles distant 
nom Armagh, a veritable trophy of the blacksmith's 
handicraft, m which design and execution go hand in 
hand ; and we have preserved to us here, where the 
rtqmtuai in face of a monumental work of art is little 
likely to be disturbed, the most beautiful specimen of 
okl wrought -iron grille work in the province of Ulster. 
It is of a period of art which sui generis ha& its habitat 
in snch classic localities as the Inns of Courts in 
London, at Grav's Iim, and the Inner Temple, or 
Cbeyne Walk, Chelsea ; and it is quite a charming 
surprise to us to come on it here in this quiet 
out-of-the-way village in Ireland, and leads one to 
cast about in the vicinity for old red brick mansions, 
with brindled brown-tiled roofs, or for that class of 
dormers and oriels, and such features, so greatly 
sought after by that school of architects who are 
parSal to Free Classic treatments. In England such 
work has been variously termed late seventeenth- 
century work, and by some called Queen Anne work, 
although probably the majority of it was executed 
dnrinc the reigns of the two first Geor^. Even the 
casual observer is struck with the dignity and breadth 
of treatment of the grille and screen-work at Richhill, 
and with the clever manner in which each field of 
vertical bars is alternated with panels of characteristic 
scroll-work, the upper parts enriched with forgings, 
forming a sort of chevaux-de-frise^ while the gates are 
crowned by convoluted and foliated forgings, which 
upheld the arms and crest of the owners, the details 
01 iHiidi are manipulated with great taste and refine- 
(3) *« The Ancient Abbqr of Annagh."— This 



«• 



paper bore upon "The Carol of the Prior Claustralis 
m Irish Abbeys." 

Royal Archaeological Institute. — Aug. 5th.— 
At the annual meeting, held at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
the members were welcomed to the dty by the 
mayor, who, in his speech, briefly reviewed the 
history of the place. The Duke of Northumberland 
then delivered the presidential address. His Grace 
maintained that there was no part of England which 
afforded so great and varied a field of interest for the 
archaeologist as the Northumbrian district, and, in 
conclusion, said : — The daily life of the natives of 
the county was characterised by the rudeness and 
absence of culture and civilization which a state of 
constant disturbance and danger naturally produces. 
He who is liable to have his house burnt over his 
head at intervals of five or six years is not likely to be 
very choice in his domestic arrangements. A most 
amusing description is given by an Italian who 
accompanied an envoy from Rome to the Court of 
the Scottish King, James II., in the fifteenth century. 
Lodged in a peel tower near the Tweed, he teUs how 
the men came flocking into the fort, not deeming that 
anything worthy of notice would happen to wife or 
children, though they had to take refuge in the tower 
to secure their own lives ; how they stood round the 
table as he dined, and passed from hand to hand 
bread given them as an article they had never before 
seen, and how the writer was astonished at finding 
the monks of the priory in which they were quarterra 
on the Scotch side giving to the poor a dole of " black 
ston«,** to wit, coals. This state of things will 
sufficiently account for the comparative poverty 
of design and execution which generally characterises 
the ecclesiastical architecture, and which finds a 
counterpart in the stem and bare outlines of 
the military buildings. This is exemplified in the 
castles and towers with which this county is studded, 
where we have nothing to compare to some of the 
fortresses on the western frontier, or to Warwick, 
unless it be in the instance of Warkworth, which 
is a very curious and skilful attempt to combine 
domestic comfort and external beauty. Yet Prudhoe, 
Bamburgh, Dunstanborough, Norham, and Mitford 
are grand and striking examples of the feudal strong- 
hold. When the feudal power declined, and more 
especially after the union of the crowns, many of 
these last were naturally abandoned, and fell to ruin, 
as the surveys made in the time of Henry VIII. 
and Elizabeth show. Some, nevertheless, remain, 
additions having been made in subsequent reigns to 
fit them for more refined usages and habits of life 
than were aspired to by iheir first masters. Chipchase, 
Chillingham, and Belsay present most pleasing 
instances of this very picturesque combination. The 
remains of the ecclesiastical buildings are numerous 
and interesting ; witness Hexham. Brinkbum, Holy 
Island, Tynemouth Priory, etc., and the details of 
their architecture will often be found very curious. 
But the rage of the destroyer has fallen heavily on 
most of them. The fine lines in * * Marmion *' describe 
well the results of the storm which swept over the 
Church of Rome in Henry VIII.'s days. Of all 
those named, and more than those left unnoticed, 
Hexham only remains undestroyed. The rest present 
bat nuned fndls and desecrated shrines, save in the 



174 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



case of Brinkburn, lately restored to the proper 
condition of a place of worship by the munificence of 
its owner. — Afterwards there was a reception by the 
local Society of Antiquaries, and the castle and 
cathedral were visited. [We are compelled to post- 
pone the remainder of our report.! 

Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. — ^Tuly 30th. — 
The third meeting of the members of the Club for 
the season was held at East Linton. At Whittingham, 
the Rev. Mr. Robertson exhibited the church plate 
(silver communion cups of date 1683), and gave a 
synopsis of the contents of the old session minutes of 
dates from 1674 to 1690, and which are very legibly 
written. In the churchyard are curiously sculptured 
gravestones of last century, and an interesting piece 
of architecture of last century (the Sydserff vault). 
Mr. Robertson also pointed out that in the field below 
the present factor's house there was a central space 
with much black soil, which was reputed to be an old 
churchvard ; the field itself was known as the " Kirk- 
lands.' That it had been an ancient place of 
sepulture was proved by its l)eing on one occasion 
ploughed deeper than customary, when the tops of 
numerous slab graves were struck on, in which the 
bodies had been interred at full length. It may, from 
the character of the graves, have been a cemetery of 
the early Christians of the district, possibly Saxon 
descendants of those who settled under the founder of 
the colony. It was stated by others of the company 
that another ancient burial with slab graves has been 
detected on opposite sides of the Tjme above Linton. 
In this instance the graves were mostly short, which 
indicated an earlier people, who folded up the 
bodies of their dead, and probably also practised 
urn-burial. Originally Whittingham church — the 
historical church — was the chapel of the lord of the 
manor. When Dunbar was erected into a collegiate 
church in 1342, by Patrick, 9th Earl of Dunbar, the 
dean at the heaid of the establishment was to receive 
as his prebend all the tithes and offerings of the 
parish of Whittingham, where he was to have a vicar. 
The dean had a right to the kirk lands. On the 17th 
of August, 1560, William Douglas, laird of Whitting- 
ham, obtained a charter of the ecclesiastical lands of 
Whittingham from Claud Hamihon, then dean of 
Dunbar, with the consent of the Ihike of Chastel- 
herault, his father. 

Bucks Archaeological Society.— August nth.— 
This Society held its usual annual excursion, the 
places visited being Buckingham church. Castle 
House, Buckingham, and St. John's Grammar School 
at that town. A further visit was made to the Church 
of Maids-Moreton and to Stowe House. The visitors 
at Stowe numbered about 150, and all were very 
courteously received and entertained by the Duke of 
Buckingham and Chandos. Papers were read in Buck- 
ingham churchvard by the vicar of Buckingham, and 
Castle House by Major Heam. At Mai£-Moreton 
church some curious entries in the parish registers 
were found to be interesting. After luncheon at Stowe 
House the Duke read an exhaustive paper on the 
history of the house. The annual meetmg of the 
Society was then held. From the report read at the 
meeting it would appear that the Society is about to 
enter on a more active existence than of late years. 

Essex Field Club.— Aug. 4th.— The members 



made a visit to Colchester and its neighbourhood. 
The first business was to assemble in the keep of 
Colchester Castle. Mr. J. Horace Round showed the 
Castle, commenting brieflv upon its more remarkable 
features. He thought tnat it was now generally 
conceded that the building dated from ear^ in the 
twelfth century, and mentioned that he had lately 
discovered a charter in the British Museum, proving 
that the Castle was in existence in 1 103. Luncheon 
concluded, the party were driven to Mersea. Mr. 
Henry Laver made a few remarks on the antiquities 
of Mersea Island, and the special features of interest 
connected with it. He mentioned that the mud 
which was visible in such abundance was in places 
from eighteen to twenty feet deep, or even more. 
Previous to the Roman occupation nothing was 
known of Mersea, but under the Romans it was an 
important place. A large Roman villa — one of the 
largest in the country — existed where the church 
and churchyard now stood. This villa was fully 
explored and described in 1730 and 1740 by Dr. 
Mortimer, who found that the church was built in it. 
Persons buried in the churchyard had their graves 
placed upon beautiful Roman tesselated pavements 
which covered the whole churchyard, and extended 
also beyond it. It was not imusual to find a church 
placed on a Roman villa. It had been done at 
Woodchester and several other places. The tesse- 
lated pavements he had mentioned did not contain 
figures, but simply patterns. During the Danish 
invasions Mersea was frequently occupied by the 
Danes, and after their defeat at Famham, they 
retreated here as well as to Brightlingsea, and were 
attacked by King Alfred or one of his lieutenants. 
Next year they returned, and from Mersear made the 
well-known expedition up the Lea and the Thames. 
He had traced from Colchester to Mersea a Roman 
road, not following quite the track of the modem road. 
There was every probability that the Stroud or 
Causeway was the remains of a Roman road, and it 
had been found, like many other Roman roads, of 
great use ever since. Near where they were standing 
Uiere was probably a ferry to the large station cS* 
Othona, the site ot which had been almost entirely 
unknown till lately. If people had paid the slightest 
attention to Bede they would have known where 
Othona was, because in his EccUsiastical History 
he described its situation as well as could be. The 
fact that the station was now 8ubmer]^ed, proved 
that the whole of the coast had been sinking. It was 
not to be supposed that a clever people like the 
Romans would have built on a place which was liable 
to be inundated by the sea, but now the whole of 
Othona was under water at spring-tide, which was, 
he thought, a clear proof of the sinking of the shore. 
A few years ago, in making excavations, the remains 
of a town were discovered here, and a lai^e number 
of Roman relics were disinterred, clearly proving 
that this was the long-lost Othona. It would have 
been a long way to get from Othona by road to any 
other inh^ited station, and, therefore, no doubt, 
there was a ferry across to West Mersea. A good 
deal of pottery was found in the red hills which 
surrounded the E^ex coast at various points. But 
none of the vessels were perfect, and the pottery was 
coarse, none of it having been on the wheel This 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



175 



ikowcd that it most be of a very early date. It had 
becfi faki that these red hills were the remains of salt 
vork$» bat be ootdd not for a moment believe that 
there could have been soch numbers of salt works 
all rottnd the coast, or that they would have made 
sach enonnoQs quantities of deMs. The hills were 
<jBite red, being formed of burnt day. There was 
Pothin g in them to explain their origin in any way, 
and there were no traditions connected with them, a 
iict i ndicating apparently their great antiquity. They 
were all on London cky, or a very stiff clay, and 
great quantities of tnimals' bones were found in them, 
c«, bfoken. and sawed — bones of sheep, eoats, and 
nbbits, and great quantities of bones of domestic 
fowls. The rabbits* bones were probably due to 
rabbits havn^ burrowed in and died in their holes. 
These red hila were found all round the coast from 
Kent to Norfolk, and up the different rivers and 
estaaries as Car as the tide extends. Some covered as 
imich as thirty acres. He thought that the idea that 
Ihey.^*'*'* the d/bris of salt works must be at once 
disnissed. What they were he could not attempt to 
explain. On the island there would be found a 
Domber of barrows, some of them rather large. 
These had never been explored, but they were 
SBDpoied to be of Roman origin. 

Yorkshire ArchKological and Topographical 
Society. — Aug. 27th. — The members of this 
•odety had an excursion to Ilkley, Otley, and 
Famley Hall. The Rev. A. C. Downer, M.A., vicar 
of nkjey, read a paper on **the church and church- 
yard," which occupy the site of the ancient Roman 
tortress. Coins, pottery, and other articles have been 
found from time to time in digging graves. The 
tower was no doubt constructed of the stones of the 
fortress, as b evidenced by the sculptures still to 
be seen on the north side of the interior.— Mr. J. 
Romilly Allen then read a paper on the Ilkley crosses. 
He said : " The historv of^the Ilkley crosses takes us 
back to the dawn of Christianity in the north of Eng- 
land, when Yorkshire formed a portion of the kingdom 
of Northumbria, which extended from the Humber to 
the Forth. The first historical notice we have of these 
moauments is in Camden's Bri/anmta, where they are 
briefly referred to as * pillars of Roman work.* All 
that now remains of what must once have been three 
very beautiful crosses, are the complete shaft of the 
central one, and the mutilated shafts of those on 
each side. The mortice holes for fixing on the heads 
of two of them still exist, and in the grounds of 
Myddeltoo Hall is a portion of one of the heads. 
A few years ago the base of the central cross was 
saffToundcd by three circular steps, which concealed 
the lower portion, as can be traced by the weathering 
of the stone. One of the other shahs was used for 
a k)Qg time as a gatepost in the churehyard wall, and 
consequently shockingly defaced. All three shafts 
are now securely fixed in a new stone base, and it is 
to be hoped that there is no further chance of injury. 
The centre shaft b the most important, both on 
account of its great size and the special interest of 
the sculptures. On one side are the symbols of the 
four Evangelists, and on the other the Lord holding 
a pastoral staff. From the third to the thirteenth 
centuries, Christ surrounded by the symbols of the 
kmx Evangdiits b one of the most common subjects 



which occurs upon Chrbtian monuments, but the 
method of representation changed considerably as 
time went on. In the Catacombs at Rome, in the 
early centuries, Chrbt b symbolised by the cross and 
the four Evangelbts by four books, or scrolb at each 
of the comers ; or, again, Chrbt is represented as the 
Agnus Dei, standing upon the Mountain of Paradise, 
from the base of which issue four rivers, which are 
the four Evangelbts. As early as the sixth century 
we find the Evangelists sjrmboUsed by the four beasts 
described in the Apocalypse, St. Matthew having the 
hce of a man, St. Mark that of a lion, St. Luke that 
of a bull, and St. John that of an eagle, and they 
carry either books or scrolb in their hands. Generally 
the bodies are those of winged beasts, but on the 
Ilkley cross the bodies are human. Thb curious 
deviation from the usual method of representation 
occurs only in a few rare instances, as on a Saxon 
slab at Wirksworth Church, in Derbyshire, and in 
one or two MSS. Above the Norman doorway 
of Adel Church, is a cood example of Christ as the 
Agnus Dei, surroimded by the four svmbolical beasts. 
In connection with the present subject, it may be 
mentioned that the cross at Clonmacnois, in Ireland, 
whidi b sculptured with scenes from the life of Our 
Lord, b referred to in the Irish annab under the 
date 1060, as the *Cros na Screaptra,* or cross of 
the Scriptures, and the same name might fairly be 

S'ven to the cross of Ilkley. Three of the panels of 
e central shaft are sculptured with grotesque 
animab, arranged sjrstematically in pairs, and facing 
each other, or shown simply with one paw upraised 
and the tails interlaced. The two sides are orna- 
mented with scrolb of graceful foliage, such as occurs 
on many of the stones of thb period within the 
ancient Northumbrian area, but not in the Celtic 
MSS., or on stones in Scotland north of the Forth, 
or in Wales or Ireland. The carving on the two 
smaller shafts b of similar character to that on the 
centre one, consisting of conventional foliage and 
animab, together with interlaced work, and in one 
case a human figure holding a book. The meaning 
of the monstrous animal forms which are found so 
frequently upon the stones of thb class has not yet 
been satisfactorily explained, but perhaps a study 
of the various manuscripts of the Middle Ages may 
eventoally throw more light on the matter. In 
addition to the shafts of the three crosses in the 
churdiyard, there are fragments of at least two others 
preserved within the church." — Mr. T. Romilly Allen 
then read a paper on "The Rock Sculptures of 
Ilkley.** He said : " Perhaps one of the greatest 
claims of the scenery of this part of Yorkshire b the 
way in which, by climbing a few hundred feet up a 
hillside, one passes suddenly out of the fertile valley, 
with its broad meadows, to find oneself in the midst 
of wild moors covered with purple heather, and grey 
weather-stained rocks. An eoually rapid chimge 
takes place with regard to the archaeological surround- 
ings. Roman camp and altar, Christian cross and 
church, are left behmd, and we find ourselves face to 
face with the burial mounds and sacred rocks of the 
primeval man. It b with the sculptures of the latter 
that we have now to deal. Upon the south side of 
the valley of the Wharfe, behind the town of Ilkley, 
are a line of the Gritstone Crags, extending for about 



176 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



four miles from the Cow and Calf towards Adding- 
ham, and rising gradually from Soo feet to 1,000 feet 
above the level of the sea. These crags form the line 
of demarcation between the fertile valley of the 
Wharfe and Rombald*s Moor, and the pre-historic 
sculptures which form the subject of the present 
paper. The most important groups are situate near 
the Panorama Rock, and near the Cow and Calf. 
The sculptures belong to a class known as the cup- 
and-ring markings, on account of their shape! The 
simplest form is a cup-shaped depression, varyinjg 
from one inch to three inches in diameter. This is 
often surmounted by one or more concentric grooves 
about an inch wide and the same distance apart. 
Sometimes there is a straight radial groove, and 
lastly, the ends of these radial grooves are in many 
cases connected by an elaborate system of channels. 
Cup-markings were observed at Old Berwick, in 
Northumberland, as far back as 1825. I believe that 
the late Dr. Call was the first to notice the rock 
sculptures at Ilkley, and it is entirely to him that I 
owe my knowledge of their existence, although it is 
to my friend, Mr. Fred. Fison, I am indebted for 
having been shown several new examples. There are 
a large number of sculptured rocks on Rombald's 
Moor already known, and no doubt there are many 
more yet to be discovered. Most of the sculptures 
are of the usual type, but there are others that call for 
comment. Near the Panorama Rock are three large 
masses of gritstone, close together, and averaging ten 
to twelve feet across each way, the horizontal surfaces 
of which are covered with cups and rings, and two 
of these stones have also a peculiar arrangement of 
grooves, somewhat resembling a ladder in form. 
This pattern occurs in only one other stone at Ilkley, 
which was discovered by Mr. Frederick Fison m 
1878. At Woodhouse Crag vs a mass of gritstone 
bearing a pattern which a&o occurs in Sweden — 
namely, that of the Swastica or Buddhist cross. It 
would seem, therefore, that there is thus established 
a link between the sculptures of Sweden and Ilkley. 
Besides the variations in the carvingjs upon the stones 
on Rombald's Moor, it must be noticed that many of 
the rocks upon which the sculptures occur are very 
remarkable in shape, and often have curious names. 
The stones on Addingham High Moor are striking 
both as regards form and position. There is a good 
deal to be learned from the geographical distribution 
of rocks with cup markings. There are in England 
and Wales 102, in Scotland 204, in Ireland 42, in 
France 21, in Switzerland 32, and in Scandinavia 42. 
In all these cases the sculptures are of exactly the 
same type, except in Sweden, where the drawings 
are associated with rude drawings of men, animals, 
etc. It is evident that the race who carved these 
rocks must have spread or passed over the greater 
part of Europe. For the most important fact con- 
nected with the cup-and-ring markings is their being 
found in a larc^e number of instances in connection 
with sepulchral remains, such as stone circles, cist 
and urn covers. We are thus enabled to say with 
certainty that some at least of the cup-marked stones 
are of the Bronze Age on account of the sepulchral 
remains found in connection with them. Cup marks 
are applied to superstitious uses still in many places. 
Cup marks have been found in India on roctcs and 



sepulchral monuments, and it may eventually torn 
out that they are of Eastern oriein, and that their 
meaning and use is still understood in that country.*' 
Canobridge Antiquarian Society.— July jotk — 
An excursion was made to Bottisham, Swaflfham, 
Burwell, and Anglesea Abbey. The first halting 
place was the Church of the Holy Trinity at Botti- 
sham, the fine architecture of which was much ad- 
mired. This church is justly said to be the finest 
specimen of pure Decorated work in the county. 
The richly-carved pardoses of Decorated oak, at the 
east end of the aisles, and the arcading of the south 
aisle, both within and without the church, attracted 
much attention, as also the Lombardic inscription for 
Elias de Bekingham, Justiciar of England under Ed- 
ward I. From Bottisham the Society proceeded to 
Swaffham Bulbeck, where the interesting woodwork 
and chest at the parish church were examined, and after 
some words from Professor Babington, the following 
notes, written by the vicar, the Rev. C. W. Coddington 
(who was not aole to be present), were read hj Mr. 
Lewis. The church, whidi is dedicated to St Mary, 
is, with the exception of the tower and clerestory, a 
pure specimen of Late Decorated. It consists of nave 
of four bays, north and south aisles, chancel, and 
tower; the chancel is in good order, having been 
restored by Mr. Christian in 1872. There b in the 
church an ancient and remarkable vestment chest, 
with three locks, made of cedar ; on the inside of the 
lid are representations of the Annunciation, Crucifixion^ 
Resurrection, and the symbols of the four Evangelists; 
it measures 7 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 2 feet deep. 
After a few minutes at the Abbey Close, Swaffham 
Prior was next reached. Swaffham Prior, otherwise 
called Great Swaffham, was also known occasionally 
by the name of " Swaff ham-two-Churches, ** from the 
fact of its having two churches : they stand side by 
side in the same churchyard. This, though not com- 
mon, was, until of late years, sometimes to be met 
with. The origin of the two churches at Swafiham 
Prior is unknown. From very early days this parish 
was intimately connected with the eccfesiastiod es- 
tablishment at Ely, and the land belonged in great 
part to the abbots and bishops and deans and 
chapters of Ely. In 1309 A.D., a market on 
Fridays at Swaffham Prior was eranted to the 
Prior of Ely, together with a fair, which lasted five 
days, at the feast of St. John the Baptist ; and, quoting 
from Bentham's Ely, he says that tne manor of^Swafl- 
ham Prior was obtained for the convent of Ely by the 
first abbot, Brithnoth. The manor belongs to this 
day to the Dean and Chapter. Up to the year 1677 
there were two benefices of Swaffham Prior — namely, 
St. Mary's, the church now under restoration, and 
St. Cyriac, the one in use — the patronage of the one 
being in the hands of the Dean and Chapter, and the 
other in the Bishop of Ely. In this year the two 
parishes were united by Act of Parliament, and the 
patronage became alternate. About the year 1808 or 
1809 the church of St. Mary was struck by lightning, and 
was supposed to have become unsafe. 'Hiis proved, 
however, to be untrue, for as time went on the crack 
in the masonry which had excited apprehension turned 
out to be superficial only, and the old walls were so 
solid and compact that tne authorities of that day were 
glad to accept an offer for their purchase and leave them 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



177 



^ There is much thmt is interesting in the parish, 
—with Its hamlet of Reach,— once a dty, and preserv- 
ing its fiur, granted bj royal charter, to this day. The 
icmatns of three of its reputed seven churches have 
disappeared, but in the case of two of them within 
livii^ memoi^, while the eastern wall and window of 
the third is still standing. Tradition carries the place 
back to the time of the Danes, who are said to have 
had a strong colony at Reach, and it is further believed 
that they made at a certain time a raid upon the 
neighbooring town of Burwell, and sacked and burnt 
the place, and succeeded in retreating with their plunder 
bdiind the rampart of the Devil's Dyke, which they 
had cot through for the purpose. The cut through the 
ditch n still visible, thougn much grown up, and is 
called by the name of Brokeditch. Of the Devil's 
Drke itself nothing isknown positively. The old wives* 
&ble in this case has it that it was thrown up along 
its entire length of seven miles in a single night, but 
by whom or against whom is not mentioned. Wlien 
the railway £rom Cambridge to Mildenhall was cut 
through It, some Roman remains were discovered, 
poctions of amphorae and a coin, possibly of the date 
of CoDstantine, and what appear to be portions of har- 
ness iron. — The next haltinj^ place was at the Devil's 
Ditch, where Professor Babington delighted his audi- 
ence by a recital and criticism of the various theories 
propounded as to the origin of the "Ditch," special 
stress being laid on the &ct that it must have been an 
tnsaperable barrier to herds of cattle in its original con- 
ditioo. After this Burwell was soon reached. The 
cbnrch of St Mary was first visited, and here 
Canon Cockshott drew attention to the chief points in 
the history and architecture of this magnificent church 
so interesting to members of the University. Besides 
the grand proportions of the sacred edifice, the points 
of chidf imponance are the Saxon work in the tower 
mad Norman windows in the west wall, the remains of 
a fonner church in the south wall, on the north wall 
an okl 6gure of St. Christopher in fresco, showinc; that 
the same architect and workmen who built King's 
CoQ^ Chapel also built Burwell Church. From 
St. Mary's the Society was conducted to the remains 
of the ancient castle, the following account of which 
was kindly given by Dr. Lucas, of Burwell : Is 
a stnictuie of very remote antiquity, being built 
■lany years before the Conquest ; it was stated by some 
that it was built for the support of the rampart, called 
Reach Ditdi, Divalier's Ditch, or, commonly, the 
Devil's Ditch, particularlv as a corresponding tower 
existed at Cowlinge End ; situated as the Burwell 
Tower is, only about a mile to the east of the before- 
mcntiooed rampart, and having all the belon^ngs of a 
leffolar castle, it would furnish all the requirements, 
citber for ofi^ksive or defensive wars. The Kings of 
East Anglia, having also a house or palace at Ejoiing 
or Landwade, where they frequently came to enjoy 
the spoft of hawking, might look upon this tower as 
ODe w the stron^olds, uid certainly it was a very 
strong place, as the remains of earthworks, etc., show. 
These consist of an oblong mound, 80 paces long by 
50 wide (probably the keep), surrounded by a deep 
top and earth, thrown up in a regular order of earth 
fortifications, forming scarp and counterscarps. There 
are ako traces of an outer ditch, with banks, which 
las been thrown down to fill up with : these depres- 



sions on the north-east comer terminate abruptly, an" 
seem to point to this place being the entrance to the 
castle grounds ; here, also, probably, the castellated 
gateway stood, as in the memory of some old inhabit- 
ants very large heaps of rubbish existed, particularly 
on the south-east comer, corresponding to that on the 
north-east. So high were they that from the top of the 
hill one might see beyond and over the cottages ; a 
large house built near had its windows open to the 
east because of this hill. The present road is pro- 
bablv the original road, but continued on towards 
Exning Churdi by a road obliterated at the time of 
the enclosure, and called Foxlow. The road to 
Swaffham seems to be made in the fosses. There are 
numerous mounds within the enclosure of the outer 
fosse, as if buildings many and various had existed. 
This church is contained within this space. The place 
seems to have been kept up by the Abbot of Ramsey, 
the Lord of the Manor for many years. Geoffrey de 
Mandeville, the first Elarl of Essex, being outlawed 
and having a quarrel with the abbot, besieged this 
Castle, was shot in the head by an arrow and killed ; 
some Knights Templars being present threw over him 
a cloak of their order, enclosed him in a leaden pipe, 
and hung him on an apple-tree in the Temple gardens, 
where he remained for some years. Subsequently a 
dispensation was obtained from the Pope, and he was 
buried in the Temple, where his tomb is still shown. 
This took place in the reign of Stephen. 

Durham and Northumberland Archaeological 
Society. — Aug. 28th. — A second excursion this 
year into the South Durham district bordering on 
the Tees took place. A considerable numb^ of 
gentlemen, headed by Canon Greenwell, proceeded 
hrst to Gainford Church, which is an object of great 
interest to archaeologists, being built about 1200 A.D., 
and containing, as it does, many ancient crosses and 
Saxon and Norman remains, the sculpture of the 
former being in some cases in a wonderful state of 
preservation. Canon Greenwell and Mr. Hodges 
gave an historical and archaeological history of Gainford 
and the church and the architecture, and different 
objects of interest were carefully inspected. On 
leaving the church, the interesting old building, 
Gainford Hall, of the seventeenth century, was also 
visited. From Gainford a move was made to 
Haughton-le-Skeme for the purpose of inspecting the 
church there, which has many features of great 
interest The main parts of the structure are of 
pre-Reformation date, but therc are many older 

S)rtions of Norman and Saxon times. Canon 
reenwell gave a history of Haughton and the church, 
and the party inspected the building, including an 
old oak gallery built by Bishop Butler, author of 
the Analogy^ who was rector of Haughton. 

Newcastle Society of Antiquaries.— Aug. 
27th. — Rev. Dr. Bruce presiding. — Mr. T. Hodgkm 
(secretary) drew attention to a complete suit of 
Japanese armour which had been presented to the 
society by Mr. Blechynden. — Among the objects 
exhibited to the meeting was the fiunous "Salmon 
Ring," lent by the Rev. W. Paley Anderson. The 
ring, the Chairman explained, was the same that was 
dropped into the river Tyne by Mr. F. Anderson, an 
ancestor of the exhibitor, and afterwards found in a 
salmon which was served up at Mr. Anderson's very 



178 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



table. Mr. Flodgkin remarked that there was an 
exactly parallel story told by Herodotus of Polycratus 
the tyrant of Samos. Polycratus had been so 
absolutely fortunate in everything he undertook that 
he was advised by a philosopher to sacrifice some 
most favourite object to Nemesis. He accordingly 
threw into the sea a beautiful seal, and before me 
philosopher had left his court a fisherman brought to 
Polycratus a large fish, in which, on being cut open, 
was found the seal. At this the philosopher 
prophesied that sooner or later he would meet with 
some great catastrophe, which in time became verified. 
There was also a story told of a Venetian fisherman 
who found a ring in a nsh, but it was slightly different 
from that respecting Mr. Anderson's ring. — The Rev. 
J. R. Boyle exhibited an early fifteenth century missal, 
on parchment. — Mr. R. Blair (secretary) risA two 
letters from Mr. Hawkins, of Gateshead, drawing 
attention to the bridge over the Spittle Dene between 
Preston and Tynemouth, which was interesting on 
account of its age, and to the bridge over the Teams 
between Lamesley Church and the old mill, which 
was remarkable for the way in which the difficulty of 
crossing a stream obliquely was overcome at a time 
when oblique arches were not understood. He 
advised the members to see both structures. 

Cambrian Archaeological Association.— Aug. 
19 — 20th. — The thirty-ninth annual meeting, Sir 
Watkin Williams Wynn in the chair.— On Tuesday 
an excursion was made up the left bank of Bala Lake 
to Castell Comdochan. The Rev. W. Hughes, the 
local secretary, read a paper, in which he referred to 
the leading objects of the day's excursion — Caei]gai, 
Castell Comdochan, and Llannwchllyn Church. The 
parish of Llannwchllyn was one of much archaeological 
mterest, not the least point in which was that the 
historiod river Dee rose in it under the hill call^ 
Duallt, and not at Pantgwn, as was sometimes 
supposed. No river in the kingdom presented a 
more fertile source for archaeological research than 
the Dee. The poet Spenser put the scene of King 
Arthur's home at the foot of the Aran and on the 
banks of the source of the Dee. There was a place 
on the spot in the parish of Llannwchlljm called 
•*Llys Arthur"— Arthurs Court. Spenser, in his 
Fairu Quetne^ makes Arthur speak of his foster- 
father, who is supposed to have lived at Caergal 
Caergai, the next place of interest in the day's 
excursion, was described by Mr. Hughes. Camden 
said it was at one time a castle built by one Caius, a 
Roman, while the Britons ascribed it to Gui, foster- 
father of Arthur, which seemed to be the view 
adopted by Spenser. In that case, Caeigai would be 
a British and not a Roman fort. Pennant, however, 
favoured the theory that it was a Roman fort, and 
mentioned the discovery of many coins there. 
Roman tiles had been found in abundance about 
the houses and fields, and round bricks may be seen 
now, probably the remains of hypocaust pillars. 
Traces also remained of an old Roman pond diveipng 
towards Mons Hririthrough Pyrsam, Castell-y-Wann, 
Mvel Strodyd, Cwm Prysor, and Lwm Helen. 
Castell cam Dochan, the next place of interest, was 
described as occupying an imposing situation on a 
precipitous projection of Ifiid-helyg-y-Moch. The ruins 
form an inner parallelogram, 24 feet by 20 feet, with 



walls 6 feet thick, defended by a wall of loose stones 
and other walls. The bare walls simply remain, 
and there are no architectural details. The por- 
tion now exposed probably formed the dungeon and 
cellars of an old fort, perhaps a fortress in times 
of trouble. The excursion of Wednesday produced 
important results in new discoveries whioi are wor- 
thy of record. Two Roman mounds dL observation 
or defence, were set down in the programme, the 
first being Tomen y Mur (Mons Henri), a short 
distance from Maentwrog. This is a very conspicuous 
tumulus within a large parallelogram, formed of a 
strong vallum and ditch. On both sides of the 
tumulus another strong vallum has been thrown up, 
dividing it into two equal parts. The approach to 
this is well guarded by lines of defence, and in one 
portion a section of Roman paved way, four yards in 
width, has been hit upon. At a distance of a few 
hundred yards to the north-east, and near a point 
where two Roman roads cross each other, is a verv 
fine amphitheatre, nearly circular, the distance north 
and south being 1 14 feet, and east and west IQ4 feet 
These have before been noticed, and have been 
described in Archaologia Cambrensis ; but on the 
present occasion much more was discovered, the Rev. 
Canon Thomas having personally made a prior 
investigation leading to important results. An ex- 
tensive square (120 yards across), with a well-marked 
vallum on the east and a sharp dip on the south, 
forms the main portion of this part, but to the east 
and south of it are evident traces of considerable 
buildings, sufficient to prove that a very important 
and extensive station once occupied the spot. A 
covered way to the vrater supply was shown both 
on the east and on the south, and a line of much 
wider circumference was shown to have enclosed 
various parts of the area. A hypocaust and some 
Roman urns have been found near. After this 
Rhiwgoch was visited, a fine old mansion, now 
appropriated as a farmhouse. It is in a very 
dilapidated condition, but possesses some curious 
features, the chief of which are an old gatehouse, 
banqueting hall, and some bedrooms, with a great 
amount of carved panelling. The following inscriptioo 
is over the gatehouse : — '* Sequere justiciam et vitam 
invinces." On the same stone is a family shield of 
arms between the Comish choughs. The next item 
in the programme was the inspection of a remarkable 
monumental stone in the centre of a meadow, with 
an inscription which has been a fruitful source of 
controversy. This is '*Bedd Porius," ur the tomb 
or grave of Porius, in the middle of a field about a 
mile and a half from Trawsfynydd. The stone lies 
horizontally on short supports, and is protected by 
other flat stones. Another remarkable stone at Llon- 
elltyd also came under observation. The stone was 
discovered in 1876 among some dSris from an out- 
building near the Church of Llanelltyd, having been 
removed from a neighbouring cottage, where for an 
indefinite period it had been used as a washing-stone. 
The length is 37 inches, and the width from 17 inches 
to 1 1 inches, thickness 8 inches. A rough drive down 
the valley of the Mawddach brought the party to the 
ruins of Cymnur Abbey, which lie hidden amidst trees, 
and which form part of the buildings of a fiurmhouse. 
This is much prized as the only abSey situate within 



THE ANTIQUARY'S NOTE-BOOK. 



179 



the oooDty of Merioneth. Alter a short look in at 
LkntTsflio Church, Valle Cruds Abbe^ was reached 
bf eleven o'clock. Thb venerable ruin, like other 
Ctsterdan buildings, is most picturesquely situate in a 
deep hollow by the side of a brawling brook, now 
shrunk to its smallest dimensions, amidst the Berw3rn 
Mountains. It b a restored ruin — ut.^ its broken 
party have been gathered and placed as near as may 
be in sUuj the floor of the abbey presenting now a 
SDooth green swa rd. Broken columns of the nave 
have been placed im si/n, and memorials of the dead 
pieced tojgether. The accumulated dirt and rubbish 
of centuries have been cleared away. 

p\ e are compelled to postpone our reports of the 
meetings of the Archaeological Association at Tenby, 
Norfolk and Norwich Archseological Society, Hull 
Lheiary Club.] 



Ct)e 9nttquatp'0 jQote^lBooL 



Fondness for Antiquities by Ancient Greeks 
and Romans. — The ancient Greeks and Romans 
were very fond of antiquities, and used to look upon 
them as sacred, and a very great ornament of their 
booses and palaces. Th^, therefore, adorned the 
vestibules and porches of their temples, halls, etc., 
with armour, weapons, trophies, statues, urns, tables, 
and inscriptions, etc. Several countries and cities 
were rendered fiunous by them ; and though they have 
most of them been destroyed long since by careless- 
ness and a too great ne|;lect of such holy relics, yet 
Tully himself tells us (m verrem) that of old time 
they were so fond of them that '* nulla unquam civitas 
tola Asia et Graeda Signum uUum, tabellam pictam, 
aUnm deni<pe omamentum urbis, sua voluntate cui- 
qoam vendidit," etc — Bliss's Reli^ia ffearmama^ 
tdL i, D. 261. 

An Ancient Mode of obtaining Husbands. — 
Nisbet mentions a fashion formerly prevalent in Spain, 
which certainly ranks under the category of curiosities 
of heraldry. Single women frequentlv divided their 
shield per pale, placing their paternal arms on the 
simster side, and leaving the dexter biamk for those 
of their husbands, as soon as they should be so 
fortunate as to obtain them« This, says Nisbet, " was 
the custom for yotmg ladUs that tuere resohtd to 
wail/.** KEssmy on Armorits, p. 70.) The arms were 
called "Arms of Expectation. See Lower's Curiosi- 
ties of HtraUry^ p. 38. 

London Pleasures in 1730-35. — Covent Garden 
from the year 1730 to 1735 was a scene of much dis- 
sipatioo, being surrounded with taverns and night- 
hoBses. This, and the vidnitv of Clare Market, were 
the rendovoos of most of the theatrical wits, who 
were composed of various orders. The ordinaries of 
that day were from (id, to \s, per head ; at the latter 
there were two courses, and a great deal of what the 
world calls good conipany, in the mixed way. There 
were private rooms for the higher order of wits and 
noblemen, where much drinking was occasionally 
used. The butchers of Clare Market, then very nu- 
Bcroas, were staunch friends to the players ; and on 
every dread of riot or disturbance in the house, the 



early appearance of these formidable critics made an 
awful impression. — Antiquary's Portfolio^ vol. ii., 386. 
Learning of the Ancients.— ** It is very remark- 
able to consider the methods by which the ancients 
acquired their great learning. Printing not being 
in use, they were forced very often to travel into 
other countries if they desired the advantage of 
any book. And where there were no books they 
were obliged to make u>e of old stones, on which in- 
scriptions and figures were engraved. Pythagoras 
travelled into E^rpt imd stayed there many years 
before he could be admitted to a knowledge of their 
mysteries. But then he returned a most complete 
scholar and philosopher. For au^ht I know he 
might understand all those inscriptions which are 
reported to have been upon one of the pjrramids. 
But then that which made the ancients the more 
ready and expert was the arts they used to stren^hen 
their memories. When they were particularly in 
love with any book, they not only read it over and 
over, but would be at the pains of transcribing it 
several times. Demosthenes was such an admirer of 
Thucydides that he writ him over eight times with his 
own hand. We have other instances of the same 
nature. It was also for this reason that the late 
Dr. H. Aldrich used often to transcribe the authors 
he read, especially when he was to print anything. 
Now such care being taken by the ancients, it is 
heartilv to be wished that we had those transcripts 
of the books, which were made by their own hanos ; 
because those must certainly l)e correct, though it 
must be allowed that other transcripts made by 
scribes were in those limes likewise correct, being 
examined by learned men themselves." — Bliss's R€' 
liquia I/famiana, ii. 85. 




€>tittuatp. 

Mr. Heniy George Bohn.— Died August 22nd, 
aged eighty-eight — The father of the deceased, Mr. 
John Henry Martin Bohn, learned the art of book- 
binding in his native country, Germany, in West- 
phalia; but alarmed by the progress of the French 
revolution, he sought refuge in this country, and 
settled in Soho, then, as now, the foreign quarter 
of the metropolis, and commenced business at 31, 
Frith Street, in 1795. His son Henry took an 
intelligent , active interest in the business, and as 
soon as the Napoleonic wars were over, and the 
Continent open, be went abroad, picking up in 
Holland and in Germany hosts of valuable books, 
which, purchased abroad for shillings, sold for as 
many pounds in this country. 

In I S3 1, he married Elizabeth, only child of 
Mr. William Simpkin, of the firm of Simpkin, 
Marshall & Ca, and the same year commenced 
business on his own account at No. 4, York Street, 
Covent Garden, in the house previously occupied 
by a clatKical bookseller, Mr. J. H. Bohte. In the 
catalogue which be issued he gave as a reason for 
commencing business the disappointment be felt at 
finding that^ alter so many years' labour in building 



i8o 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS, 



up his fkther's business, room could not be found 
for him with a share in the profits. By some means 
he during the next ten years collected one of the 
largest assortments of books ever brought together ; 
and, more marvellous still, they were all catalogued, 
and when the catalogue appeared it fairly took the 
world by storm. 

In 1845, M*"' I^avid Bogue, of Fleet Street, 
commenced the publication of the " European 
Librarv," to be compared of standard works, 
English and Foreign. His first volume was the Life 
of Lorenzo de Medici, edited by William Hazlitt. 
This was one of the books of which Mr. Bohn had 
the remainder. It was out of copyright ; but there 
was also another volume of "Illustrations," some 
of which Hazlitt "conveyed " into his edition. Bohn 
not only moved the Court of Chancery and obtained 
an injunction against Bogue, but commenced the 
publication of a rival "Standard Library.** The 
announcement of the first volume of this series, which 
was to be called "Henry Bohn*s Standard Library," 
stated that " The undertaking had been forced upon 
him by the prospect of having some of his best 
copyrights infringed by a cheap serial publication. 
Holding, as he did, many 01 the most valuable 
literary properties, he saw the propriety of taking 
into his own hands the republication of them in a 
popular and attractive form. The best French, 
German, and Italian authors, by translators of 
undoubted talent, would be included, and the whole 
produced at a price which nothing but the extraordinary 
march of printing, and the present demand ^r cheap 
books, would render possible." 

Mr. Bohn's exertions, says the bookselUry were 
enormous ; he pushed the books in all directions : his 
travellers placed them at every bookseller's ; the public 
became interested and purchased them, and, no doubt 
contrary to the publisher's own expectations, they be- 
came a very valuable property. Then followed the 
"Extra Volumes"— in 1847, the "Scientific" and the 
"Antiquarian " Libraries ; in 1848, the " Classical ; " 




Classics ; " and when he disposed of them, they 
numbered in all about 500 volumes. The service 
rendered to the community was immense. The best 
literature in the English and other languages was 
placed within the reach of all classes. 




antiquartan Btm, 

During the present renovations and cleaning of 
St. Peters Church, Sudbury, the remains of an anaent 
fresco over the chancel arch have been rediscovered. 
Thirty years ago the painting in question was found 
under layers of whitewash, and Mr. Gainsborough Du- 
pont, one of the churchwardens, was desirous of its pre- 
servation and restoration. But it was found to be too far 
gone, only a central and two side figures behwj partially 
visible, and the fresco was again coloured over. It 
represented "The Doom," or the last judgment. 



The disp>ersion of collections of art work is being 
apparently followed up by the sale of properties re- 
markable for historic or antiquarian features. The 
sales of the island of Herm ana of Boscastle, in Corn- 
wall (both of which were abortive), are to be succeeded 
bv two others of a still more remarkable character. 
The one is the extensive ruins of Middleham Castle, in 
Yorkshire, celebrated for its splendid Norman keep, 
built by Robert Fitz Ranulph, and fEunous as the 
stronghold of Warwick, the King-maker, and as the 
favourite residence of his son-in-law, Richard III. The 
fine appearance of the keep has, however, been con- 
sideraoly interfered with by the decorated buildings 
which surround it, and which were erected in the 
fifteenth century by Robert Neville, "the Peacock of 
the North." Many of the scenes in The Last of the 
Barons were laid at Middleham. — The second sale is 
that of Goodrich Court and Castle, which for pictur- 
esque effect is one of the most beautiful and attractive 
localities in the scenery of the Wye. Goodrich Court 
was, in Sir Samuel Nleyrick's time, noted for its un- 
rivalled collection of mediaeval armoury. The mansion 
itself is a restoration by the late Mr. Blore. The castle, 
of which the principal remaining features are the gate- 
way, a three-storied Norman keep, and an Edin^udian 
banqueting hall, was successively the residence of the 
Earls of Pembroke and the Talbots, and later on 
stood a gallant siege under Sir Henry Lingen, who 
held it for the king against the Parliamentary army. 

A human relic of Pompeii has been discovered 
among the ruins in an exceptionally well-preserved 
state. It is the full-length fossil of a man who was 
probably struck while in flight at the time of the de- 
struction of the city, upwards of eighteen centuries 
since. 

A discovery of high interest has been made at a 
place called Port Bara, on the coast of Morbihan. A 
large and lofty grotto, the entrance to which had hitherto 
completely escaped notice, owing to its bein£[ blocked 
up with stones of great size, has been discovered. 
Excavations were made at low tide, and several 
human skeletons of both sexes were found, together 
with earthenware vessels of various shapes and sizes, 
flint weapons, bracelets and rings in bronze, several 
objects in oxidised iron, and two coins, appearing to 
be of the Gallic period. 

The workmen employed on the excavations at Aln- 
wick Abbey made a discovery of a *' stone coffin " in 
the chapter-house of that place, which is supposed to 
have belonged to one of the De Vescy, or Percy, 
family, of whom several were interred in tJie Abbey or 
in the conventual church. In the Cronica Afonas- 
terij cU Alntwyke it is mentioned that William de 
Vescy, son of the founder, Eustace Fitz-John, died 
(most probably in the abbey) in 1 184, and was buried 
beside nis wife, Burga, before the door of the chapter- 
house, having become a monk before he died. 

On the Yorkshire Wolds a number of entrenchments 
have been found by the Rev. K M. Cole, vicar of 
Wetwang-with-Fimber, Yorkshire, the latter village 
being completely surrounded by them. In one near 
the monument to Sir Tatton Sykes at Garston were a 
large number of dead bodies. The entrenchments ar« 
V-snaped, and are supposed to be the work of the 
Ancient Britons. 



ANTIQ VARIAN NE WS. 



i8i 



Near the figure of the White Horse, in Berkshire, 
the steun-ploogh has lately turned up fragments of 
tiles, brk^ and pottery. Mr. Dudgeon, steward to 
the Earl of Craven, accordingly instituted a systematic 
Kardi, and several fine tesselated pavements were soon 
nearthed. Some skeletons, apparently of men slain 
in battle, were next found, one of a young man more 
than six feet long, on which were two Saxon daggers. 
Among other skeletons were those of a woman and a 
hoy. All are believed to be of the Saxon age. 

A partial restoration of All Saints* Church. Pave- 
meat, York, is in proeress. The work consists of the 
renewal of the pinnacles on the nave and chancel, the 
entire replacing of the upper portion of the open 
tiaoery parapets between them by new masonry, and 
the restoration of the pinnacles at each comer of the 
nrtangnhir tower. The decay of the stonework and 
the nnsafety of those parts of the edifice have rendered 
the restoration necessary. The church is in the Per- 
pendicular style of architecture, of which it is a neat 
ipedmen, having several interesting features which 
Mve not escap^ the notice of local historians who 
have written about the City of Churches. All Hallows, 
as it is commonly called, before the Conquest belonged 
to the Prior and Convent of Durham, and at the Ke- 
farmation it reverted to the Crown. According to that 
eminent anthority on such matters, Drake, the fabric 
was partly built out of the ruins of Eboracum. In 
1835, however, the whole structure underwent a com- 
ply restoration, and in 1837 the tower was rebuilt 
alter the same design as before. The church narrowlv 
escaped destruction when many buildings in High 
Onscgate were burnt down in a conflagration which 
occ ur red in 1694. The tower is an exquisite piece of 
Gothic architecture, the top being finished lantern-wise 
and tradition records how a lamp once hung in it, the 
tight from which served to guide travellers in their 
over the great forest of Galtres to York. The 
tower is said to have been built about 400 
ago. There were four chantries in the church, 
Acasters, Belton's, and two others. Both Torre and 
Drake have eiven a close catalogue of the rectors. We 
read that Robert Craggs was presented on the 28th of 
October, 1544, by Hairy VIH., but afterwards de- 
prived, and William Peacock was presented by Queen 
Mary. In January IC85, the church of St. Peter the 
Little was united to All Saints. There are some in- 
teresting monuments in the church which have been 
well described by Torre, Drake, and Gent, Drake 
•bo giving, a view of the edifice. In Gent's days the 
Id^iest roof was douded in imitation of the sky, and 
there were then three large bells and one small one. 
The reg iste r books commence in the year 1554. 

The restoration of the great north door of West- 
minster Abber is rapidly advancing towards comple- 
tkm. The sculpture is very elaborate, and has occupied 
the workmen many months. 

Among the later additions to the Health Exhibition 
where Old London is reproduced is a collection of views 
and etdiings of Old Southwark, shown by Mr. 
Drewett, in the Guard Chamber over the Bishop's 
Gate. Old London Bridge, as it appeared in the time 
of Henry VIII., and at several poiods since until its 
dcmoKlinn, may here be seen, as well as some of the 



historic buildings of Southwark, Winchester Palace, 
etc, and its famous hostels, the old Tabardc and the 
White Hart, of which the picturesaue characteristics 
have been preserved in etchings by Mr. Thomas. Siome 
reproductions of old maps and a small collection of 
pottery, weapons, and coins found in the borough of 
Southwark, and most of them during the progress of 
excavations on the site of the old Tabirde Inn, should 
not be passed unnoticed. The rooms over the work- 
shops on the north side of the Old London street at the 
exhibition have been filled with furniture of antique 
form, and the walls hung with tapestries from the 
Rojral Tapestry Works at Windsor. Along the south 
side a very fine collection of armour, arms, and ancient 
and mediaeval ironwork has been arranged by Messrs. 
Starkie Gardner, among the contributors being Lady 
Dorothy Nevill, Sir Coutts Lindsay, the Rev. Canon 
Harford, Mr. J. G. Litchfield, and Mr. J. E. Gardner. 

A few of the AbertarfT relics, the sale of which began 
at Inverness on Wednesday, Aug. 6th, may be men- 
tioned. Of Simon, Lord Lovat, there were a bust in 
plaster of the year 1745, and a plaster cast of his face, 
taken after his execution in the next year ; there were 
also wax casts of Lady Lovat and of Simon's youngest 
daughter ; with various portraits of Lord Lovat at 
diflferent periods of his life, a half-length portrait of 
Flora Macdonald, and a picture of Freaerick the 
Great, presented by Marshal Keith to the Hon. Arch. 
Eraser. Other articles of interest in connection with 
Lord Lovat were his massive walking-stick, a pair of 
pistols presented by the French king, the watch he 
wore (by a French maker), a silver tankard adorned 
with the ducal coronet with which he was to be re- 
warded, and an old oak chest, furnished liberally with 
secret drawers. 

The next great book sale will be in December, when 
the library of Sir John Thorold, now at Svston Hall, 
will come to the hammer. It is particularly strong in 
early printed Ixmks. 

The explorations at Roche Abbey are being actively 
continued. Many laree sections of the mullions and 
of the tracery work ofihe east window have been dis- 
covered. Perhaps the most important discovery which 
has recently been made is that of a sink, about two feet 
square, for the disposal of the surplus holy water. It is 
thought that this is the only sink of its kind which has 
been found in a church of the same order. The efforts 
of the explorers are now bein^ directed to the site of 
the chapter-house, which adjomed* the church on the 
south side, and it is hoped that the tombs of at least 
some of the abbots may be found there. Already the 
outlines of the walls of the chapter-house have been 
exposed to view, and many specimens of beautifiilly 
carved stonework have been discovered, as well as a 
piscina, which is supposed to have been used in the 
adjacent Lady Chapiel. On the south side of the 
chancel some hitherto concealed doorways have been 
re- opened. 

The Fayum papyri are yielding further treasure. 
Much information nas been obtainoi from the Greek 
ones regarding the chronology of the Roman emperors. 
They show Uiat Marcus Aurelius, Comroodus, and 
Annius Verus reigned together. The length of the 
joint rale of Caracalla and ucta is determined by them. 



l82 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



Of the Arab MSS. fifteen belong to the first century 
from the Hegira. A new system of cipher has been 
discovered among the Arab private letters. 

There are still standing in Canton Vaud, at Gourre, 
Moudon, and Moliere, three towers, belonging to the 
times in which la royale filandih^Cy ** Gooa Queen 
Bertha, span," besides the tower at Neuchitel. They 
were all originally constructed for defence, for neither 
of them has any exit for attack, and the doors are 
about ten feet above the ground, so that they must 
have been entered by ladders. The old ** Tower of 
Queen Bertha,*' which has stood for nearly a thousand 
years at Moudon, the Roman Minodunum, or Minnu 
dunumj has just been examined by the architect of the 
cantonal board of works, who reports that it must be 
at once restored or lowered by several feet. This 
mighty building threatens to fall, and is a source of 
danger to the neighbouring houses. 

About two years ago Captain Hope purchased 
Cowdenknowes at Earlstoun, and, during the short 
time he has been in it, he has done more to restore the 
orie;inal ancient character than any of his predecessors. 
This old baronial tower seems to have undergone some 
change when the present mansion was built, as they 
both bear the same date, 1584. Mary Queen of Scots 
occupied it for a short time when visiting the Scottish 
Marches. There is a room which still b^rs her ilame. 
It has now been substantially repaired, under-built, re- 
roofed, and painted in a style preserving the character 
of the old masonry, which is different from that of the 
mansion. 

Much attention has been given of late years to the 
registers of the Dutch Church, Austin Friars, London, 
which was founded by letters patent of King Edward 
VI., dated 1550. These registers, which are complete 
from 1 57 1, contain very many entries concerning the 
numerous families in this country, descended firom the 
religious refugees from the Netherlands, of the six- 
teenth and seventeenth centuries, which may be sought 
for in vain elsewhere. An edition of these registers, 
limited to three hundred copies, will be published by 
Mr. W. J. C. Moens. 

The musical library of Julian Marshall, Esq., was 
sold by auction at the rooms of Messrs. Sotheby, 
Wilkinson, and Hodge, on July 29th and two follow- 
ing days. The entire collection consisted of 1339 lots, 
among which were many books of the greatest rarity. 
A goodly number of the choicest books were purchased 
for the British Museum. Mr. W. H. Cummings and 
Mr. J. E. Matthews secured many rare gems, as also 
did Mr. W. Reeves of Fleet Street, the well-known 
dealer in musical antiquarian works, no less than 496 
lots falling to his share. Among the rarer works 
were Elwy Bevan*s fnstntctwn of the Art of Afusicke^ 
163 1 ; J. Croce, Septetn PscUmi pacnttentiaUs sex 
Vacum, 1599; Carey's Musical Century^ 1739-40; 
Couperin, Pieces de Clavecin^ 17^3 J Frescobaldi, 
Toccate^ 1637; GvSojiy PracticaMusicay 1496; D'Urfey's 
Pills to Purge Melancholy, 1719-20 ; Hilton, Catch 
that Catch Can, 1652 ; Locke, Melothesia^ 167 j ; 
Locke, Vocal Mustek in Psyche, 1675 ; Ravenscroft, 
Melisniatay 161 1 ; Scarlatti, Essereiuper Grainctmbalo ; 
Warren's Thirty-two Collections of CanoHs, Catches, 
and Glees, 



The new railway excavations at Winchester, through 
the western face of St. Giles's HUl, have revealed 
some fictHia of Roman times, namely, some vases of 
elegant shape and three in number, whilst there 
was found also a handsome cinerary urn. These 
interesting objects arc in the possession of Mr. Scott, 
of the engineering staff, a eentleman who exercises 
a beneficed influence over " finds," and thoroughly 
appreciates their value and interest. The vases are 
small, and were possibly used for domestic purposes 
by the Roman or Romano-British owners. One is 
of the red lustrous ware made in Gaul, and imported 
here in considerable quantities. It is a circular vase, 
rising from a small husc to a funnel shape, and the 
potter's mark is on the inside of the base. The two 
other vessels are of dark grey or Upchurch ware ; one 
of them hexagonal and ornamented with six hollows, 
such as a finger would make before the vessel was put 
in the kiln, and the other is globular shaped and 
elegantly decorated with a notched band below the 
nedc. Thanks to Mrs. Scott's artistic restoration, the 
vessels may be called perfect. 

The churchwardens of Lambeth Chordi have re- 
moved the stained glass window commemorative of 
the Pedlar who endowed the parish with the lands 
known as ** Pedlar's Acre.'* Surely no such act of 
folly has been done in the way of church spoliation for 
some time. Next month we propose to give an account 
of the far-famed Lambeth Pedlar, and we hope to be 
able to announce the restoration of the old window. 




Cotreisponiience. 



FRENCH COINS. 

I should be obliged by some precise information as 
to a French copper piece of the First Revolutionary 
period, in my possession. It is of the size of an old 
English halfpenny, and is highly preserved. On the 
obverse occurs a portrait of Bonaparte, the features 
remarkably spare, out the hair less cropped than at a 
somewhat later date, with the legena Bonapartb, 
I*' Consul. The reverse has L'An. . x. in a 
wreath, and the legend PROCEDfe de Gengembre 
Mec**. des Monn". Is this a coin, a token, or a medal ? 
The piece appears, so far as I can see, to be inte- 
resting, if not important, as exhibiting the earliest 
publi^ed likeness of the great Napoleon. I do not 
think that the regular coinage bore his portrait till the 
eleventh year of the Republic (1803). This portrait 
differs altogether from the 1803 currency, which I have 



seen. 



W, Carew Hazlitt. 



Barnes Conmion, May 16. 

A "BLACK JACK." 

I enclose a copy of a lid to a Black Jack, which was 
found in Middlegate Street in this town, on the pulling 
down of some houses, the rear of which formed part 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



183 



of a monasteiy known as the Grey Frimrs or Minorites. 
Halliirdl gires us « * the Black Jack," and to quote hU 
own woffos it was a large leather can, formerly in 
Bse for saiall beer. The Unton Inventories in the 
** BmtUrit inn one plate cubbard, iij. bjrnnes, two 
table hordes, one covering basket, iij. dozen of 
trenchers, iiij. tynoe (tin) salte sellars, xiiij. tynne 
cmdlestidcSy viii. Black yiicks^ovnt flagon of t3mne — 
and one joyned stole praised at is." See Untim In- 
WW/., Berkshire Ashmolean Sodety, mdcccxu. — 
Brand's F^pmimr Antiqmtus, ii., 206, informs you that 
the French, seeing the English at that time, *" reported 
home that they drank beer out of their boots/ or as 
Tayksr has it in his Worka^ 16^, i., 113 :— 

" Nor of BUdc Jacks at gentle Buttry bars. 
Whose Hqnor oftentimes breeds hooshold wars." 

^ Thns I give von that which has come to my posses- 
son by a neelball rubbing ; the words are on the 



'< If yoQ I love me I looke | within | me." 
It then turns by a thumb tilt« when you see this : — 

•* Ha Ha I knave | have I-Sp I D— THE." 

P. Proctor Burroughs. 



DIARIES OF NATHANIEL HONE. 
[Anit^ voL ix., p. 244.] 

With reference to the paper on Hone Diaries, in 
yoor June Na, I think it may be of interest to some 
of yoor readers to know that I have an original MS. 
genealogy of Mr. Nathaniel Hone, dated 1729 — com- 
mencing thus: 

The Genealogy and Ensignes Armorial of Mr. 
Nathaniel Hone, of y» lineal descent of Sir John Hone, 
irtK> was knhed by King Henry y* 8th, in v* i6th 
year of his reign, as Sir Thomas Hawley, who was 
principal Herald and King-at-Arms of England, in v* 
aforesaid years, gives an account of in his antient annus, 
transmitted to me by my ancestors, who were succes- 
siyely Chief Antiquaries of Ireland, therefore Charies 
linagar having the said transcripts or true copies there- 
oC have from thence drawn out the following Antiquity 
of the above said Mr. Nathaniel Hone, as a memorial 
to his posterity, his genealo^ faithfully extracted from 
the root whence sprang his worthy ancestors, a.d. 

(Signed) Charles Linagar. 

Then follows the genealo^, etc. — I should be glad 
if anv of yoor readers could throw any light on Hone's 
6jnily history. 

Nathaniel J. Hone. 



SILCHESTER v. CALLEVA 

(viii., 39.85. 134; X-, 86.) 

Mr. Napper admits that Silchester is identical with 
Caer Segoot, I and others affirm it to be Calleva, and 
he does not tell us why this vilUge may not have 
home two diverse names in former ages. 

It is no unosoal thing for towns to have names in 



duplicate. Thus several European towns have names 
in French and German ; others in German and 
Slavonic ; numerous towns in India have Dravidian, 
Sanskrit, and Semitic names, arising from the inter- 
mingling of races ; take Constantinople, which is also 
Stamboul and was Byzantium ; even so Berkshire 
and Hants have been graced by various speech -con- 
founding tribes. 

Finally, if the tablet to a Segontian Hercules is held 
to prove that Caer Segont was Calleva, the iters as 
clearly prove that Calleva is Silchester. 

A Hall. 

Aug. 1st, 1884. 

Mr. Napper is in error in supposing that the 
Silchester mscriptions are not of the time of Septimius 
(not Septimus) Severus. They can in no way relate to 
the personage he suggests. If he will refer to the 
chief towns of Gaul, he will find that many of their 
names are not from the Roman appellations, but 
from the peoples ; ex, gr, Luteiue gave way to Civiias 
PiMisi&rum. It was not so much so in Britain, and 
Canterbury is almost an exception. But there is no 
reason whatever why Calleva should not also be 
called Civiias Segontiorum or Caer Segont. I suggest 
that, as probably some few of the Society of 
Antiquaries will, this autumn, pursue researches at 
Silchester, they be guided by Mr. Napper to 
Cah*epit, I and others make no doubt that he has 
mlsroui its character, and not fully seen the import 
of the Itinerary of Antoninus. 

F. S. A 

••POETS' CORNER." 
[See anie^ iv., 137.] 

••Poets* Comer I — We could wish, most heartily, 
we knew the name of him who first gave this appella- 
tion to the south transept of the Abbey, and thus 
helped, most probably, to make it what it is — the 
richest little spot the earth possesses in its connection 
with the princes of song : such a man ou^ht himself 
to have a monument among them.** So wntes Charles 
Knight, and I want the readers of The Antiquary to 
join m a serious attempt to discover the author. I will 
venture to begin with a small contribution to the ques- 
tion. It was probably not known in Addison's time, or 
he would certainly have mentioned it in his celebrated 

Eper in the Spectator (No. 26, March 30th, 171 1 ). 
ad it been in vogue then he would surely have used 
it in preference to the bald phrase, •' the poetical 
quarter,'* which he employs to designate the south 
transept when speaking of Uie tombs of the poets. 

The expression was certainly well known in 179 1, 
for it is mentioned in F. A. WenHebom's View ef 
England towards the Close of the Eighteenth Century 
(vol i., p. 311). There is a guide-book to the Abbey 
publbhed about 1784, I think, and I remember look- 
mg through it in a cursory manner some time ago, 
but without finding anjrthing about " Poets* Comer ; ** 
but I am writing from memory and cannot be certain. 
It ought not to DC difficult to ascertain approximately 
the period when the expression became current, even 
if we are unable to determine the actual originator. 

R.B. P. 



1 84 



THE ANTIQUARY EXCHANGE. 



Clie antiquatp (ZErcDange. 



Enclose 4//. for the First 12 fVords, ami id, for each 
Additional Three Words, All replies to a number should 
be enclosed in a blank envelope^ with a loose Stamps and 
sent to the Manager, 

Note. — All Advertisements to reach the office by 
the i$th of the months and to be addressed'—Tht 
Manager, Exchange Department, The Anti- 
quary Office, 62, Paternoster Row, London, 
E.C. 

For Sale. 

Rogers' Italy and Poems, 2 vols., 4to, full morocco, 
by Hayday, belonged to the family of Rogers, has an 
autograph letter of Turner pasted in, plates on India 
paper, ^ 12 ; a Horn Book, price ;^'5 ; Turner's Views 
m England and Wales 1838, 2 voIs.,4to, full tree 
calf, was bought in original parts at Turner's sale 
(price £70, in London catalogue), price ^12 I2r.; 
Humphrey's Clock, 3 vols., first edition, original em- 
blematic cloth, £2 loj. ; Walton and Cotton^ Angler, 
2 vols., imperial 8vo, Pickering, 1836, half morocco, 
by Hayday, ;f 10 ; Hamerton's Etching and Etchers, 
1068, rough imcut edges, very rare, ;^I2, 1876 edition, 
uncut, £2 lor., 1880 edition, uncut, £$ $s. ; Arabian 
Nights, 1839-41, 3 vols.. Knight's edition, half 
bound, ;f 3 ys, ; Dickens' Five Christmas Books, first 
editions, red original cloth, rare and fine set, £6 ; 
Ruskin's Seven Lamps, finecopv, 1849, £^ i Ruskin's 
Modern Painters, five vols., 1857-60, full calf, ;f 20 ; 
Modem Painters, 1873, five vols., fine copy, original 
cloth, jf 20 ; Ingoldsby Legends. 3 vols., early edition, 
with author's visiting card and autograph letter in- 
serted, ;f 5, very interesting copy ; Marryatt's Pottery 
and Porcelain, full morocco, fine copy, 1850, £i 12s, 
— 266, care of Manager. 

Magnificent large Antique Mirrors (carved frames), 
late property of a nobleman. Advertiser, private 
gentleman, wishes to correspond with a likely pur- 
chaser. — 263, care of Manager. 

Rare old Engraving, small private collection, for 
disposal, some exquisitely coloured, some proofs, 
including extremely fine coloured Morlands and 
Bartolozzis. — 264, care of Manager. 

The ** Edwardus prius Anglic " sword, described 
as the " Armethwaite sword " by Mr. J. C, Earwaker, 
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HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSE, 



i8S 




The Antiquary. 




NOVEMBER, 1884, 




room. 



^jstotp ann Development of tfie 

^U0e. 

By Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. 
Part III. — The Bedroom. 

|N no room of the house is the dis- 
tinction between different classes 
at different periods of our history 
more clearly seen than in the bed- 
We certainly find our early kings 
living in a somewhat shiftless manner, and 
we read that on one occasion Edward I. and 
Queen Eleanor were sitting on their bedside, 
attended by the ladies of their court, when 
they narrowly escaped death by lightning; 
but in the next century luxury had greatly 
increased, and very different customs had 
become common among the rich. The 
poorer classes, however, continued for many 
years to be far from comfortable in their 
bed accommodation. The worthy parson 
William Harrison speaks of the improve- 
ment in bedding which became common in 
Elizabeth's reign, but this improvement did 
not consist in much more than the substitu- 
tion of a pillow for a log and a mattress for 
a bed of straw. A well-known passage from 
Harrison's Description of England is of so 
much importance in this inquiry that I 
transfer it entire to these pages : — 

The second is the great (ahhough not general 1) 
amendment of lodging, for, said they, our fathers, 
yea, and we ourselves also, have lien full oft upon 
straw paDets, on rough mats covered on lie with a 
sheet, under coverlets made of dagswain or hopharlots 
(I use their owne termes), and a good round log under 
their heads instead of a bolster (or pillow). If it were 
so that our fiithers or the good man of the house, had 
withm seven yeares after his marriage purchased a 
B U tUcss or flockebed, and thereto a sacke of chaffe 
to rest his head upon, he thought himselfe to be as 
well lodged as the lord of the towne, that peradventure 
hue lekiomc in a bed of downe or whole fethers ; so 



well were they contented, and with such base kind of 
furniture, which also is not verie much amended as 
yet in some parts of Bedfordshire, and elsewhere 
further off from our soulheme parts. Pillowes, said 
they, were thought meet onclie for women in child- 
bed ; as for servants if they had anie sheet above them, 
it was well, for scldome had they anie under their 
bodies, to keepe them from the pricking straws that 
ran oft through the canvas of tne pallet and rased 
their hardened hides.* 

This description shows that for several 
centuries little change took place in the 
arrangements of the bedchamber. In the 
Anglo-Saxon house the beds were fitted up 
in recesses or closets, as will be seen in the 
accompanying illustration (Fig. i), taken from 
Aelfric's version of Genesis (Claudius, B. iv.). 
A sack filled with firesh straw was laid on the 
raised bench or board, and a curtain hung 
down in front, shutting the bed off from the 
room. If we may judge from the various 
representations of men and women in bed, 
little covering was used by our ancestors, 
but, of course, such pictures are not alto- 
gether conclusive on this point It was the 
custom to take off all clothes, and then to warp 
a sheet round the person ; over all a cover- 
let being thrown. A goatskin bed cover- 
ing was considered an appropriate present 
for an Anglo-Saxon abbot, and bear skins 
are described as a part of the furniture of a 
bed. A pillow for the head appears to have 
completed what was then considered neces- 
sary for the comfort of the sleepers. The 
word bedstead y which has continued in use to 
the present day to represent a separate piece 
of furniture, originally merely meant the place 
for the bed, and would more accurately 
describe the beds shown in our illustration 
than what we now understand by the word 
Movable pieces of furniture were also used by 
the Anglo-Saxons, and are sometimes repre- 
sented in the illustrations of old manuscripts. 
The manners and customs of the Saxons in 
England were doubtless much like those 
which were common to them in the old 
country. In the romance of Beowulf we 
find an indication that the bedchambers 
in the palace of a chieftain were completely 
detached and far removed fi-om the halL 
The hall of Hrothgar was visited by a 
monster named Grendel, who came at night 
to prey upon its inhabitants, and it was 

* Harrison, ed Fumivall, 1877, Part I., p. 24a 

O 



HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSE. 



Seowulfa mission to rid the place of this 
infliction. After the festivities, at which 
WeaUhcow, Hrothgar's queen, assisted, the 
family retire from the hall, and leave Beo- 
wulf and his followers to sleep there. In the 
night the monster appears, and after a fearful 
combat is killed by Beowulf. The watch- 
men on the wall hear with a " fearful terror " 
the sound of the fray, but Hrothgar and his 
fiunily in their bedchambers hear little or 
nothing of what is going on in the hall. 

Although a greater degree of luxury was 
common among the Normans than the Saxons 
were accustomed to, yet we do not find any 
great change in the bedsteads and bedding, 
as may be seen from Fig. i, which is 
taken from MS. Cotton, Nero, c. iv. The 



and on the other a like pole for hanging 
clothes upon. If this was a fair representa- 
tion of a bedchamber at that time, we must 
allow that a considerable amount of house- 
hold comfort had been attained by the richer 
classes. One feature is omitted in this 
picture, and that is the lamp which was 
commonly used, at all events, in the following 
century. Sometimes the lamps were sus- 
pended, but in other cases they were fixed 
on a stand. Mattresses were used by 
Henry III., and linen sheets bad become 
somewhat common in the thirteenth century. 
In the Liberate Rolls of Henry III. the 
bedchamber is occasionally mentioned as 
separate from the other chambers, but in the 
fourteenth century the distinction bad be- 




1.— Anglo- Saxon Beds. 



tester bed came into use soon after the 
Conquest, and the hangings were some- 
times the cause of accidents. Tales are 
told of fires caused by the setting light to the 
curtains by some careless reader in bed who 
fell asleep with the candle burning by his 
side. Neckam, in the latter part ot the 
twelfth century, describes how a bedroom 
should be furnished. He says the walls 
should be covered with a curtain or tapes- 
try, and besides the bed there should be a 
chair and a bench at the foot of the bed. 
A feather bed, a bolster, and a pillow, an 
ornamental quilt, sheets, either of silk or 
linen, with a coverlet of green, say, or fur, 
completed the necessary bedding. On one 
side of the room was a pole for the falcon, 



come more commoa But this was not the 
case in France, for there beds often formed 
imposing features of the chief rooms of the 
house. Lacroix, in his Arts of the Middle 
Ages, describes the dwelling room of a 
seigneur of the fourteenth century, which, 
besides a large bed, contained a variety of 
Other furniture needed for the ordinary 
requirements of daily life. The time that 
was not given to business, to outdoor 
amusements, to state receptions, and to 
meals, was passed, both by nobles and 
citizens, in this room. The bed stood in a 
comer, and was sunounded by thick curtains, 
and formed what was then called a cloUt, or 
small room enclosed by tapestry. A huge 
chimney admitted many persons to the fiie- 



HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF IHE HOUSE. 187 

■ide, and near the hearth was placed the a cotton material, and usually kept for 
seat of honour of the master ot mistress, summer wear. Fustian of Naples was of 
Stools and chain were placed about the a finer texture, and used for pitlow cases, 



room, and cushions on the window benches 
allowed those who desired a view to enjojr 
iL Carpets covered the tiled floor, and a 
dresser :doog one side of the room, filled with 
valuable plate, completed the furniture. 

The feather bed is said to have been 
introduced in the fourteenth century, and in 
ibe fifteenth century it had become common 
among the richer classes. We have seen, 
however, that Neckam mentions what may 
either have been a feather bed or quilt of 
feathers, not to lie on, but to be used as a 
co^-ering. 

John Russell, who 
chamber and 



usher of the 



shal of the hall to 
Dulce Humphrey of 
Gloucester, wrote a 
tMok of directions 
called Tht Beke of 
Ntirturt, in which 
the bedroom is not 
forgotten: — 
Tb*]] 10 poaie ioTere)>nes 

chamtiDi walke yc in 

hut. 
All ibe clothes of the bed 

them uide ye cut ; 
The rethnrbed yc bele, 

without borl, >o no fed- 

duTS ye nisi, 
FiMus and sheds dene 

by s^t and lans ye 

but. 
KoTCT with a keveilyte 

clenly. Out bed so mancrly made. 
The tniikers ind qaosshyns, in the chombur se Ihem 

feire y-spnd, 
BMhe bedshetc and pillow also, that they be Kiaf up 

Mad, 

Wymlowes and cnppebonle with carpettb and cos- 

(hyns fplajrd ; 
Se tber be ■ good IvTe in the chambuj conveyed. 
With wood and Aielie reily the hyre to bete and aide. 



but linen of Reynes was a specially fine 
material. The woollen blanket was intro- 
duced in the fourteenth century ; it was some- 
times made of a texture originally imported 
from Chalons, in France, and calleid shalloon. 
In Chaucer's Reve's Tale we are told — 

And in his owne chambir hem m.iile a bed. 

With schelys lUid with chalouns fair i-spred. 

(11. 219, 210.) 

In the fourteenth century the hangings of 
the bed began to be very luxurious, and large 
sums of money were spent upon them. In 
1377 Gilbert Prince, a famous artist of his 
day, received from the exchequer forty-four 
pounds for ornament- 
ing a pair of bed-cur- 
tains, and in wills of 
the period we often 
find bequests of these 
hangings. In 1398 
the Due d 'Orleans 
paid eight hundred 
francs for un chambrt 
portatirt, which con- 
sisted of a set of 
hangings, a seler, 
\ dorsar curtains, and 
a counterpoint The 
' last item was one of 
the most gorgeous 
pieces of furniture in 
Fig. a.— a Nobman Bed. the bedroom, and the 

coverlid found by the 




populace in the palace of the Duke of 
Lancaster in 1381 was estimated to be worth 
a thousand marks. The illustration of a 
bedchamber in the fifteenth century (Fig. 3) 
shows a halftester bed, and represents the 
death of the Emperor Nero from a French 
MS. of Josephus. 

In the 5ci< 0/ CwrCajy* (fifteenth century) 

F^om the Homtheld Ordinanoi it appears ihe duties of the grooms of the chamber 

that Heniy VII. had a fusUan and sheet are described. They were to make paUeB 



onder his feather bed, over the bed a sheet, 
then "the overfustian above," and then "a 
paDC of ermines " like an eider down quilt. 
"Ahead sheete of rayncs" and another of 
ennincs were over the pillows.* Fustian was 
" Tilt Baitu Boot, ed. F. J. Furaivalt (Early 
EasUiTnt Society, i868>, p. 179. 



litter nine feet long and 
broad 



• 7Sf B^ 0/ Ciriasyt (FumiTall's B-ibut Btck), 
P- 313- 



HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSE. 



The visitors at a house often slept in the 
same Toom as the master and mistress, and 
it was quite common for friends and even 
strangers to sleep together. This is illus- 
trated by the constant use of the word 
"bedfellow" in old literature. In the Boke 
of Curtasye we are lold that it is courteous 
if you sleep with any man to ask what part 
of the bed he likes, and He far from him. 
In bedde yf Ihou fallc herberet (o be. 
With felawe, maystui, or her (icgr^, 
Thou schalt eii(|ueic be curtasye 
In what part of the bcdiie he wylle lye ; 
Be honest and lye thiiu fer hym fro, 
Thou art nol ^yse but lluiu do so. * 



in his Toothless Satires makes the trenchct- 
chaplain 



Even as late as Butler's day, the thing was 
still in use ; — 

When ITudibras, whom thoughts and akbg 

'Twjxt sleeping kept alt night and walcing. 

Began to rub his drowsy eyes, 

And from his couch prepared to rise. 

Resolving lo despatch the deed 

He vow'd lo do, wilh trusty speed ; 

But iirsi, with knocking loud and iKLwIing, 

He roused th« squire, in truckle lolling. 




Fio. 3.— Fifteenth Century Bedchamber. 



In^ course of time greater privacy was 
sought for, and the number of bedrooms 
increased. Still the truckle or trundle bed 
which rolled under the larger bed long con- 
tinued to be used. The lady's-maid slept in 
the bed below her mistress, and the valet 
occupied the wheeled bed, while his master 
slept in the standard bed with its handsome 
canopy. This custom was wide-spread in 
the sixteenth century. The rollicking host 
of the Garter in the Merry Wives of Windsor 
describes FalstafTsroom as follows: — "There's 
his chamber, his house, his castle, his stand- 
ing bed and truckle bed " ; and Bishop Hall 
• Tit Beit of CuHatjt, pp. 307, 308. 



Mention may here be made of a custom 
of our ancestors which appears to us singu- 
larly unbecoming j that is, the " naked b^" 
So universal was the custom that, in the 
Roman de la VieUttt, the Lady Oriant 
excites the surprise of her duenna by going 
to bed in a chemise, and is obliged to ex- 
plain her reason for so singular a practice, 
which is a desire to conceal a mark on her 
body.* In some moral lines in the ReUquiee 
Antiqua fii. 15) against pride, the ladies are 
told that however gay may be theii clothing 
during the day, they will lie in bed at night 
as naked as they were bom. 

• Wright's The Homis ef Other Dayi, p. 169. 



HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT Of THE HOUSE, 



1S9 



SwnetiDies, as eaily as the fourteenth 
century, a bath room was attached to the bed- 
chambn in the houses of great nobles, but 
more often a big tub with a covering lilce a 
lent was used. 

la Sir Berys of Hamptoun we learn that 

In lo chamber she gan him take. 

And riche balhn she let him make ; 
tnd Froissart records that 
among other place*. the»: men of Ghent destroyed at 
Marie a bouse belonging to the Earl of Flaivleis, 
ccatunine the chamber where he was bom, Ihe font 
IB which he had been baptized, and his cradle, which 
wai of slrcr. They also beat lo pieces and carried 
aw>7 the bathing lub wherein he hod been washed. 

The four-post bed , 

hdd undisputed sway in 
England as the favourite 
form for three or four 
centuries, and it is not 
many yean since it was 
deposed from that posi- 
tion. Abroad there were 
more frequent changes 
of bshion in respect to 
Ihe bedstead. Mons. 
Jacqueman, in his His- 
tory of FumUurt, writes: 

The bed, placed under a 
cmopf and on a plalfonn, 
had Its head to the wall, and 
was accessible on both sides ; 
the tiead -board alone and the 
pQlan were risible lo the eye 
with their sculptures ; all the 
rtit was drapery ; at lirsl the 
CDitains tucd to be drawn, 
then came the fashion of the 



of which the curtains 
op. There was eren a lime 
wben the hangings invaded 
the pillar* of the bedsteads, 
whidl wete surroimded by 

9 (sheaths of drapecy). 




Fig. 4.— A I 
These pillar 



a be aaspended, allowing all the foot of the 1 
bi be Kcn ; arid il was then tlut the bedside became 
(be rendeivoDS of pleasant company, bringing (he 
blest news, andsometimes scandalous gossip. In the 
time of Heniy IV. we see the alcove appear, tending 
lo icplact the canopied bedstead ; in the salle of the 
Loaire, where the dying moiuu^b was carried, Ihe 
Cvtains are represenled in sculpture and borne by 
gouL The balostrade Hill exists in front of the 
pbtJorm cm which the bed rests. 

Althotigh the tester, half-tester, and four- 
poat bedtteads were common, some persons 



entirely dispensed with hangings, and this 
was especially the case among recluses, as 
may be seen by reference to miniatures in 
old manuscripts and lo early engravings. 

The bed of Ware, which still "exists, is a 
good example of the great size of many of 
the state bedsteads. In days when money 
was carried about by its owner, and hidden 
away in al! manner of out-of-the-way comers, 
secret receptacles were often fixed in the 
bedsteads. Roger Twysden relates that on 
the list of August, 1485, Richard III. 
arrived at Leicester. His servants had 
preceded him with the running wardrobe, 

_ and in the best chamber 

of the " Boar's Head " 
a ponderous four-post 
bedstead was set up ; it 
was richly carved, gilded, 
and decorated, and had 
a double boltom of 
boards. Richard slept 
in it that night. After 
his defeat and death 
on Bos worth Field it 
was stripped of its rich 
hangings, but the heavy 
and cumbersome bed- 
stead was left at the 
"Blue Bear." In the 
reign of Elizabeth, when 
the hostess was shaking 
the bed she observed a 
piece of gold, of ancient 
coinage, fall on the floor; 
this led to a careful 
examination, when the 
double bottom was dis- 
covered, upon lifting a 
portion of which the 
interior was found to be 
filled with gold, port coined by Richard III. 
and the rest of earlier times. 

Queen Elizabeth was fond of good bedding, 
and the following wardrobe warrant, dated 
1581 (B.M. Add. MS. 5,751. foL 38), is of 
considerable interest in proving this. It 
orders Ihe delivery, for the Queen's use, of a 
bedstead of walnut tree, richly carved, painted, - 
and gilt. The selour, tester, and vallance were 
of cloth of silver, figured with velvet, lined 
with changeable taffeta, and deeply fringed 
with Venice gold, silver, and silk. The 



} OF THE i6th Century. 



190 



HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSE. 



curtains were of costly tapestry, curiously 
and elaborately worked, every seam and 
every border laid with gold and silver lace, 
caught up with long loops and buttons of 
bullion. The head-piece was of crimson 
satin of Bruges, edged with a passamayne of 
crimson silk, and decorated with six ample 
plumes, containing seven dozen ostrich 
feathers of various colours, garnished with 
golden spangles. The counterpoint was of 
orange-coloured satin, quilted with cut work 
of cloths of gold and silver, of satins of 
every imaginable tint, and embroidered with 
Venice gold, silver spangles, and coloured 
silks, fringed to correspond, and lined with 
orange sarcenet.* The next illustration 
^Fig. 4), of a foreign bedchamber, is taken 
from a print by Aldegraver, dated 1553. 

Such gorgeous beds as these were the 
glories of our palaces, and the heavy furniture 
and nodding plumes are familiar to us in 
pictures and in museums of curiosities. Mr. 
Ashton, in his Social Life in the Reign of 
Queen Anne^ mentions a bedstead put up as 
a prize in a lotter)*, which was said to have 
cost ;£3,ooo. 

The best bed was not always to be found 
in the chamber of the host and hostess, but 
in the guest chamber or spare room, which 
was often adorned with the richest furniture 
in the house. 

Before concluding this chapter, I will men- 
tion the old customs connected with the 
nuptial bed, and a curious superstition. When 
the newly married noble brought his bride 
home to his castle, they found a costly bed, 
upon which the maker had expended much 
pains, and, strange to say, the chamberlain 
looked upon this bed as his perquisite. He 
was not, however, averse to receiving a money 
payment in place of it. In 1297, when the 
Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Edward I., 
was married to the Earl of Holland, Sir 
Peter de Champvent claimed the bridal bed 
as his fee, and he received a sum of money 
in lieu thereof. A still grander precedent is 
found in the claim of Robert de Vere, Earl of 
Oxford, to the bed upon which Queen Philippa 
slept, when she was married to Edward 
III., as well as her slippers and the lavers in 
which she washed. The Earl received one 

♦ Quoted in Our English Home, i860, p. 173. 



hundred marks, and the Queen kept her pro- 
perty. The old custom of putting the bride 
and bridegroom to bed was sometimes 
improved upon by sewing the bride up in 
one of the sheets. Herrick alludes to this 
in a nuptial song on Sir Clipseby Crew and 
his lady: — 

But since it must be done, dispatch and sowe 
Up in a sheet your Bride, and what if so, etc. 

It is a wide-spread superstition that no one 
can die easy m a bed, and from Yorkshire to 
India the ignorant peasant will take the dying 
from the bed and lay him on the floor to 
facilitate the departure of his soul. Mr. 
Henderson {Folk-lore of the Nortliern Coun- 
ties) says that this superstition is equally 
prevalent among Mahommedan and Hindu* 
In some parts the notion is confined to a 
peculiarity in the feathers, as that of pigeons 
or game-fowl. The Russian peasantry have 
a strong feeling against using pigeons' feathers 
in beds. They consider it sacrilegious, the 
dove being the emblem of the Holy Spirit* 

For several centuries the arrangements of 
the bedroom have remained tolerably uniform, 
and the four-post bedstead, with its heavy 
hangings, reigned supreme, but in the present 
century a great change has been made. The 
"four-poster" has been completely set aside, 
and in its place the iron bedstead reigns. The 
heavy hangings were a survival of a time 
when the walls and doors let in much of the 
outer air, and curtains were required to 
keep the sleeper warm. In these days of 
sanitary knowledge, when the cold air is 
better kept outside the room, and when the 
need of fresh air (not necessarily cold) while 
we sleep is now fully realised, these stufly 
hangings that may harbour disease and keep 
us breathing our own vitiated air stand self- 
condemned. 

The contrast between our own habits and 
those of our forefathers can well be studied 
by comparing the luxurious rooms shown in 
this year — 1884 — at the International Health 
Exhibition with the appointments of those we 
have been considering in this article. At 
the same time we are not prepared to say we 
might not lie in worse quarters than in a bed- 
room in a country house furnished in the old- 
fashioned manner. 

* Henderson, p. 6a 



ACCOUNTS OF HENRY VL (14221442.) 



191 




9ccoimt0 of ^enrp vi. 

(1422-1422.) 

By Sir J. H. Ramsay. 

[N dealing with so long a reign I 
have thought it better to take up 
the first twenty years separately, 
leaving the rest of the reign to be 
dealt with afterwards. The period under 
consideration will include the whole of the 
kind's minority, and something more, as 
the regency was tacitly allowed to expire in 
the autumn of 1437, when the king's go- 
vernor, Richard Beauchamp, Earl of War- 
wick, was sent over to France to assume 
the direction of affairs in Normandy. 
Certainly from 1438, or 1439, the king 
was ruling in person ; but his personal in- 
tervention is chiefly shown in acts of kind- 
ness, detrimental to his own interests ; on 
most matters the answer to communications 
from his ministers is, '* Content if my lordes 
are content'* 

The period is not an interesting one in 
Itself, though it contains one episode of 
unique interest, that of the sweet, crazy 
village-girl, Jeanne the PucelU; Jeanne the 
awe-inspiring " Maid of God." 

Through this period we may trace the 
brewing elements of civil war ; private feuds 
omepressed by the hand of a master ; want 
of purpose and consistency in the public 
counsels, leading to humiliation, irritation, 
and discontent These we cannot trace 
here ; but I may point out that our accounts 
show clearly the firm control over taxation 
retained by the House of Commons ; the 
consolation which they found for themselves 
and their constituents in the loss of the 
brilliant, masterful Henry V. was reduction of 
taxation. Five years and a half elapsed 
without the grant of any direct impost by 
Pariiament; and more than seven years 
elapsed before a full Fifteenth and Tenth 
were given. From that time these subsidies 
were doled out with tolerable regularity. 
Nine and one-third in all were given during 
the period ; together with one special grant 
of 6s. Sd. on each knight's fee or parish of 
socage land (1428) ; one of 20s. on the 
knight's fee, or ^^20 annual value of socage 
lands (14319 remitted a year later because 



people refused to pay it) ; and one graduated 
income-tax, beginning at 6d. on the £,\ <A 
freehold rent from persons worth ;^5 a year, 
and rising to 2s. on the ^i from persons 
worth more than ^400 a year (1435); 
lastly we have to record a miserable poll-tax 
on foreigners, granted either in December 
1439 or January 1440; householders were 
required to pay is 4d. a year for three 
years, servants and inmates 6d. Thus apart 
from these special grants parliament did not 
give the king half a subsidy a year on the 
average of the twenty years ; — Henry V. 
received ten and a third subsid[ies in a reign 
of nine and a half years. But, on the other 
hand, from the year 1433 parliament man* 
aged to extort from the weakness of the 
Government a reduction of ^4,000 on the 
assessed amount of the Fifteenth and Tenth. 
This ;£4,ooo was to be remitted rateably to 
decayed places where population had sunk. 
This allowance was probably fair enough, 
but it ought to have been made up by a 
reassessment of the whole impost. It should 
be noted that the first ^\^ years of the 
reign during which parliament refused to 
make any grant for the continuance of the 
war was a period of successful and apparency 
hopeful warfare. These were the da)^ of 
Cravant and Verneuil, when the English 
ascendency north of the Loire seemed fully 
established, and even the Scots had been 
driven from the field. 

The clergy were not slow to follow the 
lead of the Commons in refusing to tax 
themselves. The convocation of Canter- 
bury allowed three years to pass without 
a grant; and then they only gave half a 
tenth; altogether they gave ten and three- 
quarter tenths during the period. The clergy 
of the northern province practically emana- 
pated themselves from direct contribution to 
the wants of the state ; in twenty years they 
gave just four and a quarter tenths ; and as 
the York tenth had apparently sunk to about 
^2,200, their aggregate oflferings did not 
reach ;^ 10,000. 

The revenue totals, therefore, are moderate 
throughout Our table of the issues gives 
an average under ;;£ 105,000 a year, even 
with the help of two big years, when the 
expenditure exceeded ;^ 172,00a These 
were both remarkable years. The first of 



192 



ACCOUNTS OF HENRY VL (1422-1442). 



them, 1430-31, witnessed the close of the 
struggle with the Pucdle ; the latter, 1435- 
36, was the year following the reconciliation 
of Burgundy with France at Arras, when 
the English were persuaded to make war on 
Burgundy, when the duke retaliated by 
attacking Calais, and when for the relief of 
Calais England turned out nearly 8,000 
men for one month, besides the very un- 
usual force of 6,000 men already sent to 
Normandy. For the first five years when 
parliament did not vouchsafe any direct 
grants, the average expenditure was only a 
trifle over;£^67,ooo a year. But the readers 
of The Antiquary have been informed 
before now that the sum totals on the Rolls, 
whether Issue Rolls or Receipt Rolls, are 
always in excess of the real legitimate income ; 
and that for this we must have recourse to 
analyses of the individual sources of income. 
This time I have been relieved of the trouble 
of making these for myself by the kindness 
of Lord Cromwell, the treasurer appointed 
in 1434, at the instance of the Duke of 
Bedford, who signalised his accession to 
office by preparing a complete budget of the 
estimated receipts and expenditure for the 
coming year, the earUest parliamentary bud- 
get that has come down to us. For this I 
beg to tender his lordship my most respect- 
ful thanks; and still more for a valuable 
schedule of debts which could not possibly 
have been compiled at the present day. The 
budget gives an estimated gross income of 
;^58,358; or, if we take in the revenues 
of Calais and Aquitain, of ;£62,o32 4s. i id. ; 
while the primary ordinary expenditure is 
t^en at;^56,878. 

But even the ordinary income was bur- 
dened with encumbrances and allowances ; 
while the budget only charges for garrisons on 
a peace footing, and without allowing one 
penny for operations in the field. I may re- 
mark, by the way, that the revenues of Calais 
and Aquitain went only in reduction of ex- 
penditure j nothing ever came into the home 
exchequer from either source, and they do 
not figure in our revenue totals. 

The reader will be astonished at the small- 
ness of the treasurer's figures. One material 
addition to his income has to be made in the 
shape of direct grants from parliament and 
convocation; the treasurer could not take 



credit for these, because they had not yet been 
voted, but grants were made which I estimate 
at ^25,000 for the period covered by the 
budget, and with these we get an unques- 
tionable legitimate income of ^^87,000 for 
the whole year. The reader may urge that 
the totals on the Pell Rolls give an actual 
expenditure of;^io3,ooo; my answer is that 
the balance must be put down to borrowed 
money, cross entries, and continued accounts^ 
The treasurer's schedule of debts gives us 
items of this character to an amount exceed- 
ing ;^7 4,000, the whole of which must have 
figured at least once on each side of the 
public accounts. In truth the estate of a 
kin^ no less than that of a subject suffered 
dunng minority. After making all deduc- 
tions we could still make out for Henry V. 
an income of ;^io2,ooo a year. Of the con- 
verse case a striking instance may be found in 
Scotland at the very lime we are now com- 
sidering. Under the Albanys, the customs 
in Scotland, practically the only ordinary 
revenue of the Crown, had sunk to about 
;^2,2oo a year. After the return of James I., 
they promptly rose to ;^4,ooo and ;^5,ooo 
{Excheg, Rolls^ Scotland^ IV. xciii. cxxv.). 

The only head in Lord Cromwell's revenue 
budget, which does not exhibit a falling off, 
is that of the old hereditary revenues. These 
amount in round numbers to ^13,800, or, 
with the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, 
Cheshire and Wales, to ;£^24,5oo. These 
figures are larger than those brought out in 
some of our previous analyses. The revenues 
of the duchy of Lancaster remain the same. 
The principality of Wales, which during the 
time of Henry V. was still unproductive, now 
yields ^2,200 ; but subject in each case 
to charges and deductions amounting to 
about one half. The Hanaper, which under 
Henry V. could yield from ;^i,640 tO;^5,ooo 
a year, subject to deductions of about ;2^6oo 
a year, now returns ;^i,668; but the first 
charges have risen to ;£ 1,5 30. Again, the 
receipts of the Tower Mint stand at ;^390 
gross, or ^140 net; while under Henry V. 
the net receipts ranged from ^^236 to ;^90o a 
year. The lay subsidy, a fifteenth from counties 
and a tenth from boroughs, stands much as 
. it did. Under Henry V. we took it as pro- 
bably under ;£'36,ooo. The proceeds of the 
first grant of this reign, as given in our table, 



ACCOUNTS OF HENRY VL (1422-1442). 



1 93 



coineto>^35,o77 : so the half tenth from the 
con\*ocation of Canterbury, the first of the 
feign, comes to ^6,422, implying a total of 
*>™e ;i{^i 3,000 for the whole tenth ; the half 
tenth from York only comes to ;^ 1,0 7 9. 
The original taxatio assessed the two pro- 
Tioces at ^ 1 6,000 and ;£4,ooo respectively. 
But the dismal falling off is that of the 
customs. Under Henry V. we took the 
yield at from ;^40,ooo to ^42,000 a year ; 
now the treasurer thinks that he can only 
reckon on ^f 30,000. One of the three 
years on which his estimate was based was 
incomplete, the returns from Newcastle not 
having come in yet ; but we can easily allow 
for that ; and his calculation is supported 
by the returns for the eighth year (1429-30), 
which, as I have taken them from the Receipt 
Rolls, give in round numbers ^£^30,350. 
No very material change had been made in 
the rates of duty. Tonnage and poundage 
were practically levied at the same rates as 
under Henry V. ; namely 3s. the tun of 
wine, and i2d. on the jQi value of general 
merchandise : the wool duties had been 
somewhat lowered ; the rates from natives 
had been reduced from 50s. to 40s. the 
sack ; and those from foreigners from 60s. 
to 53s. 4d the sack : but in the case of such 
heavy imposts the reduction ought to have 
been, to a certain extent, compensated by 
increased exportation. Various causes may 
be suggested as ha\ing contributed to this 
loss of revenue. The keeping of the sea 
was totally neglected ; yet at the same time 
it must be admitted that the complaints of 
privateering at this time are comparatively 
trifling, and that we hear nothing of navd 
enterprises by the French. Malversation 
and neglect may be assigned as two leading 
causes. Of these we hear great complaints 
(Devon Issues^ ^20 \ Proceedings Prhy Conn- 
a/, iv. 239; Stat 11 Henry VL, cap. 16). 
In connection with this I may notice a 
statement by the Duke of Gloucester, that 
Cardinal Beaufort was the largest dealer in 
wool in all England (Stevenson, Letters 
Henry F/., il, 443). If this was true it is 
easy to understand the commercial advan- 
tages a man in his position would enjoy, 
and the statement helps to explain the 
cardinal's mysterious command of money. 
Again, we hear that Spanish and Scotch 



wools, being less heavily taxed, were com- 
peting with the English article {Rot, Parlt.y 
iv., 126). The last cause of the falling off 
which I am able to suggest is also the most 
interesting, and it is this, that the hea\y 
export duty on wool was at last developing 
the domestic manufacture of cloth and 
yarn. These could apparently be exported 
at the light duty of ^^5 per cent., while the 
duty on wool at the lower rate paid by 
natives came to just 25 per cent, on middling 
wool, which we are told sold for J[^Z the 
sack at Calais {Rot. Parlt,^ iv., 454, conf. 
Rogers' Prices, iii., 704). The development 
of the English woollen manufacture is 
specially noticed by foreign \*Titers at this 
time, and noticed with alarm by the Burgun- 
dian writers. 

In the estimate of expenditure we may 
notice a substantial reduction in the royal 
household, for which ^^ 13,000 is allowed, 
a fair amount for a king twelve years old, 
but, still, greatly below the sums of ^40,000 
and ;^5o,ooo we have seen under previous 
reigns. On the other hand Pensions have 
risen from ;^5,ooo and ^6,000 tO;^7,7oo ; 
and Civil Service has risen from ^8,000 and 
;^ 1 0,000 to ;^ 1 1,700. The increase under 
these two heads is one — payments to mem- 
bers of the royal family, and members of 
the Regency Council. As abready stated, 
the " Naval and Military " expenditure is 
merely for defensive garrisons on a peace 
footing ; the inclusion of the naxy in this 
account is really formal ; the only item 
entered being ;^ioo for the keeping of the 
king's ships, doubtless laid up in ordinary. 
On the actual Issue Rolls, considerable sums 
are paid in every year for shipping hired for 
the transport of reliefs to France. 

On the table of issues, where the shillings 
and pence are given, the totals are taken 
from the rolls ; where the shillings and 
pence are omitted, the tables are my own. 

The schedule of debts follows, to a certain 
extent, the lines of the budget of expenditure, 
but with a still more decided predominance 
of the war items. ITie list is not exhaustive, 
secured creditors not being included, as, for 
instance. Sir John Raddiffe, who had a 
charge on the Welsh revenues for ^7,000 due 
for his services in Aquitain. But the whole 
of the debt had not been contracted during 



194 



ACCOUNTS OF HENRY VI (1422— 1442.) 



the reign, as a foot-note calls attention to 
debts of older standing, as, for instance, 
;^ 1,200 still due to the widowed Duchess of 
Clarence, for the services of her late husband 
in the Agincourt campaign. Under the gene- 
ral head of war debt I would place not only 
the sum expressly mentioned as due for 
wages of war, but also the loans and the 
overdue drafts of the sixth head. These 
are the cancelled tallies of which the reader 
has heard so much, drafts tendered to credi- 
tors, but not honoured, or not fully honoured, 
at maturity ; the amount left owing being 
re-entered as a loan from the creditor. The 
holders of these were usually persons of high 
position, to whom money was due for public 
services. Thus in fact the war was carried on 
to a considerable extent at the expense of 
the noblemen and gentlemen who liked to 
take part in it, — a hint for the Peace Party of 
the present day. The loans, of course, were 
all raised to meet war expenses for which the 



Commons had failed to provide. Large as 
the amount of the debt seems, it was not 
really very much ; four lay subsidies would 
have cleared off the whole, and four extra 
subsidies could easily have been provided in 
the twelve years. 

The lightness of England's war taxation 
may be estimated by comparing the grants 
extracted from the estates of Normandy, where 
the people had war frequently among thenii 
and always round them. The English par* 
liament granted less than half a subsidy a 
year during the twenty years under review, 
that is to say, not ;^ 18,000 a year on the 
average. The Norman estates from the 
years 1423 to 1440, both inclusive, gave on 
the average 250,000 livres Toumois, or more 
than ;£4i,ooo a year, irrespective of indirect 
taxes, impdts d^office^ and local subventions 
on emergencies. (Beaurepaire Etats de 
Norpiandicy 16-74; and Stevenson, Letters 
Henry F/., passim.) 



Regnal 
Year. 


Term. 


I 


Mich. 




Easter 


2 


Mich. 




Easter 


3 


Mich. 




Easter 


4 


Mich. 




Easter 


5 


Mich. 




Easter 


6 


Mich. 


_— 


Easter 


7 


Mich. 




Easter 


8 


Mich. 


^_ 


Easter 


9 


Mich. 




Easter 


10 


Mich. 


_- 


Easter 


II 


Mich. 


^— 


Easter 


12 


Mich. 


— 


Easter 


13 


Mich. 




Easter 


14 


Mich. 




Easter 


15 


Mich. 




Easter 


16 


Mich. 



Table I, 
ISSUES HENRY VI. (From the Pell and Auditor's Rolls.) 

{Beginnittg of reign I September 1422.) 

Duration of Term. 



Thursday, 15 Oct., 1422 — Thursday, 1 1 March (given as 10 March), 1423 

Wednesday, 14 April — Saturday, 17 July, 1423 

Monday. 4 Oct., 1423 — Thursday, 2 March, 1424 (Auditor's Roll) 
Monday, I May -Thursday, 3 August (given as 4 August), 1424 
Thursday, 5 Oct. (given as 6 Oct.), 1424 — Thursday, 22 March, 1425... 

Friday, 20 April— Thursday, 2 Aug., 1425 

Thursday, 4 Oct., 1425 — Mondav, 4 March, 1426 

Monday, 15 April — Friday, 30 August, 1426 

i Tuesday, I Oct., 1426 — Thursday, 20 March, 1427 

Wednesday, 7 May — Friday, 18 July, 1427 

Monday, 13 Oct., 1427 — Thursday, 25 March, 1428 

Thursday, 15 April— Monday, 19 July, 1428 

Wednesday, 13 Oct., 1428 — Wednesday, 23 Feb. (given as 25 F.), 1429 

Tuesday, 12 April — Thursday, 14 July, 1429 ... 

Tuesday, 4 Oct., 1429 — Wednesday, 12 April, 1430 

Friday, 21 April — Wednesday, 19 July, 1430 

Friday, 13 Oct., 1430 — Friday, 16 March, 1431 

Saturday, 21 April — Monday, 13 August, 1 43 1 

Monday, 8 Oct., 1431 — Monday, 3 March, 1432 

Thursday, I May — Monday, 21 July, 1432 

Tuesday, 7 Oct., 1432 — Tuesday, 17 March, 1433 

Monday, 20 April (given as 21 April) — Saturday, 18 July, 1433 

Wednesday, 7 Oct., 1433— Thursday, 25 Feb., 1434 

Wednesday, 14 April — Wednesday, 14 July, 1434 

Thursday, 14 Oct., 1434— Monday, 21 Feb., 1435 

Tuesday, 10 May — Thursday, 21 July, 1435 

Monday, 10 Oct., 1435 — Wednesday, 4 April, 1436 (Auditor's) 

Wednesday, 18 April — Tuesday, 25 Sept., 1436 

Monday, 8 Oct., 1436 — Monday, 18 March, 1437 

Monday, 22 April — Thursday, 25 July, 1437 

Thursday, 10 Oct., 1437 — Thursday, 27 March, 1438 



Amount. 



I 


t. 


^ ' 


27.490 


— 


— 


37,444 
54,580 


7 
15 


7 
10 


27.572 





6 


35.589 


I 


5 


38.444 


15 loi 


32,704 


'? 


41 


30,860 


4 


33.514 


5 


10 


24,004 17 


8 


50^953 


4 


4i 


35.837 


19 


I 


32.897 
39,608 


_ 


^.B 


86,019 13 


4 


71,782 


16 


i^ 


112,985 


13 


H 


59,380 


15 


8 


39,751 


19 


71 


74,823 
57,3^ 


13 


9 


— 


mmm 


26,788 
43,870 


8 


9 


17 


9 


59,147 


2 





30^536 


10 


II 


54,338 


16 


4 


101,779 
69.488 


16 

18 


4 

2 


40,576 
91,862 


h{ 


48,705 


3 


I^ 



ACCOUNTS OF HENRY VL (1422— 1442). 



19s 



Y( 



Tenn. 



Duration of Tcnn. 



Amount. 





Ejister 


17 


Mich. 




Easter 


18 


• Mich. 


_ 


Easter 


19 


. Mich. 




! Easter 


ao 


. Mkh. 


— . 


Easter 



Friday, 2 May — Thursday, 24 July, 1438 (figures indistinct) 

Thursday, 9 Oct., 1438— Saturday, 28 Marcn, 1439 

Monday, 20 April — Monday, 27 July, 1439 

Tuesday, 13 Oct., 1439 — Monday, 29 Feb. (piven as 28 Feb.), 1440 
Thursday, 14 April — Saturday, 23 (given as 22) July, 1440 
No Roll on either side : Receipts, ;^2, 583 idr.. 6^. 
No Roll on either side : Receipts, /38,492 os. (>\d, 

Thursday, 12 Oct., 1441 — Wednesday, 28 March, 1442 

Saturday. 14 April — August ? (last day not given) 



C 
45,335 
56.539 
65,14" 
78,590 
41.043 



47,757 
73,246 



X. 

"4 
I 

II 

4 



2 
18 



d, 
II 

4i 
8 



10 
9 



Table II. 

Estimated Gross Ordinary Receipts of the 
Crown for coming year ; laid before Par- 
uament by Treasurer Lord Cromwell, 
October, 1433. Rot. Parlt. IV. 433. 

(1) OW Crown Revenues — £ s, d, £ s, d. 
Including — 



Lancaster 


4,952 








Chester 


764 








Cornwall 


2,788 








South Wales 


1,139 








North Wales 


",097 








-Green Wax" 


1,200 









24,580 8 9 

{,2) Ctt^stoms (on average of 3 last years) 30, 722 5 7I 

(3) Aulnage Cloth .... 720 o o 

(4) Priories Alien .... 277 5 o 

(5) Hanaper (gross) .... 1,668 3 4 

(6) Tower Mint and Exchange (gross) 390 o o 

58,358 2 8| 

N.R — This does not include the special revenues 
of Calais, estimated at ^'2,866, nor those of Aquitain, 
given as /808 2s, 2\d. 

Table III. 

Estimated Ordinary Expenditure of Crown 
for coming year, laid before parliament 
BY Treasurer Lord Cromwell, October, 1433. 
RoT. Parlt. IV. 435. 

(1) Ho^isehold : including — £ s. d. £ s. d. 
Chamber 666 13 4 

Great Wardrobe . 1,300 o o etc 

13.071 19 7 

(2} Naval and Military — 

Aquitain (about 260 



3,400 o o 

11,930 16 7 

2.666 13 4 

2,566 13 4 

1,000 o o 

1,250 o o 



archers) 
Calais . 
Ireland 

22,920 911 

(3) Civil Service (with diplomacy, 

salaries of Regents, etc. . 11,723 2 5 

(4) Public Works .... 733 6 8 

(5) Pensions 7»722 i6 3 

(6) Miscellaneous (maintenance of 
French prisoners ; Tower Lions, 

etc 706 10 o 

56,878 4 10 



Table IV. 

Schedule of Unsecured Crown Debts laid 
before Parliament, October, 1433. Rot. 
Parlt. IV. 436. 

£ s, d. 

(i) Household 5,159 i 8 

(2) Public Works . . . . 215 7 11 

(3) Wages of War (Calais, ^5,000 ; 

A(^uitain,jf 5.400, etc.. . . 59,578 16 10 

(4) Civil Service (with Pensions and 

Ireland) 27,705 II 3 

(5) Loans (Cardinal Beaufort. jf6.666) 18,013 19 9 

(6) Overdue Drafts (*• Item divers' 

personis per Tall* iis assignat' 
prout patet per folia eorumdem 
remanent' in Scaccario nondum 
allocat' ") 56,288 10 10 



166,961 8 3 



Table V. 

Henry VI. Customs. 

Eighth year. Mickcuimas 1 429 — 1 430. From the 

Receipt Rolls. 

Wool. "Magna Custuma," '-Parva £ s. d, 

Custuma, and *' Subsidium " . 23,626 4 3 

Tonnage and Poundage . • ^,721 5 9 



30,347 10 o 
Ninth yeary 1430— 1431. Rot, Parlt. IV, 435. 

Wool, as above 27,931 16 4I 

Tonnage and Poundage 6,920 14 5 



34,852 10 9f 
Tenth year^ I43I->I432. Rot, Parlt, sup. 

Wool, as above 23,80^ 3 loj 

Tonnage and Poundage . 6,998 17 10 



30,804 I 8J 
Eleventh year ^ 1432 — 1433. lb. 
Wool, as above (without Newcastle) . 20^2P1 211} 
Tonnage and Poundage (without New- 
castle) 6,203 I 6 



26,510 4 Si 
Average of ninth, tenth, and ekventh 

years. lb 30,722 5 ^\ 



196 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE, 



Table VI. 

Subsidies. 

From the Receipt Rolls. 
Lay Subsidy. — 

Fifteenth and Tenth from Parliament : granted 
12 Dec. 1429. Rot. Parlt.tW.lid. 
Collected Michaelmas Term, 8 

Henry VI /34»904 9 9 

Arrears collected Easter Term, 
8 Henry VI 172 15 3 

Total 3S»o77 5 o 

Clerical Subsidies. — 

Half Tenth from Canterbury : granted 18 July, 
1425. Wilkins' Concilia, III., 438. 
Collected Michaelmas Term, 4 

Henry VI /5,788 16 4 

Arrears collected Easter Term, 4 

Henry VI 633 16 5 

Total 6,422 12 9 

Half Tenth from York : granted 17 August, 1440. 

Wilkins' Concilia, III.. 536. 
Collected Michaelmas Term, 19 

Henry VI £S^S *9 ^ 

Collected Easter Term, 19 Henry VI. 513 34 



Total 



1,079 2 10 




Cbe jFormatton of tbe ^xt^%^ 

IPalate. 

By R. S. Ferguson, F.S.A. 

Presidential Address, delivered at the Annual Meeting 
of the Cumberland Association for the Advance" 
nietit of Literature and Science, held at Penrith 
in 1884. 

06dh 6 fjLdy€ipos rod ToirjTov Siatpipii, 
mOi ydp iany ^Karif^ Toirtav r^ny. 

HE learned and ingenious author 
of The Romans of Britain^ Mr. 
Coote, F.S.A., in a paper on 
The Cuisine Bourgeoise of Ancient 
Rome^* (which he communicated to the 
Society of Antiquaries), observed that " no 
one has yet written the history of the 
Roman palate, such as it. became when the 
successes of that people had given occasion 
for its artificial cultivation.'* Mr. Coote's 
observation may be widely extended : we 
have many recipe books, and many cookery 
books, but we have no general history of 
the palate, and no history of cookery con- 

♦ Archactogia, vol. xli., pp. 283-324. 




sidered as one of the fine arts. Two books ' 
I may mention as exceptions, M. Brillat- 
Savarin's Fhysiologie du GoiU,^ and M. 
Soyer*s Fantropheon, or the History of Food 
and its Freparation from the Earliest Age of 
the World, Mr. Coote well says, in allusion 
to the want of a history of the Roman 
palate, " This is not merely an omission in 
archaeology, it is a blank left in the annals 
of taste." I would say more — the want of a 
general history of cookery, considered as one 
of the fine arts, is an omitted chapter in the 
history of civilization ; for cookery — good 
cookery — is one of the most important 
weapons by which civilization defeats the law 
of Natural Selection — under which, among 
the brutes, the sickly and the weakly die oflf, 
and the strong alone survive. 

Far be it from me to rush into the gap— I 
do not know enough; long years of study 
would be necessary, nor am I vain enough 
to think my own palate sufficiently dis- 
criminating. I can only reproduce what 
I have culled from others — from Athenaeus, 
from Apicius, from Pegge's Forme of Cury^ 
ixovci Mr. Coote's able article, from Alexander 
Dumas (Dictionnaire de Cuisine), from Fran- 
catelli, and Soyer, and fi-om accounts of 
ancient feasts and records of ancient house- 
keeping buried in the transactions of various 
archaeological societies. 

To begin with the earliest inhabitants of 
this country — the palaeolithic man, both 
river-drift and cave — we need not linger over 
him : there can be no historical continuity 
between the traditions of his kitchen, and 
those of ours. We do know something of 
how the cave-man cooked — the Esquimaux 
remains to tell us : his food, if cooked at all 
(and by the way, raw meat is in high lati- 

* Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, judge of the Coart of 
Cassation, member of the Legion of Honoar, and of 
most of the scientific and literary societies of France, 
was born in 1755 at Bellcy. The PhyMogie du 
Goiif was published some time in 1825, and ran 
rapidly through five or six editions, besides reprints 
in Belgium. An English edition has just (1884) been 
published. The late Mr. Hayward, Q.C, sajrs of it, 
*' Its great charm consists in the singular mixture of 
wit, humour, learning, and knowledge of the world — 
bans mots^ anecdotes, ingenious theories, and instruc- 
tive dissertations — whioi it presents. — The Art of 
Dining, Murray, London, 1803, p. 49, where is a 
charming account of the Physiclcgie du GoAt, 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE. 



197 



tudes conducive to health), is broiled or 
boiled. His vessels being of stone or wood, 
cannot be put on the fire ; but heated stones 
are dropped in, until the water becomes hot 
enough, and the meat is cooked. The result 
is a mess of soot, dirt, and ashes, which, 
according to our notions, is intolerable ; but 
(as Sir John Lubbock says, and I am quoting 
him) if the stench of an Elsquimaux house 
does not lake a man's appetite away, nothing 
else would be likely to do so. 

But with the people the Romans found 
in this country we have a continuity, and it 
is worth while to inquire into what they had 
to cook, and how they cooked it 

From fragments which have come down 
to us, of the travels, in the fourth century 
before Christ, of Pytheas, the celebrated 
mathematician, we learn that wheat was 
abundant in the southern districts of Britain, 
and that the inhabitants made a drink of 
wheat and honey, still known in some dis- 
tricts as " metheglin," and he is the first 
authority for the description of the British 
beer, against which the Greek physicians 
warned their patients " as a drink producing 
pain in the head, and injury to the nerves.''* 

Caesar tells us somewhat more: in his 
account of Britain he distinguishes between 
the people dwelling on the coast and those 
who inhabited the interior, the former being 
emigrants from Belgium ; of these he says 
that they cultivated the fields, and had a 
large number of cattle. ** Leporem et galli- 
nam et anserem gustare, fas non putant : haec 
tamen alunt, animi voluptatisque causa."t 
Of the inhabitants of the interior he says, 
" Interiores plerique frumenta non serunt, 
scd lacte et came vivunt^'J Pre-historic 
archaeology has proved the truth of the 
statements made by Csesar. In the kitchen- 
middens of this period we find the bones of 
the goat, the homed sheep, the small short- 
homed ox, the horse, the swine, and the 
dog, though the last was probably only eaten 
under stress of £timine. Milk was probably 
a great staple of diet, and Canon Greenwell 
in this connection points out that at Grime's 
Graves, in Norfolk, where he excavated 
largely, a very large proportion of the numer- 

• EltOQ*s Origins of English History, chap. I. 

JComm., lib. v., c. 12. 
/MUl.c. 14. 



ous bones found were of the ox, and nearly 
all were of animals of but a few days old. 
This, he says, seems to imply that the milk 
was required by the owner of the cattle, who 
could not spare it to keep the calves alive. 
Strabo expressly tells us the Britons had no 
cheese : the question is, had they any butter? 
It is nowhere mentioned that they had ; if 
they had, it was probably churned in a skin, 
as the Arabs do to this day : hence it would 
be, like the Irish bog butter, full of hairs. 
The terraces, on which the people we are 
speaking of cultivated grain, have also been 
found, but we have stronger proof that they 
did cultivate grain in the numerous pestles, 
and mortars, and grain rubbers that are in 
our museums. These articles also show that 
their owners made some sort of dish out of 
the grain, whether mere crowdy, or porridge, 
or even bread I cannot say ; but whatever it 
was, it was certainly full of sand and grits, as 
shown by the condition of their teeth, which, 
though often sound and strong, particularly 
among the older race, the longheads, are 
worn down to the very gum. 

As for cooking utensils, their pottery was 
unglazed and porous : milk kept in it would 
soon be tainted, and as use is second nature, 
the earlier inhabitants of this country pro- 
bably liked their milk "gamey," as do the 
inhabitants of the western isles of Scotland, 
where the " craggan '' is still in use. Such 
vessels were ill adapted for cooking pur- 
poses ; but in the later bronze period there 
were in Britain and in Ireland caldrons of 
thin plates of hammered bronze riveted to- 
gether, some of conical, others of spheroidal 
shape. \Vhether there then were in the 
British Isles bronze-smiths capable of making 
these vessels, or whether the vessels were 
imported, I cannot now stop to discuss : my 
object in mentioning them was merely to 
show that these vessels were in the hands of 
the Britons, and that they thus had the 
means of boiling their food over a fire. 

But, though the inhabitants of Britain had, 
when Caesar arrived here, pots of bronze in 
which to boil, and viands with which to fill 
those pots, they could have had no cookery 
worth the name. They lacked two things 
essential in cookery : first of all they had no 
sugar : beet-root sugar and maple-sugar were 
not then invented, and cane-sugar was just 



193 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE. 



known by travellers' tales to the Romans, 
who used honey, or sugar made from honey. 
But the Ancient Britons had not even this, 
for the late Professor RoUeston has shown 
that they had no domesticated bees, though 
they did make mead [metheglin] from the 
honey of wild bees. ** Now if we only con- 
sider," says the Professor, " how largely 
separated sugars enter into the dietaries of 
the poorest amongst us, we shall be puzzled 
to understand how in the days of Caractacus, 
people cooked at all without sugar.*'* I 
believe that in England every adult consumes 
weekly seven-and-a-half ounces of sugar. The 
other essential to cookery that the earlier 
inhabitants of Britain lacked was oil. We 
unfortunately are obliged to use butter in our 
cookery instead of oil : the Ancient Britons 
certainly had no oil, and they either had no 
butter at all, or else it was full of hairs, and 
probably rancid. I am inclined to think that 
they, like more civilized countries, had no 
butter: according to Bishop Patrick, the 
Greeks had no butter in the fourth century 
before Christ ; neither Homer, Euripides, 
Hesiod, nor Aristotle ever mention butter, 
though they mention cheese. 

It is to the Romans we must accredit the 
introduction of the art of cookery into these 
islands. 

I hope to show from whence the Romans 
got the art of cookery, and when : what their 
cookery was like, and the influence it has had 
upon the present state of the art in this country. 

Like many other things, the art of cookery 
came from the East : the Romans got it from 
the Greeks, and the Greeks got it from the 
Lydians, whose cooks were highly celebrated. 

Some archaeologists have speculated on the 
cookery of the antediluvians : as these per- 
sons were or ought to have been vegetarians, 
they probably cooked but little : the patri- 
archs seem to have been acquainted with 
roasting, boiling, and baking, and they knew 
how to make savoury meat with sauce, pro- 
bably with oil, for though butter is mentioned 
in the Old Testament, cream is more likely 
meant. Kids and lambs were their main 
meats; the common fowl was unknown to 
the patriarchs ; indeed, it is never mentioned 
by the writers of the Old Testament, nor by 
Homer or Hesiod. It was a later introduc- 

♦ British Barrcws, by Greenwell and Rolleston, p. 725. 



tion, and found its way from India to Rome 
viA the Red Sea, or far more probably by 
Babylon. 

It is impossible to make a continuous 
history of the art of cookery from the times 
of the patriarchs downwards ; we have to skip, 
and we pick up our thread again with the 
Lydians. Lydia was a district of Asia Minor, 
and was a very early seat of Asiatic civiliza- 
tion : from the Lydians the Greeks derived 
many civilized arts, such as the weaving and 
dying of fine fabrics; various processes of 
metallurgy ; the use of gold and silver money; 
various metrical and musical improvements 
(particularly the musical scale) ; and the art 
of cookery. 

We are now beginning to get upon the 
safe ground of a book on the subject, the 
ActTTvoo-o^uTTcu (Dcipnosophistse), or The 
Banquet of tlu Leartied, by Athenasus the 
grammarian. This book is a collection of 
anoy or anecdotes, on all sorts of things, par- 
ticularly Gastronomy, and is put forth by 
Athenaeus as a full account of the conversa- 
tion at a banquet at Rome, at which he, 
Galen the physician, and Ulpian the jurist, 
were among the guests. Only a fragment of 
the book has come down to us : it is our 
authority for the high fame to which the 
Lydian cooks had attained. Athenaeus also 
preserves for us the names of several writers 
on cookery, whose works, alas ! are lost ; he 
enumerates some seventeen, and these seven- 
teen are not retired hotel-keepers, club-cooks, 
or old ladies, but doctors — doctors of high 
degree, such as Erasistratus of Ceos, the most 
famous anatomist and vivisectionist of his 
day, a physician second only to Hippocratea 
Heraclides, who wrote on Materia Medica, 
and also wrote a commentary on Hippocrates ; 
Criton of Rome, and Diodes of Eubsea, both 
distinguished medical writers. Don't let any 
one be surprised: in both classical and 
mediaeval times, the arts of cookery and of 
healing were always considered closely allied. 
The word curare signifies equally to dress 
victuals and to cure a distemper. There is a 
well-known Latin adage — 

Culina medicince famulatrix, 

and another 

Explicit coquina que est optima medidna* 

The connection continued to the end of the 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE. 



199 



seventeenth centur)-. In 1684 one Hartman, 
a chemist, published in one volume , A chcict 
tollection of StUct Remedies for all Distempers 
mctdent to Men, Women, and Children, to- 
giiktr with excellent Directions for Cookery, 
mmd also for preserving and conserving. The 
association of ideas still obtains at sea, and 
sailors always call their cook the doctor. 

Not even fragments of the culinary works 
of these writers have come down to us, though 
some of their medical works have, and thus 
we are in darkness as to the Lydian and 
Greek art of Cookery, except so far as we 
learn it from Apicius, a book which I shall 
presently say a good deal about But that 
among the Greeks the Art was highly thought 
of, we know from a quotation from a play of 
Eophron, preser\'ed in Athenaeus — 

OvScv h fiaytipo^ rot) Troii/rov Sui<f>€p€i, 
O Kovs yap ioTty cicar^xp Tornuv T€)(yrj. 

The Romans at first were far from holding 
cooks in such honour : a military and an 
agricultural people, their original cookery was 
a very simple aJffair ; it was very vegetarian. 
Pliny describes an old-fashioned Roman 
duiner as — Lactucct singulce, cochlea tema, ova 
bina, alica cum mulso et nive, olivet Bceticce, 
cucurtita, bulbi, alia mille non minus lauta. 
This peculiarity of being very vegetarian ad- 
heres to this day to the cookery of all the 
Latin races^ and is (says Mr. Coote) in itself 
an evidence of much refinement 

The great national dish of the primitive 
Roman ynspuls: it was a sort of gruel, pap, 
or pottage made of alica (wheat grits) or of 
simiJa (semolina), flavoured with herbs, or 
brains. Sometimes it was merely milk and 
biscuit boiled together : a similar dish was 
ptisana, made from barley grits, and was a 
oarley-water flavoured with herbs, vinegar, oil, 
and wine. The Roman had also a great 
weakness for sausages and smoked meats 
\Lucaniat, botelli, farcimina\ Upon this 
simple style of cooking, the Greek art was 
engrafted, and the rich, invigorating Asiatic- 
Greek sauces warmed up the simple Roman 
fiire into life and energy. 

We learn the date of this change from 
Livy, lib. xxxix. c. 6. Writing of the effects 
of the victories in the year 189 B.C. of 
Cnoeos Manlius Vulso in Asia, he says: 
Luxurict enim peregina origo ab exercitu 



Asiatico invecta in urbem est. After enumerat- 
ing several instances, he says, ** Epula quoque 
ipsa et aira et sumptu majore apparari orpta : 
turn coquus, vitissimum anfiquis mancipium, 
et wstimatione et usu, in pretio esse ; et, quod 
minis ten urn fuerat, ars haberi cccptay Lu- 
cullus, also, after his victories over Mithridates 
and Tigranes, did a great deal to introduce 
sumptuous living into Rome. He had 
amassed vast treasures in Asia, and was thus 
able to gratify his taste for luxury and mag- 
nificence. The Romans threw all their strong 
nature into the new art : they became dinner- 
givers and diners out ; ransacked their most 
distant provinces for new luxuries ; they dis- 
covered and impHDrted the pheasant, the 
woodcock, and the guinea-fowL Fame was 
to be attained by the successful culture of 
some new viand for the table : and Columella 
in his De Re Rustica, tells us that Sergius 
Grata, />., Sergius the gold brasse (a small 
fish), and Licinius Murena, i,e,, Liciniusthe sea 
eel, derived their names from the successfiil 
cultivation of those fish for the table. 

Of course there was a reaction. As Mr. 
Coote says, ** ideas of such novelty taken 
second-hand from the lively and luxurious 
Greek, aroused what still remained of the 
stem and puritanical character of the 
Romans.*' Sumptuary laws were enacted ; 
no one was allowed to have more than three 
guests to dinner ; dormice, and shell-fish, and 
strange birds brought from foreign countries 
(the pheasant, woodcock, and guinea-fowl) 
were prohibited. " No success,'* says Mr. 
Coote, " could wait on such grim essays at 
retrogression. They accordingly proved 
failures, and the efforts of sumptuary laws 
and censors could not drive the Roman 
gentleman back into the plain cookery of his 
ancestors." 

Now there has come down to us a book, 
which reveals to us the taste of the Roman 
palate — and the dishes of this Asiatico- 
Grecko-Romano-art which pleased it It is 
a book whose name sounds familiar to most 
people, but which few, even among scholars, 
have e\er seen. It rarely occurs even in the 
best libraries. No translation exists ; the 
production of one would puzzle the best 
scholars of the day, who are not, as a rule, 
familiar with the terms of the art of the 
Roman or English kitchen. 



200 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE. 



But Smollett had read Apicius, and under- 
stood it too, and he had read the commenta- 
tors, Humelbergius and Lister, and the 
famous " Dinner in the Manner of the 
Ancients," in Peregrine PickUy is the work of 
a scholar in culinary matters. 

The title of the work is — Apicii Coelii de 
Opsoniis et Condimeniis sive Arte Coquinaria 
Libri Decern, "The ten books of Apicius 
Coelius upon Viands and Sauces, or the Art 
of Cookery." 

Now Apicius did not write the book ; he 
was no more a cook than I am ; he was a 
famous bon vivant 2x16, gourmet y who flourished 
under the Emperor Tiberius, and whose name 
has passed into a proverb in all matters con- 
nected with the pleasures of the table. The 
dull idiot who wrote the account of him in 
the Classical Dictionary calls him a glutton^ 
and a more stupid libel was never penned, 
and that upon one whom all writers, from 
Juvenal and Martial downwards, have agreed 
to take as the representative of the haute 
cuisine of ancient Rome ; upon one who, as 
Pliny tells us, was the first to introduce to 
public notice cymue et coliculiy in other words 
Brussels Sprouts, a dish which channed the 
Emperor Tiberius, though it shocked the 
rigid principle of the virtuous Drusus. 

The name of the compiler is unknown. 
Mr. Coote pleasantly conjectures him to have 
been the Soyer or Francatelli of the period, 
who prefixed the name of Apicius to his book 
by way of a good advertisement. Many of 
the dishes owe their nomenclature to his- 
torical personages, and by these names Mr. 
Coote is able to show that the book contains 
recipes ranging from the time of the Republic 
to the Emperor Heliogabalus ; but the book 
is the composition of one writer, as shown by 
its cross references. Mr. Coote remarks, " In 
its literal style it resembles Mrs. Glasse, in her 
pleasant pleonasms and sagacious comments." 
For convenience I shall call the book by the 
name on its title page, Apicius, and the 
school of cookery it teaches the Apician. 

There have been several editions of this 
Roman cookery book, but I need not trouble 
now about them. The best is that of 1705, 
edited by Dr. Martin leister, "e Medicis 
Domesticis serenissimae Reginae Annae." Of 
this only one hundred and twenty copies were 
printed, at the expense, as recorded on the 



back of the title page, of eighteen gentlemen, ^ 
among whom were the Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, the Bishops of Norwich and of Bath 
and Wells ; the Earls of Sunderland and Rox- 
burgh ; Sir Robert Harley, Sir Christopher 
Wren, Isaac Newton, Flamstead the Astro- 
nomer-Royal, Hans Sloane, etc. Since this 
publication the book has fallen almost entirely 
into oblivion, and the learned editor has 
been forgotten ; but in his day he was a well- 
known London celebrity. 

I must proceed to take some pickings 
from it 

The Roman batterie de cuisine much re- 
sembles ours, ours indeed being descended 
from it. Although we may have new inven- 
tions, I doubt if we have anything better: 
indeed Dr. Bruce told me that the Duke of 
Northumberland's French chef had had repro- 
duced for his own use some of the Roman 
cooking implements in the duke's museum 
at Alnwick. Large collections of them are in 
the museums at Herculaneum and Pompeii 
Their usual material is bronze tinned, but 
silver was frequently used. The Romans had 
the spit {veru)y the gridiron {cra/icula), and 
the frying-pan (sartago). They had saucepans 
of every size, cacabus, cacabu/us, zema, angu- 
larisy pultarium. The Roman saucepan 
differed in shape somewhat from ours : ours 
broaden to their base ; the Roman narrowed 
like a teacup ; and had a long flat side 
handle terminating in a circular expansion at 
the end, in which was a hole, so that the pan 
could be hung up by its handle. It has been 
objected that the Roman shape would upset 
very easily on a fire : so it would, on an open 
coal fire, but the Roman mainly cooked with 
charcoal, and to a great extent on stoves. 
Their saucepans seem to have been made in 
sets of ^v^y each being, in capacity, a regular 
multiple of ^v^ cyathi^ the cyathus being a 
Roman measure equal to '08 of our pint. A 
set preserved at Castle Howard hold each 
ten, fifteen, twenty- five, fifty, and sixty cyathi^ 
and the smallest would hold four-fifths of 
a pint of our measure. There was the 
stewpan of bronze, patina^ patella^ and of 
earthenware, cumana ; the braizing pan (/^r- 
ffiospodion)y the oven {fumus\ the Dutch 
oven (clibanus\ the bain marie pan {duplex 
vas). A net (reticulus), or a basket (jsportdid)^ 
was sometimes used in boiling: they had 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE. 



201 



Hetming apparatus, strainers, skimmers, dry 

a cloths, moulds, etc., mortars, pestles, hand 
Sy etc The mortars {mortaria) are the best 
known of the Roman kitchen utensils to us : 
fragments of them turn up everywhere. They 
were usually made of yellow, drab, or fawn- 
cdouied clay, sometimes of Samian ware, 
and the surface of the interior is often studded 
with small siliceous stones, broken quartz, 
and scoria of iron, to help attrition. When 
we come to understand the character of 
Roman cookery, we shall see why the remains 
of mortaria are so common. 

We now come to a most important matter ; 
the consideration of the Roman sauces as 
given in the pages of Apicius. On sauces 
Mr. Coote remarks, " As sauces are the de- 
monstrations of cookery as a fine art, so they 
are the measure and gauge of its excellence." 
In fiurt, the excellence of any particular school 
of cookery is to be measured by the excellence 
of its sauces. 

The general sauces of English cookery are 
formed of meat gravy with the flavouring 
of onion, spices, and fines hcrbcs^ the whole 
bdng inspirited by the addition of wine. To 
this conjunction is added ketchup, rarely 
anchovy ; and where it is required the sauces 
mie thickened by flour or arrowroot. The 
Roman sauces are the same in principle, and, 
with some exceptions, nearly the same in 
£u± The Roman cooks used honey for 
perfecting these sauces, where we now use 
sugar — cane, beet, or maple. Cane sugar 
was only just known to them by travellers' 
tales ; beet and maple were not invented. 
But we must not imagine the Roman cooks 
used honey in the state we eat it at breakfast : 
it would be clarified, and manufactured, and 
the product (the cUre honey of mediaeval 
cooks), clarified by the whites of eggs and 
other means, would not be unlike our sugar. 
In fact, honey, as we use it, would bear about 
the same relation to it as used by the Roman 
cooks that the raw sugar-cane juice does to 
manufactured white sugar. Again, the Roman 
cooks used oil, where we use butter, "bar- 
barian butter " Mr. Coote calls it, and there 
can be no doubt that in cookery oil is in- 
finitely superior to butter. But it is essential 
that the oil should be fresh and good, and it 
is very difficult indeed in this country to get 

Instead of meat essence, which our cooks 

VOL. X. 



use largely, the Romans used wine, and 
various decoctions of wine, as we English did 
in mediaeval times — viz., menim, defrutum^ 
caranum^ muisum, passum, all of which, except 
the first, were wines boiled down in diflerent 
degrees, sometimes with honey. 

The Romans used herbes potag}res very 
largely. I give a list of their English names; we 
shall recognise them all as old English pot- 
herbs, used in English cookery. In fact, most 
of them were brought here by the Romans. 



lovage 

sage 

cummin 

coriander ... 

marjoram . . . 

rue 

dill, anise ... 

basil 

mint 

thyme 

wild thyme... 

fennel 

parsley 

pennyroyal . . . 

cat mint 

savory 

saffron 

asparagus ... 

onion 

Wit it • • • • • • 

button onion 
garlic 



ligusticum 

sal\na 

cuminum 

coriandrum 

origanum 

ruta 

anetum 

ocymum 

mentha 

thymum 

faeniculus 

petrosilium, petroselinum 

pulegium 

nepeta 

satureia 

asparagus 

cepa 

pomis 

cepulla 

alias 



cyperus (galingage) cyperus 

The seeds of many plants were in constant 
use : — 

celery (or smallage) apium 

rocket 

caraway 

mustsird 

cummm ... 

aniseed 

Berries : — 

rue 

laurel 

myrtle 

juniper 

lentise (marlich) 

Fruits : — 

pine nuts ... 

walnuts 

filberts 

hazel nuts ... 

dates 

damsons 

plums 

raisins 

almonds 

quinces 

were all used in the 



eruca 
careum 
sinape 
cununum 



ruta 

laurus 

mjrrtha 

juniperus 

lentiscus 



... nuclei 

... nuces juglandes 

... pontica 

• • • 

... caryota, dactylus 
... damascena 

• ■ • 

... uvte passae 
... amygdala 
... mala Cydonia 

making of sauces. 

p 



aoa THE TWO PEDLAR LEGENDS OF LAMBETH AND SWAFFHAH. 



Of spices they had plenty : pepper, long 
and short, ginger, malobathnim, cassium, 

folium, costus, spikenard — all from the East 
Then they had another spice, a host in itself, 
silphium, laser, or laserpUium, used in root, 
leaf, and in juice. This was once the staple 
product of Cyrene, and sold almost for its 
weight in silver. It is now lost; we don't 
know what it was j the coins of Cyrene show 
it to have been an umbelliferous plant ; 
assafiKtida has been suggested, and Smollett 
adopts this notion, and introduces, at the 
" Dinner in the Manner of the Ancients," a 
jelly of vinegar, pickle, and honey boiled 
together, and garnished with candied assa- 
ftetida. But Humelbergius and Dr. Lister 
strongly oppose this view. Assafoetida is 
even now used in cookery by modem Arabs. 
Cinnamon the Romans did not use, except 
on the funeral pyre. But with that exception, 
and the exception of lemon juice, almost all 
things that offered zest, that insured flavour, 
that assisted appetite, and promoted diges- 
tion, were imported by the Roman into sauce 
and stew. 

There was a something else with which 
Roman cooks tempered all their sauces and 
all their dishes — namely, garum or liquamen. 
It was a sauce made from the intestines and 
heads of large fish — the tunny, the sturgeon, 
the mackerel : these were mixed in a vat with 
salt, and were exposed to the sun for a long 
time ; wine was added, and pot herbs. The 
art is now completely lost, and we do not 
know what was this ganim ot liguamen which 
was so dear to the Roman palate. Where it 
was used salt was never used, and therefore 
garum must have had a salt flavour ; yet it 
was bad if it was too salt, and honey then was 
added to it ; salt fish were washed in it, to 
takeaway their saltness. On the whole, one is 
inclined to think that garum was a thin sauce 
with a delicate salt flavour, a nuance, says Mr. 
Coote, "Asou/i(on which recalled to the jaded 
Roman the healthy ozonic air of the fresh 
and tone-giving seas of Bai<e and Tarentum." 
Smollett substitutes herring pickle for iL 

To go back to sauces in general : the 
gravy of the object for which the sauce was 
mtended, was [also mixed with the sauce. 
Starch, bread, and wafer biscuits were used for 
thickening sauces, also eggs, cooked or raw. 



C&e CtDO IpeUat HmenDs of 
lamtieti) ano ^maffbam. 



wo very distant and distinct places 
have two nearly-related traditions — 
Lambeth in Surrey, and SwaSham 
in Norfolk. Both the legends are 
commemorated by memorials in the parish 
church, and last month we had the mortifica' 
tion to record that the church window at 
Lambeth, dedicated to the Pedlar, had been 
removed, to make room for a modem memo- 
ria) window. We are glad to see that the 
parishioners of Lambeth have bestirred them- 
selves, and compelled the vicar to promise 




restoration. So far, good. The restoration 
is not to be made to the place where the 
window was removed from, but a new window 
is to be built nearer to the original spot If 
Lambeth people care to accept this compro- 
mise, archaeologists will not ; if the window 
may thus be shifted from one place to an- 
other, at every one's bidding, there will be 
no security for its lasting preservatioa We 
shall continue to urge the complete restora- 
tion of the window, and we trust that the 
people of Lambeth will be true to their local 
celebrities, and insist upon this illegal removal 
being remedied. 

Let us now consider the histoiy of thti 
famed pedlar of Lambeth. An account is 
given in Allen's History of Lambeth, but the 



THE mo PEDLAR LEGENDS OF LAMBETH AND SWAFFHAM. 203 



best is that p;iven in Lang Ago for September 
1873 (vol L, p. 271), taken from a manu- 
script in the handwriting of Archdeacon 
Drune, formerly rector of Lambeth. A de- 
scendant of the venerable Archdeacon, the 
Rev. Bradford Drune Hawkins, Rector of 
Rnrerdale, Witham, forwarded the account 
to the editor of Long Ago; and the following 
b a literal transcript : — 

'* Among the estates belonging to the parish 
of Lambeth is a piece of land, antiently caird 
Church Hopys,* but since called Pedlar's Acre. 
For what reasons it was so caird I cannot 
learo, finding no historical vouchers to justify 
what the writer of the New View of London 
sa^ about it in page 381 ; that a Pedlar gave 
this acre of land, besides ye following Bene- 
fiidioos in money, viz. : — 

To ye Parish jQ6 o o 

To ye Archbishop . . 100 o o 

To ye Rector . 20 o o 

To ye Qerk and Sexton each 10 o o 

tot lea\'e (as tradition reports) to bury his 
dog in ye churchyard. So far is true, that 
thm is a Picture of a Pedlar and his dog in 
painted glass in ye window over ye Pulpit ; 
wh suffering by the high wind was renewed 
at ye Parish expense in 1 703 ( Vestry Book, 
foL 7-19). There appears to have been a 
like picture there in 1607 {Old Vestry Book, 
fi>L 171 — 173), tho* this Land was not then 
call'd by ye name of Pedlar's Acre : nor in 
the lease granted February 20th, 1656. The 
first mention of that name, as far as I can 
find, was in ye lease August 6th, 1690. And 
might not this story take its rise from another 
Benefiictor? of whom we have ye following 
account given by Bp. Gibson in his Edition 
of Camden, * Henry Smith was once a Silver 
Smith in London, but he did not follow that 
trade long. He afterwards went a begging 
for many years, and was commonly called 
Dog Smith, because he had a dog wh always 
followed him — when he dyed, he left a very 
great estate in ye hands of Trustees upon a 
general acct of Charity, and more particularly 
for Surrey — After ye Trustees had made a 
considerable improvement of ye estate, and 
purchas'd several farms, they settled sold. 
per annum or thereabouts upon every market- 

• OU Vatry Book, foL 2-5. 



town in Surrey, or gave looold. in money 
upon every Parish excepting one or two they 
settled a yearly revenue. Among ye rest 
Lambeth has lold.* {Camden, vol. i., p. 393.) 
From this acct I should suspect ye picture 
of ye Pedlar and his Dog to have been put up 
in memory of Mr. Smith, and to have no 
relation to ye Benefactor, who gave Church 
Hopys ; could I acct for its being put up 
before his death, as it was in 1607, whereas 
he dyed in 1627, and was bur. at Wands- 
worth, — .\nd yet such seems to have been 
ye Temper of ye man, yt he might do this in 
his own lifetime (as tradition says of the 
Pedlar), upon ye burial of his Dog in ye 
churchyard. He was whipt at Mitcham as 
a common vagrant for wh reason this parish 
was excluded from his Benefactions (Aubrey's 
History, vol. il, p. 142). The Benefactor is 
unknown ; but it appears to have been ye 
estate of ye Parish befor ye year 1504,* for 
its Rent was then brought into the Church 
Account; and its Title was defended t out 
of the Church Stock, agst the claim of Mr. 
Easton in 158 1. It was formerly t an osier 
ground, and then let at small rack rents, § 
but being afterwards severed and inclosed as 
a meadow, long leases were granted of it, 
and probably with a view to building; the 
last whereof dated August 6, 1690, for a 
term of 61 years at the yearly rent of jQ^ 
payable quarterly.' 

This account seems to contain all that is 
to be found about the Lambeth Pedlar and 
his acre. In 1851 Mr. John Smith asked in 

Old Vfs/ry Book, fol. 2-5. 

t Old Vestry Book, fol. 104, and 108— I lO. Mr. 
Elaston's claim was probably from a purchase of lands, 
given to superstitious uses under a Statute I. Exiward 
VI., cap. 14, section 5 (1542), wh vested such in ye 
crown (Gibson, Cod. 2nd vol., p. 1 256). The Court 
Rolls were searched and uuit-rcnt paid for it in 1648. 
—Old Vistry Book, fol. 2S36. 

X So called in 1623 {Old fi-sfry Book, fol. 223-6- 
225-a), in 1629 {Old Vestry Book. fol. 241), and in 
1654 {Vestry Book, foL i), but in ye lease February 
6, 1656, it was served and inclosed as a meadow, 
hannc been an osier Hoper. Thus described like- 
wise m ye lease August o, 1690, though it be also 
there called Pedlars Acre, and as containing by esti- 
mation one acre more or less, tho' i never found it so 
caird in ye Parish Acct Books till 1705. 

§ At 25. 8d. in lS^{OU Vestry Book, foL 2-S) 
at 4s. in 1514 (fol. 9-19), at 5s. in 1554 (foL W-55) 
at 6s. 8d. in i5J7(fol. 54), at 135. 4d. in 156$ (foL 63), 
at I Id. 6s. 8d. m 1581 (fol. 106-6), and at that rent 
with a fine of 5okU to Hen. Price, npon a lease of 21 

Fa 



ao4 THE TWO PEDLAR LEGENDS OF LAMBETH AND SWAFFHAM. 



the pages of Willis's Current Notes (p. 59), 
whether any information could be obtained 
which connected the pedlar with the Henry 
Smith mentioned above, but he obtained no 
reply in response to his query, and we must 
perforce leave the question where it is, as a 
local legend which has still some form of 
attraction in it But the point to dwell upon 
is that the present form of the legend is no 
doubt fragmentary; and the lost portion 
may perhaps be yet regained. The cue to 
this lost part may be found perhaps in the 
more perfectly preserved legend of the Pedlar 
of SwafTham. The representation of this 
worthy is carved in wood, and below him 
is what is commonly called a dog, though 
Blomefield [Hist, of Norfolk^ iii. 507) sug- 
gests it is a bear. At all events here is a 
similar picture to the Lambeth window, 
and to this is attached a legend of some 
importance. It would be interesting if the 
spoliation of the Lambeth window were made 
the starting-point for an inquiry, which 
should ultimately result in linking the legend 
of the Lambeth Pedlar to that class of local 
legends which the Swaflfham Pedlar shows to 
be of remote antiquity. 

It is worth while turning to the legend 
of the Pedlar of SwafTham. It takes us 
into the archaic studies of comparative 
«toryology. The earliest account of this 
story to be found is that by Sir Roger 
Twysden quoted in Blomefield's History of 
Norfolk (vol. vi., pp. 21 1-2 13). Another, 
Und it appears an independent version, is 
given in the Diary of Abraham de la Pryme, 
published by the Surtees Society. At p. 220 
6f this volume, under the date 10 Nov. 1699, 
the following relation occurs, and we quote 
this because it is less generally known than 

years in 1620 (fol. 212), but for 61 years commencing 
from Xmas, 1659, to £dw. Smith, by lease dated 
February 24, 1656 {^Vestry Book^ fol. 14 and lease), 
which lease came afterwards to Bernard Whalley, Esq., 
of Bickley, Warwickshire, in right of his wife Lucy, 
dr to ye said Edw. Smith, who surrendered it in 1690^ 
and had 61 years added to it in a new lease granted 
August 6, 1690, but to commence at Xmas following, 
by Geo. Hooper, D.D., John Ac worth, Thomas Rode, 
and Tho. Walker, then Rector and Churchwardens 
of the Parish, upon paying a fine of qold. This lease 
was assigned to Tho. WymondegoM, December 6, 
1690, who paid 25old. for it to Mr. Whalley, pro- 
bably in consideration of ye 30 years unexpir'd in his 
former lease. 



that given in Blomefield, and should be 
compared with that version : — 

Constant tradition says that there lived in former 
times, in Soffham (SwafTham), alias Sopham, in 
Norfolk, a certain pedlar, who dreamed that if he 
went to London bridge, and stood there, he should 
hear veryjoyfull newse, which he at first sleighted, 
but afterwards, his dream bein^ dubled and trebled 
upon him, he resolved to try the issue of it, and accord- 
ingly went to London, and stood on the bridge there 
two or three davs, looking about him, but heard 
nothing that might yield hmi any comforL At last 
it happened that a shopkeeper there, hard bv, haveing 
notea his fruitless standing, seeing that he neither 
sold any wares nor asked any almes, went to him and 
most earnestly begged to know what he wanted there, 
or what his business was ; to which the pedlar honestly 
answered, that he had dreamed that if he came to 
London and stood there upon the bridge, he should 
hear good newse ; at which the shopkeeper laught 
heartily, asking him if he was such a fool as to take a 
journey on such a silly errand, adding, " I'll tell thee, 
country fellow, last night I dreamed that I was at 
Sopham, in Norfolk, a place utterly unknown to me, 
where methought behind a pedlar's house in a certain 
orchard, and under a great oak tree, if I digeed I 
should find a vast treasure I Now think you, says 
he, ''that I am such a fool to take such a long journey 
upon me upon the instigation of a silly dream ? No, 
no, I'm wiser. Therefore, good fellow, learn witt 
from me, and eet you home, and mind your business.'* 
The pedlar, observing his words, what he had say'd 
he dream'd and knowing they concenter'd in him, 
glad of such joyful newse went speedily home, and 
digged and found a prodigious great treasure, with 
which he grew exceeding rich, and Soflfham (Church) 
being for the most part ^I'n down, he set on workmen 
and reedifyd it most sumptuously, at his own charges ; 
and to this day there is his statue therein, but in 
stone, with his pack at his back, and his dogg at his 
heels ; and his memory is also preserved by the same 
form or picture in most of the old glass windows, 
taverns, and alehouses of that town unto this day. 

Now this version from Abraham de la 
Pryme was certainly obtained from local 
sources, and it shows the general popularity 
of the legend, together with the faithfulness 
of the traditional version. But other evi- 
dence of the traditional force of the story is 
to be found. Observing that Pryme's Diary 
was not printed until 1870, though certainly 
the MS. had been lent to antiquaries, it is 
rather curious that the following almost 
identical account is told in the St, Janu^s 
Chronicle^ of 28th November, 1786, which 
shows that the writer had obtained the 
legend from the same source as Abraham de 
la Pryme, and that the traditional form had 
been faithfully preserved : — 



THE TOWER GUARDS {164S). 



205 



A Pedlar who lived man^ Years ago at Swaffham, 
in Nori<^, dreamt, that if he came up to London, 
txkd stood npon the Bridge, he should hear very joyful 
News ; which he at first slighted, but aAerwards his 
Dream being doubled and trebled unto him, he 
resolved to try the Issue of it ; and accordingly to 
London he came, and stood on the Bridge for two or 
three Days, but heard nothing which might give him 
Comfort that the Profits of his Journey would be equal 
to his Pains. At last it so hajppened, that a Shop- 
keeper there, having noted his fruitless standii^ 
leeing that he neither sold any Wares, nor asked any 
Ahns, went to him, and enquired his Business ; to 
which the Pedlar made Answer, that being a Coun- 
tryman, he had dreamt a Dream, that if he came up 
to Loodon, he should hear good News : '* And art 
tboa (said the Shopkeeper) such a Fool, to take a 
Joomey on such a foolisn Errand ? \Vhy I tell thee 
this — ^last Night I dreamt, that I was at Swaffham, in 
Norfolk, a Place utterly unknown to me, where, 
mcthooght, behind a Pedlar's House, in a certain 
Orchard, under a great Oak Tree, if I digged there, 
I should find a mighty Mass of Treasure. 

"Now think you, that I am so unwise, as to take 
so long a Journey upon me, only by the Instigation 
of a foolish Dream ! No, no, far be such Folly from 
me ; therefore, honest Countryman, I adWse thee to 
make haste Home again, and do not spend thy pre- 
ckms Time in the Expectation of the Event of an idle 



The Pedlar, who noted well his Words, glad of 
soch jovfiil News, went speedily Home, and digged 
Older the Oak, where he found a very large Heap of 
Money ; with Part of which, the Church being then 
lately fallen down, he very sumptuously rebuilt it ; 
having his Statue cut therein, in Stone, with his Pack 
00 his Back and his Dog at his Heels, which is to be 
seen at this Day. And his Memory is also preserved 
by the same Form, or Picture, on most of the Glass 
Windows of the Taverns and Alehouses in that Town. 

I am not a Bigot in Dreams, vet I cannot help 
acknowledging the Relation of the above made a 
strong Impression on me. 

Yours, Z. 

In Clyde's Norfolk Garland, p. 69, is an 
account of this legend, but with an additional 
feet The box containing the treasure had a 
Latin inscription on the lid, which, of course, 
John Chapman could not decipher. He 
craftily put the lid in his window, and very 
soon he heard some youths turn the Latin 
sentence into English : 

Under me doth lie 
Another much richer than I. 

And he went to work digging deeper than 
before, and found a much richer treasure than 
the former. Another version of this rhyme 
is found in Transactions of the Cambridge 
Antiquarian Society^ vol. iii., p. 318 : 



Where this stood 
Is another as good. 

Now this gives us the history of the story 
as it is found recorded in English literature. 
Blomefield in his History of Norfolk pomts out 
that the same story is found in Johannes 
Fungerus' Etytnologicon Latina-Gracum^ pp. 
iiio-iiii, though it is here narrated of a 
man at Dort in Holland. This opens the 
wide door of comparative storyology, as it 
has sometimes conveniently, though not 
elegantly, been called Professor Cowcll, in 
the third volume of the Cambridge Antiquarian 
Society Transactions ^ p. 320, has printed a 
remarkable parallel of the story which is to 
be found in the great Persian metaphysical 
and religious poem called the Masnavf, 
written by Jalaluddin, who died about 1260. 
No doubt these facts establish the story as 
one of the great group of stories which 
folklorists study and carry to such remote 
antiquity for their origin. 

One or two other Pedlar legends exist in 
England, and if we could get these collected 
together, so that proper comj^arison could be 
made, we might discover, even at this late 
hour, the earlier form of the Lambeth legend, 
and we hope our readers will assist this 
effort Legends of buried treasure are very 
numerous, and the pedlars of Old England 
were a class of men of considerable import- 
ance. 



Cbe Cotoet ©uariis (1648). 

in. 

(Continued from p. 58.) 
By J. H. RoiND. 

IFTER the fall of Colchester "Colonel 
Rainsborough's regiment" disap- 
pears from our view for some weeks. 
From a passage in a letter of the 
Yorkshire Committee, carefully reproduced 
by Mr. Peacock,* we gather that it must 
have reached Doncaster, in Yorkshire, as 
early as the 30th of September or ist of 

♦ Archaologia, xln., pp. 42-3. 




2o6 



THE TOWER GUARDS (1648). 



October.* They could scarcely have marched 
to Doncaster from St. Albans in less than 
ten days, and would not, therefore, have left 
St Albans later than the 22nd of September. 
Now Fairfax reached St. Albans on the 21st 
of September, and a letter, written from his 
head-quarters two days later, happens to 
mention that 

the Lord-General hath sent Colonel Rainsborough's 
Regiment towards the North to be assisting in the 
service there, f 

The movements of Rainsborough himself 
are to me very puzzling. Mr. Peacock says 
ths^he 

returned to London, and, as we gather from what 
followed after, resided there for some weeks ; % 

and adduces, in support of this, the fact that 

on the 30th of September Colonel Rainborowe . . . 
was assaulted by three of the King's party .... on 
the very same day a captain in the army and a major 
were attacked and both of them killed, § 

quoting from Whitelocke and Rushworth. But 
it will be seen, from the more careful account 
in Rushworth, that no date is assigned for 
the attack on Rainsborough (except that it 
must have been anterior to the 30th), and 
that the other two deaths were reported on 
the 30th as having taken place "the last 
week." II With the exception, I believe, of 
this passing glimpse, we have no mention 
whatever of Rainsborough from the 28th of 
August to the 1 6th (or 17th) of October, and 
it would certainly seem that his Regiment 
must have marched to Doncaster without 
him. Mr. Peacock says that, in the course 
of October, 

Rainborowe received orders from Fairfax, the Lord- 
General, to take the chief command of the forces 
besieging Pontcfract Castle ; he had under his command 
a considerable body of foot and horse. 

[Note] Rushworth, part iv., ii. 1310, says he had 
two regiments of foot and two of horse. The Surtees 

♦ **Here that regiment [Colonel Rainsbroashe's] 
huth bene fiow these twenty dates to the great ^arge 
of the countay, about ten miles distance faom F6m- 
frctt" (20th October). As this letter was meant for 
the eye of the Speaker, the above statement must have 
been accurate, or the Committee would not have 
ventured upon it. 

t St. Albans, September 23rd, 1648 (Rushworth, 
p. 1271). 

t Archaologia, p. 39. 

§ lb, 

II Rushworth, p. 1279. 



Miscellany^ p. 96, quoting Paukien (?), says twelve 
hundred foot and a regiment of horse.* 

I venture to think that he has here confused 
Rainsborough's men advancing from the soudi 
with Cromwell's force advancing from the 
north. The " two regiments of horse and 
two of foot," spoken of by Rushworth, be- 
longed to Cromwell's force ; Rainsborou^'s 
force, on the other hand, b spoken of as his 
" Regiment." t 

Mr. Peacock also holds that the halt at 
Doncaster was the consequence of Cholme- 
ley's refusal to hand over his command to 
Rainsborough.} But the regiment, as I have 
shown, halted at Doncaster not later than the 
I St of October, and it was not till ''some time 
during that month " § that Rainsborough re- 
ceived his commission, nor was it tiU the i6th 
or 17 th that he presented himself at the 
Leaguer before Pontefract and displayed it 
to the indignant Cholmeley. The latter, 
though evidently an incompetent, if not a 
half-hearted commander, flatly refused to 
hand over to Rainsborough, in his eyes a 
junior colonel, the large body of country 
forces, which were collected under him around 
the Castle.ll Rainsborough thereupon betook 
himself to York, tolay his case before thecountj 
committee, as the nearest authority capaUe 
of bringing Cholmeley to reason. Meanwhile 
the latter instantly penned two despatches, 
one southwards to the House of Commons, 
complaining of the indignity thus put upon 
him,1[ the other northwards to the Lieutenant- 
General, requesting him to solve the difficulty 
by taking over the command himself.** 

♦ Archaologia, xlvi. 41. 

+ *' When Colonel Rainsborow's R^roent is come 
up to us, they shall keep them up doscr." Letter 
from Pontefract (^wj^awir>S, IV., ii. 1294, df. p. 1271). 
Compare Cholmeley's letter: "His r^;iment bciM 
now at Doncaster." The Conunittec f£o speaks of 
his force as *<that regiment," and Paulden ^mtes: 
" About this time .... came C. Rainsborougb, with 
his r^:iment of foot out of y« south" (Archtuhgia, 

Archaologia^ xlvi. 41. 
lb. 

„ It would seem from this quarrel that the offioeis 
of militia considered themselves on an equality in 
military precedence with those of the regular forces. 

f This letter was read in the House on the aodi, 
when Rushworth gives an abstract of it (p. 1300), 
and ordered to be sent on to Fairfax. It has ben 
carefully reproduced by Mr. Peacock (p. 42). 

** Mr. Peacock appears to hold that this letter 



THE TOWER GUARDS (1648). 



207 



Cromwell was by this time at Newcastle, 
ftiid the letter must have reached him there. 
On the 30th he advanced to Durham, and it 
is even stated that the "van"* of his army 
was to reach " Pomfiret " the same day.* 

On the 1 7 th Colonel Rainsborough had his 
fint interview with the Committee, who 
succeeded in effecting a compromise by the 
evening of the iQth. But on the morning 
of the 20th he informed them that he must 
decline to make any concession, and with- 
drew, in dudgeon, to Doncaster. The 
derailing Conmiittee, having failed in their 
efiorts, wrote at once to the Commons to 
narrate the above facts, and implore their 
prompt intervention.t But, at the request 
of Sir Henry Cholmeley, and following his 
own example, they also wrote, at the same 
lime, to the Lieutenant-General (Cromwell), 
b^ging him to assume the command in 
person. This letter met him the following 
day at " Duresme " (Durham), on his south- 
waurd march (21st October),^ and, in reply, 
1m sent them word that there were already upon 
their March two Regiments of Horse and two of 
Foot, which would be there in four or five days, and 
1m would come himself with what speed he could. § 

These " four or five days '* would bring us 
to about the 26th, and on that day Sir Henry 
Cholmeley, to whom the Committee had 
forwarded Cromwell's reply, writes to the 
Speaker, on the strength of it, that 

1m [Cromwell] will be at Pontefract to-morrowe with 

written before Cholmeley knew of Rainsborough*s 
commission (p. 44), but I am compelled to l>elieve 
that, like the other, it was the direct result of bis 
learning it. 

• Letter "from Newcastle, October i6th'' (jiV, but 
shoald be 19th) in Rmkworth (p. 1 306). 

IArckaologia^ xlvi. 42-3. 
Compare a letter from Newcastle of 20th October 
m Packti of Letters (24th October) :— " Lieut.-Gen. 
Cromwell is going for Duresme and so on for 
Pomfret" It is exceedingly difficult to disentangle 
tile exatt dates of Cromwell *s movements at this 
cnoL I have, howerer, ascextained them to be as 
IbUowl He was at Newcastle from the i6th to the 
90th (Oct), and marched thence to Durham, where 
ht remained from the 20th to the 24th, on which day 
\tt advanced to Barnard's Castle, on the Yorkshire 
bolder, to meet the assembled gentlemen of the 
Nocthem Counties. Cholmeley, as we shall see, 
expected him at Pontefract on the 27th, and the 
York correspondent, writing independently on the 
j8th, says, '*This day Lieutenant-General Crom- 
well is expected to come [t>. to Pontefract] with 
oroes " (^Ruskwmrtk, p. 1314)* 
i Rmskwortky p. 131a 



with {sic) twoe Regiments of Horse and some foote, 
etc, etc.* 

The sequence of events being thus clear, I 

cannot see why Mr. Peacock should throw 

doubt on Cholmeley's words : — 

Sir Henry Cholmeley had, or professed to have, 
heard from Cromwell before the following letter was 
written. There must have been, however, some 
mistake or falsification, for he declares that he hopes 
for his arrival on the morrow — that is Friday, the 
27th of October, whereas it would appear that 
Cromwell did not reach Pontefract until about the 
9th of November.! 

I can only suppose that he must have over- 
looked Cromweirs letter from Durham, and 
yet he himself refers to the passage, t 
Moreover, as to the date of Cromwell's 
arrival before Pontefract, it is clear, I think, 
that he had taken up his quarters " at Biron 
House, near Pontefract,*' at least as early as 
the I St of November, for the fact is mentioned 
in a despatch which reached London on 
the 4th. § 

On the 28th an anonymous correspondent 
sent up from York a most alarming descrip- 
tion of those " desperate men," the ** Ponte- 
fract-blades,'* and of their doings, which he 
traces to the fact that 

Col. Rainsborough is come no nearer than Doncaster, 
and the poor country sufiereth.;| 

The very next morning Colonel Rainsborough 
himself was slain at Doncaster, in his own 
quarters, in a confused scuffle with some 
horsemen from Pontefract, who had at- 
tempted the daring feat of canying him off 
prisoner. 

Of this event the industry of Mr. Peacock 
has compiled so admirable and exhaustive 
an accoimt that nothing can be added to it 
I shall content myself with glancing at the 
motives of the Pontefract cavaliers. In the 
first place, it is only fair to compare this 
attempt with the precbely similar enterprise 
by which they had captured Pontefract 
Castle, of which the governor, when surprised 
in the same way in his chamber, had 
simUarly refused their offers of quarter, and 
had made a desperate resistance.^ Forta- 

♦ Architohgui, xlvi. 45. 
Ib.y xlvi. 45. 
/J., p. 41. 
Rmhworth,^ 1319. 

n /&., p. 1JI4- 

1 ArchaoUgiat xhri 56-7. 



2o8 



THE TOWER GUARDS (1648). 



nately, he recovered from the wounds he 
received, and it is clear that his assailants, 
on that occasion, had no wish to kill him. 
So, too, they had surprised Sir Arthur 
Ingram, and carried him off from his own 
house into Pontefract Castle.* It may fairly 
be presumed that they had similarly intended 
merely to make Ramsborough their prisoner. 
And this presumption is greatly strengthened 
by the circumstances of the time. For they 
had had, as yet, " an easy enemy," but now 
that regular troops were closing in on them 
from the north and from the south, their 
position was becoming serious, and might 
soon be one of danger. It is, therefore, 
surely, highly credible that they should have 
intended, as we are told, 

to carry off Rainborowe to the castle, and hold him to 
ransom in exchange for Sir Marmaduke Langdale, who 
was then a prisoner in Nottingham Castle, and who, 
they feared, was about to share the fate of Lucas and 
Lbie.f 

There can, indeed, be little doubt that 
Langdale, had he not luckily effected his 
escape, would have been put to death with 
Hamilton and Capel for his share in the 
common enterprise, and even if Rainsborough 
had not been required as a hostage for his 
safety, he would obviously have been, from 
his position and influence, an invaluable 
pledge for the safety of the besieged garri- 
son itself, just as the besieged loyalists in 
Colchester had detained the Essex Com- 
mittee, with the same object, up to the close 
of the siege. On the other hand, to plan 
the murder of Rainsborough would be a 
scheme, under these circumstances, so abso- 
lutely suicidal that I cannot accept it as 
credible. It would only exasperate beyond 
control the already embittered army, and 
end, as indeed his death did, in bringing the 
principals to the gallows. On these grounds 
I am compelled to believe that Paulden 
speaks the truth when he says that they were 
"not willing to kill him." J Mr. Peacock, 
indeed, argues that 

On the other hand, the Puritan writers are all 
agreed that the design included bloodshed from the 
beginning. § 

* Rushworth^ p. 1294 ; cf. Archaologia^ xlvi. 40. 
Archaologiay xlvi. 46. 
Archaohgiay xlvL 61. 
lb,, p. 47. 



But I do not see what importance can be 
attached to the evidence of those who were 
not in the secret, and who were naturally 
writing with the strongest prejudice after 
Rainsborough's unfortunate death. 

Opinions may fairly differ as to the merits 
of the enterprise, but, as to its event, we are 
boimd to remember, while sympathizing with 
the sturdy Independent, who, whether a 
"fanatic" or not,* died fighting bravely 
for his life, that in refusing his captors' offer 
of quarter, he exposed himself to the in- 
evitable consequence, and that his assailants, 
surrounded by his troops, carried their lives 
in their hands. 

This dashing raid of the cavaliers bears, 
in its details, a striking resemblance to 
another famous tale of " the North Countrec," 
the ballad of "Clym of the Cloughe and 
Willyam of Cloudesle " : — 

Then spake him Clym of the Clough, 
Wyth a wyle we wyl vs in bryng ; 

Let vs saye we be messengers, 
Streyght come nowe from our king. 

4^ • * * 

Nowe -are we in, sayde Adame Bell, 

Thereof we are full faine, 
But Christe knows, that harowed hell, 

How we shall com out agayne. 

The " wyle " by which Clym of the Clough 
made his way into Carlisle was the very one 
by which the cavaliers gained admission into 
Pontefract 

Meanwhile, the existence of the Tower 
Regiment was itself being gravely threatened. 
On the very eve of its colonel's death, Fair- 
fax and his staff had formulated their demand 
that the establishment should be increased by 
3,000 men, "whereof eight companies to 
be of Col. Rainsborough's regiment "t But 
the Commons had been playing their own 
game. Some three weeks before, on the 
9th of October, they had finally presented to 
the king, for his acceptance, their ** Proposi- 
tion concerning the Militia," perpetuating for 
nearly twenty years the arrangement embodied 
in that "Ordinance for the Militia" which 
they had passed so reluctantly the previous 
May. By the last clause of this " Proposition " 

* Mr. Markham is responsible for the epithet (Life 
of Fairfax^ p. 287). 
t 28th October (^Ruskworth, p. 1309). 



THE NUMERICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT GOTHIC ART. 209 



(which the king had accepted the same day), 
it was provided 

That the Tower of London may be in the government 
of the city of London, and the diief officer or governor 
thereof fiit>m time to time, to be nominated removable 
by the Common Council.* 

This settlement had obviously destroyed the 
nison d'Hn of "the Tower Guards," and 
had supplied the House with an excellent 
plea for the old cry of '* disbandment" It 
was impossible, however, to propose this just 
when they were the only Regulars available 
for Pontefract Leaguer (9th October). But 
the hastening close of the struggle soon 
removed this obstacle. On the 9th of 
November, the House 

was informed that the Tower of London was in some 
danger of surprizal by reason of much resort thereunto 
by Malignants and other desperate Persons, and 
having an inconsiderable Guard besides, which, with 
the disaffection of many of them, did occasion much 
fear thereof.f 

But the warning did not avail to divert the 
House from its purpose, and on Saturday, 
November the 25th, it 

voted likewise that the Tower Regiment, late under 
the command of Col. Rainsborough, should be forth- 
with disbanded. J 

With this entry I close my story of " the 
Tower Guards,'' and of their doings in that 
eventful year of grace i648.§ 

• Sir E. Walker's Perfect Copies of all the Votes^ 
Letters ^ Pro^osetls, and Answers relating to, and that 
fassed in, the Treaty held at Nrufport (1705), p. 52 ; 
ef, pp. 22, 32. 

RMshvHfrth^-^, 1 32 1. 

Ibid,, p. 1337. 

It should be noticed that the instructive struggle 
between the dvil and military authorities for the 
control of the Tower, which I have described in the 
coarse of this paper, was paralleled in miniature at 
York, where, a few weeks after Fairfax had occupied, 
with his regular troops, the Tower of London (9th 
Aug., 1647), we read (13th Sept.) that "Major 
Genoa! Lambert hath written several times to the 
Lord Mayor of York for the admitting Major Carter, 
Govemour of Clifford's Tower, and his company, (or 
60 thereof), to be there ; but the Mayor of York seems 

uiwilling, standing upon other authority 

This night P nth Sept.] the Lord Mayor of York 
sent three gentlemen, viz., Mr. Blackbeard, the town 
clerk, and two others, to the Colonel-General, 
desiring there may be a fair Correspondency and right 
Understanding between them concerning the Business 
of Clifford's Tower, and inviting him to a dinner to- 
morrow. His Answer was to the first, he desired the 
*same, and did nothing therein but in Prosecution of 




Cbe JlSumencal l^rinctples of 
ancient e^Voxt 9rt. 

By Clapton Rolfe. 
Part II. 

{Continued from page 153.) 

I HE first illustration (on p. 210) is a 
detail drawing, showing the north 
doorway of Shellingford church. 
This is very different in design to the 
south doorway, but no less mystical and beau- 
tiful. In the design of the singU jamb shaft 
and its triple moulded base, we may clearly see 
the influence of the numerical principle in 
question. The arch, as in the other example, 
has its three courses of voussoirs, as the 
jointing indicates. The outer one of these, 
the wide flat label, is especially worthy of 
notice. It is most simple, but withal cun- 
ningly designed, with three plain flat faces, 
A, B, C (see detail) ; while in one of them a 
shallow sinking is made to show two addi- 
tional faces. The scholastic accuracy of the 
design, simple though it is, is not surpassed 
by any of the more ornate work of the 
middle ages. The Jive faces of the label 
(3-1-2) admirably symbolize the Divine 
Sacrifice. 

The most noticeable feature of this arch 
is, however, the ornament of the twelve con- 
ventional beak heads around it. These are 
very well carved, and charmingly effective. 
They symbolize the Incarnation, though not 
with the scholastic accuracy of Riddell's 
work at Ely, or the work at Holyrood, of 
the same date. Still there can be no possible 
doubt that the play upon number twelve in 

his Duty and Trust : to the second, that he would 
wait on his Lordship in the Morning, but the great 
Affairs he had in hand for the publick Serv-ice would 
not permit him to accept it " {Rushwarth, pp. 808-9). 
It is amusing to observe that, in the same contingency, 
Fairfax had shown an equal dread of the seductive 
power of civic hospitality. On his sudden appearance 
with his troops at the Tower, he received an invitation 
from the Corjx)ration, thit he '* would please to dine 
with them." He told them he would discuss it *'at 
a Council of War," and, after this had been duly held, 
he ** returned them a very loving and modest Answer, 
excusing his non-acceptance of that Invitation, by 
reason of the many great and weighty Affairs, in order 
to the settlement of the Peace of the Kingdom, the 
Army are at this time wholly taken up withal " (/^. 
pp. 760-1-3). 



aio TBE NUMERICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT GOTHIC ART. 



this Shellingford doorway was intentional 
and not accidental. In proof of this, the 
neighbouring church at Charney, about four 
miles off, has another old doorway of about 
the same date. Its design is quite difTerent 
to that of the Shellingford work, but it has 



that the play upon the number wai inten- 
tional. It is as though the one doorway 
was intended to respond to the other. 

The second of our illustrations (Fig. >, 
p. 3ii) shows the third of these Shelling- 
ford doorways, that to the chancel Its base 




around its aich a somewhat similar carved 
ornament consisting of hvtive conventional 
tceads, not beak-heads as in the Shellin^ord 
work, but the heads of some conventional 
animal This repetition of the mystical 
Dumber twelve in a totally different design, 
in a neighbouring doorway, is proof enough 



moulding is hidden away under groiud, so 
we cannot say what that is like. Its anoulet 
of five moulded members correspond* to 
that of the south doorway before alluded to. 
The three courses of voussoirs forming the 
outer arch correspond also to those of tbe 
other two doorways ; but the lower of ttem 



THE NUMERICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT GOTHIC ART. 211 



in this example has a moulding of three 
memben, E, F, G (see detail), instead of mu 
nonber as in the other examples. The 
middle cotuse of voussoirs has a chevron 
MMi ldi n g differing in design to that of the 
■outh doorway, but still of thru moulded 
members, A, B, C. The carving to this 
dietTon is one of the chief features of the 



plain. By this means the doctrine of grace 
IS cunningly set forth. Gothic ait abounds in 
irregularities of this sort. We are apt to admire 
them for their very quaintness, forgetful of 
the intense piety and devotion to the Catholic 
faith which originated and underlies them. 

In conclusion, I will add a few words about 
001 cathedra] churches, to point out that the 




doorway. It will be seen from the drawing 
that half the arch is carved, and the other 
half left ^axxx. There is a reason for this. 
Had all the spaces between the chevrons 
been carved there would have been fourteen 
carvings around the arch. To get over this 
and render the work s}inboUc, seixn of these 
•paces are carved arid uvtm (A, B, C) left 



same numerical principle which influenced 
the design of small and out-of-the-way country 
churches influenced, in like degree, these 
larger and more important buildings. 

Within a few years of the completion of the 
Shellingford doorways, a little later on in the 
twelfth century, William of Sent was at wixk 
rebuUding the choii of Canteibuiy Cathedral 



212 THE NUMERICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT GOTHIC ART. 



after the fire. His work, like that just de- 
scribed, is transitional, though more advanced. 
In it the influence of the French school of art 
may be perceived, but over and above this, 
that of numerical principle. 

In the design of the clerestory, which is 
some of William of Sens* work, the influence 
of numerical principle is very apparent, as 
also in the groined roof above. For example, 
the ribs and arches of the groining, which 
spring from each angle of the crossing, are 
conspicuously^zr in number, subdivided with 
scholastic accuracy into 3 (diagonal ribs) + 2 
(transverse) : then again, each of the three 
diagonal ribs is designed with three bold 
convex mouldings, and so on. The groin 
ribs and transverse arches of the choir are also 
designed to spring from the wall either singly , 
to typify the Unity, or in groups of three^ to 
symbolize the Trinity of the Godhead, with 
excellent effect This groined vault was one 
of the first, if not the first, constructed in 
England ; and we may learn from it how great 
an influence numerical principle exercised 
in the working out of this distinctive feature 
of ancient Gothic art. The numbers played 
upon throughout are oney three^ zxid^five. 

It was from this upper part of the choir 
that William of Sens fell and mortally injured 
himself. After his death, William the English- 
man was chosen to carry on the work, and 
right well did he execute his commission. 
Good as is the later work of William of Sens, 
William the Englishman's far surpasses it. 
In the eastern transepts, and their apsidal 
chapels (the former of which is W^illiam of 
Sens* work, and the latter, I think, William 
the Englishman's), we may perceive the differ- 
ence in point of merit in the work of the 
two masters. The design of these eastern 
transepts, which is undoubtedly William of 
Sens*, as the Gallican base mouldings with 
their flattened lower member would of itself 
indicate, is hardly so good as that of the 
choir. The design of the apsidal chapels, on 
the other hand, is excellent ; and just as the 
base mouldings ofthe transepts are indicative 
of the work being William of Sens', so those 
of the chapels (which agree with the base 
mouldings of Becket's crown) tend to prove 
that these adjuncts are the work of the master- 
mind of William the Englishman.* 

* The round abacus also, a feature of William the 



The general design of these apsidal chapels 
is truly excellent The pier dividing those in 
the south transept should be noticed with its 
five shafts, whereof three are detached, and of 
Purbeck marble. The vaulting ofthe chapels 
is equally good. Each chapel is vaulted in 
three compartments, each detached rib de- 
signed of thru bold convex mouldings, and 
each wall rib of one. So that from each 
abacus there springs a group oifive convex 
mouldings, 3 + 2. When we bear in mind that 
each chapel was erected solely to enshrine an 
altar for the celebration of the mysteries, the 
beauty and fitness of the design, which sym- 
bolizes with such scholastic accuracy /^Z^rnn^ 
Sacrifice^ becomes the more apparent 

But of all the twelfth century work at 
Canterbury, that to Becket's crown, which is, 
and is acknowledged by all good authorities 
to be, the work of William the Englishman, 
surpasses all else. It was carried out circa 
1 1 80 — 1 184. The grouping and detail of 
the lower windows, ^z/^ in number, is well- 
nigh incomparable. The escoinson arches 
to these windows are particularly beautifiiL 
Then again, the vaulting shafts, the moulded 
bases, the moulded annulets, the abaci to 
the vaulting shafts (which run up from 
floor to roof, at times appearing as one shaft 
and again as three)^ the beautiful groin ribs, 
and the wall arcades over the western arch 
4x3 (the Incarnation) — all indicate how 
William the Englishman, in the true spirit of 
an ancient Gothic architect, strove to make his 
work worthy of God's sanctuary, to His glory, 
and the honour of St Thomas of Canterbury. 

In the thirteenth century these principles of 
ancient Gothic art reached their highest de- 
velopment Some of the buildings carried 
out during this period, especially in the first 
half of the thirteenth century, are the purest 
specimens of Gothic art we possess. Those 
which as works of art are accounted of most 
merit, are the very buildings in which nume- 
rical principle is most apparent — ^proving 
that the highest aim of Gothic, and that 
moreover which has produced its noblest 
works of art, is to make the science 
of building subservient to the science of 
theology. The beautiful Cistercian work of 

Englishman's work in the crypt, which occurs to 
some of the piers of the apsidal cnapels, would tend to 
prove that the restoration of these chapels is his work. 



THE NUMERICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT GOTHIC ART. 213 



the period, that of Prior William de Hoo at 
Rochester, or again, that of Bishop Norwold 
at EI7, may well be described as the Catholic 
fiuth cimningly wrought in stone.* Nor- 
wold's work (1235 — 1252) is beautiful in 
the extreme. 

From each wall shaft springs a group of 
seven noble ribs ; and of thesey^r^ are designed 
to support the main central ridge. There are 
five bosses to each bay of the vaulting along 
the main ridge from east to west, and three 
to each transverse ridge from north to south. 
Then again, each of the seven ribs appears to 
have three bold convex mouldings which die 
away into one another, with admirable effect, 
at the springing. Ecclesiastically speaking, the 
art of Gothic vaulting might well have stopped 
at this stage of its development. It had 
advanced from one rib to three, from three to 
five, from five to seven. Here it might well 
have stopped ; for further development 
beyond seven only led to decline.t 

In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 
numerical principle b^an to decline. The 
science of building religiously gave way little 
by little during this period, and beauty rather 
than truth became the chief thing aimed at 
As a natural consequence art declined. So 
much so, that by the sixteenth century, when 
niunerical principle was well-nigh lost sight 
of altogether, Gothic art in this country 
became a parody and a ruin. It was de- 
votion to the principle which matured and 



• i< 



Scarcely a single parish throughout this land, but 
what holds an old church, built by Catholic hands, for 
Catholic worship ; many of our towns can boast of a 
6ne old minster, and each of our cities has its old 
cathedral: parish church, minster, cathedral, are so 
many Catholic creeds cut in stone." — Church of our 
Fathers^ vol. L, p. 342. 

t The Heme v^auhing of De Lisle's three western bavs 
of the choir (rirra 1 34 5— 1 362), where the seven ribs 
are exceeded, is not nearly so effective or good as 
Norwold's vaulting to the eastern bays. And as in 
art there should not be development beyond seven, so 
in ritual worship. A rubric of the Sanim missal savs, 
"More than seven collects are never to be said.'* 
Mr. Chambers also, alluding to the cautels of the mass 
gathered from ancient English Missalia, says : " In 
repeating the collects let the uneven number alwavs 
be observed : One, because of the Unity of the 
Deity ; Three, because of the Trinity of Persons ; 
Five, because of the fivefold Passion of Christ ; Seven, 
because of the sevenfold grace of the Holy Spirit. 
The number of seven must not be exceeded." — 
Divine Worship in England^ p. 299. 



perfected Gothic art, and the neglect of it 
which debased and ruined it. Art in the 
later mediaeval [>eriod followed in the wake 
of other things; it became less pure, less 
religious^ so to speak ; the precept of St, 
Thomas Aquinas was forgotten, men sought 
to build with artistic skill rather than with 
devotional cunning. 

Still, in this later Gothic work, especially 
in that of the fourteenth and early part of 
the fifteenth century, there is much that is 
strictly upon the old lines ; work as good, or 
almost so, as any that had gone before. 
Such, for example, is the Canterbury nave 
{circa 1378 — 1411), which is very beautiful, 
and full of symbolism, though so late. Or 
again, William of Wykeham's nave at Win- 
chester, which is perhaps more replete with 
symbolism than any other work of the 
fourteenth century. But is it surprising 
that it is so ; that the Divine Sacrifice is so 
indelibly impressed upon the design, when 
we bear in mind that Wykeham in his youth 
at 5 a.m. each morning knelt at mass on 
the very spot where his magnificent tomb 
and chantry now stand? He was a pious 
Churchman, with the true spirit of an ancient 
Gothic architect in him ; hence his work at 
Winchester is such a pure specimen of the 
Gothic art of that age ; his chantry chapel 
the most beautiful in all England.* 

I turn once again to Rome. Allusion 
has already been made to ancient St Peter's 
at Rome, the basilican church erected by 
Constantine in the fourth century, and to its 
symbolic design. The great and compara- 
tively modem church of St. Peter, erected 
in the fifteenth century, now occupies its 
site. In the Bodleian Library there is a fine 
copy of Fontana's work, 77 Tempio Vaticano^ 
which elaborately illustrates this latter build- 
ing. I have looked very carefully through 
the plates of the work to try and discover 
traces of the old numerical principle of 
Christian art in its design. It cannot be 

* "This (chantry) chapel, to which Wykeham 
refers in his will, was built by him on the site of an 
altar dedicated to the Virgin, his especial patroness, 
the mass at which he had always been accustomed to 
attend when a boy at school, and which stood, it is 
said, * in that part of the cross precisely which corre- 
sponded with the pierced side of the Saviour.* The 
design of Wykeham's chantry b very beautiful.** — 
Murray's Handbook to the Cathedrals of EnglatuL 



214 



THE NEVILLS OF RABY AND IHEIR ALLIANCES. 



found in any appreciable degree. The design 
is wholly pagan ; though but a parody upon 
ancient classic pagan art, as many of its 
details indicate.* Setting aside the traditions 
of the ancient Church of Rome — of the 
Romanesque, the Byzantine, and the Gothic 
schools of art — ignoring those grand old 
principles of ancient Christian art by which 
the builders of Christendom had worked out 
the problem of rendering the science of 
building subservient to the faith — the 
Roman Catholics of that day in re-erecting 
St. Peter's deliberately returned to the pagan 
art of ancient pagan Rome. History is said 
to repeat itself; it has indeed repeated 
itself in the cycle of the arts at Rome. 





Cl)e JlSetiills of iRabp anti 
tl)eir 9lUance0. 

By C. Staniland Wake. 

Part III. 

T was stated above that Margaret, 
the daughter of Ralph, Lord Nevill, 
in the reign of Edward III., on 
the death of her husband, William 
de Ros, married Henry, Lord Percy. 
The arms of this baron, who was created 
Earl of Northumberland, are those referred 
to by Dodsworth as a lion rampant azure. 
By her second marriage Margaret t had three 
sons, Henry, Thomas, and Ralph. Her eldest 
son, Henry, the valiant Harry Hotpsur, who 
lost his life at the battle of Shrewsbury in 
his father's lifetime, had married Elizabeth, 
the eldest daughter of Edmund Mortimer, 
Earl of March, by whom he left issue a son, 
Henry, and a daughter, Elizabeth. This 
daughter married John, Lord Clifford, and 
afterwards Ralph Nevill, the second Earl of 
Westmorland, while her brother Henry, 
who was restored to the earldom of Northum- 
berland, married Eleanor, daughter of Ralph 

♦ See base mouldincs and other details upon folio 
299 of Fontana's work. 

t On her death in 46 Edward III. the Earl of 
Northumberland took to wife Maud, the daughter 
and heir of Anthony, Lord Lucy, widow of Gilbert de 
UmfraviUe, Earl ot Angus. 



Nevill, the first Earl of Westmorland, 
Henry Percy lost his life at the battle of St 
Albans in 33 Henry VL, having had by his 
wife nine sons and two daughters. His 
descendant Sir Henry Percy was in 18 Eliza- 
beth summoned to parliament as Earl of 
Northumberland. He married Catherine, 
the eldest daughter and coheir of John 
Nevill, Lord Latimer, and being imprisoned 
in the Tower upon suspicion of conspiring to 
rescue Mary,Queen of Scots, was, in 28 Eliza- 
beth, found dead in his bed, having been 
killed by a pistol shot in his side. 

The Gilbert de Umfravill whose widow, 
Maud, married Henry, Lord Percy, was de- 
scended from Robert de Umfravill, Lord of 
Toures, otherwise called ** Robert with the 
Beard," a kinsman of William the Conqueror, 
who made him a grant of the lordship, 
valley, and forest of Riddesdale, in Northum- 
berland. Gilbert was constituted, in 20 
Edward I., governor of the castles of Dundee 
and Forfar, and of the whole territory of 
Anagos, in Scotland, and in 25 Edward I. he 
was summoned to parliament by the title of 
Earl of Angus, his mother being the daughter 
and heir of Malcolm, Earl of Angus, at 
which time, says Dugdale, 

our lawyers of England were somewhat startled, and 
refused in their breves and instruments to acknowledge 
him Earl, by reason that Angus was not within the 
kingdom of England, until he had openly produced 
the king's writ and warrant in faCe of the court. 

The arms of Angus mentioned by Dods- 
worth, are those of UmfraviUe as given by 
Edmondson, gu^ a cinqtufoU ar^ within an 
orU of eight crosslets or. There does not appear 
to have been any direct connection between 
the Nevills and that family, but Henry, Lord 
Percy, the first Earl of Northumberland, who 
married Maud, the widow of Gilbert de 
UmfraviUe, third Earl of Angus, had had for 
his first wife Margaret, daughter of Ralph, 
Lord NevUl. In 14 Edward III, GUbert de 
UmfravUle was joined in commission with 
Henry, Lord Percy, and Ralph, Lord NeviU,to 
treat and conclude a truce with the Scots, 
and in 26 Edward III., " upon some appre- 
hension of an invasion by the French," he 
was again put in commission with the same 
lords " for the arming and arraying of all 
Knights, Esquires, and others in die County 



THE NEVILLS OF RABY AND THEIR ALLIANCES. 



"S 



of Northumberland, for the defence of those 
puts." That earl of Angus died in 4 Richard 
IL without leaving any issue, his son Robert, 
who had married Margaret, daughter of Henry, 
Lord Percy, Earl of Northiunberland, having 
predeceased him and died childless. 

Of the persons mentioned in Dodsworth's 
list there remains now to be referred to only 
the Seigneur de Segrave. It has already been 
^K)wn that in Edward III/s reign John, 
Lord Mowbray, married Elizabeih, the daugh- 
ter and heir of John, I^rd Segrave. The 
mother of this lady was Margaret, daughter 
and heir of Thomas of Brotherton, Earl of 
Norfolk, whose daughter Alice married Ed- 
ward de Montacute. The grandfather of 
John, Lord Segrave, also called John, was a 
man of great note in the reigns of Edwards L 
and II. After the siege of Caerlaverok, in 
31 Edward I., he was left in Scotland as the 
King's Lieutenant, and in 2 Edward II. he 
was appointed Warden of all Scotland. Dying 
in Gascony in 18 Edward II., and his eldest 
son, Stephen, being then dead, he was suc- 
ceeded by his grandson, the John, Lord Se- 
grave, who married the daughter of Thomas of 
Brotherton. Thisbarondiedin 27 Edward III., 
leaving one child, Elizabeth, then the wife of 
John, Lord Mowbray, by whom she had issue 
John, the fourth Lord Mowbray, created Earl 
of Nottingham, who died childless, and 
Thomas, Lord Mowbray, who was created 
Duke of Norfolk by Richard II. The barony 
of Segrave appears to have descended to the 
Mowbra)'s ; as John, Lord Mowbray, Duke of 
Norfolk, who died in i Edward IV., as well 
as his son and successor John, Lord Mow- 
bray, who died fourteen years afterwards, 
bore the title of Lord Segrave The arms of 
Segrave as given by Edmondson are ^5^, a 
lum rampant arg, croumed or a bend gulesy 
and these are the arms mentioned by Dods- 
worth. 

We have now to consider whether it can 
be ascertained by whom and at what period 
the armorial windows in the choir of Cotting- 
ham Church were introduced. Dr. Whitaker, 
in his History of Richmond shirty refers to 
the existence of various armorial bearings in 
the windows of the principal choir of the 
church at Well, in the NorUi Riding of the 
county of York, among which are those of 
the Nevills of Raby, Sir Henry de Percy, 



and I^rd de Ros. The manor of Well 
descended to Elizabeth, daughter and heir 
of William, Lord Latimer, of Danby, who 
married John Nevill, younger son of Ralph, 
Lord Nevill of Raby. John, Lord Latimer, 
the son and successor of that John Nevill, 
died without issue, and his brother and heir 
Ralph, Earl of Northumberland, settled the 
inherited estates on his son, George Nevill, 
who had thereupon the title of Lord Latimer. 
The last Lord Latimer of this family, John 
Nevill, who died in 20 Elizabeth, a.d. 1577, 
was buried at Well, and a monument to him 
was in the year 1596 erected in the church 
there. The monument consists of a cumbent 
figure in armour, surrounded by the different 
armorial bearings to which Lord Latimer 
was entitled. The shield over the inscrip- 
tion bears the arras of Nevill, with seventeen 
other quarterings. Several of these quarter- 
ings, as Beauchamp, Warwick, Vere, and 
Stafford, were also in the windows of Cot- 
tingham Church, but the arms of Nevill are 
different The Nevill silver saltire in Well 
Church is charged with an annulet, which is 
the distinguishing mark of George Nevill, 
Lord Latimer, as the fifth son. 

The monument to John Nevill, the last 
Lord Latimer, in the church at Well, was 
erected by Thomas Cecil, Earl of Exeter, 
who married Dorothy, one of the daughters 
and coheirs of that nobleman. Is it possible 
that the armorial windows of Cottingham 
Church were also put up by him ? The date 
would answer well enough, seeing that Dods- 
worth appears to have visited Cottingham in 
1620, that is only twenty-four years after the 
erection of the monument to Lord Latimer by 
the Earl of Exeter, and he does not speak of 
them as ancient To justify that assumption, 
however, it should be shown that this noble- 
man was connected in some way with Cot- 
tingham. It is not difficult to do this, al- 
though there is no evidence that he or his wife 
had any possessions there. On the death 
without issue in 1408 of Edmund Holland 
Earl of Kent, the original manor of Cot- 
tingham was divided among his four surviving 
sisters, the daughters of Thomas Holland, Earl 
of Kent. It has long been subdivided into four 
manors, known as Cottingham Powismih Bay- 
nardCastUy Cottingham Richmond^ Cottingham 
Sarum, and Cottingham IVatmoreland^ which 



2l6 



THE NEVILLS OF RABY AND THEIR ALLIANCES. 



were apparently named after the husbands 
of the coheiresses or of their female de- 
scendants. We have already had occasion 
to mention that John de Nevill, the eldest 
son of the first Earl of Westmorland, 
married Elizabeth, the youngest daughter of 
Thomas Holland, and one of the coheirs of 
Edmund Holland, the last Earl of Kent of 
that family. Alianore, the fourth daughter 
of Thomas Holland, manied Thomas de 
Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, whose daugh- 
ter Alice became the wife of Richard Nevill, 
the eldest son of that earl of Westmorland 
by his wife Joane. Two of the Nevills of 
Raby thus became interested in the manor 
of Nottingham in right of their wives. 
After the death of the Earl of Salisbury at 
the battle of Wakefield in 1460, his estates 
were forfeited, but the forfeiture would not 
apply to the estates belonging to his wife, 
which probably descended to her son Richard 
Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, better known as 
Earl of Warwick. As before mentioned, 
this earl had two daughters, Isabel and 
Anne, both of whom married sons of Richard 
Mortimer, Duke of York. Isabel married 
George, Duke of Clarence, and Anne 
Richard, Duke of Gloucester. On the death 
of the Earl of Warwick at the battle of 
Bamet Field in 147 1, Edward IV. bestowed 
the title of Earl of Warwick and Salisbury on 
his brother, the Duke of Clarence. The 
Duke of Gloucester, however, in 1 1 Edward 
IV. obtained a grant in special tail " of all 
the lordships, manors, and lands, which 
Richard Nevill, late Earl of Warwick, or 
the heirs male of his body, or any of his 
ancestors whose heir male he was, held." 
Richard thus became entitled to one share 
of the manor of Cottingham, and a few 
years later, in 1475, Edward IV., by authority 
of parliament, transferred to his brother, in 
exchange for certain lordships in Yorkshire, 
the share of that manor belonging to him as 
the heir-at-law of their father Richard, Duke 
of York, with the advowson of the church 
and other lands. The Duke of Gloucester 
thus became the owner of two divisions of 
the manor of Cottingham, and in 1 7 Edward 
IV. his son Edward was created Earl of 
Salisbury, with which title the manor of 
Cottingham Sarum would seem to have been 
somehow connected. Edward, Earl of Salis- 



bury, died in the lifetime of his father, 
Richard III., on whose death this manor 
probably went to Edward, Earl of Warwick, 
the son of George, Duke of Clarence, and his 
wife Isabel ; who was beheaded in 15 Henry 
VII., and attainted four years afterwards. 
His sister Margaret had married Sir Richard 
Pole, and on the death of her husband she 
petitioned to be permitted, as sister and heir 
in blood of Edward, Earl of Warwick, to as- 
sume the title of Countess of Salisbury. This 
permission was granted, and in 5 Henry VHI. 
she obtained letters patent ''for all the 
Castles, Mannors, and Lands of Richard, 
late Earl of Salisbury, her Grandfather, which 
came to the Crown, by the attainder of 
the same Edward, Earl of Warwick, her 
brother." 

Leland the antiquary, who visited Cotting- 
ham about 1538, wrote : ** The lands of this 
Signorie and Lordship greatly privileged cam 
of later times by division into four partes, 
whereof now a late the King had one parte, 
the Countess of Soresby another, the Earl 
of Westmoreland the three, and the Lord 
Poys the four ; at this tyme the King hath all 
saving the Lord Poys part." The manor of 
Cottingham Powis was probably that portion 
of the original manor which Richard, Duke 
of Gloucester, obtained by exchange from 
Edward IV. Alianore, the eldest daughter 
of Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent, from 
whom those princes were descended, manied 
for her second husband Edward de Cherlton, 
Lord Powys, and possibly on the death of 
Richard III. the manor of Cottingham 
Powis reverted to the Crown, and afterwards 
came into the possession of Leland's Lord 
Poys. This was doubtless Edward Grey, 
Lord Powis, who married a daughter of 
Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, and died 
without issue some time after 36 Henry VIIL* 
The manor of Cottingham Richmond came 
to Henry VIIL fi-om his father, to whom 
it had descended from Margaret, the third 
daughter of Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent. 
Whether the king had then the manor of 
Cottingham Westmoreland, as stated by 

♦ Sir Richard Grey, Lord Powis, who died in 6 
Edward IV., had lands in Cottingham and Hessle, 
particulars of which arc given by Dugdale, but they 
could hardly have belonged to the manor of Cotting- 
ham Powis. 



REVIEWS. 



217 



Ldand it is not necessary to inquire.* As 
to the manor of Cottingham Sarum, it appears 
that in 31 Henry VIII. the Countess of 
Salisbury,, then seventy years of age, was 
attainted for treason, ''under colours of com- 
plyance with the Marquess of Exeter/' and 
was beheaded two years afterwards, in 1541. 
Her eldest son, Henry, who in 13 Henry 
VIII. had received the title of Lord Mon- 
tague, had been beheaded three years before 
also for conspiring with the Marquess of 
Exeter. He left by his wife Jane, the daughter 
of George Nevill, Lord Bergavenny, two 
daughters, Katherine, married to Francis, 
Earl of Huntingdon, and Winifnde, married 
first to Sir Thomas Hastings, and afterwards 
to Sir Thomas fiarington.t 

The Marquess of Exeter above referred to 
was cousin german of Henry VHL, being, as 
mentioned at a preceding page, the son and 
heir of William Courtney, Earl of Devon, 
by Katherine, daughter of Edward IV. He 
was beheaded in 1538, at the same time as 
Henry, Lord Montague, and with them Sir 
Edward NevilL The title of Duke of Exeter 
was held previously by Henry Holland, who 
had married Anne, sister of Edward IV., 
and whose father, John Holland, was created 
Duke of Exeter by Henry VI. This duke 
married for his second wife Anne, daughter 
of John Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, and 
by her had issue a daughter, Anne. This 
daughter married first John, Lord Nevill, 
Earl of Westmorland, and secondly Sir 
Thomas de Nevill, by whom she had a son, 
Ralph de Nevill, the third Earl of West- 
morland. The families who bore the titles 
of Exeter and Salisbury were thus closely 
united with each other, and no less so with 
the Nevills. It is not surprising, therefore, 
that Thomas Cecil, the eldest son of Ix)rd 
Burghley, who married Dorothy, one of the 
daughters and heirs of John Nevill, Lord 
Latimer, should have chosen to be created 
Earl of Exeter. Probably Robert Cecil, 
Lord Burghley's son by his second wife, 
took the title of Earl of Salisbury for a 
similar reason. HLs wife was the daughter 

* It may be mentioned that Charles Nevill, the 
last Earl of Westmorland, was attainted in 13 
Elizabeth. 

t The manor of Cottingham Sarum appears to 
haTe at one time belonged to the Barringtons. 

VOL. X. 



of William Brooke, Lord Cobham, who 
appears to have married a daughter of George 
Nevill, Lord Bergavenny, and he may well, 
therefore, have aspired to a title so intimately 
associated with the Nevills as that of 
Earl of Salisbury. This great statesman, 
who died in 161 2, may have wished not only 
to celebrate his alliance with the ancient and 
noble family of Nevill, but also to compare 
his dignity and power with theirs by erecting 
a monument in their memory. If it was 
intended also to show their alliance with the 
Hollands, Earls of Kent, that could not have 
been done better than by the erection of the 
armorial windows in the church of Cotting- 
ham, with which the Hollands and the 
Nevills had been so closely connected. I am 
inclined to think that the windows in ques- 
tion were due to Robert Cecil rather than 
to Thomas Cecil, who, curiously enough, was 
created by James I. Earl of Exeter on the 
evening of the same day, in 1605, as that on 
which his brother was created Earl of Salis- 
bury. If, however, it is preferred that they 
should be ascribed to Thomas Cecil, a 
motive for their erection by him might per- 
haps be found in the fact that in 27 Henry 
VI. John, Lord Nevill, Earl of Westmorland, 
who had married the daughter of John Hol- 
land, Earl of Exeter, directed his body to be 
buried in the choir of the abbey of Haut- 
Emprice, which was situate in the parish of 
Cottingham. On the dissolution of the 
monasteries the abbey went to decay, and 
the choir of Cottingham Church may possibly 
have been intended to take its place as a 
memorial of the Nevills, and of the great 
families with whom they were allied 




Tfu History of BUesUr^ its Town and Priory, 
Part II., The History of Bicester. Compiled by 
Rkv. J. C. Blomefield, M.A. (Bicester, 1884 : 
Smith & Parkhurst.) 4to, pp. 212. 

E have already expressed our approval of 
Mr. Blomefield 's first instalment of his 
History of Bicester (see ante, vol. v. , p. 262), 
and it is now our pleasing duty to say 
that this second part is equally interesting 
and valuable. Mr. Blomefield goes upon the prin- 

Q 




2l8 



REVIEWS, 



dple that facts are worth any quantity of theories, 
and his book accordingly abounds in facts gathered 
with the most assiduous care from the local sources 
of information. No one, not being a local historian, 
could have placed such a storehouse of information 
before the student, and we can assure our readers 
that in matters of early social and agricultural history, 
this book will be found to contain some curious 
points. Gilbert Basset, ^unger son of Ralph Basset, 
Baron of Weldon, mamed into the De Oily fiunily, 
and obtained a grant of some of the lands held by 
Robert of Oilv. Gilbert Basset built a house as a 
residence for himself, where he resided for more than 
half a century. Taking an active part in favour of 
Maud against King Stephen, he was rewarded by 
Henry II. with a duirter granting vast privileges and 
immunities. Some of Gilbert Basset's work in the 
dbancel and central tower of the church still remains 
as a testimony of his piety, his wealth, and his bounty. 
This family held the manor for a century, and it 
passed at tne death of Gilbert Basset, in 1203, to his 
Mrife, Eveline de Courteney, of the Devonshire family. 
From tnis time many different owners possessed the 
manor. Mr. Blomefield devotes sections to the 
pari^ church, which dates from the twelfth century, 
to the parish charities, and to the Priory of St. Edbuig. 
The parish registers and terriers of land are all laid 
under contribution in a most admirable manner, and 
many important glimpses are afforded of village life 
in olden days, with its curious land tenure. A 
terrier of 1399 gives an exact description of the names 
and divisions of the land surrounding the village, and 
we get notice of the curious ends or small pieces of 
arable land, called " Buttes,** and other characteristic 
features of the village community. Of the Priory 
Mr. Blomefield gives an exhaustive and valuable 
description, accompanied by a plan. Connected with 
this are many documents of great interest and in- 
struction, such, for instance, as mat of the "Receipts 
at the Bursary,*' and payments corresponding. As a 
record of prices paid for labour, com, travelling, wine, 
building, and other expenses, this portion of the 
book will be found of great value, ana we trust that 
Mr. Blomefield, before he ends his labours, will give 
us a full and exhaustive index to these documents. 
Of course there are man^ points which we cannot 
now touch upon, and which may perhaps be of still 
more importance to sgme of our readers than those 
mentioned above, but we heartily congratulate the 
author upon his consciatfiMS and admirable piece of 
work» 



Jottings <m the Royal Coifttgt tmd Token Currency of 
Gmldfordi with tome Notes on the Etymology of the 
Name of the Town, By Geokge C. Williamson. 
8vo, pp. 36. 

All anti()uaries understand the importance of such 
local contnbutions as this, and we can add our testi- 
mony to the fact that the execution of the work does 
not discredit the subject. The coins rai^ from 
Ethek«d II. in 978 to William II. in 1 100, and the 
author has given an exact description of eadi coin, 
froin the inscriptions on which much information is 
obtained ai to tne spelling of the town's name. The 



tokens range from 1648 to 1673. As to the inuet of 

these tokens and their local importance, some interest- 
ing information is given, and the whole essay is one 
which many, who are not strictly local inquirers, will 
be glad to possess. We recommend it to those who 
are interested in place-names and their spellings, as 
Mr. Williamson has pointed out a very valuable 
source of information for this very much needed 
study. 



A Booke of Fishing with Hooke and Line made by 
L(eonard) M{ascall), Reprinted from the Edition 
of 1590. With PiefjBce and Glossary by T. 
Satchell. W. Satchell & Co. (Simpkin, 
Marshall, & Co.) 

It was a stem and troublous time in England when 
Dame Juliana Bemers first committed her TTreatyse 
of Fysshynge to the press,— stem and troublous in 
the sense of that peipetusil unrest inevitable in a 
country the bases of whose civilization were still un- 
settled and insecure. The writers of the Paston 
letters, speaking of the dose of the fifteenth century, 
style it a "quavering" and "queasy" time, as if 
they felt all things to be giddy and reeling around 
them; and MacFarlane dUates on the fiurt that in 
England, at that period, human life *' was evidentlv 
mted at a very low value, the constant risks to which 
it was exposed reducing its real worth, and the mere 
habit of seeing it constantly perilled and so often 
suddenly lost helping still rarther to make its ex- 
tinction by violence or otherwise regarded with a 
deficiency of concern of which in the present dav we 
have no conception." And yet this was "Merry 
England," for, savs Froude, "we read of merry 
England when England was not merry," — ^when 
justice was arbitrary and ignorant, when the people 
groaned under the exercise of feudal tyranny, and 
when for a man to possess his soul in quietness was 
at once the greatest of blessings and the most arduous 
of attainments. 

We should have liked to bring before our readers 
a full and faithful picture of the rustic life and sports 
of this epoch, but the colours fail us ; even the out- 
line is blurr^ and broken. The old contemporary 
chroniclers and historians are rich indeed in records of 
the grand and stirring events of the century, — the 
struggles of dynasties, the pomp and splendour of 
courts, records of battles and sieges, of the surrender 
of towns, of triumphal entries ; Irat to the wide, silent 
country pbces beyond, to the illimitable fields and 
forests, and to the lives and occupations of their 
denizens, they gave no heed. That men hunted and 
hawked and fished in those days, we know; but 
under what peculiar circumstances we are Idft to 
guess. One thing, as regards angling, however, we 
consider certain, that it cannot have been, at the close 
of the fifteenth century, the "contemplative recrea- 
tion*' it afterwards became. Piscator of that ilk 
plied a cnJt associated as much with peril as with 
pleasure : he can have had little vocation to stretch 
tiLs limbs under honeysudcle hedges and discourse of 
nightingales* ditties to v«pibood viators and vena- 
tors. From this point of view we confess qui surprise 
at the pacific aspect and accoutrement of the Upicil 



REVIEWS. 



aig 



aqsler of hu time, sncfa as Dame Jaliana (not hero- 
icaUj) hrvD^ before us. Sorely the Dame mast have 
cboaen for model some fisher of the towns, — some 
oockpey godffeon-fisher, in his homely jerkin, and 
with his wife^ kitchen tub for creel. The grotesque 
and left-handed creature of the Trtatyse can never 
bare tested the "twelve flies," in Tvne or Coquet, 
much less in Tweed, with Kin£ James hovering hawk- 
like over the border, and aU his "blue bonnets*' 
icadr for a raid on the Northumbrian beeves. We 
dbooid ourselves have depicted the mediaeval angler 
with moce military adjuncts, with a weapon of offence 
in his gudle and an arquebuse peeping over his 
shotdder above his creeL 

Of Leonard Mascall*s Boohe of Fishing uith 
HttJht tmd Litu it may be said tbiat the dry bones 
of the ancient treatise are revived in it, wiUi other 
**di^ecta membra," but not the liviQg spirit. Dame 
Jalnna*s picturesque and harmonious phrase is silent 
m its pages, and for her high code of sporting morality 
we seek in vain, — an obsoration which aoDlies, in a 
like degree, to Gryndall's subsequent pamphlet and to 
the Jewel for Gentrie. These are essentially prac- 
ticaL They have little merit beyond. Mr. Thomas 
Satdiell, however, has enriched his reprint of Leonard 
Maijcall with an able and interesting Introduction and 
an excellent Glossary. The series to which this work 
bdo^gs — the " Library of old Fishing Books '* — is a 
boon to modem collectors that cannot be too hi^ly 
apnectated. A quarter of a century ago all the pisca- 
tonal bo(A-rarities were attainable, with reasonable 
patienrr and a moderate expenditure. Now we have 
America in the market, — America, with a foil purse 
and a dominant purpose — and loo many of our 
Mascalls, Gfyndalls, and Tewe/s for Gentrie, have 
already taken wing across the Atlantic, to return, we 
fear, oo more. 

Mr. Satchell's "Library** is, no doubt, intended 
to fin this void, and to bring within reach of the col- 
lectors, in an engaging form and under conscientious 
s up er vis ion, the worla they can no longer hope to 
acquire in their original form. From this pomt of 
view the undertaking has our best wishes for its 



Surrey Bells and London Bell Founders, A Coniri' 
btUion to the Comfarative Study of Bill Insertions, 
By J. C L. Stahlschmidt. (London : Elliot Stock, 
1K4.) 4to, with woodcuts. 

Thb interesting and conscientious volume, of which 
we could sometimes desire the style and arrangement 
a little more lucid, appears to have owed its existence 
to the suggestion of the author*s friend, the late Mr. 
North, whose name will be favourably known to our 
readers as that of an indefiiUigable enthusiast in the 
field of campanology. We think we may fairly 
recommend tne latest publication in this class of 
inquiry as worthy to take a place by the side of 
the monographs which have preceded it. In one 
respect, the account which it gives us of the Bell- 
founders of London of the 13th and 14th centuries, it 
breaks new ground, and the researches of the com- 
piler have led to some very interesting discoveries. 
Soncy poMCtses its foir share of interestmg bells, and 



the illustrations which this book contains are both 
good and curious. Each town is dealt with separately, 
and the author is minute in his descriptions and 
particulars. 

The whole subject of bells, both in their civil and 
in their ecclesiastical uses, deserves the attention of 
some foture antiquarv. Prior to the general intro- 
duction of docks, the bell pUyed a much more 
important part in our daily lite than we can at first 
si^t believe to have been possible. It was the 
universal timekeeper and summoner, and it is a 
ppint deserving of careful investigation whether its 
employment as a factor in the earlv social system did 
not precede its adoption by the Church, first for the 
mere purpose of announang the hour of prayer or 
devotion, and subsec^uently as a moral and religious 
agency. As chanticleer was the only dock of 
the primitive villager, the bell was long the only 
machinery for marking the divisions of the monastic 
day. The origin of the consecration and enshrinement 
of bells Is of considerable interest, but we should also 
welcome any important and authentic light shed on 
its former political significances and domestic applica- 
tion. It is of those Uiings which already half belong 
to the past, perhaps in all its purposes, certainly 
in its ecdesiastical ; for while horologv was in its 
nonage, and places of worship were nUed by more 
scatters! congregations, the bell became and remained 
a valuable auxiliary, whereas at present it seems to be 
somewhat of an anachronism. 

The most ancient bell which we can recollect to 
have seen depicted is one which occurs at page 213 
of La Arts du Moyen Age, by Lacroix, 1869. It is 
a hand-bdl or tintinnabulum, ascribed to the ninth 
century, and copied from a MS. 

Phallieism, celesticU and terrestrial, heathen and Chris* 
tian, its conneetion with the A'osierueians and the 
Gnostics, and its fountiation in Buddhism, with an 
Essay on Mystic Anatomy, By Hargravs 
Jennings. (London, 1884 : George Redway.) 
ovo, pp. xxvii, 298. 

Unpleasant as this subject is, we are quite prepared 
to agree that in its sdentific aspect, as a form of 
human worship, it has considerable importance, and 
we endorse Mr. Jenninn' idea that it is not among 
the lowest of mankind tnat one must look for an ex- 
planation or history of it. At the same time we are 
not quite sure that we follow Mr. Jennings in all his 
learned disquisitions upon the subject We think he 
is too much inclined to look for sdlegory and poetry 
where nothing but sheer fact and prose were originally 
intended, and this tendency, especially upon such a 
subject, leads the author far afield. Unhke Messrs. 
Westropp and Wake, in their book on Ancient Sym^ 
boiism in IVorship, Mr. Jennings deals almost entirely 
with the subiective part of his inquiry, and he has 
evidently made a considerable amount of research into 
the literature of early religions. Into the details of 
Mr. Jennings' book we cannot be expected to enter ; 
but we may say that he has produced something which 
is, at all events, worth the attention of the student of 
comparative p^rchology, and we may add that we 
should have enjojred his writing better had there been 
fewer notes of admiration I 

- Qa 



330 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



Thi Essex Notebook and Suffolk Gleaner, (Colchester, 
1884 : Benham & Co.) 4to, pp. 12. 

We welcome with cordial sympathy this fresh 
gleaner of local facts. It consists of reprints of the 
local Notes and Queries of the Essex Standardy and 
the editor has evidently put into his labours a great 
amount of judicial enthusiasm. There are a great 
number of snudl notes about matters always of value 
to the curious inquirer, and the collection of Essex 
Tenures promises to be more than ordinarily interest- 
ing. Field names is another subject we are glad to 
see taken up, as in this direction local inquuy can 
achieve results that cannot be attempted otherwise. 




C|^eettn08 of antiauarian 
Societies* 

Royal Archsological Institute (see anie^ page 
174), — In the evening Canon Creighton openedt he 
Historical Section with a singularly able lecture. The 
Antiquarian Section was subsequently opened by Dr. 
Bruce, who chose for the subject of his address ''The 
Roman Occupation of Britain." On Wednesday morn- 
ing Wark>%orth Castle and Alnwick Abbey vrere 
visited. Extensive excavations on the site of the 
abbey are in progress, and the foundations of the 
chapter-house and the cloister have been laid bare. 
Alnwick was afterwards visited. In the evening 
Canon Raine opened the Historical Section. Thurs- 
day's excursion to Holy Island proved to be of great 
interest. After an inspection of the ruins, the Dean 
of Chester delivered an interesting address on St. 
Aidan and King Oswald, and their connection with 
the site. The Rev. J. L. Low followed with some 
observations on the life of St. Cuthbert, who was 
sixth bishop of Lindisfame. After lunch Mr. Mickle- 
thwaite described the ruins. The church consists of a 
nave with aisles and western towers, much resembling 
Durhiun in miniature, aisleless transepts with eastern 
apses, central tower, and aisleless choir. In the floor 
ofthe choir are exposed the foundations of the original 
apse, which Mr. C. Clement Hodges pronounced, 
with much show of probability, to be pre-Norman, 
though the rest of the ouilding is early twelfth century. 
The conventual buildings are now represented by 
huge mounds and fragments of walls ; but as a result 
of the visit of the Institute it is satisfactory to know 
they are to be excavated shortly by Sir WilUam Cross- 
man. On Friday Bamborough Castle was visited. It 
is a fine and large example of the Norman square 
keep, but as it is inhabited, it is difficult to make out 
its internal arrangements. It is its magnificent position 
on the summit of a lofty rock overlooking the German 
Ocean that makes Bamborough so famous. After 
lunch the antiquaries visited the church, which is a 
very interesting building, having a lai^ Early English 
chancel, with a wall arcade like that of Cherry Hinton, 
and a bone crypt under the east end. The meeting 
of the Architectural Section in the evening was dis- 
t<ffgiv«iitf^ by the first part of a lecture " On the Peles 



of Northumberland,'' illustrated by limelight lantern 
views, and described by Mr. C. J. Bates. In the 
Antiquarian Section the Rev. C. F. Browne read a 
paper of (^reat interest and research " On the Frag- 
ments of Sculptured Stones at Monkwearmouth aiul 
Jarrow." The annual meeting was held on Saturday 
morning, under the presidencv of Earl Percy, M.P. 
The excursions were divided into two. TTie first, 
under the direction of Mr. Gosselin, proceeded to 
Ravensworth Castle, where the building was described 
by Mr. W. H. D. Longstaffe. The other party, 
under the direction of Mr. W. H. St John Hope, 
journeyed to Monkwearmouth. Jarrow was the next 
meeting-place, and here again the church retains 
very considerable remains of the work of Benedict 
Biscop in the chancel and other oarts. The tower is 
of Anglian work, though erectea, like some of the 
Lincoln churches, in the Norman period. Some 
remains exist of the Norman conventual buildings. 
The day's excursion wound up with a trip down me 
Tyne in a steamer, kindly furnished by the River 
Tyne Commissioners, to Tynemouth Priory. At the 
sectional meetings in the evening papers were read by 
the Rev. J. R. Boyle " On the Saxon Churches of 
Northumberland and Durham," and bv Mr. H. S. 
Skipton " On Streatham : its Horses and its Heroes." 
A lecture was also given by Dr. Bruce "On the North*- 
umberland Small Pipes," with musical illustrations, 
which was listened to with great attention. On 
Monday the Association visited the Roman Wall, 
under the guidance of Dr. Bruce. In the Antiquarian 
Section in the evening the Rev. G. R. Hall read a 
paper " On the British Remains in Northumberiand," 
and Mr. R P. PuUon one " On the Discoveries at 
Lanuvium." In the Architectural Section Mr. C. J. 
Bates resumed his paper " On a General View of the 
Mediaeval Castles, Towers, etc., in Northumberland," 
and Mr. St. John Hope read a paper *' On Recent 
Excavations on the Site of Alnwick Abbey." On 
Tuesday an excursion was made to Prudhoe and 
Corbridge. Mr. Clark gave a slight sketch of the 
UmfrevOle family, to whom Prudhoe Castle belonged, 
and described the ruin. Ovingham parish church, 
chiefly interesting to the archaeologist on account of 
its tower, was also visited. At Bywell the party were 
received by Canon Dwarris, who delivered a brief 
address on the history of the churches of Bywell St 
Andrew's and Bywell St. Peter's, which are separated 
only by the roadway. A visit was next paid to the 
remains of the unfinished castle of Bywell, ascribed 
to Robert Nevil, Earl of Westmorland, in 1480, and 
built on the site of the older tower of Balliol. At 
Corbridge the parish church of St. Andrew was visited« 
Mr. Longstaffe gave a brief sketch of the history of 
Corbridge, and Mr. Hodges explained the architecture 
of the church. The last place visited ¥ras Aydon 
Castle. It is a fair specimen of the fortified residences 
to be found in Nortnumberland. In the evening the 
general meeting was held. On Wednesday the archae- 
ologists visited Brancepeth Castle and Durham. 

Norfolk and Norwich Archsological Society. 
— ^The members paid an interesting and pleasant visit 
to Melton Constable and Hindolveston. A short ride 
brought the party to Melton Constable church, or 
rather to the "shell" of the sacred building, which, 
with dismantled roof, fittings removed, and floors ap. 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



231 



in the CArliest staj^ of rebailding and restoration. 
Some interesting particulars respecting the diordi and 
the parish were contained in a paper kindly contri- 
bated by the Rev. C. R. Manning. There was a 
church at Melton at the time of the Conqueror's 
Surrey, but whether anjr part of it remains in the 
construction of the existmg walls it is impossible to 
say. There is no appearance of any work earlier than 
the twelfth century. The lordship of the parish was 
granted, with others, at the Conquest, to Williun de 
oeaafo. Bishop of Thetford, and was held under him 
by Roger de Lyons and Anschetel the provost. The 
des ce nda n ts of this Anschetel called themselves " I>e 
Meltoo,*' and held the hereditary office of ConstabU to 
the Bishops after the removal of the see to Norwich. 
Hence the parish was called Melton Constable. In 
Ii6$ Peter ie Constable de Meaulton held it ; and in 
iao2 to iao4 Peter Constable de Meaulton was Sheriff 
of Norfolk and Suffolk. The names of his son Geoffrey 
and his son Peter de Meaulton, Constabularius, occur 
in deeds mentioned by Blomefield, with the s^ of a 
man in armour on horseback. This Peter had a son, 
another Geoffirey (or Ralph according to some autho- 
rities), who left three sisters, coheiresses, of whom 
Edith married Sir Thomas Astley, Lord Astley, of 
the Warwickshire family, and brought part of the 
inheritance of the De Meltons in the family of Astley. 
This Thomas Lord Astley was killed at the battle of 
Evesliam, in 1265. He bore arms, azure, a cinquefoil 
Ermine, in allusion to those of Robert de Beaumont, 
Eari of Leicester, of whom the family held lordships ; 
those of Beaumont being gi^Us^ a cinouefoil Ermine ; 
and the same arms are now borne, oifTerenced by a 
border engrailed, by the fiimily of Astley, Lord of 
Hastings, who are descended from him through female 
heirs. On the south side is a curious example of a 
"low side*' or ** lepers*' window, with not only a 
recess at the west side for a seat, but a stone book- 
desk fronting it This Mr. Manning believes to be 
unique. Another most remarkable feature in the 
church is that above the plain circular chancel arch, 
or rather arch of the tower towards the nave, is 
another double arch of Norman work, supported in 
the centre by a stout circular pillar. Mr. Manning 
cannot recall any other instance of such an arrange- 
ment, and Mr. Blomefield says that he knows nothing 
craite like it anywhere else. A curious feature in the 
church is a panelled apartment on the south side of 
the nave — the Astley family pew, which was erected 
in 1681, a year after the building of the Hall, and 
which, beyond the lowering of the floor and some 
necessary repairs, is not to be touched by the present 
restoration. This pew contains many monuments and 
much heraldry, which no archaeologist would desire to 
have disturbed. On leaving Melton the party pro- 
ceeded to the adjoining parish church of Hindolveston, 
which, like so many of the churches in this part of 
the county, lies right away from the homes of the 
villagers. If we except the tiled roof and some red 
brick patchwork, the building, which consists of nave, 
chancel, north ai<ile, and square tower, lias a fine ex- 
terior. On all sides of the tower, at the base, there is 
some remarkably fine flint work, — a dedication plate, 
G and Crown, with terminal crosses. The church is 
dedicated to St. George. On the south wall of the 
nave is a corioas okl bimss to "Edmon Hunt, the 



gentilman, and Margaret hight his wife," who are 
represented as surrounded by a numerous family, with 
dates 1558 and 1568, and on the south side of the 
chancel are uninteresting piscina and sedilia. The 
Communion "plate" was set out for inspection in the 
vestry. The cup is a very good specimen of sixteenth 
century work, and bears the Norwich mark. It is 
inscribed "The Towne of Hyldarston, 1568,'* one of 
the more reasonable of the extraordinary forms which 
the name of this village assumed phonetically in the 
olden times, and which, unless they have very recently 
become obliterated, still survive among the "natives." 
The Communion cup and paten belongmg to Thomage 
church having been kindly brought to Hindolveston 
for the inspection of the party, Mr. Manning gave the 
following description of them : — "The cup is a veiy 
charming specimen of the bell-shaped vessels intro- 
duced in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and constantly 
found in this county and diocese with the dates of 
1564 and 157a Bishop Parkhurst, who was conse- 
crated to the See of Norwich in 1560, was active in 
the forcing compliance with the injunctions of Arch- 
bishop Parker that the old ' massing chalices * should 
be melted down or remade into 'decent communion 
cups,' suitable for the administration of the cup to the 
laity, and holding much more wine than tne pre- 
Re/ormation chalices, which were only used by the 
priest. But this cup has upon it an inscription stating 
that ' This . is . ye . gyfte . of . John . Butts . imd 
Maigaret . hys . wyfe . 1456 . whych — died, 1477.' 
Probably the original chalice and paten given by John 
and Maigaret Butts were melted down in 1563, when 
I. Stalom was parson of Thomage, and transformed 
into those before us, while the record and date of 
their gift, and of the donor's death^ were recorded 
upon the cup, that their generosity might not be for- 
gotten. We may regret the loss of a probably more 
beautifiil shape and earlier design, but it is evident 
that the best workmanship of the time was enlisted* 
and a very choice example of Elizabethan plate is 
presented to us. The inscription itself mignt have 
been proof sufficient of the sixteenth century work, 
and the language and spelling is quite Elizabethan, 
and Arabic numerals are employed for the dates, 
which were not in general use for such purposes in 1456 
or 1477. The bell-sha[>ed Iwwl is b^utiAilly chased 
with a circular band of ornament, in which are the 
initials I. B. and M. B. and the arms of Butts — viz.. 
Or, a chevron l)etween three estoiles, as many lozenges. 
I have not been able to discover who John Butts was, 
as he is not in any printed pedigree of the family. 
The manor of Thomage does not appear to have be- 
longed to the Butts fsmnily until the 1st of July in the 
year 1^36, when King Henry VIII., after an exchange 
of landf with the Bishop of Norwich, granted it, and 
the advowson of the l)enefice, to Sir \Vm. Butts, M.D., 
his chief physician. But probably earlier generations 
of his family lived in the parish or neighlwurhood 
before, of whom no doubt John Butts was one. The 
paten is a very plain one, without ornament, but it 
has upon it an inscription which supports the view I 
have taken of the sdteration of the cup : * The £ishen 
altred by I. Stalom d : ao 1563.' There are no marks 
either on the cup or paten ; out this date, 1563, raises 
a rather interesting question. The c^es of twenty 
years, with the diOe letten of Norwwh-made platc^ 



232 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



began with the letter A in 1 564. If this cup, which 
appears to me to be the work of Peter Peterson, the 
celebrated Norwich goldsmith, so many of whose cups 
are dated from 1564 to 1569, is of the year inscribed 
on the paten, IJ63, may not some other undated and 
unmarked specimens be also previous to the com- 
mencement of the Norwich halNmarking — i.^., between 
1560, the first year of Bishop Parkhurst, and 1564?" 
At Melton Park Mr. H. T. Cass conducted them 
through the house, and readily imparted some amount 
of interesting and useful information of which he is 
possessed. Melton Hall, the Norfolk seat of the Astley 
family, was built in 1680 by Sir Jacob Astley, and it 
is said " ranks fourth in splendour and importance 
among the great houses of Norfolk." Externally it is 
a somewhat plain, square build ins, in brick and stone, 
but its internal arrangements anadecorations are com- 
plete and finished. It contains many fine specimens 
of portraiture painting, but as the pictures were being 
cleaned, the visitors had only an opportunity of seeing 
a few of them. On the grand staircase are pictures 
representing the combat oetwcen Sir John Astley, 
K.G., and Pierre de Masse, fought in Paris in 1438, 
and also between the same Sir John Astley and Sir 
Philip Boyle, Knight of Arragon, fought at Smithfield 
in 1442. It is said that the last-nam(^ painting is the 
finest representation of Old Smithfield extant. In the 
library, over the fireplace, is a fine portrait of Sir 
Jacob Astley, created Baron Astley in 1646, who is 
taken in his white jerkin. In the entrance-hall are 
some fine bronzes, including; a pair of snakes, formerly 
in the Tuileries, and which are stated to be stained 
with the blood of the great Revolution ; a remarkable 
tazza, which was purchased at the Alton Towers sale ; 
some very fine busts, especially one of Alexander the 
Great, etc In the armoury are some noble specimens 
of the militarv habiliments of mediaeval times. 

Erith and Belvedere Natural History and 
Scientific Society. — September 18th.— A paper on 
"Howburv," situate at Slade's Green, near Erith, 
was read by Mr. H. W. Smith : — "In the reign of 
Edward the Confessor, it app/ears that Howbury was 
of some importance, and it was then held b^ one 
Ansehil. That the Saxon name of Howbury is cor- 
rectly given is beyond question, standing as it does 
on a spur of land (a spur of gravel almost similar to 
that on which Erith Church stands), on the edge of 
what was the ancient river Thames, ere it was con- 
fined between its present banks, or walls, as they are 
generally called. That the place is still moated we 
may see for ourselves ; and these two circumstances 
give us the name 'Howbury.* The existing stone 
walls of the moat would seem to be of Norman con.- 
struction, and anterior to the period — about the time 
of Henry III. — of the building of dwelling-houses 
fortified, and embattled in some instances, and gene- 
rally surrounded with a moat, but which were not 
castles in the understood sense of the term. Hasted, 
in his history of Kent, says that Howbury — or Little 
Hoo, as it is described in ancient deeds — was part of 
the Do^essions of Odo, Bishop of Bayeaux, the brother 
of William the Conqueror. Hasted then goes on to 
give the names of some of the owners and possessors 
of Howburv. Thus, in the time of Henry III., it 
was owned by William de Auberville. In the reigns 
of Edward I., Edward III., to Richard II., it belonged 



to the ancient family of the Northwoods, Sir John 
Northwood holding it in the reign of Edward III. 
In the reign of Henry IV., Nicholas Carew, of Surrey, 
and John Comwallis, of London, were the joint pos- 
sessors. In the fifth year of Henry V., one Richaid 
Bryan held it ; and in the first year of HenryVI. it 
passed to Roger Apylton, and afterwards to Thomas 
Covele, or Cowley, as he was afterwards called. In 
the nineteenth year of ^Henry VIII. it was conveyed 
by the grandson of Thomas Cowley to John Judde, 
whose widow, Elizabeth, was possessed of it in the 
latter part of ^ueen Elizabeth's reign. It then passed 
by marriage into the family of Fane, or Vane, in 
whose hands, some time afterwards, the patronage of 
the living of Crayford became vested, in the second 
year of James I., HoWbury was sold to Robert Draper, 
Esq. ; and in 1694 it was sold by his heirs, together 
with the Manor of Newbury and May Place, to Sir 
Cloudesley Shovel. The youngest daughter of Sir 
Cloudesley afterwards conveyed Howbury, by mar- 
riage, to John Blackwood, Esq., her second husband. 
Many members of the Apylton and Draper families 
were buried in Crayford Church, as sdso were buried 
the widow of Sir Cloudesley Shovel and members of 
the Blackwood family. Sumptuous memorials to the 
memory of some of the Drapers and Dame Elizabeth 
Shovel are erected in the church in the Draper and 
Howberry Chapels, as they are called. In 1777 
Shovel Blackwood, Esq., alienated Howbury, by Act 
of Parliament, to Harman Berens, Esq., of Kevington, 
in this county, as also the Iron Mills Farm, in the 
parish of Crayford. In 1797, when Hasted wrote, it 
was still in the possession of the Berens family. 
During the early part of the present century families 
of the name of 'Butler* and 'Allen' resided at 
Howbury." 

Clifton Antiquarian Club. — September 29th. — 
The members, with the President, the Hon. and Rif ht 
Rev. Bishop Clifford, made their second excorsion 
for the year, when Gloucester, Deerhurst, and Tewkes- 
bury were visited. The party first reached Gloucester, 
and paid a brief visit to the Cathedral, where the 
chief points of interest were pointed out by Mr. Pope 
and others. A drive of al>out eight miles up tne 
Severn valley brought the members to the remains 
of the Saxon Priory of Deerhurst, and what the late 
Mr. Parker called '* the oldest dated church in Eng- 
land," where they were met by the vicar, the Rev. G. 
Butterworth, who read a short paper on the early 
history of the Monastery, which was followed by 
one on the architectural remains, by Mr. T. S. Pope. 
Opinions differed as to the date of the existing build- 
ings, Mr. Pope and other members considering the 
Saxon portions to be of two dates, while the vicar 
believea the whole had been rebuilt in the time of 
the Confessor, including the well-known double tri- 
angular-headed window in the east wall of the tower, 
which, whatever its date, was doubtless copied fipom 
Roman work. The few remains of the Benedictine 
Priory were examined, and then the carriages being 
remounted, a drive of a few miles, past the field of 
the battle of Tewkesbury (fought A.D. 1471), brought 
the party to the splendid church of the Boiedictme 
Abbey, which fortunately escaped the fate of Hayles, 
Evesham, and other grand buildings in the neigh- 
bourhood. Under the guidance of the Rev. Hemming 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



223 



RobeMO, Ticar of Tewkcsbmy, the exterior and in- 
terior of the duuch were ezamined. A cario«ssqaare 
dkamber at the to«tb-west angle of the south aisle 
was thouriit to be the basement of one of the western 
towers, whidif thoa^ probably forming part of the 
orvinal Norman design, were never completed. 

Camdoc Field Club.— September 24th. —The 
members of this dab made their last excursion of the 
season to Berrh^on and Betton Pools and to Bomere. 
Bcrringtoo Chnrdi was the first object of interest, re- 
stored a few ]rears aga It is dedicated to All Saints, 
and f"^'*^^ of a tower at the west end, containing six 
bdls, nave, south porch, south aisle and chancel. In 
the chancd is a cnmbent efBgy in wood of a man in 
plate armour, over whidi is a surcoat gathered at the 
waist by a bdt, and flowing open alxrat the knees, 
legs gpoiind, span, and feet restms on a lion coachant, 
00 his left side a sword sospended from a plain belt, 
the hands joined and raved in prayer. There is 
neither inscription nor arms on this tomb to inform us 
of the deceased. In the west end of the nave is a 
verr carious font, said to be probably the only remnant 
of tne original Sa»m rdifiopt, increasing in diameter 
£rom the base, the upper part sculptured with rude 
marks whidi much puzzled the company to decipher. 
One bore some resemblance to an elephant, but no 
one ooald say which was its head and which was its 
tafl ; this important question remaining undetermined 
vp to the present moment. The last mddent in the 
day's work was a visit to the veij remarkable expo- 
sore of rode at .Sharostones and Bayston Hill, where 
Mr. La Toodie called attention to the great bed of 
coo£k»ierate which occurs between the bard schists 
of Uie Cambrian, furnishing dear evidence of the 
existence of a bcaich on which the pebbles, derived 
from the pre-existing rocks, were rolled, just as may 
be observed at the present day on any shore ; and he 
stated that a similar formation may be traced in many 
places along the western slopes of the Longmynd, 
and that at the southern end of the range it bea>mes a 
stimtom oi verv considerable thickness, llie strike of 
the strata at this point appears to be nearly the same 
as that of the Longmynd Hills, but the dip to be in a 
cootiary direction, giving the impression that this 
may be an instance of inversion, the strata being not 
only upheaved into a vertical position, but, passing 
that pomt, the lower have become the upper. A more 
instroctive section than this is not to oe found near 
Shiewsbonr. Mr. T. P. Blunt read a paper on *' Fairy 
Rings." On some high, sloping field, where the pas- 
ture is poor and pale in colour, irr^lar rings of a 
much darker green and more luxuriant grov^ are 
observed. If these are watched from time to time it 
will be seen that they increase in size, the dark green 
band of rich grass appearing to march outwards, so to 
speak, from the centre, radially, so that while the 
actual green bdt is not much, if any, broader, the 
diameter of the entire ring b much enlarged. A 
closer inspection of the dark green band will disclose 
here and there, in greater or smaller numbers, fungi 
bdonging to the order Agaricms^ and generally of one 
ipecies, Oie Ckamfignon Afarasmius^ Ormdes, The 
name b very signincant. The Oreads were mountain 
ovmphs, or dves, just as the Dryads were oak or tree 
elves, and it is saggetted, not without plansibility, 
that the name '* fruiy ring" is doe to the appearance 



of these frmgi, which, under a glancing moon, and 
with the aid of an exdted imagmation, might easily 
be taken for fairies lightly pirouetting on one foot as 
they trip round in the mystic cirde which, from im- 
memorial ages, has been connected with the rites of 
religion or of superstition. 

Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field 
Club.— September 23rd.— This dub paid a visit to 
the interestmg church of Fairfoid. The exterior of the 
church was first inspected by the members of the dub 
under the guidance of their vice-president, the Rev. 
Prebendary Scarth, who read a paper upon the church 
and monuments, treating also of the descent of the 
manor and the history of Tame family, whose monu- 
ments are preserved in the church, and also gave a 
brief history of the windows, and stated what could 
be ascertained respecting thdr date and origin. The 
party then entered the church, and after examining 
the architectural features, had the windows frdly ex- 
plained to them by the sexton, or curator, of the 
church. They returned to Cirencester, where some 
time was spent in the examination of the noble diurch, 
with its siae chapds and extensive porch or parvise. 
The party then visited the Museum of Roman Anti- 
ouities, which contains the fine pavements found on 
tne site of the ancient Roman Corinium. 

Glasgow Architectural Association. — Septem- 
ber 23rd. — Mr. William H. McNab read a paper on 
"The Architectural Treatment of Ironwork.*' A 
large number of illustrative photographs and drawings 
were exhibited. After briefly considering the different 
methods of manipulation, and the varied purposes in 
which ironwork has been emploved, from the earliest 
Indian specimens down through mediaeval times to 
the present day, particular attention was called to 
characteristic treatment during the Renaissance period, 
Quentin Matsys being adduced as the representative 
German and Netherlands artist in iron, and Hunting- 
don Shaw as the typical Englishman. The wrought- 
iron screens of the latter's work at Hampton Court 
and South Kensington were described as unsurpassed 
in design or workmanship. 

British Archaeological Association. — Tenby 
Meeting. — Tuesday, August 2nd, was devoted to the 
president's address, etc, and a visit to the chief 
places of interest in Tenby. — On Wednesday, the 
3rd inst, a large party drove to Brownslade. Shortly 
before their arrival the *Mong barrow*' in the 
"church ways" fidd had been opened. This long 
barrow is a hemispherical dune or hillock of sand, 
blown together in past ages by the wind, which 
has lifted it from the now distant seashore to the 
top of the old redstone rocks upon which it lies. 
A grave, built with vertical slabs roughly trimmed, 
and covered with three or four slabs overlapping like 
modem roofing slates, was uncovered. This was 
found to contain the skeleton of an adult man, with 
a jaw of great strength, and a perfect set of teeth. 
The vertebrae were twisted in a way which showed 
either that the body had been violently thrust into too 
small a grave, or that it lay in the attitude which it 
assumed when a violent or a painful death supervened. 
No relics were found that would warrant the fixing 
of any period to this interment. The hill is covered 
with these rude graves, Ijring thickly together in three 
or more layers. A few teeth of oows, some shells 



224 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



of the limpet and mussel, some white water«wom 
stones of more or less spherical form, are all 
the data that the excavation yielded. Castle Martin 
was the next halting-place, where the church 
presents many curious features, principally the 
mdications of gable roof and chancel arch of modest 
dimensions on the east face of the tower wall, perhaps 
pointing out the size and the situation of the original 
nave ; and the battering tower, with a corbelled 
battlemented course and no buttresses, a pattern of 
tower said (like that of Angle, Rhoscrowther, and 
others within the congress programme) to have derived 
its form from the square corner tower of Manorbere 
Castle which overlooks the little bay. Here is an 
early font carved vdih twelfth century foliage at the 
top comers, with an engrailed border running along 
the sides ; here, too, a churchyard cross, disfigured by 
the cross of modem proportions, which has been, with 
ingenious economy, constructed out of the original 
shaft ; and some quaintly carved capitals in an adjoin- 
ing house. Mr. E. Scott led the way to Angle — 
noted for the fact, dear to Welshmen, that Giraldus 
Cambrensis was at one time its rector, the fortified 
rectory house now fallen into evil plight as a coal-shed 
— and so onward to Newton Burrows, where the fallen 
cromlech on the hill of sand over the rocky beach was 
visited and explained. At Rhoscrowther Church the 
Rev. G. Scott, rector, showed a wall tomb omamented 
with a fourteenth century canopy, over which a 
strangely grotesque carved corbel has been set, 
representing a leering, grinning face with the comers 
of^the mouth turned down, from one of which hangs 
an oak leaf; at the side another grotesque face appears 
in profile. This has hitherto been called a figure of 
the Holy Trinity. Parts of the old carved altar of 
the fourteenth century, some twelfth century tomb- 
stones with simple incised cross or floriated ornament, 
and an early Norman font, make up most of the 
interesting points of the massive and sombre church. 
In the wall of the churchyard a rectangular stone with 
remnants of a Roman inscription is slowly crumbling 
away and almost illegible ; m the churchyard an old 
stone with two chamfered edges does duty for a mono- 
lith or cross. The evening paper was by Mr. A. Cope, 
" On the Origin of the Phrase * Little England beyond 
Wales.*" On the 4th inst., the members of the As- 
sociation, after a brief visit to Lydstep for viewing the 
anqient houses there, went to Manorbere. After 
examining the cromlech overlooking the bay and 
castle from the opposite side and two old edifices near 
the church, the party proceeded to Hodgeston Church 
and viewed the decorated chancel, with sedilia of 
elegant details and a double piscina. A long drive 
brought the party to Lamphey, where the mined 
palace, long the residence of the ancient bishops of 
St David's, was examined with great attention. This 
is a very good example of domestic architecture, built 
by Bishop Gower, " the rich bishop," in the thirteenth 
century. Some small arches of elaborate detail, 
mnnine along the south wall, were pointed out, and 
a detached chapel, raised on a small cloister, said to 
be the work of Bishop Vaughan, attracted notice. 
Those who alighted at Penally were well repaid their 
examination of the " small cross,** 6ft. oin. high, 
omamented on both sides with interlaced ribbon 
patterns. The eastern side has its ornamentation 



more elaborate than that on the western side, indicat- 
ing thereby, we are told, that the cross should face, as 
it does, towards the westem end of the church. The 
church of Penally is disappointing to the archaeologist, 
who finds here an example of a misguided restora- 
tion. The evening was devoted to two papers. 
The first, by Sir James Picton, dealt with the place- 
names of Pembrokeshire, in which the writer 
had grouped together a large number of names 
having sunilar syllables in their composition. 
Mr. I^ws's paper on ** Local Ethnology" was full of 
interest. Mr. Laws said that his hearers would pro- 
bably, in the course of their wanderings, come across 
small-boned, long-headed, dark -haired men and 
women, who were supposed to be descendants of 
the old non-Aryan race. Some years ago it was a 
custom in this county, after a couple were married, 
at church or chapel, for the whole wedding party to 
mount on horseback, and then, having given the bride 
and bridegroom a fair start, race after them. In case 
the lady was caught, the captor claimed a kiss from 
her, and her husband was bound to provide beer for 
the party by way of ransom. There could be no 
doubt that this ceremony was a reminiscence of 
*' marriage by capture," as old as Silurian dajrs. The 
character of the Gaedhils, or Goidels, who made short 
work of the little, dark-skinned Silures, strongly pre- 
dominated in the Pembrokeshire blood. They were 
the dominant race for a very long period. Their 
bronze weapons and implements were not uncommonly 
found in cliff castles and other places, and the finds 
showed that the two so-called periods of bronze and 
stone overlapped and the races commingled. On 
Friday the party, led by Mr. G. R. Wright, drove 
to view the ** Stack Rocks," the ** Huntsman's Leap,** 
the " Caldron," and the so-called " Danish Camp," on 
the edge of the precipitous cliff. They then proceeded 
to St. Govan*s rock-hid chapel and wisning-welL 
Bosherston Church was the next point. Here the 
churchyard cross, with part of the chamfered shaft 
gone, and having a rudely-sculptured head of the 
Saviour at the crossing of the limbs ; the low-set 
lepers' window in the south wall of the chancel ; the 
effigies of a lady in the north transept and of a civilian 
in the south transept ; and the font, sadly injured by 
the same restoring mania which has also meddled 
with the old windows and the entrance doorway, 
were the principal details to be looked at At length 
Stackpole Court was reached, and some of the party 
made their way to Stackpole Warren, where abundant 
traces of an extensive prehistoric village, with the 
well-known, but scarcely well-understood, circular 
and partly circular outlines of walling, testify to an 
occupation by a people who have leu behind Uiem 
bones of the primigene ox, arrow-heads and other flint 
implements, a few of which were picked up on this 
occasion, limpet shells, hand-made pottery, and other 
traces of their manners and customs. Cheriton Church 
gave an opportimity of halting for a few minutes to 
glance at the many effigies of the Stackpole family in 
the south chapel, and the sepulchral stone inscribed, in 
early capital letters, CAM...LORIS — FILI . fannvc— . 
The form of the letters may perhaps be referred to 
the seventh or eighth century. The papers in the 
evening were "The Planting of the Plantagenets," by 
Mr. T. Morgan, F.S.A., and *<T1ie Flemings and 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



335 



their Chimnefi in Pembrokeshire/* by the Rev. 
Osbom Allen. On Saturday, after passing the ruined 
mansion of Scoti^rough vnthout stoppii^, the partv 
hahed 6rst at Gumfreyston Church. The church 
prwiewes. on the north side, one of the usual battering 
towen. There is a low pointed, chancel arch. Here 
Mr. C. Lynam read a paper dealing with th& dates 
and dctaUs of the architecture. On the hillside, below 
the church, there is one of the holy wells which are 
not infrequent in Wales. St. Florence Church has 
another tower of the usual type on the south side, 
aome singular rough arches ot masonry on the south 
ade of Uie chancel, and many peculiarities of plan 
and construction. The date of the church is Early 
English, but die font b Norman. Some curious old 
cnstoms connected with the parish were g|iven in a 
paper prepared by Miss Bevan, from which it ap- 
pears tnat within the last fifty years on Easter Day 
the villagers used to repair to a well called the " Pin- 
well," and throw a crooked pin into the water. This 
was called "throwing Lent away.'' The field in 
whidi this well is situate is called " Verwel," perhaps 
from verweUm^ Flem., to vault; and it therefore 
seems probable that it was once covered by one of 
the barrel-vaulted roofs so common in Pembrokeshire. 
On lAmmas Sunday little houses, called ** Lammas 
hoases,** were set up^on " corse." They were made 
of sods, reeds, and sticks, and a fire was lighted inside 
them, and apples roasted, people paying a penny to 
ro in and have a roasted apple. At the bottom of 
tne street, near the l>rook, is a laige upstanding stone, 
with a small round hole in the top, and there is a 
ajing that until you have put your nnger in this hole 
yon cannot say vou have l)een in St Horence. It is 
sapposed that the place called *' Cam " in this parish 
is identical with the ** Trefin Cam" of Liber Landa- 
vensis. The next object of examination was Carew 
Cross, with ancient interlaced patterns of omamenta- 
tioOfjust outside the castle >i'all, commented on by 
Mr. Brock and Mr. Laws. The evening meeting was 
devoted to Mr. Brock's paper dealing with '' Historical 
Evidences of the Extent of the Ancient British Church." 
On Monday, the 8th inst., Pembroke town was visited. 
In the evening Mr. Birch read a paper "On the 
Ten^ Charters." In this attention was directed to 
the antiquity of the system under which the supreme 
power of a country granted privileges and special 
rights to a local community. Tuesday, the first extra 
day, was mapped out for an excursion to Narberth 
Castle. Uanhadden, and Picton Castle, which Mr. C. 
£. Ptiilipps, whose seat is there, had kindly under- 
taken to describe. The party passed the night at 
Haverfordwest, the starting-pomt of Archbishop 
Baldwin and Giraldus Cambrensis, in the old days, 
towards the city of St. David's, and the starting-pomt 
on Wednesday, the loth inst., of the congress party. 
The programme for the day included Roch Castle, 
the ruins of Bishop Gower's Palace, and the Cathedral 
of Sl David's. The last day, Thursday, included a 
visit, under the c^dance of Mr. EdMrard Laws, to 
St David's Head, to inspect the cromlechs, stone 
circles, avenues, and earlv fortifications existing there, 
returning to St Ehivid's by the mins of St. Justinian's 
Chapel on the seashore, and the quadrangular camp 
nearer to the dty. 
Leeds Qeoiogical Association.— Sept 13.— 



The fourth excursion of the season took place under 
the leadership of Mr. B. Holgate, F.G.S. The 
object was to visit the Silurian erratic blocks at 
Norber. Just behind Norber towers Inglelx>rough, 
and to the west Moughton, separated only by 
Ribblesdale from Penychent and Fountains Fell ; 
the beautiful valley of Crummackdale, with its 
white farm-houses dotted here and there at oiu: 
feet, and on the left the immense white mountain 
limestone scars of Norber, with, in front, its notable 
examples of erratic blocks. These blocks are the 
relics of the Great Ice Age, when North-West 
Yorkshire was enveloped in the huge ice-sheet coming 
from the Highlands and from Scandinavia. The 
party saw the parent ridge from which these rocks 
had been torn, some great masses broken awav and 
ready for transportation, just like the others before 
them, but arrested in their progress by the retreat of 
the glacier. Many of these blocks, some 40 or 50 
tons in weight, are strangely perched on pedestals of 
limestone, some two feet in height, a few pedestals 
appearing so frail that one could imagine a push would 
dislodge the rock from its rest ; this shows clearly 
the amount of denudation since the blocks were thus 
deposited, as at that time they would be stranded on 
the siuface. Since then, by the agencies of rain, 
wind, and frost, the limestone has been denuded, and 
the portion only sheltered by the superincumbent block 
remains. The fact that these blocks are found some- 
times at a higher elevation than the parent rock has 
been accounted for by the molecular tneory of Croll, 
by which it is provecl that the ice at the lx>ttom of a 
valley cannot expand laterally without passing up the 
sloping sides, and the ice must expand thus laterally 
to make room for the additions to it caused by the 
melting and resolidifying of the molecules, from the 
upper surface of the ice sheet being in contact with 
the sun and air. Mr. J. E. Bedford, from his experi- 
ence of terminal moraines in Norway, was able to 
point out one which crossed the valley from where they 
stood. This had been cut in two in the centre, either 
by the waters of the Cmnmiack beck or, more pro- 
bably, by man to drain a lake which formerly existed 
here, of which evidence has recently been shown by 
the discovery of a lacustrine deposit, proved to be of 
the postglacial period. That this was a terminal 
moraine, or, in other words, dJbris shot over the edge 
of the glacier, thus marking its limit, is fiirther borne 
out by the fact that the stream of Silurian blocks 
referred to was arrested nearly at this spot, no blocks 
being found (except very isolated ones) to the south. 
The party also had an opportunitv of seeing in situ 
the conglomerate at the base of the mountam lime- 
stone, separating it from the Silurian rock below. 
Time was too limited to inspect closely this most 
interesting section, but it was observed that the con- 
glomerate was in some places brecdated, bavins sub- 
angular blocks and pebbles embedded ; a large oolong 
one, about two feet long, also sub-angular, was parti- 
cularly noticed, sticking out from the vertical surface ; 
thev appear to be em^^dded in a calcareous matrix, 
and the pebbles derived from the subjacent Silurian 
rock. This calcareous matrix arises from infiltmtion 
from the limestone above, thus converting the mass of 
pebbles into a compact rock. The appearance of 
these blocks, so similar in form to the dAris of the 



336 



THE ANTIQUARY'S NOTE-BOOK. 



Great Ice Age, certainly bears out the theory of 
Ramsay of a glacial period in the Devonian epoch, 
prior to the carboniferous era; thus the party now 
assembled were probably looking upon the relics of 
a moraine shed from a glacier of the old Red Sand- 
stone Age. 

[We are compelled to postpone our reports of 
Berwickshire Naturalists' Field Club, LNincasbire and 
Cheshire Antiauarian Society, Russian Archaeological 
Congress, Bradford Historical Society, Hull Literary 
Club.] 




C^e antiquatp'jai j6ote«1Book. 



Lammas-riding at Coventiy.— *' So long as 
the Lammas lands continued subject ^to the pasture 
ri^ht, it was the invariable custom of the chamber- 
lam, pinners, and a number of freemen, all mounted 
on horseback, to traverse the lands on the 13th 
August every year, all gates and obstructions to free 
access to them having been removed on the preceding 
day, otherwise they were removed without ceremony 
by the Lammas-riding party. The pinners wore 
white jockey iackets and pmk cockades, and the 
whole cavalcade, sometimes including a rather sorry 
qualitv of horseflesh, presented a gay and animated 
assembla^, accompanied as they were by a band of 
music, with the ringing of the diurch bells . . . The 
last Lammas-riding took place on 13th August, 1858." 
—Poole's History of CaiitUry ( 1870), p. 357. [Com- 
municated by J. H. Round.]* 

Henry V. as a Borrower of Books. — In 1424 a 
petition was addressed by the Countess of Westmore- 
land to the Duke of Gloucester, Protector of the 
Realm, and the Lords of the Council, praying them 
to issue a mandate to Robert RoUeston, Clerk of the 
King's Wardrobe, ordering him to deliver up to the 
Countess a Book^ containing the " ChromcUs o/Jeru* 
salem^*' and the ** Voyage of Godfrey of Bologne,'' 
which was then in his custody, and which she had 
previously lent to the late Kmg Henry V. From 
a memorandum on the back of the petition, it 
appears, that at a Council held at Westminster on the 
1st of February in the same year, a warrant under 
the privy seal was addressed to the keeper of the 
wardrobe, for the formal delivery of the book in 
ouestion. A similar application was also made by 
the prior of Christ Church, Canterbury, for a large 
book, containing the " Works of St, Gregory the 
Pepe^"^ which had been bequeathed to the convent 
by Archbishop Thomas Arundel, and which, having 
been intrasted to the late king for his infpectfan, had 
sot into the hands of the prior of the Cnrthusians at 
Shene. In coMequence of this petition, the Lords of 
the Council granted a warrant commanding the prior 
of Shene to deliver up the book as prayed. — Brayley 
and Britton's Houses of BaHietmenty p. 311. 

Charles II.'s Amusements. — In some contem- 
porary ktten IB (he posscsskm of the Duke of 

• Coifipare Antiquary, ti. 44, vii. 34. 



Sutherland (see Hist. Ms, Com,^ vol. v.) we read : 
" 1660- 1, Tan. 26, London. The King is in very 
good health and goes to Hampton Court often and 
back again the same day, but very private ; most of 
his exercise is the tennis court in the momins when 
he doth not ride abroad ; and when he dom ride 
abroad he is on horseback by break of day and most 
commonly back again before noon. " Again : ' ' 1660- 1, 
March 9. His Majesty's chiefest recreation b to go 
twice or thrice a week to Hampton Court to overlook 
his workmen there ; and most part of the rest of his 
time is to overlook his workmen in St James's Park, 
where they are making stately walks and placing of 
trees for shade." But in summer time a chaxu^e is 
made. '* 1660, June 16. The Kinf and the Duke ci 
York come every evening as far as Battersea, Putney, 
and Bam Elms, to swim and bathe themselves, and 
take a great delight in it and swim excellent weU.^ 

Macaula/s New Zealander Forestalled. — 
When the project for removing the seat of the Venetian 
Government to Constantinople was made in 1222, 
immediately in consequence of the severe shock of 
earthquake which haa visited the island the year 
before, Angelo Faliero, the principal opponent of the 
scheme, is reported to have concluded his address 
to the Great Council with the following rhetorical 
peroration : " Some Venetian traveller, perhaps, 
touching a few years hence at these parts, will find 
the canals choked with sand, the dykes levelled, the 
lagoons infected with malaria. lie will find that 
our dweUings have been demolished, that their 
precious remains have been transported elsewhere, 
and tliat the monuments of our tnumphs have been 
dispersed amongj strangers. He will observe a few 
pilgrims wandenng over the ruins of monasteries 
known to have l^n in former days wealthy and 
magnificent. He will behold a scanty population — 
without labour, without food ; and the magistrate of 
some remote town will be in the very paUu:e where 
we are now deliberating, dictating laws to what would 
still be called Venice. And history will tell how the 
Venetians, hearkening to the promptings of a restless 
ambition, renounced the signal blessings of Providence, 
and, emigrating from their native soil to a distant 
land, destroyed one of the noblest and greatest &brics 
of human industry. ** Here we get the New Zealander 
and the Australian domination foreshadowed side by 
side. The contemporary character of these addresses 
for or a^nst the scheme has been challenged, but 
they are in several of the most trustworthy histories, 
where Macaulay may well have seen this passage. — 
[Communicated by W. Carsw Hazlitt.] 

Early Book Advertisement, 1699.— An ad- 
vertisement at the back of the title page of A Walk to 
Islington^ by the author of The Poefs RambU e^Ur 
Rickesy London, 1699, fol., gives the following titles 
of books, whidi are worth preserving. The tran- 
script is made word for word: — "Books sold by T. 
How, in the Ram-Head-Inn- Yard in Fanchura- 
street ; J. Wald, at the Crown between the Temple 
Gates in Fleet Street; and M. Fabian at Mercers- 
Chappel in Cheapside. i. Sot*s Paradise ; or the 
Humours of a Derby- Ale- House : with a ss^rr upon 
the Ale. Price six-pence. 2. A trip to Jtmunca: 
with a tme character of the people ana Island. PHoe 
sixpence. 3. EdcsiaetFactio: A Dialogue between 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS, 



227 



BmrnSU^U-Dm^om and the Exckanft Grasshopper, 
Price six pence. 4. The Poets ramble after Riches : 
with reflccdons apon a coontry corporation. Also the 
astlior*s Lamentatioo in the time of Adversity. Price 
ss Dcnoe. 5. The London Spy, the first, second, 
tfaira, fovth, fifth, sixth, seventn, and eighth parts. 
To be coothtned wtanikly. Price six pence each. 
6. A trip to Ntm'England^ with a character of the 
c uunti y and People, both English and Indians. Price 
ax pence. 7. Idodem Religion and Ancient Loyaltv : 
A dialogue. Price six pence. 8. The world bewitched : 
> dSakgoe b e t ween two astrologers and the author: 
with malKblr predictions of what will happen in this 
pceaent year 1699. From the Vices and VtUanies 
pfBcds'd in CMWf , CUy^ and CcmUry, Price six pence. 
9. O Rjuee*Show, O Pretty-Show ; or the dtv feast. 
Price one penny. All written by the same author." 




SUttiiiuattan jQetojBE. 

* A very fine coin of Trajan has recentlv been 
unearthed in dose vicinity to the noted St. Helen's 
Chapel, Colchester, said to have been built by 
Helena, dan&iiter of Coel, who usurped authority 
aboot A.D. 2^ On the obverse it reads : — 

nir.CAB^ *NKKVAB*TKAtAMO*AVG*DAC'r.M.TILr.COS. 111. F.K. 

with a huutated head of Trajan to right In the 
exeq^ne, on the reverse : — 

AXAB * ADQ * (Arabia Adquisita) 

standing for the victory the Romans then gained over 
the people of that now unhappy country. As the 
ooin is bat little worn, and the Emperor Trajan 
reigned A.D. 98, it may be regarded as some proof 
that Colchester at that ourly date was a place of some 
importance. The coin pnrobably was brought over 
abonl that period. It is in the possession of Mr. C. 
Golding, of Colchester. 

The Proerh de FAisne gives the following par- 
ticalan with regard to some discoveries which have 
ynt been made by M. Morean, a wdl-known anti- 
qoary, at Chooy, a village of 600 inhabitants, which 
is sitnated upon an eminence overiooking the valley of 
the Onrcq, not hi from St Quentin. 'Hie etymology 
of this village, the only one of the name in France, is 
not known ; but in a decree of Charles the Bald, dated 
872, it n spoken of as Choa, while in the twelfth cen- 
tSBj it was known as Choi or Choy. The village, 
tlkM^ stnated upon a height, is well provided with 
water, and M. Morean has discovered traces of andent 
Roman baths, though the small number of arms found 
Indnoci the belief that it was never a military post 
<iiiring the Roman occupation. The cemetery was 
nscd as a place of interment from a period preceding 
the cononest of Gaul by Csesar until the eighth cen- 
tBij without interruption, and M. Moreau discovered 
sixty Gallic graves upon the heights above the village, 
the bodies having been buried at a depth of fifteen 
from the vaihot and in the direction of west to 



He also discovered 200 Gallo-Roman graves 
fewer down, at a depth of five foet, and with the head 
of the coffins to the sonth. Forty Merovhigian graves 



were also discovered, facing the east, at a depth of 
forty inches. Amon^ other interesting discoveries was 
a natural tombstone in one of the Gallo- Roman graves. 
This stone, which weighs 150 lbs., has a cavity in the 
centre large enough to admit a man's head, and it was 
surrounded by several fragments of black, red, and 
white pottery. Among oSier articles were a Gallic 
boot sole, studded with nails, twenty-seven buckles, 
clasps and plates in bronze and iron, thirty-eight 
bracelets, rings, and other artides of adornment, 
mostly in bronze, though a few are silver-gilt, six 
bronze pieces of money of the time of Licinius, 
Constantine II., Valens, and Valentianus I., two 
bronze dishes, eighty-nine earthen dishes, and fourteen 
in glass, nine iron swords, fifteen hatchets, daggers, 
and javelins, 108 flints of all shapes, thousands of 
coffin nails, and a signet ring with nine fiioets, upon 
which are engraved the greeting vivast the dove and 
the olive branch, the palm, the lamb, the stag, and 
the hare, which were the symbols in use among the 
early Christians. 

The commission appointed to inquire into the claims 
of Mr. J. Fraser, of Mount Pleasant, Carnarvon, for 
the recovery of the Lovat title and estates, is sitting 
daily at Amlwch on behalf of the Scotch Court (7 
Session. The case which Mr. Fraser seeks to sub- 
stantiate is of the most romantic character. Mr. 
Fraser claims to be the lawful heir male of Alexander 
Fraser, the ddest son of Thomas R. Beaufort, who 
died 1698, being survived by two sons, the younger 
being the notorious Lord Simon, who figured so 
prominently in the rebellion of 1745, and who was 
executed for treason on April 9th, 1747. Alexander, 
in early life, brought himself within the pale of the law, 
escaped into Wales, where he remained in concealment 
until his death, and Simon, taking advantage of his 
brother's enfor^d absence, obtained |X)ssession of his 
Other's estates by fraudulently representing to the 
Crown that he was the ddest son. After Lord 
Simon's execution the estates were seized by the 
Crown, with whom they remained till 1774, when, 
on account of his distinguished military services, they 
were restored to his son. General Simon, by Act of 
Parliament. General Simon's heirs continued to pos- 
sess the estates down to 181 5, when, the then possessor 
djring without male hdrs, the estates were claimed by 
and given to the father of the present possessor. It is 
alleged that the branch of the fiunily from which the 
present possessor claims descent is several degrees 
more remote to the familv of the original possessors 
than the branch firom which the daimant is descended. 
The adventures of Alexander in Wales were very ex- 
traordinary. It appeared that he fled firom Scotland 
for stabbing a fiddler, and took refuge with Lord 
Powys at Powys Castle. In order to conceal himsdf 
he worked underground at the lead mines of Lord 
Powys at Llangynos. Lord Powys had been a fellow- 
student with the refugee, and a particular friend of the 
Lovat family. After keeping in concealment for some 
time, and travelling from one mine to another in 
Wales, he married at the age of sixty-three, and had 
issue, of which the daimant is stateid to be a lineal 
descendant. The present possessor of the estate, how- 
ever,maintains that Alexander died withoat issue during 
his figUher's lifetime. On this the claimant contends 
that Alexander was a^oally married at Llanddnlas, 



228 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



on March 2nd, 1738, to Elizabeth Edwards, of that 
parish, and had issue John, Simon, William, and 
Alexander, and that he (the claimant) is directly 
descended from John. 

The old custom of swan-upping was observed at 
Stratford-on-Avon in September last, and was at- 
tended by the Mayor (Mr. A. Hodgson) and a dis- 
tinguished party of visitors from Clopton House. A 
fleet of about forty boats, including a few canoes, well 
manned and provided with ropes and crooks, put off 
from the Clopton Bridge about half-past three o'clock 
in quest of the young birds. Afler an amusing chase 
up the river of from two to three miles, the cygnets 
were captured one by one, and subjected to the mark- 
ing process, which consists of punching a hole in the 
web of the foot, whilst to prevent the birds flying any 
considerable distance it was thought advisable to cut 
the pinions. 

The trustees of the British Museum have acquired 
an interesting volume containing a number of sketches 
by Sir James Thomhill. Some of the designs will be 
used for the decoration of the cupola of St. Paul's 
Cathedral, where, by order of Queen Anne, the artist 
painted in eight paneb the history of the patron saint 
of the cathedral. 

A Drogheda correspondent sends an account of an 
interesting discovery made at the foot of the far- 
famed hills of Tara, countv Meath. Some workmen 
were excavating for gravel, when one of them struck 
a stone which, to his astonishment, fell inwards, 
followed by some others, and thus was disclosed a 
perfectly well-formed habitation of the prehistoric 
period. The "house" was found to be a fairly 
round compartment of some 10 feet in diameter. 

The little parish church of Lee Brockhurst, near 
Wem, has been reopened after restoration and 
improvement. The structure is a very ancient one, 
and bears interesting traces of Norman work. A 
chancel has been added by the family of the late 
vicar, the Rev. William Boulton, in memory of him 
and of Margaret his wife. A new roof to the nave 
and a bell turret have been erected. 

The ancient parish church of St Ishmael, near 
Monkhaven, Pembrokeshire, has been reopened after 
internal restoration by the Bishop of St. David's. 
Four windows hitherto walled up have been reopened, 
the western gallery has been renewed, and the space 
under the tower screened off for use as a vestry. 

At the last meeting of the Cambrian Archaeological 
Society, Col. Evans Lloyd produced a stone which is 
said to open at the death of^any member of the family 
to which he belongs. 

Bishopstowe, the residence of the late Bishop 
Colenso in Natal, has been completely destroyed by 
an overwhelming grass Are, fanned by a high wind. 
Of the Bishop's library only a few manuscripts were 
saved. 

The parish church of Chipping Campden has been 
reopened aAer being closed for about four months for 
the restoration of the interior. The church, which is 
in the Perpendicular st^^le, contains some good brasseSf 
and the Hickes memorials, occupying a diapel on the 
south side of the chancel, are fine examples of monu- 
mental sculpture. 



Recently some miners who were excavating a new 
mining shaft in the Grectwell Fields came upon the 
remains of a Roman villa. From the nature of the 
diggings, so much unavoidable damage has been done 
to the remains that all that is at present to be seen aie 
some walls, a well seven feet in diameter, and portions 
of tesselated pavements, broken tiles, and pottery. 

An imporUnt step has recently been taken by the 
Corporation of Hull. The number of historic docu- 
ments in the possession of that body, which is very 
large and of great antiquarian interest, is to be set in 
order and calendared by Mr. T. Tindall Wildridge. 

The restoration of the noble west front of Lichfidd 
Cathedral is fast progressing, and several of the still 
vacant niches will shortly be filled with the sUtuei 
intended to replace the old series. The arcade of 
kings, which forms such a striking feature in the 
front, will be soon completed, those of Penda, 
Wulfere, Ethelred, Offa, Egbert, Ethclwolf, Alfred 
the Great, Edgar, Canute, Edward the Confessor, 
Richard II., etc., being in situ, while those of King 
David, William I. and II., Henry I., II., and III., 
and Edward I. will shortlv leave the studio of Mr. 
Bridgman in Lichfield. A brief r^sumJ of the other 
great groups of Ae west front will not be uninterest- 
ing. In the upper stage of the south-west tower are 
Methuselah, Noah, Shem, Daniel, and Tob, with a 
small figure of St. Anthony over the belfry window 
on the south side. On the west front of this tower 
are Isaiah, Zephaniah, Jonah, Hosea, Ezekiel, Haggal, 
Micah, and Joel. The upper stage of the north-west 
tower is devoted to Scriptural women — vii.. Eve, 
Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, Deborah, and Hannah ; the 
first stage of the west front to St. Clement and St 
Werburgh ; and the central gate to the archangels 
Michael, Raphael, Gabriel, and Uriel. The figures 
on the moulding of the central doorway are Joseph, 
Judah, Shem, Noah, Enoch, Seth, and Adam on one 
side, the Virgin and Child, David, Jesse, Jacob, 
Isaac, and Abraham on the other. Occupying a 
similar position in the doorway of the south-west 
tower are Wilfred, Cuthbert, St. Augustine, Gregory, 
Paulinus, Theodosius, Aidan, etc. The figures of 
the bishops of the diocese include those of Bishops 
Hacket, Clinton, Lonsdale, Patteshull, Langton, and 
Selwyn. St. Chad, the patron saint, occupies his 
old place in the centre of the whole. 

A sale of books relating principally to the county of 
Gloucester, the property of the late Mr. J. D. T. 
Niblett, F.S.A., of Haresfield Court, Gloucestenhire, 
was held at Gloucester on the i8th ult by Messrs. 
Bruton, Knowles, and Co., of that city. Amon^ the 
princijMJ lots sold were : Sir Robert Atkyns's Hutory 
of Gloucestershire, first edition, 1712, /^JO ; second 
edition, 1768, £,\^ ; R. Bigland's CotUctiam reUUive 
to the County of Gloucester^ with the additions pri- 
vately printed by the late Sir T. Phillipps and his 
executors, 1 79 1- 1883, ;f 26 ; and Lyson's Gloucester- 
shire Antiquities, first edition, i79»-«8o3,;f 10 lOr. 

The collection of lacustrine antiquities at Zurich 
has been largely increased during recent dredgings 
for the new quay. The objects found include arms, 
bronze ornaments, pottery, and the prow of a primi- 
tive boat, formed of a hollow tiunk. 



ANTIQ UARIAN NE fVS 



329 



At the Viaurige, Meiboroogfa, which is the site of 
the old manskMi fonneriy known as the " Old Hall/* 

le workmen while excavating in the garden found 
andent ivory fhiit knife, aoout four and a half 
long* the handle having at the end a very richly 
carred monk's head envelop^ in a hood. There are 
two initiais upon the handle, " W.S./' and this seems 
to point to tne ownership of the knife, inasmuch as 
in the year 1690 there resided at Mexborough Hall a 
Wmiam Saville. Upon a more careful search being 
Bade dose to the knife, the men discovered an old 
teal, 'chased with gold, but this is slightly cracked. 
Still the impressions taken off show very distinctly 
the head of a cavalier with locks of hair. The reverse 
shows the figure of a woman leaning her arm upon an 
andior. It being inscribed in the parish church at 
Mcxboroogh, that two Samuel Savilles were of the 
body guard of King Charles I., and the seal bearing 
a hkmew of a Stuart, leaves little doubt that this se^ 
b a relic of the ancient house of the Lords of 
Mexborough. 

The fine old tower of the Church of St Lawrence, 
Lndlow, has for some time past shown many signs of a 
wry ^raidoal decay, and a thorough examination proves 
that It is getting unsafe. It has been proposed to 
cease ringing the bells, but as that will only leave the 
decay in its present state for some length of time, the 
Vestrr discossed the matter, and concluded that it 
would be wiser to restore the tower by refacing, or 
some other more expedient mode. A proper scheme 
for thorough restoration is therefore decided upon. 

The Curfew bells commenced at Castle Cary on 
Michaelmas-day. The old custom is regularly ho- 
noored there* 

Mr. Laurence Hutton. the American writer, is in 

Loodoo putting the finishing touches to his book on 

the homes and naunts of famous men in *'the City- 
— f» 



Among the houses about to be demolished in Paris 
to make room for the enlargement of the Sorlx>nne 
is one which fills a considerable place in the history 
of French literature — the Hotel Jean Jacques Rousseau. 
It was so called from the fact that Rousseau stayed at 
it (then the Hfttel de St. Quentin) when he came to 
Paris in 1 741. Georges Sand wrote her first novel 
ia the same house, ana Jules Sanddeau met her there. 
Gustave Planche, too, wrote his first critical essay in 
thehoteL 

St Peter's Church, the oldest ecclesiastical fabric 
in Derby, is in a very dangerous and dilapidated con- 
ditioo. The roof of the north aisle is falling in, and 
planks have had to be arranged to support the princi> 
pals, and so prevent it firom total collapse. 

There will soon be a Rossetti colony at Chelsea. 
The house in which the poet- painter lived is now oc- 
copied by the Rev. R. H. Haweis. A street of Queen 
Anne hooscs has been built on a part of the garden 
at the back, and these, it appears, are to be let only 
to persons associated with literature and art. One of 
thoe new houses has been let to the widow of Anthony 
TroUope, and another to Mr. John Clayton. 

An mteresting circumstance arose out of the Church 
Congress in Carlisle. Lord Nelsons presence in 
Carlisle prompted the Chancellor to present to his 
locdahip the walking cane which belonged to and was 
' bj his illustrious predecessor, the victor of Tra- 



fidgar, up to the time of hb death. The cane, which 
IS of black bamboo, with ivory handle, had been in 
the Chancellor's possession nearly forty years. Lord 
Nelson was very much gratified by the gift 

Through the munificence of the Emperor, the 
Berlin Royal Library has just been enriched by an 
extensive collection of ancient Arabic literature, com* 
prising 1,600 works in 1,052 volumes. The oldest of 
these manuscripts date from 1058 A.D., perhaps 
earlier, and is called the AXfo^ Elfelahe^ or book of 
agriculture, by the celebrated Hen Wahshijje. 

The old Sedan Chair, Bridewell Lane, Bath, after 
remaining void for a long period, was some time since 
purchased by the Governors of the Mineral Water 
Hospital for the purpose of building recreation- 
rooms on the site for the use of the patients. The old 
inn has been gradually demolished by the workmen, 
and now the foundations are being dug out for the 
new building. Last week those employed came upon 
a portion of a fine tessebted Roman pavement. The 
pavement proceeds in a line to the west, and goes 
under Uie tnoroughfare of Bridewell Lane. 

Mr. William Kelly is just finishing off his Royal 
Progresses aftd llsils to Lekester^ which promises to 
be a very entertaining book. It will contain many 
illustrations. 

The old church of St Michaers, Thursley, was re- 
opened after a thorough restoration. The additions 
to the church itself are a small transept and an ex. 
tension of about ten feet at the west end of the nave, 
forming a new entrance with a handsome oak porch. 
There the font — a large Early Norman one — has been 
placed. The roof, formerly ceiled over, was found to 
be so decayed, that it was necessary to replace it with 
a new one, open to the ridge, and thus showing all 
the very fine old timbers upon which the spire rests. 
The old east window has been replaced by a three- 
light Early English one, corresponding with the others. 
During the work of restoration several interesting 
details of the originxd church were discovered. It 
was evidently a Norman building of about the middle 
of the eleventh century. The roof of the chancel has 
been rai;>ed at some distant period, the two Norman 
window's on the north side stopped, and the two on 
the south side transformed into Early Elnglish. The 
chancel arch has also been raised and similarly 
altered. There were two Norman windows on the 
south side of the nave, where is now the transept 
arch, and below the old entrance — now a single lancet 
window — the remains of an old staircase in the thick- 
ness of the walls were discovered, probably leading to 
a gallery at the west end. The ^-alls themselves, at 
the east and west ends, were decorated with rude 
frescoes, too much defaced to enable the precise sub- 
jects to be made out, though that at the west end 
appeared to be a representation of the contest of St. 
Michael with the dragon. The other parts of the 
wall were lined out to represent stonework, in dark 
red lines, each division being omamenteil with a 
trefoil in the same colour. 

The workmen engaged in making the sewer con- 
nections to Mr. Clavey*s house at St. MichaePs, St 
Albans, came upon a pit containing a very large 
quantity of human remains. Strange to say, they 
consist almost entirely of skull and limb bones, only 
one rib being found, the skulls being certainly more 



23© 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



than a liundred in nnmber, and the whole find 
amounting to quite a cartload. The fact that skulls, 
leg and arm bones alone were found would lead to 
the supposition that some wholesale process of de- 
capitation and dismemberment had been carried on 
in some bygone days. The remains were interred 
but four feet from the surface and about two from 
die roadside, and in very close proximity to the 
foundation of the wall which, in the Roman period, 
surrounded Vendam. The pit containing the remains, 
which are clearly those of both old and very young 
persons, is about four feet in diameter. Some twenty 
years ago, when St. Michael's new schools were built, 
a similar quantity of human bones were found. It is 
recorded tnat in the year 1745, at the time of Charles 
Edward's rebellion, — to which period the bones ap- 
parently date,— a number of executions took place m 
immediate proximity to the spot where the remains 
are now found, but this would in no way account for 
the large number found, as only about ten executions 
took place here. 

A discovery^ of interest has just been made at 
Wooler, in taking down some dykes for the purposes 
of the new railway now forming there. It is a large 
fragment of a small Saxon cross. Mr. R. Wilson 
sent a drawing of it to Canon Greenwell, at Durham, 
who wrote as follows : — ** I know of no piece of 
Saxon sculpture having been found at Wooler, or in 
any neighbouring place nearer than Norham. The 
cross is certainly pre-Norman, and, considering the 
nearness of the residence of the Northumbrian kings 
at Millfield, and earlier at Jevering, one might expect 
to have had many sepulchral stones of that time lefl 
to us. Doubtless many are still in existence, built up 
in walls or covered by the soil." The relic in question 
is in the care of Mrs. Short, at Wooler Mill. 

The office of herald, vacant by the resignation of 
Mr. Wilson, the Islay herald, has been conferred by 
the Lyon Kinc^of Arms upon|Mr. John Grant, Carrick 
Pursuivant, who is to bear the title of Marchmont 
Herald. 




Cottesponnence* 



WICK. 

Is the meanin£[ of this word definitely ascertained ? 
It is stated in the Timts (27th August, 18S4), in an 
article on ''local names,*' that it ''seems to have 
signified the earliest Saxon habitations, when they 
had less the sentiment of residence than of camping- 
places; when the colonists eschewed the citv, and 
pitched where fancy led them.** As a contnbution 
to its history it may be worth noting that there are 
several "wicks" near Colchester, of which Norden 
says in his Survey of Essex (1594) : — "in Tendring 
hundred ther are manie vrickes or dayries. But in that 
hundred are also manie barren grounds.' Now, there 
are three " wicks ** on the south of Colchester, lying 
in a line, Monkwick, Middlewick, and Battlewick, 
of which the first is said by Morant to have been 
" a farm which the abbot and monks of St. John's 



«• 



kept, in their own hands, to sapply the occanoos of 
their house. (Wic signifies, among other thii^ a 
&rm-house. It is sometimes corrupt written Monk- 
weeds)." Again, in the 24th "Ed, I. (1295-6), 
Battlewick occurs almost as a common name — "ad 
Wykam Dnu Ricard BataiUe." But it should be 
noted that at Tillingham, in Essex, further south, 
the St Paul's Inquisition of 1222 records a similar 
group of three "wicks " thus : — " In marisco sunt iiii 
bercarie, quarum una vocatur hewuh . . . altera 
\QcaXviX mtddlenfich . . . itxaaiVOCdJm.x doddeswick 
. . . quarta vocatur pirimers."* '^^^^ ^^^ ^^ 
distinctly entered as sheep-walks (^The Vomaday of 
St, Paufs, pp. Ixxix, <9). There is another group oif 
them on the low land to the north of the mouth of 
the Colne. J. H. Round. 

LATIN INSCRIPTION. 

Can any reader of The Antiquary assist me with 
a translation of the following " dog-latin " lines, which 
form part of an inscription on a tablet in Caverswall 
church, CO. Stafford, to the memoiy of a fisher and 
son, who bequeathed legacies to the poor of that 
parish for ever ? The remainder of the inscription is 

S'ven in English, and does not throw any light upon 
e Latin lines. 

RES PATER ET NATO NATUS PATRI^. ET EGENIS 
API. DEO GENITOR NATUS^. BENIGNE DEDERVNT 
DIGNA LEGI SCRIBI DIGNA RCC DIGNISSIMA DICI 
HiCC POSUI LIB. VICAR . DE . CARS [?CaveTswalI] 

G. Blacker Morgan. 
Vincent Villa, Addiscombe, Croydon. 

[The following translation is suggested by the printer's 
reader :— Father (?God) and Son (? Christ) [eave] 
wealth to the son and father. And father and son 
gave liberally to the poor and to God. This is 
worthy to be read, worthy to be written, and most 
worthy to be related. I placed it Piere] by the per- 
mission of the vicar of Cars. — Ed.] 



CLIFTON ANTIQUARIAN CLUB. 
[An/e, pp. 33, 86.] 

Absence from home has prevented my replying 
earlier to Mr. Adlam's letter, printed at p. 06, re- 
ferring to the account, in your July number, of the 
recent visit of the members of the club to Chew 
Magna Church. As to the first subject mentioned in 
the letter, I may say that the great majority of those 
present in the church thought the modem colouring 
of the Hautville monument a mistake, and did not 
express approval of the " restoration *' as implied by 
your previous correspondent (p. 3A), whose statement, 
that " there were no indications of^ mediaeval colouring 
to follow," hardly agrees with Collinson's account of 
this curious wooden effigy, written about a century 
since, in which "a red loose coat without sleeves," a 
"leather girdle fiastened by a gUt buckle, and gilt 
spurs," are mentioned. 

As to the authority for the statement that the efligy 
of Sir J. St. Loe in the same church was original 
cross-legged, both Collinson (voL ii., p. 89) and 

* In i4a6 the manor " icalUd Piiiesmaner ** ( ^.t^^j/ EttHitk 

mils, p. 70). 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



aji 



Roller (p. ao4) state the 6ict most deftrly. The 
fim-oftmed anthor gives a minate description of the 
■mwimmt as it appeared in his time (c. 1791), and 
states : " He lies cross-legged, to denote his having 
been at Jenisalein.*' Several cross-legged effi^es of a 
much later date than that of Sir John (middle fifteenth 
ccatmy) axe known. In the Arckaol^icaJ yburna/, 
ToL zxxiii., p. 241, Mr. M. H. Bloxham, who is, I 
aippose, oar best living authority on such subjects, 
vfitcs : " In the latter part of the sixteenth and 
teventeenth oenturies we have a few cross-legged 
cfigies ;" and he describes some in Exeter Cathedral, 
and the dinrches of Brading, Isle of Wight, Great 
Mittoo, and elsewhere. When we were at Chew 
Magna I mentioned Collinson*s statement, that in his 
lime the legs of Sir John's effigy were crossed, and, on 
cardnlljr nramining the monument, I came to the 
oonclnsion, as did Bishop Clifford and others, that the 
alteration had been made by the modem " restorers." 
The whole monument has been badly scraped over, so 
diat none of the old surface of the sculpture remains. 

It would certainly have been *' gratifying to know 
that the sapposed handsome hammered iron screen," 
which ibnneriy surrounded the Baber tomb, was, as 
Mr. Adlam describes it, "a simple iron railing, with- 
out beauty or interest ;" but on writing to my friend 
Mr. Thos. S. Pope, whose inquiry ehdted .the £sct 
that it had been sold for old iron, he replies : " I 
enclose a tradn^ of a sketch I made in April, iS^, 
of the iron raihng, which, though perhaps not quite 
Gothic in date, is evidently so in feeling, and should 
in my humble opinion have been preserved." After 
seeing Mr. Pope s sketch (whidi has been published), 
I can hardly agree with Mr. Adlam that the screen 
had ** neither beauty nor interest." 

Alfred E. Hudd, 

Clifton, Sept 6th, 1884. Hon. Sec CA.C. 



NATHANIEL HONE. 
[j4hU, ix. 244, X. 183.] 

I observed with some interest the article in the 
June number of The Antiquary on the Diary of 
Nathaniel Hone, and I observe a letter in the Octo- 
ber number from Mr. Nathaniel J. Hone, in refer- 
ence to a eenealoey in his possession of the same 
Nathaniel Hone ; the writer also asks if any of your 
readers could throw light on Hone*s family history. 

There are now no m2le descendants of this Nathaniel 
Hone. I and the several persons bearing that surname 
in Ireland are descendants of his brothers. His son, 
John Camillas Hone, the original of the Spartan 
and Piping Boy, died in 1836. He is remembered 
wdl by several of the family. His widow, who was 
his first cousin, and daughter of Nathaniel Hone's 
brather, survived him several years, and died aged 
npwards of 100 years. Horace Nathaniel Hones 
other son died long previous to J. Camillus. He left 
a daoi^er, Mary Sophia Matilda Hone, who died 
onmamed. John Camillas Hone left no children. 
The other sons of Nathaniel Hone died young. 

I do not know if there are descendants existing of 
Nathaniel Hone*s daughters, Mrs. Lydia Medcalf and 
Mrs. Amelia Rigg. 1 remember meeting two Misses 
Rifg. very old ladies, at my grand-aunt *s Mrs. J. 



Camillus Hone*s house; they are, however, long since 
dead. 

I shall be happy to afford Mr. Nathaniel T. Hone 
any further information in my power, and I would 
much like to see, or have, a copy of the genealogy 
to which he refers. Richard Hone. 



CURIOUS MARRIAGE BILL. 

[An^, pp. 27, 87.] 

The Mr. Mallett who sought to legalize marriase 
with fifteen vrives in 1675 perhaps mul in view the 
same idea of reform as advocated by M. Madan in 
1780, in his book entitled Thelypihora^ or a TVeaiise 
on Female RuiUt which sought to prove that poljrgamy 
was better than our present marrisL?e system. 

G. B. Leathom. 



OLD PLAYING CARDS. 
[Ante, p. 37.] 

As agent of the United States National Museum at 
Washington, I have been making a collection of 
playing cards for that museum. I read in the 
Antiquary of July, 1884, that Mr. Clulow has 
delivered a lecture on this most interesting subject, 
and that hopes are entertained of your publishing this 
lecture. Very strange is it that there are to be found, 
in the United States, playing cards of the seventeenth 
century, which, brought over from the old country, 
have hetn. preserved. I should be glad to hear from 
Mr. Clulow. Barnet Phillips. 

Brooklyn, New York, 41, Troy Avenue, 
July 23rd, 1884. 



DURHAM HOUSE. 

(ix. 262, X. II.) 

As I have stated in the article on "The Adelphi 
and its Site," that on September 19th, i6u. Colonel 
Berkstead was ordered *' to find some fit place for the 
quartering of his soldiers besides Durham House, the 
Council not being desirous to hold the house longer 
than the Earl of Pembroke has piven his consent to," 
and have also given a view of the house dated 1660^ 
it is only right that I should quote a |^issa|ne which 
has just come under my notice. Mr. Fumivall has 
printed a MS. from the late Sir Thomas Phillipps's 
Ljbrar)' entitled '* Notes on London Churches and 
Buildings, and on Public Events in England,, A.D. 
1631-5C" which will be published in tne second 
volume of Harrison's Enghind (New Shakspere 
Society). The passage is as follows :— ** The stately 
Dallas called the Bi^op of Durrams House in the 
Strand bec;an to be demoUished and DuUed downe to 
the ground in the year 1650, to builu tennements in 
the place of it." I cannot understand this discre- 
pancy, ami I hope some further particulars respecting 
the pulling down of the house may be brought to 
light. The process of demolition was probably stopped 
for some cause or other, as it is evident the house was 
in existence, at all events, in 1651. I am indebted to 
Mr. Fumivall's kindness for a sight of the proof of 
th»e interesting '* Notes.** 

Hbnry B. Wuxatlbt. 



a$a 



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CELEBRATED BIRTHPLACES. 



«33 




The Antiquary. 




DECEMBER, 1884. 




CelebrateD 1Btrti)place0 : 

Samuel Johnson at Lichfield. 
By Henry B. Whkatlky, F.S.A. 

AMUEL JOHNSON was born at 
Lichfield, on the 7th of Septem- 
ber, 1709 (old style), or the i8th 
of our present reckoning, and died 
in Bolt Court, Fleet Street, on the 13th of 
Dec, 1784. Although he was one of the most 
thorough Londoners that ever lived, he kept 
up through life a lively interest in the place 
of his birth. On one occasion he affirmed 
that the inhabitants of Lichfield were "the 
most sober, decent people in England, and 
genteelest in proportion to their locality, 
and spoke the purest English ;" and at an- 
other time he jocularly said that he must send 
Boswell to Lichfield, to learn manners and 
morals. It is, therefore, to be regretted that 
the proposal made by the present mayor of 
that city for the celebration of Johnson's 
centenary, should not have received a suitable 
response. No great English writer is more 
widely known than Johnson, and no English 
worthy more thoroughly deserves such honour 
as the commemoration of a centenary may 
confer, and one cannot but regret that this 
December 1884 will pass without some 
public recognition of our indebtedness to so 
great a man. Still, although the year may 
pass, the public honour that should have been 
done in 1884 may still be done in 1885, and, 
as a suggestion, I would propose that a statue 
be placed in Northumberland Avenue, near 
the Grand Hotel, for our hero said " the full 
tide of human existence is at Charing Cross," 
and he thus gave the palm to that place over 
his beloved Fleet Street. 

▼OL. X. 



Michael Johnson, the father of Samuel, was 
himself a man of some mark, and apparently 
a fairly prosperous one, until misfortunes came 
upon him late in life. He was a bookseller, 
who knew something more than the outsides 
of his books, and besides his home at Lich- 
field he had shops at Birmingham, Uttoxeter, 
and Ashby-de-la-Zouch. In a letter written 
by the Rev. George Plaxton, in 17 16, "the 
Lichfield librarian " is said to propagate 
learning all over the diocese, and to have all 
the clergy as his pupils.* He did not marry 
until 1 706, when he was past fifty years of 
age His wife was Sarah Ford, whose nephew 
was the notorious Parson Ford, one of the 
figures in Hogarth's " Modem Midnight Con- 
versation." Michael Johnson was at one 
time made sheriff, and on this occasion his 
son says that " he feasted the citizens with 
uncommon magnificence." He subsequently 
embarked in some unfortunate speculations, 
and was cheated by an assistant, so that when 
he died in 1 731 he left nothing but the house 
where his son was bom. This still stands, 
and is of special interest as one of the few 
existing houses that are associated with John- 
son. The house which was built by Michael 
Johnson is situated in the Market Place, 
and has two fronts, as shown in the accom- 
panying figure. In the year 1767, when the 
original lease was out, the Corporation of 
Lichfield ordered "that a lease should be 
granted to Samuel Johnson, Doctor of Laws, 
of the encroachments at his house, for the 
term of ninety-nine years, at the old rent of 
five shillings ; ** and they further desired him 
to accept it without paying any fine. 

The city of Lichfield has many claims upon 
our interest, but in spite of itsbeautiftil cathe- 
dral, its greatest claim to the world's regard 
will be found in the fact that it gave birth to 
one of the noblest of Englishmen. We know 
but little of Johnson's early life, save that 
he was well received in the society which a 
cathedral city such as Lichfield could afford. 
Boswell appears to have been wrong in sup- 
posing that Johnson stayed three years at 
Pembroke College, Oxford, and there can now 
be little doubt that after fourteen months' 
residence he was forced by poverty to retum 

* GaUUman's Afa^aiift<, October 1 79 1, quoted by 
Mr. Fitzgerald in his edition of Boswell, i. 9. 



^1 134 


CELEBRATED 


BIRTHPLACES: | 


^H to Lichfield* In 1733 he wrote for a book- 


lician, and a part of the tragedy of Irtnt, and H 


^H seller at Bimiingham ; 


n 1734 he issued pro- 


was accompanied by David Garrick, who ■ 


^^H posals for [he publication of an edition of the 


was to be placed at Colson's school Mrs. ■ 


^H Latin poems of Pol 


tian, which was never 


Johnson was left at Lichfield while her hus- ■ 


^^H issued; and 111 1735 a 


ppeared his translation 


band sought a new home. He shortly after- ■ 


^^H of Lobo's Abyssinia; 


but he produced no 


wards returned to fetch his wife, in order to H 


^^H literary work of any im 


x>rtancc until after his 


settle in Ixindon anil begin that arduous H 


^^1 removal to London 


n 1717. Before this 


career of authorship which supported him so H 


^^H latter date he had suffered many disappoint- 


ill and caused him so much uneasiness, but H 


^^H ments. He had been unsuccessful in several 


was powerless to break the noble spirit that | 


^H attempts to become 
^H an usher, and in 
^H one case he was 






dwelt in that strong 

but uncouth frame. 

Although John- 


iJ^IB^fli^^ 




^H refused the post on 


^^I^Kr ^nfl 




son expressed the 


^^B the ground that 


^^^H^^^^^^Ub 




oi>inion that any 


^H the boys would lidi- 


^^r^^^^H^^^H 


k'^'' ^' ■ "^flW 


man who wrote 


^^H cule his peculiari- 




^^^fc"*^'*^'*Si'iifc 


without pay was a 


^H lies. At the school 


^^^^^^^^^^^^1 


fool, he wa« con- 


^H of Market Bosworth. 


^^^^^^^^^^ 


tented with very 


^^H where he was cm- 


BB^Tn 




liltle, and one can- 


^H ployed, he stayed 


ImH I H 




not but marvel al 


^H but a short lime, 


9IIkB.0 




the small sucns he 


^^H and throughout his 


|ps^-*?.-2 




received for his 


^H life he looked back 


iLm^ot n 




work, even after he 


^H upon this cxpcri- 


^WflnS II 




had obtained a pre- 


^H ence with the 


iflHHMK 




eminent position in 


^^H greatest horror. In 


^^^^s^^2j 




the literary world. 


^H 1 735 he married the 






At no time could 


^^H widow Porter, and 


BI^^^^I^^^^H 




he have lived with 


^H with the eight hun- 


vl^^^li^^B^S 




any comfort on the 


^^1 dred pounds she 


llf^^DIHffljl 




proceeds of his 


^^H brought him he 


Ict^^BMB^bWB 




writings, and with- 


^^1 started a school at 


IH^^^^^^kHH 




out his pension he 


^H Kdial, near Lich- 


i^^^^^^^^SB^I 




would have been, 


^H Held, in a Iwo- 


^^^^^IbI^B 




throughout his life. 


^^1 storied, high-roofed 


^^^^^^^Hi^^B 




miserably poor. For 


^^^ house, with windows 






his masterpiece. 


^H in the roof, which 


^^^^^^■^^H^E 




which he himself 


^H was pulled down in 


^^^^^^^^^^HB 




described as " liltle 


^H 1809. The number 


^^^^^^^^^^* 


lives and little pre- 


^^H of pupils was small, 


DR. JOHNSCS'S 


BiKTHPLAce. faces to a liltle 


^^H not exceeding eight ; 




edition of the l£flg- 


^H two of these were the 


brothers Garrick, and 


lisli poets," he only asked ihe publisher* t»fo 


^^^k another is said to have 


been a boy who, when 


hundred guineas, 


^^H a man, became famou 


as Dr. Hawkesworth. 


It will not be necessary lo mention again 


^^^k This venture, therefore 


was a failure, and in 


his association with Lichfield ; suffice it lo say 


^H 1737, at the age of 


wcnly-eight, Johnson 


that ivhen broken down in healtli and within 


^^H resolved to try his fort 


nes in London. He 


a measurable distance of the grave, he visited 


^H brought with him a 


etter from his friend 


his birthplace, in hopes of obtaining from his 


^H Gilbert Walmsley, to 


Colson the malhema- 


native ait that benefit which no other brought 


^H • Mr. Crokcr fir« poinlol 


ihisout.acidDr. Bickbcck 


him. 


^^H tlill, in his inteiuting worli 


Dr. Jahmou, his Friin,ls 


The associations of Johnson with Blrecu, 


^H anjhit Crilill, lS7S,lKUp 


-nctically icUled it. 


both in the City of London and in the Weil 



DR. JOHNSON AT LICHFIELD. 



ns 



End* are numerous, but they are all recorded 
in Bosweirs immortal pages, so that it would 
be out of place to repeat the record here. 
I shall venture to set down a few notes on 
his works, which certain popular writers tell 
us are not much read now, instead of 
repeating the incidents of his life, which 
ought to be familiar to every one who can 
read them as related by England's greatest 
biographer. If Johnson's works are not now 
read, so much the worse for those who 
seek instruction and amusement in liter- 
ature; but if they are read as they ought to 
be, I may still hope to use the occasion of 
the centenary as an excuse for drawing my 
readers^ attention to a few of Uie chief points 
in his literary character.* 

There are two characteristics of Johnson's 
writing that go to make him less popular 
than he deserves to be. One is that he was 
nothing if not a moralist, and the present 
age hates to be preached at ; and the other, 
that his style is too artificial, — ponderous 
some call it. This last objection is certainly 
made too much of, for it will be found that 
whenever Johnson had anything to explain 
he always used the clearest and most idio- 
matic language. It is in the earlier works, 
and in such essays about generalities as those 
of the RambUr^ that he compares so unfavour- 
ably with Addison. He himself acknowledged 
that he used too many long words, and in 
his later works he used them less and less. 
One good test of the beauty of his diction 
is that, whenever he wrote upon a subject, 
however difficult, which required to be 
clearly set before the reader, it will be found 
impossible to improve upon his style. 

Many collections of Johnson's works have 
been published, the last being issued in 1825, 
at Oxford, and most of them are in as many 
as twelve volumes, and yet, with the exception 
of the little tale Ross/las, and the record of 
h^ Journey to the Westepi Islands of Scotland^ 

* There can be no doubt that Johnson is more 
popolarly known as seen in Boswell's Life, than as 
be showed himself in his own ^-ritings ; that, in fact, 
he was a greater conversationalist than he was an 
author ; still it strikes one as strange that Mr. Leslie 
Stephen should devote so small a space to the written 
words of his hero in his pleasant Life of Johnson. 
A leader writer in Thi Times infers that the readers of 
Boswell are decreasing, but this, we trust, is not a tme 
inldrence. 



there is in them no complete work, planned 
and written as a whole. All his works were 
either written for ephemeral publications, or 
issued as parts of other books. Even his 
masterpiece, the Lives of the Poets ^ only grew 
in the end into a distinct book, which will 
live when the works of a large number of 
the poets it records are only remembered by 
his criticisms. One cannot but regret 
when one reads that remarkable list of 
Johnson's proposed works, which Boswell 
printed, that some at least of the proposals 
were not carried out. For instance, what 
a charming and instructive book would this 
have been, and how the author could have 
poured out his stores of learning in it: 

History of the rcviva of learning in 1 Europe, 
containing an account of whatever contributed to the 
restoration of literature, such as controversies, printing, 
the destruction of the Greek empire, the encourage- 
ment of great men, with the lives of the most eminent 
patrons and most eminent early professors of all kinds 
of learning in different countries. 

I now propose to consider Johnson as a 
poet, an essayist, a critic and biographer, a 
bibliographer, and a pamphleteer.* 

I. As a Poet. — Here again Johnson is 
unfortunate, for the present age, although to a 
large extent eclectic in its tastes, is reluctant 
to give the high title of poet except to those 
whose verse displays evidence of the higher 
imagination. Johnson was of the school 
of Pope, and it is curious to find how often 
his best lines are attributed to the greater 
poet, even by those who should know better. 
London (1738), although a very fine poem, 
contains some false notes, as when we find 
the lover of our great city setting the rocks 
of Scotland before the charms of the Strand. 
In this poem we find the oft-quoted lines : — 

Of all the griefs that harass the distressed. 
Sure the most bitter is a scornful jest 

And again : — 

This mournful truth is everywhere confessed. 
Slow rises worth by poverty depressed. 

The Vanity of Human IVishts is the far 
finer work of the two, and we siu^ly cannot 
deny the title of poetry, and poetry of a 

♦ I do not here consider him as a lexicographer, 
because I shall attempt to tell the story of the Diction- 
ary;^in the next number of The Antiquary. 

R 2 



236 



CELEBRATED BIRTHPLACES: 



high order too, to that which deeply moved 
Sir Walter Scott, and has been a delight to 
many other great men. When in comfort 
and independence Johnson took up his own 
satire and opened it at the lines which paint 
the scholar's fate and the almost insurmount- 
able obstructions in his way to fortune — he 
burst into a paroxysm of tears. What a hold 
the poem has taken upon the popular mind 
is seen by the numerous familiar quotations 
that are taken from it. Of the play Irene 
little can be said; even such lenient critics as 
Mrs. Thrale and Miss Bumey found it im- 
possible to be enthusiastic over the tragic 
fete of the fair Greek. We have seen what 
Johnson thought of his own satire ; he shall 
be the critic of his own play. On one occasion 
when it was being read by his friends he left 
the room, and afterwards said that he thought 
it had been better. That the hand had not 
lost its cunning late in life is seen in the 
beautiful lines On the Death of Mr, Robert 
Levetf a Prcutiser in Physic^ who only died 
two years before his benefactor. 

It was a subject of regret to many of his 
friends that he wrote so little poetry, but once 
when Topham Beauclerk was expressing this 
feeling to Thrale, the latter is reported to 
have said, "The real reason why Johnson 
did not apply his faculties to poetry was that 
he dared not trust himself in such a pursuit, 
his mind not being equal to the species of 
imagination which verse demands, though in 
the walk of prose composition, whether 
moral, philological, or biographical, he could 
continue his labours without any injurious 
consequences." * 

2. As an Essayist. — One of Johnson's 
earliest pieces of work after he had settled in 
London was the compilation of the Parlia- 
mentary debates for the Gentietnan's Maga- 
zine, From 1738 to 1740 he edited such 
materials as were suppUed to him, and from 
the latter date until 1743 he entirely wrote 
the supposed debates. They were little more 
than essays upon subjects which he learned 
had been discussed in Parliament, and were 
particularly free from any references to facts. 
One thing, however, he always bore in mind, 
and that was not to let "the Whig dogs" 
have the best of the argument. In spite, 
however, of this vagueness, perhaps in con- 

♦ Wraxall's Histmcal Memoirs ^ cd. 1884, p. 107. 



sequence of it, the speeches became very 
popular, and several familiar quotations may 
be traced to them. Johnson himself was 
proud to see two of the speeches which he 
had written printed in Chesterfield's works, 
one described as worthy of Demosthenes, 
and the other of Cicero. He said that he 
did not intend the reports to be considered 
as genuine, and when he found that the 
public were imposed upon he ceased to pro- 
duce them. A few days before he died he 
said these were the only part of his writings 
which gave him any compunction. Rasselas 
again, which first appeared in 1759, was 
more a succession of beautiful moral essays, 
than an artistic story. Did ever fiction have 
a more repellent opening than this ? — 

Ye who listen with credulity to the whispers of fancy, 
and pursue with eagerness the phantoms of hope ; 
who expect that age will perform the promises of 
youth, and that the deficiencies of the present day 
will be supplied by the morrow, attend to the history 
of Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia. 

In spite of the unexciting character of the 
tale, the beauty of the writmg has made it 
highly popular, and publishers still continue 
to reprint it. 

The first number of the Rambler was 
published on Tuesday, March 20th, 1750, and 
it was continued regularly every Tuesday and 
Saturday for the space of two years, until 
Saturday, March 14th, 1752. The sale was 
not large in its periodical form, and the 
production of " copy" at stated intervals was 
a great trial to the author, as he himself 
wrote : — 

He that condemns himself to compose on a stated day 
will often bring to his task an attention dissiixited, a 
memory embarrassed, an imagination overwhelmed, a 
mind distracted with anxieties, a body lanjguishing 
wiih disease : he will labour on a barren topic, till it 
is too late to change it ; or, in the ardour of mvention, 
difliise his thoughts into wild exuberance which the 
pressing hour of publication cannot suffer judgment to 
examine or reduce. 

A reprint was published in Edinburgh as the 
numbers appeared, and when completed the 
work had a large sale, and exerted a very wide 
influence. 

Although not much read now, the Rambler 
helped largely to build up Johnson's great 
reputation. 

Tke numerous pre&ces and dedications 



DR. JOHNSON AT LICHFIELD. 



237 



which Johnson produced may be considered 
as illustrations of his skill as an essayist, and 
in no form of composition did he feel more 
at home. When reading the preface to 
Capel*s edition of Shakespeare he said, *' If 
the man would have come to me I would 
have endeavoured to 'endow his purposes 
mith words,' for as it is ' he doth gabble mon- 
strously.' " He usually paid very little atten- 
tion to the mode in which the author treated 
his subject, and as he said of his preface to 
Rolt*s Dictionary of Trade^ " I knew very well 
what such a book should be, and I wrote a 
|ve£ice accordingly." Occasionally, however, 
he would dress up the knowledge of an author, 
so that even when the subject was abstruse 
the manner in which it was presented became 
delightful. In the pamphlet which he wrote 
for 2^hariah Williams on an attempt to 
ascertain the longitude, are some specially 
fine passages. In the name of Williams 
he paints the evils of obscurity, and ends a 
beautiful description with these touching 
words : — 

Thus I proceeded with incessant diligence ; and per- 
haps in the zeal of inquiry did not si&ciently renect 
on the silent encroachment of time, or remember that 
no man is in more danger of doing little than he who 
flatters himself with abilities to do all. When I was 
ibrccd out of my retirement I came loaded with the 
infirmities of age, to struggle with the difficulties of a 
narrow fortune, cut oft by the blindness of my 
daughter from the only assistance which I ever had ; 
deprived by time of my patron and friends, a kind of 
stranger in a new world where curiosity is now 
diverted to other objects, and where, having no means 
of ingratiating my labours, I stand the single votary 
of an obsolete science, the scoff of puny pupils, of 
pony philosophers. 

The least satisfactory of the work Johnson 
did for others is the assistance he gave to the 
scoundrel Lauder in his attack on the 
memory of Milton ; but immediately he dis- 
covered that forgeries had been committed, 
he insisted upon Lauder making an ample 
public apology. 

^ As a Critic atid Biographer, — We now 
come to that side of Johnson *s literary cha- 
racter upon which his fame must chiefly rest. 
Byron said that he stript many a leaf from 
every laurel, but that his Lives of the Poets 
is the finest critical work extant, and can 
never be read without instruction and de- 
light. The Prefaces to Shakespeare and the 
LHctumary^ and the Uves^ must always be read 



by the literary student for the importance of 
their contents, and by others for the beauty 
of their style. Who can read the noble 
conclusion of the Preface to the Dictionary 
without emotion? Although Johnson was 
little able to enter into the higher imagina- 
tion of Shakespeare, and his magisterial 
notes on the several plays are somewhat 
displeasing to the Shakesperian, who does 
not appreciate such remarks as, '*0f this 
tragedy many particular passages deserve 
regard" — his preface is full of the most 
admirable criticism. How excellent is the 
comparison of Cato and Othello! and we 
must remember that although Cato is not 
read now, it was literary treason not to 
admire it when Johnson wrote. Voltaire 
had expressed surprise that a nation which 
had seen Cato could endure the extra- 
vagances of Othello^ upon which Johnson 
observes : — 

Othello is the vigorous and vivacious of&pring of 
observation impregnated by genius. Cato affords a 
splendid exhibition of artificial and fictitious manners, 
and delivers just and noble sentiments in diction easy, 
elevated, and harmonious, but its hopes and fears com- 
municate no \'ibration to the heart ; the composition 
refers us only to the writer ; we pronounce the name 
of Cato, but we think of Addison. 

4, As a Bibliographer, — The tastes of the 
father devolved upon the son, and early in 
his career we find Johnson cataloguing the 
Latin books in the celebrated Harleian 
library for Osborne, tlie bookseller, who had 
purchased it. Out of this job grew the 
famous encounter between the two men. 
While cataloguing, Johnson read the books, 
and Osborne reproached him with neglect, 
upon which an altercation followed. In the 
end the author knocked his employer doi\ii 
with a folio, and the identical book is said to 
have been the Frankfort Septuagint of 1594. 
When Mrs. Thrale in later days asked for 
particulars, Johnson said : — 

He was insolent and I beat him, and he was a 
blockhead and told of it, which I should never have 
done, so the blows have been multipljring and the 
wonder thickening for all these years, as Thomas 
was never a favourite with the public. I have beat 
many a fellow, but the rest had the wit to hold their 
tongues. 

Boswell says that Johnson told him that the 
blow was not given in the bookseller's shop, 
but in the author's own room. The Pr^aces 



238 



CELEBRATED BIRTHPLACES. 



to the Harleian Catalogue are full of interest 
for the lovers of old books, and contain 
many sound observations on our obligations 
to the collectors of libraries, and on the 
variations in the value of books. Some 
persons had complained of the high prices 
which Osborne asked, and Johnson makes 
him say : — 

If they measure the price at which the books are now 
offered by that at which they were bought by the late 
possessor, they will find it diminished at least three 
parts in four ; if they would compare it with the 
demands of other booksellers, they must find the 
same books in their hands, and they will be perhaps 
at last reduced to confess, that they mean by a high 
price only a price higher than they are inclined to 
give. 

Johnson could number among his accom- 
plishments the capacity for binding a book, 
and he was not above placing among the 
works to be done in the future 

A Table of Spectators, Tatlers and Guardians, dis- 
tinguished by figures into six degrees of value, with 
notes giving the reasons of preference or degradation. 

^, As a Political Pamphleteer, — This side 
of Johnson's literary character is the least 
pleasing to an. admirer of his genius. The 
politics of the False Alarm (1770), Thoughts 
on the late transactions respecting FalklancTs 
Islands (1771), The Patriot (1774), and 
Taxation no Tyranny (1775), were those of 
the Ministry, and they do not now appeal to 
our sense of what is right. He justices the 
action of the House of Commons against 
Wilkes, and saw no wrong in taxing the 
American Colonies. He wrote what he 
considered was right, and he does not 
appear to have gained much by publishing 
his tracts. There was some talk of bringing 
him into Parliament, but this proposal fell 
through. In truth he knew little or nothing 
of politics, for it was outside his studies. He 
was first a Jacobite, and then a Tory, from 
feeling. He hated Whiggism, but he loved 
Whigs whenever he knew them, and it would 
be a most incorrect view to suppose that 
with all his high-flying notions he did not 
love freedom as much as any other honest 
man. He expressed a generous resentment 
against the tyranny exercised by English 
rulers over the Irish people, and when some- 
one defended the restrictions of the Irish 
trade, for the good of English merchants, he 



said, "Sir! you talk the language of a savage." 
He hated slavery with a zealous feeling, and 
on one occasion at Oxford he gave as a toast, 
" Here's to the next insurrection of negroes 
in the West Indies." 

I have but little space left in which to say a 
few words on the personal character of £he 
subject of this article, and little is required, for 
it is in this that he is best known. To the 
reader of Boswell he still lives a true man and 
a real friend, and even if the pages of his bio- 
grapher were blotted out we might again 
rudely construct his likeness from those of his 
other friends, who have enriched our literature 
with reminiscences of him. If Macaulay has 
done him injustice, Carlyle has nobly vindi- 
cated his character. Of his conversational 
powers we may obtain a very vivid idea if we 
think of the remarkable men who surrounded 
him and bowed to him as chief; how great 
must that man have been of whom Burke 
could say, " It is enough for me to have rung 
the bell for him." The friendship of Johnson 
and Burke is an honour to literature, and 
Mr. I«eslie Stephen truly says. 

The names of many greater writers arc inscribed 
upon the walls of Westminster Abbey, but scarcely 
anyone lies there whose heart was more acutely 
responsive during life to the deepest and tcndercst 
human emotions. 

He was often rough in manner, and reckless 
in assertion, but much that he said was meant 
in joke, and not intended to be taken as 
serious, and he could, on occasions, be 
a model of politeness. The comic and 
humorous side of his character has scarcely 
been brought so prominently forward as it 
deserves ; for in spite of all his troubles and 
the constitutional melancholy of his disposi- 
tion, we find him keeping up his youthful 
spirits and fun to the very last His was a 
truly noble life, and in spite of disappointment 
upon disappointment he never complained 
of his lot, and displayed his generous nature 
with but a small income. A reply which he 
once made to Thrale showed his lofty nature. 
When Bickerstafi* took to flight it was said 
there was no cause for astonishment, as he had 
long been a suspected man. Johnson replied, 
*' By those who look close to the ground, dirt 
will be seen, sir. I hope I see things from 
a greater distance.'' 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS. 



^39 



The eccentricities of character and infirmi- 
ties of body which gave annoyance to those 
in Johnson's company cannot injure us, and 
the more we know of hLs works, his sayings, 
and his doings, the more we shall admire the 
author and love the man. If more of us 
read these works than otherwise would have 
done, the attention that has been called to 
the centenary will not have been in vain, 
and we need not regret that no public 
demonstration has been made. Let the 
demonstration be in our hearts. 





die l^uise of lotus. 

Part IV. 

The Transition from Tenure to Writ. 

{Continued.^ 

|N the former part of this paper, it 
may be remembered, I undertook 
" to connect our House of Lords, 
as a baronage and as a peerage 
with the barones and the pares of Norman 
days.'** 

By so doing I proposed to establish that 
this assembly is of essentially/r^^/ii/ origin, 
and that the fundamental principle from 
which it springs is no other than Vassalage. 
It is wonderful, when we glance at the 
literature of this subject, to perceive the 
wasted ingenuity and labour, the hesitating 
results, and the singular errors that are one 
and all owing to the want of proper defini- 
tions. If the great scholars who have handled 
this subject had only, before writing about 
" barons" and ** peers," endeavoured to form 
a clear conception of the meaning, or mean- 
ings, of barofus and pares^ they would have 
been saved from many a pitfall, and might 
even have discovered that in the meaning of 
these terms is to be found the key to the 
entire problem. 

When, for instance, in a remarkable pas- 
sa^, unnoticed, so far as I know, by historians, 
William de Braose is represented as appealing 
to the judgment of " the barons my peers "t 

• Antt^ p. 147. 

t " Paratns sum et ero domino meo etiam sine ob- 
sidibos satisfacere secimdum judicium curiae suae et 
baronum pariom meonun, certo mihi assic^uito die et 
loco."— M. Paris, CkrvmcaMajam^^ ie74),iL 524. 



— and this so early as 1208 — it may well be 
wondered what idea it conveys to those whose 
eyes it meets, either of the class to whom he 
appealed, or of the grounds on which he ap- 
pealed to them. I propose, then, here to 
adopt as my text four words which occur in 
this passage : dominus^ curia^ baroncs^ pares. 
But let us first endeavour to form a clear 
conception of the meanings of the term 
barones, 

Mr. Gomme, if I understand him aright, 
claims, in our opening paper, that by " baron " 
was merely meant a land-owning fireeman. 
**The simple man," he says, " homo, baron, 
would become the man who owned land, the 
baron in a special sense " (a/i/^, ix. 55). But 
the development of the word must be sought, 
I would suggest, not in the relation of the 
** man " to his land^ but in the relation of the 
" man " to his lord. For myself, I claim for 
baro six distinct meanings, most of which 
were in use at one and the same time. 

1. A man. Dr. Stubbs speaks of it as '' in 
its origin equivalent to homo," and as '' used 
in the Leges Alemannorum ... for man gener- 
ally."* Scholars differ as to its etymology, 
but are agreed that such was its meaning 
when it emerged in the eighth century. This 
meaning survived in the ** baron and feme " 
of the law-books, and, indeed, still survives in 
the ** baron and feme " of heraldry. For 
baro^ like the allied r/r, meant not only " man 
generally," but man in the special sense of 
our "man and wife." 

2. A vassal. ** The word," says Dr. Stubbs, 
" receives, under feudal institutions, like homo 
itself, the meaning of vassal "t This mean 
ing survived not only in the " court baron '* 
(of which more below! but in the occasional 
use of baronts by certam great tenants-in-chief, 
to indicate their under-tenants. It may be 
added that not only homOy but our own " man," 
was undergoing a like development, as in the 
" waeron his menn*^ quoted by me above. J 

3. A tenant'in-^hief. In this, the most im- 
portant of all its meanings, baro is a contrac- 
tion of " baro regis^'% the vassal of the king 

♦ Cofist, Hisi,/\, 365. So, "tarn baronera quam 
feminam " (Z/jr Kip, Tit, 58, No. 12) and •*barum 
aut feminam " (Z/jc Alam. Tit. 76). 

t Ibid. 

i Ante^ p. 146. 

§ '* Magnus homo ct baro regis.** — Royal Letttrs^ L 
102, 104. 



340 



THE HOUSE Of LORDS. 



being so distinguished from " vassal *' gener- 
ally. " BarOy* says Dr. Stubbs, " appears in 
Domesday, and in the charter of Henry I., 
in its recognised meaning of a tenant-in-chief 
of the kingJ'*^ How it came to assume that 
meaning, no one, I believe, has attempted to 
explain. I cannot but think that advantage 
was taken of the existence, side by side, of the 
forms homo and baro to specialise the latter 
as a ittiTunt-in-chief while the former repre- 
sented that tenant's men, /.^., the "under 
tenants. "t That such a distinction did, in 
practice, grow up, is clear, and its obvious 
convenience is surely the explanation. 

4. A palatine tenant. Its use in this highly 
specialised meaning is most familiar in the 
case of the Palatine Earldom of Chester. 
Here, again, I am not aware that any explan- 
ation has been suggested. But if I am 
right in the view that I have expressed in the 
preceding paragraph, it would follow, most 
naturally, that, as possessing "the regalia," 
an Earl Palatine would desire that those 
who held of him in chief should be distin- 
guished by the same name as those who held 
in chief of the king.{ 

The same suggestion would also explain 
why the more powerful even of the non-pala- 
tine lords would occasionally take upon them- 
selves to address their tenants as " barones." 

5. A tenant-in- chief not otherwise distin- 
guished. I have already (ante^ p. 147) 
alluded to the importance of this distinction. 
*' Every earl," says Hallam, •* was also a 
baron. *'§ "All the members," we are re- 
minded by Dr. Stubbs, "were barons by 
tenure, greater or less."|| That is to say, all 
the members were barones {regis) — tenants- 
in-chief — but those who, in addition, pos- 
sessed special titles, earls, bishops, abbots, 
and so forth, were also, and more usually, 
spoken of by these names. Thus it first 
came to pass that " barones " were identified, 
like modern " barons," with the lowest rank 
in the peerage. 

But it must always be remembered that 

• Com/, Hisl.t i. 365. 

t ** Homines baronum meorum." — Charttr of Henry 
/. (iioi). 

X *' The Earl . . . was said to hold his earldom as 
fi-eely bv his sword as the king held England by his 
crown,' etc., etc. — Const, Hist,^ \, 363. 

? Middle Ages^ iii. 5. 
Const, Hist., i. 358. 



this which I have classed as the fifth mean- 
ing of the word was in use concurrently with 
the third (and others), and that it is only 
from the context we can tell in which sense 
it is employed. 

I shall recur below to the vital point to 
which this distinction leads us, namely, 
whether all the members of the Assembly 
sat in it as "barones" (/>., in virtue of being 
tenants-inchief), or whether the earls, etc., 
sat in it by some different right 

6. A member of the upper section of the 
preceding class. Just as the tendency to 
distinguish earls, bishops, etc., fi'om the 
other barones narrowed the limits of the 
baronage from above^ so the tendency to 
exclude from its ranks the " lesser " barons 
(barones minores) similarly narrowed it from 
below. The goal therefore to which the 
" baro " was tending was that of a member of 
tJie more important class (" barones majores ") 
of tenantS'in chief not distinguished by any 
higher title, 

I trust the above classification may serve 
to clear the ground, and to save us from those 
pitfalls which are chiefly owing to the want 
of these very definitions. 

It is needless to include such forms as the 
"Barons of the Exchequer" (from whom 
may be traced our use of the word in the 
courts of justice to this day) — for they 
merely represented those members of the 
curia {i,e,, the barones in the " third" sense) 
who acted as its Exchequer Committee — or 
such as the '' Barons" of London and of the 
Cinque Ports, which I look upon as an 
attempt to feudalise (in form) the tenure of 
our more important towns. 

Pass we now to the Fares. Just as the 
barones were, in their origin, vassals, so the 
pares, as Madox has shown, were in their 
origin fellow-vassals.^ Their parity consisted 
in the fact of their holding of a common 
lord by a common tenure. And just as 
" barones " was qualified, as we have seen, 
by various words not expressed, so " pares " 
represented the expression "pares curia.** 
But, it will be remembered, this parity and 
its corollary, the judicium parium (" trial by 

* Barofiia Anglica, p. 14. So Spelman : — " Pares 
dicuntur qui, acceptis ab eodem domino .... 
feudis, pari legi vivunt, et dicuntur omnes pares 
curiae," etc., etc. 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS. 



341 



p ee r s *), was confined to no one class in 
the vast feudal hierarchy. It was applied to 
all freemen {liberi homines) by the Great 
Charter (Art 39), and I have even noted 
a case in which all the tenants of an abbey 
were entitled to certain privileges, except one 
unfortunate class and their "pares." It 
was, therefore, obviously desirable that the 
highest class of "pares** — those who were 
such in virtue of their holding directly from 
the Crown — should be distinguished from all 
those who were parts of any lower curia. In 
the need of such distinction, I venture to 
thinky arose the style of " pieres de la terrt^^ 
CM" (as we now say) " peers of the realm^' — 
for those who in virtue of their tenure in 
capite were the " pares " of the " curia regisP 
We have now analysed barones and pares^ 
and have seen that they were essentially 
terms of relatioa Vassals were barones rela- 
tively to their lord ; they were pares rela- 
tively to one another. That by " peers " is 
meant simply " equals," it is not so difficult 
to realise ; but that " baron," which has now 
so long represented superiority and distinc- 
tion, should have originally implied inferiority 
and subjection, is a fact too often forgotten, 
or perhaps unconsciously overlooked. Hence 
it is that the ludicrous error as to the 
meaning of " court-baron " has obtained so 
wide a prevalence. Lynch, the Irish institu- 
tional writer, though reputed a specialist on 
the subject, actually looked on a court-baron 
as so called from being the court of a parlia- 
mentary ** baron " ; while, in the latest edition 
of the Encyclopcedia Britannica, " C. J. R." 
thus writes of Baron : — 

The origin and comparative antiquity of barons 
have been the subject of much research amongst 
antiquaries. The most probable opinion is that they 
were the same as our present lords of manors ( !) ; 
and to this the appellation of court-baron given to the 
lord*s court, and incident to every manor, seems to 
lend countenance .... but the latter only [i./., 
those holding by erand sergeantry] .... possessed 
boch a dvil and criminal jurisdiction, eadi in his 
curia baronUt* — Vol. iii., p. 388. 

It was reserved, however, for one who 

• For the true meaning of court-baron, see Const, 
Hist.f i. 399 :— ** Every manor had a court baron, the 
ancient gemot of the township, in which by-laws were 
made and other local business transacted. . . . 
Those manors whose lords had .... sac and soc 
.... had also a court Uet^ or criminal juris- 
diction.** 



describes himself as ''an official of the 
College of Arms " {vuigo the Heralds' College) ♦ 
to signalise the advent of a Scottish element 
into that venerable and, at least on this 
subject, presumably learned corporation, by 
committing himself to the infinitely more 
grotesque error of publicly and ultroneously 
proclaiming his belief not only that ''an 
elaborate system of feudal peerages or 
dignities existed at an early period in 
England," but even that it comprised barons 
{barones) in the year of grace ** 664 
or thereabouts " 1 1 The readers of The 
Antiquary need scarcely be reminded that 
" the title of baron ... is a creation of the 
Conquest," and that it does not, before that 
event, "occur in the writings of Englishmen, "t 
We are now in a better position to under- 
stand the appeal of William de Braose to the 
judgment of the ** barons " his " peers " 
(judicium airice sua et baronum parium 
meorum). Dr. Stubbs observes of the Great 
Charter (Art 39) : — 

T\it Judicium parium was indeed no novelty; it lay 
at the foundation of all German law ; and the very 
formula here used is probably adopted from the laws 
of the Franconian ana Saxon Caesars. § 

But the record to which I would invite atten- 
tion is one far earlier than the Great Charter; 
it is the writ of John's great grandfather, 
issued, according to Dr. Stubbs, in 1 108- 1 1 1 2, 
and printed in his Select Charters at p. 99. By 
the side of the passage here extracted 1 print 
an extract fi'om the Libri Feudorum as 
almost startling evidence of the soiurces of 
Henry's enactments. 



Conrad the Salic. 
(1024 — 1036.) 

Si contentio fuerit de 
beneficio inter capitaneos, 
coram imperatore defi- 
niri debet ; si vero fuerit 
contentio inter minores 
valvassores et majorcs 
de beneficio, in iudicio 
parium suorum denniatur 
per judicem curtis. — Lib, 
Feud, I. xviii. 



Henry the First. 
(1108 — 1112.) 

Et si amodo exsurgat 
placitum de divisione 
terrarum, si est inter 
barones meos dominicos 
tractetur placitum in 
curii mea : et si est inter 
vavassores duorum do- 
minorum tractetur in 
comitatu. — FcuUra^x, 12; 
' SiUct Charters, p. 99. 



The very use of the rare term vavassores is 
significant as to the inspiration of Henry's 

• Mr. W. Lindsay, Rougecroix pursuivant, 
t Gcnealorist (New Series), i. 188-9 0»»ly »8^)- 
t Const, //ist,, L, 36s. 
§ /Nd., i. 539. 



242 



THE HOUSE OF LORDS. 



writ, which enforces the point on which I 
have insisted, namely, the essentially feudal 
origin of the curia^ and of its descendant, 
the House of Lords. 

But we must bear in mind that William de 
Braose, when he claimed to be judged by the 
" barones,*' his " pares " (i. 208), claimed to 
be so judged in the ** curia " of his *' dominusJ* 
Just so, in 1 34 1, the Lords asserted their 
right to be judged by their peers in full 
parliament,^ Here we have at once a strik- 
ing illustration of that descent of Parliament 
from the curia on which I am about to enlarge. 
For what was ih\scuria — mea curia, as Henry I. 
in the above writ terms it ? In its origin it 
was nothing but that court of the feudal lord 
{dominus^y to which his vassals owed suit and 
service, m which they were judged by their 
fellow vassals, and which when summoned they 
were bound to attend. When the dominus 
happened to be the king, his curia was 
distinguished as the curia regis. But it was 
obviously as dominus, not as rex, that he 
held and presided in that court. Now the 
problem we have to solve is this; Can we 
connect this curia with the concilium f Can 
we deduce the latter from the former ? Or 
must we seek for it a different origin ? 

On this point Dr. Stubbs observes : — 

It would be rash to affirm that the Supreme Courts 
of Judicature and Finance were committees of the 
national council, though the title of Curia belongs to 
both\ And it would be scarcely less rash to regard 
the two great tribunals, the Curia Re^s and the Ex- 
che(}uer, as mere sessions of the king's household 
ministers, undertaking the administration of national 
business, without reference to the action of the great 
council of the kingdom. The historical development 
of the system is obscure in the extreme . . . The 
great gatherings of the national council may be re- 
garded as full sessions of the Curia Regis, or the 
Curia Regis as a perpetual committee of the national 
council, but there is no evidence to prove that the 
supreme judicature so originated. | 

The gist of the matter, however, is given 
in the following passage : — 

It may be enough here to note that whereas under 
William the Conqueror and William Rufus, the term 
curia generally, if not invariably, refers to the solemn 
courts neld thrice a year or on particular summons, 
at which all tenants-m-chief were supposed to attend, 

• " Les piers de la terre . . . ne deivent respondre, 
n'estre juggez fers que ^n pleyn parlement et devant 
les piers.' —A^tf/. ParL^ ii. 127. 

J The italics are my own. 
Const, Hist,, i. 376, 387. 



from the reign of Henry I. we have distinct traces of a 
judicial system, a supreme court of justice called the 
Curia Regis, presided over by the king or justiciar.* 

The use of curia, under the Conqueror, is 
illustrated by the passage from William of 
Malmesbury {Vit, S, Wulf.,\\, 12): — 

Rex Willelmus consuetudinem . . . ut ter in 
anno cuncti optimates ad curiam convenirent de 
necessariis regni tractaturi, etc., etcf 

And Dr. Stubbs himself (i. 369-70) speaks 
alternately of these assemblies as '* courts " 
and " councils." Why, then, are we to seek 
for the concilium a different origin than the 
curiae Why should we fly in the face of 
history when the concilium, as I shall show, 
can be deduced from the curia f 

It is notorious that among the duties which 
vassals owed to their lord was that of " coun- 
sel " — when he asked for it. But it also is 
obvious that such ** counsel " would, in early 
days, be rarely asked for, and would, for prac- 
tical purposes, be little more than a formality. 
Dr. Stubbs accordingly observes of the early 
** courts *' or " councils " : — 

The exercise of their powers depended on the will 
of the king, and under the Conqueror and his sons 
there are scarcely any traces of independent action in 
them. J 

As yet, therefore, the curia would be chiefly 
viewed as a court (in the sense in which we 
speak of "a court of justice ") in which the 
king, as lord, administered justice to his 
vassals. But as "counsel" {consilium) be- 
came, in form at least, a more promment 
feature in those gatherings, so they would tend 
to assume the name of ** council " {concilium). 
Here we have one of those instances in which, 
as I contend, a careful study of the word 
throws light on the history of the thing. But 
while this process was taking place on the 
one hand, on the other there was simul- 
taneously growing up ''a judicial system," as 
Dr. Stubbs terms it {pide supra), which involved 
the existence of a department with specially 
trained oflScials. Here, then, as it seems to 
me, is a rational and consistent explanation 
of the development of the concilium from the 
curia. As the assembly of vassals became 
gradually known as the concilium (from the 
growing prominence of the "coimsel*' fca- 

• Ibid,, i. 376-7. 

{Ibid,, i. 370. 
Ibid, 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE. 



243 



tureX ^ the title of curia regis would be 
gradually monopolised, in the most natural 
course, by the curia in its judicial (the older) 
aspect. Thus would the terms '' court *' and 
^coundl," which remained synonymous, as 
I>r. Stubbs admits, for some time after the 
Conquest, be gradually differentiated in 
meaning, the concilium denoting the '* curia " 
in its consultative aspect, and becoming thus 
the parent of the House of Lords, and even- 
tually of all ''Parliament," while the curia 
ngis represented the "curia" in its (older and) 
judicial aspect, and became the parent, not 
only of our judicature, but also, through the 
Exchequer, of our financial administration ; 
for it need hardly be observed, that in the 
Norman period the judicial and financial 
systems were so united as to be practically 
one. 

Whether the above view may meet with 
acceptation or not, I would claim for it that it 
is at least scientific AVhy does Dr. Stubbs 
leave us, after all, to wander in the regions of 
conjecture ? Why is he driven, as we have 
seen, to confess that the "development of 
the system is obscure in the extreme " ? 
Because the determination to divorce the 
concilium from the curia in origin, and to 
derive the former, at all hazards, from the 
Witan, precludes a consistent explanation, 
and leaves the curia regis "in the air," 
its origin undetermined, its development 
haphazard Once admit that in the feudal 
curia^ an institution of which the existence is 
undisputed, we have the common origin, by 
anatuial development, at onceof the concilium 
and oi^t curia regis^ and all these difficulties 
vanish. 

I am, of course, aware that such a view as 
this exposes me to the characteristic rejoinder 
from Mr. Freeman that I cannot possibly be 
a " real scholar " or have read my " history 
with common care,"* but, convincing as that 
argument should doubtless be, I am compelled 
to believe that the House of Lords descends, 
on the contrary, " by unbroken succession," 

* *' I hold that the House of Lords is by personal 
identity, by unbroken succession, the ancient \\ itenoge- 
moC,aix! furtherthat the ancient Witcnagemot wasabody 
in which every freeman of the realm had, in theory at 
least, the right to attend and take part in person. 
Thf forwur of these two positions I do not expect that 
any real scholar wHl dtspnit ; the latter has been 
made — and I do not at ail wonder at it — the subject 



not from the " primary assembly" of freemen, 
not even from the aristocratic Witan^ but 
from the feudal curia^ in which the dominus 
was surrounded by his barones. 

J. H. Round. 

(To he continued^ 





CDe iFormation of tfie (ZEngM 

Part IL 
By R. S. Ferguson, F.S.A. 

AVING dealt with the Roman 
sauces, I next come to the various 
dishes to which the Roman cooks 
served these sauces. We shall find 
that they had almost every dish that we 
have, and a great many that we now reject. 
We make great use of beef and mutton, which 
they did not ; beef is little used in hot 
countries. The Romans, however, used veal ; 
mutton they cared little for except wild ; but 
lamb was a staple dish, and so was pork — for 
which they had a complete passion ; their 
pork, fed on figs or chesnuts, was probably 
as much superior to our pork, as our beef and 
mutton would be to theirs. 

To take their dishes in a regular order, I 
will begin with fish. This they cooked in 
every way that we do : they boiled, stewed, 
baked, and broiled ; they stuffed with various 
ingredients, and they made rissoles of it. It 
is an historical fact, recorded in the life of the 
Emperor Heliogabalus, that that magnificent 
sensualist was the first inventor of lobster 
rissoles, which, by the way, the Roman cooks 
made in a shape and baked ; our cooks fry 
them. Here is a recipe for lobster rissoles 
from Apicius : — ^^Isicia de loliginc, Sublatis 
crinibus in pulmentum tundes^ sicut assolet 
pulpa : et in mortario */ in liquamine diligenter 
fricalur ; et exinde isicia plassantur^ Take 
off the spawn first, boil the lobster, then chop 
it into a fine pulp ; pound in a mortar with 

of much dispute. The unbroken continuity of our 
national a^^semblies before and after the Norman 
conquest is manifest to every one who reads his history 
with common cart. . . . There is no change which 
implies any break in what ^'e may term their corporate 
succession." — Fortnightly Review^ xxxiii., 240 (Feb. 

1883)- 



244 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE. 



eggs, pepper, and garum^ and then set in a 
shape, and bake. 

The Roman cooks made isicia of several 
sorts: of lobster, and also of the sepia or 
cuttle-fish, and of various meats \ their isicia 
answer to our rissoles, croquettes, quenelles, 
kromeskys, and forcemeats. The usual 
Roman materials for quenelles were pheasant, 
peacock, rabbit, chicken, or sucking-pig, 
pounded in a mortar, and then simmered in 
sauces, to which pepper, garum^ and wine, 
with other flavouring ingredients, were gene- 
rally added. 

To return to fish : fish stews were much in 
vogue. Here is a recipe. Pisces qualeslibtt 
rades et curatos mittes^ cepas siccas AsccUonias, 
vel alterius generis concides in patina m^ etpisces 
super compones; adjicies liquainen^ oleum ; cum 
coctum fuerity salsum coctum in medio pones ^ 
addendum acetum. Scrape any sort of fish ; 
cut up dry shallots, or any other kind of onion, 
and put them into a stew-pan ; lay the fish 
upon them, add thereto garum and oil, and 
cook. When they are done, put some 
cooked salsum (some salt relish, like caviare) 
in the midst of them; add vinegar, and 
serve. 

Here is a recipe for sauce for fried fish : — 
Piscem^ quemlibet cures ^ salias^ friges ; prepare 
any sort of fish, sprinkle salt, and fry. Then 
for the sauce : Teres piper^ cuminum^ corian- 
dri semen^ laceris radicem^ origanum^ rutam 
fricabis; suffundes acetum ; adjicies caryotam^ 
melf defrutum, oleum ; liquamitie tetnperabis^ 
refundes in cacabum; facias ut ferveat; cum 
ferbuerit piscem frictum perfundes^ piper 
asperges et inferes. Pound pepper, cummin, 
coriander seed, laser root, marjoram, and rue ; 
pour in vinegar, add a date, honey, defrutum 
\ie,^ preparation of wine), oil ; temper with 
garum; pour it into a saucepan, make hot, 
when hot, pour over the fried fish, pepper it, 
and serve. 

Coming to their meats — beef and mutton 
they neglected, for reasons I have mentioned 
already. But copadia^ stews of lamb, were 
very popular. Stew in garum and pepper, 
with French beans, and add a sauce of 
garumy pepper, laser root, and ground cum- 
min seed; and sippets of bread, and oil. 
There were several other recipes for lamb 
stew. Kid was treated in the same way as 
lamb. The wild sheep, or mouflon of 



Sardinia, was a favourite dish. For venison 
they had many sauces, and honey forms 
an ingredient of the venison and wild sheep 
sauces, an ingredient for which we nowa- 
days substitute currant jelly. Hare was 
another popular dish : they stuffed it with 
pine nuts, almonds, walnuts, peppercorns, 
its own liver and lights chopped up, and 
eggs. They baked it, boiled it, roasted it, 
stewed it, and jugged it in many ways and 
with many sauces. The shoulder-blade was 
the tit-bit. 

But far above all other dishes did the 
Roman value pork. And no wonder ; his 
pigs were fattened upon figs, and died of 
apoplexy brought on by the sudden admini- 
stration of a dose of honey and wine. Mr. 
Coote observes that this ''is the nearest 
approach ever made in sober fact to dying of 
a rose in aromatic pain." It reminds of the 
story of the Duke of Clarence and the butt 
of Malmsey. 

Pliny tells us that pork was the most 
lucrative dish they had at the cook shops, 
and that they could give it nearly fifty 
flavours ; by the time of the Emperor Helio- 
gabalus additional ones had been invented, 
and Apicius gives over eighty recipes for 
cooking pork. They roasted it, broiled it, 
fried it, baked it, boiled it, and stewed it ; 
they cut it up into all sorts of dishes ; they 
cooked sucking pig in sixteen different ways ; 
they did the kidneys in methods that would 
charm the Cambridge undergraduate; they 
made haggis of pork, and here we trace the 
national dish of Scotland, as we do its national 
music, to the Romans; but the Romans 
made the haggis of pork, the Scots make it 
of mutton. The recipe is too long to quote. 

With regard to birds and fowls, the 
Romans were omnivorous : they ate omni- 
moda voltailia^ everything that flies ; so did 
our mediaeval ancestors. The swan and pea- 
cock, which we now see alone at city and col- 
lege feasts, are survivals. But Lord William 
Howard, as his household books show, ate 
cormorants, and cranes, and herons. The 
Romans roasted, boiled, and stewed their 
fowls, but stewing was the method most in 
vogue ; perhaps because they could so best 
disguise the strong flavour of a cormorant or 
a stork. They generally gave their birds 
a preparatory boil before they plucked and 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE. 



«45 



cleansed them ; or sometimes they steamed 
them first. 

I have ah-eady spoken of one main branch 
of the Roman dishes, the isiciay our rissoles, 
quenelles, croquettes, kromeskys, etc. I 
will now call your attention to ihepattnat the 
mi'muta/, and the salacacabia, I have already 
given an instance of a patina or stew of fish. 
Patimz^ or stews of vegetables, were made 
of pounded vegetables, such as asparagus, 
mixed with eggs, and sometimes with milk, 
but always with eggs. Honey, pepper, garum^ 
oil, and other ingredients were added. The 
poHfut of fruit answer to our compote of fruit, 
but we do not nowadays flavour quinces with 
leeks, or pears with anchovy sauces. The 
patifut were elaborate stews, which survived 
in mediaeval cookery, and are now gone 
out 

The minutal was a mess of chopped or 
minced fish or meat, without either milk or 
eggs, but bread or biscuit was always an ingre- 
dient The salacacabia was a similar dish, 
in which bread-and-cheese was an essential ; 
it was always set by the application of cold. 
These two dishes, like the patina, died out in 
mediaeval times ; they were too much of a 
mixture, not to say mess, for modem stomachs. 
The Patina Apiciana was a mixture of 
pounded pork, fish, chicken, becaficoes, field- 
fares, and quucunque optima fuerunty pounded 
and chopped with pepper, lovage, garum, wine, 
passum, pine nuts — a regular Salmigondis. 
A fair idea of a salacacabia may be got from 
Peregrine Pickle, where one is described as 
consisting of parsley, pennyroyal, cheese, 
pine tops, honey, vinegar, brine, eggs, cucum- 
bers, onions, and hen livers, all macerated 
and pounded up in a mortar, and afterwards 
set by the application of snow. 

Of pastry the Romans made little use, 
except for pies. They made meat pies, and 
ham pies, and chicken pies — pies of all sorts 
of fowl, even of storks and herons. Their 
p>aste was made ex farina oleo subacta — that 
is, of fiour and oil 

The Romans had almost all the vegetables 
we have, except the potato and tomato, and 
they both boiled and stewed them. Raw 
salads were in vogue ; but, like the modern 
Italian, they also affected them boiled 

Of sweets the Romans had nimierous 
dishes; and among the recipes given by 



Apicius may be found ones for custard, and 
for omelettes, and cheese cakes. 

Snails they fried and sauced in various 
ways ; eggs they fried and boiled, and served 
with sauces. 

From what I have already said, I think 
we shall have perceived that the differences 
between the Roman and the English styles 
of cookery are differences only of detail, not 
of principle. Mr. Coote sums up: — They 
cooked their fish, flesh, fowl, and vegetables 
in manners more or less identical with ours ; 
their sweets present less similarity, but there 
are resemblances even in them. Their pot 
herbs are all in use at the present day, ex- 
cept laser, which has not been rejected by us, 
but is lost, or unrecognised at the present 
time. But a perusal of Apicius shows that 
Roman cookery was intended for stomachs 
weakened by luxury; the rationale of the 
Roman sauces was to promote digestion 
by raising the tone of the stomach ; thus 
strong and warming condiments were unspar- 
ingly used, such as caraway, anise, cummin, 
celery seeds ; also pine nuts, juniper, laurel, 
and lentise berries. Mustard, strange to say, 
they used very timidly ; only in boils and 
stews, never with roasts and broils. Pepper 
they used to everything — fish, flesh, and fruit 
It was first introduced into Rome in the time 
of Pliny, and its brusque and fiery taste startled 
the senses of the bon vivants of the city. Pliny 
was of that number : Usum ejus adeo 
plaansse mirum est : in aliis quippe suavitas 
cepit, in aliis species invitavit, Huic necpomi 
nee bacca: commendatio est aliqua. Sola pla- 
cere amaritudine, et hanc in Indos peti, Quis 
Hie qui primus cibis experiri voluit. In feet, 
pepper was a new sensation, when first intro- 
duced into Europe, and the Romans fell in 
love with it. It did not supersede, however, 
the rue and lovage they previously used to 
produce similar effects. They used all three. 

But we cannot really solve the question of 
what Roman cookery was like aesthetically, 
until we can find out exactly what was the 
garum with which they seasoned everything. 
Dumas calls it ^" cet horrible melange,'' and 
certainly a composition of fish offal, salt, wine, 
and pot herbs, exposed to putrify in the sun, 
does not sound nice to our ideas ; nor can 
we understand \iG9f garum came to be mingled 
in all sauces, simple or compound, and to be 



246 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE. 



applied alike to the seasonings of fish, flesh, 
fowl, and vegetable. 

I have already pointed out that the Roman 
cookery was destined for stomachs weakened 
by luxury. It further violated one great gas- 
tronomical law. The savours of their rich 
sauces preponderated over the savour of the 
viands. The Roman cooks were proud of 
this. Apicius, af^er giving a recipe for cook- 
ing and saucing a fish, proudly says, Nemo 
agnoscet quid manducet. 

The Apician cookery sinned further against 
the canons of good taste, and that was in 
the excessive pounding and mincing to which 
it subjected its viands. Seneca in one of his 
epistles says : " Expecto jam ut manducata 
ponantur,'* 

To sum up the differences between the 
Roman cookery and that of the present day ; 
they used wine in sauces, where we use meat 
gravy. This is a startling discrepancy, but 
it was done in English cookery in mediaeval 
times. They used oil where we use butter ; 
they used honey — clarified honey — where we 
use sugar. We go in for joints — beef and 
mutton — more than they did ; we use salt 
almost universally, though not so universally 
as they used garum; we use mustard more 
than they did ; we use lemon juice, which 
they rejected ; we still use the Roman pot 
herbs, but we content ourselves with two or 
three in a sauce instead of ten or a dozen. 
Our palate, chaster than that of jaded and 
luxurious Rome, has rejected the more com- 
plicated stews and ragouts of ancient Rome, 
the patina, the minutal, the salacacabia ; but 
we have invented nothing new. The cold 
waters of our northern seas give finer fish 
than the Romans ever knew ; we have drawn 
the turtle from the West Indies, and mulli- 
gatawny and curry from the East, but we have 
invented no new conceptions since the rissoles 
of Heliogabalus. 

Before leaving this branch of my subject, 
I will try to give some idea of a Roman 
dinner, by setting down a menu* for sixteen 
persons, of a dinner given about the middle 
of the period of the Republic, and therefore 
before luxury had attained the height it 
reached in the times of the Empire. 

For a preliminary whet, or ante canam^ 

* The Cana Metilli, Macrobios, ii. 9. 



there were all sorts of shell-fish, such as sea 
urchins, raw oysters unlimited, fieldfares, and 
asparagus {echinos, ostreas crudas, quantum 
vellent^peloridas^ sphondilos^turdum^asparagos). 
Shell-fish were considered a great luxury by 
the Romans, and the Mediterranean furnishes 
a large variety. The grape-fed fieldfare was 
also a great luxury, and a corona of roast 
fieldfares was placed round another dish, in 
this case probably round the asparagus, as a 
garnish. 

Next comes the first course proper : galli- 
nam altilem, patinam ostreorum^ peloridum^ 
balanos nigros, balanos albos ; that is, fat fowls, 
stewed oysters, stewed mussels, and balam) 
both black and white. Balani may be acorns, 
chesnuts, or dates, or sea-fish — I don't know 
which. 

For the second course : sphandilos, glyco- 
maridas, urticas, fideculas, lumbos caprugineos^ 
aprugnoSy altilia ex farina involuta, fideadas^ 
murices et purpuras ; that is, more shell-fish, 
including the purple murex, becaficoes (the 
fig-picker), cutlets of wild goat and of wild 
boar, chicken pies, snipes. 

For the last course: sumina^ sinciput 
aprugnum, patinum piscium, patinam suminis, 
anates, quercedulas elixas, lepores cUtilia cusa^ 
amylum^ panes Picentes ; that is, sows' hearts, 
wild boar's head, stewed fish, stewed sows' 
hearts, ducks, some small birds boiled (I don't 
know what quercedulce are ; some bird that 
feeds on acorns), hares, roast fowls, bread 
sauce, sponge caices. 

A dessert would follow. This is the menu 
of a very simple dinner indeed; it is at a 
later period we come to the dormice fed on 
chesnuts, served with sweet sauce on golden 
plates, and the elaborate patinas and salaca- 
cabias of the Apician cookery. 

Such was the Roman cookery. It had a 
very long term of existence ; it did not expire 
with the empire, but survived even through 
the Middle Ages. The Romans brought it to 
this country ; we have every right to believe 
that it continued after they left. The Anglo- 
Saxon in his cookery used the mortar exten- 
sively, and he used the word briw^ for an 
elaborate stew. But however that may be, 
the Anglo-Norman cookery is a legitimate 
descendant of the Apician. The Normans 
liked high- seasoned dishes; William of Mai* 
mesbury tells us incidentally that a great 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE. 



247 



prince ate garlic with a goose, from which 
we are led to suppose that the Normans had 
the Roman taste for highly-seasoned dishes. 
Necham tells us that fish should be cooked 
in a sauce composed of wine and water, and 
should be served with a sauce of sage, parsley, 
cost, thyme, ditany, and garlic. That is a 
thoroughly Apidan recipe. 

For the Anglo-Norman cookery of the four- 
teenth century we have a cookery book to go 
to, The Forme of Curyy a Roll of Ancient Eng- 
lish Cookery^ compiled about A.D. 1390, by the 
Master Cooks of King Richard II. This 
is a vellum roU, containing one hundred 
and ninety-six formulas, or recipes. A memo- 
randum upon it in Latin states that it was 
presented to Queen Elizabeth, as '' Antiquum 
hx monumentum^ by £. Stafford. Hares 
domus subversa Buckinghamice, He was 
grandson of the Duke of Buckingham, who 
was beheaded in 152 1. This roll was pub- 
lished in 1780, by the well-known antiquary, 
Dr. Samuel Pegge, a scholar to whom no 
branch of archaeology was unfamiliar. The 
Archcealogia contains papers by him on every 
possible subject — coins, glass windows, cock- 
fighting, buU-running, horse-shoeing, charter 
horns, prehistoric implements, etc. Whatever 
subject was broached at the meetings of the 
Society of Antiquaries, Dr. Samuel Pegge 
was ready with appropriate and learned ob- 
servations. 

The preamble of the roll states that this 

forme of cary was compiled of the chief Maister 
Cokes of Kyng Richard the Secunde, Kyng of Eng- 
land after the Conquest, ye which was accounted ye 
best and rjallest viander of all christian kings, and it 
was compded by assent and asysement of Maisters of 
Phisik and of Philosophic that dwellid in his court. 
First it techith a man for to make comune pottages 
and comone meetis for household as they should be 
made craftly and holsomly. Afterward it techith for 
to make curious pottages and meetis and sotillees for 
alle mane of States bothe hye and lowe. And the 
tediyne of the forme of making of f>ottages and of 
meetis Dothe of flesh and of fi^, both sette here by 
Doumbre and by order. Sso this little table here 
fenryi^ wole teche a man withoute taryyng to fynde 
what meet that hymn lust for to have. 

With the Forme of Cury is also pub- 
lished another contemporaneous manuscript 
The technical terms of the Apician cookery 
are puzzling enough to understand ; but the 
terms used in the Forme of Cury^ though 
it b written in EngUsh, are worse : even the 



learned and ingenious Dr. Pc^e confesses 
that they have occasioned him great per- 
plexity. He says : " The name of the 
dishes and sauces . . . are not only many 
in number, but are often so horrid and 
barbarous, to our ears at least, as to be 
enveloped in several instances in almost im- 
penetrable obscurity." Brewet^ and mortreiu, 
payne fondewe, farced grewel^ sound almost 
meaningless to us; even the simplest in- 
gredients, such as eggs, are disguised under 
the term **eyren " and ''ayren." 

The dishes in the Forme of Cury and 
the contemporaneous manuscript are chiefly 
soups, pottages, ragouts, hashes, and the like 
hotchpotches; entire joints of meat being 
never served, and animals, whether fish or fowl, 
seldom brought to table whole, but hacked 
and hewed, and cut in pieces or gobbets. 
The mortar also was in great request, some 
dishes being actually denominated from it, as 
mortrews or morterelys. From this you will 
see that the cookery of the Forme of Cury 
is Roman in character. Close investigation 
shows that the " brewet " is the " patina,*' the 
" mortreiv " the " minutaly' the ^^ payne fond- 
ewe'* the salacacabia** and the *^ farced 
grewels " the ''puis " of the Romans. I will 
give one very simple recipe, that for a 
" mortrew ** " of a simple character ; ** boiled 
hens, crumbed bread, yolk of eggs, and 
saffron, all pounded together in a mortar " ; 
an Apician " minutal*' 

We find also in the Forme of Cury 
other distinct Roman traits ; olive oil and 
lard (or white grease) are generally used in 
the sauces, butter rarely. Sugar is just be- 
ginning to supersede "clere honey '* — that is, 
honey refined with the white of eggs. Wines, 
both red and white, are used as the bases of 
sauces, instead of meat gravy. There is, too, 
the use of large numbers of pot herbs in one 
dish ; ten are used to season the gravy for a 
sheep's head, and fourteen to make a salad 
dressing. 

I have already given a Roman menu; 
I will now give an old English one, and 
then I will proceed to comment on some of 
the dishes. Like the azna of Rome, so the 
old English dinner was divided into three 
courses. This is a fourteenth century menu.^ 

♦ From Wright'f H^mes ef piker Days, p. l6a. 



248 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE, 



First Course, 

Browet farsed, and charlet, for pottage. 
Baked mallard. Small birds. Almond milk served 

with them. 

Capon roasted with the syrup. 

Roasted Veal. Pig roasted "endored and served 

with the yolk on his neck over gilt. Herons. 

A * * leche. " A tart of flesh. 

To take the pottages or stews first. The 
** Browet farsed" was made thus. I will 
give you one recipe in full. 

Take almonds and pound them, and mix with beef 
broth, so as to make it thick, and put it in a pot with 
cloves, maces, and figs, currants, and minced ginger, 
and let all this seethe ; take bread, and steep it in 
sweet wine, and add it to the almonds with sugar ; 
then conies, or young rabbits or squirrels, and first 
parboil them and partridges parboileo ; fry them whole 
for a lord, but otherwise chop into gobbets, and when 
they are almost fried, cast them in a pot, and let them 
all boil together, and colour with sandal-wood and 
saffron ; then add vinegar and powdered cinnamon 
strained with wine, and give it a boil ; then take it 
from the fire, and see that the pottage is thin, and 
throw in a good quantity of ginger. 

Omit the cinnamon, and add garuniy and that 
is a regular Apician recipe for a complicated 
patina. 

The other pottage in this course was less 
complex, and was a mixture of pounded pork, 
milk, eggs, sage, and saffron, all boiled to- 
gether. The syrup, or sauce for the capon, 
was made of pounded almonds and wine, 
coloured with saffron, figs, currants, ground 
ginger, cloves, galingale, and cinnamon; all 
boiled together and then sugared, and poured 
over the capon. The "Pig roasted endored," 
was glazed with yolk of egg, and gilt 
The " Leche " was made by pounding to- 
gether raw pork and eggs ; sugar, salt, raisins, 
currants, minced dates, powdered pepper, 
and cloves were added, and the whole seethed 
in a bladder. A sauce of raisins and wine, 
cinnamon and ginger, sandal-wood and saf- 
fron, was added. 

Second Course, 

Brewet of Almayne and Viande vial for pottajg;e. 

Mallard. Roasted Rabbit. Pheasant. Venison. 

Jelly. A " leche." Hedgehogs. 

Pome de orynge. 

The " Brewet of Almayne " was another of 
the Apician patina or stews. I need not give 
the recipe. "Viande royale" consisted of 
Greek or Rhine wine, honey, rice, ginger, 
pepper, cinnamon, cloves, saffron, sugar, 
mulberries, and sandal-wood, all boiled to- 



gether and salted. The " Pome de orynge " 
were balls of pounded pork liver, seasoned 
and flavoured with several ingredients ; then 
boiled and afterwards roasted, and coloured 
with saffron, sandal-wood, or indigo. 

Third Course, 

Boar in egurdoucc and Mawmene for pottage. 
Cranes. Kid. Curlew. Partridge ; all roasted. 
A "leche." A Crustade. 
A peacock endored, and roasted and served with the 

skin on. 

Cockagris. Flampoyntes. Daryoles. 

Pears in syrup. 

The two pottages were like the former 
ones, only more so; more complicated — I 
had nearly said nastier. 

The " Crustade " was a raised pie of 
chicken and pigeons with elaborate seasoning 
and adorning. The "Cockagris" was an 
old cock stuffed with the mixture of which 
the " Pome de orynge *' was made, sewed to 
a pig, and the two seethed and roasted 
together ; adorned with egg and saffron, and 
then covered with gold and silver "foil 
"Flampoyntes" were pork pies made with 
cheese, and were mild editions of the 
Roman salacacabia, " Daryoles " are cus- 
tards baked in crust 

The main features of this menu^ a late 
fourteenth century one, are distinctly Roman, 
Apician ; the elaborate over-sauced, over- 
flavoured pottages or stews are the Apician 
patina. 

Some of my readers have probably been 
wondering where is the roast beef of old Eng- 
land in this menu f These magnificent and 
bulky joints had no place in the mediaeval 
cookery of England. The iron-clad Norman 
barons, who wrung the Great Charter from 
King John, and who fought in the Wars of 
the Roses, did not eat huge joints of meat, 
any more than did the patricians and senators 
of the Roman empire. The Norman barons 
in England lived and fought on stews, minces, 
and side dishes, the bulk of which were 
eaten with a spoon.* The prae-Reformation 
bishops and ecclesiastical dignitaries were 
also great patrons of this Apician cookery ; 
and the kitchen establishments of the larger 

* A friend suggests that this, and the excessive use 
of birds at table, was due to the Norman barons not 
knowing that a joint improves by keeping, and so 
finding it tough when used fresh. 



THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH PALATE. 



349 



religioQS houses were on a very large scale, 
as indeed were their feasts. That when 
Geoige Neville was made, in 1466, Arch- 
bishop of York, was on an enormous scale, 
one thousand sheep and two thousand pigs 
being but a small item in the accounts. 

The mediaeval cooks were great in " sol- 
teltes," or devices in pastry, gorgeously 
decorated with gold and silver foil, but these 
belong rather to the service of the table, 
than of the palate, so I merely mention them 
em passant. 

To this luxurious school of living politi- 
cal changes dealt heavy blows. The barons 
exhausted themselves and their resources in 
the Wars of the Roses; the Reformation 
knocked on the head the monasteries and 
their great kitchen establishments: thus it 
came about that the habit of profuse and 
luxurious living gradually declined during the 
sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth 
century, until it was extinguished in the 
great convulsions which preceded the inter- 
regnum. After the Restoration, we find that 
the table among all classes was furnished 
more soberly and with plainer and more 
substantial dishes, and a new and plainer and 
bulkier school of cookery came to the front 
It is hard to say where it came from. Many 
assert it was an upheaval from below ; from 
the Anglo-Saxon element in the nation, 
which had retained its original weakness for 
lumps of meat, though it had grafted thereon 
the brkv^ a distinctly Apician dish. The 
poorer classes, however, in mediaeval times, 
seem to have lived mainly on bread, cheese, 
butter, and vegetables, as proved (among 
other ways) by the fact of the names thereof 
being English, while mutton, veal, pork, and 
bacon are Norman. The plainer living seems 
to have been a middle-class upheaval in the 
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It had 
commenced before the days of Queen Eliza- 
beth, but it was Charles II. who knighted 
the Sirloin of Beef. The change was great : 
a few great lords adhered to the Apician 
style of cookery, or Old English ; French, it 
now began to be called A traveller from 
the continent, in 1698, says of England : — 

There are some great lords who have French and 
English cooks, and where you are served much in the 
French fashion ; but among persons of the middle 
condition, they have ten or twelve sorts of common 

▼OL. X. 



meat, which in£dlibly come round a^n in their 
turns at different times, and of two dishes of which 
their dinner is composed, as, for instance, a pudding 
and a piece of roast beef. Sometimes they will have 
a piece boiled, and 'then it has always lain in salt 
some days, and is flanked all round with five or six 
mounds of cabbage, carrots, turnips, or some other 
herbs or roots, seasoned with salt and pepper, with 
melted butter poured over them. At other times they 
will have a leg of mutton, roasted or boiled, and 
accompanied by the same delicacies ; poultry, sucking 
pigs, tfipe, and beef tongue, rabbits, pigeons — aU 
well soaked with butter without bacon. Two of these 
dishes — always served one after the other — make the 
ordinary dinner of a good gentleman or of a good 
burgher.* 

The traveller describes their broth as con- 
sisting of the water in which the meat had 
been boiled, mixed with oatmeal and with 
some leaves of thyme, or sage, or such small 
herbs. Flour, milk, eggs, butter, fat, sugar, 
marrow, raisins, etc, he describes as the 
ingredients of an English pudding, and cheese 
as their only dessert. 

Roman institutions have a marvellous 
vitality and energy in them, and the Roman 
cookery has reasserted itself in England; 
partly, no doubt, by survival (even Hart- 
mann's Excellmt Directions for Cookery^ 
published in 1682, are tinged with Apician- 
isms), and partly by re-importation from 
France, where it has ever lived, it being 
indeed the cookery of all the Latin races. 
Kirwan, in his Host and Guest^ says that 
Lord Chesterfield made most strenuous efforts 
to introduce French cookery into England. 
He engaged as his chef La Chapelle, a de- 
scendant of the cook of Louis XIV. La 
Chapelle in 1733 published in England a 
book on cookery in three volumes. Space 
forbids me to go into the details of that 
revival ; but I have already proved the con- 
nection between our present cookery and the 
Apician. 

I venture now to think that I have detailed 
" The History of the English Palate," and 
traced it up to the Roman palate of the 
Apician school, and through that to the 
Greek and Lydian. 

Dr. Pegge, in concluding his prefatory 
essay to the Forme of Cury^ apologises for 
having been occupied with such trifles, and 
pleads the example of such scholars as 
Humelbergius, Tomius, Barthius, Dr. Lister, 

* From Wright's Htnus tf other Days, p. 47a 



250 



ON SOME EXAMPLES OF 



Almeloveen, and others. I don't set up any 
excuse ; I don't consider my subject matter 
a trifle ; I take a serious view of it 

Note.— Any one who reads the above paper, and 
Mr. Coote's paper in the Arcfuroiogia, will see how 
much I am mdebted to that gentleman. I have to 
thank him for giving me, in the kindest manner, leave 
to make use of his paper, and I wish to make public 
how much I am indebted to that eminent scholar. 




2>n %tmt €rample0 
of laoman ]Porttaiture in tl)e 




By J. J. Foster. 

" I say ]^u will be exceedingly pleased to contem- 
plate the effigies of those who have made such a noise 
and bustle in the world."— /V<w a Letter of Evelyn 
to Pepys, 1689. -^ -^ 

"Magnorum virorum imagines, indtamenta animu" 

Seneca, Epis, 64. 

N that somewhat gloomy gallery of 
the British Museum known as the 
*' Roman Gallery " is a collection of 
busts, a crowd of "feverish men 
^med to marble," to use an expression of 
Hawthorne's, which seems seldom to meet 
with much attention from pilgrims to the 
shnne, so full of precious relics, in Blooms- 
bury. 

To those familiar with the works of 
Michaeljs, Winckelmann, and Visconti, this 
paper will contain but little worthy of notice, 
and it would be quite superfluous to remind 
them of the interest of Iconography. True 
it is that in these days the study of art of 
every period receives an attention hitherto 
unknown, and many popular works on ancient 
sculpture have recently appeared ; but, so far 
as I have observed, it is mythological sculp- 
ture that has been dwelt upon; the human, 
personal, I had almost said domestic sculp- 
ture, has been, I think, somewhat overlooked 
Yet these stone spectres of the past repre- 
sent men of like passions with ourselves ; for 
many of them children ran 

... to lisp their sire's return, 
Or chmb his knees the envied kiss to share. 

Doubtless many of those who have visited 
the " lone Mother of dead Empires," to quote 



Byron's expressive epithet, have found her 
lap full of treasures which surpass in interest 
and strike the eye far more than 

The virtuous Curii half by time defaced, 
Corvinus, with a mouldering nose which bears 
Injurious scars, the sad effects of years ; 
And Galba grinning without nose and ears.* 

Whilst, in spite of *' personally conducted 
parties," it is easy enough to miss even the 
ninety odd busts of philosophers, poets, and 
historians in the *' Hall of Illustrious Men," 
and the crowd of Roman emperors and 
empresses in the "Hall of the Emperors" 
at the Capitol ; and probably few study the 
collection in the " Hall of the Busts " at the 
Vatican as it deserves. But one needs not to 
go so far afleld, for there are many examples 
of portrait busts in the British Museum, as 
well as a large number in English country 
houses. From them we may learn something 
of the physiognomy of the great race — 

Romanos rerum dommos gentemque togatum, 

as Virgil proudly calls them. 

There is perhaps an absence of any very 
marked or predominant type in the faces cJf 
most examples we possess, unless it be a 
certain stem, not to say gloomy, cast of 
feature. The boys seem grave beyond their 
years, and, amongst the maidens, one will 
certainly not And Horace's " dulce ridentem 
Lalagen." The author of Roba di Rama^ 
speaking from a long acquaintance with 
Rome, declares that the '* modem Romans 
are only the children of their ancient fathers, 
with the same characteristics — softened, in- 
deed, and worn down by time, just as the 
sharp traits of the old marbles have worn 
away — but still the same people, proud, pas- 
sionate, lazy, jealous, vindictive, easy, patient, 
and able.'* 

Mr. Coote, in his leamed and interesting 
work on The Romans of Britain^ observes 
that there is a close resemblance between 
the countenances of English and Italians of 
the upper classes at the present day, and I 
have heard the same remark made by others. 
But to return to our busts. 

When we consider that all these, both at 
home and abroad, are 

but waifs saved from the wreck of Rome, fnigments 
only, snatched from the relentless powers of time and 

* Juvenal, Sat.y viii. 



SOMAN PORTRAITURE IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 



lm, the Mtuaming gx^P of Are, ■nd every form of 
pillage uid rapacity, irbat an impressioo does il give 
u> of the Iieasures of sculpiure which were iccumu- 
bted in Rome io the days of the Empire 1 , . . 
TalcDI of all kinds wu altrBCled to this central home, 
and evny aspirinc artist felt that his reputation was 
raovincial tiU it had received the imperial stamp of 

Here, too, flowed the wealth of the world. Tb« 
gold which had been wrung fti>in the African, the 
Gaol, or the Briton slimulatra the chisel of the artist 
whose eail; taste had been formed by the firiete of the 
I'aithenon.* 

Here, then, we have a clue to the means 
whereby these men of old Rome became 
"solidified into imperishable stone"; nor will 
the student of Roman history have far to 
jeek for a probable source of the importance 
attached to Portraiture when he thinks of 
Varro's collection of seven hundred busts, 
and when he recalls that ancestral pride 
which attained such a pitch as to fall under 
the lash of Juvenal, who asks t — 

What is the advantage 
To have our ancestors in paint or stone 
Pr^ierTed as relics or like monsters shown ? 
and describes one who — 

Makes his unhappy kindred marble sweat 

When his degenerate head by Iheiis is leL 

These galleries of ancestors had a real 

importance in those days, as will be evident 

when we call to mind the jus imaginum, and 

remember how 



those whiHC ancestors, or who themselves, had 
borne any curule majgistrscy were called rubilti, and 
had the right of making images of themselves, which 
were kept with great care tnr their posterity and 
earned b«fore them at funerals. f 

These images were (he busts or efiigies of persons 
down to the shoulders, made of wax and painted, 
which they used to place in the courts of Iheir bouses, 
enclosed in wooden cases, and seem not to have 
brought out excepi on solemn occasions.^ 

There were titles or inscriptions written below them, 
pWDling oat the honours ih^ had enjoyed and the 
exploits they had performed. Hence i-magina is oflcn 
put for lubiiilai ,| and irra for imiagmtj.^ 

Anciently this right of images was peculiar to the 
Pattidans, but afterwards (he Plebeians also acquired 
it when admitted to curule ofKces. Those who Were 
the &r^ of (heir family that had raised themselves to 
any curule office were called kemma nwi, — new men. 






r^ were called igiabih 



or of tbew 
—Adams' Rimtan Atiti- 




The accompanying illustration is from 
a sepulchral basrelief which represents i^ 
wife bewailing the death 
of her husband, whose 
likeness is placed in a 
small cast against the 
wall of the apartment in 
which the scene is laid. 

In addition to this 
custom amongst nobte 
Roman families of pre- 
serving these wax effigies, 
Visconti discovers the ori- 
gin of portrait busts in 
anoih(;r usage common to P>c. i. 

both Greeks and Romans, viz., that of oma* 
menting with portraits the shields of honour 
or votive shields. As this learned author is 
one of the greatest authorities upon Icono- 
graphy, I may ask leave to quote a few of 
bis remarks (freely rendered) upon the 
subject. He sayat — 

Among all the methods which the arts of design 
have tried to use in (he imitation of the human figure, 
either in its entirely or only in part, if one of the moat 
ancient is certainly that which has formed only the 
image of the head, one can demonstrate, however, 
that the invention of busts has ouly follow«d the 
others, and after a long interval of time. 

Il is remarkable that Fansaruas, "It tavamt tt exact 
vn/agntr" amongst the many sculptures of all kind* 
which he counti^ in Greece, makes mention of hot 

After speaking of the usages referred to 
above as the origin of busts, Visconti goes on 
to observe, apropos of portraits of ancestois — 

The word vultus is used to designate them. Bliny ( 
shows us that these images did not represent the 



Poljrb.. vi. SI. 
. Sail., >(r.,8s; Liv., UL58. 
^Ovid, A. 1-8, 65. 



The information Polybius ] gives oi 
ess and ornaments with which they were 
n solemn occasions shows us dearly that 
thejr were not simple heads or kcmUt like the vnltni 
of Epicurus which his Koman followers would cauy 
Irom apartment to apartment ; 01 of Titos, in the 
Provinces ; or, again, of Marcni Aureliu* at Rome, 
concerning which Capitolinus tays,^ " One would 
renrd it as samlege if yon had not them in the home,'* 
" Qui per foitunam vel potnit habere vel defauit." 

■Cal.,L It. 

iMus6e Pie-CUmentin, Milan, iSai, Tool vi. 
Ceres at Thebet and HcrcDJei in Aulii. 
Liv., XXXV. II. 
Lh., vL 51. 
t lo H. AuTcI 18. 



ON SOME EXAMPLES 01> 



There were then probably — (17) Wax busts 
painted after nature (from whence came the 
busts in relief so general amongst theRomans), 
and the images of celebrated men and bene- 
factors, which were preserved in private 
houses; (b) those which citizens dedicated in 
temples ; and, finally, (c) images placed upon 
tombs.* 

Having thus said something on the pro- 
bable origin of busts, let us briefly examine a 
few of those we possess. Channing has said 
that " ever^ man is a volume if you know how 
to read him," and truly in these marble 
presentments, many of which must be re- 




phrenologist may be able to read the virtues 
and the crimes of the originals. Apropos of 
the trustworthiness of the portraiture in these 
and similar works, I may cite an anonymous 
critic upon the Holkham bust of Thucydides,* 
who says : — 

We are most of us in the habit a{ taking for gwiled, 
until we have been taoght better, that all the bum 
and statues of anliqait; are mere Taney poitiaits, and 
that the andent sculptors no more thought of handii^ 
down a faithful delineation of Nero or Hadrian than 



BUdents what portrait painting is to oiinelves ; and 
that there is almost as good reason for believing that 
bnadredsof worlu of art in marble whkh have ci 



Fig. 3.— Antoninus Pius (bust from Cyrene). 
garded as authentic portraits, corroborated 
as they are by other examples, and also by 
coins and medals.t the physiognomist and 

• It may not be out of place to notice here how 

Knuine a ring there is about many of the inscriptions, 
th in the catacombs of Rome and upon sepulchral 
monuments in this conntiy : t.g., from the former, 
" To Aureliua Felit, who lived with bis wife i8 
Teats in sweetest wedlock." Wright instances a slab 
found at Carvoran, in Northumberhmd, which bears 
the following! "To Aurelia Faia, Autellus Marcus, 
the centniion, out of affection for his most holy wife, 
who lived 33 years without any slain;" and Gruter 
has recorded an inscription by one M. A. Paulus, 
" Conju^ incompaiabiU cum qua viat uviL sine ulla 




-Trajan. 



down to tu are as much to be relied oa for depictiiw 

the features of great men at Athens or Rome ai 
many apictnre of Titian or Tintoretto is to be trusted 
for presenting us with the face of a Venetian raercliailt 
prince or a Roman noble. Copies of original portnUti 
were multiplied by professional scolplore much in the 
same way as they arc multiplied by engravers, and 
there are experts who, by long study, have acquired 
such familiuity with ancient art as 10 lie able to 
recognize at a glance the faces of Greek and Roman 
celebrities at easily as expert coltecton of engravings 
can recognise the features of the courtien aad states- 
men of the Elixabethan era. 

other respects, is obvious ; it is equally dear that 
within the limitt of this paper one cannot touch npoa 
10 Urge a subject. 

* Alhtmnm, No. 3,660. 



ROMAN PORTRAITURE IN TK£_^ 





r him- 
id«ed 
: bear 
hanc- 



meud 

SHORTLY WILL BE ISSUED "^^ 

Mietaqr 
* ^ of tbe 

FACSIMILE OF THE FIRST'TDITION f^ 






RASSELAS, 

prince of ^flbBssmia, 
By dr. JOHNSON, 

In Two Volumis, with ah IwntODUcnoN bt 

DR. JAMES MACAULAY. 
-I- -1- -i- -i- -i- 

IJOHNSON'S Rasselas was first published under 

the title of T/u Primct of Abtssviia, in the 

spring of 1759, when the author was at the 

height of his literary fam^ by the Dodsleys, w ^w 

of Pall Mall. The tale was issued in two ^ <^- 

handy and tasteful little volumes, without the writer's name imistua 

on the title page; The authorship, though a mystery for d<m at 

a while, soon became known, and the popularity of the ^ ?"' 

work was at once established. Some hundred or more ifwt^ 

editions are known to have been published since ; besides id the 
translations into foreign languages, and in collections of 

" Classical Tales " and " Beauties of English Literature." in the 

The tale is said to have t>een written by Johnson in ns re- 

order to pay the expenses of his mothei^s funeral, and 
that he wrote the whole of it in a fortni^it He obtained 
;f 100 for the first edition and £25 for the second. Copies 



»S' - 

The 
pajntei 
busts i) 
andth 
facton 
housei 
temple 
tomb^ 

Hai 
bable- 
few ol 
that •' 
to rd 
preset 



i 



Ihe fo 



-~.»*i.tiajUJf SYAXfPT.P.'i nh 



BLLIOT STOCK'S PUBLICATIONS. 



In dtmy tm, laiUfiilfj' frinttd At atttif* *fyU, and iUuitraUd with wood t^minp, 
tleth, frit* >Hb, fmtfan. 

. Early and Imperial Rome. 

Balsi ftoDBBda LMtniw OD th* AnluNlon "' £«»• b7 HODDXB M. WH^U^P. 

The Gentleman's Magazine Library. 

B^scaiiUvU^MtlHtloBiiDtbathiaf Malaat«ottli*"a«tlniiu-|I[KuiM.''IMalTn tolM 

Bdltal br Q. lAU&XNCE OOIIMX, J.B^ 

Tk* SIHTUItAira lUOAnm UBKAKT pManta Um vOuOfl waltotB of tbi "OmtU- 

■u-i lUniliw^^frm ta ewiiTiMniwnwt in 1IS1 to IBSB, urumd In lubjaite-^ tk< BoaMbottiiH 

thiD^ttioAthtopwtod,<»M«htortB,b«iMbmghttnw>W«Jd«wMrf«TiUM«rtaJlrttBd»h«<d». 

~~'-~'~iMlidaTotidtD<rasnl4«gt ud^liiaiD^Wa tB Ifll. ml, hudiTu notca ud u Ancalii 

— '-at aad nntallT pc^uad lodax. Th« foUowInf u» tha nbjMl* lotc wUA tM wotk 



IHdn (uriAta Knlkh. 7. 

10. "S^afaflhT. II. lAomiT Cm 

U. ABMdoMudBnmoac. 

" "i indoB* MBdrt* of fnm I 

D old-bca ^p*. uut iih»i , 

11 FnmpMtv), rtMu piioai M Uu T 
loo, Will b* Hot p^ b» oa apidio 



PopDluBt 
1. t. Acshi 



Mui L^On 



. OiWiul 
t. vSmtl 



The Antiquary's Library. 

ToL L-TOIX-LORX BZUC8 ol BABLT TILLAGX UTB. Br O. L. OOUIB. 
Tal. n.-ttMOAHBud PLATXoftlwCHZBBK BjrOAZTON. SaiM br V. S. A. AXOIT. 
Vol. m.— nt BI8T0HT of rAIBS, ADdElIT *ad IIODBBM. Br OOmrBUUS WALTOBD. 
IkaWorin gouUtatiiic tl' 
" . Th* Volnm 



Religio Medici. 

Bt am THOXAt BKOWm, FhrHiiIui. BdBf ■ nMlmIL 

poblUitd in IM. with u Inlndn^oti br I>r. OR] 

Hn hsmlnd Bopla onlr vUl baprintad, ud anppllM to tinbi 

pnbUisIiBB, iftar whloh th* prill* wlU b> mlMd to «>., ihonU UT 

YVtjliaw*-Pt.tiaeop^ wlH «lio bajrintad In (em. "- -■— 
— "^^eduiaappaitkmid Is (h* wd*! oTupllaitlaD. to 



ai^ ii*iHiM. 

■t 4* (MbStf on Ik* di 



In flrown Btd, OootonporAix blodlnf , lOit, peat fne. 
THI IIFB AMD BTAAIIOS SUBPBIBDia ADTENTUSBB OF 

Robinson Crusoe, 

0( Tart. lll>lii*r, Bafa* * /uriiifli npiodactlon of the H^tiA Edition, piibll*b*d in ITU. «tt tb* 
BiiilaiBfnntIiplaea,ud ■ pnfue br AoaTin Itouon. 

TEX TTBOT XKOLIBH BOOK ON VTSHINO. 
Nuwnadj, lBd«B)r«o. jrialad on hasd-inula papar. ud botnid in utlqn* rdhaa, nun M. 

T'Ae Treatyse of Fysskynge with an Angle, 

BiDui JULIANA BKtHBBa. 
A AatK(l< BapnduMlon of tha Hiat EdltioD. printed br Wrnhn d* Word*, tX Wgitatlnitar to t«a. 

Willi n J«™(«Bm^ llu &M1. K. O, Willi../ ■ ' 

Th axtnnu iMittr of thla work, and tha ncrt Intanat Uken io It br coDDoimeun. hu mirvK.bd in 
llM Pobllaba tha miilmiMltj ot jprotni^iBw > /autoNi It^iiot (or lh» uw of tliw CuU^n ud 

dnaad frnn a sopf ot tha ortetoSadltlDB in th« Britlili UuHum. br aicuu of phatonaohT ud 
coBaequntlf nndK* (nrr pccallaiitr of tha oriiinal Id hithlut detail : the rude dtLu^tigo whlrb 
adomad Iba Biat adltliKIOT thla "IrtrllplauuHM'' u* here jriveo ui^t thrir qauBt nnurhii^ The 
irorkl*pflntodo»band-B»d*B*p«toHh*iaiDa tDturaandKJouratth.tonwhldi the fli»t tdltioii 
appeued,aDdlkaUndlBC Ii of eontamporary patten and malnrial. ao that the mdfr ol tn-^i^ 
haadllBt thli TolBBB o«a rwlli* Iha tonn and wpauuiaa of the original, wMeh miut han deltahtod 
tb* arte of tboaa who atadiad tnatjiaa pertarnjaf* to d^en playnnnt matten belan«j^iirTBKi 



LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK, 6i, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C 



ROMAN PORTRAITURE IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, 



»S3 



Hie series in the British Museum com 
mences with the Augustan age, and extends 
to the middle of the third century A.D., 
and thus embraces periods whose annals 
are indeed 

Grned in ch«nicten of Bune. 
I shall not attempt to go seriatim through the 
collection, I must merely touch upon a few of 
the most interesting. 

By the courtesy of the proprietors of 
Nichols* Haitdbeok of the British Museum 
we are able to show one or two blocks. 
Antooinns {Na a) is noteworthy, not only 




as a fine head of a ^eat man, but, techni- 
cally, for its beautiful suri'ace. Trajan 
(No. 3) is distinguished by lowness of fore- 
head and massive projection of the skuU 
above the brows. This bust was excavated 
in the Campagna in 1766. Hadrian (No. 4) 
shows the beard which he was the first 
among the emperors to wear. 

&riking nearly all these busts are, more so, 
I caimDt help thinking, than an equal number 
ot contemporary portraits would be ; but this 
is a matter of opinion, to be tested by any 
one who cares to do so, going straight from 
Bloomsbuiy to Burlington House when the 



Royal Academy is open, and judging for him- 
self. If this be so, it is not to be wondered 
at, for if they are portraits they must bear 
stamped indelibly upon them those charac- 
teristics which, according to Gibbon, 
mode the Ulnils of the emperon exhibit a strong and 
Tarioos pictuie of human natiirt, which we shonid 
▼ainljp seek among the mixed sad doublFul chaiactcn 
of modern hislorj. In ihe conduct of those moaarchs 
we may tn«^ the utmost lines of vice and virtue, the 
most exalted perfection and the meanest degcneracf 
of oui own species. Tl>e unparalleled vices of the 
uDworth; successors of Augustus, and the splendid 
theatre on which they w er e acted, have saved them 
from obhvion. 

The dark unrelenting Tiberius, the furious Cali- 
gula, (he feeble Claudius, the profligate tod craci 




Fig. S-— Aogostob (firom 
Nem, Ibe beastly Vilellius (who coosiimed in 
eating at least £6,ooofXO of our money in about ~ ._ 
months), and the timid, inhuman Domitian, are con- 
demned to eveilastine infam;. 

One of the best representations of Augustus 
is from a cameo in the Blaceas collection at 
the British Museum, and though outside our 
immediate scope, we cannot forbear giving 
the illustration here (No. 5). Mr. Newton 
draws attention to its fine execution, and the 
fine quality of the stone. 

That acute critic and charming wnter, 
Mons. H. Taine, speaking of the busts in the 
Capitol, affirms that " they tell us more of 
the time than the indifferent chroniclers re- 



254 



ROMAN PORTRAITURE IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 



maining to us." This is a striking testimony 
to the value of a study of our subject, and 
truly, when one looks at the superb head of 
Caesar, the authenticity of which is evidenced 
by numbers of coins in the Museum, one 
realizes what Mommsen calls ** the flexible 
steel " of Caesar's nature ; one sees before 
him clearly "that bodily vigour, that elas- 
ticity of mind and heart, that cool sobriety " 
which characterized that "orator, author, 
general, and consummate statesman." What 
a contrast does not this bust present to one 
close by, that of the "gloomy voluptuary " 
Tiberius, which, found at Capri, seems to 
bear the impress of the man, and, so to say, 
is eloquent of the mysterious and sanguinary 
legends which still haunt that lovely island, 
and come crowding over the visitor as he 
steps ashore and looks up its vine-clad slopes 
and rugged heights.* 

We have already seen that it was accounted 
sacrilege at Rome, amongst those who could 
afford It, not to have a bust of M. Aurelius ; 
hence portraits of this emperor are very 
numerous. Our collection possesses three of 
this most philosophic of philosophers, as Jus- 
tinian calls him ; his gravity must indeed have 
been beyond his years, since at eight he was 
associated with the college of Sallines, and at 
twelve he adopted the costume of the Stoics. 
That representing him when young is very 
beautiful ; another represents him as one of 
the Fratres Arvales. In the third he wears 
the paludamentum : in each one cannot fail 
to see the same patient, gentle soul " strug- 
gling through the stone." Excepting, per- 
haps, Caesar's, there is no Roman whose 
lineaments excite greater interest than those 
of M. Aurelius. Even if one were ignorant 
of his character, I venture to assert that one 
has only to study these portraits attentively 
to fully realize the truth of Gibbon's de- 
scriptiont : — 

The mildness of Marcus . . . formed at the same 
time the most amiable and the only defective part of 
his character. His excellent undersUnding was often 
deceived by the unsuspecting goodness of his heart " 

We can boast of nothing approaching a 

♦ There is a fine bust of this emperor in the 
^P^^^\> ^ ^^>ch M. Taine remarks that " it is not a 
noble head, but for character and capacity well 
qualified to carry the affiurs of an empire.- 

t Vec/sM€ and FMofthe Roman Empire, chap. iv. 



complete collection of Roman emperors 
(and this leads one, by the way, to remark 
how valuable a series of casts, say from the 
iconographic treasures of Rome, would be : 
the Germans are wiser in many educational 
matters than we, and realize the use of such 
aids in illustrating history) : still there are 
quite enough to whet one's appetite for more, 
and to call forth those emotions which a study 
of such instructiveness cannot fail to excite. * 

I think it is the author of IVansformations 
who has said, speaking of sculpture, that there 
are men who should have been represented 
in snow rather than marble ; but if Seneca's 
dictum, that " images of great men incite the 
mind" (presumably to emulation of their 
virtue), be allowed, so it must also be conceded 
that a study of their lives, whether good or 
bad, to which I contend these busts are an 
incitement, is full of instruction. When one 
thinks of the career of many of these masters 
of the world here represented, how true one 
feels Bacon's remark to be, that "it is a 
miserable State of Mind to have few Things 
to desire and many Things to fear." 

In contemplating the striking bust of Nero, 
of Caracalla in his close yellow wig, and of 
Commodus, how easily one recalls the record 
of lust, of shameless depravity, of cruelty and 
of blood-guiltiness with which Roman history 
is so deeply stained ! how vivid become the 
pages of Gibbon or Suetonius ! When one 
marvels at the elaborate plaited structure of 
hair which surmounts Sabina, how true seems 
Juvenal's picture of the mysteries of a Roman 
lady's toilet ! We can well believe how 

She hurries all her handmaids to the task. 
Her head, alone, will twenty dressers ask. 
Psecas, the chief, with breast and shoulders bare, 
Trembliiig considers eveiv sacred hair. 
With curU on curls they build her head before, 
And mount it with a formidable tower. 

There are several examples of headdresses 
fearfully and wonderfully made, e.g,y the 
Stephana on the bust of Sabinia Tran- 
quillina, and others. The mention of the 
softer sex leads one, and with a sense of 

* Since the above was written, there has been a 
most valuable selection of casts of antique sculpture 
opened at the South Kensington Museum, which in a 
measure supplies the want referred to. It is at present 
far from complete, but contains many good eMunples 
well worthy (» study, and of especial interest in con- 
nection wifii our subject. 



FOREST LA WS AND FOREST ANIMALS IN ENGLAND. 



^SS 



relief^ to dwell upon the thought that there 
was a calmer, purer side of Roman life, an 
atmosphere in which domestic virtues could 
flourish, and in which were reared not only 
the innocent boys and girls, some of whose 
portraits one may see in the British Museum, 
but the Gracchi, the Scipios, and the Anto- 
nines, and not merely they, but a host of un- 
numbered dead who "the rod of Empire 
never swayed," but who lived pure lives and 
did their duty, at home upon some Sabine 
hnoy or, it may be, abroad amongst the 
marshes of the Danube, or in some lone out- 
post of the Empire amongst the fierce Silures. 
Of this there is abundant evidence in ancient 
literature ; to quote one author alone, who can 
read those beautiful love-letters (for such they 
are) of Pliny, which he addressed to his wife 
Calpumia,* or his touching letter on the death 
of the younger daughter of Fundanus,t 
and not feel that he comes very near, as has 
been said, to the modem ideal of a blame- 
less gentleman ? 

Even a cursory examination of these ex- 
amples of Roman portraiture will reveal that 
they have a many-sided interest: they 
claim our attention not merely as anti- 
quities, nor for their artistic qualities alone, 
but as having, above and beyond their im- 
portance in these respects, an abiding, deep, 
human interest. 




iFoteiBt iLatod anD iFotest 9mmal0 

m (ZEnglanD. 

III. 

*• I prophesy thy death, my living sorrow, 
If thoa encounter with the boar to-morrow. 
Bot if thou needs wilt hunt, be ruled by me : 

Unooaple at the timorous flying hare, 
Or at the fox, which lives by subtilty, 

Or at the roe, which no encounter dare : 
Pursue these fearful creatures o'er the downs, 
And CO thy well-breath'd horse keep with thy hounds." 

Shakspere, Venus and Adonis. 

HE generic difference between beasts 
of forest and beasts of chase was 
said to be this — that the former 
frequented the woods, while the 
latter frequented the open country. In a 

♦ Epis. vi. 4, vi. 7. vii. 5. 
t Epis. v. 16. 




picturesque passage in Manwood (not printed 
in ail the editions) this supposed difference 
is dwelt on in the following quaint fashion : — 

The beasts of the Forest, they are, iantum sylutstrts : 
and the beasts of the Chase are, Ccimpestres tantum. 
For, the beasts of the Forest doe make their abode, 
all the day time, in the great couerts and secret places 
in the woods : And in the night season, they doe 
repaire into the lawnes, medowes, pastures, and plea- 
sant feedings, for their food and reliefe. And there- 
fore they are called Syltustres, that is to say, beasts of 
the wocxl, or beastes that doe haunt the woods, more 
than the plaines, according as the Prophet Dauid saith 
in his 104 Psalme. Tk(m makest Jarkemsse that it 
may bee nighty wherein ail the beasts of the Forest doe 
fMooue, The Lyons roaring after their tn-ay, doe seeke 
their meate at God^ The sonne ariseth and they get 
them away together, and lay them dawne in their 
dennes, . . . The beasts of Chase, they doe make 
their abode, all the daie time, in the fields, and upon 
the hils, or high mountaines, where they may see 
round about them a farre off, who doth stirre or come 
neare them : and, in the night season, when euery 
body is at rest, and all is auiet, then they doe repaire 
unto the come fields and vallies below, where the 
lawnes, meadowes, and pleasant feedings are for their 
food and reliefe, and therefore they are called Cam^ 
pestres, that is to say, beasts of the field, or beastes that 
doe haunt the fields, more than the woods. 

And Manwood proceeds to show how in 
Psalm L, vers. 9-1 1, David distinguishes 
between the beasts of the forest on the one 
hand, and the beasts of the field (which 
Budaeus says are the beasts of chase) on the 
other. When, however, we say that, accord- 
ing to the best authorities, the beasts of chase 
were the buck, the doe, the fox, the marten, 
and the roe,— all of them, even the first two,* 
intimately connected with woods and forests 
— our readers will probably feel inclined to 
doubt the soundness of the distinction drawn 
by Manwood. 

The most remarkable thing in connection 
with bucks and does — the male and female 
fidlow-deer — is that, though there is no pre- 
cise evidence of their first introduction into 
this country, they are almost certainly not an 
indigenous species. "It is douted of manie," 
says Holinshed (or rather Harrison), "whether 

* In an article contained in the National Revietv for 
January 18S4, and entitled ''Fallow Deer at Home," 
the Hon. A. E. Gathome-Hardv says that ''fallow- 
deer are naturally frequenters of woods, only leaving 
the cover to feed in the early gloaming and in the 
evening just before twilight." London visitors to the 
northern parts of Epping Forest have a good oppor- 
tunity of seeing these b^tiful creatures "at home." 



256 



FOREST LA WS AND FOREST ANIMALS IN ENGLAND. 



our bucke or doe are to be reckoned in wild 
or tame beasts or not" The question is 
perhaps not yet absolutely settled. For 
example, so trustworthy a writer as Mr. 
Grant Allen says of fallow deer that he "can 
hardly doubt that they are a part of our old 
indigenous fauna, which now survives only 
in a few inclosed preserves " ( Vignettes from 
Nature^ p. 3). But the Mow-deer's well- 
known intolerance of cold, and the fact that 
no fossil remains of this species have been 
discovered in England,* go far to show that 
they must at some time or another have 
been imported from warmer countries. 

The seasons for hunting bucks and does 
were, according to Manwood, the same as 
those for hunting harts and hinds — that is to 
say, from Midsummer till Holy-Rood Day 
and from Holy-Rood Day till Candlemas 
respectively.t We have already! seen what 
were the "true seasons and times in the year" 
for killing bucks and does on crown property, 
as prescribed by Charles I. But it is only 
fair to add that the king's father, who is said 
to have killed deer in April at Widdrington 
in Northumberland, and again at Worksop, 
on his journey southwards to take possession 
of the throne of England, § set his new sub- 
jects a very bad example of killing deer " at 
unseasonable times." 

In the present day, at any rate, whatever 
may have been the fact once, fallow-deer 
can scarcely be said to exist in a wild state 
in this country. But Mr. Shirley tells us|| 
that in 1867 there were 334 parks stocked 
with them in the different counties of England. 
Of these parks Lord Abergavenny's at Eridge 
in Sussex is probably the oldest, Lord Egerton 
of Tatton's at Tatton in Cheshire the largest, 
and the paddocks at Magdalen College, 
Oxford, and Prideaux-place in Cornwall the 
smallest. There are several varieties of 
fallow-deer, as the black and very dark, the 
spotted or Manilla, the white and cream- 
coloured, the yellow or fallow, the skew or 

• See Shirley, Deer Parks, p. 6. 
t In a HuntiD|^ Agreement of the thirteenth century, 
given in an Enghsh translation by Mr. Shirley (pp. 16 
foil.), the seasons are said to be from August 1st to 
September 14th for bucks, and from November nth 
to February 2nd for does. 

Acta de Rymer, xx., p. 186. 

See Nichols's Progresses of King James /., i. 68, 85. 

Deer Parks, p. ix. 



blue, the bald-faced, and the golden dun and 
sooty dun.* 

The fox is mentioned in the Charta Canuii 
along with the wolf as a creature necforestce mc 
veneris ; but it has long been accounted a 
beast of venery, though not, indeed, a beast 
of forest Its " great plentie of policie and 
deuices '' made it at an early date a favourite 
object of pursuit. But the taste for fox- 
hunting does not seem to have developed 
into a popular mania until a comparatively 
recent period. We are surprised to read in 
Holinshed about foxes that 

such is the scantitye of them here in England, in 
comparison of the plentie that is to be seene in other 
countryes, and so earnestly are the inhabitants bent 
to root the out : that except it had bene to beare thus 
with the recreations of their superiors, it could not 
othenn-ise haue bene chosen, but that they should 
haue bene utterlie destroyed by manie yeares agone. 

And in another place he (that is, Harrison) 
says that " of Foxes we haue some but no 
great store." And Gervase Markham, who 
wrote and fought during parts of the sixteenth 
and seventeenth centuries, classes fox-hunting 
with badger-hunting, saying that these are of 
minor importance as compared with the chase 
of the deer and the hare. How great was 
the change of feeling which afterwards arose 
among sportsmen in this matter is shown by 
the following extract from a book which in 
its day was regarded as a first-rate authority 
on sporting affairs t : — 

No small number of our staunchest and mightiest 
Hunters before the Lord, have all other except Fox 
Hunting in supreme contempt, styling Coursing and 
Hare Hunting, child's play, and the Chase of the Deer 
Calf-Hunting, 

And, as a writer on fox-hunting lately said in 
the Fall Mall Gazette.X ** It is quite un- 
necessary to quote any authority as to the 
extraordinary development of the sport during 
the last quarter of a century." 

The fox-hunting season began, Manwood 
says, at Christmas, and lasted until Lady Day. 
This arrangement would hardly commend 
itself to some of our modem Nimrods. 

Of the marten, martem, or martron, we 
read in the 16 15 edition of Manwood that 
there was ** no great store in these Forests 
on this side Trent," but that in Marten- 

* Ibid,, pp. 242, 243. 

t Scott's BriHsh FUld Sports^ p. 296 (Lend. l8i8), 

X December 21st, 1883. 



FOREST LA WS AND FOREST ANIMALS IN ENGLAND. 



257 



dale (or Martindale), Westmoreland, there 
were many. In the 1717 edition we are 
told of martens as well as of roes that 
"there are none now in England" And 
Harrison, after just naming the marten, 
adds, " for number I worthily doubt whether 
that of our Beuers or Martemes may be 
thought to be the lesse." The mere fact that 
it seems to be a moot point whether there are 
three species of martens or only one, is suf- 
ficient to show the scarcity of these animals, 
or at least their power of '* making them- 
selves scarce." It seems, indeed, probable 
that martens have often inhabited districts 
where their presence was but little suspected. 
In former days, when foxes were less abun- 
dant than they are now in many parts 
of the country, marten-himting took the 
place of cub-hunting. And, apart from eco- 
nomical considerations, the practice appears 
to have been a good one. Thus Beckford 
writes* : — 

If 3rou have msirtern cats within yoor reach, as all 
hounds are fond of their scent, you wiU do well to 
enter your young hounds in covers which they fre- 
quent. The martem cat being a small animal, by 
running the thickest breaks it can find, teaches hounds 
to run cover, and is therefore of the greatest use. 
I do not much approve of hunting them with the old 
hounds ; they shew but little sport, are continually 
climbing trees ; and as the cover they run seldom fails 
to scratch and tear hounds considerably, I think you 
would be sorry to see your whole pack disfigured by 
it. The agility of this little animal is really wonder- 
ful ; and though it falls frequently from a tree, in the 
midst of a whole pack of hounds, all intent on catch- 
ing it, there are but few instances, I believe, of a 
martem's being caught by them in that situation. 

Even in the present day martens may be 
found in England by those who know how, 
when, and where to look for them. The 
late Captain Majme Reid devoted to this 
subject part of a natural history article which 
he contributed to the Illustrated Sporting and 
Dramatic News of May 20th, 1882. He 
there says : — 

In many of the fastnesses around the Forest of 
Dean, I know that Martens, if not plentiful, are yet 
in goodly numbers. One of the Forest keepers tells 
me that, five or six years ago, he used to see many, 
and shoot many, too, in the High Meadow Woods — 
a tract of the Forest which overhangs the river Wye ; 
and there is the skin of one stuffed and mounted in 
the house of a farmer in that neighbourhood, which 
Tcry recently fell to a gamekeeper's gun. Again, a 

* T%omghts on Hunting, p. 92. 



f'psy of my cognizance, who tents in all parts of the 
orest, tells me that he and his tribe often meet with 
"marten-cats." . . . He says they vary much in 
colour and markings. 

If the Commissioners ofWoods and Forests, 
or other the authorities in the Forest of 
Dean, were to give orders that no more 
martens should be shot by the keepers, they 
would confer an appreciable boon on natura- 
lists at no great cost to themselves or to the 
public service. 

Roe deer, which are mentioned in ^<tCharta 
Canutiy and of which Harrison says there was 
'' indifferent store" in the latter half of the 
sixteenth century, were formerly abundant in 
all the wooded parts of this island. We read 
in Percy's Reliques^^ in the ballad on the 
Battle of Otterbourne, that — 

The roo full rekeles ther sche rinnes, 

To make the game and glee : 
The fawkon and the fesaunt both, 

Amonge on the holtes on hee. 

In a note on this passage we learn that 

roes were to be found upon the wastes near 

Hexham in George I.*s reign, and that Mr. 

Whitfield, of Whitfield, is said to have killed 

the last of them. At the beginning of this 

century Lord Dorchester turned out some 

roes in his woods near Milton Abbey, in 

Dorset ; and Mr. Pleydell, of Whatcombe, a 

neighbour of his lordship's, assisted him in 

their preservation, and, in course of time, as 

the animals increased in number, took to 

himting them with harriers, and is said t to 

have had excellent sport At the present 

time, as Mr. Harting tells us in an interesting 

article which appeared in The Field of the 

5 th of April in this year, the Milton, What- 

coml>e, and Houghton woods hold perhaps 

a hundred and fifty head of roe. About 

half-a-dozen of these were in February last — 

thanks to the energy and enthusiasm of Mr. 

Harting himself, and to the liberality and 

public spirit of Mr. Mansell Pleydell and 

Mr. Hambro (of Milton Abbey)-— caught in 

nets and removed to Epping Forest, where 

we trust they will thrive and multiply. 

Genuine wild roes, however, were, as far 

back as in Pennant's time, unknown south 

of Perthshire; and though the growth and 

increase of coverts has induced them to 

• Vol. L,p. a4(5thcd.). 

t Scott's BriHsk Field SporU^ p. 583. 



^S8 



FOREST LA WS AND FOREST ANIMALS IN ENGLAND. 



wander further south since that period, they 
certainly cannot now be regarded as one of 
the wild animals of England. 

Roes were apparently (like red-legged 
partridges in modem times) not altogether 
an acquisition in a sporting district. For 
in 1339 it was resolved by the justices and 
the king's counsel that capreoli^ id est roes, 
nonsunt bestia deforesta^ eo quodfugant alias 
feras. Perhaps their scent, which is said to 
be very attractive to hounds, offends the 
nostrils of the beasts of forest. 

The season for hunting the roebuck lasted 
from Easter to Michaelmas, and that for the 
female roe from Michaelmas to Candlemas. 

Beasts of forest and chase, whether edible 
or not, Manwood tells us were properly called 
venison; but he adds that the word was 
sometimes used in an extended sense to 
denote any animal killed by hunting, and 
sometimes also in a restricted sense to de- 
note the flesh of red and fallow deer alone. 
Lord Coke, however, who deals with the 
subject in his usual learned fashion,* main- 
tains that, while no animal could be venison 
which (like the roe) was not a beast of forest, 
beasts of forest which were not fit for food 
(as wolves) were not venison. The point is, 
of course, of no sort of importance, except as 
supplying a good illustration of the way in 
which doctors disagree about trifles. 

The beasts of warren are generally said to 
be the hare and the coney, and the fowls of 
warren to be the pheasant and the partridge. 
Here again we have an instance of the pro- 
tection of the forest laws being extended to a 
creature which is not indigenous to England. 
When pheasants were first introduced into 
this country is, as one might expect, a doubt- 
ful question. Mr. Harting t says that phea- 
sants were included in a bill of fare prescribed 
by Harold in 1059 for the canons' house- 
hold at Waltham Abbey. If, however, we 
may trust the well-known metrical grant by 
Edward the Confessor of the office of keeper 
of a forest in Essex, wherein we read of 

Hart and Hynde, Doe and Bucke, 
Hare and Foxe, Cat and Brocke, 
Wyldfowle with his stocke. 
Partridge, Fesant Hen, and Fesant G>cke, 

we may perhaps assign a yet earlier date to the 
* 4 Inst., c. 73. 

t Extinct British Animals^ p. 17, if. 



introduction and preservation of pheasants in 
this country. 

Warrens are said to have been set apart 
originally for the purpose of the king's hawk- 
ing ; and beasts and fowls of warren, the old 
books tell us, are such as may be taken by 
long- winged hawks.'*' This was brought for- 
ward in aigument in the case of the Duke of 
Devonshire v, Lodge,t where the duke, as 
iree-warrener, brought an action, in 1826, 
against the defend^t for shooting grouse — 
a bird unsuitable for hawking — within the 
warren without the leave of the owner of the 
land. The duke obtained a verdict at the 
trial, but was afterwards nonsuited on the 
ground that grouse were not fowls of warren. 
Another argument adduced on behalf of the 
defendant was, that the forest laws, being of 
Norman origin, were inapplicable to such 
birds as red grouse, which are unknown in 
Normandy, and, indeed, are peculiar to the 
British Islajids. The Court, under the presi- 
dency of Lord Chief Justice Tenterden (who 
delivered judgment), seem to have felt little 
hesitation in disallowing the plaintiff's claim ; 
and as grouse are not mentioned as fowls of 
warren by any one of the old writers, it is 
hard to see how the decision could have been 
other than it was.^ Indeed, but for some 
random writing of Lord Coke's, { in which 
he says that fowls of warren are 

of two sorts, Silvestres and Campestres : Campestres^ 
as partridge, quaile, raile, etc. Sihfestres, as pnesant, 
woodcocke, etc. AqutUiles^ as mallard, heme, etc., 

the case on behalf of the duke would have 
been scarcely arguable. The old commen- 
tator, if he was in any way conscious of what 
was going on, must have felt a sort of sinister 
satisfaction in the thought that six veiy 
eminent counsel were retained in this trumpeiy 
case, and all because of his use of that 
dangerous little '' etc," which he was always 
so fond of. It is now practically certain that 
Manwood's enumeration of the beasts and 
fowls of warren will never be overruled or 
modified by any English court of law. 

F. 

* Partridges and rabbits can, indeed, be taken by 
short-winged hawks, such as goshawks and even 
sparrow-hawks. But there is said to be very little 
sport in this form of hawking. 

f Reported in the 7th vol. of Bamewall and Cress* 
weirs Keports^ p. 36 foU. 

\ I. Inst. 233a. 



THE MIRACLES OF ^SCVLAPIUS. 



259 




Cf)e q^iracleiB! of Aesculapius. 

By Warwick Wroth. 

Aristophanes* play the Plutus^ an 
Athenian worthy named Chremy- 
lus has the good fortune to cap- 
ture the blind God of Riches. 
Chremylus being a poor but deserving man, 
ventures to entertain a hope that the god 
would distribute his favours more equally, 
if only his eyesight could be restored. It 
was in Athens, and in the age of Hippo- 
crates ; but Chremylus scorns to consult a 
regular physician, and, after making some 
satirical remarks on the medical profession 
and its emoluments, decides that he cannot do 
better than take his blind divinity and lay him 
onabedinthetempleof iEsculapius. To the 
Athenian temple of ^Csculapius Plutus is ac- 
cordingly taken. And here, when it has grown 
dark, and the lamp has gone out in the sanctu- 
ary of the god, a strange scene presents itself. 
All around are the recumbent forms of men 
and women, afflicted with various diseases ; 
each one awaiting the midnight Vision of 
Healing which the God of Medicine is to 
send. The malady of Plutus is shared by 
at least one other patient in this bizarre 
assembly, by a certain politician named 
Neoclides, jiYao is blind, but who, we are 
told, outdoes in stealing even those who can 
see. When all is quiet, the priest of the 
temple comes in, and goes from altar to 
altar collecting the figs and cakes which have 
been offered by the fisuthful — offerings which 
he proceeds to consecrate by depositing in a 
sack for his own eating. Last of all appears 
the God of Medicine himself; and he, after 
going the round of his patients, and making 
a gimi and vinegar plaster for Neoclides, 
restores the eyesight of Plutus. 

This is not a scene in Cloud Cuckoo- 
Town, but (due allowance being made for 
caricature) one from actual Athenian life in 
the fourth century before our era. That the 
ancient Greek slept in the temples of iEscu- 
lapius in order to obtain a cure is well known 
to us from several sources, and, in fact, the 
remains of the Athenian temple itself have 
been discovered in our own day on the 
southern slope of the Acropolis. On this 
spot the spade of the excavator has brought 



to light not only the temple and its adjoining 
buildings, but adso some of the objects once 
actually offered to the god by grateful patients 
— votive tablets, for instance, on which may 
still be seen depicted processions of men, 
women, and children approaching to the 
God of Healing and his family. Even 
documents of the temple, such as the in- 
ventories of the votive offerings, have been 
unearthed. From these we may learn how 
the blind man dedicated a model — some- 
times in gold or silver — of an eye ; the 
lame man, the model of a leg ; and the 
long list of votive ears and mouths and 
noses and fingers furnishes an index, only 
too complete, to all the ills which flesh is 
heir to. Mingled with the models of human 
limbs are other thank-offerings of the most 
varied nature — mirrors, and vases, and coins, 
and gems, and even cheap jewellery, under 
which head it is curious to find the mention 
of an iron ring : the reader of Theophrastus 
will remember that it was a ring of 
bronze which the Fussy Man dedicated in 
the temple of ^sculapius, and which he 
was always coming to visit and rubbing 
bright with oil 

Excavations of a still more recent date than 
the Athenian ones — those conducted by M. 
Kavvadias at Epidaurus in the Peloponnese — 
have thrown much light, during the last two 
or three years, on another great centre of 
^sculapian worship. Not even the temple of 
^sculapius at Athens in the fourth century 
B.c, nor that at Pergamon in the days of 
Aurelius and Caracalla, could vie for fame 
and sanctity with the temple at Epidaurus. 
Epidaurus was the metropolis of ^Esculapian 
worship, and even the Athenian and Perga- 
mene cults confessed that they were offshoots 
of her parent stem. About Epidaurus there 
clustered legends of the infancy of the God 
of Healing, and in its temple stood a famous 
statue of Uie god, by the artist Thrasymedes, 
probably a follower of Phidias. That statue 
— made of gold and ivory — has long since 
disappeared ; but coins of Epidaurus, preserved 
in the musetmis of London and Berlin, still 
convey some notion of its original form. A 
great theatre constructed by the sculptor 
Polycleitus gave further eclat to the place; 
and even when Greece had lost her autonomy, 
tht Emperor Antoninus constructed at Epi- 



26o 



THE MIRACLES OF ^SCULAPIUS. 



daunis new buildings for the God of Medi- 
cine and his patients. 

It was in the second century a.d. that the 
Greek traveller Pausanias visited Epidaurus, 
and wrote a full description of it, which we now 
possess. One curious circumstance he especi- 
ally noted — the presence within the sacred 
enclosure of six stone pillars {stelci) inscribed 
in the Doric dialect with the names of sick 
persons of both sexes who had come as sup- 
pliants to Epidaurus: in addition to the 
names were recorded the nature of the 
disease and the manner of the cure. An 
unsuccessful attempt has lately been made 
to prove that Pausanias did not always see 
with his own eyes the things which he pro- 
fesses to have seen. Certainly the theory of 
compilation "from an old guide-book" will 
not hold good for Epidaurus, as may be judged 
from the following interesting little detail In 
one passage of his Periegesis our author takes 
occasion to mention a town named Halike, 
which in his own time was deserted, but 
which, he tells us, was certainly once inha- 
bited, because on the stela 2X Epidaurus, which 
recorded the cures (ta/uira) of iEscidapius, 
he had noticed the name of an inhabitant of 
Halike. It is strange that after the lapse of 
centuries the Epidaurian excavations should 
have revealed not only the buildings within 
the sacred precincts of iEsculapius, but also 
one of those very six stela bearing an inscrip- 
tion in the Doric dialect, and headed "The 
Cures (la/xara) of iEsculapius," and that 
among those cures should appear the name 
of '* Halketas, an inhabitant of Halike." 

The inscription on this stele forms a record 
of twenty miracles of healing performed by 
i£sculapius at Epidaurus. The writing, which 
is extremely clear, is of the fourth century B.C., 
or of the early part of the third century. The de- 
tails of the cures themselves may, however, have 
been handed down by tradition from a still 
earlier period.* Each miracle has a heading 

• The original text of this inscription has been pub- 
lished by M. Kavvadias in the 'E^ty/icpcc dpxatoXoytffi), 
18S3, P. 199, ff., with a commentary in modem Greek. 
M. Salomon Reinach has recently printed a translation 
of it in the Revue Archhlogique^ with which I have 
compared some parts of my own version. Another 
similar stele was also found by M. Kavvadias in his 
excavations, but it is still unpublished. I need hardly 
apologize, perhaps, for calling the god Asklepios in this 
article by his more familiar Roman name ^£sculapius. 



or short title, such as " Nicanor, a lame man," 
''Hermodicus of Lampsacus, an impotent 
man," "Thyson of Hermione, a blind boy ; " 
and it was probably well known under that 
name to the worshippers of iEsculapius. 
Each entry furnishes — as Pausanias had 
already noticed — the name of the suppliant, 
and states briefly the nature of his malady, 
relating in greater detail the modus operandi 
of the god in effecting the cure. It appears 
that the suppliant slept the night, not within 
the temple, but in a kind of dormitory in the 
sacred precincts, where he was favoured by a 
vision, in which he beheld the God of Heal- 
ing. It is usually during the progress of this 
vision that the miracle takes place; and in the 
morning the patient wakes up to find himself 
cured. Of course only the successes are 
recorded ; and many of the narratives con- 
clude with a regular hieratic formula : " And 
when it was day he went forth whole,** Of 
the most important of these miracles I will 
now give a translation, or a paraphrase ; but 
before proceeding we may notice that they 
furnish additional evidence of the fame of 
the Epidaurian god ; for though among the 
cured are natives of the place, yet many of 
them come from a distance — from Athens, 
northern Greece, and even from the western 
coast of Asia Minor. The patients, it would 
appear, made no prolonged stay in Uie sacred 
precincts, but slept there only for a single 
night; and this sufficiently shows that the 
temples of iEsculapius differed in the most 
essential point from modem hospitals. Our 
inscription further shows that, at any rate at 
this period, the Epidaurian temple had hardly 
even the character of a dispensary. There 
are grounds for supposing that the priests of 
iEsculapius were not by any means always 
chosen from the ranks of the medical profes- 
sion ; and though they probably had some 
tincture of medical knowledge, and were able 
to, and did occasionally, prescribe a rational 
treatment for the suppliants, it is plain that 
the God of Healing disdained the vulgar aid 
of liniments and potions : — 

OvK y)v aXiirjfi ov8cv, ovrc jSpanrcfiov, 
Ov )(picrr6v, ovrc irurrov — 

and it was to the faith and to the imagination 
of his patients that he trusted for the accom- 
plishment of his cures. 



THE MIRACLES OF jESCULAPIUS. 



261 



We will begin our account of the miracles 
bj selecting one of the most curious and 
elaborate. It is called the miracle of 
^ Pandarus of Thessaly, the man who had 
marks (<my/iara) upon his forehead. '^ This 
man, having lain down to sleep in the 
abat(m (or dormitory), had a vision. It 
seemed to him that the God of Healing tied 
a bandage over the marks, and commanded 
him when he had gone forth from the build- 
ing to take off the bandage and dedicate it 
as an offering in the temple. When it was 
day, Pandarus got up and took off the 
bandage ; he then saw that the marks were 
removed from his &ce, and dedicated the 
bandage in the temple. This miracle has a 
sequel A man named Echedorus, probably 
a neighbour ef Pandarus, was visited with 
the same misfortune, and likewise came to 
Epidaurus for a cure. Pandarus, who had 
not for^tten the fiaivours of the god, had 
given his friend money to dedicate in the ' 
temple. This money, I may remark, was 
not merely to be dropped into the iEscula- 
pian offertory-bag, but was to be solemnly 
placed as an anathema in the temple. Such 
dedicated coins were marked in a particular 
way, and were kept among the other votive 
offerings, often wiUi a record of the donor's 
name. This man Echedorus slept in the 
ahatom^ and had a vision. It seemed to him 
that the god appeared and demanded of him 
whether he had received any money frx>m 
Pandarus for dedication. Echedorus replied 
that he had not — ^he had received nothing of 
the kind from Pandarus, but if the god would 
heal him he would dedicate to him a statue 
The god then proceeded to bind over his 
marks the bandage that had been worn by 
Pandarus, and commanded him on leaving 
the abaion to take off the bandage, to wash 
his &ce in the sacred spring, and to look at 
himself in the water. When it was day, 
Echedorus went out from the building and 
took off the bandage. Now the bandage 
had had impressed upon it the marks 
which had come off from the forehead of 
Pandarus, and when Echedorus looked in 
the water he saw that he had the marks of 
Pandarus in addition to his own, which he 
still retained. 

A man named iEschines wishing to see 
into the building where the suppliants were 



lying climbed up into a tree. It was now 
dark, and probably ^schines began to doze ; 
at any rate, he managed to fall from his tree 
right into the quickset hedge of the place, — a 
fence of stakes, — and, literally, scratched out 
both his eyes. Blind, and suffering great 
pain, he went as a suppliant to the god, slept 
in the abaton^ and was healed. 

Euippos had had for six years a spear- 
head in his jaw; while he was sleeping in 
the abaton the god drew put the spear-head 
and placed it in his hands. When it was day 
Euippos went forth, carrying the spear-head 
in his hand. 

Heraieus, a man of Mytilene, had no 
hairs on his head, though he had a great 
many on his cheeks; or, to state his case 
in the language of the modem hair-dresser, 
he was bald, but had luxuriant whiskers. 
Being annoyed at the jests of which his 
appearance was made the subject by other 
people, he went and slept in the abaton^ and 
the god, by anointing his head with a certain 
remedy, made his hair to grow. 

Euphanes, a boy of Epidaurus, being 
afflicted with a grievous malady, slept in 
the abaton. It seemed to him that the god 
appeared and said to him, "What will you 
give me if I cure you?" "Ten knuckle- 
bones," answered the child. The god laughed, 
but said he would heal him ; and when it was 
day he went forth whole. 

Another boy, who was dumb, came as 
a suppliant to the god, and made the usual 
preliminary sacrifice. One of the temple- 
servants, turning to the boy's father, inquired 
of him if he would promise to offer a sacri- 
fice within a year in return for a cure. But 
the boy, suddenly finding his voice, exclaimed, 
"I promise." His father in astonishment 
bade him speak again, and the boy spake 
again, and from that moment he was cured. 

Hermodicus of Lampsacus, an impotent 
man, was cured by the god while sleeping 
in the abaion^ and was ordered on going out 
to carry into the sacred precincts the l^est 
stone that he could lift; in fact (adds the 
inscription), he brought in that big stone 
which still lies before the abaton. 

The next miracle to be related is that of 
" a man of Torone who swallowed leeches." 
This man, while sleeping in the abaton^ saw 
a vision. It seemed to him that the god cut 



262 



THE MIRACLES OF ^SCULAPIUS. 



open his breast with a knife, took out the 
leeches, gave them into his hands, and then 
sewed up his breast again. When it was 
day the man went forth cured, having the 
leeches in his hands. He had been led into 
swallowing the leeches by the perfidious con- 
duct of his step-mother, who threw them into 
a beverage that he was drinking. 

But the healing powers of iEsculapius 
found scope for their exercise even in the 
case of inanimate objects, as witness the 
following story : — A certain youth was going 
down to the temple of Epidaurus, carrying in 
a bag some of his master's property, among 
which was a koihon or cup of earthenware. 
When he was about ten furlongs from the 
temple he had the misfortune to fall, his 
burden with him. For this constant servant 
of the antique world, the breakage of his 
master's china seems to have had in it an 
element of seriousness which it has no longer 
for the modem domestic, and it was with 
real grief that he perceived that the koihon^ 
the very cup from which his master was 
accustomed to drink, was broken. He sat 
down and began to try in a hopeless manner 
to put the pieces together. At this juncture 
there came by a certain wayfarer, who, on 
seeing him, addressed him thus : — " Where- 
fore, O miserable creature, are you vainly 
endeavouring to put together the pieces of 
that cup? why, not even iEsculapius, the 
god of Epidaurus, could mend its broken 
limbs!" Having heard this, the lad put 
up the fragments in his bag, and proceeded 
on his way. On reaching the temple, he 
once more opened the bag, and, behold, 
took out from thence the cup, made whole. 
The servant told his master all that had been 
said and done, and the master dedicated the 
cup to the God of Healing. This is called 
the miracle of the " Kothon." 

The god does not necessarily effect his 
cures by means of a vision, and we find that 
a blind boy named Thyson was cured by 
one of the dogs belonging to the temple 
licking his eyes. Another suppliant had a 
painful ulcer similarly healed by one of the 
sacred serpents of the temple. It is worth 
noticing that in Aristophanes the blind god 
Plutus recovers his eyesight through two 
serpents of ^sculapius licking his eyelids. 

Among the other j miracles, which need 



only a brief mention, are two curious cases of 
women who receive the obstetric aid of 
the god after the birth of their children has 
been abnormally delayed. The offspring of 
Cleo, one of these ladies, proves himself 
to be an infant of no ordinary spirit, for 
immediately on seeing the light of day he 
walks to the sacred spring and gives himself 
a bath. The story of Nicanor looks as if 
it might be an incident borrowed from the 
every-day life of the temple precincts. 
Nicanor, a lame man, was one day quietly 
seated, when a boy stole his walking stick, 
and made off with it ; the lame man got up, 
ran after the boy, and from that moment was 
healed. 

I will conclude this account of the Epidau- 
rian cures by referring to two which, in some 
respects, are the most interesting of all, 
because they show us, what otherwise we 
should hardly have suspected, that even by 
the ordinary Greek the temple-records of the 
iEsculapian miracles were sometimes called 
in question. That such scepticism was wide- 
spread among the people there is no reason 
for believing, but its occasional presence 
should certainly be noted, partly because it 
is curious to find that even the humble lay- 
man of antiquity had his '' difficulties of be- 
lief," and partly lest we should form an 
exaggerated notion of the piety of the ancient 
Greek. In one of these instances, a man 
with paralyzed fingers comes as a suppliant 
to the god, but before lying down in the 
abaton, he sets to work to examine the votive 
tablets in the sacred precincts, expressing his 
mistrust as to the cures, and depreciating the 
inscriptions. Still more curious is the ap- 
pearance of a ''female Atheist," an Athenian 
lady rejoicing in the pleasant name of Am- 
brosia, but having only one eye. She, too, 
came as a suppliant to the god, but before 
proceeding to rest began to walk about the 
sacred precincts, and mocked at some of the 
cures as '<all fudge and quite impossible," 
(«[>9 airlBava #ccu a&uvara lavra) ; '' for how," she 
asked, ''could lame men walk and blind men 
see, merely through having beheld a vision?" 
It is needless to add that both she and her 
companion sceptic were convinced by the 
god of the powerful medicinal qualities of the 
iEsculapian vision; and of both it is recorded 
that when day came they went forth whola 



NOTES FROM CORNl^ALL. 



261 



One very odd detail is added about Ambro* 
sia. She is ordered by i^sculapius to dedi- 
cate in his temple a silver model of a pig. 
This animal, whether as a votive offering in 
stone, terra-cotta, or metal, or as an actual 
sacrificial victim, is often met with in connec- 
tion with Greek worship; but here the familiar 
offering is specially " applied'* to a particular 
suppliant, for Ambrosia is told to dedicate 
the pig ''because she had displayed such 
stupidity," or, as we should say, had shown 
so much pig-headedness. 

Such are the miracles of iEsculapius. 
And it is difficult to part from them and all 
their quaintness and old-world simplicity in 
any very critical or serious spirit. Yet the 
student of ancient medicine, and, still more, 
the student of comparative religion, will regard 
these wonders as being something more than 
the mere curiosities of old Greek life. For 
they will recognize in them (and hardly 
without a sigh for human weakness), yet 
one more page added to the long catalogue of 
wonders which are no wonders, of miracles 
wrought without conscious imposture, related 
without conscious exaggeration, and believed 
by the multitude, quia impossibilia. 





jSoteiB from ComtoalL 

By Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma. 

HE very interesting and important 
work of Dr. Mitchell, The Past in 
the Present^ is capable of expansion 
and support in many places besides 
the Highlands of Scotland, where Dr. Mit- 
chell mainly founded his theories. 

I would briefly, in this paper, catalogue 
a few of the primitive usages surviving in 
Cornwall, which seem to bear on the Past in 
the Present, and of which I can find illustra- 
tions on the European Continent 

I. The clan theory of society. This 
tribal or clan idea, the next stage after 
the primitive family. Sir H. Maine and 
others have proved to be a characteristic of 
primitive Aryan society. The clan preceded 
the nation. Now, though, in most civilized 
countries, e.g,^ in our midland or home 
counties, the clan idea is extinct, or nearly so 



it is not so either in the Scottish High- 
lands or in Cornwall. Researches into the 
vestiges of clans in Cornwall, the noticing of 
characteristics in physical aspect, in habits, 
in customs among the populations of certain 
villages or hamlets, would, I am certain, show 
the traces of common descent, the family 
having developed into the gens or clan. The 
custom of intermarriages in the village tend 
to confirm and fix these local peculiarities. 
In this matter the Cornish is very like the 
Slavonic village. 

A curious point in the Cornish clans is, 
that, like the American clans, they retain 
often a nickname, and that is usually the 
name of an animal Thus we have the 
Mullion '* gulls" for the inhabitants of Mul- 
lion near the Lizard, the Zennor ** goats " 
for the people of the Zennor region on the 
north coast of the Land's End peninsula, the 
St Ive •' hakes," the Sancreed ** hogs ; " just 
as among, say, the Wyandots of America 
we have the deer gens, the bear gens, the 
turtle gens, the wolf gens, etc. This repre- 
sents a survival of a very primitive instinct of 
mankind, quite extinct in most parts of Europe. 
The fact that many of these nicknames may 
be modem does not affect the interesting 
point of the survival of the instinct. 

2. Then the nature worship which had 
so prominent a part in ancient Europe is not 
extinct in Cornwall The greeting of May or 
Spring with horn-blowing exists in Oxford- 
shire, and was once probably common in 
England, but nowhere is it so lively as in 
Cornwall. In fact, the custom, like many 
others, has degenerated into a nuisance, or 
something like it. The boys blow horns and 
the girls sing, crowning themselves often with 
flowers and garlands. May customs, how- 
ever, have a great persistence throughout 
Europe, probably from their beauty. 

The midsummer fires, in honour of the 
summer solstice, which are so common in out- 
of-the-way parts of Europe, in Russian forests, 
on the Carpathians, on the Apennines, on 
the hills of Brittany, and by the fiords of 
Norway, but which have nearly died out in 
England, are common enough in the Land's 
End district, nay, perhaps in no town in Europe 
are they better kept up than in Penzance, 
where the Midsummer revels — the dancing 
with fire-torches, and the bonfires in the 



264 



REVIEWS. 



streets — bring one back to the scenes of 
mediaeval or ancient Europe, in a way that 
few scenes in England can do. 

But this is not all. In Cornwall we have 
the variant on the primitive custom which 
arose in the Middle Ages of renewing the 
midsummer fires on the eve of the great feast 
of the prince of the Apostles, St. Peter. The 
Peter-tide fires still, as five centuries ago, 
illumine on St. Peter's Eve the shores of 
Mount's Bay. 

3. On this occasion, also, another primitive 
custom (which has more vitality than others 
in many parts of England) is sometimes 
followed, of burning in effigy in the Peter-tide 
fires those who have been marked out for 
clan disapprobation. (A case occurred not 
long ago, not a hundred yards from where I 
write these words, of a man's effigy being 
burnt as a punishment for an offence.) 

The enforcement of tribal justice as distinct 
from the law of England is another survival, 
and one which often makes the duties of 
recorders and judges in Cornwall very light, 
as, in fact, this tribal justice, a mild, but not 
less feared, representation of Judge Lynch, 
has a salutary effect on public morals. The 
fact is, the population (or, if we may so say, 
the clan) punish offenders, and practically 
make the place too hot to hold them. It 
would seem that exclusion from tribal 
privileges was a much dreaded punishment 
among the Ancient Britons, and probably the 
Cornish inherit the feeling as the Irish do. 

4. It might be supposed that in England all 
memory of the heathen gods (save such as 
school boys and girls get out of books) would 
have passed away ; yet I have known children 
afraid to go by night near a certain cam, i.e. 
Tolcam, for fear of the Bucca-boo (the 
Cornish Neptune or sea and storm-god), who 
was, in the Middle Ages, like most heathen 
gods, described as a devil. Also at St. Just, 
in spite of Chaucer's dictum in the Wife of 
Bath's Tale as to the extinction of fairies, I 
have heard of two men who assert that they 
have been troubled by Cornish piskies on the 
moors. We are here brought into contact 
with very primitive ideas — the last vestiges 
of the beliefs of Ancient Britain in the ages 
of Julius Caesar or Suetonius. 

5. Some domestic customs, also, are primi- 
tive. The usage of the £uiner or die master 



dining with his servants survives in many 
places. Just as the baron dined in his hall 
with his retainers, so some Cornish farmers 
dine with the farm servants, the men sitting 
on one side, the women on die other. Even 
the custom of sitting above and below the 
salt is, as I understand, retained by a few. 




]aet)ietD0* 



Records of the Borough of Nottingham^ being a series 
of extracts from the Archives of the Corporation 
of Nottingham, Vol. ii. (London and Notting- 
ham, 1883 : Quaritch; and Forman & Sons.) 8vo. 
pp. XX., 509. 

INCE the publication of the Remembrasuia 
of the City of London, we know of nothing 
that has appeared from municipal archives 
of so much value as these volumes from 
Nottingham. And in one sense they are 
even more valuable than the London volume. Nottuig- 
ham is one of those boroughs whose history has a 
peculiar place in the history of towns, and Mr. 
Freeman has more than once set this forth and ex- 

glained it. Up to the present we have had very 
ttle information about municipal Nottingham, except 
what would be gleaned from local histories, and, ac- 
cordingly, these valuable publications come upon us 
somewnat in the light of a revelation. In our review 
of the first volume (see aniesoX, vii., p. 148) we spoke 
of the peculiar value of these archives for municipal 
history, and although the second volume is equally 
valuable, we think it would be best to draw attention 
to its interest for social and domestic history. We 
must express our regret that our notice of it has been 
so long delaved. 

Among the most interesting documents are the 
appraising of the goods of certain individuals for 
legal purposes. These papers give us some kind of 
idea as to the domestic utensils and furniture of the 
age. In 1403-4, January 30th, the goods of Robert 
de Burton, glover, are appraised. They consist of a 
great chest, another chest, a screen, a small meat 
board, a form, a trestle, two old vats, two empty 
barrels, five fish-panniers, three pairs of scissors, a 
fish knife, four saucers of tin, six dishes of wood, a 
brass ladle, a powder box, two platters, and a pot-lid 
of wood, an old candlestick of wood, a pair of 
bellows, two surcingles, two forks, a halter, a cover, 
two canvas bags, an old canvas, a chair, a ca^ge with 
a throstle, a fls^k, a pepper quern, an old cushion, and 
a cheese beck. If tnese make up the domesti 
furniture of those days, it does not appear that the 
luxury of Nottingham was excessive. Another de- 
scription of goods in 1441-2, February 8th, is more 
interesting perhaps, and it introduces a curious female 
Christian name, Emmota, which we do not remember 



REVIEWS. 



265 



to have seen before. This individaal took the ^[oods 
" m-ith force of arms, to wit, with fists." Repairs to 
the churches at Nottingham are frequently the subject 
of dispute, by which documents concerning them have 
been preserved. In 1443, June 12th, Robert Shakespcr 
brings an action for materials for making arrows. 
This interesting name is worth more thana passii^ note. 
Many of the documents relate to grants of land, whereby 
the ancient topogra{>hy of the town is curiously illus- 
trated, as, for mstance, the enrolment of grant to John 
Dorham in 1446, December 8th. Abusive tongues 
were rife even in those days, as the presentment of 
the Decennaries attests, and the ladies seem also to 
have made war upon each other. An agreement for 
the building of a house in 1470, July 20th, is extremely 
curious, as it gives the measurements and price. The 
house was to be eighteen feet in breadth, and the width 
according to the ground. For ** makyng of the seid 
house vi lbs. of lawfulle money of England at serten 
tymes was to be paid. This document is followed 
by a curious bill, dated 1482-3, January 28th, for 
reparation of the Crown Inn, when all the details of 
prices are set forth. A deed recording an interview 
with the prior of Shelford of a deputation from the 
Mickletom Jury regarding a close called '* Comar 
Wong " is extremely curious. It is dated **x ^ey of 
Apryle in ye fyrst yere of ye reygne of Kyng Edward 
ye Fyft ; " one of the few documents dated in this 
reign ; and besides much valuable information on 
municipal bndholding, it describes how the jury 
•' leyd theyr hedes to geder " about the matter. 

It will be gathered uom these few extracts that the 
volume abounds with interesting matter of every 
description incidental to the government of towns in 
those days. Every right was no ichartered right, as 
it is supposed to be now, and boroughs took upon 
themselves the rightful duties of managing their own 
domestic concerns, without asking Parliament for 
power to do sa And it may surely be asked whether 
this right has ever been taken away by law. A study 
of municipal hbtory would, we think, decide this 
question in the negative. We cannot close our notice 
without recording our high appreciation of the patient 
and correct labours of Sir. Johnson, the town clerk, 
and of the public spirit and enlightened mind shown 
by the Town Council. Why does not every borough 
in England follow the example of Nottingham ? 



Th^ Principal Navigations^ Voyages^ Traffiquts^ and 
Discoveries of the K^giish Nation, Collected by 
KicuAKi) Hakli'YT, and edited by Edmund 
C>oi.i>sMiD. Northern Eurofe, (Edinburgh, 1884 : 
E. & G. Goldsmid.) 8vo, pp. 56. 

In an age when old recorded facts are being dug up 
again for scientific use, and when the early descriptions 
of travellers are of value to the new science of antliro- 
pology, it is well that a new edition of Hakluyt should 
be undertaken. Let us say at once that Mr. Gold- 
smid 's edition promises to be in every way acceptable. 
Well printed, good paper, and in excellent taste^ this 
first {vart is a sample of what is to come. It does not 
yet afford us anv opportunity of saying much about 
the work itself, because It gives only a few pagcb of 

VOU X. 



the text, being for the most part occupied ^ith the 
original prefaces, etc., all good and wortn having wit)^ 
the book. We shall look forward to some of the 
later numbers with pleasure, and wiU take care to 
inform our readers of the progress of this use^l under- 
taking. The first portion commences with " certeine 
testimonies concerning Arthur and his conquest of the 
North Regions, taken out of the Historic of the Kings 
of Britaine." 



Cornish Worthies: Sketches of some eminent Comisk 
Men and Families, By Walter H. Tregellas. 
In two volumes. (London: Elliot Stock, 1884.1 
8vo. 

Mr. Tregellas opens his preface with a question 
which he says has often been asked before — viz., '< Why 
is there for Cornwall no companion book to Prince^ 
Worthies of Dei>ont Perhaps the Devonshire men 
might reply that if the Cornish then had siich a book 
in addition to Boase and Courtney*s Bibliotkeca Comu- 
biensis, the balance between the two counties would 
be too heavily depressed in favour of Cornwall. We 
know ihsXtL Bidliotheca Dei'oniensis is anxiously hoped 
for, but it ma^ be found easier to rival the work of the 
Devonshire biographer than that of the Cornish biblio- 
graphers. We do not know what Devon may produce, 
but we do know that in the greater worlci mere are 
few Boases and Courtneys, arid their book is one to 
be looked at by biblioeraphers with mingled feelings 
of amazement and gratitude. 

Truly Cornwall has reason to be proud of her sons, 
and Mr. Tregellas*s selection of the worthiest in arms, 
in arts and in song, presents us with a fine list of famous 
names. One special feature is the number of families 
who have been famous and have given a succession of 
worthies to the service of their country. The families 
Mr. Tregellas selects are the Arundells, the Bassets, 
the Boscawens, the Godolphins, the Grenvilles of Stow, 
the Killi^ews, and the St. Aubyns. Among the 
worthies m arms are such brilliant names as those of 
Admiral Bligh, the famous commander of the Bounty^ 
who transplanted the breadfruit tree from Otaheite to 
the West Indies, the brave Boscawen, Xx>rd Exmouth, 
the gallant capturer of Algiers, apd Lord Vivian, the 
dbtinguished soldier. The worthiest in arts range 
from Davy, the man of science, and Trevethick, the 
engineer, to Opie and Bone, the painters. These last 
two celebrated men were the onl^ Cornish men who 
have attained to the honour of bemg Roy^l Academi- 
cians. The worthy in soi^ was Incledon, who must 
have possessed one-of the most wonderful voices ever 
bestowed upon man. Rauzzini, an Italian music 
teacher, who wouUi not allow that any other English- 
man could sing, said, afier one of Incledon *s famous 
roulades, '* Coot Cott ! it was vere lucky dcre vas 
some roof dere, or dat fellow vould be hear by de 
ainshels in hev'n.'* Ano.her anecdote related by Mr. 
Tregellas is worth quoting. At tlie grfeat dinner to 
John Kemble on his retirement from the stage, Incle* 
don sang his ma^ificent song ** The Storm.' We are 
told that ** the raect was subUnie, the sileiice holy, the 
feeling intense ; and, while TalmIL was recovering from 
his astonishment, Kemble placed his hand on the arm 
of the great French actor, and siiid, in an agitated, 
emphi^tic, axni proud tone, * Thai is an English singer.' 



366 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



Munden adds that Talma jumped from his seat and 
embraced Incledon h la Fran^msc^ Authors do not 
figure among the worthies Mr. Tregellas has hon- 
oured, so much as the followers of the more active 
pursuits of life, for the famous name of Borlase stands 
almost alone — although, perhaps, we ought to add the 
names of Richard Lander, the explorer, and the Rev. 
Henry Martyn, the missionary, as they were in a 
secondary sense writers. Samuel Foote is so completely 
associated with the stage, and is remembered for his 
never-failing wit, that one may easily forget that he 
wrote anything. Other famous men, such as Ralph 
Allen, the earliest post-office reformer and friend of 
Pope, who "did good by stealth and blushed to find it 
fame," and John Anstis, the herald, are recorded here ; 
and all who love biography — and who does not ? — will 
find much instruction and entertainment in these 
pages. To Cornish men who are proud of the good 
name and wide fame of the southernmost and western- 
most county, these volumes should be especially wel- 
come. We may add that the type and the appear- 
ance of the book are all that can be desired. 



Doctor Johnson: his Lift, Works, and Table Talk, 
Centenary edition. (London : Fisher Un win, 1884.) 
i2mo, pp. viii, 156. 

This is one of the prettiest little souvenirs of this 
great man which we have seen, and to those who like 
to possess choice little volumes which, in course of 
time, will certainly become rare and among the curio- 
sities, we cannot do better than recommend it. It 
affords a pleasant hour or two in the company of a 
man who had good things to say and said them. Let 
Londoners note Johnson s sayings about London. 



A Descriptive Catalogue of Rare, Curious, and Valu* 
able Books for sale by Henry Gray, (Manchester, 
October, 1884.) 8vo, pp. 112. 

We gladly welcome and draw attention to Mr. 
Gray*s catalogue, because it contains not only sale 
bargains, but really useful information to the local 
antiquary and bibliographer. 



The Midland Garner ; a Quarterly Journal contain* 
inga selection of Local Notes ana Queries from the 
''Banbury Guafdian,'* Edited by John R. Wod- 
HAMS. (Banbury, 1884.) 4to, 2 parts, pp. 28, 32. 
This is a new friend, and we heartily welcome it. 
More than once we have drawn attention to the great 
utility of these local notes and queries, and the speci- 
men before us is fully up to the standard. It is parti- 
cularly noteworthy as giving the fullest references to 
authorities. The Rev. Hilderic Friend has some 
very useful notes; and there are other writers well 
known to our readers. 



The Gentleman* s Magazine Library: Popular Super- 
stitions. Edited by G. L. Gommb, F.S.A. (Lon- 
don : Elliot Stock, 1884.) 8vo, pp. xvi, 333. 

Mr. Gomme's third volume is now issued. It 
contains the articles m the Gentlemau^s M^cuim 



which are devoted to superstitions connected with the 
festival days and seasons, customs and beliefs, and 
witchcraft. Some curious papers are reprinted now 
for the first time, and it was not known that they ever 
found a place in the Gentleman*s Magaune, A 
lengthy introduction, notes, and index are added to 
the text. 



Some Observations upon the Law of Ancient Demesne, 
By Pym Yeatman. (London : Mitchell & 
Hughes, 1884.) 8vo, pp. 73. 

This little book deals with a subject that is very 
interesting just now, and the records quoted by the 
author from documents relating to the borough courts 
of Chesterfield are exceedingly curious. Mr. Yeat- 
man gives some curious facts from manor records and 
elsewhere, and his essay appears to us to contain some 
important facts, which are well worth close attention 
from those whose especial study it is to reconsider 
the history of landholaing in England. 



A History of Aylesbury with its Hundreds and Hamlet 
of Walton, By Robert Gibbs. Parts viiL, ix., x. 
(Aylesbury, 1883-4 : R. Gibbs.) 

We are glad to welcome three more parts of this 
interesting local history since we last noticed the work 
in these pages. The value of the contents is con- 
siderable, as will be seen by an enumeration of the 
headings of the chapters. Chapter 33 refers to the 
parish reG;isters, which commence in 1564 ; 34, to the 
overseers accounts, which date back to 1656 ; and 
35, to the churchwardens' accounts, which do not go 
mrther back than 1 749-50, the previous books having 
been lost. Chapter 30 is devoted to the ancient 
houses and buildings ; 37, to the streets, derivation of 
names, etc. ; 38, to nonconformist places of worship ; 
39, to Aylesbury charities ; and 40, to the free and 
endowed ^ schools. The account of the old inns is 
specially interesting, and we learn in the account of 
the streets that one thoroughfare, which was originally 
called Water Street, then Waterhouse Street, and 
Brewer Street, 'obtains its present derivation of Bourbon 
Street from the residence of Louis XVIII. at Hart- 
well House. Aylesbury residents should be proud of 
this history of their town, and those who only -know 
the town by repute will find much to interest them in 
the pages of a thoroughly conscientiously- written book 




Meetings of antiquarian 
Societies. 



Cambridge Antiquarian Society.— Oct 20th— 
Mr. J. W. Clark, M. A. (President), in the chair.— 
Mr. A. G. Wright, of Newmarket, exhibited (from 
his own collection) five billon denarii of Postumus, 
with the legends fblicitas . avg : lovi . sta- 

TORI J NEPTVNO . REDVCI : SAECVLI . FELICITAS : 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



26j 



SARAPi . COMITI . AVG, from the Baconsthorpe 
hoard (1878) : also a Roman bronze ear-ring and a 
medueval bronze signet-ring, both found at Stony 
Hill, Lakenheath, early in this present year. — Mr. 
Lewis exhibited a well-preserved yirr/ dross of Marcus 
Aurelius, rev. UONOS with portrait of the young 
prince erect, olive-branch and comucopiae (141 A.D.)f 
which had been found in 1883 on land occupied 
by Mr. T. Russell at Litlington in this county. — 
Mr. Browne exhibited an outlined rubbing of the 
Wilne font, a very intricate and elaborate piece 
of early work, with twelve bold characters round 
the base, supposed to be runic or Oriental, and in 
the latter case probably Palmjrrene. — Mr. Browne 
showed next a rubbing of the cross at Hawkswell, 
near Catterick, with the inscription on a small panel 
I/ac est crux samcti JacoH^ **This is the Cross of 
the holy James."— Mr. O. C. Pell, after stating 
the strong grounds for supposing that there were 
many **libcre tenentes" in existence at the time of 
Domesday Survey, and that they appear in the /w- 
ouisitio EUtftsis as villani holding acres of demesne 
land, argued — from (among other examples) an entry 
in the Inquisitio Eliensis respecting Chatteris Manor 
— that the canua of the ** lords " and the associated 
cartum of the ** homines '* were of one and the same 
uniform standard for rating purposes and for measur- 
ing areas of terra ad carucam^ and showed thereby 
that this standard was the capacity of a plough drawn 
by eight oxen. The necessary con.sequence appeared 
to be that there must have been at least 1,600 (which 
Mr. Pell subsequently corrected to 324) ** homines'* 
holding virgates in villenage in the Isle of Ely alone. 
This theory was proved to be correct by a comparison 
of Domesday Survey with the surveys of certain 
manors contained in old MSS. of 1 221 and 1277, ^^ 
former having been hitherto unnoticed and the latter 
only casually referred to by Agard 300 years ago. 
Mr. Pell proceeded to state the probability that the 
•* sex >411ani " of the Juratores of Domesday are the 
" Ilundredarii " and ** libere tenentes " of these 
surveys, and noted the payment of **sixtepani" by 
them. In some of the nfiy-five manors surveyed in 
the above MSS. the acreage of the '* Libere tenentes" 
and "Operarii"' is rcconicd in acres of Wara^ and 
that in such cases an acre of Wara means twice the 
quantity (but not an acre of twice the size of one acre, 
but one acre in one place and cne in another) is proved 
by the Wilburton Court and Compotus Rolls and by 
entries in another MS. (Additional MSS. 6165 in 
the British Museum) in regard to the Manors of 
Ely, Lyndon, Stretham, Wilburton, etc. The woid 
" \Vara " is probably derived from some old Celtic 
root meaning scrub or uncultivated land, and from it 
was also denved the term ** ad Warcctum," or fallow 
grounil. Names of places such as Waresley, W rat- 
ting, etc., in England and on the Continent were 
referred to as likely to have had their origin in a pre- 
fix of some form of the word ** Wara." A schedule 
was added containing a statement of the size of the 
** plenx terne '* and ** virgatx " of fifty-five manors 
taken from the MSS. of 1221 and 1277 A.D., with 
another of the like kind in regard to seven other 
manors taken from a MS. of Edward li.'s reign, 
belonging to the Dean and Chapter of Ely and called 
"extenta mancriL* 



Erith and Belvedere Natural History and 
Scientific Society. ~ The annual cryptogamic 
excursion of the above Society took place on 
October i6th, the place of meetin^^ being m Abbey 
Wood, Dr. Spurrell being the guide of the party. 
A visit was paid to the ruins of Lessness Abbey. 
There were on view a collection of old Abbey 
counters or jettons and an ancient Venetian coin, 
which were exhibited by Mr. H. W. Smith. This 
coin is one of the Venetian Republic, and it has 
some local interest attaching to it, as it was dis- 
covered some time back in mud which had been 
thrown firom the small river Cray, at Crayford. 
The coin is a Bezzo or half Soldino, of the coinage 
of Augostino Barberigo, who was Doge of Venice 
from A.D. i486 to 1 501. On the obverse is the 
figure of Saint Mark with a halo or nimbus about 
the head, and he is represented as presenting the 
sacred banner of the Republic to the Doge who is 
kneeling to receive it. There is also the inscription 
AV . BAR . DVX . S.M. V. This means Aueostino 
Barberigo, Duke or Doee of St. Marcus Venice. 
On the reverse is the figure of Christ with the 
nimbus around the head, and holding a cross in 
the left hand, and there are also these words or 
abbreviations, SOLI . TIBI . LAVS. A number of 
copper and brass jettons or counters, as they are called, 
were found at Crayford ; but the majority of them 
came at one time and another from close proximity to 
the old Priory at Dartford. Some of them are doubt- 
less of the fourteenth century ; but for the most part 
they belong to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 
Some of them bear on the obverse the lion of St. Mark 
holding the Gospel in one of the forepaws. Mr. Smith 
was not quite certain of the nationality of these particu- 
lar counters, but from the fact that they also bear the 
inscription, SANT MARCVS, he was inclined to 
think that they were Venetian. From the fact of their 
being so frequently found in the neighbourhood of our 
old abbeys, priones, etc , they are commonly called 
abbey counters. One of these counters possesses features 
of singular interest, as it portrays a man in mediaeval 
attire seated at a table and employed in the receipt or 
use of money ; and some numismatists are of opinion 
that this counter is an especial illustration of a person 
employed in the arithmetical process with counters or 
jettons. Possibly this opinion may be a correct one. 
On the reverse of the counter are the letters of the 
alphabet within a square. The&e counters were 
mostly of copper or brass ; although a few of silver and 
gold are known, and some were struck in England up 
to the time of Henry VIII. or a little later. 

Suffolk Institute of Archeology and Natural 
History. — Oct. ist — Between forty and fifty mem- 
bers spent a most interesting day in Ipswich. 
The rendezvous was at St. Peter's Church. In a 
paper on the church and parish, the Rev. C. H. 
Evelyn White stated that St. Peter's had an historical 
importance, causing it to stand prominently forward 
in the annaJs of Ipswich. That part of St. Peter's 
lying on the soutn side of the Gipping, anciently 
maish and plantation, at one time formed an entirely 
distinct parish, known as St. Augustine's, hax-ing its 
own church and green, and other parochial surround- 
ings. It was not until the close of the fifteenth century 
that this ancient parish i|^ thrown into St Peter's ; 

T a 



263 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES 



it has now become so thoroughly aI)sorbed that not a 
trace remains. — Mr. Sterling Westhorp read some 
notes made on his visit to Oxford in the year 1879, 
when he went to the University with a view of 
obtaining the copy of the portrait of Wolsey, by 
Holbein^ now in the museum. When he asked 
permission of the Dean of Christchurch, the Dean 
mformed him that he would find in the Chapter-house, 
then under repair, an interesting stone. Upon in- 
specting this stone, which was inserted in the wall on 
the right hand of the entrance to the Chapter-house 
of Christchurch, Mr. Westhorp found it to be the 
foundation stone of Wolsey's College at Ipswich. 
— Leaving the Key Church, the next object attracting 
attention was the Half Moon Inn, remarkable for the 
well-known corner-piece of " the fox and geese." — The 
remains of the Dominican or Black Friars' Refectory, 
ift the rear of Christ's Hospital School, were next 
visited. The remains comnrise a number of curious 
arches, and give but a fccole idea of the buildings 
which formerly occupied so much space between 
Shirehall and Lower Orwell Street. The materials of 
the old buildings were evidently worked into those 
oow standing in the locality. In an upper room on 
the premises of the Maltster's Arms, Quay Street, the 
archaeologists found, in a most dilapidated state, an 
ancient carved mantelpiece, which has been purchased 
by Mr. Felix Cobboid, and will be removed to his 
residence at Felixstowe. Mr. Binyon stated that a 
portion of the material was deal ; the lower part is of 
stone. — Arrived at St. Stephen's Church, the archaeo- 
logists inspected the curious niche opposite the 
pnncipal entrance. At St. Lawrence 9 thq handsome 
and elaborate carying on the outer door of the tower, 
and similar work on a second door on tbie left of the 
entrance, attracted notice. — The archaeologists com- 
menced their afternoon's work by inspecting the 
borough archives and regalia, which were displayed 
in the Council Chamber of the Town Hall. The 
objects inspected included **ihe loving cup," the 
silver oar, and the valuable records frequently referred 
to. — Proceeding next to the New Museum, the party 
assembled in the curator's room, where a sm:ill 
collection of antiquities was displayed. — Mr. Westhorp 
first read a paper descriptive of the ancient library. — 
The Rev. C. H. E. White exhibited an ancient steel- 
yard weight (thirteenth century) found in the grounds 
of Mr. Hale, at Claydon. He described it as a weight 
or equipoise formerly used at the end of a beam in 
the mode of weighine^ called auncel weight, practised 
fn the tipic of Edward III. llie weight had an outer 
coat of bronze, very thin apparently, and fijled witli 
lead. At the base the outer metal was worn away, 
and the rough lead appeared. It weighed 2lb, \oz. 
The rev. gentleman described at length the purposes 
for which the weight would be used. — Mr. Wnite also 
exhibited a fine copy of the old Sarum Hours and an 
illuminated Latin Psalter. — Mr. Clias. Golding con- 
tributed a collection of ancient Suffolk prints and 
manuscripts. — The Rev. J. Beck exhibited and 
described a very interesting collection of antiquities. 
The principal feature was a set of ten curious 
Elizabethan fruit platters or trenchers, purchased for 
ar. at a sale at Clare. A runic calendar, commonly 
called a " clog almanack," the rev. gentleman stated 
fhat he purd^ised in Sweden in 1866. {t was n^e 



of reindeer horn, and was uni(iue, owing to the f.ict 
that it extended only to 364 days. He mentioned a 
legend on the point, and said this was one of the few 
calendars supporting it. The date of th'i calendar 
was believed to be between 1220 and 125Q. GafHes, 
or cock-fighting spears, a Persian inkhom, and some 
remarkable specimens of flint weapons from Nar- 
bonne, in France, were included in the case. Dr. 
Taylor mentioned that a flint weapon had during the 
summer been found in thegravel valley at Sproughton. — 
Dr. Taylor read a paper on " The Results of some 
Excavations in the Streets of Ipswich." He said :— 
** Excavations have been made in Tavern Street, 
Westgate Street, and St. Matthew's Street, Ipswich, 
for the purpose of sewering that part of the town. 
The trench due for the sewer pipes went down to the 
previously undisturbed beds of^the lower drift, so that 
a section could thus be seen of all the materials 
which had been collected and arranged since the 
settlement of mankind in this part of the world. In 
many places the trench was dug to the depth of ten 
feet, llie first feature observed was a bed of virgin 
soil, covering a stratum of irregular-sized pebbles and 
sand, at the end of Tavern Street, and in front of the 
Cornhill. This bed of undisturbed soil contained 
much vegetable matter, and occasional trunks of 
trees. Passing the Cornhill is the commencement of 
Westgate Street, and in tracing the bed of virgin soil 
it was found to undergo a remarkable change. The 
stratum on which it rested became more clayey and 
impervious to moisture, so that it was evident a kind 
of marsh had thus been formed. It should be stated 
that the progress of all the sewerage excavations is 
along the base of the high and suddenly rising ground 
which forms this side of the valley of the Orwell and 
Gipping. Many springs flowed from along this steep 
side, and the njgisture would naturally collect at the 
bottom, especially iif it happened to be capable of 
holding it. The vu^n §oil which covered the drier 
parts was changed to peaty matter under these 
circumstances. In some places this peaty soil was 
five feet in thickness. A ••corduroy" road had 
evidently been carried through this marsh, for the 
logs of wood were piled on each other in alternate 
fashion, as if to bridge the marshy places. Near the 
opening of Providence Street into Westgate Street the 
section showed this corduroy road very plainly, and I 
had a piece dug out, when the logs were seen to l)e 
secured to each other by wooden pegs. In this part 
was found a bone-needle and a portion of a comb, 
also formed of bone. A similar portion had been met 
with in the virgin soil bed near the Cornhill about a 
hundred yards lower dowi>. From the ornamenta- 
tions I judge them to be of rude Saxon workmanship. 
This black soil was in places abounding in oyster and 
mussel shells. Bones of animals were also plentiful, 
especially of swine, deer, sheep, and oxen. In one 
place the skull of a horse was dug out The quantity 
of red deer's antlers (all with the burs attached, 
showing they were the antlers of slain animals) was 
surprisingly great. Many of these antlers had had 
the main shaft cut off, no doubt to serve as handles 
for whittles or knives. The great number of deer give 
evidence of the wild state of the surrounding country 
wher« th^y afy>unde(}. Jhe bed of virgin soil, as well 
as what I may call its continuation into a bed of 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



269 



rauddy peat, contained quantities of rude pottery, all 
broken into shreds. From the character of this 
pottery I judge it to be of Saxon workmanship. The 
bed of peat wa^s very full also of trunks and branches 
of such trees as love to grow in swampy spots, such 
as alder, birch, and hazel. Five or six feet of "made" 
earth, and accretions from road mending overlaid the 
two beds just mentioned. From this accumulated 
and overlying material I obtained, first, some very 
broad-headed nails, used for tyring waggon wheels, 
and also pieces of the iron tyres, both indicating that 
the wheek must have been very large and broad. An 
iron stirrup turned up, remarkable for its rude 
workmanship. In the uppermost part of the road 
material, a steel "strike-a-light" brought us up to 
the date of tinder-boxes. No coins whatever were 
met with in the older beds, and only a few of Anne 
and the Georges in the later road material. After 
passing the site of the ancient Westgate, on the outer 
part of it, in St. Matthew's, we came upon five human 
skeletons, at a depth of six feet from the surface. 
The skull of one was broken into, as though its oi^-ner 
had died a violent death. No metal or coins of any 
kind were associated with these remains. Continuing 
the sewerage cutting up to the top of St. Matthew's 
(where for the present it terminates) we find it 
asceiKiing higher ground. In the section, the place 
previously occupied by the virgin soil, and the peat 
Ded, was now taken by a layer of wiry peat, very dry, 
of about eighteen inches in thickness. This I found to 
be almost entirely composed of roots and branches 
of the common heather. The absence of Roman 
remains is very remarkable. The ancient history of 
the town of Ipswich is very poor in incident, tuid 
this chapter in its early physical history may in some 
measure help us to realize its first beginnings as a 
group of rude huts, .inhabited by as rude inhabitants." — 
Mr. T. N. Fonnereau kindly granted permission to 
visit the Christchurch Elizabethan mansion. — The 
Rev. C. H. E. White read from copious notes in the 
hall, stating that the mansion occupied the site of the 
old Christchurch or Holy Trinity Priory, established 
in 1 1 72 — one of the earliest monasteries in the town. 
It was inhabited by the Augustine Canons, but was 
not large.— The Rev. C. H. E. White also read a 
paper on Ipswich taverns. 

Shropshire Archaeological Society. — Sept. 
14th. — At the annual meeting Mr. F. Goyne, the secre- 
tary, read the following report : — ** I have the pleasure 
to report to the committee that a large addition has 
been made to the numismatical department during the 
past twelve months, an addition which goes very far 
to make the entire collection of coins and medals a 
very valuable one to the student of numismatics, 
especially to those who find in that science a never- 
failing and trustworthy helpmate to the history, 
mythology, p>aUeography, and metrology of past ages. 
I refer to the very fine collection which was purchased 
by private subscriptions of members of the committee 
and other friends from the representatives of the late 
Mr. James Spence, the nucleus of which collection 
was formed by Mr. Henry Pidgeon, at a time when 
the treasures of Uriconium were less valued by the 
general public than they have been of late, when 
consequently the rustic finders were more ready to 
dispose of them at a fair price, and when, in £ACt, 



they were more ainindant than they are now. To 
the rough classification of this hoard I have devoted 
only time sufficient to make me acquainted vnth its 
particulars in a general way. It is contained in a 
cabinet and a small, shallow, mah(^ny box. The 
latter is divided into about a dozen compartments, 
seven of which are filled with several hundred Roman 
coins and medals in various stages of preservation — 
large, middle, and small brass. Among these may be 
seen many fine and choice specimens, which cannot 
fail to satisfy the most exacting requirements. There 
are also over two hundred coins of a less perfect 
character, which will supply duplicates and fill up 
the gaps in the other hoaras already possessed by the 
Society. In this box are also a fine series of those 
tokens called after the name of the city where they 
were issued — Nuremberg tokens — with many copper 
coins of the present and preceding English sovereigns, 
and foreign current and uncurrent coins. A very 
interesting group of tokens, issued by Shrewsbury 
tradesmen in the sevcnteeth century, fills one com- 
partment of this box, several of which have not been 
hitherto described or noticed. In the large cabinet 
are a number of trays filling three drawers, which I 
have been enabled to classify in a general way vnthoat 
disturbing materially the work of Mr. Pidgeon or Mr; 
Spence. In the first drawer and trajr thereof are thfe 
Shrewsbury and Shropshire tokens of the seventeenth 
century, tc^ether with those of adjoining coimties; 
In the second, third, and fourth trays, English half- 
pence and farthings of the last three centuries. In 
the fifth and sixth, foreign medals and coins, prind* 
pally copper. The seventh tray is now empty, but 
affords room for more particular classification. The 
second drawer contains three paper boxes and seven 
trays. The boxes contain tokens. Oriental coins^ 
coronation medals, American, Mexican; Spanish, 
Portuguese, Italian, and other silver coins, with the 
very fine and rare Dutch medal, commemorating 
the brothers De Witt. The first and second trays, 
the large, middle, and small currency of Edvranl VI., 
Elizabeth, and succeeding English monarchs down 
to the present time, being crowns, half-crowns, and 
shillings. The third and fourth, shillings, sixpences, 
smaller coins, and Maundy money. The fifth and 
sixth, silver pennies, prior to the reign of Elizabeth, 
while the sixth and seventh are now empty. The 
third drawer has nine trays, which contain Roman 
denarii (the penny of Holy Writ), laiige^ middle, and 
small brass of the Roman emperors and others, amongst 
which are found some very interesting ^pechnens found 
at Llanymynech and places in the neighoourhood other 
than Uriconium." — Mr. R. Jasper More moved the 
adoption of the report, and said he wished to say a 
word about Edward I. %nd Lord Chancellor BumelL 
Last year was, he believed, the sixth centenary of the 
first parliament held at Shrewsburr to which borough 
members were first legally invited. He wished the 
attention of the Society to be directed to this &ct, to 
see whether it would not be worth while to erect a 
memorial to that very important historical event. 
That morning he had received a letter from the 
Bishop of Chester on this subject. —The chairman 
expressed an opinion that some memorial should be 
raised to the memory of Lord Chancellor Bumell, 
who presided over the first parliament to which 



a "JO 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



borough members were I^ally called. No memorial 
of the event existed, and the question arose, Would it 
be worth the while of this Society to take some steps 
in the matter ? It was probably held in a building at 
Acton Bumell, and it is said by some that the Lords 
and Commons sat together, but it had been suggested to 
him by Sir Travers Twiss that the Lords probably sat 
at the hall and the Commons in a building a portion 
of which was still standing. These were things that 
might be gone into by the Society. He had seen all 
the writs that were sent out for this parliament, copies 
of which were in Shrewsbury, and he found the repre- 
sentatives of twenty-one towns were summoned to 
Shrewsbury, and there were about ninety-nine peers. 
Thev were probably entertained at the old buildings 
of the Abbey, and the parliamentary sittings were so 
important that Edward L stayed for six weeks at 
Acton Bumell with his chancellors. Lord Chancellor 
Campbell in his Lives of the Lord Chancellors^ said 
the story of Bumell had onlv been considered by dry 
antiquaries unable to appreciate his merits. 

Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society. 
— Sept. 1 8th. — Between forty and fifty memliers 
left Manchester by train and arrived at Nantwich 
for the purpose ot visiting various objects of anti- 
quarian mterest in the locality. The party, which had 
become separated, rejoined in the parish church, 
where the Rev. T. W. Norwood, in describing it, 
said he proposed to do so in the order in which it was 
constructed — namely, from west to east. He pointed 
out that it was not the first church at Nantwich — 
namely, that which is recorded as having been given 
to the Abbey of Combermere soon after its foundation, 
along with the mother church of Acton. The present 
church of Nantwich is a building mostly of the four- 
teenth century, with some few additions of the first 
years of the fifteenth. The nave is a very graceful 
specimen of Early Decorated work, with clustered 
columns, bell-shaped bases, and isosceles arches, all 
covered with the Wave moulding, The abaci of the 
capitals are slightly under-cut, which looks Early and 
Transitional. Just above one of them is a bracket with 
the embattled moulding which came into use again as 
an ornament about the b^nnine of Edward IH.'s 
reign, having been disused ^om Norman times. The 
nave of Nantwich owes its beauty much more to 
elegance of form than to detail of decoration, of which, 
indeed, there is singularly little, considering in what 
an age of ornament it was built. Mr. Norwood 
pointed out particularly that the chief architectural 
puzzle of the church is the mixture of styles in the 
western arch supporting the tower, where the concave 
basement mouldings and the stifT-Ieaved foliage on the 
caps are associated with Decorated jamb mouldings, 
the scroll-moulding abacus, apd a continuous series of 
wave mouldings on the arch. This is a mixture of 
Late Norman forms with Decorated. There is a library 
over the church porch with no books of great value, 
and off the east side of the porch a little apartment, 
as if for a custodian priest, part of whose duty it may 
have been to celebrate marriages in the church porch, 
as Chaucer says of the **Wife of Bath" : **Hus- 
bondes at the chyrche dor, hadde she had fyve." — 
After leaving Nantwich church the visitors drove to 
Dorfold Hall, situate about a mile from Nantwich. 
— Mr. James Hall read a paper : — *' Dorfold, or as it 



was called prior to the eighteenth century, Deerfold, 
Derfold, or Darford — ^the last being an old pronuncia- 
tion of the word, which local vernacular has corrupted 
into Darfoot — is the name of an ancient manor int he 
parish of Acton, about a mile from the town of Nant- 
wich. Acton, or oak-town, doubtless received its 
name from a primeval forest, described in the Domes- 
day Survey as *six leagues long and one broad.' 
The same record mentions, not nowever by name, 
' a manor ' and * a mill * in Acton, which in Saxon 
times belonged to Edwin, Earl of Mercia ; and two 
resident 'priests,' implying the existence of a church. 
Deerfold occurs in a deed iemp» Hen. IIL as * Deer- 
fold park pool, and mill opposite the gate of the 
Manor,' then the property of Jolm de Wetenhale. 
When a murderous warfare was kept up between the 
people of Cheshire and the Welsh borderers, and 
when lawless bands of robbers infested woods and 
lonely places, the lords of manors found it necessary 
for their own persomd safety and for the protection of 
their deer, or, as we should now say, their cattle (the 
Saxon word dear signifying animals in general), to 
build their manor-houses and farms, as places of 
defence ; and when they took the form of enclosures 
having only a single entrance, or gateway, such places 
were commonly called * folds.* From the time of 
Henry HL to the end of Elizabeth's reign, a period 
of about four hundred years, Deerfold was held 
by the families of Wetenhale, Arderne, Daven- 
port, and Bromley, in succession; until it was 
sold in or about 1602 by William Bromley, 
brother of the Lord -Chancellor Bromley, to Sir 
Roger Wilbraham, Kt., Solicitor-General of Ireland, 
Master of Requests to Queen Elizabeth, Surveyor of 
the Court of Wards to James L, and son of Richard 
Wilbraham, gentleman, of Nantwich. Sir Roger 
Wilbraham, who was married and lived in London, 
shortly after the purchase of Deerfold, handed over 
the estate as a gift to his youngest brother, Ralph 
Wilbraham, who held the office of Feodary for tnc 
counties of Chester and Flint."— The visitors spent 
some time in examining the magnificent dining hall, in 
which is a portrait of Ralph Wilbraham (who built the 
mansion in 16 16), together with many other family 
portraits and paintings by some of the great masters. 
King James's room also attracted a share of notice, 
from the circumstance that it was said to have been 
especially prepared in view of His Majesty's expected 
visit when he came to Nantwich in 161 7, ** anci went 
to see the Bryne pit." On the table in the drawing- 
room was a Bible in good preservation printed in the 
year 1541, and a curious old MS. book containing the 
pedigrees and coats of arms of most of the local and 
county fiimilies.— After leaving Dorfold Hall the party 
drove to Acton church, where they were received by 
the vicar, the Rev. James White.— The Rev. T. W. 
Norwood said the church of Acton was the mother 
church of the neighbourhood ; it had two priests at the 
time of the Doomsday Book Survey. Their residence 
may have been in the square-moated enclosure west 
of the church, which is now in the vicar's paddock, 
though some have thought that that was the site of a 
Saxon house of Edwin. Earl of Mercia. The lower 
portion of the tower is of fine Pointed Norman age 
and masonry, with three Norman lancets in the thick 
west wall. It rests on three arches, north, south, and 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES, 



271 



east, of which the two former are lower and rather 
earlier than the latter, bein^ of Transition from 
Norman character {> tinted, with a nave-head orna- 
ment The eastern tower arch is Transitional from 
Norman to Early English, with the Dog-tooth on its 
north capital, and the Trowel-point on its south, by 
which it IS seen that the church ^*as carried eastward 
from the tower with but little interval of time. The 
nave, too, is Early English, with Pointed arches on 
octagon piers, and some remains of Dog-tooth on the 
much-mutilated capitals, which were probably injured 
into their present condition when the church was held 
as a fortress, first by one party and then by the other, 
in the wars of Charles and the Parliament. All the 
ancient records and registers of the church are said to 
have perished at that time. The north aisle of the 
nave is a chantry of the great neighbouring family of 
Main waring, of Baddiley ; and m the north wall, 
towards the cast end of it, there remains a very 
elaborate canopied tomb of William Mainwaring, who 
died in the year 1399, which, therefore, is about the 
date of this chantry. His arms, which are '* two 
bars,** are upon the buttresses of its exterior from 
east to west.— A pleasant drive brought the party to 
Bunbury Church. The Rev. T. W. Norwood said of 
Bunhur)' that the plan of the church is west tower, 
nave, ami two aisles, a chancel, south chapel, and 
south porch. The lower part of the tower is hand- 
some Early Decorated work, with a very graceful west 
window in the JafoJe, of alK>ut the same age as the 
nave of Nantwich. The north drip termination of 
this window is a lady's head wearing the wimple of 
Edward II., and the scroll- moulding occurs as a 
string on the same front. There are two buttresses, 
rectangular to the wall, of several stages. The upper 
part otthe tower is rather poor Perpemlicular. Within 
the tower, as at Acton, rests on three arches, but all 
of one character — namely, Early Decorated, with roll 
and fillet and wave mouldings as at Nantwich, with 
which this work is therefore coeval ; the same masons 
may have carved Iwth. Proceeding eastward, it is seen 
that the nave, aisles, and clerestory have been rebuilt 
from the ground, in the La<^t Perpendicular age, as is 
shown by the Lady Margaret's chevron h^id -dress 
in the interior of the north aisle, and by the generally 
shallow character and mouldings of the whole work, 
which, though so slight and comparatively poor, is yet 
spacious, and not inelegant. The chancel is said to 
have been founded in 1385, by Sir Hugh Calveley, 
a great knight errant of that time. The south porch 
is Decorated, like the west front, near which, in the 
churchyard, lie many monumental stones of great 
interest and curiosity, which are carelessly suffer^ to 
perish under ex|x>sure to the weather, as if there were 
no vicar and no rural dean. It is a unique collection 
of monuments for Cheshire, so far as is known. The 
stones are thirteen in number, ranging from a rudely 
indsed coffin stone with an ill-drawn wheel cross, 
probably Early Norman, to two female efiigies of the 
beautiful work of Edward II. style, as the dresses and 
wimples show. There are a stone coffin and mutilated 
figures of men in armour of the thirteenth and early 
fourteenth centuries, but most beautiful are the much- 
uom decorated female effigies. Many of these stones 
are made precious by the legends upon them in large 
Lombardic letters and Norman- French inscriptions of 



the Edwardian time. — After leaving Bunbury Church 
a quarter of an hour's drive brought the party to the 
entrance lodge at Beeston Castle. 

Russian Archxological Congress.— Aug. 27th. 
— The sixth Russian Archxological Congress wms 
held at Odessa, llie proceedings were opened by 
Professor I. S. Nekrassof, the dean of the historico- 
philological faculty of the University of Odessa, who 
stated that excavations which had been recently 
undertaken had brought to light a whole necropolis 
upon the island of Berezani, and an expedition to Con- 
stantinople had latelv been undertaken by some mem- 
bers of the rising school of ** Byxantinlsts.** — August 
28ih commenced with a paper, by Prince Poutyagin, 
upon the ornamentation of primitive pottery, and 
another, by M. Orloff, upon the history of Odessa 
from 1794 to 1804, chiefly based upon archives pre- 
served at the Ministry of Justice. — The afternoon of 
the same day was devoted to classic interests. Pro- 
fessor Modestof read a paper upon the introduction of 
uniformitv in the Russianpronundation and ortho- 
graphy of Greek names. — ^The discussion which ensued 
resulted in a proposal that M. Modestof should draw 
up a list of the Greek names in the locality with their 
correct spelling. The most valuable paper of the 
afternoon was that of Pn)fessor I^tyshef, whom the 
Archaeological Society of St. Petersburgh has com- 
missioned to collect and edit all the Greek inscriptions 
of Southern Russia. Six sheets of this important 
collection of inscriptions, which are elucidated with a 
lAtin text, have already appeared. — On the followini^ 
day papers were read on early judicial forms, by 
Professor M. M. Kovale\'sky, of Moscow, and on the 
caves in the basin of the Dnieper, by Professor V. B. 
Antonovicli. The afternoon was again devoted to 
classic subjects. The first paper, by M. Yourgevich, 
was an essay upon the situation of several ancient 
Greek settlements, the sites of which have not hitherto 
been satisfactorily ascertained. The Tyra, Eupa- 
toria, and Tanals of the ancients are identified by 
Professor Yourgevich with the sites respectively of 
Akerman, Inkerman, in the Crimea^ and Azof. A 
paper was next read upon the Kallinidi. one of the 
numerous Scythian tribes, by Professor Lioupersolsky, 
who shows that this people was not derived from an 
amalgamation of the Greeks with the barbarians, but 
was a race of pure barbarians who had gained some 
acquaintance widi Hellenic culture.— August 30tii 
was largely taken up with matters coming within the 
range of Byzantine archaeology. Professor Ouspensky, 
of Odessa, contributed an account of an ineditel 
Greek text relating to Sviatoslav and Vladimir. The 
Caucasus supplied M. LeonioWch with the subject of 
his paper on the **Kavdassardi,** and furnished the 
materials for Professor M. M. Kovalevsky's renoarks 
upon the oaths in use among the Ossetini. Among 
other papers which were read on the same day, and 
which deserve particular notice, was one upon Little 
Russian antiquities, by M. Ivanitzky. 

York Field Naturalists* and Scientific Society. 
—Oct. asrd.— Mr. H. G. Spencer, the presklent, 
occupied the chair.— Mr. R. B. Cook exhibited twenty- 
six silver pennies of William the Conqueror, found at 
York some years ago. These coins were beautifully 
mounted between glass, and had been struck by nine- 
teen different mooeyeis, at the following places of 



272 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



mintage* — Chichester, Huntingdon, Lincoln, London, 
Sandwich, Shaftesbury, Thetford, Wareham, Win- 
chester, and York. — After the usual business, Mr. A. 
R. Waller read an essay on the ** Crimes of Plants," 
dealing chiefly with vegetable parasites. 

Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. — Oct. 8th. — 
Annual meeting. — The retiring president. Captain F. 
Norman, R.N., read his address, more especially re- 
ferring to Darwinism and its growth in the estimation 
of the scientific world. — Some time was spent in look- 
ing at the excellent collection which the members of 
the Berwick Museum have been able to exhibit during 
the comparatively short period of their existence — viz., 
thirteen years. Mr. Walby, of Berwick, brought for 
inspectidrt a beautifully-preserved collection of algse 
from the Northumbrian coast, and the Rev. D. Paul, 
of Roxburgh, exhibited an absolutely perfect stoiie 
telt, aboiit seven inches in length, turned up by a 
ploughman oh the farm of Marlfield, about twelve years 
ago. 

British Archxological Association. — Oct. 25th. 
—The Society visited Whitgift*s HosJ)ital, the old 
palace, and the fine parish church of Crdydon. The 
history and associations of the two former buildings 
were fully described by Mr. S. Wayland Kershaw, 
while Mr. £. P. Brock commented on their architec- 
ture, and Dr. Carpenter, J. P., read an exhaustive 
paper on the " Etymology of Crovdon.'* A strong 
feeling was expressed by the archaeologists on the 
preservation of the ancient Archiepiscopal Palace — a 
feeling which was further seconded by Mr. Leveson- 
Gower, the vicar of Croydon, and several others. — 
The monuments in the parish church to Archbishops 
Warham and Sheldon, which suffered so much in tne 
fire of 1867, were also examined, and it is believed 
these effigies will shortly be repaired. 

Essex Field Club. — Oct. 25th. — Professor 
Boulger (the president) occupied the "chair. — Mr. 
Worthington G. Smith exhibitea a collection of twelve 
palaeolithic implements from India. — Mr. W. Cole 
exhibited, on behalf of Mr. James English, a curiously- 
formed neolithic implement found at Loughton. — A 
paper was read, prepared by Mr. English, entitled 
* * Entomological notes taken from an old pocket-book. ** 
: — Mr. W. H. Smith read a highly-interesting papet 
on ** River-drift man in South-west Essex." 

Hull Literary Club. — Septembei- 20th. — A large 
number of members had a trip into Holdemess. The 
iancient church of St Germain, Winestead, was first 
visited. The vicar (the Rev. Mr. Mellbh) received 
the party, and gave a short address on the Hilyard 
family, and pointed oUt the interesting monuments in 
the church, placed to their memory. He exhibited 
the old parish register, containing the entry of the 
baptism of the patriot, Andrew Marvdl, who was 
born at Winestead Old Hall. The Rev. J. R. Boyle 
(of Newcastle-on-Tyne) directed attention to thearchi- 
tiftcture of the church. — Patrington was next visited. 
Here Mr. T. Tindall Wildridge conducted the party 
bver the church. We have no account of the earlier 
structure or structures which, under the patronage of 
the " Saint of the Shamrock," existed at Patrington. 
The tower, the landmark of the district for centuries, 
rouses afar off the curiosity and admiration of the 
student. Elegant in design, it affords little for com- 
ment except that its flying Inittresses and encircling 



arcade have passed almost into a canon of architectural 
law. The rest of the church offers more of what may 
be termed the human interest of decorative work, 
being exceedingly rich in emblematic and caricature 
representations. The western part of the nave of the 
church seems to be of earlier date than the choir. 
The large early Perpendicular window of the east end 
is the only piece in the church of work not of the 
Decorated style. Part of the old Decorated window 
remains, with an inserted carving of the Virgin and 
Child, and angels with shields. Over this single east 
window, as over the windows of the transept and the 
west end, small sanare recesses will be noticed. 
These are connectea with a provision for quickly 
gaining access to these openings from the interior. 
Fine windows of flowing tracery, separated into l>ays 
by buttresses, surmounted by pinnacles, the pinnacles 
of the nave and transept shorter ami plainer than 
those of the choir. Two entrances on this side — a 
low doorway in the centre of the transept end, and a 
porch near the west end. Over the slab-roofed door- 
way of the transept is a small figure of our Lord in 
the act of blessing (in the Latin form of benediction). 
In the north-west corner of the transept is seen the 
turret-roof of the wood stairs ; it has access both 
inside and outside of the church, while a similar 
turret on the south side has only access from the 
interior. This on the north side is the present and 
only way to the bell chamber. The plain little niches 
on Doth sides of the transept are noteworthy, as also 
the higher elevation of the transept walls as compared 
with those of the nave and choir ; the comers fit^ 
ungracefully. The east side of the transept has three 
bays, while the west side has only two, the space 
being occupied on each side of the church by the 
nave aisles. The north porch has inside two rib- 
arches, resting upon floral corbel brackets, of fine 
character. At the sides of the doorway are the heads 
of a king and queen, apparently Edward HI. and 
his Queen. The west window probably shows the 
ancient character of the east window. Heads of a 
king and queen at each sides ; also curious figures of 
fiends. There is no west door. The west looks 
upon land which was anciently church property, and 
yet bears the name of ** Bishop's Close. The south 
side has a porch immediately opposite that of the 
north side. It is plainer, and has over it a Parvis 
chamber with a window and an unglazed side sliL 
Here, in the seventeenth century, the town's records of 
Patrington were kept. The windows of the north 
transept are different from those of the south ; in the 
(centre is a rose window, now fllled with cement. On 
the east side of the transept will be observed the 
projecting apse of the Lady Chapel. The gargoyles 
everywhere are good. The interior of Patrington 
Church is in an extremely unfinished state. Both 
the nave and the two wings of the transept have 
centre and side aisles, the side aisles of the transept 
being a specially rare feature. One aisle only of the 
whole church has been completed. This is the south 
transept aisle, consisting mainly of the beautiful 
apsidal Lady Chapel, wim its three niches and recess 
for a retable or altar-piece. Here is a fragment of 
the original stained glass. The position of the rood- 
screen and its accesses are particularly noteworthy. 
The east window, like the west, is halt blocked up— 



THE ANTIQUARY'S NOTEBOOK. 



273 



probably at some time when the floor of the church 
was raised to place it on the more equal level with 
the overcrowded churchyard. The ceiling arches, as 
observed, are throughout (excepting near the Lady 
Chapel) unfinished ; building operations have been 
suspended where the arches have reached everywhere 
the height of about three feet. The choir, which has 
traces of later handling than the rest of the church, 
and, in addition, has been comparatively recently re- 
stored, contains a fine sedilia, the usual three canopied 
stone seats for the celebrant of mass and his assistants. 
This is, as always, on the south side. On the north 
side, immediately opposite, is the far-famed Eastet 
sepulchre — one of the comparatively few in England. 
Here on Maunday Thursday the Host was laid, as 
typical of the dead body of our Lord ; or sometimes 
a crucifix or effigy, which was taken out on Blaster 
morning with great rejoicing to signify the Resurrec- 
tioo. The custom came to an end on account of 
actual personation of our Lord, to add to the attractive 
nature of what at best is a spectacle. Anned men 
surrounded the sepulchres during Easter-eve, in token 
of the watching of the Roman soldiers ; upon the 
Patrington sepulchre we see three soldiers, in four- 
teenth-century armour, not watching, but sleeping. 
In the unfinished wooden ceiling of the transept are 
numerous stone heads, which are almost classic 
in a certain noble massiveness of character. The 
early pews are carved : their date appears to be 
in some cases the same as that of the pulpit — 1612. 




Cbe 9nttauatp'0 Bote-ldooiu 



Lord Beaconsfield's Description of an 
Eighteenth-Century Dinner in ** Venetia."— A 
distinguished amateur in gastronomy has directed my 
attention to a remarkable eighteenth-century dinner 
described in the fourth chapter of Lord Beaconsfield's 
delightful romance Venetian and is anxious to know 
whether the dishes enumerated are really ** historical " 
in a culinary sense, or whether the accomplished 
novelist allowed his fancy to run riot in picturing a 
Sunday dinner at an English country house about 1 76S. 
•* Before him (the Rev. Dr. Masham) still scowled in 
death the countenance of a huge roast pike, flanked 
on one side by a leg of mutton J la dauU^ and on the 
other by the tempting delicacies of bombarded veal. 
To these succeeded that masterpiece of the culinary 
art, a grand battalia pie, in which the bodies of 
chickens, pigeons, and rabbits, were embalmed in 
spices, cocks' combs, and savoury balls, and well 
bedewed with one of those rich sauces of claret, 
anchovy, and sweet herbs, in which our ^reat-grand- 
foihers delighted, and which was technically tentied a 
Lear. But the grand essay of skill was the cover of 
this pastry, whereon the curious cook had contrived to 
represent all the once-living forms that were now 
entombed in that gorgeous sepulchre." There is 
no case of fancy running riot here. Chapter and 



verse could be ^ven from old cookery books for 
all the dainty dishes described in VeHftia. But of 
the ** historical *' accuracy of the grand battalia pie, 
a curious proof occurs in that delightful book. The 
Life of William Hutton^ and the History of the 
huttoH Family. In his biography of his maternal 
grandmother W. H. relates: — **She was a careful 
yet liberal housekeeper, and well skilled in cookery, 
pastry, and confectionery. I have heard of a pie 
she raised in the form of a goose trussed for the 
spit ; the real goose was boned ; a duck was boned 
and laid within it ; a fowl was boned and laid 
within the duck ; a boned partridge within the fowl ; 
and a boned pigeon within the partridge. The whole 
having been properly seasoned, the interstices were 
filled with rich gravy ; and I have had pieces of writing 
]>aper, cut in various figures throughout, that were 
the patterns by which she made her Florendines.** 
There is nothing new under the sun ; and analogues 
of the '* great iKittalia pie ** were plentiful in Roman 
cookery. See the banquet scene in I^rofessor Becker's 
Callus^ and some very curious passages in Soyer's 
Pantrophean. — From G. A. S. m JUustraitd News 
of March i^th, 1884. The "great liattalia pie" is 
the great raised game pie known as the Yorkshire 
pie. — Richard S. Ferguson. 

Curious Style of the Language of Official 
Documents. — Readers of official documents would 
not be prepared to find an objection to an important 
commercial treaty founded upon the too poetical lan- 
guage employed in the drafting; yet such was the 
case with reference to the " Projet de Trait^ definitif 
envoy^ par le cour de Londres.*' The French minis- 
ters objected to the poetical language of the pre- 
amble^ which, in their opinion, recalls the line of 
Comeille i^Roddgune^ act 1., sc I.), " Enfin ce iour 
pompeux cet heureux jour nous luit,** a style which 
they consider altogether out of keeping with the 
matter in hand.— See Third Report liisL AiSS, Com,^ 
p. 132. 

Berwickshire Dialect. — The most marked pecu- 
liarity in the dialect of Berwickshire is in the pro- 
nunciation of the M, which is usually softened into sh^ 
as a shire for a chair. Yet the sound of sh is some- 
times hardened by the prefixion of a /, as tshop for 
shop, tchaise for chaise. In male sheep the ram b 
called tup ; and tup lamb, ewe hog, gimmer and ewe 
express tneir different ages. Of black cattle, a young 
ox luid heifer are usually named steer and stirk ; the 
latter is often called a quay, or quey. A young geld- 
ing is often called a staig^ and a stallion is sometimes 
called a cussor. Formerly, in speaking to their horses, 
carters employed hap and wind in ordering them to 
either side, now mostly high-wo and jee ; and in call- 
ing to stop used the incommunicable sound oi prroo, 
now TOO or woy. In calling a cow to be milked, hotft 
kove^ often repeated, is the ordinary expression ; 
anciently in the Lowlands this was prrutchy^ and 
prruichy lady. A ridge of land, and the furrow, are 
called respectively rig vadfur; luid an oblique furrow 
for carrjring off surface-water is a gaw-fur, A horse- 
collar is a brecham ; a back -band is a rig'woody ; 
horse trees for ploughs and harrows, swingle trees, 
Oats are aits and yUs ; barley, bear; big is rough-bear; 
p^as, /I's. A set of fiarm buildings is called a steady 
or steading ; the itrawyard is the comrtin ; and sheds 



274 



ANTIQ UARIAN NE WS. 



are named hemmels. The cowhouse is called byre; 
and the farmhouse is often named the ha^ or hall. — 
General View of the Agriculture of Berwick^ by 
R. Kerr (1813), pp. 502-3. 




antiquarian H^etos* 



A series of excavations have been carried out at 
intervals during the last twelvemonths on the site of 
an old Roman castle, near Rottenburg, in the Black 
Forest. During the latest operations some extensive 
remains without the lines of the castle have been dis- 
covered, all the ground plan and foundations being 
perfectly preserved. Among them is a hypocaustum, 
or subterranean calefactory, which is in a state of 
completeness almost unprecedented. 

In the course of carrying out large dredging and 
other works for the improvement of the Trent naviga- 
tion, which connects Hull, Grimsty, and Goole by 
water with Birmingham and the Midland Canal system, 
a most interesting; discovery has been made. The 
works in progress between the villages of Collingham 
and Cromwell, north of Newark, include a large 
amount of dredging, and it was during this opeiation 
that the workmen came across the pier 01 an old 
wooden bridge. About forty feet or so closer to the 
north bank another of similar appearance was found, 
and it is presumed there are six or seven of these piers 
forming the whole bridge. Mr. Rolfe, C.E., the 
engineer-in-chief, had the two piers which obstructed 
the navigable channel blown up with dynamite. A 
portion of the wood and stonework was afterwards 
recovered, and excavations are to be made with a 
view to finding and preserving another of the remain- 
ing piers. From observations made previous to the 
blasting, it app)eared that the foundations were formed 
of wood set in ancaster, or a somewhat similar stone ; 
the oak walings and balks were black and hard, but 
mostly in good condition ; the mortar was still quite 
hard and adhesive ; the walings were tied across 
through a large centre balk by tie-pieces of wood, 
having octagonal heads, through which wedges had 
evidently been driven to keep the structure together. 
There is room for doubt whether any similar structure 
of wood now remains in such complete preservation, 
although in Rome itself some traces of a wooden bridge, 
supposed to b« either the Pons iCmilius or the Pons 
Sublicius, have been seen in the Tiber, but they do 
not appear to have been distinctly recognisable. 

The late Lord Mayor has written to the Daily 
Telegraphy stating that his distinguished friend. Sir 
John Lubbock, Bart, M.P., long ^fore he succeeded 
in protecting ancient monuments as a legislator, 
personally secured the preservation of Avebury, 
Wiltshire. Many years ago the property came into 
the market, and to prevent its falling into the hands 
of those who would not respect such interesting re- 
mains, Sir John Lubbock purchased it, and thus 
showed his practical interest in the subject with which 
his name is identified. 



The Athenaum states that Mr. James Greenstreet 
has discovered a document which throws light upon 
the internal history of the stage in London at and 
shortly before the time of Shakespeare's death. It con- 
cerns disputes about money matters between Thomas 
Greene's widow and others forming the company of 
Royal Players (**of the late Queene's Majestic, Qucenc 
Anne "), who, it says, had recently removed from the 
Red Bull, Clerkenwell, to the Cockpit, Drury Lane. 

A letter purporting to give a description of an 
eye-witness of tne execution of Queen Mary will be 

}>ublished at the end of the present year. It has been 
bund in a manuscript book among the papers of Lord 
Eliock, the judge who died in 1793. The book is all 
written in one hand, apparently in the first half of the 
eighteenth century, and the account of the execution 
is a copy of a letter sent by special desire. Lord 
£liock*s father managed the affairs of the Duke of 
Perth and of other families devoted to the Stuart cause, 
and it is conjectured that the document now discovered 
is a copy of a letter written by a member of one of 
them. 

A remarkable relic of James Ward, R.A., has been 
picked up at an old bookstall by Mr. Nicholls, of the 
British Museum. It is an octavo volume of 156 
pages, including a collection of sacred songs written 
from beginning to end in a quaint system of short- 
hand, which, unknown to the Shorthand Society, may 
have been invented by Ward. 

The parish church of St. Andrew, Aveton Gifford, 
is undoubtedly one of the most interesting, as it 
certainly is one of the oldest, of our South Devon 
churches. Walter de Stapledon was rector of this 
very church ere he became Bishop of Exon's See in 
A.D. 1307. The church was generally restored under 
the direction of Mr. Elliott, architect, of Plymouth, in 
1869 ; until then the remains of a pair of fine old 
carved oak Parclose screens occupiei the two most 
eastward bays of the south arcade in the chanceL 
These were so sadly decayed, however, that they were 
removed, and have ever since been stowed away in 
the depths of the rectory cellar. It is very much to 
the credit of the vicar that he has resolved to have 
these most interesting specimens of mediaeval art 
workmanship carefully renovated, and once again 
placed in situ. The two screens will each be about 
twelve feet long and about the same height. The old 
work exhibits much delicate manipulation of an un- 
usually clever character. It is all late fifteenth-century 
handiwork, the carving is crisp and vigorous, and 
although very mudi decayed is by no means past 
making good. 

The Museum of Science and Art at Edinburgh has 
recently acquired by purchase a collection of rubbing 
of English monumental brasses, about five hundred in 
number, which was formed by the late Miss Anne 
Kewell Hill, of Southampton. 

The church of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey has been 
reopened after restoration. The original church, de- 
stroyed by the Great Fire in 1666, had been previously 
rebuilt in 1377, and was again completely re-edified by 
Sir C. Wren in 1677. Although his graceful fancy 
is apparent in the tower, with its quaint steeple, the 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



275 



interior can scarcely be described as a favourable 
specimen of the renowned master's skill. The body of 
the church is a plain parallelo^^m without aisles, with 
a Hat plaster ceiling divided into fifteen panels by 
plaster trabiations, and lighted by five large circtilar- 
neaded windows on the north side, two small ones at 
the south-west, and three in the east, the centre one 
being circular. The interior was singularly flat and 
uninteresting, the fittings of carved ouc being almost 
its only feature of beauty. 

The Chuat^o Tribune says there is on exhibition at 
the jewellery store of Giles Brothers, at the comer of 
State and Washington Streets, a massive tankard of 
silver that once belonged to John Bunyan, who wrote 
the Pilgrim s Progress, It is of solid metal, weighing 
over twenty-two ounces avoirdupois, and holds more 
than a quart. The handle is of solid silver, and the 
lid opens on a hinge. On the front of the vessel is 
engraved in capitals interlaced, ** The Pil^im's Pro- 
gress." and on the bottom, in a circle of script, "The 
(lift of Nathaniel Ponder to Eliiabeth, Wife of John 
Bunyan, of Beilford." The date, "1671," is also 
engraved on the bottom. The workmanship is quaint 
and rare. The history of the tankard is a curious one. 
At the death of John Bunyan it was given to the Rev, 
An<1rew Gifford, pastor of the Baptist Church in 
Bedford, who used it during his lifetime as a piece of 
communion plate. When the latter died it fell into 
the hand> of his heirs, and they, becoming very poor, 
pawned it at the shop of a London broker. It was 
finally redeemed by Isaac Maynard,of Brandon Street, 
Walworth, London, who, when he died, left it to his 
wife. By her it was willed to .Mrs. Charlotte M. Bach, 
and from Mrs. Bach it was bought by a gentleman of 
Chicago, who possesses the fullest documentary proof 
of its authenticity. 

An auction of more than usual interest took place 
a short time ago at Wallasey. The " Old Cheshire 
Cheese Inn** was the scene of the same, the ancient 
Dortion of which has been in existence for more than 
800 years. It now has been closed for extensive 
alterations, the old portion having become so defective 
as to warrant this being done. The inn is one of the 
old-£&shioned thatched houses, with its spacious 
kitchen and fireplace, and its massive beams of 
"heart of oak," so emblematical of the stoutness of 
the brave old defenders of this our tight little island. 
It is stated to be the oldest licensed house in Cheshire, 
and is situated within a stone's throw of Wallasey 
church. Up to the present time the bedchamber, in 
which it is said Kings Charles II. and William III. 
slept, is in a comparatively good state of preservation. 
The room in which King William slept was at that 
time approached by a recess in the wall near the fire- 

flace, but recently a staircase has been made to it. 
t is said that the kine*s troops, previous to their 
embarkation for Ireland from Wallasey Leasowes, 
were encamped on the meadows adjacent to the inn. 
Thb is corroborated by the annals of "Gore's 
Directory," which state that in the year 1690 (the 
date of the king's occupation of the hostelry). King 
William was accompanied by Prince G«)rge <m 
Denmark, the Duke of Ormond, the Earls of 
Oxford, Portland, Scarborough, Manchester, and 
others. They left London on the 4th June in that 



year, visited Liverpool on the nth, embarked the 
anny, then encamped on Leasowes, and on the 
14th of the same month arrived at Carrickfergus 
in Ireland. 

The parish church of Bishop's Cannings has been 
restored. The church, which was dedicated to St. 
Mary the Virgin, is a cruciform building consisting of 
a nave of four bays, with north and south aisles, and 
south porch with room over the latter ; north and 
south transepts of two bays each, a very deep chancel, 
and vestry, having over it a priest's room reached 
by a very narrow winding staircase. The original 
building is of thirteenth-century construction, and the 
noble tower of that date is carried on massive piers 
at the crossing, and is surmounted by a sione spire of 
a later (fifteenth-century) date, 135 feet high from the 
ground to the top of the cross. From the south 
transept a chantry chapel (now known as the Eml^ 
chapel) projects eastwards, and there are three other 
recessed chapels, all with richly- moulded arches, 
coeval vrith tne main building. The church appears 
to have been commenced at the end of the twelfth 
century, and completed to the full present dimensions 
(excepting as rera^ds height) by the latter part of the 
next century. The aisles were built, the clerestory 
raised, and a new roof constructed to the nave in the 
fifteenth century, a modem roof being substituted for 
the latter in the year 1670. The chancel, vestry, and 
porch are finely vaulted in stone. There are the 
remains of the original "stoups" at three door- 
ways — the one at the north entrance being perfect — 
and other archaeological features of great interest. 
The restoration has been carried out on strictly 
conservative lines. No sound stone has been inter- 
fered with nor any surface injureil. There were found 
traces of the ancient clerestory windows, the door 
leading to an outside staircase to the rood loft, with 
traces of a gallery over the end of the aisle, and the 
clearing of the aoorway itself; the imcovering of a 
doorway opening from the belfry into the end of the 
wall of nave, close to the roof ; and. most interesting 
of all, the discovery of a ** low window " at the west 
end of the north aisle, with a square orifice in the 
wall high overhead, the latter supposed to have been 
used for the "reserved host," and the former, the 
window to which the lepers came to receive the 
sacrament at the hands of the priest inside. Another 
low window was found on the south side of the 
chancel, and a curious niche in the wall of the vestry. 
The original weathercock, which was discovered m 
the \*icarage garden many years ago, has been 
re-gilded amd restored to its place on the cross 
surmounting the spire. Another interesting fact, as 
fixing the date of the later portion of the building, 
was the discovery of ojrster shells embedded in the 
mortar ; these are distinctly visible in many places in 
the joints of the west wall and the tower, and are a 
sure indication of fifteenth-century work. 

Shirwell church, dedk:ated to St. Peter, is being 
restored. It possesses some interesting features. 
Probably there was a double aisle to the originxd 
church, with Early Engli;«h arches, as at Athcrington, 
of local stone. Above the first floor and on the north 
side of the tower may be seen the remains of a very 
ancient outer oak doorway, which undoubtedly formed 



276 



ANTIQ UARIAN NE 1VS. 



the only means of ingress and exit to the belfry, as 
there is no inmr stairway leading up, and the present 
means of ascent is a perpendicular ladder placed in a 
comer. The tower, which contains six good bells, 
has, perhaps, seen as many changes as any part of the 
church. No doubt it was once simply a turret, in 
which the vesper bell vras hung, and finished off 
with a saddle-oacked roof. At that time the tiny 
church nestled against its east and north sides. 
Clearly the upper portion above the first floor was 
built long after the tower part ; then, when the south 
aisle was built, the tower was raised and battlemented 
the same as the aisle. Another curious and very 
striking point is that the vestnr before spoken of 
contained an upper chamber. Although blocked up 
when the church was taken in hand, many were aware 
of this upper room, which, on examination, was found 
to have been used at some distant date. It is about 
twelve feet s(juare, and lit with one narrow window, 
in the north side, and was, perhaps, used as a sleeping 
chamber for the recluse or priest, or whoever was its 
occupant. 

Af^er restoration the parish church of St. Mary the 
Virgin, Staverton, has been reopened. The present 
church consists of a fine and lofty tower, with a nave, 
north aisle, and chancel, erected probably about 

1350-1370. 

The Athitutum states that Lord Archibald Camp- 
bell will publish next January his Records of 
Argyll. It will be a quarto, and will be^ adorned 
with eighteen etchings of pictures, interiors, and 
external views of castles, weapons, etc., in Argyll- 
shire. It contains folk-lore tales, traditionary tales, 
and historical notes of Argyllshire. 

The church of Birtley, North Tynedale, has bech 
reopened recently after restoration. The whole 
building, consisting of a well-proportioned nave and 
chancel, has, it is said, been very carefully repaired 
and restored, so as to retain the ancient characteristics, 
either of the original Early Norman work, dating from 
A.D. 1100 or even before it, or of the later Early 
English alterations, several traces of which remained. 
The church has suffered from partial destructions 
through Scottish raids in mediaeval times, and it has 
undergone the debased renovation of a past genefration 
in mcSem days, with its square sashed windows and 
house-chimney at the east gable, giving it a bam-like 
aspect. Its Early Norman chancel arch, with the 
hatchet- wrought voussoirs, is now restored, all the 
plaster having been removed from the walls. The 
church is thought to have been erected in the days of 
William Rufus or Henry Beauclerc, probably by the 
great family of the De Umfrevilles, Lords of Prudhoe, 
the ruins of whose ancient castle still stand in Uie 
vicarage garden. 

It is rumoured that Lord Dysart contemplates 
restoring the fine old mansion which was erected by 
Sir Thomas Vavasour in the early part of the seven- 
teenth century. The first Countess of Dysart made 
considerable alterations and additions to Ham House, 
and many curious old specimens of fumiture once 
belonging to the Countess are still preserved there. 



A very interesting discovery was made g short time 
ajgo by the workmen engaged on the sewerage opera- 
tions now being carried out at the top ^ Phopnix 
Bank, Drayton. At a depth of between ten and twelve 
feet from the surface, they catae upon a flight of steps, 
which ran from Great Hales Street, near the comer of 
Ryland House, diagonally in the direction of the steps 
leading into the Grammar School and the churchyard. 
The whole of the ground in thfe immediate neighoour- 
hood is "made," thus pointing to the fact that at 
some time or other a kind of dingle existed at this 

Elace. It is extremely probable that at one time the 
ill on which the church is built extended further east 
than it does at the present time, and sloped down 
towards the situation of the recently discovered steps. 
The steps would lead out of the dingle on to the path- 
way down the side of the hill in the direction of the 
river, in the same way as those which now lead up out 
of the Drumble. The dingle seems to have been filled 
up ^^ith ashes, bones of animals, and other debris, and 
originally was, no doiibt, on the same level as what 
is known as *' The Hollow " in Great Hales Street 
There is no evidence as to when the filling-in process 
took place, but it is likely it was at the time when 
Sir Rowland Hill was lord of the manor— i.r., in the 
reign of Queen Mary. A fine boulder was unearthed 
near to the steps. 

The Library Committee of the Corporation of 
London have m the press a /r<W> of letters addressed 
by the Mayor, etci of London to various municipali- 
ties at home and abroad, temp, Edward III. 

The Coimcil of tlie Essex Field Club has resolved 
to attempt a thorough investigation of the Deneholes 
in Hangman's Wood, Little Thurrock, and those at 
East Tilbury and near Purfleet, and in other parts of 
Essex. 

The skeleton of an Irish elk is said to have been 
found at the bottom of a pond on the farm of a man 
named Edward Mara, near Fethard, county Tipperary. 
The farmer refused a price for the find, which he 
wished to send to the British Museum. 

Saltwood Castle, the restoration of which has now 
been completed, was, a few days since, thrown open 
for inspection. 

A curious dispute is now going on between the 
executors of the late rector of Dunstable and Canon 
Macaulay, the present rector, with regard to the 
disappearance from the town of an ancient relic known 
as the **Fayrey Pall," an article of great intrinsic 
Value. The pall was the gift of Henry Fayrey and 
Agnes, his wife, to a house of Friars of the Brother- 
hood of St. John the Baptist, which existed at Dun« 
stable during the sixteenth century. The late rector 
tarriled out certain improvements at the Old Priory 
Church, relying upon promises of support that were 
never realized. On this ground chiefly the family 
look upon the pall as the deceased gentleman's own 
property, wheir^ the parish people allege that, inas- 
much as the article has been used for public purposes 
so many y^rs, whoever appropriates it as hw own is 
guilty of sacrilege. 

A tunnel, measuring about 5,000 feet in length, 
and constructed at least nine centuries before the 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



277 



Christian era. has just been discovered by the Governor 
of the island of Samos. Herodotus mentions this 
tunnel, which served for providing the old seaport 
with drinking water. 

^ A part of the old city moat at Hereford has been 
discovered during the progress of the excavations for 
the foundation ot some new offices now being erected. 

The first of what will undoubtedly prove a most 
interesting series of lake dwellings has recently been 
brought to light in Yorkshire. The site of these 
dwellings is in the low levels of Holdemess, on the 
eastern coast of that great county. One of these is 
on the farm of Mr. Thomas Boynton, at Ulrome. 

Among the new books of antiquarian interest 
which are now in progress may be mentioned Thi 
History of the Church of Manchester^ bv the Rev. E. 
Letts ; A History of Accrineton.^ by the Rev. J. R. 
Boyle ; Quaint Old Norwich, by Edw. P. WiUins. 
This bttcr book especially promises to be very 
good, as it will contain illustrations from pen-and-inic 
sketches. 

Our next issue will contain, inter alia, articles by 
Mr. WTieatley on ** The Story of Johnson's Diction- 
ary ; " Mr. W. C. Hazlitt on ** Venice befqre the 
Stones;" Mr. J. J. Foster on "The Birthplace of 
John Evelyn.'* lliis latter will be illustrated by a 
facsimile drawing from one made by the celebrated 
diarist. 




Corresponnence* 



PROPERTY AT KIXGSTON-U PON-THAMES, 

A.D. 1342-8. 

The subjoined items from Wake of Derby's 
Catalogue, No. 89, August 1884, are curious, more 
especially as the records for this period are unusually 
scanty. The Edwaid Toly mentioned below was, 
doubtless, related to John Toly, who sat as one of 
the burgesses for the town in the fifth parliament of 
Edward H. and the twenty-sixth of Edward HI. 
(Urayley and Britton, iii., 21), and who can say th^t 
he may not have been the godfather of Tooley Street ? 
Of Waiter de Combe or Cumbe I know nothing 
further. A John de Combe was Prior of Reigate 
from 1397 to 141 5 (Brayley and Britton, iv., 232). 

Barnes Common, W. Carew Hazuit. 

August 29th, 1884. 

Surrey, h'inj^ston. Charter relating to Property at 
Kingston from Walter de Cumbe to I'eter the Potter 
(" I'eirus Ic Poter ") of Kyngeston for 608. at John 
Aite Bnig's. " Given on the first Monday before the 
feast of St. Luke, 16 of Edward 3," a.d. 1342. 
Witnesses John Scot, Peter Baldewyn, Edw**. Toly, 
Hugh Bakcre, John Clerk, imd others, 9s. 6d. 

/A». Kingston. Feoffment of Property at Kingston 
from Walter de Cumbe to Peter Poter of Kyngeston, 
for 40s. " Given at Kyngeston, on Wednesday, the feast 
of St. Thomas the Apostle, i9of Ed^-<*. 3.," A.D. 1345. 



Witnessed by John Scot, John de Ocstede, Hugh 
Baker, Roger Famdon, Simon the Wodewesone, Hujgh 
Po^tel, John Clerk, and others. Portion of Seal, 9s. od. 
Do, ** Kyngeston,** Feoffment of Land from Walter 
de Cumbe to Peter Chaungere, for 508., a house, &c, 
now in the occupation of John atte Bnig, adjoining 
the Borough in Middlefurlong. " Given at Kingston 
the 1st Wednesday after the feast of St Lucia the 
virgin, 22 of Edward 3. A.D. 1348. « Witnessed 
by John de Ocstede, Hugh Bakere, Roger Famdon, 
Hugh Postel, John Clerk, and others. Part of Seal 
remains. 12s. 



SILCHESTER— CALLEVA. 
{Antt, viiL, 39, 85, 134; x., 86, 183.) 

The Caer Segont (Segoift not SegoMt) of the Britons 
is undoubtedly Segontium, the present Carnarvon. 
Foundations of a large Roman settlement have been 
found there, as well as numerous inscriptions and 
coins. The names of Constans, Helena, and Constan- 
tine are recorded in various localities in the district, 
and most of the incidents mentioned in the article in 
your issue are stated to have occurred at Segontium. 

William Turner. 

Athenaeum, Liverpool. 



DUPLICATE BOOKS J^ BRITISH MUSEUM. 

May I make a suggestion that the many duplicates 
in the British Museum Library might be utilized by 
the trustees either for exchange or ade? I only mean 
of course those whose departure from the Library 
would not be of great loss, and whose acquisition by 
other libraries, say the Bodleian, would be of great 
nse. Surely some plan of exchange between the great 
libraries might be established. G. B. Lkathom. 



QUEEN ANNE'S PORTRAITS BY 
«• KNELLER." 

[Ante, ix., 191, 239. 287.] 

1 am much indebted to Mr. BuUard- and to Mr. 
Kelly, and 1 beg to thank them very heartily for their 
information in the matter of (^ueen Anne's Portraits 
by Sir Godfrey Kneller, and m the matter of Jolm 
Smith, the engraver. When my first letter on the 
subject appoued in Thb Antiquary (April last) I 
ought perhaps to hav6 stated that I possessed a 

Sortrait of Queen Anne by Kneller, exactly as I 
escribed. But 1 was anxious to find out, if possible, 
whether other bust portraits of the Queen by Kneller 
were in existence. As yet, 1 have not heard of one. 
I have seen the portrait at Rochester Guildhall, which 
is full length, the Queen holding the sceptre in the 
right hand, and in her left the orb, which rests 
against the hip, exactly as stated by Mr. Kelly in 
describing the three-quarter length portrait in his 
possession. The portrait I possess, bemg only a bust, 
Kom the waist upwards, does not show the arms and 
hands. Compared with the Rochester portrait, ] 
think I may say that mine appears somewhat superior 



278 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



in execution. Now for John Smith, the engraver. 
He and Kneller seem to have been companions in art, 
each in his own particular sphere, Kneller even 
painting his friend John Smith s portrait. John Smith 
produced a mezzotint engraving, 14 inches x lo^ 
mches, of the Queen from a painting by Kneller, and 
I have a copy of this engraving in my possession. 
The inscription on the engraving runs thus — '^Sere- 
nissima et Potentissima Anna D. G. Anglise, Scotiae, 
Francise et Hibemise Regina &c. Inaugurata XXI] I 
die Aprilis. Anno 1702." In the left-hand comer 
is the following — *'G. Kneller S.R. Imp. et Angl. 
Kques. aur. pinx.** In the centre of the base is ** J. 
Smith fecit, and in the right comer there is the 
following — " Sold by J. Smith at ye Lyon and Crown 
in Russell Street, Covent Garden. This engraving is 
almost a perfect facsimiU of the painting by Kneller 
of the Queen which I possess. Alas ! there is one 
exception in the engraving, and it is this. By some 
strange freak of the engraver, or carelessness in details 
(I can call it nothing else), the ** George" which the 
Queen is wearing shows St. George with a curved 
sword or scimitar m his right hand instead of the spear, 
which is raised in the act of striking the dragon. 
I cannot think for one moment that Kneller ever 
painted the '* George *' with the Saint holding a 
sword, but that in the case of this engraving it is the 
eneraver who is at fault. 

In the Rochester portraits of the Queen and Wil- 
liam III., and in the portraits of William III. and 
Mary at Hampton Court, all by Kneller, St. George 
is shown holding the spear. I have never vet seen 
the "George" with the sword in place of the spear 
in pictures painted by Kneller. 

I also possess a finely-executed mezzotint portrait, 
14 inches x loj, of John Smith, engraved by himself 
from his portrait by ICneller. He appears holding in 
his left hand a good-sized portrait of his friend 
Kneller. 

This is held as a partly imrolled picture, and being 
slightly inclined shows the right shoulder and chest 
and the long sweeping curls of Sir Godfrey's hair or 
wig, his face, and particularly his eyes, beaming with 
apparent good humour. An inscription on the base 
of the picture reads "Johannes Smith." In the left- 
hand comer there is *' G. Kneller pinx., 1696,'* and 
in the right-hand comer **J. Smith fecit, 1716." 
Can anyone tell me au^ht of the existence, at the 
present time, of this origmal portrait of John Smith, 
oy Kneller ? 

Mv portrait of Queen Anne has been known in my 
family, on my father's side, for about 120 years ; but 
whether it came into the family in any way from John 
Smith the engraver, or whether he was a relative at 
all, I am unable to say. 

As a matter of antiauarian interest I have looked 
through the very carefully kept Registers of St Paul's, 
Covent Garden (in which parish all but about six or 
seven houses, I believe, of Russell Street are situated), 
from 1 7 19 to 1728, and seen all the wills of the John 
Smiths in Somerset House, which were proved in 
London and Middlesex from 1720 to 172s, but can 
find nothing of John Smith, Engraver. Since Mr. 
Kelly so kindly gave me the information which he 
did, I have seen the following in the Penny Cycl<h 
padia^ 1842, Vol. XXII. (Cbas. Knight & Co., Lad- 



gate Street) : — "John Smith, a contemporary of 
Kneller, after whom he engraved many portraits, was 
by far the best mezzotinto engraver of'^his time. His 
works are very numerous, and comprise not only por- 
traits, but historical and miscellaneous subjects also. 
The Biog, Univ. gives 1654 as the date of his birth, 
and 17 19 as that of his death. Several other works 
state that he died in 172a There are prints, how- 
ever, with his name, bearing date 1 72 1. From 
l3alla way's edition of Vertue's Catalogue of Engravers y 
it would appear that there were two engravers of this 
name, father and son ; but this statement rests, so far 
as we know, on no other authority. A note in the 
work referred to mentions 574 engraving by these 
artists. Of the more eminent John Smith (if there 
were really two) there is a portrait by Kneller." 

I should indeed be thankful to receive further infor- 
mation on the foregoing subject. 

H. W. Smith. 

Belvedere, Kent. 



CLIFTON ANTIQUARIAN CLUB. 
\AnU, pp. 33, 86, 230.] 

I must beg to say a word in reply to Mr. Hudd's 
letter in your November number respecting the St. 
Loe monument in Chew Magna Church. 

Rutter must not be quoted as an authority; his book 
was published in 1829, and he generally copies his 
antiquarian notices from Collinson. 

Now with respect to the latter author, too much 
reliance must not be placed upon his descriptions of 
monuments, several of which, incorrectly given, have 
come under my own knowledge. After perusing 
Mr. Hudd's letter, I wrote at once to my friend, 
Sir Edward Strachey, to whom the St. Loe chapel 
belongs, and who lived at Sutton Court in his early 
youth, and must have been familiar with the monu- 
ment in question for a great many years. In his 
reply Sir Edward says, " The legs of Sir John St 
Loes effigy have been straight ever since I can 
recollect, nor have I ever heard of any repair or 
alteration of them. I had new hands and nose put 
by one of the carvers employed on your house (about 
twenty years ago), as they had been broken off. I 
was at Chew after I got your letter, and made a 
careful examination of the monument yesterday. 
The legs are of the same stone (apparently bne Caen) 
as the rest of the effigy; indeed, they seem to be 
one piece with the body, though the carving is less 
injured on them than on the bwiy. If the legs were 
ever renewed, so must the lion at the feet have been, 
as they plainly go together, and the feet of crossed 
legs could not have rested on the existing lion. I 
should say it is far more probable that Collinson, 
who is (as you say) oftentimes inaccurate, made a 
mistake. John Strache/s History of Somerset was 
ready for printing in 1736 (Collinson*s History was 
publislied in 1791). In Strachey's MS. account of 
Chew Magna (printed in the Arcfutological Soc%dy*s 
Transactions for 1867) he describes the monument in 
detail, but says nothing about crossed legs." His 
words are, " Sir John lyes in armour, his neadpiece 
under his head, a lyon at his feet, a broad collar of 
S S round his neck," etc. In his account of the 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



279 



Haatville effigy he says, **It is crossed lewed." I 
think it will be allowed that the balance ofcvidcncc 
is in favour of the opinion that the present arc the 
orijjinal legs of the effigy of Sir John St. Loe. 
Collinson says his legs were crossed to denote his 
having been at Jerusalem, although the last crusade 
was in 1270, nearly two hundred years before his time ! 

Houtell remarks that ** military effigies of our 
own country are, until about 1320, very generally 

represented with the legs crossed ." " With the 

disuse of mail armour, the crossed-legged attitude 
censed to be employed.** 

Mr. Pope has very obligingly sent me what has 
been callotl a sketch of the ** handsome hammered 
iron screen," which formerly surrounded the Baber 
monument ; but I find it reprcsenU the finial only, 
which was at the comer of the railing, and was 
rather good, but, with this exception, I must hold to 
my former opinion as to the want of beauty and 
interest of the railing. 

Wm. Adlam. 
Larkstone, Ilfracombe, 
Oct. nth, 1884, 



ON THE NAME OF THE HOUSE OF 

LORDS. 

In the interesting discussions in The Antiquary on 
the origin and constitution of the House of Lords, the 
origin of its name dt)es not appear to have been con- 
sidered. This is, however, an extremely important 
point, in its bearing on the historical development of 
the institution itself. 

The question arises, whether there is any trace of 
the employment of that name before the House of 
Commons came into existence. It seems on the face 
of it highly improbable, and. indeed, scarcely possible, 
that it should have been so. The name of the ** House 
of Lords " is contrasted with the name of the " House 
of Commons " ; and the existence of the two names 
proves the existence also of the two Plouses. If, 
therefore, they aUMys bore these names, they must 
alway> have been distinct institutions; and this fact 
woulil show, in corroboration of the other evidence 
on the subject, that the members of the two institu- 
tions never sat and voted together as one body. 

The Witena-gemot was a single chamber, and the 
Great Council which succeeded it was likewise a single 
chamber ; but w hen the House of Commons came into 
existence, there were two chambers, one of which was 
the House of Lords. It is ob\nous that even if the 
House of Lords, as regards its constitution, was the 
successor of the Great Council, it must have been 
widely different from that Council as regards its 
powers and position, when, instead of being the sole 
authority, it was only one of two co-ordinate autho- 
rities. 

Whatever may hare been the motives which pre- 
vented the union of the three Estates of the Realm 
in one body, the practical effect was to establish and 
maintain the separate action of two distinct authorities, 
one of which comprised two of those Estates, — the 
Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal,— while the 
other consisted of the third Estate, —the Commons. 

It may further be asked whether the tiM of the 



word House instead of Chamber does not imply that 
the two bodies met from the first in different baildings, 
and not merely in different aputinents of the same 
building. Mr. Wheatley, in his valuable article on 
the " Place of Meeting of the House of Lords,'* does 
not touch this point, because he was not considering; 
the place of meeting of the House of Commons {flntt^ 
p. 41). If the two bodies had met in different room* 
in the same building, the designation of House would 
scarcely have been appropriate, and the word Chamber 
would probably have been adopted ; but it may per- 
haps be admitted that House would have been a suit- 
able expression for each body if the meetings had been 
held in the same building — such, for instance, as West- 
minster Hall — on different days or at different times. 

If the three Estates of the Realm were now to be 
combined for common and united action as one body, 
this would be simply a reversion to the original state 
of thin^ — the state of things that existed in the days 
of the Great Council and of the Witena-gemot 

October, 1884. D. P. F. 

PONIATOWSKI GEMS. 

(X. 39) 
I am surprised that no reader of The Antiquary 
has come forward as yet, to answer the questions 
asked by Mr. Barclay, because the history of the 
Poniatowski gems is a commonplace in the historr 
of precious stones. Prince Poniatowski (who die-i 
at Florence, in 1S33) inherited from his uncle 
Stanislaus, the last King of Poland, a collection of 
about 154 true antique gems. This number was 
raised to about 3,000 by the foisting inamong the true 
gems of a series of forgeries. These forgeries were 
masterpieces of skill, engraved by the b^t Roman 
artists upon stones of fine quality. When, however, 
the collection was sold in London, in 1839, the gems 
realized small sums. The head of lo, stated to nave 
been engraved by Dioscorides, which a few years 
before was valued at ;f 1,000, sold for ;f 17. This was 
greatly below its real value, and the late Dr. Hilling 
made some sensible remarks, in his valuable Scierue 
tf^ 6V/WJ (1875), on this depreciation in value. ** A 
beautiful intaglio of Pichler's, with a Greek name of 
an ancient artist forged upon it, which was originally 
made for Poniatowski for perhaps twenty or thirty 
pounds, will not now fetch more than as many shil- 
lings, because it is not really anticjue ; though a work 
of the same Pichler, genuine, with his name on it, 
will fetch, as it deserves, the price in pounds sterling, 
although no better than the other, which, though de- 
preciated by the forged name, is quite as good, and 
if bought for its real merit, worth quite as much." 

H. B. Wheatley. 



ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. 

We caimot undertake to forwaxd unstamped letters 
to contributors. 

J. O. Phillips. — We have made inquiries, aixl 
cannot, we are sorrv to say, give you an^ mformatioa 
respecting your curious objects of antiquity. 

H. Kirk HAM. — You may refer to Lower's Curw* 
siiUs 9f Heraldry^ and some of the well-known Peerage 
books. Also books 00 samames should be consulted. 



28o 



THE ANTIQUARY EXCHANGE. 



Cbe 9ntiquatp (2Erc()ange. 



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Recollections of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, by T. Hall 
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Acts and Monuments of matters most special and 
memorable happening in the Church, with an universal 
history of the same, wherein is set forth at large the 
whole race and course of the Church, from the 
Primitive Age to these later times of ours, with the 
Bloody Times, Horrible Troubles, and Great Perse- 
cutions against the True Martyrs of Christ, Sought 
and Wrought as well by Heathen Emperors as now 
lately practised by Romish Prelates, especially in this 
Realm of England and Scotland. By Mr. John Fox. 
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Gentleman's Magazine, between 1846 and 1868, 
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Bayly's History of Swanscombe, Gravesend, 1875 * 
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INDEX. 




AberuHT Relics, Sale of, i8i. 
Aocounu of Henry VI., 191-196. 
Aaoa Church, Nantwich, aTo. 
Adam (the Brothers). Architect^i and 
BuUden of the Addphi, i*-i4, 99-ioa. 




agna Church, 

86, »79. 

Advertisements, Early, of Books, n6-*aj. 
^scnbpins. The Miracles of, 950-961. 
Agricultural Customs known by Fiekl- 

names, 8. 
Alnwidc, Grave<OTer dUcovered at, 80. 
— — ^ Abbey, Discoveries of Stone 

Coffiti at, 180. 
Alston, Cumberland, laS. 
America, Hazlitt Family in, 137*143. 

lish Playing Cards in, 



Okl 



931. 



Eng 



Amuticmm Amti^umriam Reviewed, 99. 
Amusements, London, in 1669, 63 ; i73»'35, 

179 ; of Charles II., 996. 
Amcumi mmd Modgm BriUmt R ev i e we d , 

160- 1 7a 
Aagio-Nonnan Cookery, 947-949. 
Aagk>>Saxon Remains foiud at Wool- 



^ 



«nf*» 3«>..75t V3^5. »7^ 
ArcmeoMgical Institute 



«73-«74i «o- 



Animal Nicknames among Conish People, 

Animals, Forest, in Fjigland, 9I-94, 163- 

166, a55->58- 
Anne (Q.>, Portraits of, by Kneller, 977<^8. 
Anstey Castle, is- 

Anthropological Institute Meetings, 76. 
Antiquaries, Society of. Meetings, 30^ 76. 
— -^— Scotland, Society of. Meetings, 

31-39. 
Antoninus Pius, Bust of, in British Mnsenm, 

Apician Cookery, 943-946. 

Appleby Castle. Siege, 49 ; Chnirh, 51. s^ 

ArchnHogical (British) A«oci«rioo Meet 

r^ 

Meetings, 30,7s. 

Annaffh, wrought Iron (Grille Work in, 173. 
Arts, Society of. Foundation of, 101. 
Ashton-undei^Lvme in 1799, 99. 
Asiatic Society Meetings, y^ 76. 
Athens, Discovery of Ancient Teomle, 36. 
Auction (First) Sale of Books^ 8a. 
Augustus, Poitrait of, in British Moaana, 

«53- 

Anncel Weight, 967. 

AwtgtmU Sscuiy P$M» cmH m U t Re- 
viewed, 99. 

Aurelins (MarcnsX Bust of, in Britiah 
Museum. 9^4. 

Australian Tribes, (Customs of, 76. 

Avebory, St. James's Church at, 33. 

— — ^^ Purchase ol^ 974- 

Aveton Ciflbrd, Reatoratioo of St. An- 
drew's Church at, 974. 

Aylesbury Manor Hooae, De m olit i o n of, 
131. 

Ballad, Old Omntxy. 95- 
Banbury Natural History SodaCy Meat- 
Barber (Rev. S.) on Deposit of Slag Iron, 

Nether Waadale, Cumberland, 58. 
Barclay (R.) on Poniatowski Oams, 
Bath Natural Hiatory Society M( 

J3.n» Ma- 



Bath, Roman Remains found at, 999. 

Bayley, Note on Name of, 39. 

Beadle s Staff of Scarborough Corponlioa, 

91. 

Beasu of Forest and (Thase, 955, 958. 
Beck (W.)^ CUvn^tJkHr Ammmis and 

Ass0cimti0ni^ R ev i e we d , 74, 75. 
Beckhampton, Devises, Ancient British 

Dwelling discovered at, 134. 
Bedrooms, 185-190. 
Bedsteads, Ancient, 185-190 : First Use of 

Iron, 83. 
Bent 0- ' •) 00 London in 1669, 69-64 : on 

a Journey to Manchester and Liverpool 

in 1^3,99-94. 
Berkshire, Saxon Antiquities di s co v ere d 

in^ t8i. 
Berlm Royal Library, Arabic Literature 

in, 999. 
Bernngton (Zhurch, 993. 
Berwickshire Dialec^ 971-974. 
Naturausu CHub Meetings 

80, 174. 979. 
Biblical Ardueology, Society of. Meetings, 

Bibliographer, Dr. Johnson considered as 

a. 937-938. 
BickiMton Church, Raatoration of, 84. 



Bills, Rejected Pariiamentan^, 94-96. 

Birthplaces of Celebrated Men, 97-98, 69- 
70, IIO-I9I, 161-163. *33-439> 

Birtky Church, North t>nedale, Restora- 
tion of, 976. 

Bishop's Cannings Pariah (3iurch, Resto- 
ration of, 97«. 

BishoDstowe, Library of Bishop Cblenao 
at. Burnt, 998. 

Black (W. G.) on Lanarkshire FoUe-hsre, 
109-108. 

" Black Jack," Note on, 189-183. 

Blomefield, Rev. (j. CX HitUfy ^ 
Bictsttr. Part II., Reviewed, 917-918. 



Bohn (H. G.\ Obitoary of. 179-180. 
Book Xdveitisemeitts, Early, 996. 



89: 
.on 



Bo oks, Fim Sale of, by Auctio^ 
Borrowed bv Henry V ., 996 ; EaiiT, 
Cookery, 198-909 ; Curses in, 83 ; Ti 
tion of, 131. 

Book-wo m, Deacription of, 131. 

Bottishan Church, Cambridgeshire, 176k 

Booider discovered at Pncenix Bank, 
Dravton. 976 : with Rain-filled Cavities, 
uaed to Cttra Diaaaaea, 31. 

Brailaford (Wm.X 00 the Lady Anne 
Clifford, 49-54 ; on aome Andcnt Treea, 

Brasses in Chipping (^knqiden Church, 

998 ; English M onumfnt al at F .dinh<irgh, 

974 ; not in HainesC Manual, 39. 
Bride Qupcure. Wales, 994. 
Bridge, <Jkl Wooden, Piers of. Discovered 

in the Trent, 974. 
Briatol and GiovKealiar Archaeological So- 

detv Meetings, tja 
Britisn DweOioig PiL Diaoovcred, 134. 
&itiah Mnaenm. («riAn Relic in, oo; 

DnpUcate Booka in, 977 ; Report, 85 ; 

Roman PoitraitiirB in, 850-955. 
Britooa, Andeat, Food oT 107. 
Bronttf (C.X Memorial Window to^ 36. 
Broogh Stone. 135. 

Browoslade, Opening of Barrow at, 9*3. 
Bucks ArchmologicafSorirty Meetings, 174. 
Buddottieg (Dr. R.X De CkHsU et m# 

Advtrmrm AmikkritU, R e viewed, 169. 
BoOdiiW TniditaQB, 104. 



Bull Fights in London, 1669, 63. 

Bunbury Church, Cheshire, 971. 

Bunyan GoluiX Tankard formeriy belong- 
ing to, 975. 

Burghmote at Maidstone, 83. 

Burroughs (P. P.), Note on a "BUmJc 
JmcVT' 189-183. 

BurweU Ckstle, (Cambridgeshire, 177. 

Calefactory, Subterranean, Diacovered at 
Rottenburg, Black Forest, 974. 

Calleva, Site of, 86-8;, 183. 

Cambrian Arduecrfogiad Association Meet- 
ings, 178-179* 

Cambridge AntMuarian Society Meetings, 

(^mbndgeshire, Qiarities of Over, 166- 

169. 
Canal Boats in 17^^93. 
Cannes, Discoveries in C^ve near, 38. 
Canon's Ashbv, 77. 
Canterbury, SicuU and Bones found at, 131. 

(Jathedral, Architecture, sia 

Caradoc Fidd Club Meetings, 33, 993. 

Cards, Plaviag, 37, 931. 

"Cariuke,' Traditional Origin of Word, 

104. 
Cariyle's (T.) Hoose at Ecdefechaa^ifi. 
(Carmelite Monastery, Remains oCtwumI 

at Chester. 37. 
(Carthusian Ontr o( Monks, illustrated by 

the Priory of Mount Grace, i-6. 
Castle Cary^ Curfew Bells rung at, 999. 
Castle Martm CChnrch, 994. 
(Charles II., Amusements of, *a6. 
Chess (jame. Exchequer, 3^39, 134-115. 
Chester, Discover y of Roman Temple at 

Whttefriars, 17. 
Chew Magna Cnurch, Monumenta in, 34, 

a^o-93<, 979. 
Chmang Camden (Church, Restoration of, 

Chouy, Discoveriea at, 997. 
Church Bells, Essex, 198-199. 
(Church Customs at SAma, 130-131. 
(Church Plate (NorfblkX sat ; Discovered 

at Shoreditch, 87. 
(Church Stratton, <>4d (Coin found at, 38. 
OvUWar. ^W " Tower (^narda." 
Clan Theory extant in Cornwall, 963. 
Cimtrmdm Hist^rkmi Stcitty PiMicm- 

tuHSm Reviewed, 99. 
Clark (G. T.X Medimml MiUUry ArtkS- 

itctmrt in Englmmd, Reviewed, 98-99. 
(Clifford, Lady Anne. 49-54. 
Clifton Antiquarian Crab Meettnga, 33, 86, 

(CUndb £.*) 00 Di ac overy of Roamn Anti- 
quities at Keston, Kent, 106, loob 

**aogAhnanack,'*968. 

(Co ff ee hoosea, London, in 1669^ 69. 

(CoAn, Stone, found at Alnwidc Abbey, 
180; at POntefrnct, 37. 

(Coins of Bonaparte, iSs; halnnging to 



in, 14*19, a6^ : Sale of Soottii 



Shropehire ArdueoMgical Sod^, 960 ; 

itiah, 

fl|5 : Discoveriea ci, Edward III. 38, 

kUoabath iia, TVa^ 997; at Chouy 

at RidimoDd (Caatle, Yoilo, 84, 



t 



^axon) at Roeae 36, in Scotland 39. 

Colc hest e r , (Coin of Tn^^n found at, 997. 

(Cookery, x96>9oe; Roman, 941-946: Anpo- 
Norman. 947-9^; an ilth Ccntory 
Dinner deacribea, 973; Utanaila, 197. 

Copyright, ITM^. 16x4, FiariiaBantaiy ' 



282 



INDEX. 



Corea, Archaeology and Snpendtioos in, 

35-36. 
Cornwall, Cnstomf extant in, 863-s64. 
Corporation Officers at Apoleby, 49. 
Correspondence, 38-39, 85-87, Z34-I35, zSa- 

X83, a30-a3i, a77-a79- 
Covent Garden in 1730, 179. 



Coventry, Lammas Riding at, aatf. 

Cox (J.jjon Double Plturals, 87. 

Critic, Dr. Tohnson omsidered as, 337. 

Crosses at flklev, 175-176. 

Croydon, Parisn Qiurch, Monuments in, 

97a. 
Cumberland and Westmoreland Archsco- 

logical Society Meetings, za8. 
Customs, Old, extant in Cornwall, 963-964. 

Deerhurst Church, 999 : Font at, 39. 

Deer's Antlers discovered at Ipswtch, 968. 

Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire, 177. 

Dinner, i8th Ccotury, described in " Vene- 
tia," 973. 

Diseases, Stones as Cures for, 31-39. 

Dorfold Hall, Nantwich^ccount of, 97a 

Drayton, Discoveries at Phoenix Bank, 976. 

Dress of the Carthusian Monks, 4. 

Drinking Vessel called " Black Tack," 183. 

DuUin. Swift's Birthplace in, x6z-x63. 

Dumfries Old Bridge, 8o-8z. 

Dumfriesshire Natural History and Anti- 
quarian Society Meeting, 80, Z95-Z96. 

Dunstable, Azicient Pall at, 976. 

Durham and Northumbo'lajid Archaeo- 
logiosl Society Meetings, Z77. 

Duniam Brasses, 39 ; Church, Griffin Relic 
formerly in, 90K>z. 

Durham House, Adelphi, 8-if, 93Z. 

Dutch Church, Austm Friars, Roisters 
of, z89. 

Earlstoun, Restoration at Cowdenknowes, 

z89. 
Easter Monday at Greenwich Fair, >8. 
Easter Sepulchre at Patrington Church, 

»73« 
Ecclefechan, Carlyle's House at, 36. 

Ed^cote Church, Northamptondure, 77. 

Edinburgh Architectural Association Mee 

ings, 70. 
Edward II. Hunting. Ump., Z65. 
Edward III., Gold Coin of, found, 38. 
Effigy of Countess of Cumberland in 

Appleby Church, 59. 
Elinoeth (Q.X Silver C<nns of, discovered, 

Z39 ; Old workhouse, temp. 83. 
Elk, Iridi, Skeleton of, discovered in Tip- 

perary, 976. 
England, Forest Laws and Forest Animals 

in, 9X-94, z63-z66, 955-958. 
English, ]^lyi Coins, 969. 



leet- 



fOld) memt 14th century, 347-948. 
343-950. 



Palate, Formation 



^ry, a 
of, Zi 



96.90a, 



Entrenchments found on the Yorkshire 

Wolds, z8a 
Epidaurus, Temple of iEsculapius at, 959- 

963. 
Erith and Belvedere Natural History 

Society Meetings, 999-967. 
Essayist, Dr. Johzison considered as, 936- 

937. 



Essex and Suffolk Antiquities, Note on, 
Enex Archaeological Society Meetings, 



38. 86, 13s. , 
Archaeol 
Z98-Z99. 



Essex Field Club Meetings, x74-<75i ^73. 
Etux Notebook and Suffolk Gleaner, 

Reviewed. 9ao. 
Exchange, Antiquary, 40, 88, Z36, Z84, 339, 

980. 
Exchequer Chess-game, z34-i35. 

Fairs, Greenwich, 58-69. 

Fairy Rings, 993. 

"Fayrey rall,"^ Ancient Relic known as, 

at Dunstable, 976. 
Fayum Papyri, 181, 



Fens of Cambridgeshire, 168. 

Ferguson (R. S.) on the Formation of the 
English Palate, X96-909, 943-950; on 
z8tn Century Dinner, 97^ 

Field Names and Toponymical Collections, 
6-8, 85, 967. 

Fireplace, Curious Old, in Aylesbury 
Manor House, z^t. ^ 

Folk-lore of Lanarxshire, zo9-zo8. 

Font in Barrinrton Church, 993. 

Food of the Carthusian Monks in Eng- 
land, 4. 

Forest Groves, Sacredness of among the 
Ancients, 94. 

Forest Laws and Forest Animals in Eng- 
land, 9z-9^, z63-z66, 955-958. 

Fortune-telling, temp. James II., 36. 

Fossil Man discovered at Pompeii, z8o. 

Foster {J. J.) on Birthplace of John 
Russell, 69; on Roman Portraiture in 
the British Museum, 950 955. 

Fountaine Collection, Oiron Ware in, 7Z. 

Foxhunting in EngUmd, 956. 

France, Sue of Old Inn in Normandy, 37. 

French Coins of Bonaparte, z89. 

Fresco discovered at St. Michael's, Thurs- 
ley, 999; at St Peter's Church, Sudbury. 
z8o ; at Sheriffhales Church, 84 ; painted 
by Giovanni Baptista Alberta, restored, 
Z39 : in Painted Chamber, Westminster, 
46. 

Fruits used in Eariy Cookery, soz. 

Gainford Churdi, Durham, Z77. 
Gallic Graves discovered at Cnouy, 337. 
Game Laws, az. 
Geldart (Rev. E. M.) Folk-lore of Modem 

Greece, Reviewed, ja. 
Genealogy 0/ Morgan, Llaniamam Abbey, 

Monmouthshire, Reviewed, Z93. 
Genealogy of Nathaniel Hone, 183. 
Gibbs (R.X History qf Aylesbury, Re- 
view, 960. 
Gibraltar, Old Anchors and Guns found 

at, 84. 
Glasgow ArcMaological Society Transac- 

tions. Reviewed, 99. 
Glasgow Architectural Association Meet* 

ings, 993. 
Glass-making^ in England, temp. zj;84, 95. 
Gloucestersfure Noiss and Queries, Re- 
viewed, 99-ia 
Gomme (G. L.), Gentleman's Magasine 

Library, Vol. III. ; Review, 366. 
Goodrich Court, 180. 
Gothic Art, Ancient, Numerical Princi|des 

of, Z47-Z53, 309-914. 
Gray (H.X Descriptive CatalcrueofRare^ 

Curious, and raluable Bowks, Reviews, 

966. 
Greeks, Ancient, Fondness for Antiquities 

hy, Z79. 
Greenwich Fair, Account oT 58-69. 
GreetweU Fields, Roman Kemadns found 

at, 998. 
Griffin (The), 89-09. 
Grotto discovered at Port Barra, 180. 
of Roc du Buffens, Discoveries in,38. 

Hadrian, Bust of, in British Museum, 953. 

Hakluyt (R.X Principal Navigations Md 
Discoveries of the English Nation, Re- 
print, ed. by E. Goldsmid, Review, 965. 

Hales (Prof. J. yi.\Notes and Essays on 
Shakespeare. Reviewed, 17Z-Z79. 

Hall (A.) on Silchester v. CaJleva, Z83. 

(H.) on Exchequer Chess-game, Z34. 

Ham House, Restoration of, 976. 

Hamelin (Piper ofX C^(»nmemoration Fes- 
tival of, 84. 

Hanley and the House qf Lechmere, Re- 
viewed, 193. 

Hazlitt Family in America in Z737-87, zz3- 

Hazlitt ^. Oirew) on the Coins of Venice, 
Z4-Z9 ; on a Lesson from Plutarch, 83 ; 
pp the Haxlitts ip America, is3-rT9, 



Z17-X43 ; on French Coin of Bonaparte 
Z89; on Macaulay's New Zealander 
Forestatlled, 996 ; on Piopei ty at King- 
ston-on-Thames, A.O. z34!3-8, 377. 

Haxlitt (W. CX Offspring ff Thought im 
.Sl^ZrYaMP, Reviewed, Z73. 

Healing, iCsculaDius God of, 959-963. 

Hellenic Society Meetings, 3Z, 76. 

Henry I., Forest Laws, temp., 99. 

II., Code of Forest Laws, temp., 99. 

— — V. a Borrower of Books, 996. 

VI., Accounts of, temp., 1499-Z449, 



Z9Z- 



Z96. 
VIL, 



Bedding of, 1 87. 



Heraldic Bearings, the Griffin, 89-99. 
Herbs used in Early Cookery, 931. 
Hereford, Old City Moat found at, 977. 
Herford (J. S. A.) on Old Words used in 

Miracle Plays, Z35. 
Hindolvelston Church, 99z. 
Historical Society (Royal) Meetings, 30. 
Historical Sociefy (Royal) Trutuacttous, 

Reviewed, m. 
Holdemess, Yorks, Lake Dwellings dia> 

covered in, 91^7. 
Hone (Nathaniel), (yenealogy and Family 

of, Z83, 93Z. 
Hone (R.) on Family of N. Hone, Z83, a^z. 
Hope (R. C.) on Scarborough Corporatioa 

Insignia, 90-9 z. 
House, History and Development of, Z85- 

Z90. 
Pre-historic, Discovered in Meath, 

998. 
House of Lords, Its Place of Meeting, 

4z-^8 ; the Transition from Tenure to 

» Yi^h '43-U7. »3gt:a43 ; Name of, 979. 

" Howbury/ near Enth, 999. 

Hudd (A. E.) on Gum Magzia Church, 

930-931. 
Hull Corporation Documents, 998. 

Literary Club Meetinn, 973. 

Hull Quarterly, edited by W. 0. B. Page, 

Reviewed, Z93. 
Human Remains found at St. Albans, 999. 
Husbands, Ancient Mode of Obtaining, 179. 

Ilkley Church and Crosses, Z75-Z76. 
Ingram (J. H.X The HaunUd Homes and 
Family Traditions qf Great Britain, 



Reviewed, 73. 
dai 

Inn, Old, Normandy, 37. 



Inn called Se 
at, 939. 



n Chair, Bath, discoveries 



Inscription, found near Dewsbnry, 39-33. 

Insignia of Scarborough Corporation, 90-91. 

Ipswich^ St. Peter's Church at, 967 ; Ex- 
cavations at, 968. 

Ireland, Historical and Archaeological As- 
sociation or Meetings, 173. 

Iron Bedsteads, First Use o\, 83. 

Grille Work. Wrought, Z73. 

Slag, Deposit of, at Nether Waidale, 

58. 

Jezmings (H.X Phallkism Celestia and 

Terrestrial. Reviewed, 9x9. 
Johnson ifDr.), Life, \Vorks, and TabU 

Talk, Reviewed, 366. 
BirthpUce of, 333-339. 

Keston, Kent, Roman Antiquities dis- 
covered at, Z08-Z09. 

Kbgston-on-Thames, Property at, A.D. 
z 343-8, 377. 

Kneller (Sir G.X <^een Anne's Portraits 
by, S77-378. 

Kreiulingen Church, Wood SkolpCure in, 
«34. 

Lach-Sayrma (Rev. W. S.) 00 Notes from 
Comtml, ^2c^fh 

Lacustrine Antiquities at Zurich, 338. 

Lake- dwellings discovered at Holdemettt, 
Yorkshire, 977. 

Lambeth Church, Pedlar Memorial Win- 
dow removed, z8a. 



INDEX. 



a83 



Lambeth Church.PedUr Legcod of,«o«-9os. 

Lammas Custom, Wales, 995. 

'^^^ •' Coventry, 996^ 

Lamm Roman Terra Cotta, dtsoovcred, zo8. 

Lanarkshire Folk-lore, 109*108. 

Lancashire and Cheshire Andquarian 
5>ociety Meetings, 970. 

Land-holding, IWliamentary Bilb con- 
cerning, 95. 

XatA Tenure in Lanarkshire, 103. 

Lanj^uage used in Official Documents, 973. 

Latimer ( BishopX Birthplace of. 119-191. 

Ijitin Inscription, TranslatioQ of a, sjo. 

I^ws (Forest) in England, 9i'94, i63*x66, 

95^-958. 
I^eaming of the Ancients, 179. 
I.,eathernead Church, 1 30-130. 
I..ee Brockhurst Church, Restoration of, 9*8. 
Leeds Geolopcal Assodatioo, 995. 
Lee-penny 1 aliunan, 106. 
I^egmdi of the Ide of Man. 157- 161 ; of 

Mecklenburg, 64-69; of Pwllan, 909-90$. 
Library at the Castle of Wrexhil, 8«. 
Lichfield, Birthplace of Dr. Johnson, 933- 

a34- 

Lichfield Cathedral, Restoration of. 998. 

Lincoln, Ronuui Remains discovered a^i 37' 

Lincolnshire, Discovery of Supposed Pre- 
historic Road in, jo, 38. 

Liverpool in 1799, 99-94. 

Livett (G. M.X SontkwU MimUr^ Re- 
viewed, 179. 

Llangawaladr Church, Rcstondoo of, 84. 

Llangedeime Church, Rettoratioo of, 83-84. 

Llannwchllyn Parish, 178. 

London in i66j>^ 69-64. 

Antiquities dtscovvred, 139, 134. 

Pleasures in 1730-35, 179. 

Roman Mortar Ibaod in, 75. 

Stage, tem^. Shakespeare, 974. 

CoUectioa of Views of Sootbwark. 



181. 



194. 



G^ogists* AisodatioQ Meetaigi, 



and Middlesex Ardueological So- 
ciety Meetings, 76. 
Lords, House (», History of, 41-48, 143-147, 

a39-'43i »79- 
Loi^t, l»rd. Relics of, 181. 

Title and Esutes, Claim to, M7. 

Ludlow, Old House Destroyed at, 83. 

Macaulay's New Zcalander Forestalled, 

996. 
Maccall (W.X Christum Uftnds, Re- 

viewed, 74. 
Magna Charta, Clauses in Dealing with 

the Forests, 99. 
Maidstone Burghmote, 83. 
Manchester in 1799 ; 99*94. 
Manx Legends, 157*161. 
Maplestead " Round Churdt," 1*9. 
Marriage Ball, Curious, 87. 931. 
Marriage Customs, 190 : Lanarkshire, 106, 

107 : Ancient Spanish, 179. 
Marshall G^. Sale of Musical LOicary, 189. 
Martin-hunung in England, 956-957. 
Maitin (St. ), Site of Qiapel of; discomed, 

Shrewsbury, 38. 
Mary (>uecn « Scots, Room oc cu pied by, 

18a : Executioo of, 974. 
Mastodon, Remains of, dis co v er ed, 139. 
May Customs in (Cornwall, 961. 
Mecklenburg, Legends and Traditions ol^ 

64-69. 
Melton Constable Church, 990-991. 
Menus of Roman and Old English Dinnen, 

946 948. 
Mersea Island,^ Roman Antiquities at, 174. 
Mexborough Vicarage, Relics found at, 999. 
Mtckleham CSiurch, 130. 
Middleham Castle, i8ow 
Midimmd Gmftur, Review, 966. 
Midland Union of Natural History So- 
cieties, Meeting of, 77*78, 194-195. 
Miluon, Wiltshire, AddiMa's Bmli|iteoe, 

97-98. 



Miracles of .Aaculaama, 939-961. 
Miracle Plays, Old words u»ed in, 135. 
Moat, d isco v ered at Hereford, 979. 
Monastic Churcbes, Early, 149-151. Sm 

Carthusian. 
Mookhaven, St. bhmael't Church at. 

Restored, 998. 
Montgomery Castle. 78*79. 
Monuments of NeviUs 01 Raby, eijs. 
Morgan (G. B.) on a Latin InscrintMn, 930. 
Mound, Opemng of, in Loch 01 Stenoes, 



[oont 
Municipal Oflkesi 



Mount Grace Priory, Account of, i*6. 
Bees (AndentX 89-83. 



Nantwich Church, 970W 
Napper {H. F.)on Site of Silchester, 86-87. 
Nelson (LordX Cane belonging to, 999. 
Nether Wasdale, Deposit of Slag Iron at, 

58. 
Neuchttel, OU To««r« at, 189. 
Nevilb of Raby and their Alliances, 109* 

»«3t «53-«57. »«4-««7- 
Newcastle Field Qub Meedng. 78. 



oiflord, 974. 
Oak Tkees. Celefanted, 04-97* 
Obituary Nodoes. iio-i8a 



— ; Society of Antiqnanee Meet- 

N^ias (StX Cole Abbey, Restoration 
ot 974. 

Norber, SOurian Enatic Blocks at, 995. 

Norfolk andNorwich Aichaological So- 
ciety Mertiny, 990-999. 

Northanmtonshire Nataral History So- 
ciety Meeting 79. 

No teb ook, Antifquary't, 35-36^ 8^-83, 130- 
131, 179, •a6-a97. 973. 

Numerical Prindplea of Ancient Gothic 

Art, «47-«S3t •09-««4* 
Numismatics, 96j^ Stt ** Coins." 
Nnmitmatic Society Meetings, 31. 

Oak, OM, at Bickington Church, 84; 

Screens at St. Andrew's Chtirch, Avcton 

Giflbrd, 
:T»«o 

tnary Notioes, 
OfBcesL Forest, 94. 
Official Documents, Poetical Laognagtin, 

Objected to, 973. 
Oiron Ware, 71-^ 

Orkiiey,Di9Coverie8in Lodiof Stenncs,i34. 
Over.Cambridgeshire, Charities of, 166-X69. 
Owen (Rev. T. W.i HisUty ^f SU 

Nickiitu' Chmrck, LtUuttr, Kenewcd, 

179. 

Painted Chamber, Westminster, 4& 
Pisintings by Barry at Society of Aits, 

xoi-ioe. 
Piskte, English, Formation of, 196-900, 
13-950. 

lent, first heM at Shrewsbury, 969- 
^«r" House of Lords.** 

PftrliaaentaiyBab, Notes on mom Re- 
jected, 94-96. 

Patrin^ton Choirdi, Yorkshire, 979. 

Pansaniat. Deecription of Temple of Ka- 
culapins by, a6a 

Pavements (Konan) discovered at Wool- 

PMcodt (Kd.)on the GriCn, 89-09. 
Pedlar at Lambeth Church, Ifemorial 

Window removed, x8e. 
Legends of Lambeth and Swaffham, 



Ptenance Natural Hiitory Society Meet- 
ings, 196.197. 

Personal Rights, Origin oil 36. 

feterooroogn, irennonc i 
found at, 194. 

Cathadml, 78. 

Peter's (St.) Eve, Fires on, Cornwall, 96^ 

Philip tne Fair of Austria, Shipwreck of, 
on Coast of England, 69. 

Philips (Wm.X Diary of a Joaiaty oi; 



Phifological Society Meetiius, 30* 75. 

PiUows a Luxury, Um^, Ebj., 185. 

Place Names, 6^8. 85, 967. 

Plot (Dr. X Anocdote of, 36. 

Plunds (Double), 87. 

Plutarch, A Leoon finom, 83. 

Poet, Dr. Johnson considered as a, S35-936. 

" Poet's (Corner," Note on Title, i8> 

Polysamy, Um^. 1675, Parliamentary Bill 
to Legalise, 97, 87, 931. 

Pompeii, Fossil of a Man discovered, 180. 

Poniatowski Gems, 3^, 979. 

Pontefract, Diecovenes at, 37. 

— — ^— Ghpening of Museum at, 84. 

Pontypridd, Coins found at, 139. 

Port Barra, Grotto discovered at, 18a 

Porter (J. A.) on CHiurch Plate discovered 
at Shoreditch, 87. 

Porters, London, m 1669, 69. 

Portraiture, Caricature, in National Por- 
trait (jallery, 131 ; Roman, in the Britisk 
Mueeom. 950-955. 

Priory at Pontefract, Discoveries at, 37. 

Prison at Manchester in 179a, 93 

Pullinc (Alex.X TJu Oritr if the €0^, 
R e viewed, iai-193. 

Raby Castle. 100-113. 

Raby, Nevills of, «53-«S7» ai4-»i7. 

Ramsay (Sir E. j. H.) on Accoontt of 

Henry Vl., 191*106. 
Records of Ounbriogeshire, 166-169. 
R§cprda •/ tkt B^mgk if N^ttmgkmmtt 

VuL IL, Review. 964-965. 
Revenue of Henry Vl, 191.196. 
Reviews of New Books, 98-31X 79-75, tai- 

193, 169*179, 9I7-990. 964-96oL 

Rkhmond Castle (YorksX Silver Coin 
found at| 84. 

Roche Abbey, D i s co veries during Explo- 
rations, 181. 

Rochester. Antiquities at, 77. 

Rock Sculptures at IDcley. 1761. 

Roger (J . C X Celticism m MytA, Reviewed, 

Rolfe (C) on Numerical Principles of 
Andent (Sothic Art, 147-153, *09**>4* 

RoUright Stones. ia8. 

Roman Antmnities d isc ov er ed at Bath, 
994 ; at dbester, %j ; at Dewsbory, 
39-33 : at Hoosesteaos, 197 : at Kestoo, 
10^09 : at Lincoln, p ; at London, ija 
134; Maentwrog, 178: at Rottcnouig^ 
974 ; at Windiester, iSa; at Woobtom^ 
133 ; Villa discovered in (jreetwell Fiddly 
999: at Woolstone, 36} Coins. 969; 
Cooicery, 198, 943*946, menu, ilnar/. Ria- 
public. 946-6. 

Roman Portraiture in British Musena, 
Examles ot 950-955. 

WUOm&mm OAJBOB ^^OtOB pOVUIQ ACb 30w 

Rottenboif, Black Forest, Excavations at, 

»74* 
Round (J. H.) on the Tower Goards. 54- 
<8. 1^, 905-909; Note on Ancient 
Muniapnl Offices, 89-83 ; on Maidstone 
Burj^hmote, 81; on Eseex and SufdUc 
Antiquities, 80; on House of Lords, 

TkeBm$mi9 0y Rmikmm Reviewed, 73, 74. 
Royston, (jive at. 3A. 
Russell Family, Birthplawt 

of, 69. 
Russian Ardueoloffical Congress Meeti«f 

971. 
Ruthcfglcn, Coitoms at, 105-106. 

St. Albans Ardutectural and Archmolo^ 

cal Society Meetings, 34. 
St. Albans, Human Kemams found at, eso. 
St. Paul's C:atbedral, Designs for Deocrn- 

tiooof. 998. 
St. PsttTs Ecckri rio gk a J Socitty Moot. 

ingt, 3t. 
SnItpetMMking in Englaad,i!f»l^. 1584, 9^ 



oftheFoondo 



*' 



284 



i. »:. 



INDJ&X. 



Saltwood Castle, RettoratioD of, S76. -^ 

Samot (Iile ol). Ttmnel duoovf^in, 976. 

Saroophaj^us, Roman, Diapov«nd at Lin- 
ooIn,.j7. 

SArna, Cnriotis Church Customs at,i3o*X3z. 

Satchell fT.X L{fiommrd)M{fisciUri^ Beck 
^ FWdng vntk HiMki and Lin* Re- 
viewed, ax8-axo. 

Sauces used by the Romans, aof . 

Saville (Wm.X ttmp. 1690, Relics of, 
found at Mexborough, 2^9. 

Sawyer f F. ^.) on Field-names, 6-8. 

Saxon Antiquities discovered near the 
White Horse, Berkshire, x8i ; Coins 
found at Rome, 36; Cross discovered 
at Wooler, 930 ; work discovered at 
Peterborough, 78. * 

Scarborough Corporation Insignia, ao-si. 

Schussenned (WOrtembergX Stone A05 
Hut found at, 13^ * 

*' Scot/* Term of, still used, 8x. 

Scott (MichaelX Wizard, Tradition of, X03. 

Scottish Coins, Sale of, 85. 

Seeds of Plants used in Early Cookery, aoz. 

Sennen Church, zs6. 

Shakspere Society (New) Meetings, 76. 

Sheffield. Village Community System at, 35. 

Shellinglord Church, Berkshure, 151-153,3x0. 

Sheriffhales Parish Church, Restoration 
of, 84. 

Shirwell, Restoration of St. Peter's Church 
at, 275. 

Shoreditch, Church Plate discovered at, 87. 

Shorthand, System of James Ward, 274. 

Shrewsbury, Discoveries in, 38. 

Show Festival, 83. 

First Parliament held at,a6o-a7o. 

Shropshire Axchceological Society Meet- 
iiigs, 78-79, 269-970. 

Silchester, Site of, 86-87, 183,997. 

Smith (H. W.) on Queen Anne s Portraits 
by ICneller. 977-8. 

Smith (J- H.) on Essex and Suffolk Anti- 
quities, 38, X35. 

Spanish Armada, Tapestry Representing 
at Westminster, 48. 

Marriage Custom, 179. 



Spectre Stones in Mecklenbtu^, 68. 
Spices used in Early Cookery, 902. 
Stackpole Warren, Prehistoric Village at, 

994.^ 
Stage in London, temp. Shakespeare, 974. 
Stag-hunting in England, 164. 
Stahlschmidt (T. C. L.), Surrty BtUs and 

London Beit FoundrieSy Reviewed, 9x9. 
Statutes relating to Forest Laws, 9x-9j. 
Staverton, Restoration of St. Mary's 

Church at, 976. 
Stephens (Prof; G.) on the Brough Stone, 

«35- 
, Handbook 0/ the Old Northern 

Runic Monuments of Scandinavia tmd 

England^ Reviewed, 79-73. 

Steps discovered at Drayton, 976. 

Stone Age Hut discovered, X33. 

Implements, India, xis. 

- Monuments in Bunoury Church- 

yard, 97X 

Stones, Cup-marked, in Perthshire, 3X. 

Strand, Account of, xx, X3. 



Stratford-on-Avoo, Custom of Swan-upping 

at, 998 
; .Stuart (Esme) on Manx Legends, X57-Z6X. 
r Sudbuiy, St Peter's Church, Restoration 

oj x8a 
Suffolk Institute of Archasology and 

Natural History Society, 967-963. 
Superstitions from the Corea, 35-36; of 

Mecklenburg, 64-69 ; Nuptial, 190. 
. Surrey ArduDological Soaety Meetings, 

X99. 
Sussex Field-names, 6-7 ; Place-names. 85. 
Swaffham, Pedlar Legend of, 909-205. 
Swaffham-two-Churches. X76. 
Swan-upping Custom at Stratf<Mrd-on-A von, 

298. 
Swift (Jonathan^ Birthplace of. X61-X63. 
Swimming an Amusement oH Charles II., 

996. 

Tankard (Silver) formerly belonging to 

John Bunyan, 9^5. 
Tara (Meatn), Discovery of Prehistoric 

House at, 998. 
Taxation, temp, Henry VI., i9x-X96. 

— of Books. 131. 

Temple discov«ed at Athens, 36. 
Tenure by Writ of House of Ix>rds, Transi- 
tion from, I43-X47, 939-9^1. 
Theatres (London) in X069, 63; temp, 

Shakespeare, 2^4. 
Thoresby (ly, Life of, 131. 
Thurcaston. Birthplace of Latimer, xx9-x9x. 
Thursley, Qiurch Restoration at. 999. 
Tipperary, Skeleton of Elk founa in, 976. 
Tiryns, Excavations at, X33. 
Tokens of Shropshire, 960. 
Topographical Society, London, X39. 
Totnes, Antiquities at, X24. 
Tower Guards, 54-58, 135, 205-209. 
Traditions, Lanarkshire, X02-X08. 
Trafalgar, Relics of Battle of, found, 84. 
Thijan, Bust of, in British Museum, 259- 

353 : Coin of, discovered, 997. 
Treasure, Buried. Legends of, 909-905. 
Trees, On some Ancient, 94-99. 
Tregellas ON. H.X Cornish WorthUs, 

Reviewed, 96<-96o. 
Trent, Piers of Wooden Bridge discovered 

in, 274. 
True Report of Certain Wonderful Over- 
flawing of Waters inSomerset, Norfolk^ 

A.D. X607, ed. by,E. E. Baker, Reviewed, 

170-X7X. 
Tunnel^.c 9oo)found in Isle of Samos,276. 
Turner (W.) on Silchester v, C^elleva, 277. 

Urns, Gnerary, discovered at Lincoln, 37. 

Venables, Rev. Precentor, on the Rules of 

the Carthusian Order, illustrated by the 

Priory of Mount Grace. 1-6. 
Venetian Government, Removal of, to 

Constantinople, temp. X222, 926. 
Venice, Coins of, 14- 19, 267. 
Vemaleken (J.), In the Land of Marvels^ 

Folk Tales from Austria tind Bohemia^ 

Reviewed, 74. 
Village Community at Therfield, 35. 



Vine at Hampton Court, 99. 



Wake(C S.)on the NeviUs of Raby and 
their Alliances. X09-XX3, XS3-X57, 9x4-917. 

Walfofd (C) onGreenwich Fair, ^A. 

Wallace (Sir W.), TnuiiUons of. 103. 

Wallasey, Sale of "The Old cSeshira 
Inn " at, 275. 

Ward (JamesX Volume bekniging to, 974. 

Wardour CasUe, 77. 

Ware, Bed of, 189. 

Warwickshire Naturalists' and AicluBolo- 
gists' Field Club Meetings, 79. 

Water Supply, London, /#iw^. X635. 9. xx. 

Watts (J. KinjE) on Chanties of (jver, 
Cambridgeshire, 166-169. 

Welsh Customs, 925. 

Westminster, Abbey North Door Restored, 
181. 

Hall, Restorations at, 89. 

Houseof Parliament at, 4X-4B. 

Wheatley (H. B.) on the Adelphi and its 
Site, 8-14, 99-102; on the Place of 
Meeting of the House of Lords, 4X-48 ; 
on History of the House, x8<-xoo ; <m 
Durham House, 23X ; on Birthplacie of 
Dr. Johnson, 233-234; on Poniatowsld 
(}ems, 279. 

Whittinghain Churchyard, Bcrwickslure, 

«74. 
Whooping-cough, Cures for, 32. 
Wick, Meaning of the Word, 230. 
Williamson (CT CX Ro^ Coinage and 

Token Currency ofGutl^fordt Reviewed, 

9x8. 
Winchester Mayoralty Festival, 85. 
Roman Antiquities discovered, 

X89. 

Wood, Cultivation ofl temp. X937, x68. 

Wood Sculpture in iCreuslingen Church, 
Restoration oC X34. 

Wooler, Saxon (^ross discovered at. 93a 

Woolstone, Berkshire, Roman Villa dis- 
covered at, 36, X38. 

Words (Old) used m Miracle Plays, X35. 

Wrexhil Castle Library, 82. 

Wroth (Warwick) on the Miracles of 
iGsculapius, 959-963. 

Year Book of the Scientific and Learned 
Societies of Great Britain and Ireland, 
Reviewed. \%\. 

Veatman (PymX Observations ufon the 
Law of Ancient Demesne, Review, 966. 

Yew-trees, Celebrated, 97-98. 

York Field Naturalists Society Meetings, 

97 X -279. 

York, Restoration of All Saints Church at, 

i8x. 
Yorkshire, Priory of Mount Grace in, x-6. 
■■■■ ^ — Archxological and Topographical 
Society Meetinjp, X75-176. 

and Lincoln«iire Architectural 



Society's Meeting, 79-89. 

■Wolds, Entrenchments found, x8a 



Young(MissJ.)on Mecklenbur^g Legends 
andTradiuons, 64-69. 

ZOrich, I^icustrine Antiquities at, 998 



Ni: 



I I