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THE
ANTIQUARY:
A MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO THE STUDY
OF THE PAST.
I • I
JnsirucUd by the Antiquary times^
He mustf he is, he cannot but be wise.
Troilus and Cressida, Act ii. sc. 3.
I • I
• •
• • •
• • •
• • -•
» . *
* •
VOL. V.
JANUARY— JUNE.
Lonijon: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row.
New York: J. W. BOUTON.
1882.
ty
w
• •
imW YEAH CUSTOMS.
tt
*■ ^jb »^<*
The Antiquary.
JANUARY, 1882.
Dew ]?ear Custome.
By the Rer. Walter G&egor.
Kind ReadiTy we wish you and yours a Hdp^
New Year.
£t car laeta tnis dicnntur rerba kalcndis
£t damns alternas acdpimiisqae preces ?^
The god of the New Year answers : —
Omina prindpiis (iiMjmt) inesse solent.
•Ad primam aocem timidasadaertitis anres*
£t uisam primtim consolit augar anem.
Templa patent anresqae deoin, nee lingua cadacas
Omcipit ulla pieces, dictaqae pondns habent.f
In the opinion of Bamabe Googe, Chris-
tians have taken up the custom of New Year
greetings from the heathen : —
And good beginning of the jeare they wishe and wishe
againe,
According to the anntient guise of heathen people
▼aine.^
Such greetings, whether heathenish or
Christian, are kmdly.
Every human heart b hmnan,
and will give vent to its feelings, despite laws
and threats of all kind, whether from State or
Church.
It was in vain Theodosius forbade all kinds
of idolatry by the most severe punishments
(392), bishops undertook the destruction
of heathen temples, and numbers of monks
were sent through the provinces with full
power from the Roman emperors to root out
every trace of heathen worship. It was to
little purpose Ambrose, Augustine, Leo the
Great, and other leaders used their elo-
quence and influence to put a stop to Pagan
customs. The lads in Qeveland will still call
through their neighbour's key-hole : —
♦ Fasii, i. IL 175, J 76. + Ihid, 11. 17S-182.
X Th€ Po^ Kingdom.
vou v.
I wish yoa a xsjtsrf Chjisring\
And a happy New Yeais*; • / •
A pantry foU of roast beeC * •* .*
And a barrel full of beer. '* /
and the boys and girls in the West Rldii^/ J:
will repeat the same words as they go theif --'^
round seeking New Year's gifts, while Dim-
bar has given his New Year's greeting to
James IV. :—
My Prince in God gif th^ guid grace,
Joy, glaidnes, confort, and solace,
Plav, pleasance, myrth, and mirrie dieir.
In hansell of tlus guid New Yelr ^
with "many Fraunce crowns," and Alex-
ander Scott, in " Ane New-Yeir Gift to the
Queue Mary, quhen scho come first hame"
(1561), has uttered the wish —
To seiss thy sabiectis so mlnf and feur
That rydit and reasoon in thy realme may mle,
God gife th^ grace aganis this gnde new-zeir ;
and Buchanan has paid his homage to the
same unfortunate queen : —
Do'qnod adest, &C. ;
and the poets laureate of England, from
Thomas Shadwell (1688) to Henry James
Pye, who died in 1813, and in his last ode
paid a tribute to the heroes, who risked every-
thing : —
That climes remote, and regions yet unknown,
May share a George's sway, uid bless his patriot
throne;
and composers have done their best to set
them to music, and musicians to sing themi
and the Council Chamber of St. James has
seen the king and his courtiers assembled in
all their bravery to hear them sung.
Feasting held a prominent place in the
New Year festivities.
Human nature is much the same in all
ages and in all countries, and what was done
on the banks of the Tiber was done in the
north-east comer of Scotland. The old
Roman put on his holiday attire, and en-
joyed the sights to be seen in the streets —
the inauguration of the magistracy, with all
its imposing ceremonies.
Vestibns intactis Tarpeias itiir in arcea^
£t popnlns festo concolor tpte sao at
lamque noui praeeunt fiuces. Bona puzpuni fulget,
£1 nooa conspicuum pondera sentit €bax. .
Colla rudes operum praebent lisrienda inTCiici,
Quos aluit campis herfaa Falisca snis.'t'
* Dunbar's Poenu^ ed. by D. Laing; toL L p. gi.
t Fasii, i. IL 79^
B
• •
• • I
• • •
• • • •
IfStV Y£Ak CUSTOMS.
• •
. •• •
In thc.*liQrd^-east of Scotland, after all
n^ess^/i/erlic had been accomplished as
ea% as-pbsdble, every one dressed and gave
**tiie;day to pleasure-seeking — some visiting,
/iome going to shooting-matches, some
" thigging." Each household, however poor,
made exertion to have something dainty for
food. At ni^ht there was card-playing, some-
times in pnvate houses, sometimes in ale-
houses, ^en a good deal of strong drink
was used ^' for the good of the house," and
sometimes there were balls. Not seldom in
all this there were excesses.
Their tablet do they furnish out with all the meate
they cant
With march-payneS} tartes, and custards great, they
drink with staring eyes,
They rowte and revell, teede and feaste, as merry all
aspyesi
As if they should at th' entrance of this New Yeare
hap to die.
Vet would they have their bellies full, and auncient
friends allie.*
The Church raised its voice against such
revelry. Maximus says : —
Quis sapiens, qui dominici Natalis sacramentum
colit, non cbrietatem condemnat Satumalium, non
dedUiet lasdviam Kalendarum ? — Nam ita lasciviunt,
ita vino et epulis satiantur, ut (|ui toto anno castus
et temperans fiierit, ilia die sit temulentus atque
pollutus.t
In some places {e,g. Banff) it was not un-
usual for the servants and children of the
better-class households to dine together,
when the master and the mistress saw to
their comfort, and the master made the
punch and distributed it, offering his congra-
tulations and good wishes to the domestics.
This is the counterpart of the Roman treat-
ment of slaves on the Saturnalia (17th
December),
Satumalibus, Optimo dierum,^^
when the liberty given was such that it be*
come proverbial :-—
Age, libertate Decembrl,
Quando ita maiores voluenmt, utere.§
In the north-east of Scotland, with all the
merriment the poor were kept in mind. Sub-
stantial presents were made ; rafiles, balls, or
shooting-matches were set on for some of the
more needy. One mode of giving help was by a
kind of begging, called " digging." A few of
* Popish Kingdom. f Hom. ciii.
% Catullus, xiv.| 15. § Horace, Sat. ii. 7, 11. 4, 5.
the young men of a district started eaily in the
morning to collect meal or money for an old
man, or woman, or frail couple, as the case
might be. On approaching each house they
sang a song, in which the wants of the needy
were set forth : —
It*s nae for oorsels it we come here^
B*soothan, b'soothan,
It's for sae scant o' gear,
An awa b' mony a toon, &c.
Then they told their story, got their alms (a
cogfld of oatmeal, or a few pence), partook
of hospitality. Between kindly greetings,
news of the day, a little good-natured banter
with the guidewives^ and an occasional
salute from the maidens^ it was a day of glee.
When a boy, often have I stood at my
father's door and watched the stalwart happy
lads scouring the district-side on their errand
of mercy, feeling little the weight of the bag
of meal on the back.
The brute creatures shared in the common
joy. In BanfiSshire it was till lately, and it
may be still the custom, to give to each of the
horses and cattle a small quantity of un-
threshed oats (" a rip o' com") as the
morning provender. The "clyack" sheaf,
(Gsel. caiUeach^ an old wife), which had been
taken home in triumph when the crop was
all cut, and carefully kept in store against
tliis day, was given to the oldest mare, if in
foal, and if there was not a mare in foal, it
was given to the oldest cow in calf, lliis
custom extended to other parts of Scotland.
Bums says : —
A guid New- Year I wish thee, Maggie I
Hae, there's a nipp to thy auld baggie.*
The Roman citizens gave Strena to each
other, and to their mlers. At first these gifts
were simple and such as the poorest could
give, mere expressions of goodwill and of
good wishes for prosperity during the coming .
year. With the increase of wealth and power,
and the loss of the austere mode of life, they
became next to a tax on those who, from
their rank, orofhce, or wealth, were required
to give. The Emperors looked for them,
and gladly accepted them, and gave in return.
Of Augustus it is said : —
Omnes ordines in lacum Curtii quotannis ex TOto
pro salute ejus stipem jaciebant : item kalendis Janoa-
riis strenam in capitolio, etiam absent! .f
■II' - ■■ II. I ^" ■ ■-■■ ■!■ I ■■ I I — M^— ^— ^W^i^^.^"^^— ■■
* Bums, vol. i. p. 2^3, Chambers' Library Ed. 1856*
t Sueton. XIL Casara : Octav. Aug. 57.
IfBW YMAR tD^TOMS.
Nero would accept gifts only on the fiist of
January, and issued a decree against what
was called '' strenanim commerdunL"
Quotidiaxia oscnUi pfroliibQit edicto ; item strenanim
commerdam, ne ultra Kalendas Jamuuias e ia o er e tu r.
Consaeverat et qoadniplam strenam et de mana red-
dere.*
Caligula exceeded all the emperors in his
greed of gold, and it is told of him that he
used to roll himself on heaps of it : —
Edixit et strenas ineante amio se reoeptonim ; stetit*
qae in vestibolo aediom Kaleodb Januariis adcap-
tandas stipes qnas plenis ante earn manibos ac simi
omnis geiieris tnrba fonddiatt
Claudius abolished the custom.
The Italians have inherited the word,
and Dante testifies to the value put on the
gifts: —
Vtx^^o inverso me qaeste cotali
Parole its6 ; e mai non faro strenne,
Che fosser di piacere a queste equalL^
The French have adopted the word, and
call a New Year gift itrenne^ and speak of
^' le premier dimanche apr^ les estraines,*^
as weU as " le jour de Testraine " : —
Mes dames & mes damoiseUes,
Se Diea tous doint joye proachaine,
Etcootex les dares noavdles
Une j'oay le joor de Testraine.!
All along, with their refinement of manner,
they have followed the custom of giving
presents on New Year's Day; and "bone
estraine" came to signify in a great measure,
prosperity : —
Mais Diex, qai est donnerres de joie sooTeraine,
Li a cestai miidi envoie bone estreine.^
while '' malle estraine" meant misfortune : —
Pres nemont moit ; Diex lor dolat malle estiaioe.**
It is, perhaps, in France that any one
single New Year's present has reached the
* Tiberias Nero, 34. t Caligola, 42.
% Purgatorio, canto xxviL IL I18-120.
§ ** It€m, Ladite confirairie (des drapiers] doit
sevir le premier dimanche apres les lestraines, se celle
de Nostre-Dame n'y eschevit, demandc & obtena
oongie de notre prevost de Paris, & i y cellai siege
appeU^ nostre procoreor. — (Denis Francois) Secoasse
Oraonnances des roys de France de la troisieme race.
Tome iii. Paris : 1732 ; in folio, p. 583, Na 3.
n Lis CEuvfYS dt wtaistre Alton Chartier^ &c,
Paris: 1617 ; in-4to, pp. 525, 526.
% Li Romans dt BerU aus ^raus piis^ coapl. L p.
73. Pablie par Fanlin, Paris,
** ChamoHs dt ChAUlaim de Cmuy^ cfa. xiy. p. 57.
greatest cost — that of Louis XIV. to Madame
de Montespan. This gift consisted of two
covered goblets and a salver of embossed
gold, ricUy ornamented with diamonds and
emeralds, and was valued at ten thousand
crowns.
Kings at times approached each other
with gtfts on New Year's day : —
Tbomas Channelle, dieYalier trenchant de
Roy d'Engleterre, leqael est vena apporter Pestzaine
da Roy d^ngleterre da joor de Fan.*
In England the nobles sent a purse with
gold in it to the king, and retainers made a
present to their lords, often a capon : —
Yet most he hannt his greedy landlord hall
With often presents at ech festiraU ;
With crammed capon's every new year's moraf
In Scotland, presents were made, and till
lately, on Hansel Monday. Mistresses on
the morning of this day gave a small gift,
commonly a piece of dress, to each of her
domestics. In some districts scholars pre-
sented their masters with small tokens of
goodwill On this day in parts of Buchan
some gave nothing away till something was
got Such an act would have given away
the luck of the year. Town corporations
made presents to such as had the means of
forwarding or hindering the prosperity of the
towns. Leicester may be cited as an example.
In return for a gift of two corslets, a pike, a
musket, a sword, and a dagger, sent on New
Year's Day, 1610-11, by Mistress Elizabeth
Haslewood, the corporation sent ^' a runlett
of wyne and one suger lofe,** of the value of
Although the Church tried to put an end
to the practice of giving presents on New
Year's Day, it was to no purpose. Maximus
excl^xims : —
lUod aatem quale est, qnod sorgentts mattne ad
pablicam com manascalis, h.e. strenis anasqaisqne
procedit, et salatataras amicos, salotat prsemio
anteqaam oscalo.§
It is only according to human nature to
try to forecast the future and to use means
to secure its prosperity. The good Bishop
* Notice des hnoMx^ bijowe ^ objeis divtrs^ expcsh
dans Us ^aleria dm musie du Louvre^ He. partie,
docununts <&• glcssaire^ p. 307. Faris, 1853, ui-ia.
M« Leon de Laborde
t Bishop HaU's Satires^ v. i. Chiswick, 1824.
X Notes and Qtteriis^ 5th Series, voL xl p. 24*
I Hom. ciiL
Ba
J\rjBW YEAH CtrSTOMS.
Maximus lets us know what the people of his
time did to find out what lay before them.
Notnim annum Januarias appellant Calendas cum
vetusto semper errore et horrore sordescant. Auspicia
etiam vanissimi colligere se dicmit, ac statam vita:
suae inambus indiciis sestimantes, per incerta avium,
ferarumque sigpa imminentes anni futura rimantur
• . . . I*le auspicemini, ne auguriis intendatis.*
In many a house in BanfiEshire, the last
thing done was to cover up the peat fire
with the ashes and to smooth it over. It
was carefiilly and anxiously examined in the
morning to see if there was in the ashes,
anything like the print of a foot with the
toes towards the door. If such a print was
traced it was a forecast that one of the
household was to leave, if not die. The
first fire, too, was watched If a peat or
live coal rolled away firom it, there was to b^
a break in the family drcle.
The first foot held a prominent place in
forecasting what was to be the course of
fate during the coming year. A woman
as "first-foot" forboded evil (North of
England); one having flat-soles was the
bringer of much ill-luck (North of England
and Patrick) ; a sanctimonious person
brought nothing good in his steps (Patrick).
To meet a cat as die first-foot was the
worst thing that could befall one (Banffshire).
In the same county there were some men
and women who were at all times looked
upon as harbingers of good fortune, and to
receive hansel firom such, on setting on a
journey or on entering upon an undertaking
ensured success. To meet such a one
on New Year's morning as the first-foot
brought fiill measure of success. One with
a highly-arched sole (North of England) as
well as a bachelor (Stamfordham) was a good
first-foot, and for a maiden to meet her lover
was a most happy circumstance. St. Agnes*
Eve or Day, however (January ai), was of
more moment and was much observed by
maidens to divine who were to be their
husbands. By certain ceremonies and cer-
tain formulae, St. Ague, was pleased to send
them dreams which revealed the future as to
marriage. In Durham the words are : —
* I$i CircuituUicne Domini, sine de KaUndis
yanuarii Ittcrepatio Lugduni^ 1633.
Fair Saint Agnes, play thy part,
And send to me my own sweatheart,
Not in his best nor worst array,
But in the clothes he wears every day ;
That to-morrow I nuy him ken.
From among all other men.
So much stress was laid by some on th^
"first-foot," or "lucky-bird" in Yorkshire
speech, that means were often taken to secure
that one who had the reputation of canying
fortune in his steps, should be the first to
enter the house. Of course the first-foot
had to partake of hospitality — "to get's
momin " in Scots phrase.
Divination by the Bible has been practised
from the earliest times of Christianity not
merely on New Year's day, but on other
occasions. Nicephorus Gregoras speaks of
such a practice. Heraclius is said to have
asked counsel of the New Testament.
Augustine refers to it This is but the
Greek ffr^xof^oprdofOT " Sortes Sibylline."
The weather entered into the forecasts of
the coming year, and the d3ang year as well
as New Y^s Day, and o^er dajrs was
supposed to give indication of it On the
north-east comer of Buchan there were those
who pretended to forecast firom the appear-
ance of the stars on the last night of the year
what the crops were to be, and in many parts
of Scotland is current the rhyme : —
If New Year's Eve night-wind bloweth south.
It betokeneUi warmth and CTowth ;
If west, much milk, and fish in the sea ;
If north, much cold and storms there will be ;
If east, the trees will bear much fruit;
If north-east, flee it, man and brute.
St Paul's Day (January 25) held an im-
portant place in weather lore: —
Clara dies Pauli bona tempora denotat annx.
Si nix vel pluvia, designat tempora cara.
Si fiant nebulse, morietur bestia quseque
Si fiant venti, praeliabunt poelia gend.
In France also this day was much observed
as a weather indicator. It may be mentioned
that it is Candlemas Day from which it is
divined in Banfifshire how long the winter is
to be: —
Gen Candlemas day be clear and fair.
The half of the winter is t'gang an mair.
Gen Candlemas day be black and fool (foul).
The half o* the winter is deen at Yule.
NEW YEAR CUSTOMS.
The common idea is expressed in the
Latin rhyme : —
Si sol imt splendescmt Maria porificante,
Major erit gUdas post festun qaam ante.
The old Roman avoided the utterance of
every word considered of ill-omen :
Nunc dioenda booo sunt bona uerba die.
Lite nacent anicsi insanaqne protinns absint
Jnrgia.*
Not only were ill-omened words avoided,
bat ill-omened deeds. Thus in Banfifehire
among children it was a matter of serious
resolution, even in my own recollection, not
to CTf^gretiy as such an act brought in its train
greeiin the whole year. If one under pain or
vexation began to give way to tears, he was
reminded what day it was, and the rising
tears were checked.
It would have brought misfortune on mis-
fortune if anything had been given out of the
house till somethmg had beoi taken in. If
one's fire had been unfortunately allowed to
go out, no one would give a live-coal to
kindle it again. The Lincolnshire rhyme
is: —
Take out, and then take in.
Bad lack will begin ;
Take in, then ta£e out.
Good lack comes aboat.
In Banff and Aberdeenshires water along
with a little grass or moss was first carried
into the house. The grass or moss was laid
on the hearth. Peats were next brought in,
the ashes carried out, and the fire put on.
In some, drawing water at midnight was a
mode of securing luck. The water then
drawn was called the cream of the well
(Scotic^, " the reem o' the wall"). In one
village in the parish of Rathen, the first
stroke of the dock at midnight was the sig-
nal for a general rush to the wells. The water
then drawn was carried home, poured into a
tub and a little grass cast amongst it On
farms part of this cream of the weU was used
to wash the dairy utensils, and the remainder
was given to the cows to drink. This act of
creaming the weO was at times done secretly,
as it was supposed to take good fortune firom
others who drew water from the well It is
* Ftuti^ i. 11. 72-74.
t Folk-Un of the Northtm Cwnties^ by W.
Hendenon, p. 73.
not many years since a few young folks in a
fishing vUlage on the entrance of the Moray
Firth watched if anyone would come to cream
the village welL Exactly at midnight a
woman, suspected to be more wise than ordi-
nary, came peering cautiously along, ap-
proached the well and began to ''reem.'*
The watchers suddenly mi^e their appear-
ance, and the woman made her way home
with all speed.
To secure a good crop it was the custom
not forty years ago in many parts of Buchan
to yoke a cart, fill it with dung, drive over
the fimn and leave a little of it (Scotic^,
guidin^ Dan. godning) on each field. Along
the sea-coast, on the farms on which seaweed
ijtpaar) was used as manure, it was made a
matter of much moment to be the first to
get seaweed from the shore. Many a one
used to start at a very early hour to anti-
cipate all his neighbours. A small quantity
of the much-coveted weed was laid down
at each door of the £surm-buildings as well as
on each field.
In Russia there is a pretty ceremony. A pile
of sheaves is heaped up ovd: a laige pie, and
the father,after seating himself behind the pile,
asks his children if they see him through the
sheaves. On their answering that they do
not, he expresses the hope that the coming
crop may be so rank as to hide him when
walking through it A similar custom pre-
vailed about the twelfth century among the
Baltic Slavonians, with this difference, that it
was a priest who seated himself behind the
pile of sheaves instead of the father.
Another Russian custom to secure a good
crop is the preparation of the dish Kiuha.
This word is a general term for grain, which
is looked upon as a great lady, coming at-
tended by ^' Honourable Oats" and '' Gokien
Barley," and met by boyars and princes. In
some districts of Russia, on the Feast of the
Epiphany, a number of sheaves of different
kinds of grain is piled in a heap, and the
cattle are driven up to them, when sheaves
and catde are sprinkled with holy water.
On Twelfth-day in some of the counties
of England in which apples form such an
important crop, the apple-trees were blessed,
* Son^ of the Russian People, bj W. R. S. Ralston,
p. 205.
I/E1V YEAR CUSTOMS.
or wassailed, with much ceremony and sing-
ing to secure a plentiful crop.
The Roman tradesman had his own mode
of propitiating fortune during the year. He
wrought at his calling for a short time on New
Year morning, and then gave the rest of the
day to amusement :—
Quiaqae mas artes ob idem delibat agendo
Nee plus qvam solitam testificator opus.*
The fishermen on the north-east of Scot-
land had their mode of securing luck for the
coming year. It was' the endeavour of each
crew to reach the fishing-ground first, cast
and haul the lines first, and thus draw the
first blood, which ensiured prosperity. If the
weather prevented the boats from going to
sea, those who could handle the gun were out
by the earliest dawn to draw bl^Dd from the
first wild animal or bird they coidd strike.
So with kindly greetings, with feasting and
mirth, with gifts as tokens of good-will and
prosperity, and with many a ceremony to read
the future and to secure success, men have
begun, and do now b^;in, and likely ever
will begin, each New Year ; and so, without
being a heathen, good reader, I bid you
adieu, and wish you and your dear ones many
a happy New Year.
^be t)olftbam Suet of
tTbuc^Mbee.
|H£N, in the middle of last cen-
tury, the Earl of Leicester was
arranging the antique treasures he
had brought from Italy and else-
where, the grand portrait-tust that fills the
place of honour in the sculpture gallery at
Holkham was selected b^ him out of^^his
store, in ignorance of its highest qualification
for that position. The massive grandeur of
its features, the grave elevation of its ex-
pression, the extraordinary fineness* of the
marble and excellence of the workmanship,
justified a choice made, in all probability,
quite irrespective of the name it bore. There,
where it was placed a century and a half ago,
it has stood ever since, and not one of its
• fasti^ L 11 i68, 169.
many admirers guessed, till quite late
real claim to distinction. The fcx
pedestal on which this fine bust stan
modem, and bears the name of '^1
dorus," an inscription that no one
thought of questioning till the Hoi
gallery was visited, a few years ag(
Professor Bemouilli, of Basle, and
other learned arehseologists, who p<
out the impossibility of this bust being
a Metrodorus. 'It was, however, res
for the obsjervi^t eye. and patient res
of Professor Mic^lis, . of Strasbur
demonstrate that we have *here, not an
curean philosopher, but the great hisi
Thucydides.
In the National Museum at Naples
is a double Herme, cpmpMed of the
of Herodotus and Thucydides. Its h
can be traced back to the middle of th
teenth century, when it was one oi
famous collection, of portraits, busts,
coins formed by Fuhaus Ursinus, ai
1570 it was engraved and pub)
by him. Of Herodotus there is an
portrait-bust in the same Museum, as
as a coin .representing him; but hit
no other portrait of Thucydides has
known but that on this double Hen
Naples. Now the bust at Holkham,
called Metrodorus, corresponds as e:
with the Naples Thucydides as a ver
work can with a very inferior one.
This double Herme, now at Naples, c
traced back with its inscriptions, "Herod
and "Thucydides" to the middle of tl
teenth century. It was brought to Nap
1787, with the other antiques of the Fa
family, previous to which it was see
Winckelmann in the entrance hall c
Famesina at Rome. There, too, Viscon
the heads of Herodotus and ThucycUde
double Herme having been no doubt sa
two to enable them to be used more
veniently for wall decoration, the trac
which mutilation are still visible ii
marble now pieced togeUier agam. It
into the Famese family from Fulvio C
who at his death bequeathed to them h
collection of antiques. In the first ai
iconography published (Rome, 1569
the French engraver. Ant. Lafir^ie,
mentioned as bein^ in the Museum Ce
THE HOLKHAM BUST OF THDCYDIDES.
Lthat Orsini either bought it or got it as a
Irpresent from Cardinal Cesi, between 1570
land 1598. Then we find it among the
K-cigbteen Hennas* which flanked a vine-
\ (Covered arcade, the special oniament of the
* Eftutiful gardens attached to the famous
beard, and a peculiar and very unusual
division of the beard on the under-lip,
are exacdy alike. There is, however, one
great difference between the two^the Naples
Herme is the work of a mere mechanical
copyist, the llolkhani bust is the work of a
BUS^r OF THUCYDIDES,
' villa of Pope Julius HI., and beyond this all
traces of it are lost.
With one head on this interesUng double
Herme, the head inscribed " Thucydides,"
the Holkham bust exactly agrees in size and
f in every detail. Every lock and fold of hair,
I even to the layers of the closely-trimmed
* BoixMivJ, Aitlijuil, KamaH., vi. .(7.
trae artist Both are copied from one and the
same original, and Professor Michaelis points
out from certain indications in the Holkham
bust that this original must have been a
bronze, and that a slight elevation of the right
shoulder, with the turn of the head to the
right, and the drapery over the shoulder
suggest that this bust was copied Irom a
THE HOLKHAM BUST OF THUCYDIDES.
statue representing action with the right arm.
These hints, together with the style of the
sculpture, reminded Professor Michaelis that
just such & statue of Thucydides is described
by Christodorus in the beginning of the
sixth century as one of those which adorned
the Zeuxippos at Constantinople, and he
is of opinion that the statue described by
Christodorus and tlie busts at Holkham and
Naples were all copies of a still older
statue — in fact, of one contemporary with the
great historian himself,* or made so shortly
after his deatli as to preserve faithfully the
characteristics of his appearance. Indeed
the whole character and style of the Holk-
ham bust betokens the best period of Greek
portrait sculpture, and takes us back to the
fifth century b.c, and we may well suppose
that we have here, if not the work of Phidias
himself, at least that of one of his disciples,
or perhaps of his great rival Kresilas, of
whom it was said that by his art illustrious
men became more illustrious
AVhen Thucydides was i4hittcd to return
to Athens, after an exile of twenty years, he
is supposed to have been about fifty years of
age, and his death probably occurred not
many years afterwards. This is about the
age represented in the Holkham bust ; the
grave and reflective expression of which
shows the pressure of mental effort and
anxiety.
The bust is wonderfully well-preserved,
being quite perfect, but for a few chips on
the chest, two slight injuries on the left cheek
and eye, and a very small piece broken off the
edgeofthe left ear. The extreme point of the
nose, having been slightly injured, has been
cleverly restored. The height of the bust
without the modem foot is two feet ; the
length of the face, from forehead to chin, from
nine to ten inches. The head is therefore
somewhat more than life size ; the marble
exceedingly fine. Minute portions of the
soil in which the bust had lain are still to be
found between the locks of hair at the back
of the head. The features are by no means
* Professor Michaelis has given sn ethanslive
(ccount of this iMst in a h-nchure (German), which
lias been tiamlated for privale circulation in England.
It contains two beautiful photographs of the bust, of
wtiich also cists nmy be obtniiud from D, Bnicciar.i,
Great Kutscll Slcecl, London.
faultlessly handsome, but we feel that it is a
life-like portrait of the great historian. The
broad hea\7 brow, the massive nose, the pro-
truding tip remind us that Thracian mingled
with Attic blood in the veins of Tiiucydides,
while the force and energ>' of the whole ex-
pression is most cliaracteristic.
R. N.
Monumental Sraases.
[HE following corrections and addi-
tions to the list given by the late
Rev, Herbert Haines, in his
Manual of Montimeital Brasses,
have been obtained by personal inspection
and rubbings taken during comparatively the
last few months; and are submitted in the
hope that others ivill place upon record the
result of their researches. Although the
church restoration mania of the past thirty
years has, it is much to be feared, swept
away many important and highly interesting
memorials, it has also undoubtedly brought
to light many long-hidden and forgotten
brasses. The recording of such, and a state-
ment of the present condition of those which
may have suflered since the publication of
Mr. Haines's Manual twenty years ago, can
but enhance the value of his great work.
ESSEX.
Homchurch. — No, a, English inscription,
and the group of daughters, now mutilated.
Add : English inscription to " Homphiy
Dryivod," 1595- Also a fifteentli century
group of five sons.
Gosfietd. — Add : three shields of arms,
all that now remains of the brass to
John Greene, who married the daughter of
Thomas Rolf (No. i). Also three shields
of arms on the altar-tomb to Sir John Went-
worih, who died in 1567. About nine other
shields now lost.
East Mersea. — English inscriprion to
Mawdiyn, wife of Marcellanus Owtred, vicar,
•569-1574:—
Miiwdl)Ti thy name, it did so hite,
AVhiles here thou didst remoine.
Thy soul is fled to >Ieavea right,
Ofthislamcerlaine.
Owtred also, by liusband lliyne.
MONUMENTAL BRASSES.
Thou hadst likewise to name.
ThoDg^ thou fromhence hast take thy flight,
Yet hexe remaines thy flEune.
Thy bodie now in grave remaines
All covered m clay.
Whiche here sometimes, didst live as we,
Do nowe still at this day.
A thousand and fyve hundred eke
Seaventie and two also :
She left this life for heavenly joy,
As I do truly knowe.
December month when dayes are colde,
She buried was in ^ve.
The eight thereof right justly tolde
Witnes by booke we have.
HERTS.
Baldock. — No. 2. The female figure is
now replaced.
Broxboume. — Nos. 4, 5, and 6 apparently
lost.
Eastwick. — One shield and part of inscrip-
tion only remaining.
Hitclun. — No. i. Merchant's mark now
lost No. 8 has one heart-shaped shield,
bearing "the five wounds." Nos. 10 and
are apparently lost Add : (j.) English
13 inscription to John Parker, 1578. {p.)
Two groups of children, four sons and four
daughters, the latter in butterfly head-dresses,
(r.) A much-worn full-length female figure,
circa 1470. {d.) The fiill-length figures of a
civilian and his three wives. He wears the
usual fiur-trimmed gown. The wives are
dressed alike, excepting that the first has a
girdle with buckle, while the second and
third wear sashes tied round their waists.
All three have hats similar in shape to the
modem '* Tam o' Shanter." (^.) Full-length
figures of a civilian and his wue, circa 148a
He wears the fur-trimmed gown ; she has the
short-waisted dress with full sleeves.
Sawbridgewortfa. — No. i. To this brass
are four shields, bearing the royal arms of
England. No. 2. The name of the second
wife is spelt Johanna. No. 7 is apparentlv
lost Add : (a.) A shield of arms, witn
two groups of children, twelve sons and
six daughters. (^.) A square plate, with
nearly obliterated Latin inscription.
*
KENT.
Margate. — No. 2 is a palimpsest with in-
scription to John Dalton, and^icia, his wife,
who died in 1430. Add: (j.) Latin inscrip-
tion to William Norwood, who died in 2605 ;
to it is attached a shield of arms. (^.) Two
English inscriptions imd shield of arms to
Henry Pettit and Deonis, " his widdowe,"
1583-1605. (r.) English inscription to
Rachael Blowfield, z 600. (^.) Latin inscrip-
tion to Thomas Cleeve, 1613. (^.) English in-
scription to Joan Park^, 16 — . The. lower
portion of a female figure, with restored Eng-
lish inscription to John and Lavinia Sefowl,
147 5* (/) Engli^ inscription to Thomas
Fliit and Elizabeth (Twaytts) his wife ; it
is a most curious pahmpsest, being portion
of the border of a large Flemish brass, repre-
senting, perhaps, the Seven Ages of Life. It
is now placed in a fi!ame, and hung so that
rubbings of both sides can be obtained.
Nordifleet. — No. 3. Inscription all lost
Southfleet — ^No. 5 should read ^'4 sons
and 2 daughters."
Swanscombe. — No brass was found during
its recent restoration.
Westerham. — No. i. Wife and children
jost (?). No. 4 is one civilian only. No.
II lost The liisses described as 'Moose
at the Vicarage" are now placed upon the
walls of the Church.
LONDON.
St Dunstan-in-the-West — Na 2 lost
St Mary Outwich. — This Church is now
pulled down, and Nos. i and 2 are now
placed in Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate.
St Olave, Hart Street— Add : two ladies
kneeling at desks, on which lie their rosaries.
Between the desks is a group of two sons,
beneath them a scroll, beanng the names
William and John. Behind the right-hand
lady is a group of three daughters.
St Mary Magdalene, Old Fish Street-
Add : Five shields of arms ; one, large and
foliated, bears a leg (mailed) as a crest.
N9RFOLK.
Aylsham. — ^Add : (a.) A much worn Eng-
lish inscription to that *^ painefull preacher,"
John Furmary, B.D., Vicar, Archdeacon of
Stowe, Prebend of Walton. No date visible.
(^.) A shield bearing a merchant's mark.
Blickling. — ^Add : ^a.) Four shields to No.
2. (^.) Latin inscription to Anna, daughter
of William Boleyn, 1496. (r.) A very mudi
worn Latin inscription.
Cressinghanii Great— The inscription to
xo
MONUMENTAL BRASSES.
No. 2 is now all lost. Add : headless female
figure, with one shield of arms.
Norwich. St. Giles. — No. 3 has Latin
inscription " Orate p aia Johls Smyth capella
qui obijt viL di e NovSbf a"* diii mcccclxxxxix.
cui aie ppicit d6 ame.*' Nos. 4 and 5
apparently lost No. 6. for Francisca read
Elizabeth.
Norwich. St John, Maddermarket — ^No.3
probably commemorates Ralf Segrym, and
Agnes, his wife. He was M.P. for Norwich,
in 1449, Mayor in 1451, and died in 147a.
No. 8. For 4 sons read 5. Nos. 1 1 and 12
are apparently lost. Add English inscription
to Margaret, wife of Robert, 1463.
Norwich. St Peter, Mancroft. — Nos. 2, 3,
and 5 apparently lost Add a mutilated and
nearly defaced plate, bearing two shields of
arms and portion of an English inscription,
including the name ''Thomas Waller, and
ElizabeU) his wife."
Norwich. St Peter, King Street — 1.
Skull, cross-bones, shield of arms, and English
inscription to John ^ 1620. 2. Latin in-
scription to the Rev. WUUam Weeles, S.T.B.,
1620. 3. English inscription to Robert God-
firey, 1646.
Oxnead. i. Latin inscription, " Hie jacet
Anna, filia Johannis Paston.** 2. Latin in-
scription to Galfridus Brampton, 1586. 3.
Three shields and English inscription to Alice
Paston, 1608. 4. Two shields and English
inscription to Edmund Lambert, 1608.
Swanton Abbot — ^Add : 2. Inscription in
English, Latin, and Greek to Elizabeth
KnoUes, 1641. 3. Latin inscription to Mar-
garet, wife of Simon Skottowe, no date. 4.
English inscription, '' Here resth the body of
Maigget, the wife of John Wegge, who died
the 4. of MayAno Dom 1621.
HAMPSHIRE.
Hartley Wespall. — i. Mutilated Latin in-
scription to John Waspaill, patron of the
church, who died in 2448. One escocheon
of arms. 2. J^ortion of a fine maiginal Latin
inscription, bearing date 1474.
Heckfield. — Add : 2. An English inscrip-
tion to Thomas Wyfold, Gent, and Annes,
his wife, 15 21. 3. Two emblems (SS. Luke
and John), and a shield bearing the initials
'*J* C.'' Between the letters is a rei^resentation
of a well Mrith a cross in it; being a rebus for
the name Cresswell. Beneath is an En|
inscription to John Cresswell, and Isabel]
wife, '* Lord of this Towne at the tyme of
byldyng of thys stepyll and the new yle
chapel in this cherche." He died in 151
Sherfield — i. A shield of arms and I
inscription to Edmund Molyneaux, 1
1532/. 2. A very mutilated and worn n:
brass, dated 1595. It represents a
kneeling, surrounded by a numerous &
of sons and daughters. Beneath is an 1
lish inscription; surmounting the com]
tion are tluree small shields of arms.
OXFORDSHIRE.
Thame. — No. 5. Of the children
daughters only remain.
In the possession of the Rev. J. Fi
Russell, F.S.A., &c.
No. I. Finely-executed small figure <
lady kneeling at a desk, upon which i
open book. She wears the Paris head-c
and veil, large fur -trimmed sleeves,
jeweUed girdle.
No. 2. Full-length figure of a civ
wearing a long beard and a moustache,
is habited in the fur-trimmed cloak
hanging sleeves. His feet are encase
low shoes.
No. 3. Small figure of a man in |
armour, wearing an heraldic tabard. He
a beard and moustache, and is represe;
kneeling at a desk. This has no connec
with No. I.
John A. Sparvel-Bayly, F.S..
BUIcricay, Essex.
a Sfietcb of tbe Xow Countri
{Temp. James I.)
The following curious document, originally >
the "Coiiway Papers,'* is now preserved amon
State Papers (HoUand), in the Public Record <
It cannot fail to interest and amuse the read
The Antiquary. The Sketch opens with
humorous introductory letter : —
Ho:ff
I should bee joyfull to heare
you fare. lam well in bodie now; b
Relapse latelie had almost kilPd mee, A
looke like an Embleme so ill drawne
you would scarce know mee but by the
THE LOW COUNTRIES, TEMP. JAMES I.
It
ceipt If drinking be a Crime, I conclude
myselfe feulty; for I have tipled w*** such
Appetite as if I had been Composed of
Spunge & Stockfish, and that recovered
mee, Soe one Evill hath expelled a worse.
Heere I hare sent you a badd olid piece
new drawne, and Composed in the Furie of
LubecMs beere. Pray reade it : As you like
send
this I'le finde* {sU) you a better. You that
have the better part of mee, my heart, may
commaund J* S.
Egipt, this
22, Jan.
THREE MONETHS
OBSERVATIONS OF THE LOW COUNTREVS,
ESPETIALLY HOLLAND.
They are a generall Sea-Land. There is
not such a Marish in the World, that's flatt.
They are an universall Quagmire epitomized ;
A Greene-Cheese in pickle ;t Such an aquili-
brium of Mudd & Water, as a strong
Earthquake would shake them into a Chaos.
They are the Ingredients of a black-pudding,
and want onely stirring together, ells you
will have more blood then gretts. And then
have you noe way to make it serve for any-
thing, but to spread it imder Zona Torrida^
and soe drie it for Turfes: Thus stiffned you
may boile it ith' Sea : otherwise all the sayles
of y* Cuntrie wiU not furnish you with a Poke
bigg enough.
It is an excellent place for despairing
Lovers, for each Corner affordes them wil-
lowe ; But if Justice shoulde coudemne one
to bee hanged on any other Tree, hee may
live long & be confident.
It is the buttock of the World ; fiiU of Veynes
& blood, but hath noe bones in it Had S'
suffer
Stfphan been condenmed to have hem stoned
to death\ heere, hee might have lived still :
for (unlesse it dee\, in their paved Townes)
Gold is more plentifuU then Stones.
It is a singular place to fatten Monkies in ;
for there are Spiders as bigg as Shrimpes,
& I think as many.
You may travaile the Countrey without a
• In the original the word "finde" is underlined
for deletion. The superior words denote, in all in-
stances, the emendations to be substituted for the
words immediately below them.
t The punctuation of the original is retained.
^ These words in italics are marked for deletion.
Guide ; for you cannot baulke yo'Rode with-
out hazard of drowning. A King that hates
crowding may heere runne away without
staying for his Usher; for hee can goe no
whither but his way is made before him.
Had they but Cities as lai^e as their
Walls, Rome were but a bable to them.
Twenty Miles are noething to be hurryed in
one of their Wagons ; When, if yo' Foreman
bee sober you travaile in safetie. But de-
scending from thence, you must have
stronger Faith then Peter had, or you sinke
immediatlie. If yo' way bee not thus, it
hangs in the water, & at the approach of
yo' Waggoner, shall shake as if it were Ague
stricken. The Duke d'Alvar^s taxing of the
Tenth penny fiighted it into a Palsey, w^ all
bredd
the Mountebanks they have had since
know not how to cure.
Sometimes they doe those things w^ seeme
wonders : for they fish for Fire in the Waters,
w** they catch in Netts, & after transport
it to land in their boates, where they spread
it smoothUe, as a Mercer doth his Velvett
when hee would hooke in an heire at
Eighteene. Thus lying in a Medow you
would suppose it a Cantle of green Cheese
spread over w*** black butter. Their ordinary
Pack-horses are framed of wood, carr]ang
their Bridles in their Tailes, & their burthen
in their bellies, a Strong Tide, and a stifie
Gale are the Spurrs that make them speedie.
They dresse their Meate in aqua calesti ;
for their Water springs not as ours, from the
£arth, but comes to them (as Manna to the
Israelites) from heaven.
The Elements are heere at variance, the
more subtile overflowing the more grosser.
The Fire consumes the Earth, and the Ayre
the Waters ; for they bume Turfes, & draine
their ground w*^ Winde-mills, as if the
Chollick were a Remedie for the Stone.
The little Land they have, is kept as neately
as a Courtier's beard, and they have a Method
in Mowinge. It is soe interveyned w*^ Waters
& Rivers, as it is impossible to make a
Common amongst' them, even the Brownists
are heere at a stand.
The Poore are never complamed of heere
for breaking of hedges, surely had the Wise
must
Men of Gotham lived heere, they would have
studied some other Prison for the Cuckowe
IJ
THE LOW COUNTRIES, TEMP. JAMES I.
Their Ditches they frame as they list, &
distinguish them into workes and nookes, as
my Lo. Maiof^s Cooke doth his Custards ;
They dense them often (but it is as
Phisic'ons give their Potions) more to catch
cast
the fishy then to throw out the Mudd.
Though their Countrey bee part of the
Mayne, yet every house stands as it were in
an Island; and that (though but a Boare
dwell in it) lookes as Smugg as a Lady new
painted. A gallant's Maskinge Suite sitts
not more neately then a thatdi'd Coate* of
inany yeares wearing : If you finde it dry, it
is imbraced by Vines, and if lower seated, it
is onely a Close Arbour in a plumpef of
WiUowes and Alders ; pleasant enough while
the Dogg-daies last, but those once past over,
you must practize wading and swimming, or
remaine Prisoner till the Spring, onely a hard
frost, w^ the helpe of Hammers and Sledges
may chance to release you. The bridge to
this is an outlandish planke, w^ a box of
stones to poize it withaH, lUce a Qumtine,
w** w^ the least helpe tumes round, like a
Headsman ; that when the Master is over,
stands drawne, and then hee is in his Castle.
Tis sure, his feare that renders him suspitious;
That hee may therefore certainly see who
enters, you shall ever see his window made
over his dore, but it may bee it is to shew
you his Pedegree : for though his Auncestors
were never fcuowne, their Armes are there,
which in spight of Heraldrie, shall beare
their Atcheivments w*** y*hehnett of a Baron
at least, Marry, the Feild perhapps shal bee
charged w*** 3 basketts, to shew his Father's
trade portraied.
When you enter into one of their bowses,
the first thing you shall encounter is a
Looking Glasse, the next are the Vessells
ipartiallized about the howse like Watch-
men, all is neate as if they were in a
Ladies Cabbmett ; for (unlesse it bee them-
selves) there are none of God's Creatures
loose any thing of their native Beautie. Their
howses (espeaaliy in their Cities) are the
best Eye-beauties in their Countrie, for cost
and sight they farr exceed o" English, but
want Uieir State and Magnificence, Their
lyning is yet more rich then their Outside,
♦ Cottage.
'f Sic.
not in hangings, but in Pictures, w^ the
poorest there are plentifullie fiunished w^ :
Not a Sowtor* but has his toyes for Orna-
ment. Were the knacks of their houses sett
together, there were not such another
Bartholomew Faire in Europe. Their
Artists for these are as rare as thought And
if you want their Language, you may leame
a great deale of it on their signe Posts, for
what they are, they ever write tmder them.
In that onely they deale plainely, And by
this device hang up more honesty then they
keepe. Their Roumes are but so many
severall Sand-boxes. If not soe, you must
either swallow yo' spittle, or blush when you
see a Mappt brought Their bedds are noe
other then Land Cabines, high enough to
need a Ladder or Staires, Once upp, you are
walled in w^ Wainscott, And that is good
discretion, to avoide the trouble of making
yo' Will every night; for once falling out
presently
would break yo' neck perfectly ; But if you
die in it, this comfort you shall bee sure to
leave your friends, that you died in Cleane
Linnen.
Whatsoever their Estates bee, their howses
must bee fine and neate; Therefore
from Atnsterdanu Iiave they banished Sea-
coale, least it should soyle their buildings ;
of which the statelier sort are* sometimes
sententious, and cany in their fronts some
conceipt of the Author. Their howses they
keepe cleaner then their bodies, & their
bodies cleaner then their Soules. Gee to
one place, you shall finde the And}Tons shutt
up inNett-worke ; at a second, the Warming-
pan mufled up in Italian cutt-worke; at a
third, the Scummer dadd in Cambricke ; for
the woman shee is ever y* head of the Man,
and so takes the home to her own charge ;
which she sometimes multiplies, bestowing
the increase on her husband. For their pro-
pension to Venerie, 'tis true that their Woemen
are not so ready at the sport as
[come short of] J o' English,) for neither are
they soe generally bredd to't, nor are their
Men such Linnen lifters. Idlenes and Court-
ship hath not banish't honesty fix)m among
them. They talke more, and doe lesse;
• Shoemaker or cobbler (mtor),
t Mop [rnappa^ a napkin).
X The words between brackets are underlined to
denote deletion.
THE LOW COmrtRIES, IRMP.yAMRSt.
jret didr blood tNimes h^ and dior
yejnes are foD, v^ aigncs stioii^ie» tlial
if ever die Courte tmne dicm Gallants,
they win taJce iq> die Costome of
entertajmpg Tadip% And having once
done it, I bdieve thej wilbee noCaUe, fior I
have heard tfaey tiade moie ibr love then
Money, bat it is for the tndc, not the Man ;
and therefore when they l&e the labc^
they win lewaid y* Wockeman ; odierwise
thetr grosse feediiig and dovnish education
hath ^xiiled diem for bong noUie minded-
But I most give yon dus, <mdy on report,
not
but m^ bee bredd to bee a Statesman, none
of them having die ginft to bee 9oe nice con-
sdenced bat that they can tnine oat Rdigion
to ktt m PoDkae.
Their Coandtrey is die God they wor-
shipp, Wair is dieir h^ven. Peace dieir
Hdl, And die ^xmiard didr Divdl, Cos-
tome is dieir Lavre & Will their Reason.
Yoa TOKf sooner Convert a Jev, then make
an ordinary Datchman yeild to Aigmnents
that crosse ImiL An oQd Bawde will sooner
and more easily bee made tome Poritane,
then a Wagoner bee peiswaded not to baite
twice in njne mile : His Soole is composed
of YjogpgStk Beere (That makes him head-
strong) & his bodie of pic^kd herring (They
render him costive and tcstie). The» two,
w* a little batter, are die Ingredients of a
meere Datchman, w^ a Voyage to die East
Indks^ by die heat of die EqmnactiaU con-
solidates. If yoa see him fiitt, bee hath been
coopt op in a Root-yard, & that has bladerd
him. If yoa see him naked, yoa will intreate
him to pitt off his Gkives, & Maske, or wiA
htm to hide his hands and fiu:e that bee
may appeare more lovdy.
For dieir condition, they are dmrlish,
& withoat qaestion very aontienf, for
they were bredd before manners were in
£»hion. Yet all y* they have not, they
aocoant s up q fluiti e, w^ they say mends
some, & mans more. They would make
They are sddome deceived; for they trast
noe bodies soe by Gonseqoence they are better
to hoOd a Fort then to winne it ; yet they can
doeboth. Trast them yoa most, if yoa travailc^
for to call to diem for a BiD, were todiveinto
a Wa^>es-Nest. Con^ilement isanldelness
they are not trained iqip iiL Anditisdieir
h;^[Hnes that Coart vanities have not stde
away thdr mindes finom bosines. Their
being Sailers and Soldiers have manM two
parts already, If they badie once in Coort
oyle they will soone marr die rest : they are
painted trapp dores ; & diallf then soffier die
Jewes to boild a Qtie where HmHim Maw€
is, & then coasin diem oa'L They wiD abase
a Stranger for noethiii^ and after a fow base
terms scoldi and snee one anodier into Or-
bonadoes,*as diey doe dieir firyed Roaches,
Noediing qaiettes diem bat Money and
Libertie; which having once gotten, diqr
presently abose bodi ; bat if yoa tdl diem
soe, di^ awake thdr fory, and yoa may
sooner calme theSea, then conjore that into
good Justices, for they neither respect
persons, norappardL A Boore in his batter-
slopp shallbc^ entertained eq^ially vr* a
Courtier in his braverie.
They are in a manner all Aqoatiles; &
therefore die ^amiard calls diem Water-
doggs, altogether I agree not widi him,
yet thinke withall they can catch a dnd
as soone. They love none bat sodi as
doe for them, & when their tome is served
ne^^ect them. They have noe firiendes bat
thor ki ndred, w^ at every weddii^g feast meete
among thensdves like Tribes. All that
hdpe them not, theyhdld Popish, and thinke
it an Argument of great honestie to raile a^
die Kingof Spaine.
Their Shipping is the Babdl they boast
in, for the ^^one of their Nation; ^Tis
indeed a wonder; And they will have it
soe ; JBot wee may well hope they will never
bee soe potent by Land, least they shew
us how doggedly they can insuh, where oocm
diey gett the Mastery. Their Navies are the
Scootge of Spaine, the Pills w h erew ** diey
purge the Indies : Nature hath not bredd diem
soeacdvefor the Land as someodiers; but
at Sea ^ey are Water-DiveDs, & atten^
thii^ incredible. Their Shij^ lie like hi^
woodes, in winter if you view diem on die
Nordi side^ yoa freeze withoat hdpe, for they
ride soe Hadk that through diem you can see
* X iteak facoiled oa the coals (cjd^mm^).
t4
THM tow COVNTHJtMS, TeUP. yAMsS I.
no Sonne to wanne you with. Savlers
among them are as common as Beggers w*^ us ;
They can drinke, raile, sweare, juggle, steale,
and bee lowzie alike; but examining the
rest, a Gleeke of their knaves are worth a
Moumevall of o*^. All among them are
Sea-men borne, & (like frogges) can live
Threister
both on land & Water. Not a Thrasher
among them but can handle an Oare, steere
a Boate, raise a Mast, & beare you over the
roughest Passage you come in.
Their Government is^Democracy^ and there
had need bee many Rulers over such a Bab-
ble of Rude-ones. Tell them of a king though
wiU
but in jest and they could cutt your Throate
in earnest ; The very name implies Servitude.
They hate it more then a Jew hates Images,
or a woman oUd Age. None among them
hath Authority by Inheritance; That were
the way to parcell out the Countrie into
Families, They are all chosen as wee choose
Aldermen, more for their Wealth then their
witt, w^ they soe over aflfect that Myne Here
shall pace the street like an old Ape without
a tayle after him. And if they may be had
cheape, hee shall dawb his faced cloake with
a stoters worth of pickled herrings, w*"** him-
selfe. shall carry home in a string. Their
common voice hath given him preheminence,
And hee looses it but by living as hee did
when hee was a Boore, But if pardon bee
granted for wants (?)* past, they are about
thinking it time to leame more civilitie.
Their Justice is strict, if it crossenot Pollicy ;
but rather then hinder profitt or Traffique
theylet toUerate any thing.
There is not under heaven such a Denne of
severall Serpents as Amsterdame is ; you may
there bee what divell you please, soe yoir push
not the State with yo' homes : 'Tis an Univer-
sitie of all opinions, w^ grow in it confusedly,
as Stocks in a Nourcerie, without either order
or Pruning. If you bee unsettled in yo'
opinion touching Religion ]^ou may heere see
and try all, and take what you like. If you
fancie none, you have a Patteme to follow of
Two who wilbee a Church by themselves.
The Papist must not Masse it publiquely ;
not because hee is most hated, but because
the Spaniard abridgeth the Protestant : and
♦ W* in the originaL
t SU for thc/ll.
they had rather shew a little spleene then
not cry quitts with the enemie. His Act is
their Warrant, w** they retalliate justlie even
to a haire ; and for this Reason, rather then
the DunJdrks they take shall want hanging,
Amsterdam^ who hath none of her owne,
will borrow a hangman at Harlem.
In their Families they are all Equalls, and
you have noe way to know the M' and M*
unles you finde them in bedd together ; it may
bee those are they. Otherwise Malkin will
prate
parle as much, laugh as lowde, and sitt on
her tayle as well as her M*^. Ha^ the first
Logitians lived heere. Father and Sonne had
never passed soe long for Relatives, they are
heere whollielndividualls, forno demonstrance
of Duetie or Authoritie can distinguish them,
as if they were created together, & not
borne successively; For yo' Mother, bidding
her ^ood-night, & kissing her, is punctuall
blessmg. Yo' Man shalbe inconveniently
sawcie, & you must not strike him ; If you
doe, hee shall complaine, and have Recom*
pence.
It is a daintie place to please Boyes in,
for the Father shall bsugaine w^ the
Schoolem' not to whipp his Sonne, if hee
doe, hee shall Revenge it on him with his
knife, & have Lawe for it.
Their Apparell is civill enough, & good
enough, but verie uncomely, usually it hath
more Stuffe than Shape ; Onely the Woemens
Hukes* are commodious in Winter, but it is
pittie they have not the witt to leave them off
when Sommer comes. Their Woemen would
have some good Faces if they did not marr
them in the making. Men & Woemen are
starched soe blew, that when they are growne
olid, you would verily believe you sawe
winter standing up to die neck in a barrell of
blew Starch. The Men amongst them are
cladd tollerably, unlesse they incline to the
Sea fashion,* And then are their Slopps yawn^
ing at the knee, as if they were about to
devoure their shankes unmercifully. They
are farr from going naked, for, of a whole
Woeman you can see but halfe a face, as for
her handes, they shew her to be^ a shrewd
labourer ; w*^ you shall allwaies finde (as it
were in Recompence of her paines) laden
* Cloaks,
t The words in italics arc marked for deletions
TBB LOW COUNTRIES, TEMP. yAMES L
JS
with Rings even to the cracking of her
Fingers, and she wiH rather want Meate then
a Cart-rope of Silver about her hong with
keyes. Their Gowncs are fitt to hide great
Bdlies, iMit withall they make them shew
soe mihandsome, that Men doe not care to
gett them. Marry, this you shall finde to
thtir commendacon, their Smocks ate ever
fiuTSveeter
whiter then their Skinnes, & cleaner. They
raile at Us for o^ various change of habitt ;
but pleade for their owne, more earnestly
then Lay Caihoii^ua for their Faith, w^ they
Aoocston
are resolved to keepe because their Fathers
lived & died in it
For their Diett, ttey eate much, & spend
little : When they sett out a Fleete to the
East Indies, they live tiiree Moneths after
on the Ofiall, which Wee feare would surfeit
€f Swine. In their lK>wses, Roots and
Stockfish are Staple Commodities. When
to their Feasts they add Flesh, they have
the Art to keepe it hott as long as o' Fleet-
lane Cooks keepe their measled Poike.
Being mvited to a Feast they come readily ;
But being once sate, you must have Patience :
for they are longer eating Meate then wee
are dressing it : If it bee at Supper, you
conclude timely if you gett away by day
breake. It is a point of good manners (it
there bee any) to carry away a peece of
Apple-Pye or Pastie crust in yo' Pockett
The time they spend, is, in eatinge well ; in
drinking much; in prating most; for the
truth is, yo* compleatest Drunkard is yo'
English Gallant, His healths tume liquor into
a consumption : Many, the time was the
Duck had the upper hwd; but they have
now lost it, by prating too much over their
Potts. They drinke as if they were short
winded, and (as it were) eate their drinke by
Morsells, the English swallow it whole,
as if their livers were afire, & they
strove to quench them. The one is drunke
sooner, the other longer, as if^ striving to re-
cover the Wager, the Duch still wouJd bee
the noblest Soker.
In this progresse you have heard somewhat
of their Ills : Now of their good parts ; Ob-
serve them. Salomon teUs us of 4 things very
small, but fiiU of \^^sedome : The Pistmire,
The CuNNY,The Spider, and The Grasshop-
PEr: They are all these : for Providence they
are the FiUmires of the World ; Who having
noethmg of themselves, but what the grasse
affoniji
yeilds them, are yet for all provision become
the.S^<f-A^^ofallChristendome. They are
frugall to die Saving of Egg-shells, and main-
taineitfora Maxime, that many an oUd thing
mended will last longer then a new. Their
Cities are their Molehills: Their Shippes &
Fly-boates creepe & retume loaden w^ store
for Winter. For dwelling in Rocks, they are
Cunnus. Where have you under heaven
such impregnable Fortifications? Where
Art besuitifies Nature, & Nature makes Art
invincible. Indeed, heerein they dififer, The
Cunnies finde Rocks, & they make them.
And (as if they would invert Moses his
Miracle) they raise them inthebosomeof the
Waves. Benister-land,* where within these
13 years shipps furrowed the pathlesse
Ocaui, the p^u:efull plough unbowells the
fertile Earth, w^ at night is canyed home to
the £urest manc'ons in Holland. For Warr
they are Grasshoppers^ and goe out (without
kings) in bands to conquer kings. There b
not upon Earth such a Schoole for Martiall
discipline. It is the Christian Worid's
Academic for Armes ; unto w*^ all Nations
resort to bee instructed. Where you may ob-
serve, how unresistable a blow many small
granesof Powder heaped togetherwiUgive; w**
^you separate, can doe noethingbut sparkle
and die. For Industrie they are Spiders, and
live in the Pallaces of Kings. There are
none have the like Intel%ence. Their
Merchants at this day are the greatest of the
Universe. What Nation is it into w** they
have not insbuated themselves. Nay, w** they
have not almost Anatomized, and even dis-
covered the intricated veynes of it ? All they
doe is w^ such labo', as it seemes extracted
out of their owne bowells. And by them wee
may leame. That Noe Raine fructifies like
the Dewe of Sweat,
You would thinke, being with them, that
* Here is a doe to the date of this docmneiit.
When was thb BtmsUr-landreoonnxtdfiOBi the Sea?
Bemster-lamU for which this seems to be tnteoded,
was the result of thednuning and dikii^ of the Bem«
ster Lake, which lay between Amsterdam and Hora^
doe north of the former place. This work was com«
mcnced in 1607, and fintthed in 1612 ; the date of the
docmnent is, tberelbrt^ fixed as about the year 1625.
—See l>vm*% Uisiory of HcOand^ voLiL 422,
i6
THE LOW COUNtRlMS, TEMP. JAMES /.
you were in olid ISRAELL : foryoufindenota
Bagger amongst them : If hee will depart, hee
shall have Money for his Convoy; if hee stales,
hee hath worke ; if hee bee unable, hee findes
an hospitall : Their care extends even from the
Prince to the catching of Flies, and least you '
loose an aftemoone in firuides mourning for
the dead, by two a clock all Burialls must
end: Even their Bedlam is a place soe curious,
that a Lord might live in it. Their Hospitall
might lodge a Lady, Their Bridewell a Gentle-
woman, And their Prison a Rich Citizen : But
best
for a Poore Man, it is his onely Refuge ; for
hee that casts him in must maintaine him.
They are in some sort Gods : for they sett
bounds to the Seas, and when the^ list, lett
them passe. Even then: dwelhng is a
Miracle, for they live lower then the Fishes,
in the very lappe of the Flouds, and encircled
in their watry Armes, they seeme like the
JsradUes passing the Redd Sea; Then:
Waves wall them in, and, if they sett open
their Sluces, drowne their Enemies. They
are Gedeons Army upon the march againe.
They are the Indian Ratt^ gnawing the
bowells of the Spanish Crocodile^ to which
theygott when he gap'd to swallow them.
They are the Serpents wreathed about the
kggt
loynes of that El^hant w^ groanes imder
the power of his allmost innumerable
kinghe Tides. They are the Sword-fish
under the WliaU^ They are the Wane of
that Empire w^ increased in Isabella^ and in
Charles the Fift was at full. They are a
Gkuse^ wherein Kings and Princes may see,
that an extreame Taxac'on is to steale away
the Honey while the Bees keepe the hive. That
their owne Tyrany is the greatest Enemie
to their Estates, That a desire of beeing
too absolute, is to presse a 77iome that will
prick you. That nothing makes a more
desperate Rebell then a Prerogative too fair
urged. That oppression is to heate an Iron
till you bume yo' hand. That to debarr a
State of aundent Privileges, is to make a
Streame more violent by stopping it. That
unjust Pollicie, is to shoote fas they did at
Ostend) into the mouth of a charged Cannon
and soe have two Bullets returned for one.
That Admonitions from a dying Man, are too
serious to bee neglected That there is noe
thing certainc; that is not impossible. Thai
a CobUr of Vlushmg was one of the greatest
Enemies that ever the King of Spain had.
To conclude, The Countrie itselfe is a
Moated Castle, keeping two of the richest
Jewells in the world in it. The Queene of B^
hemiay^QXi^ihtPrinaofOrenge. The People
in it, are all Jewes of the New Testament, and
have exchanged noething but the Lowe for die
Gospell. And being gathered together arc
like a Man of warr riding at Anchor in the
Downes of Germany for forreyne Princes
to helpe them. And it is wise (yea selfe-wise)
Polliae to doe soe. But when diey have made
them able to defend themselves against
Spaine^ they are at the PaU^ If they ayde
goe
them to offend others, they are beyond it
If any Man wonder at these Contrarieties^
lett him looke into his owne bodie, for as many
severall humors ; into his owne heart, for as
many various Passions ; And from both tiiese
hee may leame that there is not in aU the
world such another Beast as Man.
Z)ttlwicb CoIIcdc A>anUi^
0crfpt0tt
|F posthumous iame is of any value,
Edward Alleyn may be considered
fortunate. His munificent ^^ have
'kept his name alive, and it is well to
remember that they were gUls during life as
well as bequests. He made part of his money
out of the Fortune Theatre, which was sitoa-
ted in St Giles's, Crippl^ate, and in tbis
parish he founded the almshouses in Bath
Street, St. Luke's. He was bom in St
Botolph's, Bishopsgate, and in his will he
directed his executors to build ten alms-
houses in that parish. He lived for several
years in Soutibwark, and made a fortune out
of certain of the places of entertainment on
the Bankside, so he left his executors the
* Elizabeth, daughter of James I., known as the
"Queen of Hearts."
T Catalogue of the Manuscripts and Monuments «f
^eyn's CoUege of God*s Gift, at Dulwich, by Geoige
F. Warner, M. A., of the Department of Manuscripte*
British Museum. (London: Longmans, Green, &
Ca, 1881.) 8vo. pp. liv., 388. (^/rs
DULWICH COLLEGE MANUSCRIPTS.
ir
same directions for St Saviour's parish.
When also he made arrangements for his
greatest endowment— the " CoUege of God's
Gift," he did not forget the places in London
in which he was interested, for the pensioners
and scholars were to be chosen exclusively
out of the four parishes of Cripplegate, St
Botolphy St Saviour, Southwark, and Cam-
berwell, in which Dulwich was situated. Had
Dulwich College never existed it is highly
probable that Alleyn's valuable MSS. would
long ago have been lost sight of^ as so many
other important documents have been. As
it is, the recognition of the importance of the
Alleyn Papers is a thing of late date. Aubrey
does not mention them in his Natural
History and Aniiquities of Surrey^ (j^7'9)»
athough he does mention the Library and
Pictures, and the first notice of them is in the
BiagraphiaBritannica^ {1*141), The discovery
of Henslowe's Diary was made by Malone,
and the manuscripts were lent to him without
reserve. He kept them during the remainder
of his life, and they were only returned to the
College after his death, by ms literary execu-
tor, James Boswell, the younger. Mr. Payne
Collier subsequently used the MSS. in the
compilation of his History of Dramatic Poetry^
(1831). In 1 84 1 he published his Memoirs of
Edward Alleyn^ his AUeyn Papers in 1843,
and Henslaw^s Diary in 1845. Since the
public manifestation of the value of the
Dulwich MSS. they have been frequently
referred to, but the want of a register of them
was keenly felt In some cases there are
duplicates of certain documents, and it was
not possible for students to be sure when they
consulted one that it was the identical with
that which had been described. At last the
making of a Catalogue was decided upon, and
Mr. G. P. Warner, of the British Museum, has
made a thoroughly satisfactory one. Mr.
Warner gives the following description of the
state in which he found the manuscripts—-
*' But although now jealously preserved, the
collection up to the present time has never
been catalogued. The letters and papers also
still remained in the utmost possible con-
fusion ; and it was necessary, therefore, in the
•irst place to reduce them to order. Their
mutilated and fragmentary condition, and in
many cases the absence of dates, made this
a task of some difficulty ; but all have now
vou v.
been carefully repaired and boimd, and the
contents of the several volumes into which
they are divided have been chronologically
arranged. One result is that some papers,
thought to be lost, as MS. i and 106, prove to
be safe, while, on the contrary, others which
survived to so comparatively recent a date as
to be printed by Mr. CoUier, have been re-
ported as now missing." The necessity of
such a guide was the more apparent in that
several of the manuscripts have been tam-
pered with, and allusions to Shakespeare in-
serted by a forger. Mr. Warner has made this
very clear in his excellent introduction, and he
has distinctly stated which documents are un-
trustworthy, by which means the genuine ones
gain in interest as being unchallenged. Pre-
viously there was an uneasy feeling that others
might also have been manipulated. All the
supposed references to Shakespeare are found
in documents that have been tampered with.
Mr. Warner writes : —
Besides the letter of Joan Alleyn, the treatment of
which is peculiar, there are in the coUection no less
than twenty-two actual forgeries, which, however, by
counting under one head those which relate to the
same subject may be reduced to eighteen. The
general motive which underlies them all is identical —
namely, a desire on the part of the forger to palm off
upon the world supposititious facts in connection with
Shakespeare and otner early dramatists.
There is only one reference to Shakespeare
among the genuine MSS., and that has not
been noticed before Mr. Warner brought it
forward. It is to the effect that Alleyn
bought in 1609 '^a book^ Shaksper Sonetts"
for 5</.
Alleyn was bom in 1566, and he early
established a high reputation as an actor.
Thomas Nash wrote, '*Nbt Roscius or iEsope,
those tragedians admyred before Christ was
borne, could ever perforiine more in action
than famous Ned Allen.'' Ben Jonson
also likened him to the same ancients, and
added : —
" Who both their graces in th3rselfe hath more
Outstript than they did aU that went before.''
Fuller held "that he made any part, especially
a majestic one, to become him;" Dekker
alluded specially to his " well-tunde audible
voice;'* and Thomas Heywood called him
" Proteus for shapes and Roscius for a
tongue."
Although Alleyn made part of his fortune
C
i8
DULWICH COLLEGE MANUSCRIPTS.
by acting, yet a still larger portion of it was
obtained from his partnership with his father-
in-law, Philip Henslow, in the mastership
of the Royal Bear Garden. Paris Garden
Theatre formed a part of the endowment of
Dulwich College, and the funds of that insti-
tution suffered considerably in consequence
during the Civil Wars. In 1649 the inside
was destroyed by a company of soldiers, and
in 1 66 1 the whole place was advertised to be
sold.
In estimating the value of the manuscripts
collected by Aileyn as contributions to the
history of the stage (and their value is very
great), we cannot but be struck with the
strange fact that no reference to Shakespeare
himself should be found among them, although
the two men must certainly have come in
contact with each other. As before stated,
the only mention of the great name is in that
entry from which we learn that Alleyn bought
a copy of the Sonnets.
Besides the r^ular series of manuscripts,
the important collection of muniments pre-
served at Dulwich College is also fully cata-
logued. Many of these have a considerable
topographical value, and throw much light
upon the origin of names which otherwise
could not be explained conclusively. A
trustworthy catalogue of these treasures has
long been desired by literary men, and it is a
gratifying fact that now that the trustees have
satisfied the demand, they have been able,
with Mr. Warner's help, to do so in such a
satisfactory manner.
ITbe Xcdenb of St Sunnefa;
HE countless little rocky skerries
and mountainous islands, some of
them many miles long, which lie,
like forts and outworks, along
nearly the whole coast of Bergenstift, pre-
sent a picture of little but monotonous bar-
renness to the modem traveller as he hurries
past them in the steamer. Few and far be<
tween are the signs of cultivation; a few
miserable huts, each on its little green plot
near the water's edge, are often all that is
to be seen of human habitation. He hears,
with surprise, that this rude, iron-bound
coast is yet the home of as well-marked a
parish system as England ; that there are
missionary societies, parish libraries, even
book clubs on a small scale, and good ele-
mentary and middle-class schools. Should
he, as the writer has often done, attend the
service at one of the large wooden churches
which he passes every now and then, such as
Askevold, or Stavang, or Bremanger, he
will wonder whence the congregation can
come which can fill so large a building, as he
sees from many a little bay and sound and
fjord, perhaps a hundred boats converging,
all filled with church-goers. Besides these
conspicuous churches, there are a few others
of a very different character. These are of
stone, small, massive and ancient Such are
the churches of Kin and Thingnoes in Sond-
fjord, or Edo in Nordmore — churches which
bear witness to the establishment of Chris-
tianity fi:om very early times indeed.
But, on the whole, the most interesting
relic of ecclesiastical antiquity on this coast
is St. Synnove's Kloster, on the little island
of Soelo, or Selje, which lies a few miles to
starboard, as the north-going steamer, leav-
ing the shelter of Ulvesund, between Vaagso
and the Fastland, crosses Sildegabet, on her
way to round the dreaded Stadt
The legend of St. Synnove, Sunnefa, or
Sunniva — ^for I fear that it is pure legend —
survives in the Codex FlateyenHsy which is
printed in Langebek's Scriptores rerum JDani"
carum. Langebek gives the original Icelandic,
with a Latin translation byTorfoeus,a native of
Iceland, who became Historiographus Regius
at Copenhagen. The legend is also repeated
in the Offidum et Lectiofies de Sanctis in Selio
ex breviario Nidrosiensi^ which follows. The
slightest possible smattering of Icelandic
m^es it easy to see that Torfoeus' transla-
tion is not too literal, as indeed may b<e,
perhaps, said of most or all translations from
Icelandic into Latin; and this from the
necessity of the case, for there can be no
two more incongruous languages — at least the
associations are of a very different sort. It
is amusing to see *' Lendermand" repre-
sented by " Satrap," " Harald Haarfager" by
" Haraldus Pulcricomus" — expressions quite
literal, indeed, but which seem more proper
to Cyrus the Younger and to ApoUo, than to
THE LEGEND OF ST. SUNNEFA.
19
to the simple, rough, hardy Northmen of the
heroic age.
The l^end runs as follows :—
In the days of Otho I. (936-973), and of
Haakon Jarl (962-995), the then king of
Ireland, dying, left, as heiress to his kingdom,
a daughter Sunnefa, a maiden beautiful and
wise beyond her years. She had been brought
up in the Christian faith, and herself lived,
and encouraged her subjects to live, a Chris-
tian life. Her kingdom and her beauty
attracted many — ^and those Pagan — suitors ;
she had, however, devoted herself to a life
of chastity, and yielded neither to persiiasion
nor threats. One of her suitors making war
upon her in order to obtain her kingdom
and herself, she, finding no other hope,
trusted herself to God, and with a number
of followers — ^men, women, and children —
embarked on board three ships, disdaining
the use of oars, rudders, or other tackling,
and committed herself and her followers to
the God whom the wind and sea obey.
Thus they were borne, safe and sound, to
that part of Norway known as Firdafylke,
now Nordfjord and Sondtjord, and landed,
some of them on the island of Kin — and of
these we hear no more — Sunnefa herself,
with the remainder, on Selje, thirty or forty
miles further north. There, on the western
side of the island, they found certain caves
in the mountain side, in the which they lived
for some time, serving Christ in abstinence,
chastity, and poverty, and supporting life by
fishing. These outside islands were in those
early times uninhabited, but were used by
the dwellers on the mainland as pasture for
their kine. Some of these kine having been
lost, their owners, believing them to have
been stolen by Sunnefa's followers, desired
Haakon Jarl, who then ruled Norway, to
come with an armed force to destroy them.
This wicked Jarl — ^the son of sin and a limb
of the devil's body — ^landed on the island to
slay the servants of God. But Sunnefa and
her companions fled to their caves, and
prayed to God that, whatsoever might be
the manner of their death, their bodies might
not fall into the hands of the heathens. Their
prayer was heard, and a mass of stones,
falling from the rocks above, closed the
entrance of the caves, while the souls of the
martyrs ascended to heaven. Their enemies,
nowhere able to find them, returned to the
mainland.
Some time after this, Haakon having
perished miserably in Guldal, at the hand of
his thrall, Kark, Olaf Tryggvesson became the
Christian King of Norway. He zealously,
with the helpof Sigurd,Bishopof Throndhjem,
promoted tiie Christian faith among his
subjects. He had not long been made king,
when two men from Firdafylke, of great
riches and worth, though still heathens —
Thord Egileifeon and Thord Jorunason — sail-
ing'out from Ulvesund, and pastSelje, on their
voyage to Throndhjem, beheld a pillar of
light, which shone over the whole island and
the adjacent mainland. Wondering what
this might be, they steered to the island, and
landing, went up to the place where they be-
held the fire-pillar. Then they found a shining
human head, fair to look upon, and emitting
an odour more delicious than that of any
ointment. Being still heathens they knew
not what this might be, but they took away
this head, this priceless treasure, more
precious than all tlieir merchandise, feeling
sure that Ha^on, a man of so great wisdom,
would be able to explain it. Soon afterwards
they rounded Stadt, and then heard that
Haakon was dead, and that Olaf was king.
They nevertheless pursued their vojrage.
Olaf received them with great kmdness,
and easily persuaded them to become Chris-
tians and to be baptized ; and then, asking
them about the southern part of his kingdom,
heard irom them the account of the wonder-
ful head. There was present Sigurd, the
King's bishop, who had followed Olaf firom
£ngland — a man of great goodness and learn-
ing. He at once pronounced the head to be
the head of a saint, and pressed the necessity
of baptism more urgently than ever on the
two Thords. "Although," said he, "neither
the eye nor ear nor mind of man can con-
ceive of the divine mercy and foresight, yet
what we have seen makes it manifest how
great is the reward of earthly labours. This
sight calls on you at once to renounce the
worship of idols, and to turn to the true
religion by the washing of regeneration."
The two, moved by these words and by
the miracle, at once desired to be baptized
with all then: followers. They were enter-
tained by thf king at a splendid banquet.
90
THE LEGEND OF ST. SUNNEFA.
were clothed in the white weeds of neophytes,
and received instructions to teach them the
first eFements of the faith.
The king and the bishop next held a
"Thing" at Dragsheida, now Dragseidet,
between Stadt and Selje. There they heard
from a Bonde that he had lately lost a horse
on Selje, and had at length found it standing
under a " hammer^ (projecting rock), whence
arose a white and brilliant light. Olaf and
Sigurd going to the spot, found a cave closed
by a mass of rock which had fallen not very
long before. In the cave they found human
bones with a sweet smell, and, at last, the
body of Sunnefa herself, still fresh and un-
corrupt, as if only just dead. These sacred
relics were at once removed and enshrined.
The island began to be inhabited ; a church
was built in front of the cave in which the
body of the saint had been found. Her
relics, having been worshipped during
several reigns, were translated in the reign of
Magnus Erlingsen, and were enshrined to the
honour of God in the Cathedral of Bergen,
September 7, 1170, the same year, adds the
Codex^ in which the blessed Archbishop
Thomas of Canterbury went to God in the
triumph of martyrdom, and Sunnefa became
" Bergensium Patrona."
Another legend adds to this, that Sunnefa
had a brother, Albanus, who followed her, and
met with the same death, and' that the monas-
tery which was afterwards built near St.
Sunne&^s Church was dedicated to him.
This Albanus has obviously been confounded
with the Protomartyr of England.
This legend has been thoroughly investi-
gated by Professor Bugge, of Christiania, and
the results are given in an extremely interest-
ing little book, Norges Hdgener^ by Professor
Ludvig Daae. Let us, as briefly as we may,
follow what he says : —
First: he compares the legend with the
well-known legend of St. Ursula and the
eleven thousand Virgins.
Ursula was the daughter of Deonotus,*
king of England. A certain heathen king
desired to obtain her in marriage for his son,
and endeavoured to compass his end by
presents, promises and threats. Neither
* Deonotus and Deonntus are not names, but
merely descriptive epithets, something like o2 A^toc in
the New Testament.
the father nor the daughter would consent ;
but as they were not strong enough to resist,
Ursula betook herself to prayer, and was
directed afterwards in a dream to choose
ten virgins, noble and beautiful, and, in
addition, a thousand more for herself and for
each of the ten ; to fit out eleven ships, and
to demand a respite for three years. This
was done, the three years were nearly ended,
and the virgins, praying that their own and
Ursula's chastity might be preserved, com-
mitted themselves to the sea. The wind
rose, and blew for a day and a night, and
carried them to the mouth of the Rhine, up
which they sailed to Cologne, where their
bones now rest in peace. How they after-
wards became martyrs need not be said.
We find nearly the same story in Geoffiy
of Monmouth. There, Conanus, King of
Armorica, asks of Dionatus, King of Corn-
wall, successor to Caradoc, a number of
British maidens, as he could not allow his
followers to marry Gaulish wives. Dionatus
accordingly collects eleven thousand noble
maidens, and seventy thousand of lower
rank, in London, with ships for transport.
In due time they sailed for Armorica,
but the fleet was shattered by a storm. The
ships which weathered it were carried to the
barbarian islands on the north coast of
Germany, where the surviving maidens
suffered martyrdom at the hands of the
Huns.
These stories are, clearly enough, from the
same source. Ursula and Sunnefa both came
from the same country ; for, in the confused
geography of those early days, there is no
great difierence between England and Ire-
land ; and, indeed, Scotland and Ireland are
sometimes used as convertible terms. Both
are kings' daughters who desire celibacy, both
are in danger from heathen suitors, both es-
cape by sea with numerous followers, both
suffer martyrdom in distant countries, and
both are afterwards held as saints.
There are other variants of the story
Geoffry of Monmouth's barbarous islands
would seem to be Heligoland. In an ancient
catalogue of the lordships and churches oif
North Friesland — a MS. of the sixteenth cen-
tury — the island is spoken of as " St. Ursula's
Island," vulgo " Helgerlandt" Henrik Ran-
zan, who died in 1599, in his description
TtiE LEGEND OF St. SUHNEFA.
2i
of the Cimbrian Peninsiila, derives die word
Heligoland either from a Bp. HilgOy or from
the eleven thousand viigins. Johann Adolfi,
in his CkronicU of the Onmty of DUiwuursch^
sajs : ** Hil%e Land is a rock in the middle
of the sea. It is said that the deven thousand
viigins landed there, and that it was then
a great and good lajod, but that the inhabi-
tants were so ungodly that they ruined it ;
wherefore the land ssmk, ruined, and turned
into stone ; and I have myself seen apiece of
wax candle thence, which was quite petri-
fied."
The comparison of the stories of Ursula
and Sunnefii is as old as Adam of Bremen,
(about 1067). The Scholiast to Adam, pro-
bably, according to Professor Daae, Adam
himself^ repeats an older account of the seven
sleepers reposing in a cave in the country of
the Scrithfmni, in the furthest north. The
Scholiast goes 00 to say, ^ Odiers maintain
that some of the eleven thousand virgins
came hidicr, and that dieir ships and peopk
were overwfadmed by a rock, and that mi-
racles are wrou^t there. Here Olaf built
a churdi." Again, Johannes Messenius, die
Swedish historian, rnakes Sunned one of the
eleven diousand, next in rank to Ursula, and
has carried her bodfly back to the fourth
century.
Professor Bugge has proved conclusively
that the story of Sunned and the men of
Selje is, from b^;inning to end, a legend, the
historkal kemd of which can neither be
sought for nor found. The name Surmefa is
peaiHar to the Norsk story, but it b not a
Norsk name, and the legend must come from
the same source as the name ; and it may be
confidendy said that it b not Irish. There-
fSore, the story cannot have come from Ireland
to Nomajf.
The most andent form of the name b
imdoobtedly Suime£^ and thb b undoubt-
edly a Fnmkish name. It appears in the
form of Scnnoveifii in the Ttsiawumt of
Si. Remdpms (5J3). Thb name in time
got to be prooomiced Sonnet (compare
Genove£i), and then, as the old Ldkvangr
on the Sogne Fjocd has become Leikangr,
so Sunnv^ has become SunnefiL
It foQows that die legend of Sonnet came
over from Nordi Gcnnany, and diat its
original home was aoHOK m
ing people. But how did it find its way to
a little Norsk island?
Professor Bugge believes dib to have
been due entirely to the original name of
the island, and thb ofnnion b confirmed
bj the way in which the name of the same
bland comes into another and a totalfy
di£Rerent story.
When Olaf Handdsen (the saint) sailed in
hb two merdiant ships from Nofdiumber-
land to make hb fimious attempt on Norway,
he encountered "fiirious hard weather," says
Snorre, **but having a good crew and the
king's luck, he landed on an island called
Saela, near Stadt. Thereupon the kir^ said
that it must be a lucky day on which they
had landed on Saela (luck), and that it was
a good omen that tt had so luqipened."
That Selje b meant b proved by the e xp r e s s
statement that ^ the king thence sailed south
into Ulvesund/' and, m or eo ve r , Selje forms
a harbour known for its security time out of
mind, and b the very place on whidi he
would be likely to come ashore after hb
stormy voyage across the North Sea.
But the island's name b Sdja, not Soda,
and the word has nothing to do widi Inck.
It comes from Sel, a saeter-hut, a chalet on a
summer pasture — an explanation, also, which
agrees with the statement in tibe legend diat
the Bonder turned out their catde there.
Thus^ it came to pass that the I^^m! of
Smmefii found a local habitation in Sdja,
becanse the name of the island was taken to
mean ''the blessed island," exacdy as was
the case in die story of St. Olafl And just
in the same way, the name Helgdand, Holy-
land, brouglit it about that it was there that
Ursula and her companions were believed to
have landed.
One Anther proof was wantii^ — viz^ that
the bones of the saints should be discovered
on the island ; and this, suggests Professor
Rygh, could be found in bones actually
dscovercd in the rocky caves in the island,
which, as was the case with other caves oa
the west coast of Norway, had been used as
dwdlings in very ancient times.
One additional confirmation of the view
that the l^end has a North German origbn,
b the statement that Sannefii lived in die
days of Otfao L, an exytoMU U which would
be nnac toimLiMc hadit oonie in die come
H2
THE LEGEND OF ST. SUNNEFA.
of an account of the settlement of an Irish
saint in Norway.
We need not follow Professor Bugge mto
any further details, which would have no
interest for an English reader, though their
accumulated force is very great. Let us see
what is to be said about the worship of
Sunnefa by Professor Daae. The earliest
trace of it is found in the latter half of the
eleventh century, in which it appears that
Jarl Haakon Ivarson had a daughter by
Magnus the Good's daughter, Ragnhild,
which daughter was called Sunniva, after
the Saint, bom, probably, about the close of
Harald Hardraade's government Later,
Bemhard the Saxon became Bishop of
Selja. He transferred the See to Bergen,
but the supposed remains of Sunnefa, as we
have seen, were not removed to the cathedral
at Bergen till 1170. Meanwhile, a Benedic-
tine monastery was founded at Selja— one of
the earliest in the country. It was not
dedicated to Sunnefa, but to the English
Saint, Albanus, who was afterwards, in the
Sagay altered into her brother. Sunnefa had
on the island a church or chapel close by,
a little higher up the mountain side, near
tibie caves, and near it was St. Sunnefa's
Spring.
The day of St. Sunnefa and her followers
was July 8 (Festum sanctorum in Sella,
Seljumannamessa). These saints were ac-
knowledged over the whole country, though
more especially in Bergenstift, as local saints.
Very few churches were dedicated to Sun-
nefa. Besides that at Selja there was one at
Bergen; there were also altars in the
cathedrals of Bergen's and Throndhjem ;
but there are few traces of her worship
in other parts of Scandinavia. And, just as
it sometimes happens, says Professor Daae,
that, a book having been translated into a
foreign tongue, the translation, now assumed
to be the original, is again retranslated, so at
last did the original Sunnefa, by means of
the Hanseatic merchants, find her way back
to North Germany as a Norsk saint. For
she obtained a " Vicarie," along with St. Olaf,
in St. Mary's Church at Lubeck. In Ber-
genstift she survives now, the writer be-
lieves, as a not very common female name,
but is perhaps best known in the name given
to the heroine of Bjomson's early and beauti-
ful story of Synnove Solbakkm^ written in his
best days, long before he had sunk into the
vulg^ socialist orator.
The " Ofl&cium et Lectiones de Sanctis in
Selio" occupy several folio pages in Lange-
bek. A few lines from one of the ** hjrmns"
may serve as a specimen : —
Regain descendens stipite, celi scandit ad atria
Socio stipata milite, Sunniva Regis filia.
Camem domant cilicioi quondam yestiti mollibas,
Delicias exilio, crebrisque risum fletibus.
Devotum fide populum educavit Hybemia,
Qui Seliensiom scopulum petit pro domo r^;ia.
The church built in Sunnefa's honour by
Olaf Tryggvesson (995-1000) — one of the
very earliest churches built in Norway (Moster
Church was the earliest of all) — became the
mother church of all Gulathingslagen, which
included Bergenstift, Hallingdal, Valders,
and Stavanger and Nedenoes Amts, and was
enriched by the gifts of many pilgrims. The
island became the See of a bishop, and con-
tained five churches besides the monastery.
The See, as has been said, was translated to
Bergen by Bishop Bemhard, and the shrine
of Sunnefa at a later time (1170) by Magnus
Erlingsen. The date of the foundation of
tlie monastery is not known — but it was pro-
bably in the time of Sigurd Jorsalafarer, at
the beginning of the twelfth century — nor yet
the date of its destruction. It seems to have
been the starting-point of a party which joined
the seventh and last Crusade, in 127 1.
Lange {De norske Klostres Htstorie) states
that imintemipted accoimts of Selje Kloster,
of elections of abbots and canons, were kept
up to the middle of the fourteenth century,
when the black death, which is said to have
utterly destroyed the whole population in
some parts of the west coast of Norway,
entirely put an end to them, though the
Kloster continued to be powerful for a
hundred years later. He mentions two
monks who, in 1424, were, by some person
and for some reason unknown, the one de-
capitated, the other burned. The manner
of the destruction, however, whenever it
happened, seems to have been by fire, the
proof being the quantity of ashes and burned
rubbish discovered on the pavement, not
only of the monastery itself, but also of the
other buildings, some of which were too far
distant for a conflagration to have spreiul
TBE LEGEND OF ST. SUNNEPA.
n
from one to the other. And this confirms an
old tradition, that the church was plundered
and burned by pirates, or by an enemy. In
the parish register of Selje there is a notice
by a priest, who died in 1759 : —
That some hundreds of years ago, three or fonr
Swedish men-of-war came into the Stadt waters, and
destroyed the monastery by bombardment. The
monks, in their dismay, sunk their valuables in their
large gildekjedel (a huge caldron used when a Christ-
mas feast was ^vtXL to the Bonder on the neighbour-
ing Fast-land) mto the sea by a rope, which broke
when, on the departure of the enemy, they en-
deavoured to haul up the cauldron ; so that aU their
precious things, including the church bell, were lost
at the bottom of the sea, to the S.£. of the island.
This is a very vague story, which cannot
be credited, though it may be grounded on
the ravages of some French pirates in 1564.*
But the priest may be more accurate when
he mentions that certain documents which
had belonged to the monastery, and which
had been preserved in the " Praestegaard/'
were destroyed in 1688 by the widow of the
last priest, out of spite because his successor
would not marry her. In 1545, the property
of the monastery was confiscated by Chris-
tian III., and bestowed on St George's
Hospital at Bergen, now one of the hospitals
for lepers, the foundation of which, according
to Lange, is built of stones firom Selje. And,
last of all, the stones of the churches and
monastery seem to have been carried away
and used in public buildings in Denmark,
for it is known that, in 1643, as many as 518
hewn soapstones were sent fi-om Selje and
Lysekloster to Copenhagen.
The most conspicuous of the still existing
remains is the Church of St Alban, of
which the tower, '46 feet high, is still standing,
close to the Fjord. The foundations can
still be traced of the nave, 85 feet long,
besides the tower. The remains also of the
cotutyard, refectory, and storehouse can be
made out Between this last and the other
buildings there was a little beck, which
* Not that this coast has never heard a cannon
shot On July 22, 1810, the English frigates Behn-
iUre^ 36, Capt Byron, and NewuHSf 28, Capt Ferris,
being inshore of Stadt, sent their armed boats to cut
out the gunboats Balder^ Lieut Dahlnip, and Tkcr^
Lieut. Rasmussen, of two long 24-pounders and 45
men each, and a third,of one 24-pounder and 25 men.
The two larger boats were taken, and the smaller wai
run ashore and abandoned, and then burned by the
English, who it is plain were in iu stronger force
than their opponents*
rises in the spring of St Sunnefa. About
a hundred yards to the east of St Albans'
Church and monastery, near the spring, and
128 feet higher up on the fjeld side, are
the remains of St Sunnefa's Church, which
must have been very small, the internal
dimensions of the nave being 24 feet by 15,
with a chancel 1 1 feet square. It stands on
a made terrace, whence one [has a splendid
view of the open sea, and on the right, of
the projecting mass of Stadt From the
church a flight of steps leads first to a cham-
ber, 23 feet long by 14, in the overhanging
rock, called " Sunnivahiller" in the &Biga^
whidi rock forms a sloping roof to both
the stairs and the chamber, adjacent to
which is the larger of the two caves, 13
feet deep, 20 wide, and 7 high. From
this, a flight of steps led, it seems, to a
second chamber^ and from this to the inner
cave, at the western end of which was found
an altar 4 feet high. These caves, when
cleared out some years ago by Capt Kreft-
ing were nearly filled with the dung of the
island's sheep and goats, which had for gene-
rations used them for shelter. I may add that
Captain Klrefling's accoimt of his survey of
the ruins, which I have here abridged, is, with
its accompanying plans, a model of complete-
ness, accuracy, and clearness.
The museum at Bergen contains a few
things discovered among the ruins in Seljci
though of no great interest Among them is
a silver coin of either Edward I., II., or
III. of England, and a picture of Sunnefa
from the church at Graven.
In the museum at Christiania are several
more such pictures, all from the west coast
She is commonly represented standing, some*
times with, sometimes without, a crown, and
with a piece of rock in her hands.
F. C. Penrose.
tTbe funeral of tbe 01b
pretender.
[ES FREDERIC EDWARD
STUART, commonly known as
the Chevalier de Saint George,
died in Rome on the first day of
the year 1766. For some yean before be
u
THE PUIfERAL OP THE OLD PRETEHDER.
had been sufifering greatly fix>m indigestion ;
even so fiur back as 1756 we find a letter
bearing date March 24, from Pope Bene-
dict XIV.| which gave Urn leave, owing to
his great infirmities, to take a restorative
after the midnight preceding the taking ot
the Holy Commmiion ; and now, at the a^e
of seventy-seven " James III. of Great Britam
of glorious memory," passed away in the
"full odour of sanctity."
His body was opened and embalmed,
and then dressed in his usual garb, and
exposed for four days to public gaze in the
antechamber of the '' Royal Palace," which
was hung with black cloth, lace, and cloth
of gold; on a bier with a golden coverlet,
edged with black velvet, lay the corpse,
under a canopy aroimd which numerous
candles burnt
James Stuart had expressed a wish for a
private fiineral, and to be allowed to repose
by the side of his deceased wife, Maria
Clementina, who had been buried some
months before in the Church of the Twelve
Apostles in Rome. But Henry Stuart, the
Cardinal Duke of York, the deceased's
second son, and Pope Clement XIII.
deemed it unseemly that the representative
of the lost papal hold on England should be
laid aside Uius obscurely, and orders were
given- by the Pope for a funeral to be held
befitting the rank and claims of the de-
ceased.
On the 6th of January, the body of his
'' Britannic Majesty" was conveyed in great
State to the said Church of the Twelve
Apostles, preceded by foiur servants carrying
torches, two detachments of soldiers ; and by
the side of the bier walked twenty-four
grooms of the stable with wax candles ; the
body of the deceased was dressed as before,
and borne by nobles of his household,
with an ivory sceptre at its side, and the
Orders of SS. George and Andrew on the
breast
On the 7th, the first funeral service took
place, in the Church of the Twelve Apostles.
The facade of the church was himg with
black doth, lace, and golden fringe^ in the
centre of which was a medallion, supported
by skeletons with cypress branches in their
hands, and bearing the following inscrip-
tion : —
Clemens XIII. Pont Max.
Tacobo III.
M. Britannbe, Frandae, et Hibemije Regi.
Catholicse fidei Defensor!,
Omnium nrbis ordinum
Frequentia fbnere honestato.
Suprema pietatis offida
Solemni rita Persolvit.
On entering the chmrch, another great
inscription to the same purport was to be
seen ; the building inside was draped in the
deepest black, and on a bier covered with
cloth of gold, lay the corpse, before which
was written in lai^e letters : —
Jacobus III. Magnse Britannise Rex.
Anno MDCCLXVi.
On either side stood four silver skeletons
on pedestals, draped in black doth, and
holdmg laige branch candlesticks, each
with three lights. At either comer stood a
golden perfiime box, decorated with death's
heads^ leaves and festoons of cypress. The
steps to the bier were painted in imitation
marble, and had pictures upon them repre-
senting the virtues of the deceased. Over
the whole was a canopy ornamented
with crowns, banners, death's heads, gilded
lilies, &c. ; and behind, a great doth of
peacock colour with golden embroidery, and
ermine upon it, hung down to the ground.
Over eadi of the heavily draped arches
down the nave of the church were medallions
with death's head supporters, and crowns
above them, representing the various British
orders and the three kmgdoms of England,
Ireland, and Scotland ; and on the pilasters
were other medallions, supported by cherubs,
expressing virtues attributed to the deceased,
each with an inscription, of which the follow-
ing is an instance : —
Rex Jacobus III. vere dignus imperio, quia natat
ad impenuidum : di^us quia ipso regnante virtatcs
imperassent : dignissunus quia sibi imperavit.
On the top of the bier, in the nave, lay the
body, dressed in royal garb of gold brocad^
with a mantle of crimson-velvet, lined and
edged with ermine, a crown on his head, a
sceptre in his right hand, an orb in his left.
The two Orders of SS. George and Andrew
were fastened to his breast
Pope Clement regretted his inability to
attend the funeral, owing to the coldness of
the morning, but he sent twenty-two cardinals
THE FUNERAL OF TttE OLD PRETENDER.
^5
to sing Mass, besides numerous church
dignitaries.
After the celebration of the Mass,
Monsignor Orazio Matteo recited a funeral
oration of great length, recapitulating the
virtues of the deceased, and the incidents of
the life of exile and privation that he had
led. After which, the customary requiem
for the soul of the departed was sung, and
they then proceeded to convey his deceased
Majest/s body to the Basilica of St. Peter.
The procession which accompanied it was
one of those gorgeous spectacles in which
the popes and their cardinals loved to
indulge. Every citizen came to see it, and
crowds poured in to the Eternal City from
the neighbouring towns and villages, as they
were wont to do for the festivals at Easter,
of Corpus Domini.
All the orders and confraternities to be
found in Rome went in front, carrying
amongst them 500 torches. They marched
in rows, four deep ; and after them came the
pupils of the English, Scotch, and Irish
College in Rome, in their surplices, and with
more torches.
Then followed the bier, around which were
the gaudy Swiss papal guards. The four
comers of the pall were held up by four of
the most distinguished members of the Stuart
household.
Then came singers, porters carrying two
large umbrellas, such as the Pope would
have at his coronation, and all the servants
of the royal household, in deep mourning,
and on foot After them followed the papal
household; and twelve mourning coaches
closed this procession.
The body was placed in the Chapel of the
choir of St. Peter's, and after the absolution,
which Monsignor Lascaris pronounced, it
was put into a cypress-wood case, in presence
of the major-domo of the Vatican, who made
a formal consignment of it to the Chapter
of St Peter's, in the presence of the* notary
of the "Sacred Apostolic Palace," who
witnessed the consignment, whilst the notary
of the Chapter of St Peter's gave him a
formal receipt
The second funeral was fixed for the fol-
lowing day, when everything was done to
make the choir of St. Peter's look gorgeous.
A large catafalque was raised in the mic&t, on
the top of which, on a cushion of black
velvet embroidered with gold, lay the royal
crown and sceptre, imder a canopy adorned
with ermine ; 250 candles burnt around,
and the inscription over the catafalque ran as
follows : —
Memoriae seterme Jacob! III., Magnse BritannuB
Franctae et Hyber. regis Parends optimii Hauitas
Card. Dux Eboracensis moerens jasta persolvit
Then the cardinals held service, thirteen
of whom were then assembled. After wfaich,
the Chapter of St. Peter's and the Vatican
clergy, with all the Court of the defunct
king who had assisted at the Mass, acoom-
panied the body to the subterranean vaults
beneath St Peter's, where the bier was laid
aside until such times and seasons as a fitting
memorial could be placed over it
The third funeral service in honour of our
deceased countryman was held at the sugges-
tion of the Cardmal Duke of York, and took
place in St Peter's on the 22nd of January,
at which the Chapter of St Peter's, and all
the clergy of the Vatican, assisted to pray for
the soul of James Stuart. A laige tuniulus
was erected in the midst, on die top of
which was a portrait of the defunct; the
crown, the sceptre, the royal mantle, and the
orders were placed on a cushion by the side
of the portrait ; 300 candles burnt around,
and each of the numerous spectators bad a
lighted taper placed in his lumd, which made
the ceremony highly impressive.
On the 24th of January, in the Church of
St. Thomas, the English College held a grand
funeral service, at which the crown, the
sceptre, and the mantle were a^ain put on
a cushion over the catafalque, which was sur-
rounded on all sides by inscriptions express-
ing their loydty to the House of Stuart.
On the 30th of January, the Cardinal
Duke of York celebrated almost the grandest
service of all in the Basilica of St Lorenzo
in Damaso, his own peculiar ^ commendamP
The tumulus was surpassing in magnificence,
covered with royal devices, and at the top
was an urn, painted like porphyry, with panels
let in, on which were seen portraits of the
deceased, and the followmg inscription : —
Jacobo III. M.B. regi. Christiani omnibus
yirtutibas
sed catholicse hi primis reUgionis otitis proqua
invicte toenda, propagaadaqoe avita regvu^ aeqae
a6
THE FUNERAL OP THE OLD PRETENDER.
totum devovit clarissimo Patri optimo
Henricos Episcopus Tusculanus, Cardinalis Dux
Eborac^nsis
S.R.E. vice-cancellarius ex animo moerens parentat
On the ist of February, the Chapter of the
ancient and noble Basilica of Santa Maria
in Trastavere celebrated another sumptuous
funeral service in honour of the deceased's
memory, and a fimeral oration of great length
was pronounced by Signor Angelo Fabroni,
in which he spoke very disparagingly of the
House of Havover, and of "one George
Brunswick/' who had turned the Stuarts out
of their patrimony.
On the 8th of March, the final funeral
service was celebrated by the Cardinal Duke
of York, in his own cathedral of Frascati,
which was decorated to excess with all kinds
of gold and black drapery for the occasion.
The crown, &c., were brought from Rome.
A hatchment with the royal arms of England
was put up over the cathedral door. The
interior was covered with inscriptions to the
same purport as those we have quoted, and
an oration, longer, and even more fulsome
than the former ones, brought the ceremony
to a close.
J. Theodore Bent.
1Ret)lew0^
The Hai^ oj Bemersyde: a Family History, By
John KUSSKLL. (Edinburgh and London ; W.
Blackwood & Sons. 1881.) 8vo, pp. xiii., 496.
BOUT any genuine old family history which
is not a mere succession of genealogies
there is a use as well as a oiarm. Its
readers dean from it a new perception of
the life ^niich was actually lived loi^ ago —
a perception which serves to correct false or incomplete
impressions left by history written on a grander scale.
If the family be Scotch, and one turns up to see what
side its chidf espoused in Wallace's time, and whether
his descendant scoffed with the Cavaliers or snuffled
with the Covenanters, it is an even chance that we
find the early laird concerned chiefly about the acqui-
sition of certain contiguous acres, and the contem-
porary of Montrose noting in his rent accounts that
one tenant is still due a fat capon, while another's
tribute is short of a ** kain" salmon. It reveals the
vast slow movement of ordinary prosaic business upon
very common-place Unes that imderlay those stirring
scenes whidi constitute the romantic history of the
nation. This is a prominent lesson in the volume before
nS| for not often do families boast a series of domestic
lumals so complete as that which has been put at
Mr. Russell's disposal. He has used his matter wisely,
moreover — ^not smothering interest beneath a monn-
tain of dry extracts, or condensing so ruthlessly as to
lose the flavour of the quaint origmal. Undoubtedly,
the salient point about the Haigs of Bemersyde and
their histoiy is that well-known prophetic couplet
about them which is attributed to Thomas Rhymer
of Ercildoun. Current in numerous shapes, it is
perhaps most familiar as Sir Walter Scott puts it : —
** Betide, betide — whatever betide
Haig shall be Haig of Bemersyde."
But this our author objects to, on the ground that it
"doth something smack'' of a nursery jing^. He
declares for
" Tyde what may be betyde
Haig shall be Haig of Bemersyde,"
which is certainly simpler, straighter, and therefore
more germane to its age and origin. When James
Haig, last direct heir male, died in 1854, Thonoas
the Rhymer's reputation was like to receive a
severe shock. But, mirabUe dictUy the de(>arted
seer manifested himself in a way quite as im-
pressive as did dead Michael Scott when William of
Deloraine stole the book of Abracadabra from his
tomb. On the day of James Haig's funeral, the sky
showed gloomy indications of an approaching tempest :
— "All the morning great black clouds swept up the
valley, gathering in ominous darkness overhead; and
as the funeral procession moved away from the houses
the wan Ught of the short January afternoon was
rendered all the more dismal by the lowering clouds
that prognosticated storm. When at length the old grey
ruins of Dryburgh were reached — the very moment the
feet of the bearers touched the consecrated ground, and
the voice of the officiating ^clergyman was heard to
utter the first words of the solenm service, a blinding
flash of lightnin£ leaped forth from the black line of
cloud immediately above, followed instantaneously by
a crashing peal of thunder ; nor did the storm abate
till the completion of the ceremonial. The signifi-
cance of the event, the solemnity of the surroimdmgs,
and the unusual occurrence of a thunderstorm at that
season of the year, were all fitted to excite the imagi-
nation of those who had forebodingly gathered toge-
ther for the occasion, and each interpreted the pheno-
menon as his fears or fancy suggested. Less wUd and
weird accompaniments would not have sufficed, in the
popular estimation, to mark the apparent f^ulure of a
prophe<y which had been credited with conferring a
charmed existence upon the house of Bemersyde
through so many long centuries of vicissitude and
triaL" This Mr. Haig s three immarried sisters, able
to keep up the tradition while they lived, were sorely
exercised about its failure after they should die. One
day, however, a Haig was reported in the papers to
have been figuring in connection with iJie English
Court Inouiiy reported him a yoimg man and
goodly ; ana when the heralds pronounced him de-
scended from a second son of the seventeenth Laird
Haig of Bemersyde, who had settled in Stirlingshire
about 1627, no time was lost in endowing him with
succession to the estate. And so the Rhymer's
rhyme was not onlv a prophecy, but a true one, to
wit! Colonel Haig has fitly inaugurated his entry into
possession by aauorizing the pnblication of this de*
HEVJMWS.
47
lightfiil fiimily^tory ; and his lack has followed him
in the selection of an author. Althoogh, as in duty
bound, Mr. Russell has let nothing slip which could
add to the distinction of the Haig family, he shows a
rare and resolute discrimination respecting what he
asks his readers to believe. For one uing, it is
impossible not to admire the way in which Mr.
Russell has contrived to link the later generations
of Haigs with the immediate ancestors of Sir Walter
Scott, and with the Mi^ty Borderer himself. To be
in any way identified with him, is to possess a never-
dying element of interest, although that was not
needed to make the Haigs of Benursyde a book
which every Scottish Lowlander would Uke to read
and possess. Its printing, its illustrations, and its
binding are worthy of the publishers.
A SnppUfiuniAry English Glossary, By T. Lewis
O. Davies. (London : G. Bell & Sons, 1881.)
8vo. pp. xvi., 736.
This is just one of those books that bookmen love.
It originated, as bookmen love to originate such
books, for it b^an its existence in the shape of manu-
script additions in an interleaved copy of Halliwell's
Archaic Dictionary, From this it grew to a definite
form, with the result that is now before us. Under
these circumstances we are quite prepared to find
many blanks in the alphabet as we run the eye down
the closely printed columns, but the blanks are such as
may be dften filled up with tolerable readiness by a
reference to the older authorities. On the other hand,
the author's method has been not quite so exact as it
has been discursive. We do not altogether object to
this, because one feels a great sarisfaction in having
noted down for us in dictionary form the words,
quaint or rare, which occur, not only in our old
authors, but in such distinctive modem writers as
George Eliot, Thackeray, the Brontes and others,
while our old and tried fiiiend, NoUs and Qturia^ has
been laid under contribution very extensively. 0(xa-
siooally Mr. Davies might hSuve said much more about
the terms he undertakes to explain. St. Monday, for
instance, should have been noted as the hdiday
specially devoted to shoemakers, according to the
curious legend of Cromwell having instituted it as a
reward to a shoemaker of Perth, for having composed
the best lines on^the soidde of a Roundhead soldier
named Monday. ' The lines are sufficiently curious to
note : —
" Blessed be the Sabbath day,
But cursed be worldly peU,
Tuesday will b^in this week.
Since Monday's hailed himself, "
We particularly notice that Mr. Davies has paid
great attention to recording many popular games, a
very curious subject, and one that b lildy to be over-
looked unless enshrined \Ff the inquirer into the out-
of-the-way fiurts of English society. Altc^ether, then,
we may recommend Mr. Davies' book to our readers
as a scholariy contribution to the minute ardiaisms oC
onrlai^uage and our customs, and we fed ouite sore
that those who like to rtad dictionaries^ as tlhere are
assuredly many iHio do^ will peruse these pages with
interest md wiD cone to Uic ooodttsioii tint Uiey
possess a volume which has been compiled l^ one
actuated by the truest instincts of love for his library
friends. Mr. Davies gives a list of the books he uses,
and invariably supplies full references to the passages
quoted. This adds considerably to the value of the
Dictionary.
GloiuesUrshire Notes and Queries. Part xiL
8vo. (London : Kent & Co. 1881.)
This admirable counhr record still continues its
career of usefulness in gathering up the many scattered
scraps of information which exist in out-of-the-way
places, and which, but for such a publication, would
be lost. We should like to see every county in Eng-
land have sudi a publication, with as good an editor as
Mr. Blacker. One word of warning we would give
is, that extracts from known printed sources should
not occupy too much space, wnen there b so much to
be done in the way of recording the yet unwritten items
of Gloucestershire history. The indexes to monu-
mental inscriptions are particularly usefuL The pre-
sent part contains a capital illustration, and a fairly
good index completes the volume.
An^Scucon Brilain, By Grant Allen; Small
8vo. (London : Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge. 1881.) Pp. viii. 237.
Mr. Grant Allen has produced a very excellent
summary of early English history, for the benefit oC
the many readers who use the books issued by the
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Not
only are the best authorities of old times md under
contribution, but also the best authors of our day ;
and moreover, Mr. AUen has sufficient di^inctiveness
of research and opinion, to have the right to saj
where and how often th^ authorities are of use in
travelling over the period occupied by his book. He
takes us, as Mr. Freeman does, to the Teutons oC
North Germany for the origin of all that is best and
most permanent in the .^iglo-Saxon elements oC
Fjiglisn history, but he by no means ignores the
in£ences which the contest with RomanoOltic
Britain must have exercised. Accordingly, we have
here a tolerably safe guide for the general reader to
follow in the disputoi r«ults of An^o-Saxon his-
tory. Mr. Allen shows how the ear^ English ia-
vaders colonized the coast of Britain from the shores
of the Baltic ; how they settled in their new
hmnes ; conouered the interior, and piQaged, with
fire and sword, the wonderful monuments of Roman
occupation. Then, dealing with the first effixts of
this state of things in heathen England, he traces
the course oC history through the Damish invasioa iq>
to the decadence of Saxon power. Chapters oa
Ai^o-Saxon literature and language, and Anglo-
Saxon influences in modem Britain, close an admir-
able little book.
A Biographical Catalogue of Portraits at LangfeaL
By Mary Boye. (Elliot Stock.)
This work is an extended catalogue of all the
portraits in the gallery of the Man^nis of Bath's seat,
at Loogleat; SM contains a concise description of
38
HMVtEJVS.
each picture, with references, when needful, to the
painter and the circumstances under which it was
painted ; also an historical account of the personages
whose portraits are represented in the collection.
This last is the most important feature of the work,
as it fiimi^es much interesting and yaluable infor-
mation concerning the Bath family and its various
blanches, as well as of many well>known historical
chanicters. The work has been tastefully produced,
the printing is ^od, and the cover an excellent
specimen of artistic binding.
,.?;'/'
nDeetinoa of Bntiauarian
Societie0.
METROPOLITAN.
Society of Antiquaries. — Nov. 24. — Mr. H.
Reeve, V.P., in the Chair. — The bust of Mr. F.
Ouvry was presented to the Society. — The
bust of the late Mr. Thomas Wright was also pre-
sented tcr the Society by the subscribers, and the
presentation was accompanied by a few words from
Mr. Brabrook, who called attention to the services
rendered to archaeology and literature by Mr. Wright.
The Report was read of the Stonehenge Committee,
appointed by the Society last year to examine the
condition of the megalithic remains, with a view to
their preservation, and to advise on the expediency of
re-erecting some of them in their former vertical posi-
tion. Considerable discussion ensued on this subject ;
the Report itself of the Committee was far from being
unanimous. The balance of opinion in the meeting
seemed to be in favour of leavme the stones alone ;
and the suggestion which met with most approval —
if anything was to be done at all — was to place con-
crete round the bases of the stones which now threa-
tened to fall.
Royal Society of Literature.— Nov. 23. —
Mr. J. Haynes in the Chair. — Mr. Trelawny Saunders,
read a Paper " On the Survey of Western Palestine
as executed by the officers of the R.E. employed by
die Palestine Exploration Fund," in which he gave a
detailed account of the work which hod been done
during seven or more years. The survey extended
from the Kasimeveh, or Litany, river on the north to
Gaza Mid Beersheba on the south ; and from the
Mediterranean to Uie river Jordan and the Dead Sea.
British ARCHiBOLocicAL Assocution.— Nov.
16. — Rev. S. M. Mayhew in the Chair. — The dbcovery
of a Roman villa, evidently of considerable extent, at
Wingham, Kent, was announced. Mr. L. Brock
also reported the efforts madebv the Association wiih
respect to Stondienge since the meeting there last
jrear, and read a letter from Sir £. Antrobus, the
owner, who disclaimed all intention 6l " restoration''
in the works undertaken there by him. These are but
for the safety alike of the monument and the
visitors. Nothing permanent will be done until
the spring. — Mr. Way exhibited some mediaeval
pottery from Southwark; the Rev. S. Maude a
unique denarius of Gallienus with the name of Ger*
manicus on the reverse ; and Mr. R. Soames a
drawing of remarkable sculpture in Brixworth Church :
it is called an eagle, and is supposed to have
been brou^^t from the Roman villa which existed
close to the building where it is now built mto one of
the walls. Mr. G. R. Wright exhibited some draw-
ings of Mulgrave Castle, Yorkshire, and described
some of its curious windows. — ^The first Paper was
" On the Bourg ez Zifiur, Cairo," by Prof. H. Lewis.
This is one of the angle bastions of the wall of Cairo,
now almost covered hy sand. It has an octagonal
central chamber, 26 ft m diameter, formed of recently
cut stone. It dates probably from the time ot Saladin.
— ^The second Paper was by Mr. G. M. Hills, and
was on the measurements of Ptolemy applied to
the northern part of Britain. He identified Hornsea
Lake, east coast of Yorkshire, as Ptolemy's Portus
Sinus, and Penrith as the starting-point of the tenth
Iter. Salava, the second station, he placed at.
Gallaber, near Tebay.
Anthropological Institute. — Nov. 8.— Prof.
W. H. Flower, V.P., in the Chair.— Dr. J. G.
Garson exhibited some improved forms of anthropo-
metric instruments. — ^Mr. Everard F. im Thum read
a Paper *' On the Animism of the Indians of British
Guiana." The author stated that the animism of the
Indians of Guiana in common probably with that of
many other American tribes, is not only of an exceed-
ingly pure and rudimentary kind, but is much more
pnmitive than has yet been recognized by students
of religious evolution. The Indian belief is that each
object and phenomenon of the visible world consists
of bodv and spirit ; and Uiese countless dual beings
differ from eacn other only in bodilv form, and in the
degree of brute force or cunning wnich they possess,
but are none of them distinguished by the p<»session
of any sort of divine character. There is no belief,
of genuine Indian origin, in gods or a god in heaven
or hell, or in reward or punishment after death ; nor
is any form of worship practised.
Nov. 22. — Mr. Hyde Clarke, V.P., in the Chair.
— ^The following Papers were read :— ** On the Asiatic
relations of Polynesian Culture," by Mr. E. B. Tylor.
The author called attention to some new evidence
relating to the transmission of civilization from the
Indo-Chinese district of Asia through the Indian Ar-
chipelago to Melanesia and Polynesia. The drawings
of wooden tombs in Borneo, by Mr. Karl Bock, show
architectural design apparently derived from the roof-
projections of ps^[odas of Cochin- China. The flute,
played with the nostrils may be traced from India
(where it is said to have a ceremonial use to prevent
defilement through touching a low-caste mouth) tnrough
South-east Asia mto Borneo, to the Fiji Islands, and
down to New 2^ea]and. Among the traces of mvthical
ideas ha^ng spread from Asia into the South Sea Is-
lands, Mr. Tylor mentioned the notion of seven or ten
heavens and hells, apparently derived from the plane-
tary spheres of the Pythagoreans. The Scandinavian
myth of the fishing up of the Midgard serpent bears,
as Prof. Bastian, of Berlin, has pomted out, a striking
resemblance to Manias fishing up the island of New
Zealand ; and the Maori myth of the separation of
heaven and earth has one of its best representatives
among the Dyaks of Borneo. Leaving the question
of race on one side, it is beconung more ana more
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
»9
certain that much of the cultnre of the Polynesians
came in some way from civilized nations of Asia. —
••On Fijian Ridges." by the Rev. L. Fison.—
•• On the Suture of the Inhabitants of Hungary," by
Dr. J. Beddoe. — "Notes on the Affinity of the Me-
lanesian, Malay, and Polynesian LAnguages," by the
Rev. R. H. Codrington.
Numismatic— Nov. 17.— Dr. J. Evans, President,
in the Chair. — Mr. Krombholz exhibited proofe in
silver of the Prussian silver coinage of 1867, a Rou-
manian marka of 1874, a restruck Brazilian dollar,
and a specimen of the Hamburg Jubilee medal of
1803. — Mr. J. J. Nunn exhibited a groat of Henry VI.,
with a mark resembling the Arabic numeral 4 after the
king's name.— Canon IPownall exhibited two iMise tes-
toons of Edward VI., one with the mint-mark on both
sides, a liarp, 1552, found in Ireland ; the other, very
rare, with the lion mint-mark. The first of these coins
is counter-marked with the greyhound, according to
the prodamation of Elizabem (September 27, 1560).
Canon Pownall also exhibited, from his own cabinet,
three base testoons of Edwazd VI., one having the
bolt mint-mark, 1549, counter-marked with a port-
cullis, as ordened by a subsequent proclamation of
Queen Elizabeth (October 9, 1560), and two with
the harp mint-mark and Lombardic lettering. With
reference to these coins. Canon Pownall quoted an
extract from King Edward's diary, under date June
10, 1552. — Mr. W. Bramsen read a Paper on
Japanese iron money, in which he traced the nistory
of the coinage of Japan from A.D. 708 to the present
time.
New Shaksperk Society. — Nov. 11.— Mr. F.
J. Fumivall, Director, in the Chair. — The first Paper
read was —I. *' Notes on AlCs ^fV//," by J. G. A.
Dow. This was a Paper sent up by one of the
Society's branches, the Monday Shakspeare Club,
Glasgow. — Mr. Fumivall then read an old Paper by
Mr. Richard Grant White, " The Tale of the Forest
of Arden."
Philological. — November 18. — Mr. A. J. Ellis,
President, in the Chair.—Prince L. L. Bonaparte
concluded his Paper *' On the Simple Sounds of all
the Living Slavonic Languages, compared with those
of the principal Neo-Latin and Germanic Tongues."
— Mr. B, Dawson read his " Notes on the n of an,
&c., in the Authorized and Revised Versions of the
Bible." The object was to determine what principle
settled whether the contracted or uncontracted forms
of the words <m, fwne, mitie, thitu^ should be used
before words beginning with h in the Authorized Ver-
sion. It was evident that the translation had been
made piecemeal, and had not enjoyed general editorial
superintendence.
Society of Biblical ARCHiCOLocY. — De-
cember 6. — Dr. Samuel Birch, President, in the
Chair. — Mr. C. Pinches read some remarks upon
the Cappadocian Tablet, preserved in the Bibliothdque
Nationale, and that in the British Museum, Casts of
the Tablet were exhibited. The subject of the Tablet
seems to be a gift of silver to the Sun-God, whose name
occurs in thenrst and fourth lines.
St. Paul's Ecclksiological Society. — Nov. 29.
— Mr. J. T. Micklethwaite gave an extempore address
on " The Buildings of the Chief Monastic Orders in
England.'' The lecturer exhibited plans of normal
monasteries, including Westminster, Durham, Canter*
bury, and Fountains. Having explained that to the
great Benedictine order the largest monastic houses
belonged, Mr. Micklethwaite took Westminster Abbey
and its subsidiary buildings as a typical example of
such an establishment. It consisted of four great divi-
sions : first, the great cross-shaped church, in which the
monks worshipped ; second, the cloister, in the walks
of which they nved, and which was not, therefore^ as was
commonly supposed, either a mere passage or a ceme-
tery ; third, the domestic building all at Westmin-
ster placed on the east or south sides of the cldster»
incluaing the refectory, the dormitory, the com-
mon room, the parlours, lavatories, and Mrber^s room ;
and fourth, the guest-chambers, which were to the
south and west These were for three classes ot
guests — tramp, who were merely rdieved ; middle-
class folks, wno were entertained by the cellarer ; and
royal and other high personages, who received hospi-
tality from the abbot. Then there was the chapter*
house, usually oblong, with a rounded east end, but
which, as all were aware, was rebuilt at Westminster
on a magnificent scale as an octagonal room; the
treasury, which at Westminster was boM^th the
chapter-house, and was now known as the Chapd of
the Pjrx; the infirmary, for the aged and sick
brethren, always placed on the most retired' portion
of the site ; and the abbot's private apartments. At
Durham and Worcester the plan was turned round,
as it were, most of the subordinate buildings being
removed from east to west, or west to east, in con-
sequence of the river, which formed in each case the
western boundary. A Cluniac house differed from a
Benedictine one chiefly in the greater pmnp and cere-
mony of the ritual. A tjrpiod house was that at
Wenlock. The Cistercian order, on the other hand,
was a Puritanical offshoot, and the members dispensed
entirely with the aid of pictures or images in their ser-
vices, and permitted no ornament to 1^ used in their
buildings. A splendid example was Fountains Abbey,
which was described in detail with the akl of a plan.
Of Carthusian houses, which consisted of isolated cells
bound together. Mount Grace Priory, Yorkshire, was '
selected as an example, Mr. Micklethwaite observing
that the Charterhouse had been so greatly altered as
to be almost unrecognizable.
PROVINCIAL.
Cambridge Antiquarian Society. — Nov. 14. —
Rev. R. Bum, Presulent,in the Chair. — A Paper, by Mr.
C. W. King, was read " On two Early Christian Iniagli
of Lapis Lazuli," which had been lately brought firom
Alexandriib The smaller and better one, both in die
workmanship and in the quality of the stone, is en-
gmved with a maiden, amply draped and kneeling on
one knee, who gazes in fervent adoration on a Latin
cross which she holds on high with both hands. Tlie
other gem represents a young man, in the simple tunic
of a shephero, agreeing with the primitive representa-
tion of the *' Pastor B<mius," appears bruising with his
staff, tipped with the sacred monogram instead of iron,
the hesul of the Old Serpent, whose bust indeed is'
human, but body that of a crocodile, the belly hideously
swollen, and the back garnished with a row of spikot,
or simibur protubenmces, to make its aspect yet more
30
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
terrific, whilst the snaky tail, upon which the victor
firmly plants one foot (as does Hercules on the
Hydra's, in the coin of Phaestos), goes cnrUng up into
the field behind him, and terminates as a barbed
arrow-head. The human-headed serpent, as typifying
the Evil One, first makes his appearance upon the
iolidus of Valentinian III. (a.d. 420-435). — Prof.
Hughes exhibited a bronze helmeted bust, from the
Banks* collection. It consists of the bust proper, seven
inches high, the helmet two inches hi^, and the
crest, which stood one inch above the helmet. They
were all separated, most likely owing to the decompo-
sition of the solder which had originally held them
together. The bust is that of a Roman Emperor.
Mr. King suggested that it represented Marcus Aure-
lius. The chief interest of the specimen is, however,
in the helmet, which represents the face of a Gaul or
Briton. The same character of face, the same lips
and moustache, may be seen in the statue of the Gaul
in the Villa Ludovisi, on the Dying Gaul of the
Capitol, or the earlier Pergamene sculpture. On the
forehead is an ornament, like the ring-money ot
ancient Ireland or modem Africa ; and behind that,
on either side above the ears, are two snake-like
figures. As it would not do to represent the hair in
strong relief on a casque, it is merdv indicated by a
rough etching, which seems also used for shading on
other parts of the izat. The specimen is said to
have been found near Cottenham, but unfortunately
the exact circumstances of the "find" are not
known. From the same district came the Earith
bronze, now in the British Museum, and various less
important bronze objects in the Banks collection and
elsewhere. It seems not improbable, therefore — un-
less these were spoil carried away from the Romans
— that we may find by-and-by that there were stations
and villas of considerable importance and wealth on
the gently rising grounds that run into the Fen lands
north of Cambridge. — ^Dr. Bacon showed two speci-
mens of mediaeval pottery, dug out recently at Ditton,
and consistii^ of two vases or jugs. One was un-
broken, and had remains of a dark bluish colour, and
was glazed. It was 104 in. in height, the mouth had
a diameter 4 in., and the greatest circumference was
23 in. The other was of a light red colour, and
glazed, and had some yellow lines of ornamental
tracery. ;The measurements of this were very
nearly the same as the last. The cubic capacity of
each would be about 3} pints. They were found in
an old well which was being excavated, and at a depth
of 18 ft. The red one was broken by the pick of the
excavator. — Mr. Wilkinson exhibited a silver-gilt vase,
25 in. hi^, enriched with repousie work of the close
of the sixteenth century. A shield on the inside of
the cover bears the arms of the Austrian family of
Miielich. Figures in relief^ representing Faith, Wis-
dom, and Justice, adorn the lower part of the bowl.
The cover is decorated with oval medallions, and
surmounted by a Minerva in full armour. — Mr. F.
H. Fordham exhibited two gold coins of James I.,
the one dating before, the other after, his accession
to the throne of England, which had been recently
found near Roystone.
Cambridge Philological Society.— Nov. 3.
—Annual Meeting, — The President, Prof. Mayor,
in the Chair. — Mr. Magniisson read a Paper on
"Aiimdo** a compound which, he observed, in its
present state must be taken to represent an older
compound in which the elements of composition
came more clearly to light As it now stood it (x>uld
not be made up of any two words which in form were
identical to the composition elements, ^wi and At?,
It clearly bore the stamp of strong wear and tear upon
its face. The hitherto proposed etymology from
Celtic cam "crooked," could not be admitted, on the
ground that it gave no such clear sense as would
satisfy the mind, and warred altogether against the
logical method in which languages built up their
compounds. For cam attenuated Jttm = **bent,**
and do » "bent" would make ^m^ with a sense
•* bent-bent'' or " bowed-bowed,** which scarcely could
have any meaning. A clearer light was thrown on
this obscure word by the Icelandic kcng^boginn and
the Middle-English kene-bawe, JCeng-bogmn meant
" bent as a crook.*' ICeng was the stem of kai^^
which in Icelandic was the name for the object which
in English was called a "staple,** a hook or crook of
metal driven into uprights of timber, posts, &c, for
various purposes; boginn was the past participle of a lost
strong verb, of which it was the only remnant left.
Ken^ was found mentioned diiefly in connection
with doors and door-posts, gates and gate-posts, though
it was also found used in connection with other
domestic appointments. In primitive times it was
undoubtedly chiefly used as a contrivance to fasten
doors by, and was the rude primitive forerunner of the
el^;ant instrument which, with advancing civilization
and retiring honesty, took the shape of a key. In a
derived sense kengr meant the bena of the body such
as, for instance, the cat made when it set up its back.
It was not used in Icelandic to signify any bight-
formed appearance, however, of the limbs. In one
g>int, therefore, the Icelandic kmg-boginn and the
n^lish akimbo stood quite disconnected — ^namely, in
their application. While the Icelandic referred ex-
clusively to the bend of the body or of the spine, the
English referred chiefly to the bend of the arms. This
point was of paramount importance for the derivation
oiakititbo* The word occurred now chiefly in the
phrase "to stand a/&fm^,** or "to stand one arm,"
or "both arms, akimbo,^* which meant to stand with
the arms bent out, and the hand on the flank, in
such a way that the bight so formed by the arm
or arms resembled the appearance of a staple driven
into a post. This was a purely English development
of the sense, and quite foreign to the Icelandic keng'
boginn. How did that happen ? Of the three pos-
sible ways in which it might have come about,
Mr. Magnusson adhered to that which seemed the
most natural — namely, that the Englishman of old
must have had ready at hand in his daily language
both the elements of which the proto-compound oi
akimbo was made up. But this assumption involved
another — namely, that the Engli^ then possessed a
name'for " stapl^' whose form was capable of naturally
changing into kim. This, Mr. Magnusson meant, was
the case with the first element of Uie compound kent'
bowe^ which Prof. Skeat had addu^d under akimbo
from The laic of Beryn, Here kene could mean
nothing but a " staple ;'' it stood for kencg^ Mr. Mag-
nusson thought, the g having been dropixSd before b
in order to avoid harshness of sound, as was so fire-
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
3X
tibe caue in
hfne-bti €or hyntg-iot^ cywi-kail
for cymtfiatLt &c. Tbe ^ once dropoed the trairafinn
frooi ke me h tiwe to im-£mry aid at tlat agun into
ix»^9B% to finaOy becoaae iucAs^ was of sndi %
commoa type that the matter need not be gooe into.
Ba was then the pp. hogm of A.-S. itroog iw^vx,
to **bend ;** an obvionsly natmal case of dcnndatioQ
in a lan^nage mhkh had been bo^ €or oatories in
Himhianng its weak tenninartnns, Ahhoogh the Ibnn
hnteg was not on recoidy Uie concspoadiiw lodandic
kem^ made its r»*«»***'*' qoite probable, for the
lence of the two forms ezprcsed a general
law of pazaHelism bctncen sach forms in Icelandic
and Aog{o>SaxQa; sac^ for intfanfr, was the case
with A.-S. cynex and Icdandic kongr^ and a similar
one that of thu (for older iSBBa/f)» Icelandic timdr^ the
'^toodi" of a mke or a haxxow. That iaug there-
fore was ooce npon a time tibe Eaiif English name for
a staple was thns rendered not only quite probable from
the tonnal point of view, but from the pcxnt of view
of the sense it bore in Jov-iv^ kiaiio^ quite certain.
Finalljy Mr. Magn^twrn saggcsted that A.-S. cmg^
a "kejy" was an ouffiwnr of the older ctmig, a
statple, whidi mnst have done the serrice among the
primitiTe Teatoos for farming doors» as kemgr had
done among their Scanfinarian ne^^boors ; iatgr,
£emigmad cca^, therefore^ wcre^ in all probabQitj, oog->
nate names for one and tibe same object Thebaseof
kengr was iat^ (in^)^ and remained still ofasemble
in the coOoqntal SKjmg in lodand at iamga vtV
ibtrfi, ^to ratde with the key in a door," which
showed that key with its base cagam was a cognate
to itmgr. ^Batkm^Of though co nn ected with kmgr
by the k xia j granhrw , had nnrhmg to do with tint
wordy bnt was aLov Latin introdnctinn, firom cingmia^
'*a roand, cotn-formed onamcnL" — 5Cr. VenaUread
a Paper on ^Esch. 4f • X^^ *¥)-
Not. 17. — 3fr. lisaro^ Picsident, in the Chair.
— Mr. Postg^ read a Paper on the Refonn of
the Pmmmoation of Latin and Gredc, considered
practical U niieisil/ qncsrinn. — A di
JSXic Hntiatun^'0 Dote^SooIu
StQneheilge.— (See ante iL 150-51 ; it, 86). We
propose printing from time to time description^
takoi from anthmriratrd soarces, of the prehistoric
monmnents of the Briti^ Isles. Of coarse many of
these will be known to onr readers in some shape or
other, bat it b thoaght that to have at hand a rcfor-
ance to them woald be carrying oat one of the most
salient foatnres of the NoCe-b(»k. At the present
time special atf ftition has been drawn to the conditinn
of Stnnehenge, and hence we begin with this wdl-
known monoment, and the ntore readily becanse, by
the coartesy of Messrs. Longmans we are able to
gire a reproduction of the engraTiiig afiExed to the
newly-pBhWicd fooith edition of Sir John Lnbbodc's
Ortgim •/ GariSKmtiom^ We haie afready spokenof
Stondsenge, and therefore in the present note shall
rest contented in gnrii^ some information additcoal
to that o£Dr. Nicholson in the second Tofamie of this
joamal, and to Mr.Qsbome^sasefol qaotatknsfrom
^^ EmrxtpetM Magmau npon the foUof someof the
stones in 1797. Profosor Boyd Dawkins has de-
scribed Stonl^enge as it or^inally stood, and places
its date as a monnment of the Bhmze age : —
'* It cnnsi^fd of a drde loofr. in djameter of large
vpri^ bloda of sarsen stone 12ft. TiiL high, bearing
imposts doifctailed into eadi other so as to form a
mfirrnnnos architxaTe. Nine feet within this was a
this fire c^reat
followed, mwhich d^ Ercsidcnt, Prot Mayor, Proi:
Skeat, Mr. Vcnall, Ifr^Candy, and Mr. Ridgeway,
took part. AresofaitiaBvaspamedthat aConunittee
be appointed for the pmpoic of dra w ing vcp a sdieme
for the reform of tike pracnt p t iMMiw i^ tion of Latin,
tobesnbmittedtnthpSociffyataiabscqnentMeetiqg.
Glasgow Amcbmouoglqai, Soamr.— Not. 17.
— At the ammal ^enecd m e eting, the Report of the
Conneil was «■*— **f«i sad ap pror ed . It is intended
to pobiish a new part cf the dodct/s Tramsaftimr^
before the end of sesion i8Si-ft2. The Marmus of
Bate, the Marqms cf Lothian, Dr. Arthur Mitchdl,
Mr. W. J. Thoms, F.S.A., Mr. Wahcr de Grey
Birch, F.S.A., and Mr. G. L. Gomme^ F.S.A.,
werc^ on the reoonmendation of Ae Comcil, ad-
mitted honocBT members. The office^teaxcis forthe
r. Aleaander GaDoway, Foreign Sodely, read a
Paper npoo the archaeological work reoentfy vndcr-
<'^' V r
trilirhons of saisen stone, forming a horseshoe ; then,
a hocseshoe of fordgn stones eight foeth^i, and in the
centre a slab ol micaceoas sandstone caSed the altar-
stone. When periiect it probably formed a temple like
the restoration made by Mr. Brown. At a rti*»«M^
of lOGfr. from the oater line a small camp, with a
ditch ootsxde, formed the oater cirde, 300ft. in dia-
meter, which cots a low barrow, and mrlmi^ «nrt»ii^^
and therefore b erideiidy of later d:^ dian some of
the barrows of the district. A foreign block near the
first great trilithon, on the north-eastern side, has two
holes in it, whidi, in the'opinion of Mr. Stevens* hare
probably been intended to receiTe libations like the
df-stones and csp-stoncs. The fore^ stones com-
posing the inner drde and the iimer apse^ somecf
which are igneoQS, may haTe been derived from Wale^
Cornwall, or fi:om the Channd Islands It is obTions
that they wonld not haTe been transported to Salisboiy
Plain e x cep tiug onder die inflamcr of some strong
rdigions feeling and a prrnKar vafaie mnst haTe been
attached to the material, since the stone of the nei^i-
boorhood woald have satined all the porposes of a
monnment. *■ If Stonehenge,' writes Mr. Stevens,
*■ was erected at two distinrt pniods,the horseshoe and
drde of foreign stone probably formed the
temple.' It may even have been e
at some former period, and then transported to
Safisbozj Plain and agun set op. An intrusive and
canqoermg people may hare brooght these haQowed
stones with them, and have added to the impremive
appearance of their old temple in its new sanation by
repeating its featares on aw lm]ger scaler ming local
stone for theporpose. The date of Stondiei^ is in-
dicated by the smooDding tcmbs. Sir Ridtaud Colt
Tb£ ANTlllUARYS HOTE-BOO^.
i,i
Hoare counted 300 barrows within twelve square miles,
and in the days of Stukelcy 128 were visible from a hill
close by."— Dawkins, Early\Man in Briiain^ pp. 37a.
376. William Smith, in his Particular j:)escripHm oj
England, 1588, a MS. edited by H. B. Wheatlcr
and £. W. Ashbee, figures Stonehenge in the twenty,
second plate. The circle is represented as very nearly
complete, though its quaint drawing does not allow us
to compare it with any degree of preciseness with the
figured restoration in Mr. Dawkins' Early Man in
Briicun, p. 374. Still the leaning; stone now in dis-
pute seems to be in its original position, and the south
side, which is now very mudi disturbed, seems to
be tolerably perfect The whole circle is represented
as snrixNmded by a rampart. Unfortunately Smith
does not say anything about the monument in
his MS.
Remains of Stoke Old Church.— The fol-
lowing Paper, by Mr. C. Lynam, of Stoke, taken from
the Ste^fordshire Advertiseft on the "Remains of
Stoke Old Church," which have recently been re-
erected in the churchyard, should fina a place
in The Antiquary : — One day, passing along
the dry beds of the former water-courses near
to Upper Boothen Mill, the writer hereof noticed a
stone, shaped to some special purpose. He looked
further, and observed several others, and amongst
them, one, not only shaped but modelled. . This, it
was dear to him, had been the base of an ancientpillar,
and it was soon perceptible that, these stones were the
remains of Stoke Old Church. With this idea they
were sent to his garden, at HartshiU. As the work- .
men got up one stone, others appeared, and in time
some cart-loads were turned up. At Hartshill they
were sorted and nidely put tc^ther, when the Rector
visited them, and expressed a wish to have them
erected in the old part of the church]^urd. Excava-
tions were then made, and the foundations of the old
work were come to, and these remains (taken out of.
the overflow course from the mill-pond at Boothen)
have been erected on their former site. They mainly
consist of two arches and their piers. The western
pier is a " respond," and has been rebuilt as such.
One of the others b octagonal, and the other cir-
cular. The arches are semi-circular, and are formed
of two orders, with moulded edges ; they are sur-.
mounted in part by their original dripstone. In the
spaces between the arches have beeia placed some
carved stone heads from the old church* . which had
been at Clif^rille for some years ; also one carved
corbel, which had been a long time in possession
of the writer ; and at the termination of the western
^pstone on the north side a carved head, most kindly
given by Mr. Holtom, from Stoke Hall. In addition
to the aax:hes and their supports, parts of other pieces
have been put up, and, what peniaps b of more in-
terest than any odier part, some Norman remains of
the arch of a doorway were also found at Boothen, '
and have been embodied in the re-erection. It is
a s'^gnlar ^ct, that a carved capital belonging to
those early Norman remains had been preserved at
CliffviUe, and is now built in with the others. In addi-
tion to the erection of the arches, the foundations of the
old chancel have been raised and clearly defined. The
original aJtar-slab, which has lain on theground against
te east wall of the dumoel ever liiice uie old caoidi
was taken down, has been raised, whereby its
various parts may be distinctly seen. The old font,
which has also been preserved at Cliffville, is re-
erected in what may be considered its original posi-
tion. A portion of the shaft of the churchyard
cross, found some, years ago against the south wall of
the chancel, has been put up near to the vestry of the
present diurch. Of the date of these early remains,
It may be fairly said that the bit of the shaft of the
cross is the earliest, being, no doubt, prior to the
year A. D. iioo. Next come the fragments of Norman
workmanship, which are early in that style, and may
be said to have been executed before a.d. i 150. Then
come the piers, with their moulded capitals and bases,
and the arches they beu", which may be assigned to
the period between a.d. 1200 and 1245. The base of
the chancd walls, the altar-slab, and font are also of
this date. From these remains, and from various
illustrations of the old church, it may be pretty safely
accepted that Stoke Church, includinp; the chancel,
nave, and aisles, was uniformly rebuilt in the first
half of the thirteenth century. It would be interest-
iii^ to find whether there is any record confirming
this view. Something should be stated as to the man-
ner of the erecttpn of the old stones, and it may at
once be emphatically said that no stone now again
put up hasioeenaltcaied in any wa^ or shape. Every
one of them is now as it was found, so that the
genuineness of their origir.al form is absolute. This
has been the ruling idea throughout the work, and
in order to .further it and. to pronounce it, the neces-
sary filling^n has been done m common brickwork,
which, while it draws a sharp line between itself and
the ancient work, sufiidently insures its own modem-
ness. If stone had been used instead of bricks, in
the course of time the identity between ancient and
new work would have been obscure ; now it b clear,
and will always remain sa The next idea in the
ei'ection was that the work shou]|d be put up in a sub*
stantial manner, and to thb end cement has been
used throughout the rebuilding. Then, it was con-
sidered desirable that the work should be put toge-
ther so as to avoid dilapidation as much as possiUe^
and for thb reason the waUs have been covered
with tiles so as to throw the weather off the work.
.Popular Names of Tomuliy 9lq< (iv. pp. 77,
219). — Merry Maidats, Utaily m the circles in the
neighbourhood of St. Buryan s, Cornwall, are called
Merry Maidens or Nine Maidens, irrespective of the
njimber of stones really contained in them — ^the tale
running that the stones are maidens petrified in the
act of dancing on Sunday. Journal of Anthropologi-
cal InstituU^yol. i^ appendix, page 2.
Lognn Rock. A huge block of granite, weighing, it
b said, 60 or 70 tons, on the summit of the cufis
by the sea coast, andt rocks slightly when pushed.
TTie promontory on which it stands is called Treryn
Castle. Cornwall. Journal of Anthropological InsH"
tute, vol. t, appendix, page 3.
Nine Maidens, at Boscawen-un. About sixty feet in
diameter, and consisting of nineteen stones, with one
nearly -in the centre leaning in a north-easterly direc-
tion, and about 9 ft. high by 2( by 14. Journal of
Anthropological Institute, V0I.-L, appendix, page 3.
Chun Quoit, A column consisting of four upright
stones, two of them 74 to84ft.long,and I toi4ft
thick, Hung about 4!). above the ^und outiide and
7 ft above the ground iiuide. They stand about 5 1^.
apart, fonning the sides of a chamber, one end of
which is ahnost entirelr encloted bj another stone.
Cornwall. JeumnloJAHthTOpolesKallmtiluU, voL i.,
appendix, page 3,
Mtn-aa-TuL An upright slone 3 fL 8 in. high, 3 ft.
10 in. ynity andjibout 1 ft. thick, having! holeabout
18 in. in diameter Ibrough it. It faces about north-
east and saiith-wc4t, and has a four-sided upright
stone, 4 ft. high and l| ft. aciosseach side, placed 7i
ft. 10 the north-east, and a slone, similar but three-
sided, at the same diiUuices 10 the south-west, against
which another similar stone lies flat on the ground.
Beyond each of these two equidistant opright stones
but not in the same straight Ime, stands a small up-
right stone. Near Pcnumee. journai of AMhTopa-
logical /miUuic, vol. i, appendix, page 4.
Jiurlers (The), in the p«^ of St. Cleer, Cornwall,
Tbey appear to lie three ovals, standing as it were on a
line runnmg in a north-easterly direction, ytmrnalof
AnlirBfclegKol Inititiiti,va\. i., appendix, page J.
Lensitone CircU, on Scorhill Tor, Dartmoor, An
oval circle, the diameters of which are respectively a
little more and a little less than 80 ft. It now con-
sists of twenty-four upright and six fallen stones.
JoMmal ofAnlhropetesical Imtiluie, vol i,, appendix,
p. 6.
Hntfauarfan "news.
The researches undertaken for a few months at
Epidanrus, by the Greek Archaeological Society have
been succ^sful. One of the most celebrated theatres
of antiquity, that of il^ulapius, has been discovered.
It is constructed of Pentelic marble, and was capable
ofboldingat least 30,000 spectators. The theatre is
built under a hill, the summit of which was covered
with a sacred grove. In form it is a hemicydc ; the
steps are divided intotwo parts — theupper.measuring
on the lowest level about 133 yards in length, consists
of twenty rows of seats traversed by twenty-four stair-
cases, which enabled spectators to gain thnr places
with ease. The lower part, separated fromtheupper
by an esplanade several yards wide, contained three
rows of seats and thiiiy-two of steps, to which access
was given by twelve staircases. Several statues were
unearthed, ^1, however, unfortunately, in a mutilated
condition. The results hitherto obtained cannot but
encourage the society to .continue its work.
There ate in the British Museum several texts of
great interest for the tight they throw upon the reli-
gion, superstition, &c., of the ancient Assyrians and
Babylonians, Mr, T, G, Pinches communicales (o
the Society of Biblical Archaeology an account of
these texts. They comprise what have be«n called
Hametologies (of which several fragments CKist, toge-
ther wilb one almost complete) and calendars. Of
the latter we have two in the national collection, each
of ■ different chatuter. The more complete of
the two, of which two copies exist, is extremely
difficult to translate, but what is certain is often of a
most interesting character. Most of the directions are
very commonplace, such as, " In the month of Nisan,
the first day is wholly lucky;" or "thefourth, half the
day is lucky;" or, "the eleventh, a day of joy of
heart," Some of the directions, however, are veiT
curious, as those for the fifth and sixth of lyyar. That
for the fifth is, "If one take not a wife, one grows
old ;" and that for the sixth, "Take a wife and grow
old." On the ninth of lyyar there is the infomuitioD
that '■ If one eat lish, one takes evil ;" and th«
it being only here and there directed that "one should
not pay money," or that " one should not ride in a
chanot," or in a "ship," on certain days — recMnmcnd-
ntions made, not on account of the sacrednets of the
day, but only because it was considered nnlockyta do
these things.
The workmen who were making a trench for a.
drain across the road at the bottom of the WyU,
Shrewsbury, found, at the distance of about 8fL
from the shop front, the remains of a red sand-
stone wall, of very good masonry, at least ^ft-
thick, and at 14ft. further south similar remains of
another wall running parallel to the first. These
seem to mark out the Une of rood leading to the Old
Bridge.
From the excavations now being mode for the
sewer in St, John's Road, Hertford, it appears that
the monks who inhabited the ancient Prioiy must
have been buried in that spot. The enves dog in the
grave! are dearly visible, and contain a quantity of
human remains, many of the skulls being in a very
perfect stale of preservation. From the tact that not
a particle of iron or other metal has been found with
the remains, it is evident that no coffins were used for
in cloaks or cassodts, and laid on a layer of flintt.
No medal or coin of any description has been found
to determine the dale of ihdr burial.
We leatn, from a report presented by Mr, F. H.
Middleton to the Royal Institute of British Architects,
that the High Wycombe Grammar School is about
to be pulled down. The oldest oort of tlie building
now remaining is a very tine late Norman hall, about
itfo, arranged with nave and aisles. The nave is
63 ft, by 16 ft,, and the aisles are 8 ft. wide. The
arcade is formed of plain square semi-drcular arches
in five bays. The pillars are alternated round and
octagonal, a ft, in diameter and S ft, 6 in. high.
Tbey have square moulded abaci and are carved in a
very spirited manner with foliage and dragons. All
this fine stonework is as fresh and sharp as if it were
new. At the north of the nave is a curious bread-
oven, which appears to be contemporary with the
Norman wall it is in. At the dissolution of religious
houses the building was granted by Eliiabelh to the
corporation, to found a grammar school, and for tbis
purpose it has been cut up into many room&
The oldest remaining half-limber house in Here*
fold was offend for sale by auction recently. The
AtinQUARIAN NEWS.
35
36
ANTIQ UARIAN NE WS.
contemplated, namely, the restoration oT the noble
west front of their Cathedral, which has never yet
been properly nnd architccturall)^ restored since it
iUKained such Icnible dinmge during the siege of ihe
Close. L'nilci: the guidance, however, of the late
Sir Gilliert Scott, plans have been completed by which
the rcraainine original features of architectural beauty
may be permanently reproduced. The two western
spires are now thoroughly restored and furnished with
lightning conductors on approved principles. The
wfiole of the south-west lower and the upper stage ol
the north-west towei', as well as the inte^ening gable,
with the great western porch beneath it, are now
completed, leaving yet unrestored the greater part of
the north'Wesl lower. This it is proposed to com-
plete in three stages, for wiuco three separate
estimates have been prepared.
The ancient custom of making a present of tine
doth to certain high officers of State and geolleinen
of Her Majesty's household, has just been observed
bya committee of the Court of Aldermen of the City of
Ijindon. The custom seemt to have originated in
a desire to encourage competition in the ancient
woollen cloth worlc of the City by sending specimens
the trade in former days, covered the spot where the
City Library nout stands. The official order for Ihe
distribution, soys the CiVy Prtss, provides that pieces
of cloth of four and a half yards each shall be sent to
the first SecretaiT of State, the Lord Chancellor, the
Chamberlain of the Household, the Vice Chamberlain
ol the Household, the Lord Steward, the Comptroller,
the Lord Chief Justice of the Common Fteos, the
Chief Baron of Ihe EJichequer, the Master of the
Rolls, the Recorder of London, the Attorney-
General, the Solicitor -General, and the Common
Seijeant. ILe order fiirthcr states that six yards of
black cloth and six yards of green cloth shall be
given to the Town Clerk, four yards of black and two
yirds of green doth to the chief clerk in the Town
Clerk's office, four yards to the Attorney in the Ex-
diequer and four yards to the Attorney in Chancery,
four yards to the Recorder's deik, and four yards to
the luher of the Court of Aldermen. The distribution
is carried out by the hallkeeper.
An exhibition of heraldiy, seals, and genealogical
reconls will be held at Berim fmm April I to May 31
reit, under the palrooagp of H.R.H. Prince Charles
of Prussia. The participation and support of all
persons who are interested in heraldic art are invited
on behalf of the above-named exhibition, to which
the Royal Family of Prussia have promised to con-
tribute an important and highly interesting collection
of the genealogy, heraldry, and seals of the house of
HohenzoUern. It is hoped that the numerous and
valuable collections of objects of interest suitable for
»uch an exhibition in the possession of the nobility
and ^ntry, as ivell as of public and corporate in-
stitutions In Great Bntain and Ireland, may be well
represented in this forthcoming exhibition.
The head master of Westminster School published b
the TiuKs of November 28, some remarks upon Ash-
bumham House and a memorial to the governing
body. These state thallhc Chapter themselves have in
past years greatly altered and disfigured Ashbumham
Hoose. It had originally two wings ; one was
destroyed and never restored. About 1S4S the roof
was taken off, a story added, and a dome in the
ceiling of the drawing-room demolished, the external
elevation being mined. Tlie house now has no
beauty extemaUy, and hardly any features of interest
intenially, except the staircase,. which would in any
case be preserved. We do not think, judgiDg from
subsequent letters in Ihe Times, that all these state-
ments are confirmed, and we hope that Ashbnmhaiu
House in its present state may be preserved IHmi the
school aathotiites.
An interesting antiquarian discovery has been made
on the premisesof Mr. H. Boxall, 19, Mary-te-Poft
Street, Bristol, during some alterations, a fine free-
stone mantelpiece, ornately sculptured, and bearing a
shield charged with the arms borne by George Har- '
rington, Mayor of Bristol in 1617, having been ex-
humed from a thick covering of mortar. Harrington's
residence, whilst mayor, was in Com Street. Mt. J. F.
Nichols, City Librarian, points out that this coat,
which in the Mayor's Calendar is ascribed to the
above Mayor, is there tinctured incorrectly, colour
upon colour. The curious thing in connection with
these aims is that they occur twice in the same street
— vii : on the fronts Tof Nos. 3S and 40. below the
first-floor windows. This raises a question
whether these were not the arms of the Brewers'
pany of Bristol, and were borne by Harrington with
a difierence for his own coat, he being a brewer, just
as Robert Aldworth bore for his coat the arms of Ihe
Marchants Venturers with a diifereoce.
The Cambridge Antiquarian Society visited Roy-
ston recently, "nie cave was seen under the guidance
of Professor Hughes, who remarked opon its position
at the junction of four parishes, and called attention
to the rudely.cut figures and other carvings on the
wall, which he attributed to the eleventh or twelfth
centuries. The Rev. S. S. Lewis said the cave was at
the junction of two Roman roads, the figures on the walls
represented the High Altar, St. Katherine, St. Chrisio-
E her, St. Lawrence, St. John, and St, Thomas of Canter-
ury. A hermit of Royston existed in Edward VI.'s
time ; but there was no intimation that he lived in
this cave ; the only bones found in it were
those of domestic animals. The priory church
was next visited, Mr. W. M. Fawcett, M.A..
explaining its leading features, and eiipressing his
r^ret tMt the fine chancel-screen, described in
Cussans' l/isloiy of HtrtfuTdihire, had been removed
in modem times. Mr. Bendall said the screen was
cut up and reformed into the present pulpit and
readbg desk ; the original font was turned out by the
late vicar, and was bought from the stonemasons by
a farmer, who used it as a trough under a pump. It
eventually was purchased by a neighbour, Mr.
Phillips, to place in his garden.
The chancel of Caynham Church, Shropshu^ has
been opened. It was found necessary some tine since
to take down the ancient Norman church on account
of its dangerous condition. On the thatched rafters
of the roof and some portion of the main walls being
removed, the whole stmcluie gave way, with the ex-
s
»■
ANTIQUARIAN NE tVS.
3?
ception of the curious triple arch dividing the nave
trom the chancel. The north, south, and west walls
of the tower have also been preserved.
The parish church of Ebberston, Yorkshire, was
reopened early in the month, after restoration, begun
in 1869. The tower has been carefully restored, much
of the walls of the nave and chancel rebuilt, the
former rough roof of oak and fir, with lath-and-plaster
ceihng, has been replaced by an open roof ofpitch-
pine.
Sir Henry Cole wrote to the Times of Nov. 14, as
follows : — " Some of the most valuable specimens of
wall paintings, centuries older than the Reformation,
are preserved in this country in the Chapter-house of
Westminster Abbey, and they have been brought to
public view by the judicious restoration of the Chapter-
house, freely open to the public daily. I have known
these wall paintings for more than 50 years. In 1830
they were hidden behind the record presses, and
were certainly in much better condition than they
now are. Indeed, every time I see them they appear
to be more and more decaying, and a wedc ago I
observed little parts were about to peel off. The
paintings are^ well worth looking to, and I recommend
class covering as necessary to preserve them, which
snould be placed before them without delay. I write
this in hope that the proper authorities may be moved
to do what is necessary to preserve these very rare
remains of ancient pictures."
Mr. Joseph Anderson delivered early in November
the fourth of the present course of Rhind Lectures in
Archaeology, at Efdinburgh, when he dealt with " The
Brochs, or Dry-Built Round Towers of Scotland."
Among the many fast disappearing objects of an-
tiquity in the City of London, we understand the
authorities propose removing that interesting piece of
old London wall now standing in St. Martin's
Court, Ludgate Hill, for the purpose of widening the
entrance to Littie Bridge Street, Blackfir&rs. We
trust every care will be taken during the demolition
to note anything of interest that may be brought to
light
A monument of considerable interest and import-
ance has arrived at the British Museum. It comes
from Terabitts, on the Euphrates, the supposed
site of ue ancient city of Carchemish. It is of basalt,
standing nearly six feet in height, and having a figure
sculptured on the one side, and an inscription of five
Imes in hieroglyphics on the other. It seems likely
that the inscription is of a religious character, the
sculptured figure — which is unfortunately ihutilated by
the absence of the head — ^bein^ probably that of a
priest in sacerdotal attire^ The inscription belongs to
the class which has been termed *' Hittite." A some-
what painful interest attaches to the new monument
as haviiig been examined and copied by the late Mr.
George Smith on his last journey to Asia — a journey
during which his valued life was lost to his country
and to science. Mr. Smith drew up, at least tenta-
tively, a Hittite alphabet, which together with his
drawing of the monument, is preserved in the British
Museum Library.
Corre0pon^ence»
ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE.
Many of my friends are aware that I am endeavour*
ing to collect all the information that I can on the
subject of the buildings commonly called Anglo-Saxon;
an^ although Mr. E. A. Freeman objects to that name
for them, it is the name by which they are generally
known, and it is likely long to be so.
My object is to get together as far as possible all
that IS extant on the subject, with a view to a new,
improved, and enlarged edition of what was, for about
forty years> the Appendix to Rickman's work on
Gothic architecture. His system begins with the
Norman style, and his object was to instruct architects
for practical work ; whereas anything before the Nor-
man style is evidentiv a matter of antiquarian interest
only, and it is well known that the Appendix was
originallv an addition to the third edition of Rickman,
from information supplied chiefly by Mr. William
Twopeny. In the seventh edition of Rickman, pub-
lished last year, I have omitted this Appendix, with
the intention of making a separate work of it During
the last summer a good deal of fresh information on
the subject has come under my observation. I have
seen, perhaps, a dozen examples, wherein walls of the
Ahglo-Saxon period have been brought to light by
scraping off the plaster in the restorations of the Vic-
torian era.
During the recent visit of the Archaeological
Institute to Bedford I saw three instances of this,
in addition to which I have heard or read of other
cases, in which the surface of the walls, covered with
shallow sculpture, in a sort of diaper work, has been
found under Norman work. At Kirton-in-Lindsay,
Lincolnshire, the priest's door on the south side of
the chancel has the tympanum carved with such
diaper work in good preservation, under bold Nor-
man arch mouldings, clearly showingthe use of older
materials in the Norman period. The church is a
curious and interesting one in many ways, and it was
one of the three tiiat were given by Bishop^ Remigius
to the chapter of Lincoln Cathedral, of which Stow is
another, where the transepts are also of the Aiif[lo-
Saxon type. In St. Leonard's Church, at Walhng-
ford, in Berkshire, the piers of the chancel arch are
carved with this sort of early and shallow diaper work,
which was brought to light only by scrapiiig off the
plaster in the recent Victorian restoration. At Bamp-
ton, Oxfordshire, a very fine church of various periods^
in the vault, under the central tower, there is some of
this sort of early diaper work, evidentiv used as old
materials by the builders of the thirteenth century. I
have nodoubt thatmanymore similar instances are to be
found if looked for, and I shall be glad to be informed
of any not already in the list published in the Glossary.
I have had a list made of all the stone churches that
are mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle, and in Bede,
and other earlv chronicles, and I hope to find more
instances in wiiich the records fit with the existing re-
mains, which is always the difficulty.
The excellent lectures of Mr. Anderson on ScoHana
in Early Christian Times, recentiy published al Edin-
burgh (see ante, iv. 248)4 throw a good deal of newUg^
COXSBSFOlmENCE.
on the architKtural hiitoiy, but show it came from Ire-
land and not bam England, aod, therefore, U orij in-
directl}' connected with the present subject ; but no
doubt the gcneml characteristics of each century
would be the same in both countries, though perhips
dnriog one generation one country may have been
rather in idvance of the other. In part of Scotland
there is a remarbable series of lomb^ones, eight feet
high, with shallow sculpture, called by some Celtic
and by others Runic. These seem to agree with two
ancient stones in the Ashmolean Museum at Oiford,
on which the sculpture has always been called Runic.
This opens a wide Geld for examination and compori-
SOD, but without much reference to Anglo-Saxon
work. A good deal more attention has been given
to Ibis subject recently than appears to have ever
been given to it before.
John Hsnkv Parker, C.fi.
ARMS OF WOLVERHAMPTON.
I shall be glad if any of your readers or correspon-
dents can inform me how it happens that the borough
of Wolverhampton bears, besides its proper coal of
anns, the arms of King B^ward the Confessor, a cross
patonce between five martlets ; and also the arms of
England and France quarterly. The fonner appear
in a small escutcheon on the dexter aide of the shield
containing the arms of the borough, and the latter in
a small escutcheon on the sinister side of it. I cannot
understand it at nil. The town of Wolverhampton
existed, I believe, in Saxon limes ; but the existence
of the borough dates only from the Refotm Bill of
iSja. I mav mention, at the same lime, that we
read in Hone s Voir Bnei (p. 77a), of an escutcheon,
on which were the arms of Edward the Confessor im-
paling those of England and France, surmounted by
a crown set with crosses and fleurs-de-lys, and sup-
ported by angels in long robes and ermine tippets
which appeared till the year 1830 on Ihe east wall of
had the Archbishops of Canterbury 10 do.with the
arms in quenion ?
Montagu Wlbstkr,
\ Hill Vicani£e, Sntton Coldfield.
SLOPING NAVES,
(iv- 13s, 318, 3J8.)
At CockingtoD Church, near Torauay, in the re-
storation of whiiA I am now engageo, there are six
steps frota the tower at the west end down to the
nave, and there b a slope in the nave pavement of
six inches from west to easL The cburcn consitts of
nave, aisles, and chancel, with chapels ; the entire
fabric, with Ihe exception of a portion of the west
wall of (he north aisle, being Perpendicular work
of one period. There is at present a single step up
to the chaocci, and another to the Eacranum; yet I
found Ihe piscina in the south wall less than eighteen
inches above the pavement, and the blocked-up
priest's doorway on the opposite side only about
ihiee feet high above the piremtnt. I arrived.
therefore, at the conclusion that, beiidet the prcKot
steps, leading down from the west doorway to the
sloping Hoor of the nave, there must have been origi-
nally steps down to the chaocci, and again further
east 10 the altar. I am given lo understand that Mr.
Christian, architect lo the Ecclciisstical CommU-
sioners, has visited the church since my inspection,
and generally coincides in this opinion. The church
is situated in the park of Cockbgton Court, and the
?ound outside rises westward very coniiderablr.
be unusual levels of the church, therefore, would
appear to have been suggested by the peculiarities of
the site. The effect from the w^em entrance must, •
I think, have been impressive. As is eenecaUy
known, the altar, in Devon and Cornwall churchet,
was seldom raised high, and the sill of the <
window is usually low. It was the scrtm — u ^
Cockinglon, where it remains— which conveyed the
idea of sanctity and mystery.
Jamss HtNS, F.R.LB.A.
Plymouth.
Tawslock Church, North Devon, has the floor
lower towards the cast end. At the first piere from
the west end of the nave there ore two or three steps
extending across the nave and aisles, the floor slopes
thence to the chancel-arch at which there is a
descent of four or five steps into the chanceL The
fall of the ground is from west to east Halifax pariah
church has live or six steps descending from the
western tower (which b open to the church) into the
nave. Between these and the cross passage from Ihe
porch doors, the floor is at two levels extending across
the whole circle of nave and aisle, with steps down
from each level. From the cross-passage there ii a.
slight fall to the chancel screen, from whence Ihe
floor eastward is raised by steps in the usual manner,
a vestry being formed under the chancel The gronnd
here (aJlsfrom west to east.
St. David's Cathedral has not only the luive floor
inclined upwards from west to east, as mentioned by
J'our former correspondent, but the whole of the floon
allow the same inclination, Tonartb the east end
of Ihe nave is a. flight of steps to tlic platform in front
of Ihe vaulted choir screen. This platform slopes, and
so do the floors under the screen, the choir ffcor, the
several grades of the Presbytery tloor, and the &itM
pace. By the several slopes and steps the altar-pac-
is raised lo the height of about 13ft. above the floor
at the west end of the nave. The transept floon. like
those of other parts, fall from east to west. Thar« is
no crypt, but the inclination of Ihe fioocs is a follow-
ing of the declivity of ihe site.
In B Dew church now about lo be built on a hill.
side near Citiydon, it is proposed to slope the nave
Charles R. B. Kinh.
SOME EARLY BREACH OF PROMISE CASKS.
(iv. iSj.)
Mr. Bird will be glad to hear thai the recult of
Master Walter Lempsier's action on behalf of Ijoey
CORRRSPONDRNCE.
S9
Bnuii|M(oii— or nther on his own behalf —maT be
gathered from the wfll of the said Lempster, which
was prored in the Prerog. Court of Omterbniy, in
1487 (fo. 3 "Milles.") In that win occur these be-
3 nests: —
decte servienti et filie mee in \t^ Lnde Bimmpston
filie Katerine nxoris mee dncentas maicas ....
Item com qnedam accio i»er me mota extitit et adhnc
~et in Cnria d'ni Regis de Scaccario sno apnd
pend<
West
estm' adTersns Johannem Tate et Johannem Swan
nnper vicecomites Civitatis Ixmdoniensis pro recoper-
aciooe tricentarom marcamm in qiiibus qoidam Ricar-
dusNarbiuq^michi legitime ooodempnatas extitit et
eade cansa m prisona de Ludgatc^ London' at prison-
arias detentas et extra eandem prisonam ob ddectam
bone costodie erasos Yolantas mea inde est Si dicte
tricente maice adversos dictos naper yioecomites ad
nsam meam impostenun recuperate ioerint tunc Tdo
qaod dicta Katerina uxor mea habeat oentam marcas
ad inde inveniendum onam Capellannm idoneum
Divina pro anima mea ac animabus parentom fiatrum
soromm et benefoctorum meorum ac omnium fiddium
ddfunctorum .... c^ebraturum . . : . £t volo <|uod
dicta Lucia habeat inde alias centum marcas ad mde
(arimdam suam liberam voluntatem.
Which for the convenience of some of jour readers
I wiU thus translate : —
" I leave to my beloved servant and daughter-in-
law, Lucv Brampston, daughter of Katherine m^ wife»
two hundred marks. Also, whereas a certain suit, pro-
moted by me has been proceediiy and still is depend-
ing in the Court of Exdieqner of our lord the Kms at
Westminster against John Tate and John Swan, uite
Shoiflb of the City of London, for recovery of three
hundred marks in which a certain Richard Narburgh
stands lawftdly condemned to me^ and was on that ac-
coont detained as aprisonerin the prison di Ludgate.
London, and by deuiult of good custody has escaped
from ^e same prison, my will as to the same is that if
the said three nundred marks shall be hereafter re-
covered to my use i^;ainst the said late sheri&, then I
will that the said Katherine Iny wife shall have one
hundred marks to find therewith a convenient chap-
lain to celebrate mass for my soul, and for the sotus
of my parents, horothcrs, sisters, and benefactors, and
all the fiuthful deceased. And I will that the said
Luor shall have thereof another hundred marks to do
her tree will therewith. "
Periiaps Mr. Bird will be able to pursue the story
still further in the Exchequer RoUs.
Waher Lempster was buried at St. Antonine's
Chuidit Lcmdon, and Weever gives a cop^ of his epi-
taph in which he is described as physician to King
Henry VIL
J. CSALLBNOR SMITH.
90^ Charch Rood, Richmond.
THE BIDDENDEN MAIDS.
In the parish of Biddenden^ near fitaplehurst, Kent,
there exists a carious custom. It consists in givin^to
aU applicants, after service on Easter Sunday, cunons
little cakes, bearing the effigy of two maicUm ladies,
tHio were JQined together at birth and throughoat
their lives, in much die same way as the late
twins.
Being curious to know whedier the custom is still
kept up— after the lapse of more than seven centuries
— ^m strict accordance with the terms of the bequest,
I wrote to Mr. Bouroe^ the parish derk at Biddenden,
and have received from him a very courteous reply,
in which he says : — " The custom of giving away to
applicants a quanti^ of cakes, bearing the impression
representing them, is still kept up on Easter Sunday
after the afternoon service ; and in addition, a number
of loaves tS. bread, with a proportionate quantity of
cheese, is dispensed to all applicants, being hana-fide
residents of the parish. The weight of the loaves varies
from year to year, according to the price of flouTi
generalhr about a 4 lb. or 5 lb. loa£"
Mr. Bourne has kindly sent me two of the cakes,
but unfortunately they have arrived broken ; they
would measure entire about 4 in. by 2{ in. thick, and
are moulded to represent the original donors.
£. Oakkliy Newman, F.R.H.S.
[Mr. Newman has since kindly sent as one of the
cakes in a perfect condition^— Ed.]
^\<!^n
A RAPIER.
(iv. 231, 277.)
The weapon which '< R. B. W." calls " a rapier" is
an old Scottish claymore. I have a similar one in
my possession*
Tnqr were manufactured at Solingen, and imported
in large numbers into Scotland.
I vras in correspondence with the late Mr. Borland-
Smith, at the time of hb lamented death, about this
Question, but we had not arrived at any certain con-
lusion as to the date.
Like *< R.B.W.," I should be glad to learn the date;
Mine has a part of the old figured leather scabbard,
vrith steel mountings.
E. K.
( \^* t
HERALDIC,
(iv. «77.)
Mr. Parker's ouery is easily answered. D is
''eventual heiress^ in his first case, and " heiress in
her issue" in his second. So much misconception
prevails as to the heraldic term "heiress," that it
mav not be out of place to attempt a comprehensive
definition.
An '* heiress" is a daughter who has no brothers, or
whose brothers^ issue is extinct. If these conditions
are only fulfilled after her death (and she has left
children) she b then an " heiress in her issue."* No
woman, of course, can be an heraldic heiress unless
her fiither is entitled to bear aims.
J. H. Round.
\
* This would comprise all cases, except the occa-
sional ones where (tfaroufi^ re-marriages) a dan^ter is
heiress to her mraer, out not to her fiuher, or viu
vend. In sodi cases the term brothers must be
qualified by the proviso ixparU de pA kmres esi.
lb
TBB AM'tQUARY EXCSANGE.
Mi^ft^M
XTbe Hntfquan? fycbange.
Enclose^, for the First 12 JVords, tmd id. for etuh
Additional Thru Words. All replies to a number should
he enclosed in a blank envelope^ with a loose Stamp,
and sent to the Manager.
Note. — All Advertisements to reach the office by
the i$th of the months and to be addressed— Tht
Manager* Exchange Department, Th& Anti-
quary Office, 62, Paternoster Row, London,
E.G.
For Sale.
South Carolina Bill for Seven Shillings and Six-
pence, dated 1775.— A Five Dollar Confederate Note.
—A Six (Spanish Milled) Dollar Note, 1777, and
Two other U.S. Fractional Currency Notes. — What
offers? — 145, Care of the Manager.
Queen Anne ; Privy Council Letter to the Duke of
Bedford, 1705; signed by Seven Lords. — What
offers?— 147, Care ofthe Manager.
A Block Print, in colours, of SS. Nicholas and
Catherine. — What off"ers? — 148, Care of the Manager.
MS. 4to vol. of Sermons, bound in old calf, The
Rev. Mr. Mathew Henry's Sermons on the Covenant,
from that text, 2 Sam. xxiii. 5. Contains 1,850
paces, neatly and closely written, and bears date 1690.
Believed not to have been published. From the Col-
lection of the Rev. John Mefien. — What offers? —
X49, Care of the Manager.
Roll of Coroners, Constables, &c., 3rd Phil, et
Marie. — What offers? — 150, Care of the Manager.
A Curious and Interesting^ Collection of Papers to
be sold, either complete or in sections as follow :-«
(i) Privy Council Letter to the Duke of Northumber-
land, 1775, signed by Lords of Council. — (2) Present-
ment of the Grand Jury against the use of Silver in
Taverns, &c, 1 695, signed by Members of the Jury.
— (5) Letter of Samuel Freeman, who was sold to a
planter, dated Maryland, April 21, 1775.— (6) Two
Indentures of Covenanted or Indented Servants,
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^
ST. VAlMtfTIlfSS DAY.
iThe Antiquary.
FEBRUARY, 1882.
St V)aIcnttne'0 Bai^.
By Prof. John W. Halbs.
1 ROUND many names ideas and
associationshave gathered, which
would in all probability greatly
surprise, or, indeed, have greatly
rpriscd, the name-owners. Zadok, we learn,
i never a Sadducee, Epicurus never an
^icurean, Wilkes never a Wilkite. And
e maybepretty sure that "Saint Valentine,
Priest and ManjT," would vastly wonder at
ihe customs that have for long centuries
re^-ailcd on his day. " Valentine," as Alban
hitler informs us, " was a holy priest in Rome,
ibo, with St. Marius and his Entity, assisted
' e maityis in the persecalioD imder Claudius
:. He was apprehended, and sent by the
mperor to the Prefect of Rome, who, on
iding all his promises to make him renounce
i faith ineffectual, commanded him to be
saten with dubs, and afterwards to be
iKheaded, which was executed on the 14th of
Sfebruary, about the year a;o. Pope Julius I.
"« said to have built a church near Ponte
Hole to his memory, which for a long time
ptve name to the gate now called Porta del
?opolo, formerly Port> Valentini. The
part of his relics are now in the
Aurch of St. Praxedes. His name is cele-
tated as that of an illustrious martyr in the
'aeramentary ef Si. Gregory, the Roman
mssal ef TtwtHOiius, in the Calatdar ef F.
~ nlo, and that of Allatius, in Bede, Usuard,
», Notker, and all other roartyrol<^es in
a da^."
Obviously, there is nothing in this brief
* r to explain or justify the later customs
Tved on the saint's death-day. And we
' may say at once that the connection of such
co slona mtit the name of Saint Valentine is
vol. T.
purely accidental Theydid not in any way
originate with the saint; possibly they are
far older; certainly in their rise they are
quite independent of him. For certain
reasons, to be presently mentioned, they
prevailed in February ; and as it happened
the saint's day fell in February. And it was
in this way that the saint's name and such
alien customs were brought into contact ; and
so Saint Valentine became the Saint of
Lovere,
There are indeed traces, and more than
traces, of far other duties appertaining to the
Saint. He is said to have been subject to
attacks of epUepsy, and after his death to
have been regarded as the special patron
of epileptic persons, it being thought, we
suppose, that having himself had experience
of the disease he would be likely in
the other world to take a tender interest In
subsequent sufferers from it, and to make
earnest intercession for them. And so,
according to Adelung, c^u/i Hampson's Afaiii
j£,vi Caiatdariutn, epilepsy is known in some
German dialects — particularly in Upper Ger-
many — as Valentine's Sickness, and also
Veltins- Dance. In Bamaby Goer's transla-
tion of A'iwyiwpM' Pof'Uh Kingdom {1570),
we are told that —
Stint Valentme bcsde to ndt atdo bli power
The alHiw tickncn Knds, ud bdpi the mao Aat
(The words of the original, Rtg. Pap. iii,
are:
Pom) Valentiiias morbuin iprctoribai iddit
Ucrcalnun, uuUinmcoamimploiaiilibiis aflcit.)
And so Burton, in his Anatomy oj Mdan-
eJiofy, discussing the question " whether it be
lawful to seek to saints for aid in this disease"
— that is, in melancholy — remarks how " the
Papists on the one side stiffly maintain how
many melancholy, mad, demoniacal persons
are daily cured at St. Anthonie's Church, in
Padua ; at St Vitus, in Germany ; by our Lady
of Lauretta, in Italy ; our Lady of Sichem, in
the Low Countries ; qufe etc£ecislumeu,3cgTi5
salutem,monuis vitam,claudisgressumreddit,
onmesmorbos corporis, atumicurat,et in ipsos
demoncsimperiumexercet They have
a proper saint almost for every peculiar in-
firmity ; for poison, goats, agues, Petronella ;
ST. VALBNTmES DAY.
Si. Romanus for such as are possessed ;
VaUntine for Ihe falling sickness ; St. Vitus
for mad men," &c. (" On Si. Vitua's Dance"
sen p. 90 of 1836 edition of Burton, and
Hecker's EpiiUmks of the Middle Ages).
Brand quotes from a French almanack of
167a-. "Du 14 Fevrier, qui est le propre
jour Sainct Valentin on souloit dire—
Saigmfe du jour Saincl Valentin
Fiict du sang net soir cl matin ;
Et Li saigniedu jour devant
Garde de fitvres en toutl'aii."
Ben Jonson protests against the saint's
degradation by the popular associations of
his day : Bishop Valentine, he says, in The
Tale of a Tub —
mplc to do deed of charity,
: huneiy, clothe thenaked, visit
The weak and sick, to entertain the poor.
And give the dead a Christian [iineral ;
These were Ihe works of piety he did practise
And bade us imitate ; not look for lovers ;
Or handsome images to please oui senses.
It is not the popular aspect of the saint that
is in Halt's mind when in the fourth book,
I. i. of his Virgidemiie he writes : —
3. But whatever other aspects Saint Valen-
tine may have been regarded in, whatever
other functions he may have discharged, it is
certainly as the Saint of Lovers that he was
most commonly known, at least in England ;
(Simrock, in his Handbuch der deutschcMylluh
logic speaks of England, North France, and
the Netherlands, as the special " Valentine"
districts) ; and we will now explain how this
association came about.
Briefly, it came about in this way : it was
the popular belief that in or near the middle of
February (let it be remembered that in the
" Old S^le" this would fall later in the year,
*>., nearer the spring-time than now) — birds
paired ; and it was thought that human beings
should follow the exampleof the feathered and
should likewise pair.
In the spring a young man's fancy lightly tams to
thoughts of love.
Saint Valentine's Day falling just then, the
medieval mind, in the habit of assigning all
departments of life to superintending saints,
naturally connected this pairing season with
the name of Saint Valentine.
Let us first illustrate the popular belief just
mentioned, and then speak of the observances
and fashions that came to prevail in hurnan
society.
In his Assembly of Fowls, Chaacer de-
scribes, as the name of the poem indicates, a
great gathering of birds ; every bird, he says,
was present : —
For Ihb was on Saint Valentine's Day,
When evety fowl cometh to chose his make,
Of every kinde tJiat men thinkc may ;
And that so huge a noise ganne Ihey make.
Thai earth, and sea, and tree, and eveiy lake
So full was, that unnelhc was there space
For me to stand, so full was all the place.
And right IS Alain in the Plaint of kind
Deviselh Nature of such array and face.
In such array men might her there find.
This nohle Empress, ftdl of alle grace.
Bad every fowl to lake her ownc place.
As they were wonl alway fro year to year.
Saint Valentine's Day to slonden there.
After a full description of a special strife
as to with whom a certain " formel eagle^
shall pair, during which the other birds grow
somewhat impatient, the poem continues
thus :—
And when this werk all brought was lo an end.
To every fowl Mature gave his make
By even accord, and on their way they wend;
And, Lord ! the bliss and joy that they make I
For each of them gan other in his winges uk^
And Willi their neckes each gin other wind.
Thanking alway the noble goddess of kind.
The note, I tiou'e, maked was in France ;
The woides were such as ye may here find
■The nexlc verse, as I have now in mind.
Qui hien aimc, a tarde oubUe —
Now welcome, summer, with thy sonne soft,
That hast this winter wealher'a overshake ;
Saint Valentine, thou an full Ugh on hDft,
Which drivcst away the longe nighlei black —
Thus singeii smnle towles for thy sake ;
Well have they causa for to gladden oft ;
Since each of them recovered halh his make,
Full blissful may they sing when they awake.
Again, in the Cotnplaint 0/ Mars and Venus,
Chaucer refers to this great bird festival : —
"Thegladenight is worth an heavy morrow,"
Saint Valentine, a fowl thus heard I sing
Upon your day, ere the sun gan up spring.
Vet song this fowl : " I rede yoil ail awake ;
And ye that have not chosen in humble wise,
Withoute repenting choseth your make.
Sr. VALENTINES DAY.
43
Yetittibis
And fe tint iHcve fidl daosen as I derise^
Coafizaedi it pcipctiuJI^ to dnre.
Aid paaentff tiherii joor svcutiire.''
In the CjkIm^ ««/ N^kUngale, a poem
tfiat used to be amibnted to Chancer, bat
wfaidi is of kter date, the wrher, whoever it
was, desczibes a br^t May moming, with
tiie birds *'tEq>ping oat of their bowets," and
rejoicing in the dajli^: —
Tliey pnmed dioii* and nsKle diem ri^ gay.
And daaoedea and Ifpteu on tbe ^xay.
And eramore two and twom fere.
R%iu » as tliqr had daosen dieai to year.
In Fevcrae npon Saint Vakatine's Day.
So in the MidsMmwur Ni^s Drtam^ on
finding the lovers in the wood, Theseos
St. Valentine is past ;
Begin theK woodbods bat to oonple nov?
^ And Drayton, in a song to his Valen-
Mnse^bidtibe
£acli biid dodi chooee a nnte^
TUn daj^ St. Valentine's.
Getnp^ andktnssee
What bcaitty it shall be
Each fittle biid, tkis
DoA choose her loved peer.
In wcdiocfc an die year.
As Natnre is their ginde.
So amy we two be tnie
This year, nor donee fcr
As turtles oonpled are.
And Dome, in his Epithalaniiam in honoor
of die PiiDcesB EExabedi and the Coont
Palatine, who were married on St Valentine's
Day:—
Hail, ffiihnp Vakndne ! whose day this is
AH the air ■ d7 <fioocse^
And an the chnpini^ cboRsters
And other biids are tby
The lyxic lark and the gExve wldspering dove.
The sparzow diat nqgiects his life for love.
The hoosebold biid widi the red stosachcr ;
Thon nak'it the blackbird speed as soon
As dodi the goldfinch or the halcTon ;
The hu%>Mn i [ cock looks oat, and stxa^j^ is sped.
And mates his wiie, which brings her feadier-
This day mofe cheerfiifij Aan
Tl«.d.y, which nngfe
^ysdf, old
And Herrick, in lines to his Valentine on
St Valentine^ Day :—
Oft have I heard bodi yooth and vngins say
Birds dHse their mates, and conple, too^ ths day ;
But by thevm|^ I never can divine
When I shall couple with my Valentine.
And so, not to go on quoting for ever,
Cowper, in Fmrimg Tiau AjitidpaUd; —
It chanced, dien, on a wmter's day.
But wazm and lx%fat, and calm as Hay,
The birdsi c u nce iviu g a design
To forestall sweet Saint Valcnfmr,
In many an orchard, c o |]ae^ and giove^
Assembled on affiuxs of love.
And, with mnch twitter and nmch chaftcr.
Began to agitate die mattci^
It is dear, then, dot St Valentine becaae
associated widi ^ great festital of birds,
and, as we hare said, this assoriati on was
doe to die accidental occnnence of his di^
about the time of die pairing seascm. How
the h""**" cddxation was sugg e ste d by that
of die birds, is wdl expressed by the writer
of lines, ** To Dorinda on Valentine's Day,"
to be foond in avidimie entitled Saijrs ^f
BmUa» iwuiaM, wUk aOur F§ems^ 1696,
quoted by EDis in hb editioQ of BouMfi
Pltfwlsr AMtifUMtui : —
Look how, ny deax^ die foadMxed kind,
Bv nmtnal caresses jooied,
BiO, and seem to teach ns two
What we to lote and cB S tan i owe.
Shall only yon and I forbear
To meet and make a happj pair ?
Shan weakoedday to hTe?
This day an age of bbs amy give.
And, again, in certain fines in Tkt Britisk
AfoOo^ also afmd Ellis's Bcancfs/V- Amt, :—
Why, Valentine's a day to
Amisties,
Hay I my
«
To
And oonpie like ti^
We win add what Baiky says of Valentines :
(In England) about dits time of the year
(Feb. 14) die Birds chose their Mates : and
probably thence came die custom 6i die
yoong Men and Maidens choosing ValaUina,
or special kmng friends an. this day^ (^^g-
Dia^ 13th cd^ i759>
3. We have now to consider in what
manner die festival dms or^inated was kept
—what rites and 4 usloiitt came to form part
of its observance*
E a
Sr. VALENTINES DAY.
As the birds paired, so youths and maidens
were to pair. A sort of alliance to last a year
was to be formed, with more or less of hope
that it would be more than temporary —
would be for life. Persons standing in such a
relation to each other were called Valentines.
It was understood that they should exchange
presents, or, at least — the custom altered in
course of time — that the gentleman should
make a present to the lady. Probably
enough the presents were often accompanied
with verses; and, in course of time, the
verses went without the present — the verses
became the present.
Our literature abounds in allusions to and
mentions of this custom. We have already
quoted from Chaucer's Assembly of Fmvls,
where, though he talks of birds, he has evi-
dently human lovers in his mind ; and a
question of considerable interest for Chau-
cerian students is, what particular lady withher
suitors is there denoted. Cower in his thirty-
fourth Balade, speaks of the bird-gatherings
with a like inner meaning. Lydgate, Charles
Due d'Orleans, the Pas ton Letters, Buchanan,
Spenser, Pepys, Gay, Goldsmith, and endless
' Other writers and documents refer to the
I custom ; Shakespeare, Drayton, Donne, Ben
Jonson, Herrick, we have already cited.
One of the oldest, if not the oldest, direct
references is given by Mr. Halliwell-Philltpps,
in his invfiaMeDictionaryofArckaicanil Pro-
vincial Terms, from MS. Harl. 1735, f. 48 : —
Thow it be alle other n-yn,
Godya blescyng have he and niyn.
My none genlyl Volonlyn,
Good Tomas the frere.
Friar Tliomas was clearly one who was not
thought by the writer to cut himself off from
secular frivolities, or to be indifferent to
creature comforts. These lines form a
V 'nlentine in the modem acceptation of the
Ijenn ; and are, perhaps, the oldest specimen
I ■extant. Such as they are — valentines are
J not, as a rule, famous poetry — they seem
I to have been composed by one John Crop-
' hill, of Suffolk, who flourished icmp. Henry
IV. They are, therefore, older than the
" Valentines" of Charles due d'Orleans,
_which are mentioned and quoted from by
Douce as the earliest specimens of this kind
of writing {Illustraiions of Shakespeare, pp.
47i-i», ed. 1839).
As Spenser will have it, Cupid holds his
court every St. Valentine's Day : —
unto the whicli all Iotcd do resort.
That of their love's success Ihey there may make
And, with his characteristic gracefiil fluency,
he describes one of these sessions : —
\t other violence despoiled.
Then found he many missing al his crew.
Which woni do sail and service 10 his mighl,
or whom what was becomen no man knew.
And he proceeds to investigate the cases
of such defaulters, and especially of one
Mirabella, in whom it is commonly thought
the poei imaged a feir maiden who had
turned a deaf ear to his own ardent vows.
Let lis pass, for a moment, to those curious
documents. The Pas/on Letters, which carry
us back with such wonderful reality into the
England and the eastern counties of the
fifteenth century. In the third volume of
Mr.Gardner's excellent edition, the publication
of which is not the least of Professor Arber's
manygood services for English literature, there
are several references that concern the sub-
ject of this Paper. About the close of 1476,
or early in 1477, there begins to be enter-
tained a marriage between Mistress Maigeiy
Brews and Mr. John Paston. Dame EUza^
beth, Margery's mother, is anxious it should
be accomplished. The young man's fervour
seems lo have been tempered by pecuniary
considerations ; he thoi^ht papa ought to do
rather more than he was willing to do. The
girl herself was evidently warmly attached to
tliis calculating suitor ; and for some time
the matter is in debate, often in danger of
being broken off, but ending happily — ending
in a marri^e at least.
And Cosyn [writes my lady in Fehniary, 1477],
upon Friday ii Sent Volcniynes Day, and erei^r Kid
cnoselh hym a mate ; and if it like you to come en
Thursday at night and so purrey you that yc may
abide there till Monday, I trusty 10 God that ye shall
so speak lo mine husband ; and I shall pray that we
shall bring the matter lo a conclusion.
Next we have a letter from Margery herself
—a fifteenth-century " love-letter." John
had accepted my lady's inviution, and
57: VALENTINBS DAY.
45
I chosen his mate, and is now the daughter's
" Valentine."
Right reverend and woislmjful xnd mr lighl well-
beloved VaJenline (vtites Maij^ery], 1 reo:imiacnd
— -■o you, full heartilj desiring to bear of jrour
, which I beseech Almigiilj God long for to
, , e unto His pleasure anil j^ui bean's desire.
1 And if i[ please you lo hear of my wclfire, I am
~ot in good heal of body nor of hurt, nor shall be
U I hear from you.
I And then she seems to try her hand at a
rime or two. Clearly, John had possessed
I himself of her heart, whatever in that way
. he was ready to offer, or had to give, in re-
But with all her affection for him she
was no mere idolater ; and in the next letter,
I of which we quote some passages, she tries
to make it plain to him that he had better
, not come again to sec her if he will not modify
[ his conditions ; John, indeed, had threatened
I to let the affair drop, if Sir Thomas Brews
I would not modify his.
Kight woFshipfuI and well-beloved Valentine, in
P aif most umble wise I recomwetid me unto you.
J • . . . And as. for myself I have done and onder-
i ttuid in the matter that I can or may, as God
I boweth ; and I let you plainly understand that my
I father will no more money part with all in that t>e-
I Wf but oil C/i'[/loo] and/nnr^, which is right
I. far fro the accomplishment of your desire. Wherefore,
■ V thai ye could be content with that good and my poor
pencn, I would be the merriest maiden on ground.
Xnd if je think not yoaiself so satislied, or that ye
n^ht have mech more good as 1 have understood
L fcy you afore, good true and loving Volenline, Itiat
f [£<•■ I b^ that — her grammar somewhat tailing her,
I poor soul, in such troabie] ye take no such laborupon
— n OS to come more for that matter ; but !et is [it ?]
u and never more to be spoken of, aa I may be your
:e lover and beadwoman during my life. No more
Baoto you at this lime ; but Almighty Jesus preserve
— a both Ijody and soul, &c.
By your Voluntine,
Margsbv Brews.
4. The question now to be examined is
I what way or ways in the old days was
's relationship of Valentines arranged and
mined.
' Probably in some cases it was a matter of
'tee choice; most commonly it was settled
r drawing tots, sometimes by methods of
■ 1 (so says Mr. Halliwell-PhiUipps,
ind he speaks with authority) ; fourthly, the
'rst unmarried person met in the morning of
' the day was to be one's Valentine.
The most common method was certainly
of drawing lots. From Lydgate to Misson,
a French traveller in England of Queen
Anne's time — /.c, from the beginning of
the fifteenth century to the bi^ginning of
the eighteenth — references to this method
abound ; and I daresay both earher and later
references might be discovered. I speak
according to what I have myself noted, or
found already noted. It is often said to be of
Roman origin ; or perhaps one ought to s.iy
that Douce asserted it to be of Roman origin,
and subsequent writers have repeated what
Douce said. *' It ivas the practice in ancient
Rome during a great part of the month of
February to celebrate the LupitxaHa, uhicb
were feasts in honour of Pan and Juno,
whence the latter deity was named Feimata,
Fibruaiis, and F^rulla^ On this occasion,
amidst a variety of ceremonies, the names of
young women were put into a box from
which they were drawn by the men as chance
directed," &c. (Ultislralions of SAakaptare,
p. 470). ^Vhat is Douce's authority fur this
statement? I have found none; and my
friend Dr. Leonard Schmitz, the learned
writer of the article Luptrcalia in Smith's
Dictionary of Grak and Roman Antiguitits,
has been good enough to inform me that he
cannot find "the slightest trace" of any such
custom. Certainly one would expect the
Feast of the Purification, rather than that of
St. Valentine, to exhibit some reminiscence
of the Feast of Jimo Februata. Douce's
langu^e in the passage quoted is otherwise
inaccurate; for theLupercaliawas celebrated
on a definite day — viz., February 15. And
in the context Douce shows a certain
tendency, once common enough among
scholars and by no means yet extinct, 10
exaggerate Roman influence on Teutonic
life. That this custom of drawing lots for
lovers is of Roman descent has yet to be
proved. It seems scarcely necessary to go
to Rome for it.
To turn to some literary illustrations ; as
Lydgale : —
Saint Valentine, of euslora year by year
Men have mi usance in this r^on
To look and searche Cupid's kalendet
And choose (heir choice by ^eat aHedion,
Such as ben pnck by Cupid s motion.
Taking their choice as their sort doth fall ;
But I love one which exccUelh all.
In Privy Purse Expenses ef tin Primtss
Mary, of her afterwards so miserably known
as "Bloody," edited by Madden, we find
this entry in February, 153^ t "Item, given
to George Mountejoy drawing my lady's
grace to his Valentine." And on p. 97 in
the Inventory of ytwels is mentioned " a
broach of gold enamelled blaclc with an
Agate of the story of Abraham with iii. small
rockt rubies," which the margin states to
have been " given to Sir Antony Brown
drawing her grace to his Valentine." And
so Drayton, whose charming lines to his
Valentine may be found quoted in Chambers's
Book of Days, if they are not elsewhere
accessible ; —
Let's laugh at Ihem that choose
Their valentines b; lot,
To wear their names that ose.
Whom idly they have got.
Such poor choice we refuse.
Saint Valentine, berriend.
And Buclmaan, in his Valentiniana : —
Festa Valentino redlil lux; frigora languent ;
Et liquat horrentes mitior aura nives
Pabula persultant \x\.x pecudesque fercque ;
Qutsque sibi sodam jam legit ales avenu
Inde ubi dominam j<er sortes quierere in annum
Mnniit nb antiquis mos repelitua avj^.
I .Qaisque \tpX dominam quam caslo observet amore,
I I Quam nitidis sertis ob»equioque colat,
' Mitfere cui possit blandi munnscnla veris,
PaUcntes violas, purpureamque rosam.
Qoxque Euis vicibu^ i;ascentia sutRcil annus
Munera lempotibus non aliena suis,
Pepys' Diary contains several entries to
our purpose. Thus, in 1667, he writes: —
This morning [February 14] came up to
my wife'5, bed side (I being up dressing) little
Will Mercer to be her Valentme, and brought
her name written upon blue paper in gold
letters done by himself, very pretty ; and we
were both well pleased with it But I am
also this year my wife's Valentine and it will
cost me Ji^s ; but," he thoughtfully and self-
consolingly adds, " that I must have laid out
if we had not been Valentines." And on
the i6th : " I find that Mrs. Pierce's little child
is my Valentine, she having drawn me :
which I was not sony for, it easing me of
something more that I must have given to
others. But here I do first observe the
fashion of drawing mottoes as well as names,
so that Pierce who drew my wife, did draw
also a raotto, and this girl drew another
forme. What mine was, 1 forget; but my
wife's was 'most courteous and most fair;'
which as it may be used or an anagram upon
each name, might be very pretty." And
there are other relevant passages, if our space
permitted further citation from the famous
gossip. It will be observed that our friend
has two Valentines— holds the relationship
to two persons— -viz., Mrs. Pierce's little child
and Mrs. Pepys. A moment's reflection
will show how this would happen — how this
would generally be the case. Or we may let
the French traveller) Misson, whom we have
named above, explain it. We take the
passage from Brand, giving it exactly as he
gives it, with all its sins and imperfections on
its head : —
Valentin, la veille du 14 Fevrier,jour de S. ValcDtto,
et lemps auquel loule la Nature vivanle tend i
I'accouplement, les jeunes gens en Anglelerre et eo
Ecosse auKsi, par nae eoflwme fort aneiennc, celebrent
une petite FSie qoi rise au mcme bat. Nombn egat
dc Gar(ons et de Filles se trouvent ensemble ; chaom
et chacune ccrivent leurs vniis noms ou des nojn*
empruntez sur des billets scparei, roulent ces billets et
tirent au sort, lea Filtes prenant les billets des Gti^ns
et les (jai^ns les billets des Filles, de sorte que
cfcique Gar9on rencontre une Fille qu'il appelle sa
Valentine, et chaque Fiile recontre im Gar^on qu'eUe
appelle son Valentin. De cette maniere, (Jucun a
double Valentin et double Valentine, mais le Valoilin
s'attache plus k la Valentine qui Ini est echcne, qn'a
la Valentine k laqaelle il est echll. Le sort ayaat
ainsi assode le compagnie en divers couples, les
Valentins donncnt Bals et Cadeaiu^ portent peadact
plusiers jours sur le cceur ou sur In manche les billeli
de leurs Valentines et assez souvent I'amour 5*7 boule-
Celte petite ceremonie se pratique avec divetsite dans
les diverses provinces, et selon les plus ou le moins de
severile des Mesdamesles Valentines. OntienI encore
pour aulre sorte de Valentin ou de Valentine, le
premier Gar^n ou la premiere Fille que le basard fait
renconirer dans la rue ou ailleurs, le jour de la File.
It would not oflen happen that a lady and
gentleman would draw each other.
Several zealous pastors, as Alban Butler tells
us, substituted Saint's names in the place of
those of living and familiar men and women.
Thus St. Francis de Sales "severely forbad the
custom of Valentines, or giving boys in writ-
ing the names of girls to be admired and
attended on by them ; and, to abolish it he
changed it into the giving of billets withthe
names of certain Saints for them to honour
and imitate in a particular manner." One of
Bailey's definitions of Valentines is, " in the
Church of Rome, Saints chosen on Saint
Valentine's day as patrons for the year
ensuing."
Sr. VALENTINES DAY.
47
Mr. Halliwell-PhiUipps, as we have seen,
mentions that Valentines were also appointed
by "methods of divination" — i.e., by other
methods than sortilege. But I am not sure
that I have encountered any instance of any
I snch methods ; though 1 have met with
, Kveral allusions to the use of divination to
discover who was destined to be one's Valen-
I tine, which is a very different thing from the
[ use of di\'ination for the appointment. There
I world of difference between predicting
I ftnd ordaining, between guessing and dccid-
[ ing. Thus it is surely to an attempt to make
I out who the Valentine will be, not to nomi-
f nate and appoint him, that Herrick refers in
these verses : —
VirEins, weep rot ; 'twill come, when
As (he, 10 yon'i! be ripe for men.
ThCD grieve her nol, with saying
She must no more a maying,
Or by roaebuds divine
WhoT! be her Valentine :
Nor name those wanton reaks
You've had at bactey breaks. ,
But now kiss her, and tbcn say,
Take time, lady, while ye may.
(Herrick seems to write as if only maidens
I coutd take part in the pastime of February
14, and this was probably the case at
first J there was certainly no such exclu-
siveness in Pepys' time, as we have seen j
but perhaps Herrick means that only a
maiden could use rhodomancy, if we may
use such a word.) So, in the passage quoted
by Brand from the Connoisseitr, the object of
' the rites practised is merely to know before-
' hand, not to appoint, the Valentine.
Undoubtedly, a not uncommon and an old
method was to accept for one's Valentine the
first immatiied person — the first lady in the
, case of the gentleman, and vice-versA — met on
the morning of the eventful day. This
method would seem to be the one referred
to in one of Ophelia's songs in Hamlet: —
To-morrow U. Saint Valentine's day,
Alt in the moTTow bctime,
And I maid at yonr window.
To be yonr Valentine.
That is, the speaker would present herself at
the young man's window so as to be the first
of her sex to attract his eyes. So, perhaps,
in the first passage quoted above from Pepys'
I Diary, " Little Will Mercer" becomes Mrs.
Pepys' Valentine, as first seen by her on
awaking. This method existed side by side
with the " drawing" method ; and both are
often mentioned together, as in Ben Jonson's
Tale of a Tub. In that play Mistress
Awdrey Turfe "did draw" John Clay, of
Kilbum, for her Valentine : —
Which chance it hath m taken her father and mother
(Because themselves drew so on Valentine's Eve,
\ifas Uiirly yeai) as they will hnve her married
To-day by any meant.
On the other hand, Lady Tub rides out in
the morning to provide herself, availing her-
self of the day and its custom to do a deed
of charity : —
Is the nng ready, Martin ? Call the Squire.
This frosty morning we will take the air
About the fields ; for I do mean lo be
Somebody's Valentine in my velvet gown.
This moniing, though it be a begpr man.
Presently enters Dido Wspe.
Lady T. How now Wispc ! Have you
A Valentine yet 1 I'm taking the air to choose one-
Wisft. Fate send your ladyship a lit one then.
Laify T. What kind of one is that ?
Wiipt. A proper man
To please your ladyship.
Lady T. Out of thai vanity
That takes the foolish eye ! Any poor creature
Whose want may need lay alms or courtesy
1 rather wish.
And then follow the lines quoted above as
to what Bihhop Valentine's example should
rather teach us. So in the passage from
Misson and in the Pepysian extract we see
both methods in use. Mrs. Pepys has three
Valentines, one as first seen, one certainly by
" drawing ;" the third, her husband, probably
also by drawing ; if by choice, then three
methods were in use at once. Gay, in his
admirable SAepfierd^s Week, has a capital
description of the " first seen" method :
Last Valentine, the day when birds of kind
Their pammours with mutual chirpings find,
I tearty rose, just at the break of day,
Before the sun had chased the slan away ;
Alield I went amid the mominedew
To milk my kine (for so should housewives do).
Thee first I spied, and the first swain we see.
In spite of Fortune shall our true love be.
See, Lubberkin, each bird his partner take ;
And canst thou then thy sweetheart dear fonakc?
Perhaps, as the Greeks and Romans at-
tached so much importance to the first object
met when they crossed the threshold, we
shall be assured that this method too is of
classical origin. Some writers seem to forget
48
ST. VALENTINE'S DAY.
that the English are Aryans as well as the
Greeks and the Romans; and, Aryans or
not, that they are quite capable of developing
superstitions of their own.
5. Such was the celebration of St. Valen-
tine's day in "meny" Old England. Its
customs had once, no doubt, their charm, byl
in course of time they lost it. In the greater
sensitiveness of modern society such a rela-
tionship as that which existed between
** Valentines" might well grow exceptionable
and irksome. A lady might possibly enough
find it somewhat inconvenient and annoying
to have a gentleman, or two gentlemen, es-
pedally allied with her for a year, the assign-
ment being made altogether by lot. Such a
relationship must have involved a more or
less close intimacy, and given any one who
would fain make the tie yet closer, excellent
opportunities of attaining his purpose. We
often talk of the lottery of marriage — that is
to say, worldly-wise and experienced people
do so ; but no lover thinks of marriage — at
least his own marri^e — in that light He
has heard, of course, that love blinds its
votaries, and he readily believes that you or
I were as blind as bats when we made our
choice ; but for himself, as he steps confi-
dently up to the "hymeneal altar, he has no
misgiving; he holds himself to be the
keenest-eyed and most discerning of mortals,
and is convinced that his own admirable
judgment has eliminated the element of
chance. And so for the lady : she is per-
suaded that her eyes are wide open ; that the
suitor whom she has honoured with her ac-
ceptance is a quite unique creature, reserved
and set apart forher in some wonderful way, and
fiilly tested and proved by her discriminating
mind. In neither case is the idea of a lot-
tery to be entertained ; in both cases such
an idea would be highly repulsive. And so
we say, with regard to the relationship we
are considering : to have a Valentine— a
special friend — assigned by lot must often
have proved a trying arrangement. Chance
must often have been unfriendly, and the
issue perverse ; and the result would be that
the connection would become nominal ; and
so the custom would be honoured in the
breach rather than in the observance. Again,
the relationship must often have been found
somewhat fettering and coercive. Designing
kinsfolk might turn it, and no doubt often did
turn it, to account. Valentines must ofien
have felt themselves to be standing towards
each other in a semi-engaged altitude, have
seemed to have entered a sort of connubial
ante-room, and to have left the open air of
freedom and independence. And so, to say
nothing of those immediately concerned,
whilst matchmakers might be vastly well
satisfied with this custom, in their eyes a fine
piece of matrimonial machinery, other and
more refined natures might well have their
suspicions of it and be glad that it should
become obsolescent and obsolete. Lastly,
no doubt, the giving expensive presents con-
tributed to its decay. These must have often
amounted to a somewhat serious imposi-
tion. We have already heard Mr. Pepys
refer to this point, and elsewhere he refers to
it. Thus, on Feb. aa, 1661, he writes:
" My wife to Sir W. Batten's and there sat
awhile, he having sent my wife half-a-dozen
pair of gloves and a pair of silk stockings
and garters for her Valentines." Feb. aj,
166S : " This evening my wife did with great
pleasure show me her stock of Jewells, eo-
creased by the ring she hath made lately as
my Valentine's gift this year, a Turkey stone
set with diamonds ; and with this and what
she had she reckons that she hath above
£ 1 50 worth of jewels (say some ^^500 now)
of one kind or other ; and I am glad of it,
for it is fit the wretch should have something
to content herself with." On April 26,
1667, he notes that the Duke of York, being
once Mrs. Stewart's "Valentine," "did give
her a jewell of about X^oo ; and my lord
MandeviJle, her Valentine this year, a ring of
about ^300." Giving presents is a delightful
custom, and the more people give, the better ;
but there should be no constraint. The
delight vanishes, if one cannot choose ; and
one pays a tax, does not make a present
This is why there is usually so little pleasure,
nowadays, in dispensing Christmas boxes;
they are for the most part merely a variety of
Christmas bills, or another form of " rates."
Whatever the cause or causes of the de-
suetude, decay the Valentine observances did.
What words can express their present miser-
able degradation ? ■
One of the earliest " notes" of their decay
occurs in Dudley Lord North's Forest of
V
ST. VALENTINE'S DAY.
49
yariities, pubUahed 1645. Writing to his
brother, he says : " A lady of wit and ([ualilie
whom you well know, would never put lier-
■elf to the chance of a Valentine, saying that
■he would never couple herself but by choice.
The custom and charge of Valentines is not
01 left, with many other such costly and
idle customs, which by a tacit genera! consent
we lay down as obsolete." So that in good
society in the time of Charles I. the custom
was already growing discredited. The Puri-
tans, too, as might be expected from their
go common — not universal — ungeniality,
opposed it. "They solemnly renounced
lemmas Day, Whitsunday .... Fairs named
by Saints and all the rcranants of Popery
Hallow Even, Hogmyne night,
Valentine's £ven" (Law's Mimortals).
(The " drawing" seems to have taken place
on the eve of the day; see Ben Jonson's
Tale of a Tii6.) This solemn renun-
ciation, as might be expected from the de-
testation Puritanism had secured for itself,
probably gave some new spirit to the obser-
vance of the day in the age of the Restora-
tion. But on other than Puritanic grounds
St. Valentine was doomed to lose his wor-
ship and glory. All through the eighteenth
century his rites were sinking into obscurity.
A race was arising that knew him not, or knew
him only as a saint unshrined and fallen.
What words, we have already asked, can
express his present miserable degradation?
And every year seems to make it more com-
plete. The word Valentine has long lost its
personal meaning; it means now only a mis-
sive, except occasionally in the unmitigated
rubbish which stands for poetry in the said
missives, where the old sense is now and then
maintained. Thus, Jamieson defines it to
be " a billet which is folded in a particular
way, and sent by one young person to an-
other on St. Valentine's Day." But these
"missives," what are they? Whatever of
good taste or of grace sunives in them — we
speak, of course, of the general custom, not
of any particular provincial or local usage —
is to be found, we suppose, in such as are
inlcTchanged between girls and boys, be-
tween quite young children. So far as adults
are concerned, these " missives" circulate, for
the most part, in the lower middle class of
society and the class below it ; and the ele-
ment of burlesque and buffoonery predomi-
nates in them. A Valentine nowadays is
apt to be something offensive and rude — is an
anonymous insult. So one must conclude
from the things displayed by thousands in
certain shop-wmdows in February. They may
be safely described as the choicest produc-
tions of quite graceless humour, of the
clumsiest fun, of vulgarity unmixed and pure.
St Valentine, it would seem, is supposed to
give a license to be impertinent. But his
name is taken in vain. The sooner such a.
fashion becomes wholly extinct the better.
How it was evolved from the older custom
would be a curious inquiry, if our space
permitted.
In different parts of the country there are,
or have been, some strange survivals or cor-
ruptions. Mr- Thiselton Dyer mentions in
his English Folklore that " formerly it was cus-
tomary in Derbyshire forgirls to peep through
the keyholes of housedoors before opening
them on St Valentines' Day ; when, if for-
tune was good to them, and they saw a cock
and hen in company, it was regarded as a
certain omen that the person interested would
be married before the year was out" Douce
speaks of an old ballad in which " the lasses
are directed to pray cross-legged to St. Valen-
tine for good luck." Miss Vonge, in her
History of Christian Names, informs us that
" at the end of the last century it was the habit
at Lymington, in Hampshire, for each boy to
send a sash on Valentine's day to the damsel
of his choice, who was bound to return a
band of ribbons to ornament his hat at ^Vhit-
suotide." In Northamptonshire, we are told
in Miss Baker's Northamptonshire Glossary,
" the children of the villages go in parties,
sometimes in considerable numbers, repeating
at each house a ' salutation,' " some verses of
which, along with two or three other odd
Valentine customs, Miss Baker records.
How greatly our Literature is illustrated by
some knowledge of the usages of which a
brief account has been given in this Paper,
has been pretty clearly shown. A full and
intelligent scrutiny of them could not fail to
help us in understanding and interpreting the
life of our forefathers. Trivial as they may
seem in their best days, and debased as they
have become in later times, yet they have in
some sense embodied the traditions and be-
52
THE ROMAN VILLA AT MORTON.
with a cock's head, we must, I think, be
forced to accept this figure as the whim of the
artist or the designer ; a humorous represen-
tation or caricature of something ; and, if so,
most probably of Anubis. The figure of Anu-
bis, in or before a temple,* upon the coin of
Tetricus Junior, could never have been
selected without consideration, for t!ie en-
graving of dies for a coin demand both
artistic skill and mental reflection ; and it
seems almost impossible that Anubis should
here be given unless he, as well as Serapis, was
worshipped in both Gaul and Britain. Both
coins and inscriptions testify to the common
adoration of Serapis in these provinces.
In the panel in the larger room is a
draped female figure in the attitude of sur-
prise or alarm, and a nude male figure hold-
ing the bipennis. These I am inclined to
inlerpret as Achilles and the daughter of
Lycomedes ; and it may be that the same
subject is intended in the mutilated panel of
the adjoining angle.
The pavement, representing Oq>heus, is
the latest found of a very popular subject, of
which there are several good examples in this
country ; and many in France, Germany, and
Italy. One of the best is preserved in the
Museum of Laon, stated to have been dis-
covered at Bazoches. A well-drawn figure
of Orpheus, a little under life size, is seated
between two trees playing on a well-defined
lyre resting upon a table covered with a
cloth. The drapery both of the table and
of the figure of Orpheus is gracefully
arranged ; and the shadowing of the folds
soskilfullyexecuted, that, at a short distance,
the composition has the effect of a fine
painting. Upon one tree sit a partridge, a
peacock, and a bird like a rook ; upon the
other, an owl and a woodpecker. On one
side stand a boar, a bear, and a leopard ; on
the other, a horse, a stag, and an elephant ;
all well characterized. The borders are filled
with fish and various designs. In certain
parts, as, for instance, in the plumage of the
birds, coloured glass has been used, a
material to be found in all of the higher
class tessellated pavements. t The myth of
Orpheus did not share the common fate of
Pagan representations at tlie hands of the
* CoHtcianat Aniifia, voL v. pL xxviii, fig. S.
t /Wi/.t vol. vi. p. zgi, ,
early Christians ; it was tolerated and soon
adopted.
Some of the wall paintings were elegant,
especially those of one of the rooms, of
wiiich an example has been present It
represents a birdiwell designed and coloured,
reminding us of the decorations of one of
the apartments of the villa of the younger
Pliny, which he describes as painted with
birds among foliage. Of this and some of
the other designs, Mrs. John Thorp has made
e.vc client illustrations.
While excavations are yet proceeding at
Morton (suspended only for the winter) it is
premature to compare the extent and arrange-
ment of the villa with others. Captain Thorp
has reasons for believing that much towards
the north-west has yet to be laid open. The
nearest villas for comparison are those of
Bramdean and Thruxton, in Ham])shire ;
and Bignor, in Sussex. The first of these
included two apartments of good mosaic
work ; the one arranged in an octagonal
series of busts representing the deities pre-
siding over the days of the week, with a head
of Medusa in the centre ; the others, in a
central octagonal compartment, portrayed
the combat of Hercules and AJitseus.* I
am not sure if e.\cavattons were carried be-
yond the rooms preserved ; but these were
most carefully and substantially protected
by the Greenwood family ; and the late
Colonel George Greenwood spared no pains
to protect them. Time, the eJax rerum, and
public apathy,t a more fell destroyer, have
been too much for the villa ; but the libe-
rality of the owners has secured the remains
of one of the pavements for the Winchester
Museum.
The villa at Bignor is one of the largest in
this country, and it occupies some acres.
Some of the more interesting and perfect
portions have been preserved by the liberality
and intelligence of the Messrs. Tupper, father
and son, the proprietors. They have, for
• See plates in ColUclanfa Antigua, vol, ii.
t When Ihe British Aretixological Associstion
held its second Conp^ nt Winchesier, it received,
through me, ^d invitation to the Villa and to Brook-
wood 1 but, to my regret, this vias superceded foi a
profitless excavation of British barrows '""
Catharine's HiU, I shall ever
alriul set
J
THE ROMAtf VILLA AT MORTON.
SJ
half 2 centuiT, sacrificed the produce of the
land, at great cost, never ha%-ing been
adeqoauly compensated by the public The
nUa is not in die beaten track of fashionable
life i and only the few eamest aichsologists
visit it By the pedestrian it is best approached
upon the Roman road, from Halnakcr, ceai
Chichester, which is in good presenratioa,
and from which, just before it descends the
high ground opposite the village of Bognor,
the site of the villa can be seen. Or, it
can be easily reached from .\nindel by
walldng across the downs in a direct line \
or by the longer and circuitous carriage road.
The plan of the Bignor villa, like that of
Woodchester, is more regalai than that of
most of our villas ; but scarcely to be recon-
ciled to the rules laid down by Vitiuvius as
some have attempted to show, not considering
the difference of climate and other influences.
It is remarkable that under this villa were
found walls that appeared to have belonged
to an older building ; and similar evidence of
two epochs have been noticed at Morton and
in many other villas. The hypocaust over the
wait, as shown in the plans of the Messrs.
Price's " Description," is an instance. The
long series of apartments to which this wall
was an appendage, resemble in character and
position those to be seen in the plans of other
large villas. They must certainly, I believe,
represent the buildings required for the gra-
naries, the store-rooms, the sUbting, the stalls
for oxen, and other necessary constituents
of Pilia ntsHca, among which are to be looked
for rooms for the latwjurers, and that most
essential appendage, the bakehouse, which
it is possible may be represented in the
latest discovered apartment, No. jxd. of the
Plan in the " Description."
TTbe UraMtional
Sirtb-placc of flDicbael Scot,
tbc ^f3ar^.
So single featuie in the aspect of an
old country, as compared witli a
new one, possesses more interest
. to an intelligent stranger than the
Tutlu, secular and ecclesiastical, which every-
where adorn the Uodscape. The sources of
this interest are veiy various. Some structures
have important claimsin as srchttecttualscosc;
others arrest the attention of the aotiqiuu7
by their great age, their unique character, or
other peculiarities ; while a sdll larger number
are famous for the great ei-eots of which Acy
have been the scene, or the historic names
associated with them. Balwearic Castle, the
subject of this sketch, belongs to what may
be called the historical, or l^eoduy cate~
gory. It has its own interest, doubtless, as
a venerable relic of the Middle Ages, and as
a fair example of the fortified houses of the
lesser Scottish barons of the period ; but its
chief title to the regard of posterity is its
association with the name of Michael Scot,
the Wizard, who is said to have been bom in
it early in the thirteenth century.
The situation, on the south-east coast of
Fifeshire, amid highly diversified scenery, is
peculiar and interesting. Three or four smalt
^■alleys, with gently-sloping uplands between,
run in a north-westerly direction for a mile or
two above Kirkcaldy (the birth-place of Adam
Smith), flanked on the whole north-eastern
side by the magiuficent woodlands of Raith.
On one of these Hattish ridges, at the ex-
tremity of a solitary, weird- looking, treeless
road, is the old tower, or keep, described by
Sibbald, in his History of Fife as " niinous,"
nearly two centuries ago. It is a little over
thirty feet within the walls, of the usual type
of the lesser baronial residences, the chief
apartment, or hall, occupying the greater
part of the middle floor, with two stories
above, and two of a ruder sort below.*
Only the eastern side now remains, with a
small portion of the north and south walls,
about one-half of the castle hanng fallen
about a hundred years ago. This is the
more surprising, as the remnant looks soHd
enough to endure for ages. It is built of
freestone of a peculiarly close and durable
kind, and the quoins and other exposed parts
* A conxtantly recwiog thoaghl in tzamiDin^
such tiny old castles, is how the onlinuj uncnilie*
of life could be observed wiih the linilcd ■cconimodA.
lion. There are very conflictbg opinions rciprdiiq;
the amount of tdincincnt to be found in ihcsc txiXy
households, Profeaot Cosmo Innes, in his work,
ScaUattd i« Ikt JUidiUt Aga, presents a humilUliiie
picture of the mde nuumen aiid habits utual among
the small landvwnen at the period.
54
BIRTH-PLACE OF MICHAEL SCOT, THE WIZARD.
are still sharply defined, showing no signs of
decay. If the old ballad may be trusted, the
castle was the work of a foreign mason ; and
this is likely enough on other grounds. The
hall must have been a handsome chamber,
with pleasant recessed windows looking south,
east, and possibly west The remains of
one, apparently with transoms, and larger
than the others, on the south wall, suggests
the inference that the principal outlook would
be in this direction. The building is about
sixty feet in height, with a projectmg parapet,
supported on a corbel course. From the top
there is a limited view of the coast, the Bass
Rock, and the German Ocean visible in die
extreme distance.
Anciently the castle, which is supposed
to be about six hundred years old, was en-
compassed by a lake on the south side, the
bed of which is now a verdant valley. That
this is no fancy is sufficiently proved by the
physical conditions of the site, which would
easily admit of a lake being again formed.
But there is another bit of more direct evi-
dence. The tenant of the adjdining farm, a
gentleman bom on the spot, and in every
way worthy from taste and culture to be the
custodian of such an interesting ruin, pos-
sesses a small sketch of the castle as it
was about 200 years ago. It represents the
building much more entire than it now is,
with a lake reaching to the foot of the south
wall A boat, with figures, is seen on the
water, and on the margin of the drawing is a
small chapel. Not a vestige of the latter now
remains, but its existence is corroborated by
a portion of the mullion of a church window
found in the neighbourhood, and now in the
possession of die gentleman referred to.
What a singular verification of a once actual
fact, but of which no other record exists,
these two waifs from the stream of time
present 1 An old rude picture and a little
fragment of carved stone, both telling their
story so plainly^ and each a silent witness to
the truth of the other. They speak of a time
when the lairds of Balwearie were great and
extensive landholders, in the county where,
territorially at least, their name is now un-
known* And the lord of the broad domains,*
of which Balwearie forms a part, may find, as
* Balwearie now belongs to the Fergusons of
Raith.
he looks down firom his stately home, across
the valley, on the ruins of six centuries, a fit
theme on which to moralize on the vicissi-
tudes of families. Here,fix)mLamont'8Z^»if7,
is a little incidental note, possessing a certain
touching interest, as probably the very last
record of the family in their native district: —
1666. An^t. — ^Robert Whyte, provest of Kiik-
caldie, depairted oat of this life, at his howse ther,
and was interred at the said chnrch* Angnst 6^ in die
dajrtime. That same day also a daughter of tlie
deceased Balweiny, sumamed Scot, above sixty
years of age, never married, was inteired in the sa^
place.
The account of the descent of the Scot
family in Douglas* Baronage is, perhaps, a
tolerable approximation to &e trudi ; at least
we have been able to verify, firom cdier
sources, many of the entries. The faxsSLy
was for a long period an influential one among
the lesser barons. A rather unusual drcnm-
stance is that the estate was handed down
direct firom father to son. during the whole
period they flourished. But as Douglas
sometimes only mentions the eldest son's
name, it is not easy in every case to reconcile
his chronology with that of other Imown
occurrences. The interesting question, for
example, of the exact relationship of Michael
Scot, the Wizard, has never been satisfiic-
torily explained. By some it is said he was
the fourth laird, the son of that Sir Micliad
who married the sole heiress of Sbr Richaid
Balwearie of that ilk. Others think he was
a cousin only. This latter hypothesis is
the more probable of the two. A comparison
of dates and occurrences shows that the
philosopher could not have been either the
second or third Sir Michael ; and besides, if
he had been '' laird," it is very unlikely he
would have remained abroad the greater part
of his life. No actual evidence exists of his
having returned home at all, although there
is a tradition current in the district of his
watching the stars from a lofty tower in the
castle. That he is the Sir Michael who,
with Sir Michael Wemyss, was sent to Nor-
way in 1290, to bring home the grand-
daughter of Alexander III., is utterly unten-
able.. He was in the height of his &me at
the Court of Frederick II. about 1230^ and he
cannot therefore, be the same person who
was an ambassador sixty years afterwards,
still less the Michael Scot who, as we find in
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56
BIRTH-PLACE OF MICHAEL SCOT, THE WIZARD.
Of the Balwearie ballads the principal is
The Lammikin. Professor Aytoun, in his
collection, suggests doubts as to the locality
of the ballad, but we do not know if there is
any good reason for scepticism on the point.
Lord Wearie, whose castle is spoken of, is a
proper enough designation, either of the
Scots or of the Balwearies, the fonner
owners. In Scotland, we need scarcely say it
was, and still is, quite usual to designate pro-
prietors by the names of their estates, and lord
for laird was a very common usage as well.
Whether there was ever any actual occurrence
in the annals of the family corresponding to
the dismal story embodied in the ballad is not
known. Several readings are extant, but there
is no essential difference between them. They
all narrate, with the customary amplicity and
directness of statement, the dreadful revenge
taken by the mason who built Lord Wearie's
castle, for neglect or refusal to pay him for his
work- Here is the prelude to the tragedy,
taken down from the lips of the peasantry of
the district, but evidently modernized in the
process of transmission: —
Lammikin was as gnde a macon
As ever hewed a siane ;
He biggit (boill) Lord Wearie's outle, "'
But wages c^l he mine.
Tired of calling with his "litdebil!" a dia-
bolical thought occurs to him, and with the
help of a nurse (the fause noiurice), who had
private wrongs of her own to avenge, he car-
ries it out with hellish vindictiveness. He
comes to the castle while Lord Wearie is away,
and murders, with circumstances of much
barbarity, the sleeping infant in the cradle,
and then the mother. The latter begs for
mercy; —
" O mercy, mercy, Lammil^in 1
Hae mercy upa
He leaves the decision to the nurse, who
turns down her thvimbs, and the poor lady
shares the fate of her child. In the simple
horror of its details the ballad is almost too
painful for recapitulation, and we therefore
only add that on Lord's Wearie's return, re-
tributive justice overtook Lammikin and his
accompUce : —
" Come here, come here, (aUe nourrice,
..S5' ■ "
He hung her
" Come here, come here, noo Lammikin,
And I'!! gie ye ye're hire ;"
The dear won hire he paid him.
He bnint him in Ihe bre.
Another compositionrefers to the alienation
of some church lands, always a serious oflfence
in the eyes of the priest. We have seen it in
print, but it is undoubtedly modem. One
stormy night a monk comes to Balwearie, and
tlms anathematizes the household : —
' ' My curse be now upon yis hoas,
And on that tminiie near ye ;
Lane \x ye bowels an' bare ye towers
Of ye castelo' Balwearie."
Havmg delivered himself of this pleasant
commination he departed, lost his way, and
perished in the snow near the castle. But the
prophecy was fulfilled,
" Bat, oh, his corse has been o'er trew.
And nought on earth can checi me ;
Our bonnie bairn d wined awa
In ye caslel o' Balwearie."*
By some compilers Balwearie has also
been mentioned as Ihe scene of the balltd
of " The Water of Wearie's Well," but on
somewhat slender grounds. The lake, how-
ever, already referred to, would suit some of
the versions of the ballad.
Many memories thus linger around this
hoary tower. It is but a small text from
which to preach so large a sermon, but a
ruin like Balwearie is something more than
so much stone and lime. History, legend,
and poetry combine to shed on diis lonely
spot an enduring radiance, for, like many
other such places in all lands, it is forever
associated with departed genius.
T. HUTCHBSON.'
1bf(}blan& Hmts an& 2>re00.
|HE Society of Antiquaries of Scot-
land were fortunate in obtaining
the fine series of drawings of
Scottish Antiquities which Mr.
James Drummond left behind him at bis
* A single verse — the heading of a chnpler of JW
"flv— has cvidenUy been I' ' '
tllod has been conslructcd.
HIGHLAND ARMS AND DRESS.
S7
death. The drawings of Sculptared Monu-
ments in lona and the West Highlands were
reproduced and issued to the Fellows of die
Society in a volume which we have already
noticed.* Messrs. Waterston obtained finom
the Society permission to issue to the public
facsimile reproductions of the series of draw-
ings ot Scottish arms, implements and orna-
ments, and the result is one of the most
beautiful volumes ever produced by a British
publisher.f The plates are both truthM and
artistic The details are most carefully
shown, and the grouping of the objects and
the colouring are in exquisite taste. The
publishers are also to be congratulated on
the fact that they have induced one so
thoroughly at home in his subject as Mr.
Joseph Anderson to describe the objects and
to write a general introduction.
The Icdandic Sagas contain the eariiest
allusion to the distinctive character of the
Highland dress, and they relate how Magnus
Okdison, theKlingof Norway,andhis followers,
when they returned finom ravaging the West
Coast of Scotland, " went about bave-legged,
having short kirtles and upper wraps, and so
men odled him Barelegs." This was in the
year 1093. Little can be made out of the
eariy sculptured monuments of the Celtic
period, which are weatherworn and indistinct,
and we obtain no definite information respect-
ing the different garments worn by the High-
landers undl the sixteenth century. From
the incidental notices and descriptions
gathered together by Mr. Anderson, " it may
be inferred, though there is no precise testi-
mony on die subject, that there were two
varieties of the Highland dress — ^the belted
plaid and the trews ; and that of these two
the belted plaid was the older andmore general
and distinctive. This was the conclusion to
which Mr. Drummond came after an exhaus-
tive examination of all the materials within his
reach.**
By the Act passea in 1747 prohibiting the
wearing of the Highland dress, ''it was
enacted that neither man nor boy, except such
• VoL hr. p. 256.
t AfuktU SetUUk Weapmu. A Series of Draw-
ii^ by the late James Dminmood, R.S.A. With
Introdactioii and Descriptiire Notes, by Joseph
Andenon, Castodier of the National Museum of
Antiqiitties, Edinboigh. (Geofge Wafcenton, Edin*
Imzs^ and Londoo. 1881.) Folia
VOL. V.
as should be employed as officers and soldiers,
should on any pretence wear or put on the
clothes commonly called Highland clothes,
viz., tiie plaid, philabeg or little kilt, trowse,
shoulder-belt^ or any part whatsoever of
what peculiarly belongs to the Highland
garb ; and that no tartan or party-coloured
plaid or stuff should be used for greatcoats
or for upper-coats on pain of imprisonment
for six months, without the option of a fine,
for the first offence, and of transportation for
seven years if convicted a second time."
The belt-pouch or sporran holds a dis-
tinguished place in the Highland costume ;
one of these, preserved in the museum at
Elgin, has the following distich engraved on
its brass clasp : —
Open my mouth, cnt not my
And then yoa'U see what is therein.
Most of these pouches have metal clasps,
but some have a leather flap, and others are
gathered up at the mouth, and have tags and
tassels of twisted thong. Prince Charles
Edward, when on foot in his (miinary dros,
wore a purse of buckskin, embroided with
gold and closed with a silver check-top ; bat
when marching at the head of his army, and
completely armed with broadsword and
target, dirk and pistols, he wore a purse of
velvet embroidered with gold and silver, hung
with gold cords and tassels, and mounted
with a gilt check-top, the semicircle of which
was fitted with the royal arms and supporters,
richly chased, and circumscribed below by a
line of sQver firinge.
Highland brooches in considerable variety
are figured in Mr. Drummond's drawings and
some of them are very beautiful in design.
One has a large rock-crystal in the centre,
round which is inscribed the distich : —
De * serve and haif
The * herin * babaif.
On the same plate with this is afine represen-
tation of the CUuhDearg^ a ball of rock crystal,
mounted in two hoops of silver, with a loop
for suspension. This has been long in the
possession of the Stewarts of ArdvoirUch, and
was formerly held in great repute in the neigh-
bourhood as a charmh^tone for curing diseases
of cattle. Very different finom these practi-
cally useful brooches are the heartrsnaped
silver brooches known as the lAickenlx>oth
S8
HIGHLAND ARMS AND DRESS.
brooches, because they were sold in the
Luckenbooths, the row of sheds which once
stood under die shadow of St Giles's Cathe-
^bral| in the High Street of Edinburgh. Some
of them have such mottoes as : —
Of cftithly joys
Thoa art my chcMce ;
or the inscription, ^'Ruth I and i6th/' an
appropriate verse.
We must now pass on to notice the arms
and armour of the Highlanders. The here-
ditaiy smiths and armourers of the chief
towns had plenty of employment, although
many of the armed men appear to have
worn quilted leathern jackets^ known as
galloglasses.
In 1 318 it was enacted that persons worth J^io
in goods should have an acton and bassinet, or a
habergeon and hat of iron, with eloves of iron, a
qpear and a sword ; while those who were worth a
cow were each to possess a waoA. spear, or a good
bow, with a sheaf of twenty-toor arrows. In 1448,
persons coming to the Host, and worth £\^ of land,
or forty merks in goods, were to have a horse, a hau-
bexkin, a steel bonnet, a sword, and a da^er ; those
worth between forty and 100 shillings of umd^ were
eadi to possess a bow and arrows, a dagger, and a
knife; such as were of less estate were to have
gysarms (i.^., hand-axes), bows and arrows ; and all
others, bows and arrows only. In the early part of
die fifteenth centuiy, the scarcity of arms and armour
in the country is indicated by the fact that merchants
were enjoineid to bring home from each voyage
harness, armour, spear-shafts, and bow-staves, in pro-
portion to their merchandise.
Disarming Acts were passed after the Re-
bellion in Scotland^ and were so rigorously
enforced, that the proscribed arms became
very rare. Some were given up to tiie agents
of Government, and others were taken to the
forges and turned into working tools and
other peaceable instruments. Targets were
made to serve as covers to the buttermilk
barrels. Highland targets of wood and
leather, with brass bosses and most artisti-
cally designed ornamentation, are well exhi-
bited in a i^es of seven plates in this book.
Swords of all kinds — the basket-hihed, tfie
two-handed, with Andrea Ferrara and other
blades — are admirably grouped. On one of
these two-handed swords is this inscrip-
tion: —
I will venter selfe in batel strong
To vindicate my master's wroing.
A Highland dirk is distinguished firom
other weapons of the same kii^ by its Icuig
triangular blade, single-edged and thick
backed. The handle is usually carved in
knotwork, and is cylindrical without a guaidy
die grip swelling in the middle. The eailiett
mention of the dirk as a part of the Hiflii-
land equipment occurs in 1512, when Jran
Major described the laige dagger, sharpened
on one side, but very sharp, which the High-
landers wore under the belt Mr. Drum-
mond figured a dirk, upon the one side of
which was engraved the inscription ''A soft
answer toumeth away wrath," and upon the
distich :—
Thy King and countries cause defend,
Though on the spot your life should end.
On another is engraved, '' Fear God, and do
not kil. 1680."
The powder horn is made of neats* honiy
flattened and fitted with a wooden bottom
and a plug for the mouth. The decomtiob
of these highly-prized objects was most
carefully attended to, and many of the
designs are truly elegant Many of them
have inscriptions, such as : —
And—
I love thee as my wyffe ;
I*U keep thee as my lyffe.
A man his mynd should never set
Upon a thing he cannot get
These two distichs are on one powderhonif
which is dated 1689.
Much might be said, if we hiayd the space,
of the pistols, the richly deccnated mnsket
stocks, the war axes, the Lochaber axe, the
Jedbuxgh staff, the glaive and die partisan;
all of which weapons are fully represented m
Mr. Drummond's collection. Plates of die
bagpipes, of the ''Queen Mary^ haip^ the
Lsumont harp and the Irish harp, of methexs
or drinking vessels, of spades, of the militaiy
flail, of the caschrom, of the Swedidi feadier
and of the Scottish distaff and spindle, close
this magnificent book— a book which reflects
the highest credit upon all those who have
been employed in its production.
THB TOMBS AT
59
tTbe tTombd at Cbilton.
|H£ small Gothic Church of CHiilton,
near Sudbury, Suffolk^ is lost away
amoQgst corn-fields, and behind
the organ of this church are lost
away some of the finest miarble monuments
in the possession of any church of like size
and character. They are erected to the
memory of the Cr;^e family, and teiribly
battered they are. By pulling ofi" benches,
and removing other rubbish, you may dis-
cover the tombs c^ Lady Arundel and of
Robert Crane, Lady Arundel being his wife,
and widow of Sir Ralph ArundeL She has
recently lost a nose and some fingers, whilst
the dog at Robert Crane's feet has been lately
attacked by some destructive marauder.
Some items firom the will of this good lady,
who lies here on the stiff Gothic tomb, are
quaint and interesting; it was signed in
1508:—
First, I commend and beqneatlf my soul to Almighty
God, to oar lady Saint Maqr, and to all the Saints in
heaven ; my body to be boned in the Chapel annexed
unto Chilton Church, by the grave of Rooert Crane,
sometime my husband : if I die within thhtj miles of
the said Chilton Church, I will that my body be brought
and decently buried there.
lUnu I assign to the high altar of Chilton Church,
in recompensing of my duties negligently forgotten,
six shillings and eightpence.
Item. I will that every household in Chilton parish
have twentypence at my burying, and other poor
people one penny apiece, as far as forty shillings will
stretch.
Item, I win*yiat one mass be sung at Scala Celi
in Rome for the souls of me, Dame Anne Arundel,
Andrew and Alice, oiy fiither and mother, Dame
Alices my grandam. Sir Ralph Arundel, Knight,
Robert Cranc^ Esquire, sometime my husbands.
Itim, I will have at my burying day six poor men,
and I assign to each of them abU^ gown and black
hood, and I assign for the gowns ajid hoods twenty
shillings*
Item, I give to Mistress Frances my best block
gown furred with white.
Item, I give to Margaret Hutton my best black
gown furred with white.
Item, I give to Elizabeth Balls my fur of grey and
my best black gown lined with velvet.
Item, I give to Frances my best worsted " kirtill,"
to pray for me.
Item, I give my best blue velvet gown to Chilton
Church, to make a vestment and tunykill for a
deacon.
Behind the organ is another marble monu-
ment, massive in its structure, and interesting
in its detail, to one Shr Robert Crane and his
two wives, a person of considerable celebrity
in the first half of the seventeenth century.
The individual himself is kneeling on a
cushion, between two women in devotion on
either side, representing the two wives : but
to the first of the three figiures only is an
inscription put up ; Sir Robert and his second
wife have been neglected by their survivors.
This inscription, afler stating that Dorothy
Lady Crane, daughter of Sir Henry Hobart
of BIyckley, baronet^ and sometime Chief
Justice of the. Common Pleas, died on the 1 1 th
of April, 1624, has the following quaint
rhyme: —
Reader, listen, and give eare,
Vertue lyes interred here ;
Under me I hide it, then
Seeke it nowhere amongst men.
From the female it is gone^
Now that all are dead in one.
Wonder not at what I say.
Rather weepe, and hast away.
Least that tnou a statue be
With amazement, like to me.
If thou readest with eyes dry.
Thou a marble art, not I.
Sir Robert was knighted by James I. at
Newmarket, when eighteen, in 1605, and
entered into public life i ith of December in
that year, as a knight of the shire for Suffolk.
He was a constant speaker in the House on
behalf of his constituents ; nevertheless, he
lost his seat at the following election, but was
returned for the borough of Sudbury.
In 1627, Sir Robert was made a baronet,
in the hopes of attracting him to the Royal
cause, but without avail, as he sat in the
Long Parliament, and sigried the Protestation
of the 3rd of May, 1641. Six monthsbefore his
death he assisted at the escape of Lady
Rivers from a mob at Long Melford, and for
this cause was obliged to have a '^ trained
band'* in his house at Chilton to protect
him, Parliament man though he was. He
died in February, 1643, and Lady Crane got
Mr. Speaker's warrant to carry tiie body of
her husband to Chilton, to place him imder
the magnificent tomb he had prepared for
himself as far back as 1626.
The contracts for the erection of this tomb
are interesting, and are to be seen in MS«
Tanner 97. Gerard Christmas, a marble^
F %
6o
THE TOMBS AT CHILTON.
carver of considerable note, was summoned
fixym the parish of St Giles% Crippl^iate, to
execute it
The same to be perfonned and made of black
maible and alabaster, according to tbe plot or draught
thereof made, whereanto both tiie said parties have
sabscribed their names. The said tomb or monunent
to contain in breadth 7 feet, and in height proportion-
able to the breadth according; to the said plot or
draught. Provided always that the said Sir Robert
Crane and his assigns do and shall deliver or canse to
be delivered unto the said Gerard Christmas or his
assigns tiie arms and epitaph to be engraven on the
said monument within the space of one month next
ensuing the date thereof. . .-. .
The sum of twenty pounds of lawful English money
to be paid in hand at me sealing and delivering hereof
and thirty pounds of like lawful money, residue of the
said sum <n fifty pounds, the next day after the said
tomb or monument shall be erected.
One of Sir Robert's four daughters by his
second wife married a Walpole, and became
ancestress of the Orford family.
Considering the money spent by Sir
Robert, and the artistic merits of all the
tombs in this oigan-loft, hidden from the
view of all save marauding chorister boys, it
is a pity that measures are not taken for the
preservation of the same.
J. Theodors Bent.
Clarence : tbe ® ddin, an^
Bearers of tbe ^itle/
By the Rev. Thomas Parkinson.
|HE recent elevation, by her Majesty
the Queen, of her youngest son,
Prince Leopold, to the dignities of
Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence^
and Baron Arklow, has created a renewed
interest in these ancient titles. The second
one — that of Clarence-— originates from Clare,
a small town, of great antiquity, in tlie
county of Suffolk, and, to the antiquary and
archaeologist, one of the most interesting in
the kingdom. This place is almost unknown
in modem times — its fame and interest rest
entirely in the past. The illustrious name
which it has inherited is among its chief pos-
sessions. That name, imparted by it to its
lords 800 years ago, was spread, by them, so
* The substance of a Paper read by the writer
before the SuffoUc and Essex Archasological Societies
at Clare, August, 1868.
far and wide, and became, through them, io
incorporated in our national history and lite-
rature, that in one, or more, of its forms it
is ^miliar wherever the English language is
spoken.
^^Clare^ a town, a county, a river, m
Ireland are so designated from thdr con-
nection with Richaid de Clare, sumamed
Strongbow, the conqueror (about X172) of
a large portion of that coimtry.
Clare Hall^ or College, Cambridge, rebuilt
and endowed, in 1326, by Elizabeth de Clare,
planted the name in that seat of learning. ^
'' Clarence^ the royal title, is an adaptatkm
of the Latin Clarensis-^Dux Clarensis.
ClarmcieuXf the designation of the SouAem
King-at-Arms, adopted in the place of the
older one of Surroy, is from the same
source, and contains an intimation of the
importance and extent of the castle and
domain of Clarentia^ of which Lionel, son of
Edward III., was, in a.d. 1362, created fiist
Duke.
The question arises, haw came the town by
its '' bright" name ? Only conjecture can ht
offered ; and that points to a Roman origin.
Nothing seems more probable than tbat the
word is the Latin ^^ Clarus^ '^ illustrioiis,*
"bright," "clear," or "renowned.** If so
we have in it strong evidence, strengthened
by the presence of earthworks, supposed to
have been a Roman camp, that it was a
place known to that people, if not an
"illustrious" town, in the days of their occnpa-
tion of this country. The place certain^
possessed the name in the later Saxon timei^
and it is not one likely to have been best o wed
upon it by either Angle, or Saxon, or Dane.
It was in their times a border fortress be-
tween the kingdoms of East Anglia and the
East Saxons. In the reigns of Canute,
Harold I., Hardicanute, and Edward die
Confessor (a.d. 1017 to 1066) Clare was
held by Earl Aluric or Afi&ic, the son of
Withgar.
The Norman William came; and he be-
stowed the Lordship of Clare, and many
other lordships in the county, upon Ridiard
Fitzgilbert, of Briant, in Normandy. The
entry in " Domesday Book," translated, is as
follows : —
The lands of Richard, son of Count Gilbert
Aloric held Clare, for the manor, twenty-daie
CLARENCE: THE ORIGIN, AND BEARERS OF THE TITLE.
6i
cancttesof laad, IB flie time of Kag Edwnd. At
an times (there wis) a msiirft, and now (diere are)
fortj-three b nrg es acs . Afauic, son of Wugar, Em
this manor to Saint Jobn in tbe time of Kii^
Edwaid, Ins son aaenting dMreto^ and he set over s
a oeitain priest, Ledmaz^ and others with him. Alio
this gnat being settled, he oomnittBd the chmchand
ereiy place to Abbot Levestan for safe keepo^ and to
the protection of Wi^ his son. The denes were
tnilj unable cidMr to give away or afie^e this hmd
from SL John. But afiawaidSf Kag William came
(and) he seiaed it into his own hands.
Richard KtzGObcrt, tbe fisst lord to whom
William thus gave the town and lofdship,
resided chiefly at his casde of Tmibiidge, in
Kent, and hoice was known as Richard de
Tunbridge. He gave Clare to his son
Gilbert Gilbert maJdi^ Clare his princqud
seat, became known as Gilbert de Clare — the
fixst of the De Clares. He was socceeded
by his son, Richard de Clare, Earl' of Clare.
Strongbow, the conqueror of Irdand, was the
nei^iew of this man (beii^ the son of his
brother, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke).
Earl Richard was slain in some fray in Wales,
in AJ>. 1135, and was succeeded by his son,
also namedjRidiard de Clare.
Under each soooeeding monarch the fiunily
grew in fiune and in power. At different
poiods between a.d. 1070, and the early
part of the fomteenth centmy, these De
Clares, Lonls of Clare, were ateo Earls of
Ttmbndge, Gloucester, Hereford, and Pem-
broke. They held possessions in almost
every part of the country south of the Trent,
and especially in the west One of them
(Gilbert the RedX who lived in the reign of
the first Edward, is reported to have once
told even that king, ''that though his majesty
had two feet in England, he (the earl) had
one."
The casde at Clare was rebuilt, or enlarged
and strengdiened, by members of the family ;
as were ako the cables of Tunbridge, Abe-
lystwith, Morlais, Haverfordwest, Cardigan,
Cilgeran, Pembroke, and Caerphilly. Tintem
Abbey had a Richard de Clare for its founder;
while he, or others of die family, founded also
the/Vuvirx of Wareham,Tunbndge, Carbrook,
and Clare. The abbejrs and churches of
Walnngham, Ety, and especially Tewkesbury,
and others, owed nmch to their liberality and
influence. In Dugdale's British TravdUr
alone, diere are mentioned forty-three manors,
churdies, or rdigious houses, with which the
fiunily was coonected, and to many of whidi
the diffiocnt membos of it were libenl
patrons.
"^ Richard de Clare, Earl of Clare and
Hertlcxd," and ''Gilbeit de Clare, his sod.
Earl of Gloucester,* were the two barons
whose names stand fixst on thelist of twcn^-
five i^)pointed, November 20, a.d. 1215, at
Bury St Ednnmds,to enfixoe die observance
of Magna Charta on King John.
Earl Gilbert, sumamed tb; Red, succeeded
to the earldom on his father's (Ridiard) deadi
in A.D. 1262. He was allied with Simon de
Montford against Hemy HI. ; and com-
manded a body c^ troops at ^e battle of
Lewes, ajx 1264, where he took the King
of the Romans prisoner. He played a most
important part during the last eig|it years of
Henry's reign : now on the side of Mont-
ford, now on that of the kii^. In a.d. 1265
he arranged for the escape 0^ Prince Edward
from the custody of the former. When that
prince, in a.d. 1270, went on a crusade to the
Holy Land, he deemed it most conducive
to the peace of the kingdom to take Red
Gilbert with him. And so he did. The
earl, however, seems to have quickly returned;
for wiien Edward was summoned bade, in
A.D. 1272, to occupy the throne, vacant by
his father's death, the earl was at home at
his casde of Tunl»idge, where he received
and entertained the Imig with such magnifi-
cence, that, in spite of haste to reach his
capital, Edward remained there several
dajTS.
During the greater part of Edward's rdign
the earl was the most powerfiil baron of die
kii^dom. He had married Ann, dai^ter
of Cjuy, Earl of Angoul^e ; but, divorcing
his wife, he married again, in a.d. 1290,
7!mm ^Acre — so named from the place of
her birth in the Holy Land— daughter of die
king and his heroic wife, Eleanor of CastQe.
The bride was then in her eighteenth year.
The earl died five years afterwards, in
AJ>. 1295. Joan married (secondly) one
of the squires of her household, Ralph de
Monthermer, and died at her Casde of (Hare
at the age of thirty-four, in a.d. 1307. She
was buried in the church of the Augusdne
Friars there — " in a chapel of her own foun-
dation."
Scott, with a poef s license, makes one of
62 CLARENCE : THE ORIGIN, AND BEARERS OF THE 7T1ZS.
his heroines in Afarmum to be descended
from this nobleman :**
De Wilton and Lord Marmion wooed,
Oara de Clare of Glo'ater'i blood.
And she is twice made to allude with pride to
this supposed descent : —
Mamuon must learn, ere lon^
That constant mind and hate of wrong,
Descended to a feeble giri,
From H^ de dare, stoat Cloister's earl :
Of snch a stem, a sapling weak.
He ne*er shaU bend, although he break.
And again, when dismissing her lover, De
Wilton, to take his part in Flodden Field, she
is made to say : —
Go, then, to fight ! Clare bids thee go !
Cbire can a warrior's feelings know.
And weep a warrior's shiune ;
Can lied Earl Gilherfs spirit feel.
Buckle the spurs upon thy heel.
And bdt thee with thy brand of steel.
And send diee forth to £une !
The issue of the marriage between " Red
£ail Gilbert" and ''J<Mm of Acre" was one son,
Gilbert, and three daughters, who, after their
brother's death, became co-heiresses to all the
estates, casdes, titles, and honours of the De
Clares.
Gilbert, the son, first succeeded. In
A.D. 13 14 he accompanied his imde, Ed-
ward II., in his disastrous expedition into
Scotland, and there, leading on a wing of the
English army with heroic impetuosity against
the serried ranks of Bruce at Bannockbum,
he fell, the last of the De Clares, of Clare,
pierced by a score of Scottish lances, at the
early age of twenty-three years.
He had married Maud, daughter of John
de Buig, Earl of Ulster, and left by her
a son, who, however, died in early infancy.
And then his three sisters, daughters of Red
Earl Gilbert, succeeded to the estates and
lordships.
Eleanor, the eldest, married Hugh de
Spenser, who became, in her right. Earl of
Gloucester. Margaret, the second, married,
first, Piers Gaveston, and, secondly, Hugh de
Attdley, who also became, in her right, after
the death of her sister and her husband. Earl
of Gbucester. Elizabeth, the third, married
John de Buigh, Earl of Ulster, for her first
husband, and had the lordship and castle of
Clare for her portion. She is usually desig-
nated " the Lady de ClareP
After losing three saccesnTe hfttbaads
(John de Buigh, Theoboldi Loid Venton,
and Roger Damony^ in ei^^t years (13x3 to
1321), she spent a long widowhood at Que
Castle.
In A.D. X3S6, she lebuSt akid eddowed
University Hall, Cambridge, firom that time
named Clare Hall or Cott^e^ Her iriD,
dated A.D. 1355, and ^done at Clare,* u a
curiosity in its way. It contains the names
of 125 legatees, chiefly servants and de-
pendants, to whom are left di£feient articles
of clothing and domestic utensib. There
are also bequests to many religioos hooMS ;
also, a bequest, to her granddaughter
and successor, of seed com, for the manon
of her inheritance en la baUHe of Claxe.
She appoints seven chief execators and fi^
subordinate ones.
Her only child by De Buigh, her fint
husband, was William de Bni]^ iHioae
daughter, Elizabeth de Buigh, inherited her
grandmother's possessions.
This lady, Elizabeth de Burgh, married, in
A.D. 1360, Lionel, third son tAEdwofd III^
who thus, jure uxoris, became Eail of CHaie.
Shortly afterwards, in a.d. 136a, Liond was
created by his &ther,''Z>i^^C&if«Mr.*' His
wife, the Lady Elizabeth, died the following
^ear, a.d. 1363 ; and the duke, after many-
ing secondly, in a.d. 163^, Violenta, sitter of
the Duke of Milan, died, in A.D. 1638,
without having returned fiom Italy, whither
he had gone for the manriage ; and was ulti-
mately interred, according to die dferire
expressed in his will, in the church of the
Augustine Brethren at Clare, in the cfadr
before the high altar, along with his first
wife. An old monastic Latin record says of
his tomb : —
Ed. ter innato^ post fataqae tic tmnnlato
Ut Tides exiqua, i»ro tanto prindpe timiba,
Inqiie chori medio.
The only child of Lionel and his wife, Eliza-
beth de Burgh, Lady of Clare, was Philippa,
and she married Edmund Mortimer, Eul of
March, whose descendants (as those ^ the
only child of Lionel, third son of Edward III.^
after die death of Richard II. wiAout
issue, became the rightful heirs to the crown
of England, and the descent of the castle and
lordship of Clare is from that time the same
as the descent of the royal crown. /
CLAMBSCMz TBE ORIGIN^ ANDBEAMtEMS OF THE THUBL
Tte liftiiiHiMiiga mode ifte CjBflflf of GEscc bcei Wb^ b Ixr own n^gPES — ^hbl, Cfisc
of tt&iBB Ksi&mQciL T^cv saGc hcBOBt. CawffnT jna loBoAigic wcr^ \ff AtX of ItHfift*
Eirftawi, Dote of Bcnii (jod Hcacj YILj^ niiitfii a init to t&e
Dofts CflBgy ba£ Aic Qmi was ia posKmii of
of K orit^ nUh 90B v^ finnn JJJ-t— HBd tne thcB^ jbb uocftBc xammv Gmpik vp to
Dafts of BBT llJTJt^ B JL2DL I^03>
offtB Tbear SOB. HcHj TUL,
to OIC BBOBC JIgpBmt ifis 4c90CidHtS HHIini ilLUlMJC JB A BOBS \ff
of £Aavd ITLv far aft IcatiL two of ftii wcpol FinB dkc
of ^hc SoBC9^ mssBsfeEi^ aoooott aod oAto^ ooooDCBfis *^
t&e Fiiiiic Rflooid Qnoe; w>e leant t&at
QnecB CihIIbiiimh of •%iifn|fflii was XjAf of
Ac tdkmfic Cbffc 6oB tfte ttoK of hcrftiHinBtfs
&BS SOB B JLOL Ij'^ ^ \XX *^^*^ il
▲JUL i5jfiL These k a Biijiiiniinnj, pwhaWf
rdut rattSTj Imd- Ksmedaft Oba^ and dbtt s&c aos tikefasc to
to t&c cffownL <Mi miy l&c < jutlr jb a. w yiji iiotL Atbip
of t&c BoQeya was bribfailrrf b ll»r, XJ^. i]
TlK^fMtidIlBaKift9^jd^Bdfttki>(anoBBai& w QoBCB fioB 11^ <^ sane BOBribX
xjdl i ^h jl to kcr iSea^ b OcbBks^ jlol
^ i517»'Bd^^^c>oonBfispss«etdbaitsftie.dii3i|^
W^tDBB IB BnBSO
of lA Acft of
JuS SBu ^^B j'lUjyi^A 3BSB JSaBV^^'^DC JDD^BBBB
m^- • - - — ^j*. n >« yjwfl aDSBEBL SDCSDuDDC tBC affiVOWSOB OS waC
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T« BflMmfi IdB^kjs, E&wrf& limff s ifitt ciiuBA, w ro am eagd to toe ^oti^ Of 1^
of waikM tney Mm .a. |MHrt;M'Ji at tpae
jy her I qan gg Skji^wiHii. abc^OBliKBr pnCBQEft ttlSBie*
T&Ey^MrflfaB&jiiaipyyAraM Bcodcs lioDcl idbcBC love teea {One
Sflvfl'AeaHBr^fsfiK^&irflDD iK Ifioft was XmODBBI^ 9001 of nCBiJ IV^
^""""— ^ lwtfnwi';#h^ jHMiiyywi J «■» ^™|p GCBtod DdKCls^ SBSBBCB' B AJ^ L^^ I- He
Smwmil AfS qf Ein^ Mmry fX, jBJt m. *. *. acoannaaied Ub ^tM«<*^f^ HcBJ V- is 2ns
ikfter tiie iitail lBtt£]e oft BfiBwoBt& Fsdl^ isnaskn of Fkaaoe; aad was licit ^ inm b
Lgl^ fir Todmds apeie dfqplanpd, aokS ^^^M«muaMA ^ & ixurttaoB of ttiie Fagffiifti aooDf
HcBjy £ad of fiaduBOiufL, aocxsikdei ^le b ^usl caaataj^ The Scotts wese MmwU i ^
HcBjTIL He caamo&datod in t&e fwndbaft aioitaim^ and licDdkewas
dfiwibdfifl dbons Si^^ SBannage wii& libdii in lasoSe ia AByiwy ia i ifc i4-si« Sij a
Flifalhrtii^ dk^est i \^\^f\n cf E^graod IV. Sosilcb kaoi^ aamod Alte SvitoOL TIbb ii
Wkit <BDe wioidd kwe coBJtiiwB i to love iteCZbHsoeof tteflmftFoci^iiKsBrv fZ
64 CLARENCE : THE ORIGIN, AND BEARERS OF THE TITLE.
Clannee. What would my lord and iather ?
JRmg Hmry. Nothing bat well to thee^ Thomas of
Clarence.
How chance thoa art not with the prince, thy
brother?
He loves thee^ and thou dost neglect him,
^ Thomas;
Thou hast a better place in his affection
Than aU his brothers ; cherish it, my boy,
And noble offices thou mayst effect,
Of mediation, after I am mul.
Between his greatness, and thy brethren.
««««««
Learn this, Thomas,
And thou shalt prove a shelter to thy friends ;
A hoop of gold to bind thy brothers in.
That tne united ressel of their blood.
Mingled with venom of suggestion
(As force perforce, the age will pour it in),
Shan never leak, though it do work as strong
As aoonitum or rash gunpowder.
Stccmdpart of King Hemy /K, act iv. s. 4.
The next Duke of .Clarence was Geoige,
the brother of Edward IV. He is die one of
the butt of knalmsey notoriety. His brother,
who had then just come to the throne, in
A.D. 1461, created him duke under this title.
He married Elizabeth, the daughter of the
great Earl of Warwick, the " lUng-maker,"
and Bulwer Ljrtton's Last of the Barons.
This Duke of Clarence was a man too
open, frank, and impulsive for the dangerous
time in wluch he Lved. To impetuosity of
temper, rather than to premeditation, is to be
attributed the share he had in the death of
the young and intrepid Prince Edward, son
of Henry VI. To^ed about between the
often opposing influence of his brother, the
King, on the one hand, and of his father-in-
law, ^e King-maker, on the other hand, he
certainly was not always consistent in matters
of State; yet, probabljr, he ought to be
r^iarded as suffering in the end, more
tfaiough the times and circumstances under
which he lived than for personal crimes or
faults. At any rate his personal character
mav be contrasted, to his advantage, with that
of his plotting, treacherous brother, the Duke
of Gloucester, afterwards King Richard IIL
Where is that deril's butcher,
Hard favoured Richard? Richard, where art
thou?
Thou ait not here I Murder is thy alms deed ;
for blood thou ne'er put'st back.
does in another place, where he makes him
to say: —
Go tread the path that thou shalt ne'er retnzii.
Simple plain Clarence I I do love thee so^
T^t I wiU shortly send thy tool to hesten.
If heaven will take the present at oar hands.
While, on the other side, the passages iriudi
the poet puts into the mouth of Clarence,
when pleading with his hired assawrins^ are
among the finest ascribed ev^ to his most
attractive characters-
Shakespeare, the highest judge of charac-
ter, thus hits off that of Richiuxl, as also he
Ciarence. Erroneous vassal I the great King of kiogs
Hath, in the table of his law, commanded
That thou shalt do no murder, wilt dioadicn
Spurn at this edict, and fulfil a man's ?
Take heed i for He holds yeogeanoe in his hand.
To hurl upon their heads thattsftak his law.
Again:
Tell him (Gloucester) when that oar priaody
fiOher, York,
Blessed hb three sons with his Tictoriousanii,
^id chuged us from his soul to lore eadi odier.
He little thought of this divided firiendshtp ;
Ba Glo'ster think of this, and he wUl weepl
Richard IIL^ act IL a. I.
Clarence was put to death in the Tower
A.D. 1478.
From this time, until aj). 1798, the tide
(Duke) lay dormant In that year Geoige
IIL created his third son, WilUam Hoiiy,
Duke of Clarence. He was the sailor-prince
of the last generation, but is remembeied
best by the few who remain of it, and known
by those of the present, as our late gracioas
sovereign. King WiUiam IV. So fitr he wis
the last Duke of Clarena.
The tide of "Clare" has, in modem tunesi
been twice revived. James I., in aj>. xdaj,
created Sir John Holies, Eari of Clare. The
writer is not, however, aware that this penon
had any connection with Clare or its an-
cient earls. His grandson married MaigaieC,
daughter of Henry Cavendish, Duke of New-
castle, and was, by William III., made Duke
of Newcastle, and Mar^ms of Clare. H^
however, died without issue. But Geoige I.
conferred the same tides upon Holies Pd-
ham, the son of the Duke's youngest sister.
The marquisate is, however, extinct again.
Clare Casde is now in ruins. All that re-
mains is die large mound on which the keep
was built, crowned still by a portion of tint
buOding, together with some fragments of
boundary walls and earthworics.
CLARENCE : THE ORIGIN^ AND BEARERS OF THE TITLE.
65
A remazkable gold idiqaaiy-cross was
disc o T o ed on catting duo^^ tiie mound
sepaimting ttie inner from the outer bailey,
in A.IX 1865. ^^ ^^^ fonrarded, at her own
request, to tiie Queen; and the Secretaij
of the TVosmy, after cansing search to be
made imo its history, wrote that ''There is
strong reason for bdieving that the cross at
one time formed a part of the royal collec-
tion of jewds bdoi^;ing to King Edward III.
Sndi a cross is described in a list of jewds
of tiiat king's reign, and it disappears from
all fotore lists, until restored, after an inter-
ment of 500 years at Qare, to the Rx^
Jewds of Her present Majesty.*
Her Gtadoos Majesty has just created
her yoongest son — the esteemed sdiolarly
Prince Leopold— Doke of Albany, and Earl
rfClarema. The htter title, as will be seen
from what has been already said, b a new
one. There were several Earls of Chre^
ancient and potent ones — and an Earl, and
Marqnn of Clare in comparatively modem
times {itw^. James L and Geoige I.), bat
e of ttie Royal £unily, or
There have been four Dmkes of Claraut^
all of diem the sons or brotluss df the
Hb Royal Hig^iness Prince Leopold is
die first .fiof/ of Clarence.
EngHtfimen perhaps might have wished
that ^ andent and historic dukedom had
been revived, and taken precedence of the
Scotch title of Albany, as wdl as the Irish
one of Aikfow; bot Ei^ish loyalty will be
content since, intentionally or unintentionaDy,
each of die ^ree ancient kingdoms, of Great
Britain and Irdand — now miited under the
ooerqyal crown — finds a representative tide
in the d^;nities bestowed by its bdoved
bearer upon her youngest son.
Long and hapinly — as we are certain
he will wcMlhily — may he wear the rose, the
shamrock, and die thistle thos miited in hb
princdy crown, and may the miion be another
bond to bind them more firmly and dosdy
together in the royal diadem of hb house.
Itoman Itemaine at flDalta*
|H£ Government andiorities at
Malta have, with praisewocdiy
zeal and discreti<m, placed in the
hands of Dr. r^mana^ the librarian
of the Public Library at Malta, die woHl of
preparing a Report upon the recent disco-
veries at Notabile. Thb Report, accom-
panied by very excellent photographs, has
just come to hand ;* and we propose laying
before our readers an account of the very
important discoveries dironided therein, and
of the valuable histcmcal commentary idiidi
Dr. Caruana has added.
It appears that on the jrd of February,
1881, while some workmen were engaged
digging holes for planting ornamental trees
on the large esplanade c^ Sakkaja, without
the walls of Notabile, midway between the
Gate of the Greeks of that dd town and
Ghariezhem in Rabuto, some remains of <dd
Roman mosaic were (UsooveredL Thb was
broug^ to the notice of the Governor, and
Dr. Camana was instructed to visit the site,
to ascertain whether it was worth while ex-
ploring fiirdier. Upcm Dr. Caruana's report
a committee was at once formed, and the
work commenced.
Now that the woHl b done, die ground-
plan of die building b found to consist of
four large rectangular rooms, a peristyle, and
a portica The four rooms are on one line
fiicingthe south, on whidi side aj^nrently
ran the line of the old street On die side
of these rooms, towards Notabile, b die
perbtyle, endosmg a compluvium 22 ft. 4iiL
by 21 ft. 4 in. ; and in the directicm of the
longer axb of die peristyle, towards die east^
there b a porch inth two columns. There
exist regular openings between the rooms, and
between die rooms and the peristyle. Some
of these c^ienings were apparently square,
are fiimished witib one or two steps, and still
show the holes at the comers to allow them to
receive the hinges of the docns ; and others,
as would appear firom the width of the open-
ings and the rotundity of their jambs^ had no
• We have to diaak lli» Todmia Snith Sbr the
ofip oaimU^ of obtaiaingja copy, ooly a few of wkich
have CwuMi dor wqr to E^gfataiL
66
ROMAN REMAINS AT MALTA.
doors hanging. The traces of the exterior
wall to wluch the porch belongs, on the side
of the peristyle towards Notabile, show that
another wing of the old building extended
towards Notabile.
The following is a list of the objects
found : —
Mosaic Pavements. — ^A suite of five large
floors, some of them measuring 30' 4" by
37' 10' ; a large peristyle, surrounded with
sixteen columns, enclosing a large com-
pluvium; traces of sever^ other appur-
tenances unexplored, all paved with mosaic
in the Pompeian style, recording ''/ bei
tempi deir arte/* several remains of mosaic
scattered abou^ having been displaced either
by falling or settlement of the ground ; and
the mosaic pictures, inserted in the pavements,
show evidently the profusion of adornment
with which the sumptuous buildmg once
existing on this site was decorated. The
perimeter of three of the rooms, which were
probably the most important, and of the
peristyle, is adorned with single or double
borders of Roman mosaic called " vermicula-
tum^ formed of small pieces of white, red,
and green marble, c^ an ornamental character,
having variegated meandering patterns on
white^ grounds, interspersed with masks of
superior workmanship. These borders en-
circle a large band of mosaic in yellowish
monochrome, and a large central rectangular
ground of marble lozenges (red, white, black,
and green), having regular form and size and
well fitted together. The other pavements
and the compluvium are only bounded by a
strip of monochrome mosaic, having the
central portion paved with marble lozenges
like the other floors.
In the proximity of the peristyle were
found the remains of ^ coarser sort of floor,
made of shards of broken tiles and small
pieces of marble compacted together, and
well consolidated in a bed of mortar, the
'' Opus Signinum" with which the less con-
spicuous parts were generally floored by the
Romans.
Mosaic Pictures. — ^Three mosaic pictures,
embedded in matrices of stone, and in no
respect inferior to those of Pompeii, have
been found inserted in these pavements.
One measuring \' 10" by a', inlaid in hard
lime, represents a young man with curly hair.
in one ot his hands a bunch of
grapes entwined with vine brandies, and in
we other apparently a pomegranate ; a dove
flying towards the grapes, and a dock on Ae
Idt side of the picture. The left shooldcr
of the figure, which, aoccNtding to Father
Garucd represents Autumn, is much damaged.
The second picture, inlaid on a marble sU>
measming %* by i! i", of highly soperica-
workmanship to the preceding and in a better
state of preservation, exhibits a standing node
male figure, whose feet and hands are tied
with cords, a lion's skin andadub at his feet
Afemale figure, on the right, is engaged bind-
ing the hands of the central fip;ure; another
female figure, on the left, havmg a pair of
sdssors in the right hand, and with me left
holding by the beard the male figire, iriiich
is in evident distress at being about to be
deprived of it. The drapery is veiy d^^t,
and its folds well arranged, with bright colouii
and various shades, and the whole ccanposi*
tion exceedingly well grouped and executed
with precision. It is most likdy one of the
episodes in the life of HerculeSf— namdy, the
sale of him by Mercurius to the Lydian
queen, Omphale, when it was decreed that
he shoukl serve a mortal for three yean, as
an atonement for havii^ killed IphitoSy aon
of the King of CEchalia. A third pktnie
represents two drinking doves sitting on the
brun of a bowl, with the reflection of their
heads in the water. This picture is in the
centre of the compluvium where the Romans
used to place a fountain. Another haid
limestone slab of the same size as No. i, and
evidently the fellow to it, contained a fourth
mosaic picture which has been quite
destroyed.
Sculpture. — ^The remains of three white
Carrara marble statues were recovered fix>m
the rubbish. The one 4' ^ ^h, rather a
good work of Greek art, represents a male
figure, covered with the Roman military
cloak (paludamentum) ; without^ arms and
head, but exhibiting a small cavity between
the shoulders, just where there is the articular
tion of the neck with the bust, where a pco-
visional head with a neck might be fitted.
The second 4^ 9" high without bust, yAasStL
must have been partially nude, as the fold-
ing of the upper portion of the apparel,
adjusted on the waist and covering the body
MimMW 3l3EmMKS JET it^sntA. %
snd one of &e ks^, ^ _
ItehfiMl a <H wliitTitir jiieiiettU^^piflhflllyqgf 'gag mr 'Qifai^ '^'^b^ 'itaEi. virii "Xt ^Hr rtett ^Hk
qTflttapitlH i^tH^,^E^ttoy 'writiTiwiiifliiDttii&i^^ jj^yAiSK SET 'hiilimiiug titg wutlL lif
iTxnii, -flODie Twiieh wkil TiwiHfi iiw'Hwfl ibi sdbi. ^Omtf. Ikwiiliii^ 'Coins, "WL ti. ^. ^^fo
'flier nifll nnftBr *fiie ]]ilHtt8iifl^. DunL^nflBsr JL tthiid baMB^MPCiHiUHmiahn yLD. " s^g rstfe.
Immt hwwFB ^pne ieAr) fiwiikl jd "tlK '■niK 0ii iSttt 'xAwettt". 'ihe inul ^iff "Utt fSBBJptBcatt
rooDL iriK'fluifl timiK ^ ^,^wil!l!Ddt Imifl hwniwg & onvrxi sdoxned 'with "jioKilb mhB
HnflBimiyTgyBggnaBiELTmmr ^vmiiig inuiai gt?THB, xne mHt cdvszsu wizu tir im^Bnu
flie finne ^gmuisiit ab *&& <OexB^ dEDonfi 'St THHTifltr. "vsiyi^leBr, mid "tiip K'g*m ** J). jK.
GazD mfl juummifl in iis TOligiriron iff Cniwi a nnu B P. BP. Aug.*' On tiir
rf TifferffiT 'ffiiiiiUMnriig), itfjin^'iitnig s. Hs haBi&. ~wi& the IggffHil '^BRel tour ^Sb^-
iflinak, te hdk Inrnleen. ^emaHL oiiBBr ymttiD,** cndm-thgifiBm tfaeT!y;itoK£JM
iBHiHiiiB 'ol* tm> I ifli—fl iniiljfe <imiicii fSwrna nirmftii ^jBBOMgnu^ fitei. iniflRl Cnff.
asm^, «nne iff -tiie fii^pss, twD isaids, frae IkinfliTTi-ii ^Cniis, inter iHiiuit^ , ^mL £. ;]>.
leg diUHLd wmiBiund iff noadkxn^ rifflffigut 3^* A'fbiifl faneg iff'CuniiiliuninrJiip^JiLi^
£TOn*fiic Tannin 'mfinnms, 'ond ihk tfiiot:; ^7* '^^ ^^ i^3¥eiscr: the iieid iff ^:flR
Ac JBCt jnd ^1 iIihIhIb iff ^flnaee oHicriiizinir £ii^Bniriaxiwiiid,szid*1iiele^|isid*^^Ci]nBtni>
stHtneB*; toA b, niee loa^ge l^nmHTi imfl, tranB^m*" 'ilie !ne9tt *tivi> 'wards lAnd. 'On
XDnERllliv ISmOBBttllDEr IHIP'OT TTlf ^WTfWFWWg uKMCBVSBK'! 'Ti VP' mtfrlff "tiff i 'utwi \ > fTlHttllfflllHi
Same mislilinttmal """"""H. vb fifaa&B iff jhh tMHi)yjui&rmimi "tfaelg^gnd ^!Pii9uiilBiitii*'
ftHiifliminr ■Boric 3fflgi8, ' a rfntiTEW Bs, oimiceK, virile; and Hf^gtfiiDf^igttgrsm. ggfl
«rt^rf^ frfh^rppTte iw*]niigiiy*tT> -rtw* i iimiiiii^ fff a cmifD jp Ae "nwcffflg. Coiff. 3mdixn, ^voL
^tp pwliiiiguL^ -flrp^fitttJAnjiw* iiF -ftip Tmifiiyi^^ ji.p. 341).
iuar^&na, — IFxagmentE iff tiiity lafiD Sevezal lBZ]ge haiBriig (iocis lannatana) iff
iiHiifijiiimM on wliiie inniiir mUs wne i^^ovyy lonie indies long, 'tDiDSlBizi'tbe'&eBRsfl
KHimi ^ sivD HI TUflin m HD inijiiifigpcewna*- moK luur at ifumeii punmi on Toe 'occipot.
9mmr\mmirTt^-wwtAj^tn^t%\ liri^^jmiiafc^T^tMwL « SoiHT JWBIWK iff Wind limHilllBaitB '^tdMl)
A Isqpc ^B^ment iff dbe Hiiid me afhifigB id nnde iff In^e, flhtnuui^ cJuul^' *£& 'fiu^o-
AenngnRiprfl miler iff •flteDBiJiimagly Ac fitp]x, and b lB]|ge cjmiiill^ iff "fni^nnrnte iff
irttBT j3BCiir. rii f 11 iBLwiHfe 'vbhub.
Cairn* — 9iD -raedak woe -xecofciefl, Intt To'&eBeinqiottflnt detrnksBtniiiexctiaA
only HLWiiLiiQ jfifltfffl Ikbsb minK, mnitfly lemans {hut luive been "fimiifl^ Ilr. *Cminiii
rfTaiyfl, an^ iiDxir iff iiiem beii^ Ifgtbte, snd adds an iiBtarical nuliiT as Id iSnt pn
ncns liehmgmgiD iis £ixQ>en]is Qf~tiK£ast. iiHhirrond ifljjgct^iff'feeiinniliiBBH maaen^
llie four ams aic : a oecond faxooE iff miied on Ab site, and '&e igm^ iff their
GkirdiBn, a;d. 3^B-f243. Qn iiic obveue: conBtmctian and dumiioii. The letics iff
'&e head of liie enipci'Qi crowned witii laurel, thfiie moste^teces of Wasair puveutsnts
and Ibelqpenfl, Imp.'GsB. H. Ant. GardiB- helniigBd-evidentiytDtfae i^heofiienlSdita,
ms AliH'Hmjfc An|imii«^ ^Qn "thr leveiOL, "flieiianie iff "flie old LiipitHl ifflSalta. Kons
apjiBieni^ afemak %nie enect, Inflding in over, tiK xmns have a clrae tiignaigxaphiai
idoi^Ti^^aOi loDid 'tis l"mw*l* iff atzeCy and on connection with"ftc nmMifiiuil TenuiiiB; uPtwii
^le aiAB of ^le ^mcdK Mtos £. C splendid madjle bnikiiii^which adomed ^e
vtsj -ckabte. 'Can£ J. l^aillant 'vd- i. p. old cBpitBl,atenq}leaiid a theadoeauaediD
15Z. A iSuzfl Inms of Ameiian, A3. 37»- ApoDo, disuiveied in T747, on the some
274. Qb &e olweae : -&^ bead of the plateau of Kotabile, and atanost in "^r
FiinjiBim xadiatBd, ^tiie liod^ anned witii nnnipdime ne^iibouzlRiod. Tlginc , H19S
iaooL On :aie revene : ^k Emperar I>r. Camana, tiie dose pmodmiiy of "te
csDwiififl with laurel, and clad in &e leiarnfli' discovered ^wrflrtn^ to twD iff tltt
Impedal imnttfe, leaning wxSi lik 3dt arm luosl may nfiay iH iwlfliiffn ofKigfea,-fwhihithi|^
npop a lyear, and j goe iving a crown ofhond tnces iff Ae same gnradeor and iqitaaidoar
fitna 'flie it^g^ hand iff a figme iff T^ctav^r. gTisuusiiwi'iiiiir; "fte 'ODaqHCHOBB ywni im^
63
ROMAN REMAINS AT MALTA.
the site itself, it being the centre, and,
according to appearance, the most aristocratic
part of die old town ; the domestic arrange-
ment and uncommon extent of the buildings,
are all circumstances which make the con-
jecture highly probable that they were the
abode of the representative of the Caesars.
From Pliny, Diodorus Siculus, and Cicero,
who mention the magnificence of the villas at
Melita as just in tibeir time coming into
vogue, we gather that the villa must have
been constructed sometime about b.c 88.
As to the duration of their existence,
Dr. Caruana goes into the question very
deeply and instructively, and by showing
the date of the introduction of municipal
institutions into the island to have been
much later than a.d. lai (the coming
of St Paul), he concludes that these Pagan
buildings must have been preserved for the
use to which they had been originally destined
up to the time of Aurelius Constantinus.
The coins found in the last discoveries fully
warrant us in dating the permanence of the
building up to Constantius II. in a.d. 360,
whilst the total absence of remains belonging
to the epoch of the Greek Emperors under
whose sway the islands remained up to a.c
870, does not warrant us in presuming that the
same building was still in existence lon^ after
A.D. 370. In fact, the mere inspection of
these ruins, and the wild destruction of so
many statues, shows the over-zeal of the
Christians against Heathenism towards the
middle of the fourth century.
These premises belong to the architectural
dass of private buildings, the domestic
arrangement of which Ls detailed by Vitruvius.
The private buildings of the Romans con-
sisted of the front portion for the reception
of clients, who resorted by daybreak to their
patrons either for advice, or support in civil
matters, or pecuniary assistance, and other
importunate visitors, which formed, says
Pliny, the public part of the house. They
were, principally, the vestibule, the prothy-
rum, the atrium, the alse, and the tablinum.
The penetralia, or the inner division, was
appropriated for the eating and sleeping
apartments — that is to say, the hearth of the
£unily, and consisted of the peristyle, tri-
dinium, bedchambers, &c. The relative
situation of the two principal divisions was
always fixed, but that of the parts composii^
each division, especially the interior depart-
ment, was not so. For instance, very often
the atrium and pexistylium were placed on
the same axis at right angles with the
entrance, so as to af^rd one view of the
nucleus and arrangement of the house, as it
is in the house of the tragic poe^ and
other houses at Pompeii But veiy ofken
the peristylium was in one of tfie sides of
the inner building, as in Sallusfs house.
We have thus laid before our readers the
substance of this very valuable report The
islands of Malta possess a very interesting
architectural history, there being at least four
historical periods — ^namely, the Phoenician,
the Roman, the Christian, and that of die
Knights of St John. .The area of the two
islands is dotted with monuments of CWrclo-
pean character, as well as with .Phcemcian
tombs and other remains in a much better
state of preservation than the dolmens and
cromlechs of Druidic Gaul; whilst the
numerous and extensive catacombs at Notar
bile, Siggieni, Mintua, &c., are still unex-
plored.
With the invaluable help of Dr. Caroana
and his enthusiastic zeal in the cause of
antiquarian research, we trust that the
Government of Malta (more generous than
die Home; Government of Downing Street)
will do all that is requisite in getting together
these fine remnants of a past age into the
safe custody of competent authorities.
"•»'n9» "■•»<'
'Revievos;
The Head-hunters of Borneo ; a Narratkfi ofThwdup
the Mahakham and down the BarUo ; aUoyourmy-
ings in Sumatra, By Carl Bock. (Londoii:
Sampson Low & G>. 1881.) 8va pp. zvi. 344.
IHIS new contribution to anthropologicd
stadies is presented with aU tluB ■^^'tftmt
that make a book at once attncthre and
usefuL With thirty coloured plates, a
map, and some engravii^ the reader has
placed before him a vivid account of the wild people
among whom Mr. Bock has travelled, and aboat
whom he tells us much that is most interesting. It it
well known that archaic society is studied frcm two
different classes of materials — ^namely, the gtrnctaral
remains and the ancient customs still ezistiiie in
civilized countries, and the customs and mode^lile
incidental to savage society. Of this last, the book
fcr k taka m
by tbcir sdti (ciitut) to pt
q( X rhiiiiy
He
Eiciy Oyak BBS bis zBe-odd, ott
be gfOfws sBOKXBt nr bis
of bis EuBiljy to
the asbes of wbkh
their rice, the Dyaks boild sanll bats ia die fields
tin die ■iu i afi e plaiita are tzaas-
tbe ata ly^ltaicd add. now^ tbis
of nicakare aanas the I>yaks of
M f tjntlj ukt snae as tbut desonbed by
Mr. Haater as eiirtn^ aanas tke bin tribes oflaifia ;
i wtt bere aa andtwlitBd ^fpe of the eazfiot
of nT
of liriiliinBaiat, dia fines of
thewaatof a
not tke 01^
biiiMhfs of carfy
mil. X jior bas alicjaly certified to die
of tbeaiytkcrf^ tke
We have tbcir amziice castoaB^ Aeir bifdi
of an of wbii^ Mr. Bock
Wkbdie soecial inddeal of
Bock B |MitKalaf ly i
and Aoa^befid aot ia bis tcarcb actaaSy
war party, or aoe tbe nle utifcjiBicd, be gi^cs plenty
OK ewQCBoe aa so ks Dcacticcv aau bo as ^aflacaoe over
die people. Ahnptbo^ ia tbe aanative o£ trstdy ia
tke lecofd of old
BaiaiaiM.BW,
ofwar, a»n
tbe w r?^f aad poGlical ft ^T of tbs
Mr. Bock's book wfll be finad af
greatiralaeto tkemdeatof cariyflna. Wecaaaot
gire a list even of tke ht ialifcfly«CMCBted draviaB
taken on die spot by Mr. Bods, and repodaoed m
place* Racosa
^OBi tkefaad.
1877 and i8Si,be
bennfiv
appcanaoe^ as diencs front tke
f^^
ai hatOs, m a si^ aot be
fbapfcT to
woabi be baid to
He
: -H
la aay
bigb
boidks
It
and that
ttin befisand
dbe
of
wkb Mr.Fi
We amtan
as to what be sajs i rtpn ting -■^^J'^'-r*
I waslartat Stadato. a nocesvas mamt
bat they add pcady to die irakK of die book,
they gjke tbe mdeat lAat caanoe always be o^
of detail as to
die coloar of tke afcias aad of tbe
mcnts of tke aativeiL Qaito apart
polcgioBl iralae of tke book, every pcne is ^k to
the pabliAcrt and tke aaftor,
to tihoto of
ap that branck of aadquri
with tbebabils and way^ tbe
die
tftk£ Imdaei 53k* TMii
; Aaamrf *r riPiPF--. By J.
PAKKHAULBcnr, MJLOzon. (Landoa
Qoantcb. 1881.) 410^ pp. tL ao (4 pbtta).
latbe aataam of 1879^ a piece of wocked
\ apoB TtLf was discovcied by Mr. Haaiiiuiey
of Pb» Edwaids» at Towya (Wcfak fiv
Saady 1^\, a flaaU town on die coart of Merionetk-
on tke fine <a lailway
SkdcMa frmm Ag
Vmke, By~
Art and pBOspentjr
fiir
IMgUamr Umis wf fint
A.7uncA3^D.CL.,LLJ>. die
ft Col, 1S81.) tvopp-aiz, tbatiC
diey
[II iiBii ■■iril. 111
Itilya
to
Rbysacadcad;bBftke^
beseatto
die Gsfaaiy
toscetf
inipcctioo of tlie frontispiece to this pamphlet, wbicb
teprcsenti tlic object in the exict size of tbc oiiginal.
wUl entirelj ilupcl any such notioii. It is auite clear
that the mvks have been made with on object, uid
have a meaning : but as to what that meaiung is,
there will douhtte^ be conxiderable differeace of
opinion. Mr. Harrison matte a special investigation
of the building in which the slate tablet was dis-
covered, and searched for any objects thst mieht
throw light upon its histonr and date. He succeeded
in finding B stale haod-ihavel, three engraved frag-
tnent; of sUle counters, a. stone muUcr, or pounder, B
'mall frngmenl of Koman teiracotla, two iiOQ dart-
hi;,iJs ^uvrral iron otqecti, the eomerofastoBeilab,
objects for use in another state. The change had
been gradual from the sacrilice of the most valued
oiunments or weapons to that of inferior, and even
miniature articles, and the practice may here and
there have died out in outline representatioits of (he
objects required,"
Mr. Harrison has gone most elaborately into (he
meanings of the various torms, and compared Ibem
with objects irhich they resemble ; but we cannot
follow hun into this infjuirjf. Wc will only add thai
the work is a valuable contribution to the history of
with lines, a similar fragment, twelve fragments of
pol rims, the comer of a rectangular tenacolta dish,
the lower half of a thice-bandled cup, the neck of a
glass vessel, two round stones from the beach, a
worked implement of slate, and several pebbles.
The^e objects threw little or no light upon the date of
the slate. Mr. Harrison writes ;— "In odopting the
view that the tablet may contain a funereal list of
objects required by a deceased chief, I am merely
fullDwing Su John Lubbock and Mr. Tylor. If these
views are correctly applied in the present case, the
interest that attaches to the slate tablet is increased,
for it would be, perhaps, the latest instance that has
been met with ta the Celtic foneral ciutom of butying
.Sir John Lubbock, B*rt. FoajA
editbn, wilh numerous additions. (LowdoQi
Longmans, Green, & Co. iSSa.) Svo, pp. la.
548.
Sir John Lubbock's interest in antiquities is m
well known, and his great services so highly appre-
ciated, that we quite nnderstand that the time has
come for the issue of yet another edition, the foanh,
of his work nn TAc Origin tf CivHiiafiBti, Those of
us wtio have looked among second-hand catalognes in
vain for a copy will now be contented, and those who
luve not yet introduced themselves to this important
work on prehistoric archaMlogy should do so itnne-
REVIEWS.
71
diately. Let it be stated at once Tn^ierein savaf^
archaeology is of importance to civilized aichffologjr.
We examine and measuxe and describe our monu-
ments of antiquity— Stonehenge^ Aveboiy, and others
— and vet we cannot make them tell us of the men who
erected them, of the scenes and actions whidi at one
time took place around them. But once step across
the bordenand of national archasology into tne com-
parative sdenoe^ and then the old-world monuments
of our own b«aame» as it were, links between us and
our primitiye ancestors — links that connect thoughts
and fancies and actions as well as stone memorials.
This is the great object of Sir John Lubbock's labours
in the present work. We printed in our last issue
the illustration given in this volume of Stonehense, and
we give now (see p^ 70) the illustration of a sacrea dance
as practised by t£e natives of Viiginia. It is very in-
teresting says Sir John Lubbock^ to see here a circle
of upri^ stonesi which, except that they are rudelv
carved at the upper end into the form of a head«
exactly resemble our so-called **Druidical temples."
Sir John Lubbock pa]ns particular attention to the
important subject of the'svstems of consanguinity, and
he traces out me stages of social development which
they illustrate and £fine. Since the fint edition ap-
peared this chapter has been considerably strengtn-
ened ; and Sir John Lubbock's opinions against the
theories of Mr. McLennan and Mr. Morgan have re-
ceived mdi additional evidence. We cannot, how-
ever, timv^ over iH the ground occupied by the book,
but for the oonvenienoe ol our readers we give the
headings of the contents: — Art and Ornaments;
ManUige and Relationship ; Religion, Character, and
Monls; Langna^ and Laws. Aa Appendix is
added on the Primitive Condition of Man, which
^ves an aUe and complete answer to the opposite
views C Kpi esee d by Archbishop Whately uid the
Duke of Argyll to those heki by Sir John Lubbock
and the leadii^ anthropologists. We recommend
this important work to our readers on eveqr ground.
Of its value we have already spoken, and it is well
known and established both in England and on the
Continent It is wdl illustrated, containing five plates
and twenty woodcuts ; and Sir John Lubbock gives
a good iaoex, and a most useful list of the principal
works quoted in the volume.
Thi Thaen and SitepUs desigfud by Sir Chnstophir
Wrm. A Descriptive^ Historical, and Critical Essay,
with numerous Illustrations. Bv Adrian T. Tay-
lor. (London : B. T. Batsford, x88i.) 8vo. pp.
viii. 47.
England has produced two great original architects
— ^Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren. Time has
destroyed mudi of the wonc of the former, and he
never had such opportunities as the latter had given
him by the Fire ofLondon. Wren's works, however,
have ibumd in the present day a c^reater enemy than
Time, and it is sad to see beautifuTchurches destroyed
because the land upon which they stand is too
valuable to be wasted upon a temple to God when a
temple to Mammon might be erected in its place.
Wren was a philosopher first, and an architect aftei>
wards. He was a man of the most marvellouft
resources. Every church he built was specially fitted
for the position it held. His towers and steeples are
siiignlany unlike each other. Some of them are even
ugly whoi taken idone^ but they harmonize together
as a whole in a most remarkable manner, and the
great ardiitectural elory of London (almost its only
one) is to be founa in the forest of churches that
surround and look up to the grand cathedral of
St. Paul's. The rutnless hand of the destnyjrer has
been laid upon ten of these churches, and thirty-one
out of the remainder have been marked for destruc-
tion. Surely the Church and Churchyard Protection
Society has not been founded a day too soon. It is
the duty of every antiquary to do all in his power to
stop any further destruction. Mr. Taylor has produced
a ver^ useful book, the illustmtions of which are
peculiarlv interesting. These bring the chief features
of Wren's work before the eye in a most convenient
form, and though the book is small it is a
worthy monument to the genius of the great architect.
The subject is arranged as i^G^nv'^Stoni Sieves:
(11) consisting of Sl Mary-le-Bow, Campanik of
St. Paul's, St. Bride, St. Vedast, Christ Church,
St. Dunstan in the East, St Michael Royal, St.
Stephen, St James Garlick Hill, St. Mary Mag-
' dalen. Timber and Lead Spires and Lanterns : (19)
St. Magnus, St Margaret Patens, St. Swithin, St.
Anne and St. Agnes, St Augustine and St. Faitii,
St Benet and St Peter, St Edmund the King, St
James, Westminster, St Lawrence Jewry, St Mar-
garet Lotiibury, St. Martin Lud^Ue, St Mary
Abchurch, St Mary Aldermanbn^, St Michael
Bassishaw, St Michael Wood Street, SL Mildred,
St Nicholas Cole Abbey, St Peter Comhill, St
Stephen Coleman Street. Towers: (i2)StAlban,
All Hallows, St Andrew by Uie Wardrobe.; St
Andrew Holbom ; St Bartholomew, St. Oettient
and 8t Martin Orgar; St. Geom Botolph
Lane, St Mary Aldennanbury ; St Maiy at HilL
St Mary Somerset, St Matthew, St IHichael
Comhill ; St Olave Jewry ; Westminster Abbey,
Western Towers. Steeples^ Spires and Towers
pnlleddewn, St AnthoUn, All Hallows tiie Great; All
Hallows Bread Street, St. Benet, St. Benedict, St
Christopher ; St Dionis Backdiurch ; St. Michael
Crooked Lane ; St Michael Queenhithe ; St Mildred
South. Towers and SUtijies outside London :St.yiMXfi
Warwick ; Entrance Tower, ChristchurchCollqge^
Oxford, The Monument, Chichester Spire.
Old Yorkshire. Edited by William Smith, with
an Introduction by the Rev. Canon Rainr. (Lon-
don : Longmans. 1881.) 8va pp. xx. 313.
Mr. Smith continues his useful work into the second
volume, containing the following divisions relative to
old Yorkshire— abbeys, antiquities, artists, brasses,
batUes, castles, ceramics, churches, civil engineers,
clergy sufferings, etjonologies, fairs and festivals,
famSies, folk-lore, manuscripts, constituencies, cor-
porations, peerages, poets, regiddes, religious houses,
royalists, nunous trees, and worthies. Our readers
will gather from this that no subject is left untouched,
and as each article is complete in itself and is written
hy competent authorities, we have a volume whidi
will be of value to the student of local antiquities.
The sections on etymologies oontaint a chi^iter on
12
XEVIEWS.
field names, whidx we specially recommend, while
we have again to commend Uie useful section on cor*
poration antiquities, a subject that has long been too
mndx neglected. The section on folk-lore is the least
satis&ctoxy in the book, because it contains nothing
new, and so much has been done in this field that we
could well have spared the space for something else.
Canon Raine's excellent introduction gives additional
value to a most pleasing book. The binding and
printii^ are good and there are many ex^Uent
engravii^.
TramadioHs of the Cambridge Phiioiogieal Soeuty,
VoL I., firom 1872 to 1880. Edited by T. P. PoST-
GATB. (London: Tr&bner & Co. 1881.) 8vo.
pp. ziiL 430.
The Cambridge Philological Society was founded
in 1872, chiefly through the joint efforts of Professor
Cowdl and Mr. R. C. Jthh, the public orator, and
now Professor of Greek in the University of Glai^gow.
The earliest list of members contains 54 names, and
the numbers now are 147. A large proportion of
the subjects discussed at the meetings rdate to |x>ints
in classical philology, although certainly Professor
Skeat's name continually appears attached to notes
on English etjrmology. There- seems in this pre-
ponderance somewhat of a protest against the promi-
nent position given to English and other modem
European languages at the Philolo^cal Society of
LondoiL Since the deaths of Professor Key and
Professor Maiden, and some other of the founders of
the older Society, few papers on classical philolo^
have been read in the council-room at University
College. It is, of course, impossible to give in a few
lines any just idea of the mass of valuable information,
and not less valuable suggestions, contained in a
volume consisting of the transactions of eight years.
Otoe portion, however, must be specially commended,
and that is an Appendix, which contains reports of
the iUustrative literature on five great authors pub*
lished in i88a These are Homer, by Mr. W. Leaf;
Plato, by Mr. R. D. Hicks ; AristoUe, by Mr. H.
Tackson ; Propertius, by Mr. Postgate ; and Servius,
Dy Mr. Nettlcship. The editor has prefixed to this
volume an interesting introduction on the work of a
Philological Society. He suggests that notes of
passages in the classical writers, or of points in com-
parative philolo^ or grammar, which are insufficiently
treated in the existing editions or text-books, should
be sent to tibe secretary ; and asks for the contribution
of ad^tions and corrections to Liddell and Scott*f
Greek Dictionary, and Lewis and Short's Latin one,
interleaved copies of which books have beenpresented
to the Society by the Delegates of the Clarendon
Press, Oxford.
Bromsgrcve Church; its History and AntiquitieSf
with an Account of the Sunday Schools^ Churchyard
and Cemetery , Compiled from the Parish Books,
Registers, and other authentic sources, by William
H. Cotton. (London: Simpkin, Marshall)
4to. pp. 158.
This is a most excellent little book, and we should
like to see its example followed with respect to other
districts. What a noble record of all that Iim
the nation great lies buried in our parish dmrehea ;
and what a noble libiaiy m^t be aooonuilidied if
eveiy parish churdi had but one such a wdvipper ai
Mr. Cotton I BromsgroveChnrdiisaiiobleatnutare^
consisting of a chancel, vestry on north skJcb iwve
with clerestory, aisles, and western tower, and wput^
which is 198 feethi|di» andservesasakndmaikfor mm
the country round. Portions of the chnrdi areof Lale
Norman period, about the latter half of the twdffii
century, portions are of thirteenth oeatory Gothic and
portions of the Decorated or Second PointBd ^ttfkt.
Of course the hand of the rertorer has been at ipoA
here, and Mr. Cotton supplies a detailed deaaiptaoo of
the alterations made under this £Use name. Mr.Cottai
gives fiill architectural deUdls of the dnirdi and nil
particulars as to the registers, and the tomb^ and
monuments, which give details of fiunShr history. He
also gives us a full ust of the parish libmy, wl^cb is
of such a suggestive nature that we bdieve it will be
reprinted in our contemporary, the BHHogr^ker.
Some Notes on the Deeds r dating to thiPgritki
Charities of Wattdswortk. By WALTB& RVB.
(Privately printed. 1881.) 8vo. PPW4S.
The members of the Vestry of the Chmdi of
Wandsworth have lately been investigBting die old
deeds in their possession, aikl have adkd in the aid
of Mr. Walter Rye. The result of this investigirtion
is the pamphlet before us, which fn^*^w»m ^g^ ^g^
stance of forty-two old documents. The eniiiest dalt
is 1254, when, on a trial at law, the jnron found tfnt
there were three acres in " Wcnlesworth ** bdoqgw
to the church there, and not to Simon le Buber mI
MatiSa his wife. Besides the documents rdnti]!^ lo
the charities, the first fonnal Constitation of the
Wandsworth Vestry, confirmed and sanctioned ii
1627, is here given. It " contains mndi i nt e r e sti ng
and amusing matter, and especially a power lor the
majority of me vestrymen to eject any brothermember
guuty of unseemly speeches or usage." We hope
many other parishes wiUfoUow this aomiiibleeianqiie
set b V Wandsworth, and that the authorities of dwBe
parishes may find experts as capable as Mr. Ryck
Pedes Pinium, or Fines relating to the Cmmiy ^
Norfidh, levied in the Kingi Court from tke tkird
year of Richard L to the atd of the rdgm efyjku
Edited b^r Walter Rys. Fifth poftei, TMi^
Introduction, Indices, &c. (Nonridi: A. H*
Goose & Co. 1881.) 8vo.
The <' Feet of Fines" are written inaireiyaHll
hand on little pieces of parchment, and to tfioae who
are not used to sndx documents they axe Tenr i^el-
sive in appearance. In consequence very little me
has been hitherto made of the large amonnt of val»>
able information which they do contain. Abont
twenty years aco, the Rev. G. H. Dashwood jointed
a dozen Norfolk Fines for the Norfolk and Nonrich
Archaeological Society and then tht pablicatka was
dropped. Now Mr. Rye has made a pvdcis of 801
Fines for the same soaety, and written a most inte-
resting introduction to explain the **•***«*£ cf the
documents. He writes :— " I bdieve Uus ie the fiat
3S
rtihrtinn Ak jbmL ramrllmt pigpc rf wnA. ll x :&e
fist ftn^ flf 'tis Idad 'fisi nw ^et njpoDsd id
antiQsaziB fliiiM^gfa liic: juuif <^*^^**^
li^ iuitPEwet, fbeu iil»|rri s, ■s'v^e my mOl lupe* Id
ZBanc it wilii addxttonb, '•«£ idbtall on^ Ik too •fhiirik-
&d &r flic jiHMHil di^iy, for it snKt lame '''"'■'"^"*H*
-M^cooid Bsd wodifl add Id itE ^nhe ly
•Aft as 'SBODlB, JO^ESQ. CD ]tt
'tnKl oK muQsal of nty of ^bc
Sidk iBJiei'itd to^ ImowD on]^ ^nm cd|uf — namel^^
Hk Canalni HaiQ, has iesc d iimwci gd, and tiiot it
^nO iie, JBD dooiiL, pubiidied ly one of ^ An±s»-
_^^ Tfe l«t «n« Ml jBticnkB rf
xall rf
7%r Jkwf!? Jtepm. nitnrrtgg mid Drngwed ^
ifae SLdt. Saxtcsl Cuioa;, *■■—'"'-- i^BButer rf
ihe ChmA in ^luiiOm aaH3KinittBr rf^dL^taBCt-
Fink, ^ffjiiiiiiril , -vtifii & Iftminr rf ile toJhnu,
^ iis Tinumiilyia , ^. TT. C. {l.nwim : ?^xv«ae|9r
jiriiUBil In/^ ^'yuBL. Ml :Sin&. 3flBi«) Tttmc, j^
ackii. laff lifie, :ttik, ^^ i;;^
TTbcBev. SomBelOBik irbk a -wmfii^ iBernksr ^
Tfis 3*izriSBii jaz^ in tfie Onzn^ and a aDMr-wafamfr-
SDiKatiflnit. 3otB linWri^ lyiimii Hsc&mdiQa^ Bk
ifliiMimffl ^bc lamUii^ rf AJuattBi, n ^^kuse iMuiiit
Sor i&^ fiiiaflay ^oubb and jaixv and IkJumu 9B
flmiiJHm AlrrttBt.^^ 3ScsiCBSBd(dii2iBittiii^.diaRBi
mcBuBBK* mc T^y* jEDKiaiiiuBS anc jntconBB'
■datfe ^fisiBazted Ixnu, andiicaBK^^iadlDiaiMciCblLai-
dna, alls! laiwifligliiusL at J&loBBtsr jammc^ws* TZSk
rfiSi.3k!aisi-3^^iiikweumuingd'
"frnmlns '^au^izi
uaHmut ^Up wmi'iiccfc,
uBBtxinB^ aaoi JB iliv—
ailisBnnsfi 'vdfii luttgigd
anffle tpwank JteE iKifli Opi iiwi m^ sifirsm ladkinigK.^
Thr ioDparingia&aatnBi i; Diw r uui - rf CaMnam : — '*^Jk
itatill;
_ a wiutEsc nam inxtL *&£ aia^K
aad^etlKiDnsitatilL*' ThelaibkiBaarallalj
rf ifagjei|giDPK3ag!imnrr iS'ftsttnut^ and jbkIi
jimciiiised iKifli ii i tin ttc TTncun^inal'Zuie
and it iwitfljy rf ijuiUBluBt, cigBP jar^te
TSk Samfj; Jbmga^ m- n ^Aos- iff yip. ^ i itm£
^ " a lalaaii rf love 'wi& "fbit gflitat
g/fSmb^eeti, Bf ILoBCCT Hjlekbok. Snjiyiifflwmnl
Tohiitte, iSt^-sSBd. (Lxmdmi: Z3, Si. ~
The Catakigt^ i^tkt Jjmtbm JJSbrmy m mc rf
moBHoOnablr wora^ rfTgirrmnringpowem, and 'as
:fliere£QR ivsLcome most coxdial^ the SnjigiiBmuui,
aaxtamsac armnnT rf ^le additkos rf
74
REVIEWS.
inahandyionn. Wenodoeoiiegraittmpioircniaitia
the Subject Index, and that is» tfe addition of mitiak
of Christian names of writen in the cue of tevenl
aothofswith the same sonianies. The London Libmy
is a most prospcroos imtitntion, and desenredl^ so.
Doubtless, most of our readers are wdl aoqnamted
with the privileges of membenhlp, bat if we are in any
way instrumental in making them more widely known
we shall be glad.
English Etchings. Parte 5, 6, 7, and 8.
(London: William Reeves.)
This admirable collection of etchings continnes to
increase in interest. In part 5 the series of old
London localities is commenced with an excellent
represen t ati o n of Sir Paul Pindar's house in Bishops-
gate-street ; bv Mr. Percy Thomas, thii> we hope will
be foUoMTcd by others of the same character ; Mr.
Snape's plate of trees near Petersfield is veiT rich in
effect. Fart 6 contains a speaking likeness of the late
Dean Stanley, by Mr. Thomas. The interior of the
Cock Tavern, Fleet Street, by Mr. A. W. Bayes, b a
pleasing reminiscence of an old carved chimney
piece ; and the view of the chancel of Norbnry Church,
u a veiy deli^tfiil representation of this singularij
beautiful comer with its fine old altar, tomb of Sir
Ralph Fitzgerald and his wife. We are glad to see
the editor ^ving a permanent value to his publication,
by producing pictures of definite interest, and wish
his series all the success it richly deserves.
^^>ss;hi^jt<^
flDeetind0 of Elntiauarian
Sodctiee*
METROPOLITAN.
Society op Antiquaries. — Dea i. — Mr.
E, FreshfieU, V.P., in the Chair.— Mr. Freshfield
exhibited a further instalment of brasses whidi
he had presented to Winchester College for erection
in the chapel in the room of those which had been
removed, and had subsequently been lost on the
"restoration" of the chapeL — The Science and
' Art Department exhibited a coloured photograph of
the CoVentxy tapestry.— Mr. H. S. Ashbee exhibited
and presented a carved stone from the Jain Temple at
Sravanbelgola, in the province of Mvsore. The sub-
ject of the carving of this stone, the &ce of which was
a sunk panel, eleven inches square, was an elephant,
lavishly decorated with what may be called bracelets
and necklets, and carrying two figures, the foremost
of whom, astride on the neck, is probably the^dbiver,
and^ the other, or hindermost, some personage of
distinction. In the two upper comers of the panel,
were representations of the lotus flower. The sculp-
ture was probably of the thirteenth or fourteenth
century.
Dec. 8.— Mr. A. W. Franks, V. P., in the Chair.
—Rev. F. Warren, of St. John's College,
Oxford, exhibited some photographs of pages from
the Leofric Missal, one of which contains an entry
oQooeniing the maanmission of a serf at
where four cro»-foads met— a cnstoai of irincih there
has hitherto been haidly anj dioinct cvidanoc^
though it has beea inferred from eafirewsns ia
An^Sazoa lawsL— The Rev. Dr. John Bavoo es-
hibited a drawing of a wedding cfaeSt, poidiaied at
Bamstiyle, decorated with figorei of a man and
woman in the costume of the eariy part of the
teenth oenturr, surroonded by ui insaivtkai in
very intelligible Portuguese. — ^Dr. Baron s3ao rrhihitrd
a very small MS. on the art of stenognqpl^, by J.
Will, circa 1600. The same gentleman also reada
paper upon the church of Manmngfofd Bnioe, WihL
which consists merely of an apse^ chancel and naire^ ana
has accordingly, no east window, the windows in tfie
apse being very small, and about eleven leet above the
floor.
ARCHiCOLOGICAL IN ST I TDTJL— DeC. I. — BCt. J.
Hilton in the Chair. — Mr. 8. Tocker, Somcsset
Herald, read a paper *' On the ficrt Parish Rcgistcn
ordered by Cromwell, in 1538, and the sabaeqncnt
Transcripts," and illustrated his subject by hqiiw
before the meeting the original register on paper at
the paruh of Warkleigh, co. D^von, I$j&-I576^
whioi he bdieved to be unique of its kud.
Tucker supplemented his piqper by quoting
extracts firom other registers of about tfie sanie period.
—The Rev. C. W. King sent a paper " On the
Votive Tablets of the * Scriba,' Demctrios at Yoffc,"
in which, by the theory he advanced, he identified the
**Scriba" with that Demetrius the
mentioned by Plutarch in the opening ofhis
" On the Cessation of Oracles," as having yaaX ie>
turned firom Britain. Mr. King gave his raaaons fer
believing that Demetrius visited Britaht, probablf
Anglesoi, *'b^ the emperor's mdcr," wuhin tM
reign of Domitian, and that his visit was made in aa
ofBdal capacity, and was not unoonnected widi the
instruction of the new subjects of Rtmke in letten^
a feature of the general civilization of the Britoos
sedulously promote by Agricola, if we nuqr bdieve
Tadtus.— Mr. J. A. Sparvel Bayly exiubited a
large collection of rubbings from bnsses in Esmx.
B&ITISH ARCHiCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.— DeC.
7. — Mr. T. Morgan in the chair. — Major P. di
Cesnola exhibited a large collection of ancient Greek
glass vessels from Cyprus, showiii£[ the pr ogi ew of gjav
manufiEicture. — ^Mr. W. Myers exhibited a ooQeetion of
antiquities of continental origin. Amoitf these were
some worked flints acquired at CopenLagen, and
many fine and beautiful specimens of Roman fibok
and Egyptian bronzes — Mr. C. H. Compton de>
scribed some Roman Samian ware from Gemaay,
in every respect similar to what is foond in Londoe,
aflbrdmg additional evidence of the fidnication of the
articles in the Rhenish provinces. — Mr. R. AOca
exhibited a series of drawings of Truiational Nonaaa
ironwork from churches in Shropshire. — ^A Report
was then made by Mr. L. Brock of the unooveiing d
the remains of Carrow Nunnery, Norwich, by Mr. J.
J. Colman, M.P. It is found to sgree with the gene*
ral arrangements of a Benedictine monastery. The
church is cruciform, and has had a central tower.
The bases of several of the late eleventh eentniy
columns remain, and also those of two of the side
altars. The chapter-house has been a anall iquut-
MBBTINGS OF ANTIQVAHIAN SOCIETIES.
rs
metit, while the day-room has been of considerable
extent. A quantity of elaborately-moulded stones and
carved capitals have been recovered.
Dec. .14.—^.. W. H. Cope in the Chair.— Mr. W.
G. Smith exhibited a large number of pre-historic
hammers, formed of hard pebbles of circular form, all
of which had been bored for the passage of the
handles. They were principally from Irduid. — Mr.
J. T. Irvine communicated a description of the font
of Elschester Churchy a small early bowl on a circular
shaft, the stone probably derived from some Roman
building, bein^ of similar description to that in the
Roman remains around the church. He also de-
scribed some artistic carving of tiie same date, found
recently at Bath among the remains of the great
Bath, dose to the Abbey Church.— Mr. A. Chase-
more exhibited an interesting series of Tradesmen's
Tokens of the seventeenth century.— Mr. A. C. Fryer
contributed a Paper on a pewter communion cup,
recently found at Cheadle Hohne, supposed to be the
same that was lost in 1672.— The second Paper was
by the Rev. C. Collier, descriptive of a scries of
remarkable pit dwellings near Redenham Park.
Numismatic Society.— Dec. 15.— Mr. John
Evans, President, in the Chair.— Mr. R. A. Hoblyn
read a Paper on •• Groats of Henry VIII."— Mr. B. V.
Head read a Paper on •* The Coinage of Boeotia,"
in which he attempted a chronological classification
in successive pericKls, ranging from about B.C. 600
down to Roman Imperial tmies.
Anthropological Institute.— Dec. 13.— Mr.
Hvde Clarke, V.-P., in the Chair.— Mr. M. J.
Walhouse read a Paper on " Some Vestiges of Girl-
sacrifices, Jar-Burial, and Contracted Interments in
India and the East" The great megalithic forms of
interment, consistixi£of kistvaens, or sepulchral under-
ground chambers, rormed of four huge slabs covered
with an imm e n se cap-stone, surrounded by a circle of
standing stones, abound in nearly all the provmces of
the Madras Presidency ; but, beside these, there is
another description of tmrial peculiar to the region of
the Western coast firom Malabar to Cape Comorin.
This consists of huge mortuary jars or urns, pear-
shaped, usually about five feet high by four feet in
cirUi round the shoulders, and tapering to a point at
the bottom. They are, of course, thick, rea ware,
wide mouthed^ generally with a rude incised cross-
pattern round the neck. These great urns are buried
upright in the ground — not in anv kist or chamber —
and a large fiat stone or slab is laid over them, but
no circle of stones is ever placed around. They are
filled with earth, and contain at the bottom a quantity
of bones broken small, some bits of iron, and
occasionally a small urn also filled with bits of bone^
or sometimes with dean sand, red or white, which
must have been brought from a distance.— M. G.
Bertin read a paper on "The Origin and Primitive
Home of the Semites.'*
Folk-lore.- Dec. 16.— Mr. W. R. S. Ralston,
V.-P., in the Chair.— Mr. Karl Blind read a Paper
" On some Finds in Germanic and Welsh Folk-lore."
After detailing a number of strange cat stories, their
connexion with the old circle of Vaenir deities was
shown ; the Irish Brendan uid other legends were
adduced by way of comparison. The strong influence
of the Tentooic element on the water tales of South
Wales by the Flemish immigratioii and bjr the older
Norse invasions, and the proSable Germamc character
of the Finn or Ffonn race^ which in mythic times is
found in Irdand, Britain, and Norway, formed
another part of the lecture. Several of the Welsh
tales were gathered from more than octogenarian
people. Mr. Karl Blind remarked that these waife and
strays, this flotsam and jetsam of an ancient water
cult, should be collected whilst there was yet time.
Royal Asiatic Society. — Dec. 19.—- Colonel
Yule, V.P., in the Chair. — M. Bertin read a Paper on
"The Origin of the Phoenician Alphabet." — Mr.
Simpson gave an interesting account of a sculptured
tope, represented on an old stone at Dras, near Ladak,
which has, curiously, been overlooked by General
Cunnin^^iam in his description of the same localitjr*
The chief value of the representation of this tope is m
its bearing on the form of the topes in the Jelialabad
Valley and near Peshawar. All the Indian topes, he
showed, have round bases ; while those on the otheir
side of the Indus have square bases, with stairs, or
the remains of them, leading up to the top of the
square base, as exemplified in those found beyond
the Khyber Pass. — Colonel Yule exhibited a Lolo
MS., written on red and blue satin, which had been
recently sent to him by Mr. Colborne Baber, the pre*
sent secretary of the Chinese Legation at Pekin. —
M. de la Couperie stated that the MS. contained about
5,750 words, ranged, generally, in verses of five words
each, though in uus the red and the blue sides did not
always agree ; the writing, however, was not Chinese.
— ^The Rev. Professor Beal briefly stated some conclu-
sions to whidxliis recent studies haid led him with regod
to die probable meaning of pi. xxviii. fig. i, in Mr. Fer«
gusson's Dree and Serpent Warships second edition.
Royal Historical Society.— Dec. 15. — Dr.
G. G. TasSl in the Chair.— Mr. Hyde Clarke read
"Notes on the Ligurians, Aquitanians, and BelgL"
He aigued that the Ligurians and Aquitanians were
of the same stock as the Iberians. The Ligurians
consisted of fragments of tribes, whidx never con-
stitute a political power. The Belgi belof^ged to the
same race, and used the same languages. The Celti,
had, however, obtained the upper hand ; but it was.
most probable that descendants of these peoples now
existed in Cornwall, Wales, and parts of Ireland —
The second paper was by Mr. H. £• Maiden, entitled,
*' History on the Face of England."
Philological. — ^Dec 2.— Mr. A. J. Ellis, Presi-
dent, in the Chair.— Mr. Cust gave a report of the
late Oriental Congress at Berlin, on behialf of Mr.
Sayce a^ himself, the two delegates of the Society
at the Congress.— Mr. T. Piatt jun., read papers on
*< Some P(nnts in Old "English Grammar " and '*0n
Ancio-Saxon Pet Names."— Dr. Murray read a paper
oouie vidue of the change firom "an eye of a needle "
to "a needle's eye" in the Revised Version of the
New Testament ; and on the histories of the words
"ammunition," "amyl," "abnormal," ** Alcohol;"
he asked when "antennae," "anther," "aphelion,"
«• perihelion," were first used ; what *• antimon^yr "
comes from ; and then gave the histories of "antic"
(ItaL anHco^ grotesoue), ••antique," "antier"
(ramus ttntioeuMris^ tne lowest tine of the horn),
"anthem," "halt." "ambush," ''animal spirits"
(the lierves)*
G a
76
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
Dec. 16.— Mr. A- J, Ellis, President, in the Choir,
— Mr. Henry S«-eet read a Paper by Mr. Thomas
Powell, of lioolle College, Liverpool, on "The
Treiibnent of Borrowed English Words in CoUoquinl
Wdsh."
Niw SnAKSPERE.— Dec. g. — Mr. F. J. Fumival!,
Director, in the Chair.— Mis E- H. Hicltey read a
Paper on "Komeo and jHliel." — Dr. B. NichoUon
read some notes on the following passages in Hamlet,
t. " Mortal coil," which he defended against Mason's
and Prof. Elce's changes, and guve instances in favour
of the nautical sense of the word ; 3. " Sables,"
obscure onlj because coaunentatocs did not considei
how Shakespeare dressed his characters : Hamlet in
" inky" black, Claudius and Gertrude, in, as it were,
half-moumins ; 3. "ComniB," which he declined to
change; and 4. "All the world's a stage," which,
with the " seven ages," was not original. He quoled
instances 60m the Fathers, fl:c., the Globe motto was
"Totus mundos a^t histrioiiem," and there were
other examples, as in Withals's Dictionary.
Royal Society of Lite rat uke.— Dec 14. —
Mr, Joseph Haynes in Ihe Chair.— Mr. A. J. Ellis
read a paper contributed by Mr. Arthur Laurensoii, of
Lerwick, Shetland Islands, on *' The Colour-sense o{
the Edda,"
PROVINCIAL.
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. — Dec
II.— Mr- R. W, Cochran Patrick, M.P., Vice-pre-
sident, in the Chair. — The first Paper was a notice of
a bronze anvil, by Dr. John Alexander Smith, secre-
tary. Bronie anvils arc of great rarity, and are
mo&lly of small siie. Not more than half a dozen are
known in Europe. The anvil now exhibiied, which
has been deposited in the Museum by Mr. Ramage,
btassfounder, is of small size, and has been cast in a
very rude mould. It is of the modem form of anvil,
however, and the analysis by Dr. Stevenson Mac-
adam shows a very peculiar composition of the metal,
and was on that account, as well for its rarity, an
object of considerable intemt, — The next Paper was
a notica; of a "Knockin' Stanc," Or barley mortar,
found at Ballachulish, and presented to the Museum
by Sir Robert ChrisLison, Bart. Il was the property
of John Mackenzie, Sir Robert's boatman and gardener
there, and had lain neglected and turned upside down
on the roadside at the comer of his cottage, until the
Rev. Mr. Stewart, of Ballachulish, acddenlaUy dis-
covered its true character. It is an oval, water-rolled
boulder of a light grey syenitic granile, with a well-
shaped basin, several inches deep and wide, hollowed
in Ihe centre. Sir Robert communicated various par-
ticolan regarding the maimer of use of the knockin'
slanc when it was a common requisite of every
Scottish household for preparing barley for the broth-
pot. The grain was placed in tne hollow of the stone,
and bealen wilh a wooden mallet until the husk was
entirety scaled off, and the barley thus made fit for
use. A long-handled mallet for this purpose from
Shetland, which is in the Museum, was exhibited
along with the knocking-stone, and the process ex-
plained.— 'ITie Chairman, Dr. Arthur MilcheU, Mr.
Goudie, Mr. Grieve, Mr, Milne Home, Mr, Manholl,
and Dr. Monro followed with remarks on the varieties
of knocking'Stones, ihc process of making \a.-Aej, and
the archa:ological lessons taught by such specimens. —
The next Paper was a notice of a hoard of bronze
weapona found at Killin, commonicaled by Charles
Stewart, of Tigh'n Duin, Killin, The hoard consistol
of a bronze socketed Celt or axe-head of peculiar
form, a bronze gouge, a portion of the hiit-end of a
small bronze sword, also of peculiar fomi, a la^e
hollow bronze ring, seven plain bronze rings, and a
fine socketed spear-head of bionie, S inches in length.
The deposit was found fourteen years ago by John
M'Diarmid, Moumore, Killin, in Irencliing a small
round knoll immediately behind Ihe westmost boose
in Monmore. The bronzes lay in a clnsler, as if they
had been tied together with some kind of string, at a
depth of about a foot under the surface, and near ibc
summit of Ihe knoll. The hUlock itself was of gravel,
and apparently entirely of natural formatittfi. Mr.
Stewart also described a small whetstone or burnisher
of quartzite and a flint scraper which had been tiatd
in the same neighbourhood. These articles have been
obtained for the Museum by purchase through the
good offices of Mr. StewarL Mr. Anderson remarked
that the hoard uf bronze implements was interesting,
both on account of the rarity of sudi hoards, and
because it contained specimens of peculiar varieties of
implements. — The next Paper was a notice, by Mr. J.
R. Kindlay, of a pot of brass or bronze which was
recently dug up near Edmonstone House. Bicgar, and
was exhibited by Mr. William Allan Woddiop, of
Garvald House, Dolphintun. It was found fiill of
earth, month uppermost, four inches only below the
surface, and no coins, bones, or other articles near it
It is interesting, as reiaining the iron bow handle,
which none of the specimens in the Museum show.
Mr. Findlaf called attention to the fact that a con-
siderable number of these pots had been found at
various times in the Biggor district He also exhibited
the original account of ex|)enscs of the funeral of Mn.
Margaret Marjoribanks in 1697. — The next Paper was
a notice of some shell mounds neat LossicmotlCh, by
Mr. Edward Cordon Duff. These mounds consu of
layers of the shells of Ihe common edible shell-fish of
the sea-shore, and are tlluated about (wenty yards
from high tide mark, but at a very much higher level,
the shore being rocky atvd steep. The shell deposils
lie in a black loamy soil, which is eight feel below the
present surface. The first shell layer, consisting <A
shells and bones of various animals, but containing
few fragments of pottery, lies about six inches undo-
the upper snrbce of this loamy soil, and below it, and
at a depth of thirteen feet from thesuifiiCE, is a second
layer of shells, mingled with numerous fragments of
small earthenware vessels, coated with a strong greoi
glaze. Some remains of iron implements and a small
Iragnient of bronze were found among the shells. A
number of the fragmetits of pottery which have been
presented by Mr. UuQ'to the Museum were exhibited.
Camuriuce Antjijoakian Society, — Not.
a8.---The Rev. R. Bum, M.A., Preadcnt, in tbe
Chair. — Dr. Walker read a Communication on the
units of measurement in Domesday and bqjan by
referring to the variety of opinions as to the eu« of ■
Norman liule, the principal being (I) that it wu
about 240 modem statute acres ; (2) that it wu too
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
77
oi 110 ; (3) that it was unconoMted wiih acreage, and
> mere a&sesament unit. In each of these vien's, he
twiieved, an element of truth is contained. He
showed bjr tabulation of the hides aligned to the
Manon in Cambridgeshire, that the aviragf hide
3 cal-
I
I
hundred of Chesterton to 474 in the woodland and
marsh of Staplehow. By comparison of entries the
iqrjjaA' appears lo be a quarter of (he hide, and equal to
thirty acres. This apparent discrepancy arises from
the tactthattheTirgotcisaquBrlerofthcmcajwi-B/part
of the hide, each hide averaging 120 acret of measured
land— 1 J'., oF plough-land and enclosed meadow — and
120 acres more unmeasured but represented by its
tliare in the common pasture. The hide was generally
larger where woodland prevailed, the woodland being
of Tittle value ; and the hide was always an omount
of land chargeable with six ihiBings of Danegeld.
Remarks were made on the two sorts of acres used
in the sarvey, one five times as laige as the other ; on
indications that the juries of dilTerent hundreds used
dilTcrenl acres in their reckonings : on the number of
men in a team (eight) ; the omoanl of meadow con-
sidered adequate to maintain a team (five to eight
acres), and the amount of wooJ denoted by " sufficient
for so many swine " — probably some twelve acres for
each hog. — Professor Skeat made the following
remarks upon points which Dr. Walker had raised ; —
The use ot rmtum in the sense of I30 is paralleled by
the use of the English word humiriil m the same
sense. There is a good instance of this in Fiuher'
ben's Book on Husbandry, where he speaks of a
hundred of herrings, clearly meaning 120 from the
remarks on the price of them. Again Ifrra, in the
sense of aratlt land, may be paralleled by the \ae of
Und in English. TTiete is a good example in Purct
tite PlimgiuHatii Cridt, where the term lands end
has reference to the end of a licld which is being
ploughed. So also in the provincial English kttuiland
(also corrupted into adland), used of the end of a field
where the hordes turn, and which is last ploughed.
The etymology of Kidi is given in my EtyiHelogical
£>iiliBHBry, where I show that it is connected with
kivt, in the old sense of "household," and has no
eonneclion with hidt, a ikm, nor with the tale of
Queen Dido, who enclosed land with strips of skin. —
Hr. Bradshaw suggested that the variation in the
amount understood liy the term " hide'' might partly
be accounted for by the [act, upon which Mr. Frederic
Seebohm laid great stre^ in his researches and dis-
cusdons on this subject, that the hide was not a single
piece of land, but a mass of often widely scattered
pieces within the same manor. He mentioned a book
which be bad recently obtained from a collector at
Liverpool on condition of its being placed in the
University library, which illustrated this. It was a
ttrranttm or terrier of the Campi pteidmfala Carte-
triguu, and originally belonged to the Uruversity,
thongh for some lime m possession of Corpus Chiisli
College. Here the actual holdings consisted of
portions amounting to one or more stliena, a measure-
menl which had iKcn reduced to modem acreage by
a later hand. The date of the book was about 1400 ;
the date of the reduction to acreage was 1517. It
appeared that, though a selion was, properly speak-
ing, half an acre, there was no strict consistency, and
five ^elions were by no means always five half-acre*.
Going back from this point as certain, it would follow
that a still greater variation would be found inattempt-
ing to reduce a bide to modem acreage, sedng that
the hide was made up of a multitude of these small
holdiiigs. — Dr. Walker agreed with Mr. Bradshaw's
remarks as to the scattered character of arable land
in three fields, subdivided into qudrantilae, and these
into sdionn, and referred to Terrier of Ijuidbeoch
which hod been drawn up by Archbt shop Parkcrin 1540.
— Professor Hughes after alluding to the difficulty that
we find in thb country when we attempt to assign an
exact date to fictile objects of any period later than
Roman, with the exception of the Saxon cinerary
ums, went on to lay before the Society the results of
bis inquiry into the age of certain vessels and tobacco-
pipes which were found under one of the two targe
elms known as "the Sisters." which were blown
down in the gale of Oct. 14, i8St, in the grounds of
St. John's Collie. There were several very different
kinds of ware represented among them ; the liottle-
shaped jug known as a Bellairoine or grey beard,
which would probably have reached thiscountry from
Cologne or possibly have been manufactured in Urilain
in the early part of the levenleenth century. The bright
blue (lowered stone ware, similar to that which was
being so lai^y rqiroduced in recent times, he had
not found any of himself, and fell that there was
always a source of error in the possibility of there
having been new earth dug in about the roots of the
tree during its early period of growth. There were
several pans, pipkins, and other vckkIs of diifercnt
uies and shapes of red earthenware with a rough
gkue. Vessels of this class range back to a very
remote period, while they are also very like those used
at the present day. They have all the common lead
gkze. He did not feel sure that any of the objects
had the salt glaie which came in during the lost
quarter of the seventeenth century. There were pieces
of several gourd-shaped glass bottles with long necks
and one small piece of gmss, which looked as if it had
formed part of a stained glass window. On the
whole it seemed to him that the objects probably be-
loi^ed to the thiid quarter of the seventeenth centory,
and being an associated series with so mudi collateral
evidence as to their date, he thought it would be
interesting to keep them together for the present. —
Dr. Hooppell rave an account of the exploration
recently made oT the Roman Station of Binchester,
near Bishop's Auckhind. Dr. Hooppell said that the
Roman name of the Station was Vinoriiim, of which
there could be no donht, as the distances in Antonine's
Itinetary decisively fixed it. It was on the great
Roman road from York to the border of Scotland.
This road, called, in the neighbourhood, the Watling
Street, ran right through the centre of the Statior.
A trench had been dug for more than a hundred
yards along one side of the street, exposing the Fronts
of numerous extensive buildings, standing, in some
cases ten courses of stones in height, and pre.ienting
some very remarkable features. One point of e5|ieciil
interest was the discovery, in every part of the Roman
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
. desolation between. Dr. Hooppell's
address was iUu<itrated by > large number af beanti-
fuU]' executed painted rqiresentations of tbe remains,
in which this fact was very stiikingiy brotiBht out.
Another singular Tcature was in connection with Ihe
massive rampart, which encircled tbe Station, and
which was round at the north-east corner in admirable
presertalion. The wall was here dght feet sii inches
ax breadth, and beneath it, at one point, was an
excellently constructed arched culvert, paved at Ihe
boliom, furnished on the outside with a huge stone,
which partially closed the orifice, communicatiilg
with a channel which led to a square chamber in the
bottom of the fosse, the use of which had remained,
(o ilie present time, an unsolved mysteiy. Dr.
Hooppell described also a very perfect hypocaust,
with a lac^c chamber atxive it, in which the flue-tiles,
when found, were all in position, and decorated plaster
upon Ihem, In connection with this chamber a
statute of Flora, or Forluna according to some
aulhorilies, was found brolien in Roman times, and
put to an i^ominious use Bs a building stone, in the
time of CoDstantine. A most interesting votive
tablet dedicated to Aesculapius and Salos, by the
medical officer attached to Ihe Ala of Vettonian
Dragoons, was also found in this neighbourhood.
Another bath, at a distance from the above, of a
circular shape, was eiplored. In this was found a
very perfect sirigil, and. a number of coins of the
earlier emperors.— Mr. A. G. Wright, of Newmarket,
exhibited a leaf-shaped arrow-head found on the
training-grounds and a cell (measuring 64 + 311d.)
from Iclilingham, which had taken this shape from
natural cauies, being a water-worn mass of itrfulac
from the Oxford clay.
Architectural Sociktv op the Aschdra-
CONRIES OF NORTHAMPTOJl AND OaKHAM.—
Dec. 12— Annual Meeting.— Sir Henry Dryden,Bart.,
in the Chair. — The Secretary read the Report which
showed rather smaller amount than usual of Church
building in;the past year. It adverted to the great loss
theSocietyhassustiinedbylhedcathoftheRev. N.F.
lightfoot, for eighteen years Secretary of the Society.
A vote of sympathy with Ihe widow and family, and
an acknowledgment of the greal obligation [he Society
had long beenunder to Mr. Lightfoot was passed, and
ordered to be comraunicaled to Mrs. Lightfoot. — The
Rev, B. Hull, Vicai of All Saints, Northampton, and
Rural Dean, read a Paper on the Parish and Church
of " All Saints." This was illustrated by photographic
views of the Church and buildings connected with it,
and by plans and sections of the existing Church and
Tower, carefully worked out by Sir H. Drydco, and
tinted to indicate the changes m Ihe .tituctutc during
past centuries. — Mr. S. Sharp then read a Paper on
" Norlhomplon Castle" and the remains lately found
in the earthworks of it. Some inaccuracies, in ihe
commonly received history of certain persons connected
with the Castle were elucidated. The formation of
the earlhvforks was described, and the remains founii
were grouped, under the heads of Roman, Roman-
British, Saxon and Norman, The greater part of
Ihem were exhibited.
CAMBRIDGB PKILOIJ3GICA1. SOCIETY. — Dec I.
— Mr. Monro, President, in the Chair,— Mr. Jacksom
read a Paper on several suspected interpolations in
Plato's Hefuilk.—FTaiessoT Skeat read a Paper " On
Ihe Roots SAC, SKA, sKAR in English." The root
SAC, lo cut, appears in LaL sttan, to cut ReUced
words are itcant, talion, stgmml, biifcl, mttct, ftc
Also sictU, of Latir, origin ; aisifragf, sattafrat ;
scion, of French origin ; and probably terratal.
English words from the same root are ioiu, set-tan,
ttylht, scdgt. Risk is Spanish, from resecart, as $hown
by Diet. The root ska, to cut, appears in the ex.-
tended forms skan, skad, skap, skar. The base
SKAN accounts for E. icatA^ and CQitiy ; also tot
tanal, ehamtd, kennd, of Latin origin ; the initial <
being lost in some cases. The base skad acconnts
for schiduU, of Greek origin ; and the E. snttur,
originally to burst asunder ; whilst the £. thai,
to part, is closely allied. It also appears in the
weakened foim skid, whence uhiim, ithist, uil,
squill, absiind, racind, abscissa, shin^i in the old
sense of "wooden tile," sJttath, shaithe, shide, an old
word signifying a thin piece of board, and skui.
With loss of initial i, we have Lat. caedtrf, to tut,
connected with nhidi are atsura, eandic, dttidt,
prtiisf, hamiiHi; also chisel and scissors, the lut
being misspelt, owing to a false popular elymoloejr
from scindtft, Tlie base seap, ouo kap, to cut,
accounts for apocoft, syncopt, cemma, ihsf, thumf,
scoof, cafioii, sheep, shape, skip, shave, scab, ikaiiy,
shaft. The- base SKAR, to shear, accounts for s\tar,
share, shirr, shore, score, shirt, skirt, shard, Atrd,
scaur, skerry, scarify, siieer cff (which is Dutch lor
" lo cut away"), and even jeer. Also for charaaer,
cuirass, scourge, scorch, and perhaps curt. This base
also appears as skal, whence scale, scall, skull, lAaii,
she/1, scolhp, scalp, shelf. There is also a form
SKUR or SKRV, to cut, whence scruiiny, serufit,
shroud, shred, screcf, savll, and probably teras.
The base skar is also extended to SKARP or Skalf,
to cut ; hence excerpt, scarce, scalpel, sculpture, sAarf,
scarf; also harvest, pave, grave, groes/c, grapktc,
graft ; also strap, scrip, scarp, escarpmeiU. All these
con be fairly traced, explained, and accounted for ;
and show that the Aryan root SAK, to cut, with ita
various developments, is a well-attcsled fact which is
worthy of being carefully considered.
Clifton Shakespeare Society. — Nov. 26;
1881.— Reports in connection with ThtMtny H^hieief
Windsor were presenled from the following depart-
ments ; Sources and History by Mr, John Williamt ;
Rare Words and Phrases by Mr. L. M, Gnfhlhs. A
paper on " Fnlstaff." by Mr. J. W. Mills, B.A.,
was read. The Rev, H- P. Stokes, M.A., LL.M.,
read a paper on " The Relative Order of the Filsiaff
Plays.' Mr, P. A, Daniel's Time-Analysis of Tkt
Merry ffrtis of Windier was also read.
Dec, 17, 1881.— Mr.E.Thelwall, M.A,, President,
in the Chair. — Much Ado About Nolhm^ was tbepby
for criticism.- Mr. C, U. Saunders sent a report on
the instrumenlal music — Papers were also read " On
Beatrice;" "Dogberry and Verges;" "On (Certain
Expressions used by Beatrice;" "A Medley from
Much Ado About Nothing ;" "On the Falling in Love
in Much Ado Ateiil Nolhing."
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
[We 3xt unfotluDalely obliged to postpone am
report of lh< December meetii^ of the Norfolk aod
Norwich Arclupolo£ical Society until next issue in
con^oence of the giot dentands on our space.]
©bituart-
LEWIS H. MORGAN.
Ditd Dnemirr 17, iSSl.
By llie death of thi; world-known scholar, anthro-
pological science losei another of its great chieiii.
Ranked among the small bond which includes Mr.
Tjlor and Sir John Lubbock at the bead, and wliich
has just lost Mr. MacLennan, Mr. Morgan's researches,
aided as they were by the Uaitcl States Government,
brought to the study of mankind the immense benefit
of endence from the North American ladissE. The
Nation publilhet a sympathetic notice of Mr. MoTcan's
career, andfnunil we gather the following particulars :
— A nifTve of western New York, at an early age he
becsunc interested in the Iroquois Indians ; and he
eained by intercourec with the Indians a thorough
insight into the constitution of their confedency,
into their manners and customs, and, above nil, into
their curious system of tribal intettnarriage. Together
with some kindred spirits, he founded a " New Con-
federacy of the Iroquois" — a .siort of antiquarian society,
having as a sabsidiary aim the promotion of a kindlier
feeling towards the red man. The Papers which he read
before this society in 1844-46 have been since repub-
' lishedmore than once, under the title of Tii Ltagtuef
the Iroquaii. A visit that he paid to Lake Superior
fcd to two results— one was his exhaustive and highly
teadsble monograph on 77i/ ABifruan Ban'er and his
ifKrh (1S67) ; the other was his discovery that the
system of tribal intermarriage in the " Sii Nations"
prevailed also among the American Indians genenlly.
Subsequent investigations, conducted partly by means
of schedules a( questions sent out 10 missionaries and
*cho1art in all ports of the worid, induced Mr. Morgan
to r^ard this system as a fundamental fact in the dc-
telopment of the human race. The results of his
nudies appeared in the SmUAtonian CotitridutiOTii
Ibi 1873. In 1877 he pnblidied his important
work, AmuHl Setitty ; or, Ratarchti in tht Lint of
Human Pngrat frsm Savagiry, Iknrtigk Barbarism,
ittle' Chiliialiari. Mr. Morgan's Inst investigation
Was into the pueblos of New Mexico, from the study
of which he concluded that the mound-build ets were
village Indians of New Mexican origin, and that
Ihe mounds were platforms for their long wooden
communal houses. It was only on his dealh-bed that
he received his vciy latest printed work, Himia
and Haast-lije of the A/ntricaii Ahrigina, fob-
llshed by the Bureau of Ethnology of the Uniled
Slates Government.
pealed to the antiquary, by supplying to Ihe public
romances founded upon the events of the past. To say
that he was a legitimate follower of Scott is to say what
conldnot be; bat still he did meet the tastes of tho*e
who like the past in the shape ^ (iclion, and it is to be
hoped that lie created in some vbai Scott must
hare dc*ie in many — n genuine tosle (or antiquarian
studies. In 1834 he published XevitoMd. Its succett
was immediate. To reprint a list of all his pub-
lished books is anoecessary here ; bat we may remind
our readers that in 1845 he became proprietor and
editor of the JVesi Aftnlh/y JIfagatuit. Meanwhile,
he had begun to paint tluit long series of pictares
of the past on whidi his Eune chiefly rests — Criciun,
Guy Favta, Old St. Fault, Tht Misa't Daugkltr.
Windsor Caille, St. JaiHe^t, LancaiiUrt Wittha, The
Star CAam&er, Tht Flittief Bacon, OviHtdtanGrangf,
Tht ConilaiU of tht Tinotr, The Lord Mayor of Lon-
don, Cardinal I'bU, and yohn Law. Replete with
incident, written in a lively style, and exhibiiing a
knowledge of the periods they iUustraied, these novels
were all received with more or less favour. In OJd
SI. Pauts we have exact and vivid descriptions of
the Plague and Great Fire of London. In 1873,
Mr. Ainsworth gave to the world his novel of Tkt
Good Old Timii, the story of the Manchester Rebels in
1745. laBeairiet Tyidtilty, Mr. Ainsworth dctcribeil
thejacobite trials in Manchester in i^Vil while in
Thr Ltagnrr of Lolhem, a Tale of Ihe Civil tVar in
Laniaskirr, and b Preiton Fight, or tht fniurration
0/1715, other historical events were bandied.
Died Dteembtr 30, l8St.
Genenti Allan was one of those true lovers of books
who collected a library together becaose he spent the
happiest portions of his life amongst books, and be-
cause he was always u^g them in the compilation of
his many useful additions lo Scottish antiquarian litera-
ture. Yet we cannot point to any book which bean
General Allan's name on the title-page. He worked
hard, but generally for others. Many of the moat
learned notes to the publications of the Grampian Club,
notably the Kegiilers of Cupar Angus, veie supplied
by General Allan, andrcadersof A'iHViaH^QtHnc; will
soon learn that they have lost a good friend when they
miss the long-known signature. "A.S,A." Thewriler
of this noiicehad the honottrd^ General Allan's frienii-
ship during the loiter years of his life, and be knew
him OS n genuine, kind-heaned antiqnary, who would
always give up his griBt knowledge on Scottish history
and genealogy to uose who asked him.
G. L. COWMK.
i HABKISON AINSWORTH,
Bom FdirHary 4, 1805 ; dial yannary 1, iSSi.
The death of Mr. AinswoTtb deserret a nottee in
these columns, because in some sort of way he ap-
5be Hntifluarv'8 'notc^BooIi.
IiOIlllon Stone. — It b singular that so little hot
been done to discover the origin of this curious relic
That it is prc-bistoric, there i*
,_ Vina ,r. hi, Mmimtnttt
of pre-historic
reason to believe. King, 11
Antigua, ^vcs iii a short fonn all [ha[ has been said
about it by autboiitie* bolli before and since his time,
for the latter have done liltle eUc ihao copy the
opinioni of Slow and others. King also gives the
description of its present position. He says:—
"London Stone preserved with such reverential care
through so many iges and now having its top incased
within another stone in Cannon Street, wna plainly
deemed a record of the highest antiquity of some
still more important kind ; though we are at present
unacquainted with the original intent and purport lor
which it was placed. It is fixed at present close
nnder the south wall of Sl Swithin's Church, but
was formerly a little nearer the channel lacing the
same place ; which seems to prove its having had
some more ancient and peculiar designation than that
of having been a Koman milliaiy ; even if it were,
ever used for that purpose afterwards. It was fixed
deep in tlie ground, and Is mentioned so early as the
time of Aethelstan, King of the West Sa:ianf, with-
out any particuhti reference to its having been con-
sidered as a RoDmn Milliuy Stone." And b a note
he adds : — " Sir Christopher Wren,
the depth and largeness of its foundatic
vinced that it must have beensome more considerable
roonument than a mere milliary stone." (King's
MuHimaUa Antiqua, L 117, See also Pennant's
London; CtnSleman's Magaaine, xL (ii.) p. 126,
for some useful notes.) It is clearly seen from these
remarks that the stone itself gives evidenceof a higher
antiquity and a more important use than is incidental
to a Roman milliary ttone. Mr. Heniy Charles
Coote, F.S.A,. was the first to open up a new phase
of this bleresting question. In a paper read at a
meeting of the London and Middlesex Archieological
Society, and printed in their Transactions for 1878,
Mr. Coote rescues the traditions about London Stone
from a mass of irrelevant material, and thoroughly
indentilles " London Stone the fragment with London
Stone the house of FitzaylM'in, the fir« Lord of
London." But in the process of this identification
we pass a piece of municipal folklore, as Mr. Coote
so aptly terra* it, which leads ns a great deal further
back than the li — -' "'■ ' '
way into London, he first of all proceeded to London
Stone, and having struck bis sword npon it, said, in
reference to himself and in explanation of his own
action, " Now is Mortimer lord of this city." And
Mr. Coote rightly concludes that this act wits not a
piece of foolish acting— it meant something to the
mob who followed the rebel chief. Mr. Gomme in
his PrimUhit Folkmoots {pp. I(|S~6) takes np ihe
matter at this point and places the tradition implied
by Cade's significant action as belonging to times
when the London Stone was, as other great stones
wera, the pkce where the suitors of an open-arr
assembly were accustomed to gather together and to
legislate tor the government of the City. There is
some kind of tramtional evidence of this fact, besides
curious historical parallels elsewhere in London.
Thus, at the Lord Mayor's Court, the sununons or
calling of the defendant was orally made, and in
eariy times was, without doubt, a substantive sonimaas
and bidding of the debtor to appear in court, and
by some supposed to have been at London Stcoe
(Brandon's Cuslomary Lam 0} Foragn AltaeMauni,
p. 6), which has been considered to be the spot whcte
all public Droclamations and general sammonses were
mode, and the tendering and making payments trf
debts, &c., and the place of meeting for merchants
( Brandon's Lard Maym's Court of thi City ef Lendan^
p, 14, note P). Nor is this all The AtMnumm of
May 7, 1 88 1, contains a letter which points out that
the action of lock Code at London ts exactly
?iralli:led by the action of the Mayor at Bovey
racey. Here the Mayor osed to ride round the
village cross and strike it. This is a municipal
custom connected with the election of Ihe Mayor and
his rights of headship in Ihe borough ; and so must
the Jack Cade incident have been. Apain it is a
curious illustration of, or perhaps par^Iel to, this
Irailitioual evidence of London Stone to observe that
the justices itinerant in the time of Edward I. sat at
the stone cross (opposite the Bishop of Worcester's
house, now Somerset House) in the Strand. Thh
venerable monument, which was even then andetit,
is mentioned by Stow, as standing headless in 159$.
The justices probably, in bad weather, sometimes sal
in the bishop's house (Ritson's Court Liits, Introd.
p. ix. »).
Popular Namee of Tumuli, etc. (ir. 77.
ii9;v. 33)-
Quern Bleari/s Slant. — This stone stood on the
farm of Knoe, midway betwixt Renfi^w and Paisley,
and about 240 yards to the west of the present road.
It was an octagonal column about 10 feet in ho^it.
without any inscription or sculpture whatever.—
Hamilton's DescriftiBns of Lanark and Jtmfrm
(MaitUnd Club), p. 197.
DivWi Night Ca/.— Afailestone or Eggletone
is the name given to a rock of large siie which
from its peculiar shape and position has frequently
been considered 10 have connection with draidicaj
worship. The country people call it "The Devil's
Night Cap," and have a tradition that it was
hurled by his Satanic Majesty from the Isle o(
Wight, for the purpose of destroying Corfe Castle,
but that It dropped short in the place where we now
find it. (yeumiU ef Ihe Arehaelogicat Atsotiation,
xxviii, 2210
THE ANTTQUAItrS NOTBrBOOK.
8i
IfOgal i\>Ik IiOre.~Bdbre d>e ■ Ji odm li on of
Christisiiitj, the auit h cin mtwMS mmm»ww^\ the fimc-
tioQsoftbejwigetodiessoadotal ofioe; and sooie
ofthe txaditiavaf the law cu be canoady efaKkUted
bf the £d)les of aadenC amerstitkB and ■TthologT;.
An aid Id the reoobectiaB vas oftea aflbrded
bjr poetiy. Tlie aaiked alfilentioB of the
Anglo-Saxao lavs is to be lUuiul to dn
and pithj ih jmes ia whidi the dodriBcs of the
law of the old daae are aot ■ ■ficq a ct ly reoonled.
Thus, the KfnfkliMm aaoted die fiberty of bis
garel-ldiid tcnare by the lude distich of—
"The Tidcr to the boKlie--ad the soo to the
He redeeincd bis lands fron die \jbA by repeating^
as it was said, in the langvage of bis
"Nigfaoo skhe ycld-«nd
▼if pmd for dte
TheioRst
-Dog
bloody band'
(Inst 4- pa94), jmtified theTodererinfais!
ezecntioii of the o fl endcr. And ia Kng Athdstane*s
gnut to die good men of B cf o ky, iasotbed bcncatb
his effigy in &e lOutei^—
'<Als 6e— mak I dice— asheait 1^ dunk— or e^
85)
bare pobaps the
(Rot. PazL ToL it
ancient farm of
(Ste P^dgimre, EmgHsk Commmnomltk^ i. 42, 45.)
The following jHO f Cibs are Ibended upon the legal
cnstom of pnrmase and cmandpation preceding
marriage of ueanea with slaves : —
Trittst dn meine benae* so wiist dn mein bahn.
Die unfreie band zichl die 6cie aadi sicfa
En fonnariage le pire caporte le bon (KemUc^
Saxems m En^Umd^ i fOC).
A Iietter firom wnt. Vioolflon to John
Syetyn^^Commiinicated by the Rev. E. King.)
The foDowing chai-actemtic letter, the dr^nal
of which is in my collection, fiom the learned anthor
of the Historical Library of Great Britain to the
odebrated Johif Evdjm, is perhaps worthy of a
phoe in The Amtiquaet :—
Nicholson was, at the dale be wrote it, 1699,
Rector of (^reat Salkeki and Ardideaoon of Carlisle,
of which See he was shortly afterwards consecrated
Bishop.
Address to letter : —
For
John Evelyn Esq' at bis House
in Dover Street
London
This letter is docfcetted in Evelyn's own band :^-
Mr. Nidiolson
Salkeld 4 : icf^— -99*
Answered 9 Biar: — 99
(78) 708.
Honoured S'
On Saturday last I rec4 your most kind and oblige-
ing Letter ; which is no small sopport to me under
some late disconragem^ and (as I thought) severe
" •1699.
TVeatment, w^ I had fitom odier bands. I am
dandy sensible what a rashness it was in oae
my poor cumuftlanccs to pnhlwh a Ceasait
Law- Writes : And I m%ht have fcrseen ^y, I
did foresee it) that some of those who are bmer
aoq[BaiatBd with them, than I aa^ woald ros^ihlylet
BK know that I was a mrdbng Fool, amdomt •ftaj
spktre. This has been aiy Fate. I hope the same
gendemen will not td ok that I was abo oott ^wgf
spkant when I took upon ok to ofophesy.
I heaitily ootic ui r with you, §% m my wi^es thai
our Universities would commute some of dieir present
eaeicryfs for others diat kan more lowaids the stndy
of our Municipal Laws. My Lofd Privy SeU* has
btdy erected a School here at Lowthei; wherein
(besklesdie three Languages of Greek, Ladae and
Freach) the mastos are obl^ to instract their
Youth in Elhicks and Oratory. I hare diat just
HoDOur for my mother and her sistcrt that I do aot
desire to hear of His Lordship*s example beii^
followed in odier parts of the Kmgdooie. But diis
profect takes so well in die North, that (unless the
great men in Oxford aad Cambiid|e be alarmed by it
into some new measures) I am i£mid it may lessen
the Bumben diat have hitherto been sent to our two
antient aad (yet) flourisbii^ Universities.
Amoagst the many uadeserv'd fiivouis wbidi I
have had from S'Jos. WHliaBnoo, I diooght it no
small one that He was pleased to make use of my
services in sorting a deal of ooafuaed Writmgs in the
Paper-office ; tho' himself bad dass'd the greater part
of 'em, before I had the Honour to hare any
dependaace upoo him. I was then troubled to
obserre (what your Letter takes notice of) that there
are most lamriilable defects in the M emoiis of almost
evciy year ; whidi methinks might 0^ a great
measure) be snpply^d by procnreiqg Transcripts, at
least, of an sach as are now in the hands of the Hetis
of those Ministers of Slate, who bareformeriy cany'd
them off. It was my ICaster^s mnstant practioe to
bare an the Letters, Instractioos, &c rq^ered in
two different Books ; oae w h ereo f was alwaise trans-
mitted mto the Pkper-Office^ and the odier reserv'd
for bis own private use. Had this method beea
observed by his predecessors, the collection ofpre>
cedents bad not been so lame as now we find it ; uid
there would have been a £ut less embezlement of this
part of the King's Treasure.
I am sorry, S*, to bear that your communicative
Goodness to some of the neighbouring Kingdooie
should rob you of any materius, jou had in store,
towaxxis the completing df their Histocr. This is a
mishap wfaidi (my firiend) Mr. Thoresby complains
of. He was prefvailed with to lend them S'Tha
Craig's M.S. Treatise de Hoimnis; udiid^ was trans-
lated and publish'd in English, by Mr. Redpath.
But, whether the Translatour or Printer are to Uame^
the Book was never retum'd to bim. I have not the
like reason to complain of the Usage I have met with
amongst the learned men of that Nati<»i. I have had
very pressing Invitadons firom several of 'em to diaw
up another Historical Library for them, in somewhat
of the same Form with that of the English one and
• John, Visoount Lowdier.
t Oxford and Cambridge.
THE ANTIQVARTS NOTE-BOOK.
the plentiful Assislances which they hive already
^ven, and promb'd, have forced mc into the
Atlcmpt' I nave made aomc con<idenihle Advances
in it; and 1 hope (if God continues my health) to
finish and publish it the next Summer. 1 design
ft in one entire Folio Voiutoe ; w* {I guess) wiE be
ftbout Ihe bigness of your Numispiala. There are
nuny pieces in our English Libraries thai I must cn-
Xiire afler. Mr. Wolton has kindly promised me an
cc' of those in my L' Longncville's ; and I expect
the like Snppliea from othera. May I not also hope
that you will Vonchsafe me amorepartirularAccoimt
of yours than the printed Catalogue hns given me ?
Vou have, I find, a MS. Life of Maiy Q. of Scots in
Italian. T would humbly b^ what In^nnation you
can afford me of the Author and Contents of that
Book ; and I should be likewise very thankful for y*
like BhoK View of Another Life of the same Queen
in Mr. Pepys's Library, Besides these, yon have
ttill (I see) some of her Letters. Vou have also
S' Culhberl'i Life. I know not whether this may
not be different from Bede's, and all others wh'*" I
have taken notice of in the Second Part (A tay
Libraiy-
You see, S', what trouble you have created to your
lelf by stooping to such an impertinent correspon-
dence as mine is like to prove, if you shall give it any
further encouragement. The truth is. I am hungry
and in want of those provisions where of you have
Kat plenty ; and, if I snatch too greedily, you roust
p at a erealer distance from
Hon^ S-
Vour most oblig'd and
most humble servant
Will. Nicolsos.
Salkeld
Dec. 4. 99.
Hntlquarfan "newe.
mniour has reached us that the interesting little
I church of Northoipc, near Kirton.in-Lindsey,Lmco!n-
■hire, is about 10 be restored, and that il is proposed
lo sell the old leaden roof for the purposes of the
leslornlion fimd. ll is hoped that our informant is
infTering under some misapprehension. The roof of the
nave and chancel are late Perpendicular, and, con-se-
qnently, of a low pitch. If the lead be removed, it
will be needful to replace these old roofs with some-
thing of a higher pitch, or the Vain wiU be driven
under the sLites in stormy weather. Now these
roofs, though plain, are of very good character, and
a little carcliil repair would make them lost for
ceoturies. There are some good bosses upon them ;
one or more of them are annorinl. VVe dblinctly
call to mind the shield — a single garb — of the old
family of Shaw, ot Frodinsham. A more senseless
piece of destruction cannot be imagined than replac-
uig these old timbers by "a spider-legged'' erection
of modem pine. The whole of the church is very
interesting, and has suffered little, The arcades are
lale Norman of tine bold character ; the aisles and
clerestory Perpendicular. The choir has two lovely
Geometrical- Decorated windows. The east window
is late Perpendicular — probably made after the
Reformation. One of the lights has a curioi«
irrq^arity in the head which is thought to have been
a blunder. OF this we are doabtful. Whether a
blunder or not, it certainly ought not to be neplacrd
by any new Ihlnj; in the most correct modem tasti^
for it is an interesting specimen of local work. ThcR
are several brasses in memat7 of members ot the
Monson family, of which Ihe present Lord Mooson it
the representative. The pulpit is a pleasing specimca
of Queen Anne's time, or Uie Early Georgian crk,.
The south door is of carved oak — CoTrilincst-
Decoraled — and has the reputation of being one rf
Ibe lincst things of its class in Britain. Tlie roadi
screen and oak stalls were destroyed at the beginning
of this century. The present pews whicji leplacidl
them are so uglyand inconvenient that we should not
regret th,eir removal We are glad to be able to add
that Mr. Edward Peacock, P.S,A., has Uken the
matter up, and is doing all be can to tender tUi
useless spoli '
A very interestmg piece of news for f^yptriloent*
That gentleman is now traveUing i»
Egypt with M. Maspero, Ihe director of the Egypliaa
Museums, who has determined on opening a^ the
Pyramids that have not yet been explored, and im
further searching those that are not thoroughly knoviL
Among (he Pyramids situated on the borders of the
Lybian Desert is that of Meydoum, said to be the
most mysleriousof all. ll appears that its entrxnse
has never been discovered, Ibrahim Fasba evea
endeavoured to effect a breach in its walls with
artillery, in the hope of finding a treasure coneealed
therein. It is to ihis pyramid that M. Matpcro h
nowdevotine his attention. Byremovincsoroe cf the
ground on the north side of the art^cial maond
which surrounds the pyramid he has succeeded
tions were well founded. Thirteen days of active
labour, with skilled workmen, has su£&ced for the
discovery of a secret which was believed to lie undit-
coverabie. The spades of the fellahs have exposal la
view the opening, which is situated nearly at the lop
of the orlilicia] mound. On entering the Pynunid the
visitor passes through a corridor, admirably constrac-
ted, which takes him about 40 jiardsinagentle decline,
as is the case in the great Gizeh Pyramid. Here, for
the moment, he is stopped by the debris, which ii
being rapidly cleared away. M. Masp^ has already
found two sacred inscriptions, in ibe style of the
Twentieth dynasty, giving the names of two scribes
who had visited the ^ramid. Hopesarc entertained
that no one may have set foot in il since, and thai il
may be found lo be inlact ; " but, " concludes N,
Gabriel Charmies, "whatever happens, the opeaing
of Ihe Meydoum Pyramid will sliil unra.vel one S
those mysteries which have for so many centuries
hung over ancient Europe, and which one by one k«
yielding to Ihe efforls ot modem science." The lale
Marietle B^, in one of his works, said that the Fyn-
mid was called by the Arabs Haram El Katdab — the
ANTIQUAAIAN NEWS.
8S
Fabe ^pimimd— as the^ bdxeved it to be Ttnthiag bst
a kacr nek shaped aa a pfxamkL TUa tnditiaQ maj
ke^ped ti> pRSBve it '
ioDoviiig heads : i. — His birth and cooise of joittk.
a. — His hasbanddei and hospitalities. 3.— His
— aadde-
The w3I of JKc&. ilfKs Jaae Hvgo^ widour of the
Recfior of West HadaMj, who
Acd OB Ottobct II las^ was ifcfaily piofcd* The
tctfatrg, aaaoBgfltikr Tfgafir% beqarJths thecoDee-
tkai of papm aad biiibmii li^iti aade bj her kne
Wi«iii«»r< Irw A^ hintwry of j^ i M M^r w » A ffi^ to the British
Masena ; the cnilrrtiinn of papers and mamwrripts
for the histtsj of Tmmtno, to the S oa a trset shne
A irh g w i nyr al Sodrty; the O tf aky e of Ae British
IfiBenHi Maaasanpts aotpnicd between 17S2 aad
i835»of whidh^ei^fiEwwefepriBtedt to die Society
of Aati^Bsiks ; and one of the aaeicat chalices coOected
by her late hmtfianrf, each to the West Ha^mej
Chazdiy Chritf Churchy Marjieboney St. CjpruuKy
Maryiebooe, and TaoBtoa Chvch. The collectioQ of
tibe woffks» eapamaeiy >^ Uodsof Bewick, left to
her by her hashanrf^ is to be oflered to the Britisk
Masena at oae-half of die ¥alae placed opoB them by
V d^ holder of ai
for three years by as
in the appcr
been leported by asy pre-
OB the sile has been sadi ss to pic
of a rick yidd bodk of ianrntiaw aad of
of arc Mr. FiMaj^s accowt of hia re-
win be pablkheir in the mat amber of the
joanal of the Society fcr the Piosotna of Hdleaic
&^kt&. 5. — Hb parckaa e s aad sales of land. 6u —
ifis law suits. 7. — His alms and derotiGns. SL — His
livWIani e s . 91 — ^Hiswife. la — His issae. il. — His
seals of ams. 12. — His death aad place of bariaL
13.— ThekadsofirittckhediedseimL'' Thesecoad
partcoat a in s adeseiiptFFeaccoaat of tke Hnadredof
bcrkelcyy witk aQ the aauiorst laad% aad ad^owsoas
thereto pertainia^ with their derohitiOQy respectirdy,
£roaa tiie date of the Drwarsday Surrey to Sii^Fth's
own time. To this desertpckm b iqipcnded a very
irmii t able coBectioo of Old Gkmcestershire pru nrer ba
aad folk kxe.
The parish chnrdi of Wrodcwardine has been re-
opened after vadergota^ rcstocitiao. The stractme,
wnidi is oae of die most ancient in the cooatyj^
inputs^ The
die bdfry,
Notmanarch. The tower^ wki^
had wjnuMtxtf been supported by props^ has been
amieTptaniid and made secme at each eoracr. The
Bsre has been reHToofed on die sooth side. In carry>
mg oat the work of reaao^na^ die {^Bater, sereral
fiae old afiihe^ have beea duseowercuy which fcrmeify
were CTrfranrm to d^ baildia^ aad these have been
allowed to
Oar leadeB win be Briaccstcd, we mittk, m
that amodel is being e ah ft tted of Ely Cathedralatgglk
Street, T.iamhi. This aaodd:, whick fiithfidlyre-
prodaoes aQ the varied st^es of architectnre to be met
with ia the aoble aad sacred edifice, is the worit of two
aetf-taaBht bmb^ BCr. m> Gu Stnppe^ of Wmbeda^ aad
hissoa. ItBfoaaedofold£ngi^oak»which,whfle
Uoar oa the artiaaak poBKSKs a
to Btr. J* Bb tkm
paiti of the baikfiflK
aickifc^ booi
The Dcaa aad Chapter of Garfisle are siailiBS
of Btr. Sktppniirs ^isit to hare aaaecoimt
ap of their cathe i luf moards; aad I>r;.
mlm, \matf mat aceem to the
great ddQ; it is indeed a
of the ac|pat ongmaL There are
ia the mode!, of whick too
it is ligblml ap ia the
the
A dfieovcry of
gold omaaaeats aaa piei
at Vit&rfire, in Swcoien, by a peasant
The CoBBcfl of 6be Bnlol aad Gk m rnfrrshu e
Aidaeological Society aaaosace.dkat Lord Fitt-
aaidiBge has ^veiy nbecafly and ooarteoaBy giicn his
consent to the ^cry vaiaBble MSS. of John SmTdi,
the aatkimBy. wnltca ia the cmly pmt of dm
.aad the
attribated to the twelftk oentory, decorated with
three of the fci a itff.mh
with figarcs of St. (Ma^ the
the
oentBzy of
Ewaagiefirts, aad the Apostles in refieC
of die
Abbey of St
aenredin Uk Mi
being poated by the Society for ksammfoers^ ItwiH
beeditadbySvJokaMadeaa. Smith's works coa-
sst of tao Attiact parts^ The first cootaias the
'*Lhpcs of dbe BerkeSejs.* Uader diis head Mr.
J H. Cooke asfs »—*' la dbis work he <Smydi) gives
a co m p l e te bio^aph y of every ked of Beriseley
Fitnsiai^gedi
ia a boa, the oafy re-
of troBWork.
lord's lifit ait gh«%
gold araJcts^
appear to hav
of wmdh are
Priace Gaetaa Fikagieri, of Naples, the
of the work on the Sdeace of Lf giila
prcseated to the ■ wnicipa l it y of Naples the
coBrctinn of artitfic aad archaeological objecu which
his fife ia fcnaiaci aad which is valasd
at £€ajaoa. He has abo proauied to eiect a gUlery
for te cjkihitioa, aad to provide aa cfldoawcaL
dM corneals are aMvypictvci by dbe old
ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.
masters, incloding several by Domenichino; s nnique
leries (^ coins and mediUs ; a. coUeclion of armonr of
the Middle Ages, and of oriental weapons of the
fifteenth and siiteenlh centuries ; faience ware, glass,
wood-carrinB, fens, Eastern carpets, Src.
Mr. Ruskin has changed his plans with respect to
the mnseoni he bas Tounded at Shcdield, and it is his
intention to devote the lenainder of his life to making
it about the most complete institution of the kind in
the world. He has decided to send there his unique
■nd almost priceless library from Brentwood. Finns
(or the extension of the buildings haiVe been prepared,
and a public subscription, whidi the Duke of Albunjr
has promised to head, will shortly be opened to de-
fray the cost of the enlargement.
Ererleigh House, near Devizes, belonging lo Sir J.
D. .\slley, Bart., lilsham Hall, near Brigt was, on
Dec, 13 lust, totally destroyed by fire. The house
was traditionally the residence of the old Saion king
Ido, wliosc hunting lodge is said to have stood near
the Sidbury encampment. The mansion just destroyed
was probably built by Sir Ralph Sadleir, to whom the
lordsnip was granted by Henry VIII. Sir Ralph was
afterwords falconer lo Queen Eliiaheth, and was so
fond of hawking that when he w«s appointed custodian
to Mary Queen of Scots, at Tutbury, he allowed his
Erisoner lo participate in the sport, which brought on
im the reprimand of Eliiabeth. Sadleir's portrait
was slill lo be seen in the old house, which had passed
into the hands of (he Astley family. Everleigh House
was the home of that Sir Francis Astley whose
electioneering exploits in 1818 occupy a conspicuous
place in Wiltshire annals. It was mainly a commo-
dioos residence of early eighteenth-century date, built
of brick, with slate and leaden roofing. An older
part of the building was a drawing.room of grand
proportions and ancient style, looking out on a superb
Eliiabethin lawn, with fine yew and box shrubs of
quaint form.
The historical "Shaftesbury Hoitse," standing -in
Aldersgate-street, was sold by auction recently. It
was built by Inigo Jones for the Tuflons, Earls of
Thanet, and was hence known as " Thanel House,"
till it passed, in the reign of Charles II., into the
hands of the family of the notorious Anthony Ashley
Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, whose town-house it was
for many years.
The Guildhall Library are aixiut to provide cases
for the display of (he Roman, Romano- British,
Mediasval, and other antiquities recently purchased of
the executors of the late Mr. J. Walker Bnily, and a
cabinet for (he collrcction of historical portraits con-
tained in the illustrated copy of Granger and Noble's
Biegrapkical Nisliny ef England.
The fifth annual report of the Town Clerk as to the
records of the Corporation of the City of London was
submitted to a recent meeting of the Common Council ;
and Mr. Hart, the Chairman of the Library Com-
mittee, obtained authority to expend ^^150 in the
compilation of a general index to the Repertories
Irom 1700 to 1S57, and a further sum of /zj in the
repair of certain early rolls of deeds, wills, pleas, and
memoranda, &c.
Instructions have been given by the Duke of
Hamilton for the sale of the libraries and MSS. at
Hamillon Palace. The collections include the famous
"Beckford Library," and in variety of subjects and
beauty of condition the books may be said 10 sorpon
those in the celcbnited Sunderland Library.
It is proposed to publish by subscription a new
edition of Mr. R. Johnson's Amitni Cttstomt of
Herffirrd, which contains an accoiml of the laws and
customs of one of the oldest cities in the kingdom.
No written account of these laws has been tninsmitled
previous to the time of William the Conqueror, but
when this warlike Norman took possession of the land
he found Hereford possessing a code of laws of its
own, with a royal mint and monlers attached thereto.
This book will conUin Imnstations of the charters
granted by divers kings to the cirizens, also an account
of court-rolls, bailiffs account rolls, grants, and pro-
clamations, notice of freemen, their courts and
privileges, also of the various trades and guilds. But
perhaps the most important part of the work, in an
historical point of view, are the copies of letters and
other document sent by the Lords President of the
Marches of Wales. Very mnltifarious ore the subjects
to which these refer, but two leriers especially attract
attention ; one from Queen Mary, endeavouring lo
reconcile her sulyects to (he proposed marriage with
Philip of Spain ; the other from (Jueen ElSabelh,
defendmg that courtly favourite the Earl of Leicester
in her usual firm imperious style. The subscription is
lOf. 61/., and subscribers* names may be sent to
Mri. Johnson, The Steppes, Eync, Hereford, 01 the
Rev. E. L. Barnwell, Melksham, Wilts.
The National Society for Preserving the Memorials
of the Dead, in the Churches and Churchyards of Great
Britain, has now been organized, and has made
considerable progress. The object of the Society is
to fresrrvc a.tiA prelal the memorials of the dead in
the parish churches and churchyards of Great Britain, a
much needed work, and on alt hands an acknowledged
want. The rules of the Society surest various ways
of accomplishing tlie work, t.g., by securing a record
being made of s«>ulchral memorials now existing, &c.
The late Mr. G. £. Street, four days prior to his
death, accepted the post of honorary nrchitecL
Honorary secretaries are appointed for the counties
of Cambridge, Durham, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk,
Noltingliam and Warwick, by whom names of
persons wishing to become members are received, and
of whom ajiy information may be obtained. The
Secretary is Mr. William Vincent, Lower Hellesdon
Road, Norwich.
Dr. Phend, whose interest in serpent-mounds is so
well known, visited Gala Park, near Galashiels, at
the latter end of last year, to inspect a mound there,
which is bcUeved to be of prehistoric origin. He
examined its exterior on all sides, took measurements
of it, and determined its position ou the ground vrith
relation to Galahill and the Eildons, and the hearings
of all these to Ihe east. He found that what
appears
artificially formed road, here and there
showing traces of pavement, runs along the ridge of
the mound from end to end ; that in general form the
mound is distinctly serpentine, and he is under the
impression lba(, though the mass has been originally
d
ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.
8j
deposited by ordinary geological agencies, jret it has
been cut and shaped by human himds (o give it the
reptilixa aspect. The position of tbe mnuod, with
relation lo the hiils mentioned and the direct ea«t,
agrees with the [>o3ition leiative lo the rising sun
which is shown in those serpent mound! in this
country and in Europe which he has examined. The
mcsl elevated portion of the long ridge is its south-
east end, and this fonns what may be prDvisionally
called the serpent's head. On reaching this point
it was patent to any observer that it had Dcen artifi-
cially lUttened, and shaped into nearly a true circle,
of which Dr. Phen^ took the enact measurements.
Upon the circukr space, at some comparatively recent
time, had been deposited a capping of about two and
aha^feet of eartll, forming a snaller circle with a
sloped margin all around. This elevation he con-
sidered the piindpal portion of the mound, all the
rest of il beitig merely an appanage. The bearings
from it to Ihe east, and townnb the hills already
named, were taken with a compais, and found to be
in harmony with the general relation to the sun which
other terpent-momids occupy. This Battened crownof
the serpent, he concluded, was the sacred spot upon
which me son- worshippers who shaped the mound had
sactiliccd their bnmtolTertngstothe sua asthesymbol
of the energy controlling the operations of Nature.
The next step waa to communicate to the owner of
the grounds the first impressions r^arding the mound,
and lo ask permission to carry a trench through the
crown of the height in sealuh of the charcoal, which
Dr. Phen^ seemed quite assured he would find. Mr.
Scott's assent was immediately given, and he placed
the services of some of his labourers at the disposal of
the investigator. A trench was cut in the mound, from
the south ma^in in a line true north, lo Ihe centre of
thcmonnd. It was carried down afewinchesinto Ihe
ori^nal level, but no trace of human works was
obtained. A second trench was dug from Ihe west
margin lo the centre, the line taken beine due easL
There, at a depth of three feet beneath the surface,
and some few inches below what Dr. Phen^ had con-
sidered the surface when the ground was used as an
altar, was fomid a considerable quanlily of charcoal,
perhaps about a cubic foot alti^ther, thus curiously
coofirmine the soundness of the general impression
Dr. Phen? formed from ihe mere eitemal form and
position of the mound.
Correspon&encc.
CREEK AND GOTHIC ART IN ROME.
(iv. I5S.)
t I observe that the reviewer of Mr. Tyrrwhilt's
■k, in Ihe Antiquary tor October, writes of Cavet.
RoMi as being in the habit of leading visitors to Ihe
*~--rmbs near Rome, to believe that which was
deluuun."
I I think is really not fair lo that distin-
gniihed antiquary. No doubt his leaning is to believe
that which the Roman Cbnrch has sanctioned by
accepting as fact, but I Ihink that those who study
his writioffs will fmd that be never allows this bias lo
overcomehis regard for truth, and that he, in doubt-
ful cases, puts the evidence (kirly before the reader.
In my jwrsonal intercoune with him I have always
found him most candid.
As the choir arrangements of S. Clemenle are so
often referred loaa examples of those of a " primitive
church," it would perhaps have been well if the re-
viewer bad said what their real date is. This, it
cannot well be doubted, is no earlier than the tilth
century. Several of the shbs which form the enclo-
sure of the chorus bear a monogram containing the
letters of the word "Johannis." Now John, the second,
Pope.A.D. 533-53S, was previously Presbyter of the
church under the name of Mercunus, and he and his
fellow clerics gave the altar and its ciborium as is evi-
denced by inscriptions on the capital of one of the
columns of the ciborium (now attached to the monu-
raeni of Cardinal Venerio in Ihe church], and of a
fragment of the altar found in the excavations. We
may therefore most reasonably conclude that he, after
he became Pope, gave the choir enclosure.
In the illustrations accompan^ng ■ paper published
in the AnlueslBsia of the Society of Antiquaries for
the year 1S66, (vol. xL), one of the slabs bearing the
monogram of Pope John and the capital bearing the
name of Mercuiius are engraved, and though when
I wrote the Paper I was not aware that Mercurius and
John the Second were one and the same person,
I ventured on the soggestion that Mercnrius was
the donor ofthe ciborium, and that one of Ihe
Hopes of the name of John, of the sixth century,
that of the choir enclosure. It is needless to enlarge
on the value of an example belonging to a period so
remote and so obscure to which we can a/fix a date
with so mnch confidence, whether we regard it ax
a link in the history of decorative sculpture or of
that of the anangements of churches fitting them for
ritual observances.
Alex. Nisbitt.
Oldhmds, UckGeld.
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Tile " plate '' in ([uestion was not strictly an "etch-
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preserving the semblance of some old hmily furni-
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F.R.C.S,E., I,.S.A.
These corrections are due to the memoir of one of
t
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LADY DAY.
89
^ ^
yy <»■''
The Antiquary
MARCH, 1882.
By James Britten, F.L.S.
[HE wealth of popular tradition and
custom which has clustered round
so many of the feasts of the Chris-
tian Church is curiously absent
fix)m Lady Day. Indeed, its chief claim to
popular recognition at the present time in
England, rests in the fact of its being one of
the quarter days; and its associations are
thus more practical than pleasing. We find
associated wiUi the Feast of the " Annuncia-
tion of Our Lady," as the 25th of March is
styled in the table of proper lessons in the
Anglican Kalendar — the only place, by the
way, where the old term "Our Lady," is
recognized in the Anglican Liturgy — ^very
little of popular interest; a proverb or a
saying here and there, indeed, we have ; but
so little, that the feast finds no mention in
Brand, nor does Bamaby Googe commemo-
rate it in his characteristic verse. \Ve will
brings together the few scattered notices of
Lady Day, in the hope that some little of in-
terest may be found among them.
As to the name, Hampson,* says : — " All
the festivals of the Virgm are properly Lady
Dajrs, but this falling in Lent, and being the
first quarter-day for rents and other pa3anents,
readily became Lady Day/ar excellence^ This
reasoning is far from conclusive : indeed, it
may be more plausibly urged that the fact of
the feast falling in Lenl, and thus receiving
comparatively little of solemn observance,
helps to explain the absence of popular
custom in connection with it. We should
* Medii jEvi Kalendarxum^ i. 206 ; see also Dyer's
J^rpuiar Customs^ p. 180.
VOL. v.
rather find a reason for the name in the fact
that the day commemorates the initial stage
in the mystery of the Incarnation — " the
first Joyful Mystery," as it is commonly
styled in the Catholic Church — and therefore
received special recognition among the feasts
of the Blessed Virgin.* Alban Butler says
that the Tenth Council of Toledo, in 656,
calls this solemnity, The Festival of the
Mother of God, by way of excellence ; he
says that both Eastern and Western Churches
celebrate the Annunciation on this day ;
*^ and have done so at least ever since the
fifth century." Mr. Baring-Gouldf says : — " It
has always been very highly observed in
England. The Synod of Worcester, a.d.
1240, by one of its canons, forbade all
servile work upon it, and this was afterwards
confirmed by various provincial and diocesan
councils, in all respects except agricultural
labour." Nevertheless, it does not seem to
have been as greatly honoured as the Feast of
the Assumption (Aug. 15th), which, although
not now to be found in the Anglican Kalendar,
was in pre-Reformation days a feast of especial
solemnity. At the present time, we restrict
the name Lady Day to the 25th of March ;
but if we cross the Irish Channel, we shall
find the name bestowed with almost, if not
quite equal frequency, upon the isth of
August. Notices of meetings for Lady Day,
meaning this latter date, on which, being
a "Feast of Obligation," no servile work
is done, are common in all the newspapers,
and the term is thoroughly recognized.
That this was formerly the case among our-
selves, every reader of early literature knows ;
herbalists spoke of plants flowering "be-
tween the two Lady-Days," or ordered them
to be gathered "about Lady-Day in August. t
That the other feasts of Our Lady were also,
though less generally, known as Lady- Day is
likely enough ; indeed, we find an instance
in the Peyton Letters y% where a letter is dated
" Thursday before Lady Day the Nativity."
For much antiquarian matter concerning the
former observance of the feasts of the Blessed
Virgin in England, reference may be made
* Lives of tJu Saints^ March 25.
+ Lives of the Saints^ March, p. 45 1.
t So in Paston Letters (ed. Gairdner), iii. 320 (A.D .
1485).
§ Ibid.y iii. 304.
H
90
LADY DAY.
to Father Bridgett's Our Lad^s Dowry^
which seems hardly to have met with the
consideration it merits as a contribution to
the history of religion in this country.
Mr. Swainson* gives us several proverbs
connected with weather-lore which apply to
Lady Day, which he says is called in Belgium
*• D'otts Lieve Vrouw Beklyving," /.^., Notre
Dame de la Prosp^rit^; because anything
transplanted on this day easily takes root,
and seed sown prospers. It is also believed
that the year will be fruitful if before sunrise
the sky is clear and the stars shine brightly.
An Italian proverb tells us that if there be
hoar frost on the morning of the feast, it will
do no harm.
Se a la madona de Marz ven gi6 la brina,
No la fo altra ruina ;"
though this contradicts some French weather
sayings— ^.^.,
S'U g^le le 25 Mars
Les prairies cUminuent d'un quart
S'il pleut le jour de la Bonne Dame, il pleut ^
toutes ses fStes !
A Notre Dame de Mars
V '. ■; Si le soleil fait le luzer (j>., is not bright)
II y a quarante jours dTiivcr. ,
Mr. Swainson also gives a German say-
ing, which has reference to the fact that m
Germany farm-servants generally leave off
candles in the evening^ on this feast, and
begin to use them again at Michaelmas : —
Mariekelen pustet dat Licht utb, Michel steckt et
wedder an ;t
which finds a parallel in the Italian :
A la Madona de Marz de scoven,
A la Madona de Setember se troven.t
Another proverbial saying, not however
connected with the weather, may be added
here : it has reference to the possible concur-
rence of Lady Day with Good Friday —
When our Lord falls in our Lady's lap,
Then shall England have great mishap.
This coincidence, although not common, is
not of very unfrequent occurrence. It hap-
pened in 1864 and in 1853, neither of which
t Mary blows^ out the candle, Michael lights it
* Weather Folk-lore^ p. 64.
agRin.
years, so far as we remember, were espedally
unfortunate, so that the fulfilment of this
prophecy need not be dreaded
One local custom connected with Lady
Da^ is recorded in Notes and Qmeries^ 4th
senes, xi. 412. We read there that certain
cakes called *' Pope Ladies," are, or then
recently were, made dtld idld at St Albans
on this day. The story accoimting for this
is to the effect that " a noble lady and her
attendants were travelling on the road to
St. Albans (the great north road passed
through this town) when they were benighted
and lost their way. Lights in the clock-tower,
at the top of the hill, enabled them at length
to reach the monastery in safety, and the lady,
in gratitude, gave a sum of money to provide
an annual Sstribution, on Lady Day, of
cakes, in the shape of ladies, to the tkKir of
the neighbourhood. As this bounty was
distributed by the monks, the ' Pope Ladies'
probably thus acquired their name." With-
out being able to surest a better, we venture
to doubt whether this was the origin of the
name : the well-known " Biddenden Cakes"
afford another instance of cakes of this shape
being made and distributed. '^
This scant narration is all that we have
been able to get together of interest about
Lady Day, apart, of course, from its ecclesi-
astical history. It shows better than any-
thing else could do, that although an early
festival of the Christian Church, it is not one
of those which became really popular in
England^ and which in so-doing left their
impress upon the minds and customs of the
people.
•v^t >v«^ *■*>.
. At our Lady in March we put them by ; at our
Lady in September we take them up.
0I^ l^ome.
|T seems to me that your readers will
be amused by a comparison of two
abridgments of laiger works on
Ancient Romef (Mr.. Bum's and
my own) by seeing how remarkably we dififer
* Hone's Every- Day Book^ ii. adl-S24; and
Chamber's Book ofDays, i. 427; steante, pi 59 and p.
135, in this number.
t Old Rome : a Handbook to thi Ruins of thi City
and the Campagna, By Robert Bum, M.A., Fellow
OLD ROME.
91
in opinion on every point, although both are
evidently honest in their views, and the
difference is not intentional, only each sees
em object fix)m exactly the opposite point
of new. The two works might almost be
printed in parallel columns with the same
lesDlt throughout ; at the same time, a great
diad x& information that would be new to
most English readers would come out during
the process ; but to do this would to some
seem tedious. I propose, therefore, only to
select die most salient points. At first sight
it wonld appear that these two works must be
veij much dlike ; each is an abridgment of
a laiger work on the same subject Mr. Burn
is a Cambridge tutor of great experience, and
no doubt is well '* up to the mark " in scholar-
ship ; t am a well known architectural anti-
quary, and never pretend to much scholarship,
but rely more on the evidence of the existing
fTMOfivx, which I have done much to bring to
light and explain. Practically, the two books
are as different as possible in every respect.
kr. Bum follows explicitly the German
school, and believes the Niebuhr and
Arnold theory to be the true history. I, on
the contrary, consider it entirely a delusion
of the scholars of the last half-century, whose
views are demolished by the existing remains,
diiefly brought to light within the last twenty
years, since the time of Dr. Arnold, with
whom I was personally acquainted ; and I
have often said that if Dr. Arnold were living
now, and could go to Rome, he would see at
once that Niebuhr's view was a dehisiou.
This view is practically that the so-called
" family legends of old Rome" are fabulous
— a sort of historical romance of the time of
Augustus — beca,use the earliest written record
ofuiem that we have is in the histories of Livy
and Dionysius, both of whom refer to Fabius
Pictor as their earliest authority, he having
been the first person to collect the family
traditions and commit them to writing ; and
he lived, as we know from Liv/s history,
in the b^inning of the sixth century of
Rome. These traditions were handed
down from father to son, for five hundred
years, by word of mouth only, before they
of Trinity Collie, Cambridge, being an epitome of
his larger work, Rome and the Camfta^na.
The Arthitictural History of the City oj Rorne^
•biMfled from J. H. Parker's Archaology of Rowie^
!(« the use of students.
were committed to writing. I admit this,
but say, so were the " Homeric Hymns" and
all other ancient works of that early period
before the use of writing. The jews were
expressly ordered to commit their history to
memory in this manner ; the fathers should
tell their sons the wonders they had witnessed,
and the sons should repeat them to their sons,
generation afler generation. The only written
copy of the Books of Moses and of the early
prophets was enclosed in the Ark, or " Holy
Box," which the Jews always carried with
them, and to which so much importance was
attached that it was protected even by
miracles in case of need. The main point
in the architectural history oT Rome, is that
the only possible mode of explaining the
remains that have been brought to light is by
the family legends, and all these agree in the
most remarkable manner, including rt'en the
measurements of some of the most important
buildings, as the Temple of Jupiter Capitoli-
nus, and the great rampart and fosse of Servius
TuUius. When Dionysius says that the fosse
of Servius Tullius is one hundred feet wide, and
thirty feet deep, every one formerly thought
there must be some mistake. A part of this
fosse has now been excavated under the
direction of Signor Fiorelh, for the Italian
Government, and the measurements are found
to agree exactly. This great excavation,
which is near the railway station, is lefl open,
so that the most incredulous can go and
measure it for themselves; this alone is
decisive of the question. I >vished to make
the excavation ten years ago, but could not
get permission from the Pontifical Govern-
ment for this, although Cardinal Antonelli
generally gave me permission to do all that
I asked of this kind.
I will now begin the extracts, comparing
one with the other. The Forum Romanum,
the very heart of old Rome, is naturally the
most interesting to begin with. Mr. Bum
begins his description at the south end, from
the Palatine. I have begun mine from the
north, the Capitol ; and as the latter appears
to me the most easy and natural, I will follow
that rule in my selections.
*' Properly speaking, the Forum began out-
side the wall of the original Sabine fortress
on the Mons Satumi, or Capitoline Hill, which
was entered by the Porta Satumi; but this
U2
92
OLD ROME.
wall of partition having been destroyed after
the union of the two hOls into one city, the
buildings immediately under the south-eastern
face of the Capitoline, and reared against it,
are understood to bs included in the Forum.
The whole of that front towards the Palatine
is occupied by the high and massive structure
called the Tabularium, or Public Record
Office, with which were connected the
.^rariura, or Treasury, under it, and the
Senate-house behind it.
"At its base are the remains of three build-
ings, filling up the whole space along its wall :
that to the east, or extreme right in the plan,
is the Temple of Concord, the central one
the Temple of Saturn, and the third the Por-
ticos of the Dei Concentes, with the Schola
Xantha imdemcath it." — Parker, ch. xi. p.
" This ruin is generally called the Tabu-
larium, but it has been shown by Momrasen
that there is no ground for supposing that
the name was ever applied to it m any ancient
writings, and that the name is, more properly,
yErarium Populi Roraani, or i^rarium Satumi,
and that it was attached to the Temple of
Saturn. Many of the temples in Rome had
teraria attached to them, and it does not
appear that any central place of deposit ever
had the name of Tabularium alone, without
further title especially applied to it." — Bltrn,
ch. ii. p. 57.
The Tabularium is a long narrow arcade,
all the arches of which were open to the
market-place until they were built up in the
sixteenth century to enable them to support
two upper storeys, then added by the muni-
cipality, who still keep possession of the
whole building, which they now call the
" Municipio." Against the back wail of
this arcade the marble labUh or tabula, with
the names of the consuls, were fixed, whence
the name. These tabula were removed to
the house of the conservator, on the west
side of the square on the lop of llie Capi-
toline- hi II, in which many objects are
preserved for which there was not room in
the museum on the opposite side of the
square. The jTLrariiim under it is a scries
of small chambers with extremely massive
walls, and a single narrow light for a window
to each ; at the back was a passage only,
with a doorway to each chamber. It would
be impossible to contrive a more safe place
for keeping a laige quantity of coin, and it
was used for that purpose during the whole
period of the Republic. The construction
of this part of the building is of the time of
the kings. It i."* recorded that when Julius
Csesar robbed the public treasury he found
some of the money of Servius Tulhus still
remaining in it. What had these separate
treasuries for each temple to do wilJi the
public treasury? A room over the porch, on
the south side of the Royal chapel of St.
George, at Windsor, was called the .iSrarilim ;
had that anything to do with the public
treasury at Whitehall, or the cellars of the
Bank of England, in which the coin is kept ?
I have never seen these, as the public is not
admitted to them, but they must bear con-
siderable resemblance to the jlilrarium of the
time of the later kings and the Republic, which
consists of a series of vaulted cellars, as
secure against robbers or fire as they could
be made, under a great public building,
whicii appears to me must be the same
as the building which Tacitus calls the
Capitolium, which contained all the public
offices of ilie early city. In justice to Mr.
Bum it should be mentioned that the old
it:rarium in Rome had been filled up with
rubbish for centuries, and was entirely for-
gotten, until about ten years ago, when tlie
municipality had it cleared out at my instiga-
tion, with the help of my friend, Signor
Rodolph Lanciani. It is probable that Mr.
Bum has never seen it.
" Litde doubt now remains that the ruin
of tlie eight columns, Che name of which has
been so much discussed, belonged to the
temple of Saturn," — Burn, p. 48.
"To the south of these three edifices, nearest
the Tabularium, runs the pavement of the
road called Clivus Capilolinus, which wound
up from the Arch of Septimus Severus at tlie
level of the Forun», in front of tlie Capi-
tolium. On the southern side of that street
is another temple, witli eight columns of
the Ionic order, and a considerable portion
of its basement well defined. This is the
Temple of Vespasian, or as it is called in
the Regionary Catalogue, of Vespasian and
Titus, as joint Emperors, The relative posi-
tion of this and the central one of the three
first temples is usually reversed, the name
OLD ROME.
93
of Saturn being given to that with the
eight columns, and the name of Vespasian
to that with the three. But as it is now cer-
tain that no treasure-chambers existed be-
neath this one, and there could have been
no communication between it and the public
offices in the Capitolium, the naities are
rightly assigned as here given. The original
structure was reared by Domitian in ho-
nour of his father and brother, and restored
by Septimus Severus." — Parker, pp. 124,
125.
I have shown that the temple of Saturn
was closely connected with the ^Erarium.
There is little doubt that the entrance to the
Treasury was by the narrow passage still re-
maining between the temples of Saturn and
Concord, though the doorway at the end of
the passage has long been walled up. Inside
the wall is the stone staircase leading up to
the Senaculum at the top of the building, and
passing first by the door of the ^rarium on
the left, or west side.
" Of the temple of Saturn, three columns
remain at the south-east comer, with that
portion of the inscription on the cornice
which agrees with the recorded inscription
on that temple. A fourth column was taken
from it by Smaragdus,and used for the column
of Phocas, with an inscription put on the
base on which it was then placed. This was
the nameless column of Byron. The name
has been found by excavations since his
time.
" To the south of the arch, the modem road
crosses the Fomm at a high level ; but under-
neath that road runs a subterranean passage
connecting the arch with the area of the Fomm
beyond, the whole of which has been excavated.
Close to the mouth of this passage stands
the column of Phocas, usurper of the imperial
throne of East and West, to whom it was
erected by Smaragdus, Exarch of Ravenna,
A.D. 603. The name of Phocas was erased
by Heraclius, his successor, the last emperor
that visited Rome. The shaft is simply a
marble pillar taken from some older building,
and apparentiy matches those remaining of
the Temple of Saturn. The base is very
radely constmcted of heterogeneous frag-
ments, and shows the decadence of art in the
seventh century." — Parker, p. 126.
" The centre pavement now laid bare is of
travertine flags, while the roads are marked
by basaltic blocks. On the side of the cen-
tial space runs a row of seven large masses
of brickwork, which seem to be the bases
of pedestals which supported dedicatory
columns, or statues, similar to the one stiU
standing at the end, which has become known '
to English travellers as ''the nameless
column with the buried base" of Byron.
Since Byron's time the base of this has been
unburied, and bears the name of Smaragdus,
proclaimed exarch of Italy for the eleventh
time, who erected it in honour of the Em-
peror Phocas." — Burn, p. 41.
What Mr. Bum has called " large masses
of brickwork," are all hollow, and there is a
doorway into each, though now walled up.
They are the wineshops down the eastern
side of the central street of the Fomm, and
are called by the German school the bases
of gigantic columns; but if columns were
placed on them they would speedily go
through to the ground.
** The space in the Forum devoted to the
assemblies of the citizens in their Comitia
Curiata was itself called Comitium. Just
beyond the monument of Phocas are remains
of two marble partition walls in the Comitium,
covered with fine sculpture on both sides;
they are replaced upon the old stone bases of
the time of the Republic, and stand ten feet
apart. The purpose of these walls originally
was to keep off the pressure of the crowd in
going up to vote by their Curiae. They were
at first of wood, but when rebuilt in the
time of the Empire, were of marble highly
ornamented. On the inner side of each
screen are figures of the three animals pre-
pared for sacrifice, the boar, ram, and bull,
hung with garlands, composing the ofifering
called Suovetaurilia, which was a special
feature of the ceremonies observed in taking
the census at the end of every Lustmm, or
period of five years. One of the outer sides
represents a procession of persons carrying
tablets, and throwing them into a heap to be
bumt ; this is to commemorate an act of the
Emperor Marcus Aurelius in remitting taxes
due from the people, and buming the records
of the debt, in imitation of a similar act of
Hadrian. The remaining side shows two
subjects ; one, on the lefl, of an Emperor
addressing the people from a raised platform.
94 OLD I
with coins dropping from his hand into that
of one of the foremost of the populace, who '
holds out five fingers, while the next figure
holds out three, to make the number of eight
gold pieces, which they demanded and
obtained, as is recorded by Dion Cassius ;
the other, on the right of the same, on his
throne of state, with attendant officers " —
F,iR£ER, pp. 136, la;.
"Trajan's bas-reliefs. — Two of the most
interesting monuments which have been
brought to light by the recent excavations in
Rome were discovered in 187a, near the base
of the column of Phocas, where they have
been re-erected. They consist of marble
slabs, sculptured with bas-reliefs and form-
ing low screens Each screen is constnicled
of -ilabs of unequil size, and some of these
THE EM1>ER0R MARCUS AtlRELlUS AmRESSISC THE CITIZENS.
Sculpture from one of the
Ma RULE Walls.
"Theprincipal figure is the EmperorMarcus
Aurclius Antoninus (much mutilated) ; he is
addressing the citizens, when they intemipt
him by crying out ocloi celo! demanding
(ight golii piccfS, which he gave them (as
related by Pion Cassius, lib. Ixxi. c. 32).
The figure of the Emperor is seen standing
on the rostrum, witli coins dropping from
his right hand (whicli, with the head, are
unfortunately destroyed) ; the two foremost
figures of the citizens are each holding out
a hand, one with five fingers extended, the
other with three, and the money is seen
falling into them.
"This engraving is from a photograph, take 11
at the time of the excavation of these marble
walls in 1S71.
have been unfortunately lost Their origbal
l>osition has been restored as nearly as
possible, and tliey stand parallel to each other
in a line crossing the area of the Fonim.
On the inner sides of both of these sculptured
screens, the sacrificial animals — the boar,
sheep and bull — always offered up at the
Suovetaurilia, are represented. The other
sides, which arc [uTncd outwards, represent
scenes in the Forum, and are commemorative
of some public benefaction of one of the
emperors, probably Trajan or Hadrian." —
Burn, p. 42.
" A little below this temple, eastward from it,
and between it and the Arch of Sevena, are
the remains of the Rostra, from which orators
addressed the people. 'ITicre were two such
stages or pulpits in the Forum, and this one
was distinguished as the Rostriv Vetera,
OLD ROME.
95
I From the remains of the stonework forming
i Ihc foundations, it would seem that the shape
I of these raised pUtforms was the segment of
R circle, the orator being free to move within
F the enclosed space, and to turn himself in
I qteaking either to the flat or the curved side."
I — Parksr, p. 125.
A ViKW OF ONE OF THE ROSTKA IN THE
I FoKUM, of the time of Constantinc, from a
I scnlpture on his arch.
I It represents the principal rostrum near
I Ihe Temple of Saturn The two sealed
I ^ures, one at each end holding a staff are
^CUtucs of gods — in t] p ctntri. sui I the
Some Wotes on Vac Hamca of
Momen.
By Robert Fesccsos, M.P.
Isabel a«u/^T/<nN 0/ Elizabeth, and kow
it came to te sc.
|IS5 YONGE, in her ITtst^ of
Christian Namts, is no doubt right
in taking Isabel to be another
form of Klizabeth, with which it
is historically shown to have interchanged:
But the etymological process by which this
has bti.n irouolt ib ui has been always
^W^iliJii^'il.i^'Gsil,
ftarators, protected by a low screen of pierced
1 aiarblc (called tTans(nna), addressing the
K<itizeDS from a raised platform j the crowd at
\ each end are the citizens — the building in
the background is the Tabularium (p. 115).
"A representation of the Rostra of the
Empire which may have stood here is given in
^ the relief on the face of the Arch of Con-
ine, which looks towards the Coliseum,
B three arches are seen, corresponding to
: Arch of Sevems on the right, and one
:h corresponding to that of Tiberius on
I Ae left. Constantine is shown in this bas-
I tehel addressing the people from the Rostra."
I —Burn, pp. 54-55.
As I have said, similar contrasts might be
Ktepeated to any extent, but probably these
Kfew will be sufficient for the present.
John Henry Parker, C.R,
AihmcileMi MuKiun, Oxfurd.
somewhat of a puzzle, and it is upon this
point that I have to suggest an explanation.
Now the key 10 the puwle is this ; that the
early Franki^li converts, in the time of Char-
lemagne, introduced the name, not only in
its Latin form of Elizabeth, but also, and
indeed more frequently, in its Hebrew form
of Elischeba — it was Elischeba that was
made into Isabel, and not Elizabeth. Frt>-
lected by its strong ending, Eliiabeth has
retained its form unchanged. Elischeba has
been entirely lost to sight under a cloud of
transfonnatioas. Slightly modified to suit
Prankish pronunciation, it was introduced in
the first instance as Elisaba, Eltsabia, All-
sabia, and Elisavia, all names of women in
the Polyftiqtu dt lAbbi Irminea and the
Polyptiqiie de Saint Rrmi <it Rtimi. two old
Prankish records, the former of which con-
tains a list of the names of all the seris and
dependants of the Abbey of St Germain-
96
SOME NOTES ON THE NAMES OF WOMEN.
des-Pr^s, in the time of Charleniagne, and
the latter a similar list of those of the Abbey
of St. Remi de Reims, in the middle of the
ninth century. In the fourteenth century
(if, indeed, it did not take place earlier) we
find this old Frankish form £l(isaba) abbre-
viated into Isabeau, its ending being made
to conform to French ideas of spelling. Isa-
beau was the name of the wife of Charles VI.
of France, and the name was still recognized
as being the same as Elizabeth. We have got to
forge the connecting link between Isabeau
and Isabel, but the process is not a violent
one. It would not be difficult to suppose
that the French idea of the fitness of things
in the case of a woman's name would lead
them to change this masculine-seeming
ending, bcau^ into what they would conceive
to be its appropriate feminine, and so make
Isabeau into |sabelle. We need not suppose
that this took place all at once, or that be-
cause one man changed Isabeau into Isabel,
everybody else forthwith proceeded to follow
his example. It is more probable that the
two names existed side-by-side, together, for
some time before the struggle for existence
terminated in the survival of (what seemed)
the fitter. Throughout all these changes
the identity of. the name with Elizabeth had
always been recognized; but when Isabel had
finally succeeded in establishing its claim
as the representative, the deposed Isabeau,
its origin having been forgotten, might have
become a man's name, and so capable of
transmitting surnames, which would account
for Isabeau as a family name in France at the
present day.
But these are not the only changes which
have come over this unfortunate name, for
we find Elisavia, another of the old Frankish
forms before noted, forthwith abbreviated
into Lisvia, and further corrupted into
Lisavir and Lisabir, all names of women in
the two old Frankish chronicles before
referred to. And if we can again suppose
the name Lisavir (or rather Elisavir), its
origin having been forgotten, to have become
a man's name (towards which its masculine-
looking ending, z;/>, might have assisted) it
might well give the the origin of the name
Elzevir, of the famous printers at Amsterdam.
Not that the name would necessarily be of
Frankish origin, for the Hebrew form seems
also to have been introduced into Germany,
where we find the woman's name, Elisba, in
the ninth century ; and, it might be, also into
Holland, while the phonetic principles which
regulate such changes are more or less of
general application. Again, it seems not
improbable that the Spanish woman's name,
Elvira, for which no derivation at all satis-
factory has been suggested, might be pro-
perly Elzvira, and so again another form
derived from Elischeba. And now, having
dealt with the diversified forms that have
grown up around Elisabeth, I shall have, in
a succeedmg note, to endeavour to show that
Eliza, which might more certainly than any
other form be supposed to be derived from
it, is, in fact, of entirely different origin, and
a name that was in use long before Elizabeth
was introduced ; though at the same time we
cannot doubt that as soon as ever that potent
name came in, Eliza would beat once appro-
priated by it
But in the meantime I may refer to some
other names which seem cast in the same form
as Isabel; as, for instance, Annabella, Arabella,
Claribel, Christabel, and Rosabel. With
regard to these names, I am disposed to
come to the conclusion, that though moulded
into the same shape, they are not by any
means all of a similar origin. Annabella
would be a very natural corruption of
Amabilla, a name in the Liber Vita of Dur-
ham (a record of benefactors to the shrine
of St. Cuthbert from about the ninth to the
fifteenth century, and a most valuable reper-
tory of Old English names). The same
record contains, as names of women, Ama-
bilis, Amable, and Mabilla, of course from
Latin amabilis — whence our Mabel, on this
theory the same name as Annabella. Arabella,
again, might be a corruption of the old
Frankish Heribolda— ^<7/fl?, as. an ending
often changing into hel^ as in our surnames
Grimble and Wimble, from Grimbald and
Winibald, and Tremble (most infelicitouslyX
from Trumbold (Anglo-Saxon trum^ firm,
strong). So also, Claribel might be from an
Old Frankish Clarebalda, of which, however,
we have only on record the masculine form,
Clarebald. This appears to be from Latin
clarusy illustrious, and is not the only case in
which the old Franks at that period mixed
up Latin and German in the same name.
SOME NOTES ON THE NAMES OF WOMMN.
97
It is possible that Christabel might be from
a similar origin; for the early Frankish
converts at that period freely adopted the
name of Christ, and mixed it up with
Crerman compomids, such as Cristhildis, a
woman's name, from hild^ war. But on the
whole I am rather disposed to suggest a
different origin for Christabel. Finding among
the Frdnks at that period such names as
Firmatus, Stabilis, Constabulis,* and the
woman's name, Constabilla, in the sense, no
doubt, of " established in the fisiith," it might
not be unreasonable to suggest such a com-
pound as Christabila, " established in Christ,"
as the origin of Christabel. As to the last
name, Rosabel, the ordinarily-received ex-
planation of '* fair rose '' would be a natural
and graceful name for women if the French
had to form names at a later period. But
there is a woman's name, Rosibia, in the PoL
Irminan^ which looks rather like as if it might
have something to do with it It seems from
its ending, like that of Elisabia, to be also
from the Hebrew, and suggests a possible
process like that in the case of Isabel — viz., a
corruption into Rosibeau, and then a change
into Rosibel. However, as in this case the
connecting links are wanting, I can only put
this forward as a conjecture.
Maud properly a tnan^s name. Its inter'
change with Matilda an ancient mistake.
As Isabel interchanged in former times
with Elizabeth, so did Maud with Matilda,
among other instances being that of the
daughter of Henry I., who was called by
both names. Yet, etymologically, Maud can
no more be derived from Matilda than can
Giles from iEgidius, by which it used formerly
to be always Latinized. And the interchange is
rendered all the more curious by the fact that
Maud, when traced up to its origin, seems to
be properly a man's name. There has evi-
dently been some ancient mistake or misap-
propriation, the origin of which I hope to be
able to accoimt for. The names Maid,
Maald, Mauld (all names of women), found in
the Liber Vita before the introduction of
surnames, and the Christian name, Maulde,
found in the fifteenth century, show the form
from which our Maud is immediately derived.
* l^ossibly, at least in some cases, the origin of the
surname Constable.
Then we have the older forms, Mahald,
Mahalt, and Maholt,all also apparently names
of women. And in one case, about the twelfth
or thirteenth century, the name stands as
** Mahald vel Matilda.'' Now no one who has
given attention to the subject can doubt that
Mahald, Mahalt, and the French form,
Mahault, are the same as an Old Frankish
Magoald, eighth century, from Gothic magan^
posse, valere, and wold, power. This is dis-
tinctly a man's name ; indeed, wcUd^ as an end-
ing, is almost exclusively confined to men's
names, as the ending hild^ as in Matilda, is to
those of women. There is but one way that I
can see out of the difiiculty, and it is this.
There is in the Lil>er Vita another nAme,
Mahild, which is no doubt the same as an Old
Frankish Mahilda, which Foerstemann {Alt-
deutscJus NamenbucK) takes to be a contrac-
tion of Matilda. It would seem, then, that
some mistake or confusion has in old times
arisen between these two names, and that
Mahild, which really represents Matilda, has
been set aside in favour of Mahald, an
entirely different name. The fact, however,
of our having Maude as a surname would
rather seem to show that this misappropriation
was not universal, for surnames are not —
unless it be in some very exceptional case —
taken from the names of women.
Alice properly a matCs name^ and Eliza
its proper feminine.
I have seen it stated, though I cannot at
present recall the authority^ that in one of our
ancient families Alice is a name given to the
sons and not to the daughters. This would
at any rate be etymologically correct, for
Alice is properly a man's name, and not a
woman's. It is, there seems little doubt,
derived from Ang.-Sax. Adelgis, of which the
female form was Adelgisa. It is clear that
Alice (Aliss) represents Adelgis, and not
Adelgisa, and that the proper female form
would be Alisa, or, for euphony, Aliza. I
venture to suggest that our Eliza, generally
and very naturally assumed to be an abbrevi-
ation of Elizabeth, is in fact this missing
name. Now, for the proofs of Aliza as the re-
presentative of Adelgisa, we must refer to the
Liber Vitce of Durham, in which we can trace
the changes that have taken place in Adelgisa
since the first noble lady of that name laid
98
SOME NOTES ON THE NAMES OF WOMEN.
her gift upon the altar. First we find it con-
tracted into Adeliza, and then, from about
the twelfth century, into Aaliza and Aliza, the
latter name being henceforward rather a
common one. The former of these two con-
tracted forms, Adeliza, though not a name
in common use, is one still given to the
daughters of certain of our noble families j
the latter form, Aliza, I take to be the origin of
our Eliza. (The initial vowel is of no account,
the ancient names beginning indifferently with
a or €, and Alice in some families appearing as
Ellice). But concurrently with the above
forms in the Liber Vita, we have also Adaliz,
Adliz, Aliz, and Alis, at an early date, some
of them at least being certainly names of
women, so that the misappropriation is at any
rate an ancient one.
Towards the close of the record, and about
the end of the fourteenth century,another form,
Alicia, begins to make its appearance in the
Liber Vitcey and appears to have become at
once a very favourite name. Then, as now,
fashion seems to have ruled, and when a new
name came in, there seems to have been a
run upon it. But by this time Elizabeth had
come into use, and as soon as ever that took
place, the two names, Eliza and Elizabeth,
would begin to get mixed up together as they
are now, so that a new female form would,
so to speak, be required for Alice. Alicia (or
more properly Alisia), is an attempt to supply
the euphony which is lacking in Alisa, by
supplementing it with a vowel, just as, for the
same reason, Amala has been made into
Amelia.
About the beginning of the fifteenth century
another Christian name for women, Alison,
begins to make its appearance in the Liber
Viice, This name, however, I take to be
firom an entirely different origin. There is an
old Frankish woman's name, Alesinda, Ele-
sind, Alesint, of the eighth century, from which,
dropping the final d^ it would naturally come,
and which is derived by Grimm from Gothic
alja^ alius (in the probable sense of stranger
or foreigner), and sind in the sense of com-
panion or attendant
Janet : Not from Jane or any female
fort?i of J OHU.
It may seem rather a paradox to suggest
that Janet has nothing to do with Jane, and
yet I think that a pretty good case can be
made out. We find Geneta as a woman's name
in the Liber Vita in the thirteenth century,
before Jane or Joan or Johanna were in use.
And in the two following centuries we have
Gennet, Janeta, Janette, and Janet, of common
occurrence as Christian names. ^One of these
cases is a very curious one. It is that of one
Willelmus Richerdson and his wife Christina,
who having a family of eighteen children,
seem to have been so completely at their
wits' end for names to give them, that two of
the sons are called Johannes, two Willelmus,
after their father, two of the daughters Chris-
tine, after their mother, and no fewer than
three called Janet Such reduplication of
Christian names does not, however, seem to
have been unusual at that time.) Now it
seems clear that the above name, Geneta, is
the same as our Janet, and equally clear Uiat
it is not derived from any female form of
John. Foerstemann (Altdeutsches Namen-
buck) has an old Frankish woman's name, Ge-
nida, tenth century, from a Codex of Lorraine.
And I find also the woman's name, Genitia,
in the FoL Rem.^ one of the old Frankish
chronicles before referred to. These old
Frankish names might well leave a woman's
name behind in France, which in after times
might get mixed up with Jean, and fi-om
which our name may also have been derived.
I may observe that we have also Gennet and
Jennett as surnames, and the Germans have
also Genett. But these, though ftom the
same stem, must be taken to be fitrni another
form of it — viz., from Genad, eighth century, a
man's name. From the same stem Foerste-
mann derives the woman's name, Genoveva,
sixth century ; whence, through the French,
our Genevieve. As to the etymology of ^m, the
Germans are not agreed, Leo suggesting a
borrowed Celtic word, with the meaning of
love or affection, while Foerstemann seems
to prefer Old High German gan^ magic or
fascination.
Emma. As to its derivation.
The generally-received derivation of Emma
fi'om a Teutonic word signifying grandmother,
or nurse, cannot, I think, be maintained in
face of the fact that among the old Franks,
from whom we have derived the name, the
man's name, Emmo, was quite as common as
SOME NOTES ON THE NAMES OF WOMEN.
99
the woman's, Emma. Though we have so
freely adopted the woman's name, I cannot
find any trace of the man's name at any time
in England, though we have as surnames
several names from the same stem, and a
(perhaps obsolete) Christian name, Emmott
As to the etymology, which is considered by
the Germans to be obscure, I have elsewhere
ventured to suggest Old Northern ymia^
stridere ; whence the name of the giant, Ymir,
in Northern mythology. The sense is that
of a harsh and loud voice, which suggests
huge stature. So, from Gaelic fuaim, noise,
strepitus, cornea fuaim/tatry a giant, of which
we may possibly have a lingering tradition in
the nursery — "Fee, Fa, Fum^^ representing
the giant's dreaded war-cry. And from what
follows, " I smell the blood of an English'
man" one might almost think of the nurse as
a Saxon, and the o^e as one of the earlier
Celtic race, who might in those days be dan-
gerous neighbours. To return to our text.
I think that Emmeline, comparing with an
Old Frankish Emelina, eleventh century, and
an Emalina, about the twelfth century in the
Liber Vita, may be placed as a diminutive form
to this stem. Miss Yonge suggests Amalinda
{iind^ snake) to which there is no objection
further than that the derivation above given
is more simple, and involves less alteration.
(^leaninga from tbe public
Hccorbe*
|HE curious and extraordinary entries
to be found among the public
records are not confined to the
comparatively frivolous examples
given in the last paper on this subject,
imder the title of "Some Curiosities of
Records." Interesting, and occasionally valu-
able, information can be gathered from them
as to the ways of the lives of our remote
ancestors, which will be useful to the historian,
while entertaining the casual reader. The
majority of extracts that it is proposed to
present in this article are to be found in the
more purely technical and formal muniments
<tf the country, ^and though not ranking with
those scraps of amusing information, pre-
served generally among &e State Papers, they
constitute exactly the diverticula amcena 61
history which Livy advocates so strongly.
The following cunous and very grim piece
of evidence as to prison life in the early days
of the Plantagenets has been taken from the
Coram Rege Rolls of Henry III. The trans-
lation of its runs thus : —
Assizes held at Lndinglond.
The Jury present that Willam le Sauvage took
two men, aliens, and one woman, and imprisoned
them at Thorlestan, and detained them in prison
until one of them died in prison, and the other lost
one foot, and the woman lost either foot by putre^
faction. Afterwards he took them to the Court of
the Lord the King at Ludinglond to try them by the
same Court. And when the Court saw them, it was
loth to try them because they were not attached for
any robbery or misdeed for which they could suffer
judgment. And so ihey were permitted to depart
This ghastly story is unfortunately by no
means the only one that can be taken from
the Coram Regc Rolls.
The severity with which the Plantagenets,
and John in particular, visited the Jews, is
familiar to most people from the pages of
Scott's Ivanhoe, and that the picture given
in that work was not exaggerated may be
gathered from the following extract, taken
from the Oblata Rolls of 2 John : —
Moses the Jew of Gloucester gives the King 20
marks of silver to have his peace of 200 marks, imless
he owe them to the Lord the King as a debt or a
tax.
And William de Warrenne is commanded that
he cause him to be dealt with as the other Jews
who owe ihe Lord the King nothing. ' And the same
William and his companions are commanded to
take security, because the Lord the King prefers to
have 200 marks than 20 marks. And he shall be
summoned by the pletlges of the Jews.
Cancelled because the Lord the King prefers to
have 200 marks from him than 20 marks.
The unhappy Jew must have considered
himself lucky if he got off at 200 marks,
which was a comparatively light extortion
as the times went. If, on default, he had to
undergo such misery as the prisoners in the
preceding extract are said to have done, a
very instructive comparison between past and
present is suggested.
It is refreshing to turn from pictures of so
dark a hue to a pleasant custom, established
probably by some beneficent landlord,
which, according to the Special Commissions,
ioo
GLEANINGS FROM THE PUBLIC RkCORDlS.
obtained in West Drayton. " Every inhabi-
tant within this manor," runs the record,
" being a father of a family (exisUns pater-
familias) has by an ancient custom the
liberty of fishing in the common stream there
for three days in every week.'* One can
picture and envy the idyllic existence of
these tenants and early disciples of Isaac
Walton, and it would be interesting to
contrast the marriage or baptismal registers
of West Drayton with those of other and
less fortimate parishes. There may yet be
a good lawsuit if some enterprising tenant of
the manor, ^' existens paterfamilias" and an
angler to boot, chance upon The Antiquary.
A curious old document was unearthed
from the obscurity of a semi-private collec-
tion of manuscripts — for it is not, properly
speaking, a record — and is well worth
attention, not only as a memento of a dis-
tinguished lady, but as evidence of what
may be considered as the usual regime of a
pious household in the Middle Ages. It is
a detailed account of the daily life of the
Princess Cicely, mother of Edward IV., and
in the original extends over several pages of
foolscap; a few of the most salient points,
however, are all that can be noted here.
The princess spent her time as follows : — She
rose at seven and began the day with matins,
after which she had breakfast. This over,
she returned to her religious exercises, and
continued so employed till eleven o'clock,
when she with all . her household dined.
Having concluded her dinner and given an
hour's audience to such tenants or others as
might desire that privilege, the Princess slept
for a quarter of an hour, and rising, it is to be
hoped refreshed, from a singularly short siesta^
she returned to her prayers and so continued
till "evensong," to which ceremony she
immediately proceeded, allowing only a short
interval for the consumption, as we are told,
of "wine or ale." Evensong concluded at five
o'clock, she went to supper, and, on edifying
thoughts intent, during the progress of that
meal recited the lecture she had heard at
dinner to those about her.
Relief, however, was at hand, and the
Princess's sufferings for the day were over —
stem duty was to be succeeded by mild
dissipation, for on rising from the table, she
gave herself up, as we are informed, to an
hour's '^ mirth" ! Histoi^ is silent as to the
peculiar kind of jollity mdulged in by this
pious lady, but, after the supper and its
accompanying lecture, even chess must have
appeared a reckless indulgence, and the
frolics of a jester, or the stately measure of
a dance, a positive orgy. The hour of gaiety
being spent, the Princess Cicely went
upstairs and, after praying again, retired to
bed, reaching that haven at eight o'clock !
The touch of sly humour which the courtly
old chronicler, who apparently finds the
lady's daily exercises too much for his gravity,
inserts at the end of his account, is worth
quoting:— **I trust," says he, "our Lord's mercy
that this noble Princesse thus devydeth the
howres to his high pleasure."
The account is not yet concluded; the
following information as to the menage of the
household may be of interest
The dinners on Sunday, Tuesday, and
Thursday consisted principally of boiled beef
and mutton, one roast joint in addition being
allowed ; on Monday and Wednesday the
meal was much the same as on the other
days of the week, with the omission of the
roast. The suppers uniformly consisted of
roast beef and mutton. The dinner on
Saturday was salt and fresh fish aUd butter
— the supper being salt fish and eggs. Friday
is not mentioned ; but, as it was a fast day,
the meals were probably worse than those of
Saturday.
The head officers alone had breakfast, and
to them also was allowed the luxury of
bread and ale for supper.
The two following rules, almost Draconian
in their severity, must conclude the notice of
this interesting document : —
By the constitutions of the house if any man comes
late to matins, &c., he has only bread and water for
his supper.
Every man at Easter must bring a certificate to
show where he was shriven or received the Sacrament,
or he loses his place.
It is probable that such a way of life was
rare, even in those days of priestly influence;
and surely there could be but few servants
found to submit to a rule as strict as that of
Edward's mother. But the broad features of
the case have their value, and would probably
apply to most regimes of the period.
A similar example may be found in the
GLEANINGS FROM THE PUBLIC RECORDS.
lOI
rules given by £dward IV. for the lives of
his poor little sons, Edward V. and Richard
Duke of York, to their guardians. Lord
Rivers and the Bishop of Rochester, in
which the King commands that their dinner
shall be at ten and supper at foiu:.
Of a later date is a set of English transla-
tions of Latin phrases and proverbs preserved
among the State Papers. Very quaint and
amusing some of them are, though occasion-
ally tainted with the coarseness of the time
(Elizabeth), which renders many interesting
scraps of literatiure unfit for ears polite —
the translations being free in two senses of
the word. The following are some of the
least offensive : —
Siremu pokire: To drinke till the ground waxeth
Uew.
Nil moror ilium : I care not two chippes for him.
O catlum^ ierra^ o f acinus : Oh, the blonde of an
orchin.
/VwAr pofus: Well tippled.
JViAil kabtntibus diffidlimHm est: It is hard to get
a breeche of a bare-backed man.
The originals of some of our modem
slang expressions will be found here, and
the last example as a proverb will fill up a
gap in our collection.
The Public Records again, as affording us
important side lights of history, are invalu-
able. That during the progress of a civil
war, buying and selling of real property and
other business transactions would be at a
standstill, seems a pretty tenable proposition
by itself, but it is proved beyond all question
when the Close Rolls of the latter part of
Charles I.'s reign, are inspected. From huge
rolls of many parts at the beginning of the
rejgp they dwindle down to starveling
records of half the size at the end of Charles's
career, to spring up again and flourish
on the establishment of Cromwell's govern-
ment
The Protector's difficulties at the begin-
ning of his rule are also amply illustrated by
the Records. A jury appointed to survey
the King's possessions in the hundred of
Nantconwey, Carnarvonshire, thus apologize
for a very meagre return : —
May it please ytmx honour the reason why we have
so briefely sett downe the towne of Penachno aKas
Fennachino, aforesaid (and other places in the Hun-
dred), was because we could discover noe more from the
ciintiey ; and to goe upon the premisses to survey or
finde out any thinge we diii$(;no{, beinge soe diT4ishIy
threatned by the malignant^ ^.V .
Recipes are as plentifufk^lilackberries in
an autumn lane ; and it wcml4*s^em that the
scribes and accountants of Ibi'i^-. hundred
years ago had nothing better to de\|Mi their
spare time and pages than air their Icnowledge
of physic for the benefit of a fiiture genen\tibn.
Room can be found for one alone which domes.-,
from Diurham, and is probably as far-fetcHad';-'.
and extraordinary as any that ever emanated -':
from a superstitious old peasant or specious ' .
quack. It is a " medycyne for the pestilence,"
and is as follows : —
Take a great reid onyon & if hit be not grete take
the mo smaU & take ane handfull of rewe & bray
hit & and when hit is brayd take the onyon and cut of
the hede and take out the core thereof ; and put the
rewe into the onyon and put therto als moch triacle .
[treacle !] into the onyon as of the rewe, and if the
triacle be not thyk put more of the triacle therto.
And when all this medycyne is put into the onyon of
ichen a ouantite then set the onyon upon the fyre
and rost nit weU to hit be verra softe, and then take
hit of the fyre and take ij wid trenchers and wryng
the jus in to a cup of good vyneagre of the best ye
can get & strongest, and geif the p'son infecte with
the seiknesse the said jus to drynke all in the cupp
and kepe them warm after, &c.
Surely, in all fairness, the adventurous patient
who could take this nauseous compound de-
served a cure as a reward for his audacity, if
not for his common-sense !
Poetry among the records always has a
charm (bad as it generally is) for its very
incongruity, and perhaps also for the delight-
ful inconsistency of the co-existence of law
and poetry. Should a collection of such
poems ever be made (and it would be very
easy to get sufficient material), it would truly
be a heterogeneous one, ranging from an
original ode of Skelton's (found among the
Exchequer Treasury of the Receipt, and since
published in a collection of his works) down
to such poor stuff as this, whose only merit
consists in its being of very early date : —
Soth in mouth, loue in herte, trewe of dede, clene of
lyues, chast of al the body ;
Wan thou hast these five, than shalt tou thriue.
Fals in mouth, hate in herte, thcf of hond, crocket of
lyues, lecheur of the body ;
Whan thou hast these fyue, than it schalte neuere
thriue.
The next (and last) example, however, is
of a higher order, and points to a more tower-
ing intellect than that of the average scribe
t03
Gt^k(ffGS PkOk TtTE
• • *«•
who is credited with tVit)5l of the poems found
in records. tfc/f8i4' tolerably fair specimen
of that hybrid[f(rfui'ot verse known as Maca-
ronic, whi^ttja^urished in the thirteenth cen-
tury, ai^d't^V used as a literary exercise
later :-v '•• '
• • •
'•Righte as the rose cxcellcth all floures,
, \ Winter ligna florixa,
' '.•. •• So doth wy^e oy*e Ucoures,
'■'►.•• Dat multis soluttfera.
The p'phete Dauld saycs yat w jnci
Letificat cor hois.
It ameids mcne chere if it be fyne,
Est dignu laude nois.
"^Tien Ypocras or Galyene wold dispute
Cum viris sapientibus,
Gode wyne before was their refute,
Acumen p'bens sensihus.
If wyne be goode and right welt fyned,
pKxlest sobrie bibenlibus.
It whikkens man^s spiret and his mynd,
Atidaciam dat loquentibu^.
Goode wyne received soh'ly,
Mox cerebrum vivlficaL
Drunken also moderately wine
Membnun fortificat.
Natural! hete full well is strengt,
Degestionem uberius.
Hell of body also it lengthy
Vim matutinam p'sperans.
Gode W3me p'voks sum men to swete,
£t plena laxat viscera.
It maks men well to ett y'e mete,
Quia corda prospera.
If ane olde man drynke wyne that is good,
Facit ut esset juvenis.
It genderis full gentiU blode,
Nam purgat venas sanguinis.
Be thies saide causes, Sirra, methynks,
Que stmt rationabiles,
That gode wyne newe is the best drynke
Inter potus potabiles.
Fill now the cupp well to be my
Potum michi mox jugere.
I have seyd to my lippys, Be dry,
Vellem jam vinum bibere.
GentUl blode loves gentill drynk.
Simile amat simile.
Uadd I a cuppe filled by the brynk,
Parvum maneret bibile.
Wyne drynkers awe w« gret honn',
Semp* laudare dnm.
The which ordenyd this gode liveinge.
Propter salutem hoim.
Plente till yt leives goode wyne,
Donee Deus his largitis,
And bryng them sone when they go hyne,
Ubi non siccant amplius.
For these, and the thousand other curio-
sities to be found among our inexhaustibly
interesting Records, we ought to be truly
grateful to otir ancestors. They are hot only
valiiable in themselves, as swifl and sure
means of, in part, exploring oiir mysterious
and buried past, but, by amusing the un-
initiated, they will perhaps convince those
irreverent scoffers that the labours of the
antiquary are not uniformly dull, and that
Dr. Dryasdust's name was a libel.
M. H. Hewlett.
nDUcblanb; ox, Olesston (tadtle.
By Hbn&y Hayman, D.D.
HERE is a ruine arid wauUes of a
castle in Ldhdistershire cawlyd
Gleston Castell, sometyme 'long-
ynge to the Lorde Haringtons,
now to the Marquis of Dorset. Itstonditha
two miles from Carthemaile." So says Leland
in his Itinerary and from this it appears that
in the time of Henry VIII. the castle was
already a ruin. It is a fine remain, which
has been ascribed by local critics to Uie late
twelfth century ; but we incline on the whole
to assign the late fourteenth or early fifteenth
as its probable period. It is quadrangular,
but deviates from the strict parallelogram
form, by reason of the rise in the ground
at its northern extremity. The angles of the
entire area have each its tower, and these
angles nearly face the bardinal points. The
position is on the line of a parish toad, from
the hamlet of Scales to that of Oleaston, about
three-quarters of a mile from the former and
a quarter of a mile from the latter. It stands
about three miles from Furness Abbey, asd
is nearer ten than two miles from Cartmell,
Inland's " Carthemaile. " These angle-
towers are connected by curtain walls, the
longer sides of the included area are eddi
about ago feet long, being the north-western
and south-eastern faces. The north-eastern
about 170 feet, and the sduth-westetn
IS
about 130 feet in length. The tower of the
northern angle was far the largest l\A ndlth-
western face is 56 feet long, and its ncrtth-
eastern was about 6oj but isalmost demolished.
This was about one-third of the whole length
of that face of the eiiclt>sed area. The two
towers at the sdtithem and weilterh angles
are the bei^t preserved, and b&ve been each
MVCHLAND; OR, GLEASTOH CASTLE.
103
somediing over ^Ry feet high. Under the
remains of their connecting curtain a farmer's
homestead is sntiglf nestled, and a good
many of the farm buildings look as if the old
castle had been their quany.
The southern tower has a continuous stair-
case in the thickness of the wall, which
measures some ten feet at the base, and the
staircase emerges under an overhanging hood
of masoniy, the dwarfed remains of an an-
gular turret of the tower, having traces of
staiis to a still higho' point of outlook than
die platform of the battlements, the width of
which is now nothing else than the thickness
of the tower's own walL The battlements are
entire on two £u:es, and two rainspouts, one
having a fragment of an exteimal guigoyle,
are yet traceable. The throat of the now
roofless tower has a thick growth of scnib and
young tree. These have seeded themselves
in the mortar and native earth, which latter
was used instead of cement in the deeper
thickness of the massive walls, to embed the
smaller stones. And one, a young ash-tree,
curled over by the prevailing wind, clothes
the stony cap of the angular turret like the
crest of a helmet. There could never, owing
to the conformation of the ground, have been
any moat The garrison relied solely on the
thickness of their walls, and Chaucer's line,
A hegge (hedge) as thicke as a castell wall,
receives abundant illustration at Gleaston.
The chief approach seems to have been at
the south-eastern face of the western tower,
where a steep flight of jagged stone steps,
turning a sharp angle as it rose, and com-
mand^ by a window pierced obUquely in the
adjacent face of the tower, as well as by
arrowslits further ofi" and higher, led up to an
entry on the first floor. The lowest stage of
each tower was dark, and might be used for
a store-room, dungeon, cellar, or, "" possibly,
stable, that of the western tower shows
signs of a modem byre for cows -, while the
hollow, ivy-bndded upperworks, with black
holes for rafter ends, and broad shallow fire-
places, their backs still black with the smoke
of the Middle Ages, with ripped-up chimneys
and riven staircases, are ondy alive with small
birds and bats. There was perhaps once, added
at a still later period, a fine doorway in the
northrwestem curtain, near its juncture with
the northern tower ; its head is a much flatter
arch than any other in the building ; its ex-
ternal facing is all torn away, having probably
been of better and squarer stones — more
tempting to the pilferer. In the interior
area, the site of what was once a keep is only
marked by a bold rise in the green sward,
forming a continuous moimd up to the base
of the northern tower, the ruins of the larger
part of which lie mingled beneath the siuface
with those of the keep. There is excellent
limestone close by ; and from a range of its
quarries, in work at this day, the materials of
the castle have come, taken, however, from
the topmost stratum only, and therefore rag-
ged and chinky. For door and window
settings Permian sandstone has been used,
which occurs largely in the south-west and
south of Fumess. These, except the one door
above mentioned, have acutely-pointed head-
ings, trefoiled in the upper stages but mere
lancets in the lower, and all iiidely splayed
within.
The large area of the enclosure, being over
4,800 square yards, as also the recessed fire-
places, and chimneys over them in the wall's
own thickness, wluch therefore must have
been part of the original fabric, all forbid
the assumption of an earlier date. The
argument for an earlier date rested mainly
on the narrow lancet and trefoil-headed
windows. But these, although out of date
in a fourteenth or fifteenth century church,
are by no means so in a castle of the same
period. For defence against hand-missiles,
the narrowest form of window was as essential
then as before. The keep, which has wholly
perished, may possibly have been earlier.
This castle was no doubt the chief resi-
dence of the Lords of Aldingham, of whom
the first on record. Sir Michael Le Fleming,
of the Norman period, seems to have com-
municated his name to the manor : since
" Muchlands," said, but probably erroneously,
to be a corruption of " Michael's lands,'* is
the term by which it is distinguished from
the estates of Fumess Abbey, in a charter of
King Stephen, confirmed by King John, con-
veying privileges to the Abbey. " Muchland,"
as meaning ** large manor," is probably the
simple account of the name. The latter
Sovereign in 1x99 granted court-leet and
court-baron to a Sir William Le Fleming,
104
MUCHLAND; OR, GLEASTON CASTLE.
reserving a jQ\o annual rent for "Much-
land." That fountain of pious donation,
King Henry III., bestowed that rent upon
the monks of Fumess. The Le Fleming
issue male expired about 1270. Their heiress
married a Caunesfield or Cancefeld ; but in
1293 male issue again failed, and the Har-
rington* name came in until 1457, when
similarly, it gave way to the Devonshire
BonviUes. William Bonville, Lord Har-
rington, taking his title from his wife*s name,
was slain at the battle of Wakefield, in 1460,
leaving an heiress, who married Grey, Mar-
quis of Dorset, from whom was descended a
later Marquis of Dorset and Duke of Suffolk,
who became involved in the attainder of the
imhappy Lady Jane Grey, and thereby the
Crown became Lord of the Manor of Alding-
ham, or ** Muchland," and patron of its
benefxe. In illustration of the name " Much-
land," it may be remarked that the next parish
is " Much Urswick," from which the minor
hamlet oi Little Urswick has become contra-
distinguished in local nomenclature. JJrs-
wick was an acquisition of the Le Flemings
by marriage, temp. Henry III., when it
became annexed to the "Much Land"
manor. The utterly insignificant part played
by casties, fortified places, and sieges in the
Wars of the Roses, must strike every student
of history. It seems as though no art of
defence, commensurate mth the powers of
artillery to attack, had as yet been devised ;
and at or before this period, it is likely that,
their raison (P^tre having ceased, many
castles were allowed to go to ruin. That of
" Muchland" may also have ceased to be a
residence when the family, owing to their
forming a royal connexion (for the Greys
were connected with King Edward IV.),
shifted their position southwards ; and even
in their earlier " Bonville" period, the same
influence might have operated. The Har-
ringtons, on the contrary, were a north-
country family, and there is a hamlet of the
name not far from St. Bees. By one of them
this castle was probably built.
* There is in the chancel of Aldingham Church a
single reUc of stained glass, being a shield which bears
sable, a fret, argent, known as the Harrington coat.
arcbaic Xanb (Tenure in
2)ome0bai?«
R. FREEMAN, in the pages of his
Norman Conquest^ has expressed
his surprise at finding so little men-
tion of land held in common,
though we can tell fh)m the cases which still
survive that it must have been considerable in
extent. And yet I have reason to believe
that, even in the cases he quotes, the land
which he assumes to have been held in
common, can be proved to have been held
in severalty. On the other hand such rights
of common as those over half-year land
would naturally be unrecorded. But my
present object is to call attention to some
important glimpses of Archaic Land Tenure,
which we may read between the lines of the
Domesday Record.
The September number of the Antiquary
contained two most interesting articles,*
dealing with the " Village Community " and
specially with the " Right of Pre-emption."
On turning to the Survey of Lincoln {Domes-
^^y^ i- 336) we find this remarkable
passage : —
Hanc ecclesiam ct terram ecclesise (xiL toftes et
iv. croftes) et quicquid ad earn pertinet habuit Godric
filius Gareuinse sea, eo facto monacho, abbas de Burg
obtinet. Burgenses vero onmes Lincolis dicunt quod
injuste habet, quia nee Gareinn nee Godric filius ejus
mc ullus alius dare potuerit extra civitatem nee extra
parentes eorum nisi concessu re^is, Hanc ecclesiam
et quae ibi pertinet clamat Emuin presbyter hereditate
Godrici consanguineL
Mr. Freeman quotes this passage in full,t
but without perceiving its peculiar import-
^ance, nor, as far as I am aware, has any
writer on these subjects discovered the in-
ference to be drawn from it. Bat, on com-
paring it \vith Mr. Fenton's article, it becomes
rich with meaning. " With especial jealousy,"
he tells us,t " did the early communes guard
themselves from the intrusion of strangers,
and their safeguard against that intrusion
took the form of the Right of Pre-emption."
* Mr. Fenton's Right of Pre-emption in Village
Communities^ and Mr. Gomme's Arehaic Land Cus-
toms in Scotland,
f Norman Conquest^ iv. 209.
X Afife^ vol. iv., p. 89.
ARCHAIC LAND TENURE IN DOMESDAY.
X05
For farther details I may refer the reader to
the article itself; but there is one point
requiring special notice. The prohibition
extended not only to strangers {extra
eivitatem\ but also to members of the com-
munity who were not of kin to the deceased
{extra parentes) : this would seem to confirm
Mr. Connell's view,* as against Mr. Fenton's.
Mr. Connell traces the custom
to the theoretical descent of each co-sharer in the
estate from a common ancestor, according to which
Hindu law, the possessor of ancestral proMrty in land
is only a life tenant .... Hence it foUows that as
no temporary occupant of ancestral property in land has,
in the eyes of strict Hindu law, an absolute power of
disposal, a ri^t of receiving the offer of purchase
obtains to eadi relative {i,e, potential heir) in the
paternal line, according to proxunity of relationship.
{Clamat Emuin presbyter hereditate Godrid
eoMsofiguinei sui.) In Emuin's case the
question of re-purchase would obviously not
arise, as the Umd had been given and not
sold. It should be observed that we may
also learn from this entry how completely the
king had usurped the position of the
original ''Community." His sanction was
now required to the admission of a fresh
member,! just as the sanction of the com-
munity is still required in the courtbaron
of the manor. {
The importance of this passage is of course
great, as bearing .upon the origin of an
Fnglish commtmity dwelling in a Roman
Coionia. It would seem to confirm in a
striking manner the views of the "Old
English" School.
If we now turn to the account of Torkesey,
which is found on the following page (i. 337),
we find that this archaic ** right of veto,"§
which at Lincoln had passed from the com-
munity to the king, was here non-existent.
''Quod si aliquis burgensium alibi vellet
abire et domum qua esset in eddem villd
cw«^^/sine{IgSg;}praepositi, si vellet, posset
facere.** What conclusion must we draw
firom this difference ? Possibly we may
assume that a powerful corporate community,
such as Lincoln^ with its twelve Lawmen,
remained to the days of William, would
♦ Aniiquafy^ iv. « 26-227.
+ Nisi ccncessu regis.
X Stnbhs'B Const Hist, i. 34.
I "The communities claimed a right of veto."
Systems of Land Tenure (Cobden Club), 3rd ed. p. 143.
VOL.* v.
preserve intact its traditional customs, while
weaker communities would suffer them to
lapse.* And the archaic right of veto
would naturally commend itself to a jealous
oligarchy as a valuable weapon to their
hands.
At Ho-eford we meet with a striking trace
of this Aryan custom : —
Si quis eoramyoluisset recedere de civitate; poterat
concessti propositi domum suam vendere alUri hcmini
seryitiom debitum inde facere volenti, ethabebat pnc-
positus tertium denarium hujus venditionis.
Here we have (i) the "Right of Veto"
vested in the Reeve, as the representativo of
the King, and, through him, of the com-
munity, (2) the transfer of the servitium debt-
tum^i which had an exact parallel in Hindu
law. jffita^ according to Mr. Fenton, is
" land held rent-free in return for service ;"t
and the mode of transferring the land is thus
described by Sir G. Campbell : —
The ordinary form of alienation (in India) was not
by selling or letting, but by mortgaging, if the term
can properly be applied to the transaction. The
mortgagee or depositary undertook to discharge what
was due (servitium tUbitum) upon the land, and
obtained the use of it.
(3) We have a heavy fine imposed on
the alienation (et habebat pnepositus tertiuvi
denarium hujus venditionis). This must not
be compared with the fine quoted by Mr.
Fenton from the Assyrian records, though it
would be tempting to do so. It rather repre-
sents a composition for an offence against the
community, which, as we have seen, the
alienation of land was deemed to be.§
• So, Freeman (Norman Conquest v. 466), ** The
marks or townships which had come together in the
shape of boroughs had been more lucky tluui those in
the open country, in being better able to keep the
common land, which in many cases they still keep to
this day.*' But he leaves out of sight the opposing
influence of the facts that common land would be of
les3 value to an urban than to a rural community,
while the inducement to enclose in severalty would
be greater.
t This is without prejudice to the then meaning of
servitium. Whether rent was supplanting personal
service or not, the principle would be the same.
X ** Village officers who were allowed the use <?/* a
plot of ground in return for their services** iv. p. 90 ;
see also iii. p. 252-6.
§ It should be noticed that Mr. G>ote (Romans in
Britain, 242, 24S-251, 370) skilfully traces this
custom to the Roman doctrine of possessio. But
this assumes that it was relative to the State, while,
in these cases, it was relative to the community.
I
to6
ARCHAIC LAND TENURE IN DOMESDAY.
In another part of the Survey we may
discover a valuable hint of the manner in
which tenure in several had been growing
upon the town-lands : —
In bnrgo Snotingeham fiienmt clzxiii. bargenses et
xix. villani. Ad hoc buigum adjacent vi. carucatae
terrse, ad geldum regis ffme Urra partita juit
inter xxxviii. burgenses (L 280).
Compare with this the succeeding entry : —
In burgo Derby T. R. £. eiant cadiii bargenses
manentes et ad ipsom boij^m adjacent xU. carucatae
terrse ad geldum quas viii. caracatae possunt arare.
H€tc terra partita erat inter xli. burgenses (i. 288).
Was tliis '' partitio " an equal division ? If
so, it is of the greatest importance. We
have fortunately a passage m the case of
Nottingham which will, I think, decide the
question : —
In Snotingeham est una ecdesia in dominio regis
in qua jacent iii. mansiones burgi it v. bovata terra de
supradictis sex carucatis.
The exact area of the bovate is imcertain»
but if we may put it at twelve acres, (or l^
carucate), these five bovates would then be
just the proportion due to three of the lot"
houses^ the mansiones burgi. In any case,
we have here what Mr. Gomme describes* as
" the right to land for purposes of tillage "
{carucatai) ** being insepambly connected wit&
the ownCTship of certam plots of land within
the township."
But the striking feature in these two cases
is the disproportion between the allottees and
the whole number of ** burgesses." At Not-
tingham only two of every nine burgesses, at
Derby only two out of every twelve, shared
in the partitio of the common land. Here
again we turn to Mr. Gomme's article, and
we find, in the forty-eight freemen of Newton-
upon-Ayr, whose number was never allowed
to*increase,t an exact parallel to these thirty-
eight at Nottingham, and forty-one at Derby.
We are told how " the common property has
been divided among the forty-eight freemen,
from time to time, from the first erection of
the burgh."J We should also compare with
these English boroughs Mr. Gonune's cases
* Archaic Land Customs in Scotland^
t The number of bui]gesses is limited to forty-eight,
which compose the community/'— .Sir y, :SXt$clair*
Z iv. p. loa. ^ .
of the Burgh of Lauder with its 105 '^ burgess
acres," and the village of Crawford with its
twenty ^'freedoms," the number being con-
stant in each case. The latter is specially
interesting as affording an instance of '^a
subordinate rank" of buigesses. Then is
more than one hint in Domesday of a dis-
tinction between the maj<Mr and mincnr
burgesses, the former being, of couxse, the
holders of the original '' lots,"* and bearing but
a small proportion to the lesser buigesses,
who were occasionally not accounted as bur-
gesses at all.t Thus, in the survey of Col-
chester, we find single burgesses holding as
many as twenty or diirty houses, the inluibi-
tants of which are not even alluded to. The-
importance of this distinction lies in die &ct
that we have here, as Professor Stubbs has
truly observed,t the germ of the future cor-
poration. I shall hope on a future occasion
to adduce some further evidence in support of
this view as against that which would derive
the corporation, in its inception, firom the later
and less national orgamzaticni of the guild."§
J. H. Round.
* Mr. Coote (J^omoHs in Britain, 350^ 368) sees
in these upper buigesses the descencknts of Uie
original Latin colonists. The reverse was prc4)ably
thecase.
t Ellis, in his Introduction assumes too hastily that
the numbier of houses would give the number cii bur-
gesses (i. 463, *' Allowing, therefore, one burgess
to a house."). He makes this mistake thron^out.
** This disproportion between the two classes is« says
Maine {Village Communities^ pp. 85, 88|^ "a point of
some interest, since an epoch m the history of these
groups occur when they cease to become capable of
absorbini^ strangers. .... The En^^ish cultivating
communides may be supposed to have admitted new^
comers to a limited enjo^ent of the meadows^ up to
a later date than the period at which the araUe land
had become the exclusive property of the older
families of the group."
t Const. Hist, i. Aia '* The only oiganisatioii of
the existence of which we have certain evidence^ the
fully qualified members of the township or hnndied-
conrt of the town*' (compare the Scotch burlavheourts
in Gomme's Primitive Folk-Moots) " as already con-
stituted. These were .... the burgage-tenants."
S Thompson's Municipal Antiquities, passim.
Compare Stubbs' (^/ij/. Hist. i. 94. " There is nothW
to justify Uie notion that they were the basis on whicE
the corporate tonstitution of the burgh was founded."
-•v/^ .»•
BARTOLOZZI, TBE ENGRAVER.
107
BartolQ33it tbe finaraver.
^T suuqr jeirs ago the w<h1c8 of
Baitdoad were commoii enough
and to be purchased for a smidl
sum, but wmi the revival of inter-
est in eighteenth - century art diey have
come to be regarded with more esteem, and
their price has ruturally been greatly en-
hanced. The interest fdt in these engrav-
ings is widespread, and Mr. Tuer records*
some curious anecdotes of die exaggerated
value set upon them by certain persons.
One of his correspondents had a set of the
'^filements*' and an historical print, all in
fiik condition, but cut dose, which the
propriet o r supposed to be worth about
;f 700 (Mr ^800 apiece. Before, however,
even this sum was accepted, Messrs. Christie
were to be asked to value the prints,
in case they might be worth still more.
This is ignorance of one sort Here is
ignorance of another sort. A lady took a
print out of a frame, folded it up in a letter,
and asked for an opinion as to its value,
e]q[>]aining that she prized it highly because
it had d^cended to her from her grand-
mother.
Bartolozzi's style of art caught the taste
of his own day, and he became the fashion.
Charles James Fox on one occasion, seeing
Peter Beckford's Thmghts upon Humting
(which has a frontispiece of Diana attended
by diree females) on a bookseller's counter,
asked the price. On leamii^ that it was
five guineas, he is said to have ynH down the
money, torn out the frontispiece, and walked
out of the shop, leaving the imperfect book
behind him.
Mr. Tuer calls these prints "exquisitely
beautifril," but we think this is too strong a
form of expression. They are exceedingly
pretty, but most of them are deddedly w^
• BarUhai and hu PVarks. By AQ}}rew W.
Tscr. A Inognphical and descriptive acci ;:nt of the
life and career of Francesco Bartolozzi, R.A (illus-
tnted). WiUi some obsenrationsoathe present demand
for, and value of hb prints. .... a ii:kt of upwards
of a,ooo— the most extensive record jret compiled —
of the great cnrnver's works (London : Field &
Tuer, a vok. 4to).
and wanting in variety. We speak more
particukriy of die stipple prints, which are
now the fashion, as me line engravings by
which, as Mr. Tuer says, ^ he achievra his
real and lasting reputation" are less generally
known.
Francesco Bartolozzi, the son of a gold-
smith and worker in filigree, was bom at
Florence, in the year 1727. He made lus
first effort with the graver at the age of nine,
and two heads are in existence which he
produced in his tenth 3rear. These are said
to show, ^' in a remarkable degree, his
wonderfiilly precocious, though as yet un-
developed, power." He studied anatomy
and made a large number of drawings of
bonesand muscles at the Florentine academy,
for we must not forget that he was an ori-
ginal designer as well as the reproducer of
die works of others. He visited Rome, was
articled at Venice, where, at the expiration of
his apprenticeship, he married a Venetian
lady of good biith, Lucia Ferro by name.
He lived for a time in Rome, and then re-
turned to Venice, by which time his fame
had spread over Europe. In 1764, he was
persuaded, at the age of thirty-seven, to
settle in England, and he at once found out
his old fellow-student, Cipriani, with whom
his name and fame are so indissolubly
associated. His first work of importance in
this country, was a fine series of prints firom
Guerdno's drawings in the King's collection.
This was followed by a grand engraving of
Aimibal Caracci's *' Silence." At this tmie
the stippled red chalk process of engraving
had become the rage, and Bartolozzi was soon
forced by the printsellers to adopt the style
which is now looked upon as peculiarly his
own.
At the foundation of the Royal Academy,
in 1 769, our artist was nominated as one of the
original members, to the lasting chagrin of a
greater engraver--Sir Robert Strange, who
was not one of the forty. After a residence
of thirty-eight years in England, and in his
seventy-fifth year, he accepted a twice-re-
peated invitation from the Prince Regent of
Portugal to settle in that coimtry. The
honour of knighthood was conferred upon
him, and he received a pension of ^80 a
jrear. An Englishman who visited Bartolozzi
m Lisbon expressed his surprise that he who
I a
to8
BARTOLOZZI, TBE ENGRAVER.
could make ;^i,ooo a year in England should
be contented with so small a sum. ^Ha!
ha r* replied the artist, '' in England I was
always in debt for the honours showered on
my talents, and I was quite tired of work.
Here I go to Court, see the King, have many
friends, and on my salary can keep my horse
and drink my wine. In London it would
not allow me a jackass and a pot of porter."
On the 7th of March, 1815, after a short
illness, Bartolozzi died at Lisbon, aged
eighty-eight. All trace of his tombstone is
lost, but Mr. Tuer has erected a noble
monument to him in the two handsome
volumes which have given occasion for this
article. It is now too late to obtain fresh
biographical information, and in spite of
researches widely made Mr. Tuer has not
been able to add largely to the particulars of
Bartolozzi's life. He has, however, collected
much material in illustration of the artist and
his works. Some of this may appear a little
outside the subject, but all is of interest;
the chapters on the ''Art of Stipple En-
graving" and on " How to Handle Prints,"
are particularly valuable. It is amazing how
careless persons who ought to know better
are in handling engravings, and all who
possess such works of art must show them to
their friends with fear and trembling. Even
the plates of books are often irretrievably
spoilt by the way in which the leaves are
turned over. Two anecdotes given by Mr.
Tuer, showing the cruel damage done by the
ignorant we^thy, we will transfer to our
pages.
An amateur, wishing to illustrate a book with a
head of the Virgin Mary, bought of one of our largest
print-dealers a proof worth about £fio of MlUler's
•' Madpnna di San Sisto," after Raffaelle. When he
had paid for it, he calmly proceeded in the presence
of the astonished dealer to cut out the head of the
Madonna with a penknife, saying he did not want
the remaining portion of the prmt, which he left
behind. Some years afterwards the amateur died,
and his effects were sold at Christie's, amongst them
was the small book containing the head of the
Madonna, which the print dealer bought at the sale
for a mere trifle. The head was carefully removed
from the book, and sent, together with the remaining
portion of the print, to the restorer, who inlaid it so
well that it appeared uninjured.
The next instance is still worse : —
A nobleman now living commissioned a print-dealer
some five years ago to make a collection of fine prints,
princi|>ally fiinc^ subjects after Sir Joshua Reynolds,
tor which, as might be enected* he gave long prices.
When he thought he haa accomulated suffideot for
his pnrpo^ he had his treasures cut out into various
shapes to fit harmoniously, as he thought, one into the
other, and mounted, brilliantly varnished over, on a
a three-leaved screen ; but when the work was
finii^bed he did not like the appearance, so fmrthwiih
had the prints canefiilly taken ofl^ and the varnish re-
moved, lor placing in a scrap book.
Surely if the proprietors of works of art were
to realize that they are onl^ trustees for
posterity, and that wealth gives them no
moral right to destroy their treasures, such
enormities would not be committed.
In concluding this article we may sa^ that
the book under notice is most exquisitely
produced. The plates are good, especially
the benefit ticket — an example of a class of
work in which Bartolozzi excelled — and the
specimens of retouched plates are instructive.
The type is bold and striking, the paper is
rich and does justice to the printmg, and
the vellum binding is extremely tasteful. It
would not be easy to find a modem book
which could compete with it in beauty of
appearance.
IQ^JCJS.
Z\iz Site of Carcbemieb.
By WiLUAM F. AiNSWORtrf, F.SA., F.R.G.S.
LCHEMISH is mentioned in
Isaiah (x. 9), among other places
which had been subdued by an
Assyrian king — ^it is supposed by
Tiglath-pileser. That Carchemish was a
stronghold on the Euphrates appears from
the title of a prophecy of Jeremiah against
Egypt (xlvi. 2) : — " Against the army of
Pharaoh-necho, king of Egypt, which lay on
the river Euphrates, at Carchemish, and
which Nebuchadnezzar, the'king of Babylon,
overthrew, in the fourth year of Jehoiakim,
the son of Josiah, king of Judah."
According to 2 Chronicles (xxxv. 20),
Necho had five years before advanced with
his ally, Josiah, the father of Jehoiakim,
against the Babylonians on the Euphrates, to
take Carchemish. .
These Scriptural notices convey two definite
facts. First, that Carchemish was a city or
THE SITE OF CARCHEMISH.
109
town of Babylonia— even if a fnmtier town
as it seems to have been ; and, secondly, that
it was on, and not at a distance fh>n]y the
river Euphrates.
Taking these £u:ts into consideration,
Biblical scholars and comparative geogra-
phers have hitherto sought to identL^ Car-
chemish with the stronghold situated on the
Euphrates where that river is joined by the
Chaboras or Khabdr, and which was known
to the Greeks as Kirkesion, and to the
Romans as Circusium or Kircusium. The
Hebrew name of Carchemish or Karkhemish
is (with tiiie license pemussable in the muta-
tion of vowels common to all Oriental lan-
guages) more or less preserved in both these
etymologies, and equally so in its actual
Arabic name of Karkistya.
The river Chaboras or Aboras was, wc
know from Sir H. A. Layard's explorations,
dotted with towns of greater or less import-
ance in Assyrian times. It was evidenUy at
that time die high road from Nineveh to
*' Rehoboth on the river," now Rahabah, and
the countries beyond.
We know also from the Arabian geogra-
phers that it was a high road, with towns or
stations, in the time of the Khalifat ; and it
continued to be so in the time of die Cru-
sades, when Saleh-eddtn, the Ata-beg of
Mosul, constructed the fortress, still desig-
nated as Salahiyah, close by Rehoboth,
as a stronghold between ^yria and Meso-
potamia.
It is therefore reasonable to suppose that
a strong place situate at the jimction of the
Khabiir with the Euphrates was of import-
ance even in the time of the Babylonians,
and became, as a frontier town, coveted alike
by Assyrians, Hebrews, and Egyptians.
Circusium, Circesium, or Circessum, as it
was variously spelt, was, according to Zozi-
mus (iiL 12), situate at the confluence Qf the
Aboras and the Euphrates. Ammianus Mar-
cellinus (xxiiL 6) speaks of it as an island
surrounded by the confluence of the two
rivers. Procopius {E. -P., ii. 5) confirms this
account of its position, and he describes its
fortifications as forming a triangular figure,
at the junction of the two rivers. He
further mentions, in hb work, De ^dificiis
(L 6) that Diocletian added additional out-
wofks to the place, a statement which is
also coitoborated by Ammianus. So exten-
sive, indeed, are the ruins of the place in the
present day that the Arabs designate it as
Abii Serai, or '' the father of palaces," as well
as Karki'sfya.
Cellarius justly remarks upon this, in his
NoHtut Orbts Antiqui (iu p. 608), that it can-
not be doubted that a place occupying so
important a position was inhabited from a
remote antiquity ; sUid this is the reason why
many think that Circusium was the same as
the Carcemis ^as he writes it) mentioned in
the Sacred Scnptures.
Bochart {Geo, Sac. iv. xxi.) also says that
learned men deem Cercusium and Carcemis
to be the same. So also Rosenmiiller, in his
Biblical Geography. Benjamin of Tudela,
who travelled in the time of the Khalifs, also
speaks of Karkesia as having been formerly
called Carcemis.
The members of the Euphrates Expedition,
who explored both M&mbej and Karktstya,
advocated the same identification ; and Mr.
Vaux said, in the Dictionary of Greek and
Roman Geography (art. "Circesium"), that
" there is every reason to believe that Circe-
sium represents the place mentioned in the
Bible under the name of Carchemish."
Such was the state of the inquiry until
modem Assyriologists were led, by the read-
ing of certain inscriptions, to believe that
Carchemish was identical with Mambej, and
had been the capital of the northern Hittites ;
and further, that the Assyrian and Babylonian
name for Circusium had been simply Cirki or
Kirki.
The name of Mambej appears to have been
read as Kargamus ; which has by some been
very aptly traced to a corruption of Kar- or
Kir-Chemosh, the stronghold of Chemosh.
Others have opined that the latter part of the
name is an A^an termination, and that the
whole name was a dialectic variation of Per-
gamus, meaning a fortress, or a city situated
on a rocky elevation.
This identification, established by the in-
scriptions, receives support firom the Syriac
version of 2 Chronicles (xxxv. ao), in which
Carchemish is rendered Mabung.
We know from Pliny (v. xxiii.) that the
Syrian Hierapolis was called Magog (which
has been more correcUy read as Mabug), as it
is still called Mambej, as well as Jerabulus, a
no
THE SITE OF CARCHEMISH.
corruption from Hierapolii. Just as Mambej
was convetted by the Greeks of the Low
Empire into Bambyce or B&mbuke, and as
the English have converted the same name
(Mambej) into Bombay.
It is curious that a site marked by exten-
sive ruins, at a rocky pass on the Euphrates,
not far from Mambej, and which appears to
have been the port to the city, is called Kara
Bambuch by the natives. This may be
looked upon as a corruption of Mambey or
Bambye (B&mbidce) ; or it may be assumed
to indicate that Bambyce was a different
place to Hierapolis. But the latter assump-
tion would be opposed to the direct testi-
mony of Strabo, Pliny, iElian, and other
geographers.
Ritter, in his Erdkunde (x. 1056-1066), has
eliminated much curious information with an
attempt to connect the Bambyce of the lower
jBmpire, with Bombycina urbs " the city of
the silk-worm;" but there is no evidence
of the growth of the mulberry-tree (which
delights in moist and sheltered valleys, as at
Seleucia pieria, Amasia, Tokat, Brusa, and
other well-known sites in Western Asia) on
the uplands of North Syria. It is much more
probably a corruption of Mtobej, pronounced,
as it is, as Mambey.
Mr. Birch justly remarked upon the Rev.
T. Dunbar Heath's reading of the Hittite
Jerabulas, and Jerebis " was the name in
existence in the time of the Hittites ? " {Proc.
of Soc. of Bib. Arch.y Dec. 7, 1880.)
The fact is that Mambej was not called
Hierapolis till the time of the Seleucids. We
have the authority of iElian (H.A. xii. 2) to
die effect that it received its Hellenic name
from Seleucus Nicator.
It has been said that it received that name
owmg to the city being the seat of worship
of the Syrian goddess, of whom Pliny spoke
zsprodigiosa Atargaiis^ Graedslaulem Derceto
dicta ; but it is far more probable from its hav-
ing been also a seat of worship of Chemosh —
the sun, or god of fire.
However this may be, as Jerabulus was
a corruption of Hierapolis, the name
could scarcely have been in use with the
Hittites.
But as there were several towns known by
the name of Hierapolis, or *^ Cities of the
Sun," as in Phrygia and in Cilicia, as well as
in Syria;* so there may have been more tlian
one Carchemish, supposing that name to im-
ply the "city of Chemosh — as there weremany
Ecbatanas — that name implying *^ treasury
city." If this was tiie case, die error in the
Syriac version may have arisen from the
Karchemosh or Kargamus of die northern
Hittites, having been confounded widi die
Carchemish of Babylonia* «
What is remarkable in the inquiry is, that
not only was die Scriptural Cardiemish a
Babylonian city — ^which the Hittite Kaigamus
never could have been — but it appears also
to have been a place where the Assyrian
kings hunted elephants.
Dr. W. Lotz has shown, in his work JDie
Inschriften 7^M-Pi^^/., that the Assyrian
word which has been generally trandated
" horses," has really been borrowed from the
ancient Accadian language, and means an
elephant.
As Tiglath-pileser states that he hunted
these animals in the neighbourhood of Car-
chemish, it has been assumed that the
elephant, which was also hunted in the same
locality by the Egyptian King Thothmes III.,
continued to exist in that part of Western
Asia at least three or four centuries later.
We axe told by Strabo (xvi. 517) that
Seleucus fed five hundred elephajits at
Ajpamsea, at the junction of the Marsjras
with the Orontes, where there are ponds and
marshes. It is possible, then, that these may
have been of Asiatic origin.
Geologically speaking, we know that re-
mains of the elephant tribe have been found
in climates and places no longer suited to
their habits ; but there is no reason to believe
in any marked change of climate in Western
Asia within historical times.
' This being the case, the Kargamus of the
Hittites was utterly unsuited for the abode
of elephants. It stands on a lofty upland,
with a spare vegetation — ^no trees or shrubs
— and litde water. Nor in the same region
are the banks of the Euphrates more fiivour-
able to the abode of dephants. They are
grassy, with a few clumps of shrubby v^eta-
tion, at other places rocky ; and at the best
only capable of affording support to flocks
and herds of the nomadic Arabs.
The Euphrates at, and about the junction
* Notoriously Jerabnlas on the Biiplirates.
THE SITE OF CARCHEMISH.
Ill
of the KhaMr^presents a very different aspect.
Its banks are for the most part wooded —
in phices marshy— and the climate is very
different finom what it is on the uplands of
North Syria, where, if hot in summer, the
winters are often very severe.
It could indeed, as far as all probabHites
are concerned, have only been at Carchemish
on the lower Euphrates, and not at Carche-
mish on the uplands of Syria, that Thothmes
and H^di-pileser huntol elephants.
There is no doubt that the Assyrian
monaidis moved, upon occasions, in their in-
vasiocis of North Sjrria, by a northerly line of
route. They have left traces of their domi-
nation at Haran, at Seruj, and at Mambej, to
reach which they most probably crossed the
Euphrates, at the feny where now stands the
ruined castle known as Kalah en Nesjm, or
'* Castle of the stars," said to have been once
the residence of Al Mamto. From Mimbej
they proceeded by Aleppo, or as Mr. Rassam
has pointed out, by Azass, and the valley of
the Afihi, to the coast of Uie Mediterranean.
But it is equaUy evident, from the far more
extensive remains of Assyrian times met with
on die liver Khabiir^remains which indicate
a permanent occupation of a country to
which the Jews were removed at the period
<^ the first captivity — ^that they also availed
themselves, especially in olden times, of the
long^used route by that river and by Carche-
mif^ in their invasions of Judah and Israel
It was from its central and peculiar position
at the junction of two rivers, and from its
bemg a fix>ntier town between Babylonia and
Ass^ia, that. Carchemish not only derived
its importance, but became also the pivot oi
contest for supremacy.
Between its capture by Sargon and the
attacks on it by Pharaoh-necho, an interval
of somewhat more than a hundred years, its
history is unknown ; but it probably changed
its masters several rimes, as the rival powers
of Ethiopia or Egypt, and of Assyria and
Bab]donia, were in the ascendancy.
In the invasions by the Egyptians, the
Babylonians are spoken of as having the
Hittites for allies. This would scarcely have
beoi the case, if it had itself been the capital
of the Northern Hitrites — ^the southern tribes
bdng on the Orontes.
Hmt, agaiUi could the Egyptians under
Pharaoh-necho have been doing in North
Syria? or how came they, if there, to be
opposed to the King of Babylon ? The
Scriptural history of events, as associated with
Carchemish, are indeed inexplicable on the
supposition of that city being represented by
Mambej.
It roust, then, be left to Assyriologists, after
thus pointing out the difficulties involved in
the question, to determine if Kirki is not
merely a part of a name — a fragmentary or
incomplete inscription— or an abbreviation
for Kirkimish or Carchemish ; and whether
the inscriptions at Mambej, read as Karga-
mus, should also be read as Carchemish or
Kar-Chemosh ; and if so, if there were not
two Kar-Chemoshes— one in Syria, the capital
of the northern Hittites, the other a frontier
stronghold between Babylonia and Assyria.
The question is all the more worthy of
attention on the part of Assyriologists, as not
an historical event, or, as far as the writer
knows, not a single authority can be adduced
in favour of the Scriptural Carchemish being
identical with the northern Carchemish,
Mambej, or Hierapolis,
r:s!y:^Ji^-->
1£ax\^ ]BooIt0 on 6ip0ie0«
REIXMANN, one hundred years
ago, prefaced his well-known
Dissertation on the Gipsies by
saymg, that : —
Although much has been said and written con-
cerning the Gipsies, nevertheless, except the article in
the Vtmna Gazitie^ about the Gipsies in Hungary,
nobody has ever thought of publishing a circum-
stantisd, connected, account of the oeconomy of these
people, their opinions and conditions, since they have
Deen in Europe. Whatever has appeared on this
subject has been in detached pieces, occasionally
communicated by writers of travels, or by persons who,
having made particular inquiries about tnc origin of
the Gipsies, formed a S3rstem of their own concerning
them ; or, lastly, such hints as were buried in old records
or dispersed in various other books. ^
Grellmann mentions over i8o writers of
" fugitive detached pieces," all of which he
diligently examined as a foundation for his
Dissertation; and since then the world has
been liberally dosed with dilutions of his
XI2
EARLY BOOKS ON GIPSIES.
ideas, as well as with divers substantial
works, which are the outcome of the interest
which his book aroused for this peculiar
people.
A bibliographical list of either the authors
who preceded Grellmann, or of the books
written since, would be far too lengthy for
The Antiquary, however appetizing the
caviare might be to a few. It was in 1844
that Dr. A. F. Pott, of Halle, published his
philological treatise, Die Zigeuner in Europa
und Asien^ while Mr. Borrow, by his Lavengro
and Romany Rye, has done much to popu-
larize the subject in England, and Dr. A.
G. Paspati, of Constantinople, in 1870, put
forth his vast collection of the words and
idioms used by the Turkish Gipsies.
Amongst others, too, who have by detach-
dispersion right and left throughout Western
Europe.
The first period, the pre-historic, is a very
interesting one, but being anterior to 1413,
and in spite of M. Bat^ard's enthusiastic
industry and that of others following lus lead,
its authorities remain meagre, and the results
more or less speculative.
The first contemporary writer who men-
tions the race durmg die second period,
(1413 to 1438), seems to have been Hermann
Comer, a monk of the order of Dominican
Friars, who, in 1406, when probably a jroung
man, i^^as present at the Provincial S3niod of
Hamburg, and who wrote the Chrtmica
Novella usque ad annum 1435 deducta^ which
was first printed in 1723, in the Corpus hist,
pted avi, by Eccard (vol. iL p. 1225). He
ments given an impulse and made gre^^ dates their advent quarto anno Sigismundi^
additions to the subject, are Monsieur t^ qui est Domini 1417% firom wluch it is
Bataillard, of Paris, and Professor Miklosich, a argued that, as Sigismund became Emperor
of Vienna, and a useful rSsumi of these and 9 8 Nov. 141 4, the advent would be between
many more will be found in Mr. F. H.
Groome's able article on Gipsies^ in the
ninth edition of the Encyclopedia Bri-
tannica.
So much for the books on Gipsies, which
have succeeded Grellmann. Those pre-
ceding him have been so well garnered by
him and by Mons. Bataillard, that it is pre-
sumptuous to try to glean after them. Still,
many may not have had an opportunity of
consulting their works, and, without claiming
originality, a few notes as to these earlier
soiurces of information may be acceptable to
the general reader.
Grellmann's array of 180 jotters dwindles
down on examination to a very much smaller
number of originals, for many of them are
simply appropriators ^without acknowledg-
ment.
Mons. Bataillard, who is the most sys-
tematic in his dealing with these early
fragments of gipsy history, divides them into
three periods, the first relating to what may
be called the gipsy pre-historic age, ending
A.D. 1413 ; the second embracing the short
period between 141.3 and 1438, during which
he very plausibly argues that only an ex-
ploring party of about 300 wandered up and
down Western Europe ; and the third period,
dating fi'om the return of these scouts, accom-
panied by the mam body, and tracing their
8 Nov. and 25 Dec. 141 7 (Julian), or 29
Oct, and 15 or 21 Dec, 1417 (Grqgorian).
Next comes Albert Kiantz, who was bom
in the middle of the fifteendi century, and
died 7 Dec 151 7, and whose Saxonia was
first published in 1520, at Cologne, and
again in 162 1, at Frankfort (Bk« xL ch. 8,
p. 285).
Comer says they called themselves Secani^
the Latinized form of the word which is repre-
sented by Germ. Zigeuner^ French, Tsigane,
Italian Zingari^ Turkish Tchinghiane,
Krantz, in whose days they were more
widely spread, tells us the people called
them Tartars, and in Italy, Ciani.
The rest of these early descriptions is best
realized by referring to the illustrations given
in the chapter, on '' Gipsies, Tramps, and
Beggars," in Manners^ Customs^ and Dress,
during the Middle Ages, by Lacroix (London,
1874), or Callot's spirited engravings, remi-
niscent of his boyish ramble with them some
200 years after their ancestors' invasion.
Wilhelm Dilich, or Schafer, whose Hessiscke
Chronik was published at Cassel in 1617,
says (p. 229), under the year 1414, that
'' about this time came for the first time into
this coimtry a thieving, wicked, fortune-telling,
beggar-band of Gypsies." These abusive
epithets have been repeated cut nauseam to
the present day whenever gipsies are named,
EARLY BOOKS ON GIPSIES.
113
and form a fugue to the next notice, which is
found in the De rebus Misnicis (Meissen in
Saxony) of Georgius .Fabricius, which was
published at Leipzig in 1560, and states that,
in 1416, '' the Zigans, a wandering, wicked
race of men were, by oiderof Prince Frederick
driven forth, propter furta^ stellionaium et
IMditus** So Seth Calvisius, in his Opus
Chronoiogicum (Frankfort, 1650, p. 873), says,
ibax in 1418, '' The Tartars, commonly called
2geuner, a wicked, wandering people, first
seen in these regions, were expelled from
'hUmstti propter furta et libidmes^^ generously
omitting steUionaium^ which Du Gauge's
Gicssarium explains by sortiUgium^ or divi-
nation. Tobias Hendenreich, in his Leipzig-^
ische CAnmiie (Leipzig, 1635), uncharitably
sajrs that, in 141 8, '' the Zigeuner, a malicious,
thieving, fortune-telling crew, appeared for
the first time in Leipzig."
It seems likely that all these dates reflect
more or lessthe date of Sigismund's accession,
he having given these first comers a passport
or letter of protection, which they displayed
with great pride and assurance wherever they
went.
The next batch of authors hails fix>m Switz-
eiland, and is admirably summarized by
M. Bataillard in his pamphlet, De PAppari-
tum^ d'r., dcs Bohhniens en Europe (Paris,
1844, p. 27). Their names and works are
Joh. Rud. Stumpf, Schweitzer CAronie(Tiganf
16 16, p. 731); CEgid. Tschudi, Chronicon
Heheticum (1736, voL ii. p. 116); Christian
Wurstisen, Baslcr Chromck (Bale, 1580, p.
240); Daniel Specklin, Collectanea (MS.,
Strasbourg Library) ; Joh. Guler, Rhatia
(Zurich, 1616); Fortunat Sprecher, Pallas
Rhatica (Bale, 161 7) ; Joh. Grossius, Kurtze
Bossier Chronick (Bale, 1624, p. 70) ; Gabriel
'^zSsa^Appenzdler Chronik {^l.QtTii^jaLf 1740,
pu 366). M. Bataillard has critically exa-
mined all these, and has shown how they
copied from one another, or from one of the
first three — Stumpf^ Tschudi, or Wurstisen.
^fany other short notices are quoted by
M. Bataillard, but space forbids fiirther detail,
and finishes this dry-as-dust recital with a
reference to the invaluable entry in the diary
of the anonymous Parisian, published in the
fortieth vcrfume of Buchon's Collection, and
in Pasqoier's Rechercha de la Frana, detail-
ii^ the fim visit of a band of these pious
pilgrims to Paris in 1427, and what they did
there during their stay from the 1 7th of August
to the 8th of September. As a counterpoise
to the epithets of Dilich and Fabricius it is
pleasant to end with the words of this bour-
geois, who writes " vrayement j'y fus trois ou
quatre fois pour parler k eux, mais oncques
ne m'apercu d'ung denier de perte.'*
H. T. Crofton.
Communal 1>al>itation0 of
primitive Communitied.
By G. Laurence Gomme, F.S.A.
|RCHAIC society, as is well known,
is studied from two different source^
of evidence by modem inquirers.
On the one hand, there are the
ancient structures and the archaic customs
still extant in civilized society; on the
other hand, there are the contemporary struc-
tures and living customs still extant in un-
civilized society. These two sources, widely
apart as they are, geographically and ethno*
graphically, are, strictly speaking, bound
together by the closest ties, so soon as they
come to be considered by the comparative
archaeologist If we can link on the archaeolo-
gical remains of early village life in Britain,
for instance, to the living elements of primi-
tive village life, as seen in unprogressive
Aryan races like the Hindus, or the eastern
European races, and from thence to the living
elements of primitive life, as seen in savage
races, we get a long chain of evidence which
is of value to the student of eariy mankind,
and of the utmost interest to the antiquary
who delights in what remains to him of the
antiquities of our land. I conceive that
the work of the antiquary is not finished
when he has put on record the result of fresh
discovery, or when he has told us something
more about the details of already known
antiquities. This is where his work begins.
The next step is to hand this w(^ over to
other branches of research, for the purpose
of having it fitted in its proper place in the
great museums of the world's past ages. I
conceive that English antiquaries w1k> take
114 COMMUNAL HABITATIONS OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNITIES.
up that branch of our study which relates to
pre-historic antiquities, monumental or custo-
mary, should never rest content until they
have docketed and identified every item of
their research in the wider study of compara-
tive archaeology. Every such item has a
place somewhere, and* it tells us something
of our ancestors from whom it comes.
It is in this spirit that I have pursued my
researches into the early village-life of Britain.
On a previous occasion I laid before the
readers of The Antiquary the results of
one section of these studies — namely, the
land customs of the primitive village com-
munities, as shown by the caxious tenures
existing in Scotland. In a paper treating of
the traces df the primitive village community
in English mtmicipal institutions, which has
been printed in Archaologia^* I pointed out
diat, though not then dealing with the purely
village life of early times, I hoped to turn to
this subject at some future time, and I then
treated entirely of that branch of the primitive
village community which belonged to the
cultivation of the lands. I pointed out that
the decay of the old village system began in
the village itself, and that therefore the traces
of this section would be more difficult and
less exact than those of the land section.
And now that I come to deal with it, I find
my prognostications more than verified. I
suggested to myself that the habitations of
primitive communities would be founded
upon the same principle as the other portions
of village life were founded upon — ^namely,
community of interests and community of
tenure. But at the very outset, I come upon
the fact that though the villager of primitive
times never held property in hmd, but
always worked in common with his fellows,
yet he did hold something very like absolute
ownership in the village homestead where' he
' dwelt, and which formed the basis of his
rights in the village lands. And I found in
all Aryan society that this homestead was
fenced round and sanctified by the rites and
associations of a house-religion, and by the
deepest reverence for household deities. All
this intensified the ideas of absolute owner-
ship, and lessened the idea of communal
ownership in a village homestead.
♦ Archaologia^ voL xlvi. pp. 403-22.
But though I think I have discovered
where the vUlage life of Aryan society broke
away irom the village -life of more primitive
society — a subject ot which I hope to give
some researches some day — I have dis-
covered, too, that there still underlies the
whole S}rstem of Aryan home life the principle
of communal origin and tenure. The house-
hold religion of the Aryans nullified some ot
the effects of this, as it existed in savage
society; but it did not disturb the actual
fact that the habitations were communaL
I will state very shortly the results of my
researches in accordance with the above-
mentioned propositions, and then turn to the
evidenceinsupportofthem. The Aryan village
community consisted of groups of families
living together in clusters of homesteads, and
cultivating their lands in common and using
their produce in common. Each homestead
was occupied by a family — not the family as
known to modem politics, but the family as
known to primitive politics — the family, that
is, consisting of the chief, his sons and grand-
sons, with their respective families and
servants. This family was the unit of the
village, the individual villager not being
recognized. The homestead occupied by
this fiunily was a communal habitation — it
belonged to the fkmily and not to the
individual — ^it was built by the combined
work of the village. How clearly these two
circumstances identify the Aryan homestead
with the commimal habitations of primitive
communities, is shown by the &ct that we
can cany them both bade into non- Aiyan
communities until, in the archaic re-arrange-
ment of social institutions, we come upon that
stage of society where the cluster of families,
forming together the village, has dwindled
down to the one family only representing the
village— one family, that is, living under one
common roof.
There are two sources by which we may
recognize the archaic homestead among the
relics of early village life in Britain — ^first, the
structural remains; secondly^ the survival
of customs which directly take us to the
communal household. Neither of these
sources is rich in accumulative evidence — I
mean that we cannot go over the length and
breadth of our land and detect many
remains which belong to this department of
tXatMRBtXL SdSITJSJaKS OFJX2M777TE COMMilMSySHS.
"5
SfdiKcdogy ; biit magre s imy be our
cndence in tliB re^gct, it b T Jrti in lisni^
yCTWfTcd •111 J iiejily nttsct alt the sttribates
fey wtaidi wr mi^ link it on wiHi the endence
ID iiilEi|Jiet It XE ertdence wiiicii nndoiditEdtf
«dlB ns of tiic CKtly village life of oar
^ dK p Muiili TC -viUige hoaie. We -teul in
t hy T tBT Ji l im^ Kccomits of thf aeiiculQir&l
tVimitifti. j£ Scotlaiul tfait it IE the caEtom in
■ome dntiicts for the people to retiig in the
commonly spoc^Q u u bcsme
snd at (me time were so doolA the pemu-
carly villageis. Dr.
Wrtr4i^l1 fau dealt widi the subject of bee-
km bouses in a tcit instructive maimer in
1h excellent msk, TTte Past in the Pnsatt;
but diere is one contribution to aichso-
lopcal ■"f*"*, preserved in their peculiar
tens ci (gmslru ction, whidi he has not
fcHP***^ npcrn. The most interesting featoFe
it Hkk bednve houses to me is &at they
1 1 Jii n to be fanmd, not sin^ and isolated,
fert jt^Md togeAer in gronps. TIk b«
giTHp deasibed bjr Dr. UitcbeB* coesinB
di two bediivc hoitses, making two ^mt-
ments openii^ into each other. " Thimfh
nctemallylbe two blodcs looked round in
their otttline, and wen, in tact, nearly so,
intemalty the OBc apartment m^ht be de-
scrU>ed as in^ulaitji itmnd, and Uie other
xi irr^olaily sqoare." The floor space of
one was abotit six feet square, and of the
odirr six feet by nine. But this onion of
beehive huts is extended to a greater num-
ber than two. A remarkable instance of
rtiig is described and figured by Dr.
HitcbcIL+ It has several entrances, and
would accommodate many families, who might
be^token of B living in one mound rather
jten indvaae noL" Looking at the ground
plan of these bediive fauts as figured by Dr.
MitrheH {set next page), one cannot resist the
conclusion that the dinner has grown up by
acoetion, as it were ; that it has been added
to by the beehivemen to meet 'the increased
wHb of the primitive family who resided in
it. One other form of tire beehive hut I
most notice here. Dr. Mitchell says the
mins of it arc still older, still more complex,
llian any to be seen in South Uist Its
intaior is ronnd, and measures afi ft in
diameter. Withm this area there are ten
pters or pillaiE formed of blo(±E of dry-stone
masonry. The stones are entirely undressed
and of eveiy possible size and shape,
and there is no evidence of the use of any
tool by the btulders. This beehive house
would accbmmodate from forty to fifty
people^
Now, what I conceive to be the next step
in the anihaudogical retrospect afforded by
snch evidence as that we have just considered,
is t» ascotain iriiether these clusters of bee-
hive houses tell us anything of the men who
inhabited Aem in ptmiitive' times— ^rhethcr,
in fact, they can be linked on to other phases
of archaic life in order to reconstruct the
broken picture of the past. I cannot coitceivc
that our wmk is ended when we have
measured them, and examined theirmatenal,
' Faaim iluFntni,'^mtt(<^ I htic to •dcMiw-
lodge mj jnAebiednCTs to the coaiteoni ki&dnen of
Mr. Dooglu, the publisher, for the lou of the blocks
nimtTstnig this papsr.
f Arfm/if /yanitf,page64.
X IMd. pp. 6S- 69.
Il6 COMMUNAL HABITATIONS OF PRIMITIVE COMiWNITIES.
\
and drawn out their plan of construction*—
there were human hands at work once
amongst them, and there were human
minds which gave tliem for some purpose or
other the shapes which their ruins now
assume, and of this humanity we ought lo
know something more aJiouL
Our next stage, then, lakes us into the
science of comparative archaeology, for we
know well enough that however primitive
the Hindus. I am not speaking now of
comparison of structural dtlatl, but of struc-
tural moiif. In India, Sir John Phear tells
us, each dwellbg is a small group ot huts,
generally '•four, and is conveniently termed a
homeatead. The huts ofwhich the homestead
is composed are made of baraboo and mat-
ting, or of bamboo wattled and plastered over
with mud. Each hut is one apartment only,
about twenty feet long, and ten or fifteen feet
Scottish or English antiquities, structural or
customary, may in ^ality be, they are isolated
in existence, and linger only in the outskirts
of our advanced civilization. I think there
are points of comparison between the beehive
houses of Scotland and the village houses of
* That IhejF are occupied and used now docs not
iuTilidile their origin ai prehistoric habilBtions. LT.
^bum. Anh, An., xviii. p. 116,
wide, commonly without a window ; the side
walls are low, the roof is high peaked, with
gracefully curved ridge, and is thatched with
jungle grass. These huts are ranged on the
sides ofa platform facing inwards, and though
they seldom touch one another at the ends,
yet they do in a manner shut in the interior
space which thus constitutes a convenient
place for the performance of various house-
COMMONAL HABITATIONS OF
COMMUNITIES. 117
hold u p eialMMtt , and miy be tenncd &e
home space. If the finmtjr is mcne tiaoi
oidiiiuify wdl off the hoine group m^
silt of more tiaoi foor huts.* Of these
ae read in tiie Imdimm Amiipmry, that
of tiie hooaes in tiie Himalaya viUages
ntBiid to E great lef^ft, and aevexal gcnaa-
tiODs often live tinder one loaT-u^u, additions,
wiA si^&ruit €MipuM£eSj fioinung a cominop
front iFcnoidahy havii^ been made from time
totime.t
Here, then, ipegettiiecliietotheardaeolo-
^cal xeason of tte grooping tpgedKr of the
beehive hooses of SrfUhmd The ^fiftf-
people" spoken of in a geooal wmy by lir.
^fitdieQ as aqaUe of u uc apjiu g them,
oeoome nriniHeiy leuognuea as xne lamiiy
of archaic society — tiie nnit of tbc jaiiiiiliwe
▼iflage. What tiis fimnly is may be di slinc fly
known by applying to the faJcts of Hindn
viDa^ life. I inll qnote two definitions of
die Hinda fimnly as spedaUy showing how
it qnadxates widi the &ct5 we have obtamed
from the stractnxal remains of the beehive
houses of Soothmd.
The ICnda £unily lives together joint and
divided^ generation after generation. Fadiecs,
sons, nndes, cousins, n^th all thor wives,
widows, and children, coQaleal branches as
well as those in the direct line, have a ri^^t
to reside, and often do reside, in die same
frmOy mansion.}
Ward says: ''A grandfather with his
children and grandchildren, in a direct line
amounting to nearly fifty person^ may some-
times be fbmid in one frmily.'^
This is the self-same femily that in the
archaic villages of England and Scotland re-
sided in vilhge communides, and cultivated
their lands in the communal holdin^^s
which Sir Henry Maine has made known to
us, and innumerable relics of which exist
• Sir Jolm FheMi^s Aryan Villagt, pp. y-ia
^ Imtamm Amtifmary, t. i6i.
X Cakmetm Review^ vnl liL (1871), p. 249.
I " Tu giuum ^ha-Tirkkn-Pii nch an H nd, who lived to
be abont XI7 jeus of age, and was well known as the
aMtt leaomed man of his time, had a family of seventy
OTMfaty iadiridDals, among whom were his sons and
dai^fbten, gmidioiis, gieat-cnmdsons, and a great-
giCBt-gindaan. In this funOj, for many years, when
St m wp d diBg or on any other occasion, the ceremony
caDed the snuldha was to be performed, they called the
oldfeOa and presented their offerings to them." —
Wafd^fl ilwidhnir, voL L p. 196.
I iittik :mI
among the land customs of die
and manozs of £n|^and. T6 have trued
bade diese land cnstoms to their origin as
survivals of the system of agriculture pur sue d
by p r imiuv e Tillage communities, is a very
i mp t H l au t woik in the history of early viUi^
life in England ; but how much more im»
portant, how much more complete, is die
ardiaic picture we can produce when, in
addidon to the primitive land customs, we
can trace back also the primitive homesteads
of die village !
It is not to be supposed diat the structmal
remains of eady villi^ homesteads in Britain
would be preserved to a great extent down
to modem dnies. It must not be foigotten
diat die bedhive houses of Scotland exist
BOW, and are sometimes inhabited now.*
Nowhere else in Britain do wefind such a conn
plete survival of ancient institutions in modem
times. But, turning to the ardueological
remains of early Britain, we shall be able to
see how fax the evidence as to group-habita-
tions, in disdncdon from single dwellings, is
borne ouL Professor Boyd Dawkins, lor
instance, in his Early Man in BritmMy
In various parts of the coontry are to be seen
chatgrs of ciicolar depressions, within the immpaits
of a camp, and on the summits of hills and on die
sides of valleys wiiere the soil is saffidently porous to
allow of dramage. These pits or hot-drdes are the
remains of ancient habitations, datii^ as far bad: in
this umuU y as the Neolithic age, and in use, as
proved by tiie discoveries at HaiwUkc and at Brent
Kncdl, near Bomham, as late as the time of the
Roman occupation. Those at FUherton, near Salts*
bury, explored by Mr. Adlam, and described by the
late Mr. Stevens in 1866^ may be taken as tjrpical of
the whole series. 7*hey occur singly and in groups.
At the bottom they vary from five to seven feet in
diameter, and gradually narrow to two and a half or
duee feet in dixuneter in the uoper parts. The floors
were of chalk, sometimes raisecl in the centre, and the
roofs had been made of interlaced sticks, coated with
clay, imperfectly burned. The most interestiitf
group consisted of three circular pits^ and cnt snm*
circular, communicating with each other (p. 267).
The hut habitations discovered at Holy*
head by the Hon. W. O. Stanley afford us
very important evidence. In many parts of
Anglesey are to be seen, in rough and
cultivated districts of heathy ground, over
which the plough has never passed, certain
low mounds, which on examination are
* Ct Jmrnai 0/ ArcK Ass^ xviii. I16.
f i8 COMMUNAL HABITATIONS OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNITIES.
ound to be formed of a dicalar wall of
stoneSi but are now covered with turf and
dwarf gorse or fern. These walls generally
enclose a space of from fifteen to twenty feet
in diameter, with a door-way or opening
always facing the south-west, and having two
large upright stones, about four or five feet
high, as door-posts. These sites of ancient
habitations are usually in clusters of five or
morej* but at Ty Mawr, in Holyhead, they
form a considerable village of more than fifty
huts, still to be distinctly traced. Mr. Stanley
describes these dwellings as placed without
any regular plan, and some have smaller or*
eular rooms attached without a separate ex-
ternal entrance. Here, I think, the modem
terminology of '* room" has led the explorer
into an error. He ascribes the use of these
attached rooms to dog-kennels; but I do
not hesitate iu thinking them to have been
the group-habitations of primitive conununi-
ties.^
King, in his MunimerUa AnHqua (p. 12),
describes ''the remains and traces of the
most antient dwellings of the first people" of
England
to have been mere clusters of little round or oval
foundations of stone, on which were erected small
structures, with conical roofs or coverings, which
formed the very circumscribed dwellings and rude
hovels of the first settlers of Britain.
Quoting Rowland (Mona AnHqua^ pp. 35-
27), King goes on to narrate : —
I have oft observed in many places in this island,
and in other countries, clusters of little round and oval
foundations, whose very irregularities speak their
antic^uity. On the hills near Porthaethwy there are
prodigious plenty of them ; and upon some heaths
the very maJce and figure, and other circumstances of
these rude, mishapen holds, seem to indicate that they
were the retreating places of those first people (who
mifrated here), when they began the work of clearing
and opening the country — very necessity obliging
those people then, as custom does some to this day,
to choose such movable abodes ; and no one can well
deny th^e to have. been little dwellings and houses.t
Rowland says that the British houses were
little round cabins ; yet they were generally
in clusters of three and four, which it seems
served them for rooms and separate lodg-
ments. And sometimes many were included
together within the compass of one square or
court {Mona Aniiqua^ p. 246).
• ^\rch, yot/m.f xxiv. 229,
t Mttn. AnHq,^ i. 14-15.
Grimspound,* in Devonshire, within a
circular enclosure, says Fosbrooke, situated
in a marsh, exhibits a fortified village of
circular stone houses. Specimens of these
huts and dwellings are to be found in every
part of Dartmoor. The huts are circular,
the stones are set on their edge and placed
closely together, so as to form a secure
foundation for the superstructure— whether
they were wattle, turf, stone, or other material.
These hut circles measure twelve to thir^
feet in diameter. The single foundation is
most common, but some have a double- drek.
A very perfect specimen is found in the
comer of a most remarkable enclosure. The
hut is in a state comparatively perfect
It appears to have been shaped like a bee^
hive, the wall being formed of large stones
and turf, so placed as to terminate in a point
The circumference is twenty yards. Both the
kinds found in the Orkne3rs appear to have
existed in Dartmoor. Withvery few exceptions^
these ancient dwellings arefotmd in groups^
either surrounded by rude endostu'es or not
On the banks of the Walkham, near Merivale
Bridge, is a very extensive village containing
huts of various dimensions, built on a hill slop-
ing towards the south-west (Fosbrooke, Ency-
clopcedia of Antiquities^ i 100).
Now separate from these descriptions tlie
portions which are incidental to the old style
of antiquarian writings, and we have, I think,
evidence of the group-habitations with which
I am dealing. Not to unnecessarily lengthen
these descriptions, let me note that the
researches of Dr. Guest into the remains of
the early settlements in Britain led him to
exactly die same conclusion as that arrived
at by Professor Boyd Dawkins; and that
without, I venture to think, looking at the
question from the same standpomt as I have
done. Dr. Guest in one of his many papers,
says of the Hampton Down Camp, ''that
the divisions of the settlement are still
distinctly visible-— each family or clan had its
allotted space, enclosed by mound."t This
is a conclusion arrived at entirely from the
archaeological remains, and not from a study
of archaic institutions.
Next month I propose in continuation to
give an account of some curious building
• See y<mm. Arch, Ass^ xviii. 1 19,
t See also Joum, Arch, AsscciaHon^ xiiL 105*
CQMMmiAL WABTTATfOKS QF^itmimm COMOinNJTJSX. >t9
CQstomSy And to rirpliTn tiie p«**ii^i
nuinal habimiiuns of pmiiiufg sooeij.
(3» fc i wrn t im mf .)
- f ^ .
mr^ti
tir VI]' >
in tbc 3dc
of Vligbt
( Wt Ml -.''iH
wrathfT, wuiimg on
a yeryblaik ipot on tbe Middle
West Down, Nmiwcll, Iste of
'Wi^bft, funng the noith imd cast
(by kind pezmnBan fitan liidj Qgimdfi,
liie owner of the pBopeity) I leoiored about
liftffgn Tnrhrs of eaitii from tiie jHtKiit
inT&rgj OD.a ipot 1 had pEevioadymnked,
ittl&Dg convinced from its pmuHar shape
(once, no doubt, an eUcmi f e moond or
tmnnlnSy bat now flattened) and its
ODuine of mmced chala. fifumry a
ciicley baielj peiccptible on the gmandy now
jilnnghfld up £ar futiue coltnatiany that
OTiifthmg wQiihy of invesUgatam hqr hidden.
By rfmipa» I made 1117 trcnrhes flbe msth,
yi^iti*^ eas^ a"H west, coomenciK to
cscavate from die north to the oentxe, when
I qnickly came i^xm a most cooipact body
of flints of frur size, so placed, that when the
whole surfrboe was uncovered it bore the
exact shape of a huge mushxoom head ; for,
l^xm ezaminatian* I found it equal on all
sides from die apex to the oo^ide of the
csrde lemaikab^ well put tpgedier; in fruct
like a solid paved causeway, measunng in
^^fiatnmtt^ twenly-twD feet and a half^ and
neatly two feet six inches, the depdi in the
centre of die mound, n ar r o w in g down to
twelve inches. Under diis extiaordinaiy
mass of flints and exactly in the centre
of die didet there was a round stone {naf
ifni/), as if placed to mark the oeodtre,
and act as a guide round which the flints
were to be placed to fonn a projier circle.
Close to this stone was an um, with
two hatMiW»g^ standing upzight, well fumed,
five inches and three-quarters high, and eight
inches wide, apparently unbaked day, with
TCiy mde diamond-sh24>ed markings sdl over
its cmtside. It only oontained earth, and a
few cfaqis of flint. On the left side of this lun,
and tonrhin it, I So/and a human skull (the
back of the head doe east) in &ir presarva-
tian,the iaws dose 4o the nm #f ilie «m;
and on the li^t side of the skull, immediately
over the ear, a hole two inches Umg and
needy half4m-inch wide at spots marked,
deaniy cut in the bone, as ii by a sharp
weapon. Upon tother vemovinig ^lhe oaith,
I bud bare die skeleton of a we Bfro ^ m
man, appeariT^g to have been buriod in a
sitting position; most of the rfttt and
otiier snudl bones had crumbled awav— 4he
*
body bei^g so placed and doubled up as to
fan&igtite knees level with the chest Thisfact
snggnrt tite idea that it is the grave of an
Amdmt^riimu Close under the jaws I found
a flint flake correspondinig with the sh^pe of
theiiolein die ^aill,and which I coittider
wffiit have ^'■"•^ t hf' deadi'-wound. havina,
as it were,frdlen oat of the idnill as the body
mooldeied awav. Tlte skeleton lav doe east
andwesL I could not discover any renmant
of metal of any description, but on either
side of die body were two smooth stones
the sire and shape of an ^gg — one a flint, the
other a shore pebble. Between die skeleton
and die flints was a laver of small bits ot*
chalk about two inches deep similar to the
siibsrance which surrounds the outer dicle,
and which had evidently been removed to
fionn an outer trench, from which no doubt
was raised the anginal mound over the bed
of flints. The outer drele of brokim chalk
measured nearly one hundred and eight feet
in drcumlerence.
My labourer who assisted me in my fl^%
daysand a half hard work — an old experienced
feller of timber, and used to measurement —
computed with myself that the amount of
flints over this grave could not be less than
one hundred tons, in one compact mass. I
trendied in various parts of this mound,
N. S. £. W., but could only find the one
skeleton.
I also opened trenches on other spots
showii^ tokens of tumuh. I found that they
had e^odenUy been disturbed at some remote
period, and bereft of any human remains Ihcy
once had. In one instance, about ^htecn
inches bdow the surface, appeared a con-
siderable quantity of flints, greatly scattered^
but put together in a similar way to those in
the mound I have fully described,
John Thokp.
120
RECENT DISCOVERIES ON THE CONTINENT.
I^ecent Bidcoveded on tbe
Continent
|N interesting address, delivered by
Herr Schneider, of May^nce, at
the recent Frankfurt meeting of
the German Historical Association,
deals with Roman remains found in the
bed of the Rhine, which point to the
existence in past ages of a bridge between
Mayence and Castel. The wooden piles and
the implements discovered afford sufficient
elements for the formation of an opinion as
to the bridge architecture of the Romans.
According to the National Zeitung of Berlin,
the date assigned to the structure is about
A.D. 335 ; an inscription on the woodwork,
L. VALE, being considered by Herr Schneider
as referring to Licinius Valerianus, who, pre-
vious to assuming the imperial purple, had
gone through the various, ^teps of military
service. In connection with this bridge, the
finding of remains of a fortress near its Castel
extremity, completes what ma^ justly be con-
sidered as an interesting discovery. The
fortress was apparently small, the traces found
showing it to have been only half the size of
that recently brought to light at Deutz, to
which we have already alluded {ante, iv. 271).
In Mayence itself, the discoveries of Roman
remains have continued, particular interest
being attached to the gravestones lately un-
earthed. Two of these bear inscriptions of
a military character, while on a third are the
words, yucundusy Marci Terentii Hbertus
pecuarius ; followed by a disiichotiy reciting
the details of the assassination of the indi-
vidual thus commemorated. Amongst the
most recent discoveries is a collection of
Roman glass vessels. Antiquarian research
has been stimulated by the recent opening of
a museum at Worms, which is described as
already possessing numerous bbjects of in-
terest
Some other discoveries, of more or less
value, have recently been made in various
parts of Germany. A grave, which has been
brought to light near Dillingen (Bavaria), con-
tains a skeleton, which, from the inscription
01^ the stone, and the valuable jewels foimd,
is supposed to be that of a Christian princess
of about the sixth century.
From Andemach discoveries of Roman
and Frankish places of sepulture at the
adjacent village of Karlich are reported.
The objects found in the 600 graves which
have been traced have been brought to-
gether in the form of a small exhibition by
Herr Graef. The articles comprise gold,
silver, and bronze ornaments of various
kinds, vessels of glass and pottery ware, and
weapons of several descriptions. The latter
are supposed, by their shapes, to have
belonged to the Franks who were interred at
this spot
Not only in Germany but also in other
parts of Europe, have Roman remains of
antiquarian interest lately been disinterred.
In Paris a stone coffin was recently found
during the excavation of the foundations for
a house in the Rue Lacdp^e, at a depth of
about six feet. A well-preserved medal
representing the Emperor Nero was dis-
covered at the feet of the skeleton contained
in the sarcophagus. The inscription on the
medal runs thus : — on the firont, Nero
Imperator ; and on the reverse side, Senattis
Populusque RonianuSy and the figure LX^
supposed,by the correspondent of the Vossisdu
Ztitungy of Berlin, to refer to the date. From
Rome particulars are reported of an interest-
ing antiquarian discovery at Cometo, where
the local authorities have lately caused
excavations to be made in a hitherto im-
explored part of the Necropolis of Tarquinia.
According to the Kolnische Zeiiungy a number
of small chambers have been brought to light,
containing large pottery-ware vessels, wWch
are supposed to be of earb'er date than any
Etruscan remains yet discovered. Seven-
teen such vases have been found, fifteen
inches in hdght, and thirty-seven inches in
extreme circumference, with a single handle
placed low. They are of common ware, without
glazing or painting, simply coloured brown,
with linear and other simple ornamentation.
Amongst the other objects found, are two
pottery-ware candelabra, with nine arms and
lamps, sixteen inches in height ; and a gilded
brass helmet eight and a half inches high.
It is remarked that this discovery indicates
with certainty the fact of commercial relations
having existed between this coast and the
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REVIEWS.
At the tim« of the Doomsday Survey it contaiiied
more inhabited houses than any other town in Berk-
shire, and was, Mr. Hedges considers, then a royal
residence. Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, held the manor
of Wallingfbrd, and an extract from the inquisition
tak^n upon the earl's death, in I3cx\ shows its total
value to have th^n been £,A ws. t\d, (vol i« p. 353)>
Mr. Hedges prints, at page i6^ of his second volume,
the order of the Parliament, dated i8th November,
165a, for the final demolition of Wallingford Castle,
which, in the late civil ?mr. had, by the stout resist-
ance of the gallant Colonel Bla^ge, given the Parlia-
mentarian army so much trouble to subdue. After
^is time there is little of national historic importance
connected with Wallingford, though Mr. Hedges
fills many pa^s more with matters of interest con*
ceming the internal ai&irs of the town. Throughout
his work he has largely consulted the Public Records,
as well as Uie recoil of the Corporation itself ; these
latter valuable monuments were reported upon some
vean back by the Ute Mr. Riley, for the Historical
MSS. Commission* Mr. Hedges remarks in his
Preface, "The wonder is that the history
of this highly privileged borough, rich as its associa-
tions have oeen, has never appeared except in a very
meagre and fragmentary fbmu" Certainly it was
quite time that a comprehensive history of Walling-
ford did make its appearance, and we can onlv add
our opinion that it is fortunate the compilation of such
a history has fallen into the hands of so able and dili-
gent an antiquary as Mr. Hedges has proved himself
to be.
^"*i
The Records of St MichaeVs Parish Churchy Bishop's
Stortford. Edit^ bv J. L. Glasscock, jun.
(London : Elliot Stock. 1882.) 8vo, pp. xii., 235.
Antiquaries are not accustomed to see books like
the one before us produced outside the realms of
antiauarian societies. When a publisher takes them
up tney are usuallv spoiled by being overweighted
with so-called popular material \ and the real value of
the work is thus hidden. But in the present case we
have all that can be desired. Transcripts of Church-
wardens' Accounts, Inventories of the Church Goods,
Church Rentals, Accounts of the Collectors for the
Poor, Findings of the Charities Commission, 1692,
Monumental Inscriptions are given in all their ori-
ginal form. The eaitor has supplied very instructive
notes to many of the entries contained in these tran-
scripts ; but he has erred on the side of restriction
rather than expansion. But, after all, few notes are
required for the antiquary to unfold a long chapter of
valuable history from such records as these. We
should like to urp;e again, as we have urged before,
that every parish m the kingdom should set to work
to get their records published. They tell us of merry
England and all that is best in the days gone by, and
the quaintness and form of each entry seems to easily
expand into a drama of the reality they record.
Reading among the receipts, we come across items
obtained from the " Hokkyng Ales," " two drink-
inp called May Ales," ** Profit of the Play," and
'* i^e of a drinkine nxade in the church here after the
day of the aforesaid play." And what do these tell
us of? Mot of village debauchery and license, not of
ttttemperanoe and viae, bat of a stem and strong race
keeping up customs dear to tjbem» because d«ir to
their mthers — customs that kept them lovingly to
village homes and village church, and taught than to
love merry England as no nation has ever loved, to
fi^t the battles of merry England, as no nation has
ever fought.
We cannot go through the immense quantity of
interesting items contained in these record^ But
diey abound in important illustratioos of old village
life. Take for instance such an entiy as that for 1505,
when money is paid for " wood and coles agenst Ester
Eve," and how much does it tell us ! — of the ever-
burning fire of the old hearth-cult, which was renewed
at Easter by flint and steel, and went on buning for
another year^-of all the old world-life that the sur-
vival of this custom teaches. Other quaint customs
are recorded — amcmg them, that of adorning the
top of a steeple with a cock is a practice of very
great antiquity. Of course there are otfier important
items of knowledge — there is the desci^ition of the
church plate as it is bought; there \& the record
of prices for all kinds of objects and all kinds of
services ; and there is the old spellii^ and use of
words. One spelling is worth noticing : it is '' vel-
vett," a word that U generally, in parish accounts
of this date, spelt "welvett *' or *< welwett," variants
of this kind telling us of the mode of probouncing
letters in different parts of England. B^. Glass-
cock gives us a most elaborate index of names,
which is curious from the great number of surnames
there registered.
•^^"■^"■*.
The Old Bridge of Athione, By the Rev. John S.
JOLY, AM. (Dublin : G. Herbert 1S81.) Sm.
Svo, pp. 88,
The bridge was removed in 1844, and had become
almost forgotten when Mr. Joly began his inquiries
respecting its history. He found Siat the onginal
stone tablets, which were inserted in the bridge,
are preserved in the Museum of the Royal Irish
Academy. A description and representation of them
are given by the author in this valuable brodiure, and
an illustration of the bridge itself is also given.
The Western Anii^uaryf or Devon and Cornwall Note-
Book, Edited l^ H. K. Wright. Part III. (Ply-
mouth: Latimer & Son. 1882.) 4to.
The Western Antiquary is one of the most valuable
and best conducted of the many local antiquarian
periodicals that are now in course of publication, and
It does not lose in interest as it proceeds. AU the
entries are more or less connected with the two
Western Counties, but most of them have idso a valoe
for all antiquaries. We can only mention a sample
or two of the contents, and those who want to know
more must go to the book itself. There are some usefiil
notes on potwallers or potwallopers, on parish stocks,
on ancient rid^e-tiles, extracts from parish registers,
notes and oueries on celebrated Devonians and Cor*
nishmen. These are two interesting extracts finomtht
Barnstaple records : —
" 1434. The Nicholas of Barnstaple, Capt. Gobbe,
HEVJBWS.
U5
lieeiuied to take forty pilgrims from Barnstaple to the
Shrine of ComposteUa.
1451. The Trinity FitzWarren, WilUam Bourchier,
Barnstaple, master, licensed to take forty pilgrims to
the same Shrine."
Here is a good epitaph from St. Mary's Church,
Bickleii^ near Tiverton, 1618 : —
Carewes daughter, Eriseyes wife —
Elisabeth that night-
Exchanged life for Death, to give
A Sonne this world's light.
To God she liv'd, in God she died,
Young veerd, in virtues old —
And left untUl it rise againe —
This tomb her corps to hold."
«<i
Musterfmch fur Mobdiischler, Erste] Lieferung.
(Stnttgart : J.)Engelhom. London : A. Fischer.
188 1.) Folia
This part contains some excellent representations
of carved wood furniture. The designs are good and
worthy of study by our workmen.
MustfHmeh fur Bildhauer, Erste Lieferung. (Stutt-
gart : J. Engelhom. London : A. Fischer, 1881.)
Folio.
We have here 'the first of a series of engravings
illustrating the plastic work of all periods and nations.
Some of the grotesque heads are full of spirit.
Modem AlphabeU. Designed by Martin Gkrlach,
(London : A. Fischer. 1881.)
Mr. Gerlach has produced seven alphabets on nine
plates which do much credit to his powers of design.
The first one^is specially elegant and original.
English Etchings. Part IX. (London : William
Reeves. )
We have noticed the previous parts of this tastefiil
series with praise, and now have particular pleasure in
drawing attention to the view of Stonehenge by moon-
light by Mr. Snape, which gives a distinct value to
this part. It has been etched from sketches taken on
the spot specially for this book. The other etchings
are " Besieged,'' by A. W. Bayes and a ** Study from
Nature," by S. H. Baker.
The Soeiai Life of the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and
Eighteenth Centuries Pictorially Re^esented. Edited
by Dr. George Hirth, Munich. Vol. I. Six-
teenth Century, Part I. (London : A. Fischer, 1 1,
St Bride Street. 1 882. ) Folio.
An idea that must often have occurred to those who
are acquainted with old books and old engravings is
here most excellently carried out. The editor has
gathered together a series of curious woodcuts, prints,
etchngs, ftc, illustrating costumes, scenes in town and
country, sports and other features of social life, and re-
produced them for our instruction. The works of
Albert Duier, Lucas Cranach, Hans Seb«ld Beham,
Callot, Hollar, and many other great artists have bees
laid under contributions; and if the future numbers ara
as good as this first part the book ought to have a
large circle of subscribers. In this number we find
interiors showing the furniture, the books on a shelf,
and the various objects on the wall ; exteriors showing
gardens, parks, &c., banquet scenes, battle scenes
showing old weapons, and, perhaps, most interesting of
all, authentic portraits of great men. Here are Martin
Luther, Melanchthon, and Frederic Elector of
Saxony, and several other celebrities. The work is
to be completed in three volumes, one for each of the
centuries mentioned in the title. It will be of great
use to historians and artists, as giving accurate repre-
sentations of ancient costume, and we wish the under«
taking success. The selection of the examples mint
have been a work of great labour.
Through Siberia, By Henry Lansdell. (London :
Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1882.)
2 vols. 8vo,
The Rev. H. Lansdell has produced a book which
will greatly add to our knowledge of a country
respecting which the popular notion is altogether
erroneous. The name Siberia has come to be almost
a synonym for a hell upon earth, and yet in many
parts of the country there is fine scenery and plenty
of food. Some of the convicts have expressed the
wish that they had known how comfortable a place it is,
so that they might have committed the offence that sent
them there still earlier in life. The author's objecte were
to visit prisons and to distribute religious books ; and
the account of his success in both these undertakings
forms an exceedingly interesting work. Siberia is not
a place where one would expect tp obtain much
archaeological information, but the author takes note
of some excavations. The clifif at Tyr, on the lower
Amoor, is mentioned as interesting by reason of its
Tartar monuments with inscriptions, the origin of which
are somewhat doubtful. We can recommend these
volumes with confidence as both valuable and enter-
taining. ,
nDeetind0 of Hntiquarian
SodetieSt
METROPOL ITAN.
Society of Antiquaries.— Jan. 19.— Mr. E.
Freshfield, V.P., in the Chair.— Mr. J. H. Middleton
presentwi impressions of four seals of the City of
Gloucester.— Dr. C. S. Perceval laid before the
Society some interesting notes on a collection of seals
known as the Tyssen Seals, now the property of Mr.
Hankinson.
Jan. 26.— Mr. E. Freshfield, V.P., in the Chair.—
Mr. W. S. Weatherly exhibited and nresented a litho-
graph of a drawing of an effiey of John the Baptist in
Henry VII.'s Chapel. The Rev. H. J. ChwUes ex-
hibited an imperfect urn and numerous pieces of
R 2
124
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
broken pottery, found in cavities which he had explored
on the south-east coast of Lincohishire, and which he
belieyed to be middens of very great anttqaity. —
Canon Greenwell, however, observ^ that he believed,
firom the specimens exhibited, that they were of no
vexy ancient date. Most of the fragments of pottery
seemed to him to be mediaevaL
British Archaeological Association. — ^Jan. 18.
— ^Mr: T. Morgan in the Chair. — Mr. T. B. Green-
shields exhibited two elaborately carved ivory sword
handles, of Spanish work, evidently intended for
purposes of ceremony. They were brought from the
south of Ireland. — Mr. A. C. Fryer exhibited a silver
coin of late Greek date, found at Nazareth. — Mr. A.
Cope produced severals portions of highly enriched
encaustic tiles found on the site of Chertsey Abbey,
remarkable for the beauty and elaborate nature of the
designs. — Mr. Lofhis Brock exhibited a series of old
engravings, &c., of Romano-British mosaic pavements,
and call^ attention particularly to the artistic patterns
of those found at Wellow, Somerset, many years ago.
— Mr. C. Park described tie unrolling of an Egyptian
mummy from Thebes, obtained for the purpose of
produang the celebrated brown colour so much
esteemed by artists. — ^The firet paper was by the
Chairman, on the subject of the Roman pavements
found in Britain. The frequency of the subject of
Orpheus on such pavements was referred to, and the
principle was applied to the figures recently found at
Norton Farm, Isle of Wight, in a manner to saggest
several alterations in the designations given to them. —
The second paper, *0n St. Agnes' Eve,' by Mr. H.
Syer Cuming, was then read.
Feb. I. — Mr. Thomas Morgan, in the Chair.
—Mr. R. E, Way exhibited a collection of Roman
pottery found in the excavations now in progress in
King Arms' Yard, Southwark. The fragments shown
included examples of almost every ware usually found
on Roman sites. — ^Mr. C. H. Compton exhibited an
inscribed Scarob of Early Egyptian work, of great
beauty.— Mr. E. P. Loftus Brock exhibited a heavy
plaque of bronze with figures beneath an architecturu
canopy. — ^The first paper was on the stone circle at
Duloe, Cornwall, by Mr. C. W. Dymond, and was
illustrated by a carefully prepared plan of the remains
from an actual survey. The dimensions are small,
being but 44 feet from stone to stone, in the greatest
diameter, and there are but eight stones. — A paper on
" Screw Dollars," by Mr. H. Syer Cuming, was read.
Numismatic. — ^Jan. 19.— Mr. J. Evans, President,
in the chair. — Mr. Evfins exhibited a ** Hog-money"
shilling of the Bermuda Islands. — Major A B. Crceke
exhibited a styca in silver of Ulfhere, Archbishop of
York, A.D. 854-895. — Mr. Pearson exhibited a small
brass coih purporting to be of the Emperor Procopius
with the inscription soli invicto comiti, struck at
Trdves, but probably in reality a coin of Constantine
altered. — Mr. Evans read a paper on a hoard of Roman
silver coins lately discovered by some workmen engaged
in digging a railway cutting; near Nuneaton. The
coins represented in this " find" ranged from the time
of Vespasian to that of Marcus Aurelius. — Dr. A.
Smith contributed a paper on the Irish coins of
Richard III.
Society of Biblical Archaeology.— Tan. 10.
Dr. Samuel Birch, President, in the Chau:. — This
being the anniversary meeting, the secrataiys feport
for me year 188 1 was read, and the officers and coon*
dl were- elected for the coming year. Dr. Birch con-
tinues president, and Mr. W. Harry Rylands, secretary.
— A communication was read from Pro£ W. Wright,
of Cambrid^ upon three ancient Hebrew seals re-
cently acquired oy the British Museum. No. i, a
crystal signet, which Prof. Wright believes to date
probably firom before the Exile,'(biearB the inscription,
*' to Nehemiah, the son of Micaiah ;" No. 2, a dial-
cedony cone, bears the inscription, '' to Sheharhor,
the son of Zephaniah," Sheharnor being the masculine
form of the word translated *'black in the Sang of
SongSy i. 6 ; No. 3, an agate scaraboid, with wir^ied
figures, bears the inscription, '' to Eliam."
Feb. 7. — Dr. Samuel Birch, President, in the
Chair. — A communication was read on the Birds of
the Assyrian Records and Monuments by the Rev.
W. Houghton, F.L.S., &c. After a sketch of
the ornithological fauna of Assyria uid the adjoining
countries, Mr. Houghton proceeded to the considera-
tion of bird-names which occur in the records. Vul-
tures and eagles are frequently mentioned. Eagles
are not generally distinguished by name from vul-
tures. Ofthe Stngidae, owls are freauently mentioned.
The great eagle owl {Bubo ascalapkus\ and the little
wailing owl {Scops ^iu), may be respectivdy ^e es-si^
bu or Khu-sfi^ ** Prince + Homed Burd" (Accad.), and
the piar'ro'tuv, or ** mournful owl," of the As^rrian
colunm. Of the order Picariae, woodpeckers {/^cida)
are definitely mentioned, as the aH'pa-hiVf "the
waving bird, ' in allusion to the undulating mode of
flight, or as the du-si bar^maif " the vari^ated tap-
ping bird,'' referring to the noise occasioned by the
taps of the bird's beaJc on the stem or trunk of a tree.
Another Accadian name is iz zir, ''woodbright," and
may well denote either the common black and white
Picus syriacus, or other spedes known to exist in
these lands. The cuckoo is the Assyrian ka'W'U or
ht'U'ku, whether the great spotted spedes or our
common bird. By the Accadians it seems to have
been regarded with favour, and was called su gum^ —
that is, probably, '' the beneficial bird to man." The
swallow is known by various names, some of whidi
are imitative Among the Sylinada or warblers,
the reed-warbler or the sedge-warbler is likely to be
denoted by ih^ tsi-isil-du^ 01 its-tsur gi^zi^ "the war-
bling bird of the reeds ;" while ^toul-bulox ni^t-
ingale is perhaps the Ass3rrian tsu-la-mu or Us-tsur
mu-si, ** bird of the shade or of the night." Among
the Stumida^ or starlings, may be mentioned the
common starling, denoted evidently by the Accadian
sib-tur, or " little shepherd bird," and by the Assyrian
al'lal4Mv, Another shepherd bird is named as the
ri-hu; this is the Pastor' roseus. Of tbe Corvida^ the
raven is the a^ri-bu, or ^Aa-^^ir— imitative again, like
our word ** crow." The carrion crow is the pa-M or
ka-ka^nuy both onomatopoeic. The hu^ku-ur i-ni, or
"picker out of the eyes,'' would suit both these
Corvida, Several doves or pigeons' names are men-
tioned, one of the most interntin^ of whidi is that of
the turtle-dove, which in Accadian has the pretty
name of ** eye-bright" or " eye-star," si muL 6f the
OtUtut^ the sudirniu^ or gilgidoHu, " the long-legged
pouch (?) bird," is dearly the ^reat bustard {Otis
tarda). The a^ba^gaya^ or um'mt m^e, ** mother of
UMEtlNGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES,
tiS
wmteiSi" pcflitps is die TamUUmt falcimtOus^ or even
the Ibis religinm^ tbong^ now not faaid m Western
Asia. Tlie Mvmidkn cnne is unluiiifc die Aasfaat
its-tsmr Hrmuttti^ **biidar^ie flocks/' said from its
great beauty b well diaracteriaed as the '* Divine
Lady BinL'*(?) Thebii£Pbacked heroo, ArJea rmaaiA,
nearly always seen with cattle, and often on their
badLS, is probably die Aocadian Ua {Um) "cattle-
bird, "wfaidi exactly answers to the name ** cow-bird,"
used to des^nate this species of heron. The swan
among the Amserts is piobably denoted by the e-asm
(strong bird) and cm-m-pm^ and was used as food. OC
the Strutkitma^ the ostrich is both figured on the
monnments, and mentioned in the lists; it is the ^ww-
gam-wiM^ /m'ka-4Mv^ and si-ip thrik of the Assj^nans,
the nir gid dm of the Aocadians» " the long-legged
widl-diqposed Inrd." Among die PeHamkUt the
PeHfmmt omtcroUlus has been weU rcfened by Dr.
Dditzsch to the a-ta^n nakmr% '*the she«9s bird of
die risers," in allnsiom to its harsh and mipleasant
cry, which reKmbles the bray of the animal wfaidi
has given one of its names to ^biid.
The To p ogi np hical Society of London. —
Febmary 3. — ^The Lord Mayor, President, in the
Chair.— Mr. T. F. Ordish, the Hon. Secretuy, read
the report It is prxyosed that when several maps of
m particolar period have beenprodnoed, a volnme de-
scriptive of an of them diaU be issoed. Anodier
branch of the Society's work is that of registering the
diai^es c ontinu ally takii^ place in LoodoiL It is
propoae d to arrange a system of local committees,
SQch as was pi o po ied at the inangmal mfcting of the
'Society. If this can be done at once it will be
posable to ^ve the results of the woric of the various
committees m the report presented at the next annual
meeting. The extracts, bearing on the history of
London, firom the Calendars ^ State Papers, are
being proceeded with, and wiD probably be printed
soon alter the completion of Wyngaerde s view. Tlie
Lord Mayor was aected President for the year, and
Earl Beanchamp, the Eari of Rosebery, Sir. J. Bazal-
gette, and Mr. G. Godwin, Vice-Presidents. — ^Among
die speakers at the mfcting were Mr. Grace, Mr.
H. B. Wheadflr, Mr. Fumivall, Mr. Owen Roberts,
Mr. Stevens^ Mr. R. Harrison, and Mr. R. B. Prosser.
Asiatic.— Jan. 23. — Sir H. C. Rawlinsoo, V.P., in
theCbur. — A P»per was read, contributed by Mr. £.
Thomas, " On Arab Vojrages to^ India durii^ the
Ninth Century A.D.,*' the decipherment of a Nagari
legend containing the word " Vahuratja" on certain
Aiakan coins having suggested a new uid unexpected
e^>bnation of the dtle " Balhara," used by the Arab
infprhfl"»* who visited India at that period.
Anthropological.— Jan. la — Major-General Pitt-
Rhren, Preadcnt, in the Chair. — Mr. B. Wright ex-
hibited a series of sixteen portraits of the Incas,
copied from the originals in the Temple of the Sun.
«-Mr. W. G. Smith exhibited some stone implements
from the north-east of London. — General Pitt-Rivers
vend apaper "On the Entrendiments of the York-
diire Wolds and Excavations in the Earth-work
called Danes' Dyke at Flamborough." At Danes'
jyfkjt the author had found flints and flint flakes,
dearly proving that the constructors and defenders of
the eaiwrork used flint, and lived not later than the
Bronze Period. The whole district was the scene of
the operations of a people mnch earlier than the
Danes. — la the absence of the author, the Director
read a pvier, by Mr. J. R. Mortimer, " On the Dis-
covexy of Ancient Dwellii^ on the Yorkshire
Wolds,"
HistocicaL — Jan. 19.— Mr. J. Heywood in the
Chair. — A Paper by Mr. H. H. Howorth was read,
entitled, '* The Eariy Interco«xrse of the Franks and
Danes."
Polk-Lore.— Jan. 17.— Mr. A. Nutt m the Chain
— ^The Rev. J. Sibree, jun., read a Paper ** On die
OratcHy, Songs, Legends, and Folk-tales of the
Malaga^." After giving a sketch of vdiat had been
done hitherto to give in an Ei^;lish dress the tradi*
tional lore of Madagascar, Mr. Sibree pointed out
that it was only within the last five or six years tibat
a laige mass of folk-tales had come to li^t, and his
object in this paper was to reproduce m Ei^^ish
extracts from a book of sonte size published in
MadaCTscar by the Rev. Louis Dahle, of the Norwe-
gian LAtheran Mission, and also from die pabhoh
tions of the Malagasy Folk-kre Society. Specimens
were then given of the different brandies of folk-lore
treated of in these works, commmring with oiatorical
flourishes or figures of speech, whidi are lar^i^
employed by the Malagasy in their public speakmg.
These abound with figures and similes, sometimes
expanded into an aUcgory, and present many striking
illustrations of native ideas and habits of thought on
all kinds of subjects. Examples were next given of
native conundrums and riddles ; of soi^s, some
addressed to royalty, as well as ballads, canoe ditties,
and funeral chants; kabarys, or ooblic qieedies;
children's games, some remarkably like those phiyed
by Fjigfish diildien, sudi as " Oranges and Lemons,"
''Fox and Geese," &€., and songs and ditdes in-
tended to help in learning to count; and fitbnlons
animals and goblins. One or two of the shorter tales
were, however, given, and die outlines of some half*
dosen briefly sketdied. Many are frbles, chiefly
reierring to animals ; some are mythic, profesang to
explain the origin of man and Nature ; some are giant
stmies, in whidi a monster named Itrimob^ is a pro-
minent actor ; and some partake of the diaiacter of
nursery rhymes. There are several examples ako of
stones of men tumii^into animals, and then devouring
and ravaging towns and districts until de s troyed by
superior cunning or stratagem.
jPhilological Society. — Jan. aa — Mr. A. J,
EUis, President, in the Qiair. — ^Dr. Murray gave ms
annual report on the progress of the Soaety's Dic-
tionary. The seventeenth century has been vi-ell read ;
few fresh words had come in of late, though aAoifdv
for "abasement*' had arrived that very day. The
eighteenth century was one of bondage to Addison ;
it coined few new words. The nineteenth century
was like the seventeenth in its adventurousness
and licence. The sixteenth-century books had not
been fully read ; they were very scarce, and but few
had been reprinted. They would doubtless cany back
the history of many words lOO years. The histories
ofamtiCf groiesqtu, 'S^{ of "oxygen'*), antJktr, am^
tenndy and the groups of " astound, astony, astonish,"
and *' praise, price, prize, prize-ring, prizer,'* were
then given, Ine printing of A woixld begin in March;
126
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
but the Dictionary could not be finished much before
1900 A.D.
New Shakspcre 8ociety.»Jan. 13.— Mr. F. J.
Fumirall, Director, in the Chalr.—The first Paper
read was on ** Suicides in Shakespeare," by the Rcy.
J. Kirkman. — ^The second paper was by Mrs. J. H.
Quicker, of Clifton, on Constance.— The third paper
uraa by Mn C. H. Harford, on **Shakspere*8
Chanu:ter."
Society of Arts.— Feb. i.— Mr. George Godwhi,
F,R.S., in the Chair.— The Paper read was " Stained
Glass Windows; as they Were, Are, and Should Be,"
by Lewis Foreman Day. Of the date at which
stained glass was introduced into Europe, all that
appears to be ptorcd is, that as early as the twelfth
centunr the art existed in France, if not in England,
hi a toir state of development. Doubtless, the first
stained windows were simply mosaics of tinted glass,
the pieces framed, perhaps, in wood, or terro-cotta,
or plaster, as thesr are to this day in the mosques of
Egypt. Of existuig early glass in England there
remains more in the choir of Canterbury Cathedral
than in any other church in this country. There was
another kind of early glass — namely, those white or
silTery-pattem windows which are called "grisaille."
There is a quantity of this kind of glass at Salisbury
Cathedral, but the best known windows of this cha-
tacter are the five long lancets occupying the end of
the north transept at York Minster, which go by the
name of the "Five Sisters, To be impressed with
the grandeur of early coloured glass, one must go to
Chartres, Le Mans, or Bourges ; each of these cathe
dials is a perfect treasure-house of jewels— not any of
them of the purest water, but collectively as gorgeous
as that Indian jewellery where stones are precious,
not according to intrinsic value, but for their colour
and effect. There is something barbaric about the
brilliancy of this early mosaic ; somethii^ that per-
haps betrays iti Byeantine origin. The figures are
always mde^ often grotesque ; the design is wanting
in proportion— the detail Ucks grace. But the colour,
where it has escaped restoration, is splendid, and
there is commonly a dignity about the larger figures,
for all their faults of drawteg, that is little short of
majestic The glass which has been spoken of, dates
from the introduction of the art into England until
nearly the end of the thirteenth century— and is knbwn
by the name o{ early glass. The fiishion of the glass
of the fourteenth century followed naturally in the
wake of architecture. Already, in the last quarter of
the thirteenth century, certain changes in the cha-
racter of windows crept in, and soon the style called
techni(^ly *• Decorated " began to assert itself. One
very distinct evidence of the change was the use of
natural foliage in the place of purely conventional
ornament. In this century, the altered form o*f
church windows necessitated other designs for filling
them. In lieu of broad, round-headed Norman
windows, or the separate lancets of Early English
architecture, we have now large windows, of many
tall lights, having only a slight mull ion between them,
and, in order to counteract the upward tendency of
the lines in these M-indows, and to bind them to-
gether, as it were, the practice was adopted of divid-
ing them horizontally mto bands alternately of light
and dark, or of grisaille and colour, any harshness of
contrast being obviated by introducing into each» some-
thing of the other. Yodc Minster is richly furnished
with decorated glass. The chapter-houe and its vesti-
bule are fuU of admirable windows, whidi illustrate
distinctly the horizontal treatment which I have men*
tioned as characteristic of the pfirk>d. The nave
windows at York are of the same century. Another
new feature in the development of glass painting
about this time, was the use of a ydJow ite i*. It
was discovered, about the beginning of the fourteenth
century. Examples of decoimted ghsa are more fre*
quent than any other in our KnyiJih chnichei. In
France, it will suffice to mention 'Fkoycs and Evrenx ;
in Germany, Freiburg, Ratisbon^ Munich, and
NurembUrg. The windows at Strasbnrg are also
ascribed to this date, and without doubt they were
put together then. The third and last penod of
Gothic glass, the Perpendkruhir, may rongfa^ be said
to cover the fifteenth century ; but it eatends, in fact,
over rather more than Uiat period. It offers a
complete contrast to the earUest glass, but it is none
the less admirable in its way. The subdivision of the
windows into panels containing figures under niches
or canopies was continued during this period, but in
a milder form. These canopies were now of silvery
white glass, almost in direct imitation of stonework,
touched here and there with yellow stain. In the
figures and figure-subjects beneath them, a good deal
of colour was used. There are some windows of this
character on the north side of the choir of York
Minster (with bishops standing under canopies aw^
small subjects under smaller canopies below) . Among
the characteristics of this style^ the following are
prominent. The colours introduced are less deep in
tone than formerly, the blue in particular havii^ a
tendency toMrards grey, whilst white gUiss is lavishly
employed, so that the general result is that the
windows are distinctly lighter and gayer in effixt
The windows at Fairford, in Gloucestershire, are
perhaps better known thaji any other late Gothic
glass m EngUnd ; but, fine as they are^ they scarcdy
deserve that supreme notoriety. In the rendering of
the subject of *<The TempUtion," at Fairfoid, the
tempting serpent has the head and bust of a woman,
not very beautiful, but the slimy tail below, grey-blue
changing to palest green, is b^utifully opakscent in
colour. The notion of paradise in the background is
quaint, with its architectural features and trim little
fountain. It is characteristic of old gla.ss, up to the
very end of Gothic times, to attempt impossible pic-
tures. **The Creation" was always a £ivourite
subject, and the difficulty of portraying the division
of the light from the darkness, the separation of the
earth from the sea, and so on, was often very
ingeniously solved, though not altogether in a way
that would commend itself to us. The Creator, im
example, is sometimes represented as a venerable
Pope with crimson robe and a crown 00 his hc»d.
In a church at York, is one of the most daring designs
that was ever put into glass. It illustrates an old
Northumbrian poem, called the "Pryck of Con-
science," and boldly undertakes to show "the fishes
roaring," '•♦the sea a fire^*' "a bloody dew," and
finally, the "general conflagration of the world."
"We come now to the Renaissance— to ekst of the
sixtecndi century,or, as it is tehnedi the Cume cento.
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
127
In 1IUUI7 respects, the Cinqne cento gkss only carries
farther the traditions of the latest Gothic work. In
fa ct, un less there are some details of oostmne, ardii-
tectnre, or ornament, to goide one, it is often
impossiMe; with certainty, to ascribe a subject to one
period or the other. It is mainly in the detail and in
the fnrther point to which realism is carried, that the
difference of style betrays itself. But we are not rich
in examples of the purest Renaissance architectare in
tUs oountrr, nor have we much good glass of the
period to boast of, though the Gurge windows at
iGng's College Chapel are attributed to Holbem.
There Is a good window, too, at St. George's,
Haaover-soaare, which might be studied with ad-
vantage. In France it abounds, and notably in some
of the smaller churches of Rouen. In this French
glass there is no very great deviation from Gothic
precedent. The same pictorial effects are sought,
. and by much the same means ; only the stone mul-
lions of the windows are taken less into account in
the design, and it became more and more customary
to fill a window with one large subject running
through all the lights. In Fleimsh glass the depar-
tare from the traditions of the art is more marked.
The fiunons windows in the Chapel of the Holy
Sacrament in the Cathedral at Brussels, and the two
large windows at the ends of the transepts belong to
the period — i54<>-7i &c. In these windows we have,
in place of tne Gothic canopy, a grand altar-like
structure, having a central arch, the effect of which
is re p re se nted in deen shadow ; against it, dependent
wreaths of stain and colour sparkle like gold and
jewellery. In front of this altar is the subject, the
figures over life-siie, and through the deeply sha-
dowed archway we get glimpses of distant country,
painted on the grev blue glass (which represents the
sky), in a manner that is marvellouslv delicate. The
figures stand out In strong relief against the distance.
Indeed, there is a relief of the objects in these
windows that surpasses anything that nad been done
before ; but it is arrived at I7 a sacrifice of glass-like
qnalihr, which, though we may condone it here, in
coosiaeration of such grand restilts, led inevitably to
the decline of the art ofglass paintii^.
PROVINCIAL.
Society of Amfqnaries of Scotland.— Jan. 9.—
Rev. Dr. Itfadanchlan, Vice-President, in the Chair.
— The first Paper read was a communication by the
Marqnb of Bute on the regnal years of David II.
It Is wen known to students of Scottish history
tiiat In the latter part of the reign of David II. his
Rgmal years are dated incorrectly, behig one year less
ttei tey ou^ to be. That this is done by omitting
exactly one year appears from the consistency of the
chartecs witn one another, and also from certain par-
tleaiar docnaients, and a critical examination of these
doctttoents shows that the years are reckoned rightly
^ to the twenty-third, inclusive, whidi began June 7,
ijti. It frirther appean from certain documents in the
.wltQsth Chartolary, which the Marquis cited, when
thcie ite eofilptred with others in the Rotuli Scotiae,
tluil tlie year fMned over fai tiie reckoning is that
from Jime y, 1352, to June 7, 1353, the real twenty*
fourth of the King's r^nal years. But nothinv had
been disclosed by the investi^tion to account tor to
extraordinary a change havin|r been made in the
enumeration of the years of this King's reign. — ^The
second Paper, by Mr. G. H. Thoms, Sheriff of Ork-
ney and CaitfainesB, dealt with the relations of local
museums to archseological objects, and gave a luractical
illustration of the manner in which many objects of
great archseological and historical interest have beoa
lost to the coun^ and to science. — The third Paper, bv
Prof. Duns, D.D., was entitled, "Jottings in Lochaber,'*
the district within which they were made, in the
course of two months last summer, being that lying
between the Spean and the Nevis. — The last Paper
was a notice of^ an exceptionally fine and large stone
hammer, of peculiar form, found at Claycrop, in the
parish of Kirkinner, Wigtownshire, and now pre-
sented to the National Museum, along with a whet-
stone from one of the crannogs in Doi^^ton Loch, }aj
Mr. Vans Agnew, of Bambairoch.
Norfolk and Norwich Archseological Society.
— Dec. I. — A large number of the members of this
Society and their friends met at Carrow for the pur-
pose of inspecting the recently uncovered rains of
Carrow Abbey. Considerable portions di the walls
of the church and conventual buildings have been
uncovered, sufficient to show the general arrange-
ments of a mediaeval priory. A Paper was read by
Mr. R. M. Phipson, who also exhibited a ^ound plan
of the buildings, showing the existing remains and also
suggested restorations to complete the same. There
was a hospital here in the time of King Stephen, and
perhaps earlier, dedicated to St. Mary and St. John.
We know at any rate that Stephen gave lands and
meadows to Seyna and Leftelina, two of the sisters in
1 1 46, bat it is stated that they founded a neua Priory,
from which we may presume thsU there was some in^
stitution of the kind here before. The ruins are clearly
of many different dates, from the twelfth to the six*
teenth century, and this makes it more difficult to mark
out clearly the plan of the priory — a plan constantly
varjring from century to century. This priory be-
longed to the Jlciudictine Order. The chief feature
is the Cruciform Church, which was dedicated to
the Blessed Virgin and St. John the Evangelic
It consisted of a nave 1 01 ft. long by 24 f^. 3 in.
wide. North and south aisles of similar length II ft.
wide, a central tower 32 ft. square on the outside—
choir and chancel 62 ft. 6 in. by 23 ft wide ; a
south chapel dedicated to St. John the Baptist, and
a north chapel dedicated to St. Catherine. There
were also north and south transepts extending 42 ft.
6 in. beyond the tower, and 23 ft wide. On the east
side of the sonth transept is the sacristy. It has a
wide arch and an altar, which was a very usual
feature in a sacristy. The church proper would
appear to have been begun, as was Irequently the
case, at the east end, erecting the chancel and choir
first, then the tower and traosept<(, and finally the
nave and aisles. The chancel, choir, tower, and
transepts were certainly built in the latter part of
the twelfth and in the beginning of the thtrteentii
century ; whilst the nave and aisle are of early English
work, pure and simple, of the middle and latter part of
the thirteenth century. The eastern part of the chancel
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
was nised two steps, as can »till be pkinlv seen, and
the east wall was doubtless jfilled witb Uiree single
ILeht semi -circular-headed windows in deep reveals.
Tac western part of the chancel contained the Cantus
Cantoium, and the walls of this were highly enriched
wilh stone arcading. Then comes the very massive
tower, one pier of which is entirely gone. Here begins
traces of later work, or early in the thirteenth century.
The transepts, which had no aisles, are evidently of the
same date as tbe tower, He walls of these were
also arcaded, and there would appear to have been a
rubble wall seat all round them. Further west we
come upon clear and pronounced Ear^ English work,
the base of one pier of which is lelt pretty perfect.
The nave doea not run eiactly in a. line with the
chancel, a. very usual occurrence. On the north side
of St. Catharine's Chapel, and also on the north side
of the north aisle of nave, have been found the remains
of walls, evidently of a much later dale than the church
itself, luid were the foundations of buildings ascd for
secular jiurposes. Under some of these walls were
found three shallow circular sinkmgs, and one oval
one, all varying from ten to twelve feet in depth.
They could noi have been water wells, for the live
well is close by, and b 34 ft. deep, and is now nearly
dry, showing that the level of the springs has lowered
considerably during the last 400 years. For what
purpose these bnildioes were used it is difficult to
guess. It is, however, likely that they were occupied
by priests who conducted the services of the church.
It is possible they formed part of the anchorhold, for
r the 11
I road. We
< the
domestic and semi-domestic departments, and first
the slype or passage, out of which the circular stair-
case leads. TbU slype formed a communication
between the cloisters and outer grounds and detached
buildings, and always intervened between the transept
and chapter house. Beyond is the chapter- house,
mnning east and west. It had undoubtedly a groined
ceiUng, the central portion of it springing from columns
in the middle of the room, and had a door into the
doisiera. Beyond was the day room,or, as it was
called in priories and monasteries occupied by men,
the fralry. This also had a groined ceiling, ojid was
divided with columns, from which the centra] groining
sprang. In thiscase they were circular shafts, a portion
of one of which still remains. There were seven of
these, forming eight bays, which can still be easily
traced by the corresponding corbels in the walls,
from which the other sides of the groining sprang.
Over the chapter-house was the scriplorum or
library, lighted bva window to the east — probably a
circular one — and with an open wooden roof; and
over the day-room was a Ions donnitory ako with an
open roof. To the east of these buildincs stood the
Hospital or Infirmary, the site of which has not been
excavated. It probably consisted of a day room
and dormitory with small kitchen and offices, and was
reached by a covered passage leading from the day-
room, the foundations of which can still be traced.
On the north side of this passage were the gongs ;
close by, and on the east side of the chapterhouse,
was aburia!-phice,butinoslofihe nuns were probably
buried in the centre of the cloisters. Three graves are
still existing, one of which was opened in the writer's
gresence, and at a depth of about 3fL 6 in. human
sues were found, which, from their smaliness, were
evidently those of a female, buried without cither
stone or wood coffin, a thing very usual at this time.
The slab, which 15 most perfect, is, from the crass
that is on it, evidently of the latter part of the 13th
century. On the south side of the church wen: the
cloisters. On the south side of these cloisters were the
refeetoiy, kitchen, and chambers over, and on tha west
side the domus conversorum conversi, for coovtm,
workpeople and servants. — Subsequently the parly
proceeded to make a tour of inspection aloM King
Street- The first place visited was the church of St.
Peter Southgate — an ancient building, with nave,
chancel, north chanci, south porch, and a square
flint tower. St. Ethelred's Church, next visited, is
supposed to be the oldest in the city ; and it is
certain that a church stood on this ule before the
conquest. There is a very fine Norman doorway
in the south porch, and on the exteroat walls are some
interesting remains of a Norman string course, with
other portions built into the wall in the course of
reparation. The roof of this church is covered with
thatch in a very dilapidated slate, some of the win-
dows are boarded up, and its condition altoplher
discreditable. St, Julian's Church was also viuted.
It is a small building principally of the Nonnan
Ceriod, but the lower is believed to be Saxon, and
ence is an object of interest. The old Music
HouM, once the residence of Sir Edward Coke — who
was Recorder of Norwich and afterwards Lord Chief
toslice of England— was, by permission of Messrs.
visited by the parly.
the church of St- Peter per Mounteinle. The
church was built in i486, is It; feet long by 46
feet Iiigh, but is without special distinctive features.
The vestry, behind the Communion table, is said to
have been a chapeL The chancel stalls, though of
course there is a good deal of modern work about them,
are substantially the same as belonged to the Collie of
Five Friars demolished at the Dissolution. The octa-
gonal rood-stair turret has been preserved, and also
some portions of the nncient screen. Of the monu-
ments, which Blomefield says were numerons, only
one of importance remains, that of Roger Bemey and
his wife, who belonged to the Hobart family— vrith
recumbent effigies, erected in 1 663, and made irf stucco
painted. In the nave was Imried Thomas Codd, who
was Mayor of Norwich at the time of Ketl's rebellion,
but this monument has been lost. The register ol
this parish is dated 1538, and is in a remarkably good
state of preservation ; arid there was also shown the
deed by which the parish of St. Faith's was annexed
' this pari.sh in 1564. Amongst the plate is a chalice,
s the mark shows, in 156$, and a spoon dated
1013, with a crucifix handle.
Penzance Natural Hietoiy and Antiquarian
Society.— Jan. 13.— Mr. W. C. Borhise, M.?., in the
Clmir.— Mr. W. Bolitho had borrowed from a friend
a copy of Hals' Corim-all, a complete copy of which
is unknoun, in consequence of a fire destroying many
of the printed sheets while ihey were at an Exeter
bookseller's. Mr. Stokes, of Bodmin, bad been pre-
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
129
sented by Mrs. Taunton, a daughter of Whittaker's,
with some part of the MS. of Hals, whose book con-
tained admixtures of tmth and fdsehood, and stories,
told with some dttjee of the coarseness which marked
the literature of fa times in which it was written.
As specimens of the quaint, unobjectionable, and valu-
able portions, Mr. Bolitho read several extracts relative
to ^otnsflemine, Bodmin, Pengersick, Trewoofe,
and Poldice Mine, &c. Ten ^ years ago a copy
could be got for £,^Q ; now the price is 100 guineas,
so many copies have been in demand for /Gnerica.
— Mr. Borlase introduced a book, printed in Paris
in 1607, and interesting to people of the West
Conntrie because it had so many references to the
Coortenays. He also explained and handed round
three or tour coats of arms of the Borlases, uid dwelt
on them, and the origin and meaning of their original
name of Tailiefer (found at St. Wenn in the reign of
Edward I., and termed "liegemen of the county —
time out of mind**). — Mr. Comiph described a present
from Mr. John Donnithome, part of the backbone of
a whale, a great curiosity ; a wasp's nest, lent by Mr.
and Mrs. T. Reynolds ; and the cabin-fender of Sir
Cloudesley Shovel's flagship, the Assoiiationt wrecked
at Sdlly neariy two centuries since^ and which had
been a heirloom in the family of Capt^ John Tregarthen.
— Mr. Cornish noticed the singularity, that while the
name of St. Anthony (one of the patron saints of
Penzance) and that of St Clare were not lost, and the
sites of their chapels were guessed at, the names and
chapels of St. Raphael and St Gabriel, in the east
part df the town, were entirely lost. — The Bonython
flagon, of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, got back by
a representative c? the family now in South Australia,
was shown.
Yorkshire Archseological Association.— Jan.
17. — Annual Meeting. — Mr.Thos. Brooke, F.S. A., the
President, in the Chair.— Mr. S. T. Rigge read the Re-
port, which states that the excursion to Helmsley and
Kievaulx was unfortunate as regards the weather. This
was especially to be regretted, as Mr. Micklethwaite
had spent some time in making a careful survey of the
ruins, which would have resisted in raising several
important questions which will have the attention of
the Councu at .<iome future time. The completion of
the Poll-tax in the last number of the ytmmal, is an
important circumstance. The publication of these in-
varaable rolls has met with considerable attention on
all hands ; so much so, that the council have .decided
on issuing the surplus prints to the public ; and a table
of contents, &c., is now being prepared which will
add to the ntiUty of the volume, ihis book will be
sold to the public at a moderate price, and it is hoped
that a large accession of new members will follow.
The next number will contain the first portion of a
valuable series of deeds connected with Ribston,
which has been arranged by the Rev. R. V. Taylor,
B.A., in whose hands they have been placed by the
owner, J. Dent Dent, Esq. A very valuable set of
diawin0 has been made 01 Conisbrough, by Mr. A. S.
Ellis. j[t \m intended to use them as iBustrations of a
Paper on the Castle which Mr. G. T. Clark has pro-
mised to contribute to the youmal. With the cordial
concurrence of Mr. Brown, Q.C., the owner of the
iroperty, the Council has du-ected its attention to
'ooBt GiBce Priory, which, as is well known, is the
g
only place in England where the arrangements of a
Carthusian convent can be adequately observed. An
elaborate survey of the ruin has been made, which
will be reproduced by photo-lithography and published
in the Journal,
Newcastle Society of Antiquaries.— Jan. 25. —
Sixty-Ninth Annual Meeting. The Earl of Ravens-
worUi in the Chair. The Secretary, Mr. Lonestaffe,
read the Annual Report, which dealt principaUy with
the project of utilizing the Black Gate for museum
accommodation. In the case of the Black Gate of the
Castle, Henry III. employed a good architect, who,
in his turn, employed good masons. The original
parts of the Black Gate, of which they knew both the
date and cost, presented peculiar features, highly in-
teresting — wheUiertotheardiitectural, the antiquarian,
or the military eye; To the artist's eye Uiere could
be few such effective combinations of objects as oc-
curred upon the banks of the Tyne. As to the want
of museum accommodation, the report went on to state
that the splendid collection of Anglo-Saxon sculptures
accumularing at Durham were in the longest room in
England and well lighted. It must be admitted that
every fmd did not go there; consequenUy, the
most beautiful Anglo-Saxon stone, discovered at
Chester-le-Street, disappeared, he being unable to
exhibit it. The committee then rderred to the
discoveries of the year, and in doing so said that Mr.
Bkur and Dr. Hooppell, with other members, had paid
considerable attention to the remains of the chapel at
North Gosforth. The will of the late Mr. Laycock
had been proved, and application had been made for
permission for the Society to expend a few pounds in
excavations at the chapel at North Gosforth. Before
leaving the subject, attention might be drawn to half of
a picturesque bridge of the fourteenth century, at
Gosforth, called Salters^Bridge. The particular Salters
Road looked like a communication between the Blyth
district and the ancient borough of Newbum.
The Society were gratified by the observation of
the care bestowed by the Corporation of New-
castle on the remaining ancient buildings of the
town. After the Castle, old churches, and the
Black Gate, the most interesting one was the
perfect Herber Tower. The officers, with the Duke
of Northumberland as patron, and EUu-1 Ravenswoith
as president, were then re-elected. — Mr. Hodgkin
presented an urn which had been found near his house
m Benwell Lane, and further south than anything yet
discovered. It was evidently Roman, and was found
at about joo yards from the south w^ of the camp.
Mr. Longstafie said everything tended to show that
Benwell was a mansion of the Kings of Northumber-
land, and a place of considerable importance. — The
Rev G. R. Hall exhibited to the meeting the mould
or framework in which the French assignats were
forged in the time of Pitt. It had been lent to him
by Mr. William Smith, grandson of Mr. Smith of
Haughton Castle, who was the then owner of the
paper mill there at which the assignats were made.
It was thought of no interest, and placed.in one of
the lumber rooms, and after having been found it was
restored by Mrs. Smith herself. It had upon it the
date of the forging of the assignats. He understood
that a Mr. Magnay was the then Court stationer in
Newcastle, and his father was Ihe foreman of the
AMTJQUAJilAN NE WS.
customs of Queen Anne. Thelitertirass-
the spot will, however, outlive those of plea
amosemenli. It is conneetedin —
MS of
degree
with the livel nf Byron, Shelley, Coleridge, Leigh
Iloat, Keats, Alfred Tennyson, Romney, Morlanil,
HaydDD, Bkke, Collins, and SlanfieH.
Historii; muior-booses, like historic libraries, come
from time to timeioto the market. Among the estates
to be sold in the coming spring is one including the
ancient Manor House of BurweTl, Lincolnshire, where-
in Saiah Jennings, afterwaids the famous Duchess of
Marlborough, was bom.
In one of the houses at Pompeii, not yet entirely ex-
cavated, \ai been found a mosaic fountain, the deeo-
ralions of which ore far superior lo any ol (he kind yet
found. On the roof of the founlain is a representation
of the sea, with Aphrodite issuing ftom her shell. The
goddess holds the arm of a half-submerged Cupid, and
other Cupids are viable here and there in the walet.
Below this group ii a Cupid embracing a dolphin,
preceded by a nereid, who spreads out ber mantle
in the form of an arch over his head. On (he left Ivro
women are seen on the shore — onestandingrestingher
chin on her led band, the other seated on the ground
and holding up her right band in an attitude of admi-
ration. Both are in profile. On the right hand a
woman stands on the shore, and in the centre of the
piclnre another female ligurc kneels beside a box and
gazes at the sea, her back lieing turned to the spectator.
While ploughing the stubble held, un the form of
Quarryfotd, Haddinglon, tenanted by Mr. Haig, on
the Ycsler estate of the Marquis of Tweeddale, a clay
urn, containing calcined human bones, was discovered
by one of the servants on the farm. The urn was
only about three inches below the surface. 1(5 lop
was broken by the share of the plough, otherivise it
is in very good condition, and from its appearance
seems to be of considerable anliquity.
The Commissioner of Works is progressing with
his work of restoration at Hampton Court Palace.
The new groined ceiling in the principal entrance
gateway is now approaching completion. This ceiling
will be somewhat similar in general appearance to
that recently restored under the second gateway of (he
palace, but of much larger dimensions, being ^ofl.
in length and 20ft. in width. The ceiling, or groin,
has been constructed in accordance with whai is be-
lieved lohave been the form and design of the original
ceiling, no part, however, of which remained, with
the exception of some angle shafts and springing
stones, which denoted its position. An unsigmly lath
and plaster ceiling bad for many years taken the place
of the stone ceiling phiced there by Cardinal Wolsey.
The ceiling b conitructed entirely of masonry, (he
material used being Bath Oolite, and forms a c<]fnple(e
dome, or groin, ofsolid masonry, without i
: elaborately
moulded ribs, -springing from the shafts in each angle
of the gallery, and spreading in a fon-tikc form
towards a central compartment filled with tracery
panels, with Tudor detail, and ornamented with quatie-
Kuls, containing shields, upon which will be carved
the arms and other devices appertaining lo (he various
offices held by Cardinal Wolsey. Upon (he centre
For many yean post it has been contemplated to
reslore the interesting and ancient church of Ashill,
SomerseUhire. The tower was replaced and repaired
some twenty years ago, and the 'roof recovered. A
few years aflerwards the chancel was rebuilt by the
Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The chnrch contains
an unusually large proportion of Norman work in
very fair Condition, consisting of the chancel archway
and the eastern and western doorways of the church.
The Early Englith Decorated and Perpendicular
Periods are also represented, together with some
carved work on the pulpit and some oak seals of a
far later date. The church was formerly seated through-
out with hoe old solid oak benches. Most of these
have been cmdually " improved " an-ay by one-inch
mural monuments, one o:
There was formerly a rood luA, and it is said that
the doorway to the stairs may yet be seen. The roof
is a *' wa(»gon-headed " one, but has been ceiled, and
consequently much of its beauty lost. There are no
remains of any stained or painted glass, the winilows
having been glazed some hundred years ago, and
their centre mullions and part of their tiacery re-
moved. But a more general restoration is now being
undertaken, and all is intended to be completed by
Midsummer next. It is at present proposed lo
rc-door and rC'Seal the church throu^out, restore
and enlarge all the windows, repair and re-cover
the roof, clean and restore all the Ham stonework
ihroughout, lower Ihe exlerior ground, and well
drain o round. Attention will be given to the
most interesting parts of the church in the Norman
Hampstead, near Saffron Walden, in Essex, hat
possessed a fine old church with a lofty western tower
strengthened by empanelled buttresses. For some
time It has been noticed that the tower lias been
K'ving way, and the strain on the south wall had
come so great that it was determined that Ihe belU
should be no longer chimed nor the clock wound uj).
At a little after seven o'clock on Salnrday, ibe 291I1
January, ihe south wall began to crumble away a few
feet above ihe ground, and in less than an hour Ihe
greater part of the fine old tower slipped down, bring-
ing with it about half Ihe roof and one arch of Ihe
south wall of the nave, and letting down also a good
part of the roof of the south aisle. Thegalleiyat (he
west end of the nave of Ihe church, the children's
seats, Ihe front, and the stove, are all buried in one
huge mass of dibrij. Where are (he restorers in
this case? TTiey are busy enough in places where
nothing is wanted ; but such shameful n^lecl as the
aliove episode reveals is allowed to take place without
An interesting discovery has been made at Fown-
hope, near Hereford during the restoration of St.
Mary's Church there. Whilst the men vrere excavating
beneath Ihe church, they came upon a brick vault
with an arched roof, and in this vault was IoiuhI a
ANTIQUARIAN NEWS:
133
handsome oak coffin of extraordinary length and
breath. The coffin crumbled to pieces when touched,
disclosing a human skeleton of gigantic proportions,
which, when the air struck it, dissolved into dust. The
length of the body from head to feet was nearly 8ft.
6in., and the breadth 3ft 6in.
The Manchester City News records a curious fact
interesting to the student of ancient town customs.
Jacob Wilson, town-crier of Birmingham for more
than half a century, died the last week in Januar}\
The appointmoit was regarded as hereditaiv, and the
deceased was the sixth Jacob Wilson who had acted
as town crier during a period of 300 years, each being
the 3roungest son of his parents.
The Essex Field Club have reprinted, in pamphlet
form, with elucidatory plates, Major General Pitt-
Rivers* interesting Paper on the recent excavations at
the ancient camp or oval-shaped earthworks in Epping
Forest, known as '*Ambresbury Banks/' and popularly
associated with Queen Boadicea. The works, whicn
were conducted at the expense of the Club, under the
eye of a body of gentlemen interested in the subject,
were limited to one cutting twelve feet wide across the
lines of circnmvallation, but they yielded nevertheless
a number of objects of interest, chiefly composed of
fragments of pottery. From their position they are
considered by MaiorGeneral Pitt-R ivers to be necessarily
coeval with the formation of the camp ; and they are
pronounced by this excellent authority to be British —
thongh whether belonging to a period before or after
the Romsm occupation is still undecided. Large col-
lections of pebbles also found are considered to have
been used as sling stones. It is to be hoped that
since this slight ^ort has been so successful some
further attempt will be made to solve a problem which,
it is observed, '*has exercised the best wits of the
neighbourhood from the dajrs of Camden to our time. "
We understand that the relics found in the course of
the work at the Baths at Bath have all been deposited,
by direction of the Baths Committee, in the record
room at the Guildhall in the custody of the Town
Clerk.
At an auction sale, on January 20th, of the effects
of the D'Olier Street Club of Dublin, an old high-backed
oaken chair, elaborately carved with Irish emblems,
and described as the chair of the " Speaker of the Irish
House of Commons," was sold to Mr. Cecil Guinness.
An inscription on a brass plate on the chair set forth
that it was presented many years ago to the Dublin
Library by Lord Cloncurry.
Owing to the lowness of the water in the Lake of
Constance, in Switzerland, some interesting Lacustrine
habitations have been laid bare, and several valuable
finds of nephrite axes and other objects have been
made.
The committee of the Cumberland and Westmore-
land Antiquarian and Archaeoloeical Society have
determined to issue the accounts of the church plate of
the diocese of Cariisle, not in their Transactions^ but
separately. The book is expected to be ready in
August.
It is announced that the Dean and Chapter of Lich-
field are having their moniments arranged and cata-
logued by the Rev. J. C. Cox, and that many docu-
ments relating to York, Peterborough, &c, have
already been found. We know of no one more fitted
to undertake this work than Mr. Cox, and we shall,
no doubt, have a valuable report from him.
The historic house known as Dolly's Chop House
in the neighbourhood of St. Paul's is to be pulled down.
"Dolly's has an illustrious history, and its mention
recalls the names of Addison, Steele, Pope, Swift,
Congreve, and other literary celebrities. It was the
only house in the immediate vicinity that survived the
great fire of 1666. We hope to give some particulars
of this place in a future number.
A facsimile has been made, by the process of photo-
lithography, of the remarkable MS. of Marco Polo pre-
serval in the Royal Library at Stockholm. The work
has been undertaken at the expense of Baron Nor
denskiold. A limited number of copies have been
printed before the plates were rubb^ off, and sub-
scribers in this country should address themselves to
Mr. Bernard Quaritch. The work is issued in one
volume (quarto), bound in the Roxburghe style ; and
its value is enhanced by an elaborate introduction from
the pen of M. Delisle, of the Biblioth^ue Nationale
at Paris.
Mr. J. H. Middleton communicated to the Society
of Antiquaries on the 9th February a curious discovery
which had been made on the previous day during the
repairs at one of the Canon's houses'at Westminster.
At the back of the canvas lining of the walls were
some well-designed paintings in bkck and white done
in tempera on plaster. They were of Henry VIII.'s
time.
We understand that the works in connection with
the restoration of Whiston Churdi have been arranged.
They consist of a new nave, chancel, organ chamber,
and vestry, with seats for the whole church. This
division will be undertaken by the Earl of Effingham,
on the part of Lady Charlotte Howard, and will be
commenced forthwith. Then there are to be extensive
repairs of the fabric of the present nave, chancel, and •
porch, and alterations to the tower.
The ancient parish-church of Cowthorpe, near
Wetherby, has been re-opened after restoration. The
church, which is dedicated to St Michael, was a
Norman edifice of a late type, built during or shortly
after the Third Crusade. The chancel has bwjn paved
with coloured tiles, and the aisle is laid down with
stone upon a concrete bed. The sittings are of pitch-
pine. The pulpit and reading-desk are of the same
kind of wood, and also the seats and fittings in the
chancel. The old oaken Communion-rail, of the
Queen Anne period, has been retained. The Norman
font, after being cleaned, has been replaced nearly in
its original position at the north side of the nave nearly
underneath the tower.
A very fine volume, under the editorship of M.
Camillede Roddaz entitled VArtAncim i vkxposiion
Beige ^ has just been published at Bru^els by M.
Rozcz, and by M. FirmmDidotat Paris. It contains
a highly illustrated account of the chief exhibits of
various countries, and forms a history of Fine Art.
The grand old parish church of Edington, in Wilt-
shire, is now rapidly falling to decay. It is a building
n4
ANTIQUARIAN NB WS.
that cannot fail to arreit the attention of all intoettcd
in church architecture. It is 1 60 feet long, thtt chancel
alone being 60 by 25. Funds are ur]g^ntJy needed to
prevent the fabric from falling, and we hope, in our
next issue, to give our readelfS^ note of this interesting
ohnrch.
mstorie Notices of the Borough of Mnt^ by Mr.
Henry Taylor, deputy constable of.Flint Castle, is in
the press, and will be published shortly by Mr. Elliot
Stock, llie work will contain much curious information
concerning local usages, drawn from charters and offi-
dal documents, ana vrill be illustrated by facsimile
woodcuts.
At the solicitation of the members of the Sidcup
Natural History and Literary Society, Mr. Roach
Smith, on the 7th February, delivered a lecture at the
New Hall, Sidcup, ^n the Evidences of Shakespeare's
Eariy Countnr life shown in his Works." Mr. Roach
Smim stated that in the enormous amount of
allusions to country and farmhouse life, the Shake-
spearean student could not but arrive at the conclusion
tnat Shakespeare had spent his early days in the
country. Mr. Roach Smith was the first to draw
attention to this point in bis Rural Life oj Shake-
speare. We are 'glad to see] that Mr. Roach Smith's
health enables him to undertake this task.
We learn that Mr. Qiarles Welsh has in preparation
a work which will be published bv Messrs. Griffith &
Farran, entitled "A Bookseller of the Last Century,**
being some account of the life of John Newbery, and
of the books he published.. The philanthropic pub-
lisher of St. Paul's Churchyard, as Goldsmitn, in his
Vicar of Wakefield^ has called him, is a figure of some
interest in the literary history of the eighteenth cen-
tury. The first bookseller who made the issue of
books for children a business of any importance, he
brought before the world a nimiber of books which
have proved of incalculable benefit. But not only is
he to DC remembered as the publisher of Goody Two
ShoeSy and kindred works, he was intimately asso-
ciated with Dr. Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Smart, and
many others ; and he busied himself with many pro-
jects of a seemingly more important character than
the publication of works for the young. The volume
will be supplemented by an alphabetical list of
books publuhed bv the Newberys, from about 1 730
to 1800, which the author has spent some years
compiling.
A History-— Topo^phical, Archxological, Genea-
logical, and Biographical — of the parishes of West and
East Bradenham, with those of Necton and Holme
Hale, in the County of Norfolk, from Public Records,
Court Rolls, Wills, Parish Registers, and Private
Sources, by Mr. G. A. Carthew, F.S.A., with illustra-
tions, and an Introductory Essay by Dr. Jessopp, will
be shortly published.
A work entitled Salaminia : {Cyprus) its History
TYcasures, and Antiquities^ by Alexander Palma di
Cesnola, is anounced for pubhcation by subscription.
It will contain an account of the principal objects of
antiquity derived from ancient sites which were
excavated by A. P. di Cesnola from 1876 to 1879 in
the Island of Cyprus. The collection amounts to
upwards of fourteen thousand specimens. It contains
Phoe n ic ia n, Emtian, Greek, and Roman remains,
from Kitium, Pwhos, Marium, Kourium, Idalium or
Dali, Soli, and above all, from Salaminia, the ancient
Salamis of Teucer, which yielded a large proportion of
the recovered treasures — a site which no excavator has
ever before examined with success. The relics
comprise a vast variety of valuable objects in gold,
silver, and bronze ; gems, cylinders, precious stones,
ivory,and terra-cottas. Among them may be mentioned
finger-rings, ear-rihgs, necklaces, leaves of bcaiten
gold foil for head-attires or to cover the features of
tne dead ; masks, swords, knives, and other
weapons ; corns, pins, aladastra, toys, urns of large
size adorned with geometrical patterns, other urns
of sepulchral use, finely modelled statuary groups and
statuettes, portable hand-warmers, and numerous
inscriptions, of the highest value.
Corre0pon^ence
EXCAVATIONS AT HERTFORD,
(v. 34.)
Seeing in your January number a short note of the
discoveries which have been recently made on the site
of the ancient Priory at Hertford, and that, at that time,
no coffins had been found, 1 1 thought it might inte-
rest some of your readers to learn that two coffins were
found on December a 1st ult. One of liiese was in a
fiEiir state of preservation, but unfortunately was
firactured by the workmen in removal ; the other,'
which appeared to be equally sound, was not moved,
but was again filled with earth (neither of them having
a lid). Both were l3ring in a direction due east and
west, the feet bemg turned towards the east. When dis-
covered they were only about two feet from the
surface of the ground. The one that was taken up
measured 6ft« 9in. in length, ift. in depth, and
gradually widening from ift. at the foot to 2fL at the
head. The sides were i^in. thick, except at the
broader end, where the thickness was fully 3 inches,
and the coffin itself was cut out of a solid block of
stone. Inside were found a skull and a few other
human remains (teeth, arm, and leg^bones, &c.). In
the Omtlemm*s Magazine for May, 1802, is an account
of several stone cofiins found near Ware Priory
(about two miles from here), which seem to have
resembled those mentioned above, with the exception
of the ithickness, which was 4 inches, and also in
the fact of their all having lids.
Henby Robins, jun.
Hertford,
TUMULUS AT HAMPSTEAD.
In the fields about half-way between Hampstead
and Highgate, and not far from the footpath, stands
a conspicuous tumulus, bearing a few trees, and sur-
rounded by a decayed hedge. It is duly marked as
antique in the large-scale Ordnance Map, but I have,
not been able to find any information about it in Park's'
History of Hampstead^ or in any other books or maps.
Considering how near it is to the seats of so many
archseological societies this is curious. I believe that
CORRSSPOlfDBNCE.
»3S
there is an interesting history attaching to this tumulus,
but should be much obligea to any person who omild
put me in the way of gaining authentic information
on the subject
W. Stanley Jevons.
4, The Chestnuts, Branch Hill,
Hampstead Heath.
THE BIDDENDEN MAIDS,
(v. 39)
There is very little doubt that the figures of the two
feaoales impre^ed on the cakes which are distributed
at Biddenden, Kent, on Easter Sunday, has led to
the supposition that they were joined together, as
Mr. Newman says, in his letter, *' in mudi the sanie
way as the Siamese twins." A curious old print in
my possession, dated 1778, shows the two females
joined as Mr. Newman describes.
As the story goes, it is said that they were two sisters,
who were bom in the year 1 100, joined together at
the hips and shoulders ; that they lived thus tor thirty
yean, and died within about six months of each other,
leaving twenty acres of land called the *' Bread and
Cheese Land,*' from the proceeds of which the cakes
are distributed. Mary and Elizabeth Chalkhurst are
said to be the names of these benefactors. Ireland,
in his "History of Kent," dated 1829, states that
the whole thinf; is but an idle tradition, origina-
ting in times when superstition was more prevalent
than at present ; and at page 1208, vol. iii. of the
Beauties of Kmt^ dated 1806-7, there appears the
following footnote : — " Hasted says (vol. viL page
138, anno 1798), that the print ot the women on the
caJces 'has taken pUce only within these fifty years,*
and that the truth seems to be that the land was the
gift of two maidens named Preston." It is there-
fore extremely probable that the story of the con-
joined Biddenden Maids has arisen solely from the
rude impression on the cakes, and been chiefly
promulgated \s^ a sort of handbill, which is called,
** A Short but Concise Account of Elizabeth and Mary
Chalkhurst," That there were really no such persons,
the silence of all the early historians of Kent on the
subject affords a strong presumption ; and also the
proceedings on a suit in the Excheauer, brought for
the recovery of the lands, as given for the augmentation
of the glebe, by the Rev. W. Homer, Rector of Bid-
denden, in 1656^ who was, however, nonsuited. It
may be remarked that a similar tale is told of two
fenudes whose figures appear on the pavement of
Norton St. Philip Church, in Somersetshire." The
fore^ing may be of interest to many readers of the
Antiquary, and it would seem to be conclusive ; as
Ireland says, "the whole thing is an idle tradition,"
Belvedere, Kent. H. W, Smith.
THE EARLY COINAGE OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA,
(iv. 276.)
The letter of B. H. Cowper on the above subject has
certainly been instmctive to me. In mentioning the
Connecticut cents of 1787 with a head on the obverse
and Avdori. Connie., I have been able to recognize a
coin in my collection as being one of the same kind.
Mine is in excellent preservation, and the reverse has
a figure very much like Britannia seated, with an olive
branch in the right hand, and INDE. ET. LIB.
B. H. Cowper does not say if the letters INDE
occur on the reverse of his specimen.
Presuming that they do not, I may be giving him
H.W.S.
some im formation.
fL>3r.*^a: i%
THE LOW COUNTRIES.
Temp, James I. (v. 10.)
The "Sketch of the Low Countries" appeared in
the additions to Feltham's Resolves (12th ea. 1709, pp.
605-625). I know not whether it be in any earner
edition. There is some additional matter in the Feltham
text. On the other hand, the introductory letter and
some suceeding portions of your text are omitted in
Feltham. The phraseology and punctuation of Uie two
versions differ, but the variations are not important.
W. G. Stoke.
Shute Haye, Walditch, Bridport,
I have found in a volume of the Mirror a copious
extract from "Three Weeks* (not "months")
Observations of the Low Countries," by Owen
Felltham, published in 1670, and stated in the
preface to have been written some years prior to its
appearing in print" {Mirror ^ vol. xxi. p. 422.) This
extract, so far as it goes, agrees almost word for
word with the interesting "State Pap«r" in the
Antiquary^ entitled, " A Sketch of the Low Coun*
tries {femp, James I.). The variations consist chiefly
in verbal alterations and the omission of several
sentences. At flrst it appeared that I had detected an
instance of literary plagiarism, which reminded me of
the cool manner in which several pages of Hervey's
Meditations were "borrowed" by the author of
•' Epistles to the Churches on the Eve of Time " (1
quote the title from memory). But I see that " J. S."
calls his paper "a badd olid piece new drawne."
Can any of your readers throw light upon the question
of date and also of authorship ?
H. B. Waterfield.
[The version of the "Three Moneth^ Observations
of the Low Countreys, espetially Holland," printed
in our January number, is, we have good reason to
believe, the original of Feltham's version, which
appeared as a separate work in 1662, under the title
of "A Brief Character of the Low Countries," &c.
The discovery of the original manuscript opens up
some curious points with regard to this, about which
we nuiy have something further to say in a future
number. — Ed.'\
BROCKLEY MONASTERY.
Can any reader of the Antiquary give me the title
of a book containing an account of the old monastery
at Brockley ?
F. R.
13*5
THE ANTIQUARY EXCHANGE,
iTbe Bntiquatn? fiircbange.
Enclose i^, for the First 12 Words^ and id, for each
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E.C.
The Manager wishes to draw attention to the fact that
he cannot undertake to forward POST cards, or letters^
unless a stamp be sent to confer postage of same to
advertiser.
For Sale.
Particular Account of the Names of Popish Recu-
sants living in Westminster in 1680, MS., pp. 100.
— 164, Care of Manager.
Louisa T^dning's "Symbols and Emblems of Early
and Mediaeval Christian Art." — Cash or exchange. —
171, Care of Manager.
Genevan Bible, 4to, 1597, Black Letter, with Con-
dbrdance, bound in new black calf, antique. Ex-
ceedingly clean and tall copy, 9J inches x 6J, ;f 3. —
Ruskin's Giotto and his works in Padua, complete,
£1 IS, — Two Paths, 1st edition, with plates, scarce,
£2, — Stones of Venice, 1874, with author's autograph,
6\ guineas. — Bibliography of Ruskin, ^s, 6d, — ^Joseph
Lucas, CLuremont, Cawley Road, Soum Hackney, K,
Army List, Roundheads and Cavaliers. — VoL $.
Chetham Miscellany — Visitation of Derbyshire, 1662 —
Weiss, French Protestant Refugees. — Spilbury's
Lincoln's Inn. — Apply B.F. S., Parkhurst, Dorking.
Hogarth's Works, Atlas folio. — Matthewes* Bible,
1 55 1. — The Genealogist, vols, i and 2 boimd. — 172,
Care of Manager.
The Old Clock, belonging to the ancient Abbey of
Reading, Berks, is for sale and can be seen at 1 1, Coley
Hill, Reading. The date is 1525. It has been ipr
ages in the possession of the same family, and was
recently given to a Bazaar in aid of a Church at
Reading, Dy a broker into whose hands it had fallen.
It has a painted copper dial, the case is made of
oak, very dark from age ; it stands about eight feet
high, and keeps good tmie. Miss E, Cooper, of 11,
Coley Hill, Reading, will be glad to give full parti-
culars concerning it to any intending purchaser.
A curious old Bible, to be sold, published A.i).
1614. A well-preserved Bible in black letter, with
marginal Notes, bound up with The Book of Com-
mon Prayer, two- leamea Concordances or Tables,
the Apocrypha, and also the Psalms in metre with apt
Notes to sing them withal. Interspersed in the Volume
is an interesting Pedigree, 34 pages, indicating the
lineage of Chnst fh)m Adam, also a description of
Canaan, with a Map, the Translators' dedicatory
Epistle to King James, and a copious Preface. —
Address G. Mackenzie, 131, Eversleigh Road, Shaftes-
bury Park, Wandsworth.
Savage's War Head Dress, 6s. 6d, — CuriousbNeedle-
work, dated 1684, lOj. 6d» — Carved Frame, 4J. —
Pocket Flint Pistol, 51. 6</.— OM Sword, Js, W.—
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Bracket Clock, 15J.— Mr. Shaw, WritUe, Essex.
Autograph Letters of Tennyson and Disradi (Lord
Beaconsfield).— Apply W. E. Morden, 30, the Parade,
High Road, Lee, Kent.
Autograph Letters.— Apply to R. H., 15, Brook-
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Letter from Bums, addressed *'Dr. Moore, London,
pr. favor of Mr. Nielson," dated Ellisland, 23d
March, 1789 : " The Gentleman who will deliver you
this, is a Mr. Nielson, a worthy clergyman in my
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pages quarto. Price, £$0, — Letter from Bums, ad-
dressed " Mr. William Nicol, of the High-School, St.
Patrick's-square, Edinburgh," dated Auchtertyre,
Monday [Oct. 15, 1787]: " I feel myself 'very com-
fortable here, &c." signed ** Robert Bums," I page
quarto. Price, £^, — Manuscript Poem, "Queen
Mary's Lament," in Bums's handwriting, 56 lines,
3 pages quarto. Price, ;f20. — Manuscript Poem,
"Lonl Gregory,^* in Bums's handwriting, 20 lines,
I page quarto. Price, ;f lo. — 170, Care ofManager.
Seventeenth-Century Tokens — Sussex, Cambs,
Kent, Hants, Wilts, Oxon, Warwicks, SUflTs, &c. '
&c., for sale. — 169, Care ofManager.
Wanted to Purchase.
Poll Books for County Elections in Essex, Herts,
and Cambs. — ^Thomas Bird, Romford.
Dorsetshire Seventeenth Century Tokens, also Old
Maps, Cuttings, Scraps, &c, relating to Dorset. —
J. S. Udal, Inner Temple, London.
Armorial Book-plates purchased or exchanged. —
Dr. Howard, Dartmouth Kow, Blackheath.
Wanted. — History of Surrey, Manning and Bray,
3 vols, folio, complete sets or any odd volumes. —
Tradesmen's Tokens (Seventeenth Century) of Surrey,
— George C. Williamson, Guildford.
Seventeenth Century Tokens of the Town and
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Seventeenth Century Tokens of Lancashire, at 2s,
each, or will exchange with collectors of other
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chester.
Wanted.— Gentleman's Magazine for 17S4, 1786,
1S41 (Part I.}, 1843 to iSoa—Plates relating to
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Views of Picturesque Scenery in Yorkshire, by G.
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Selections of Curious Articles from Gentleman's
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Blount's Tenures of Land. — 160, Care of Manager.
Collection of Book- Plates, about 2,000 or more,
duplicates not objected to. — M., care ofManager.
Books or MSS. on Astrology, Magic, Sorcery,
Charms, and any Occult Literature, in any language.
— E. Wilson, II, Woodville Terrace, Alexandra
Road, Homsey, London, N.
Wanted to purchase Dr. Pickard's Life of Nicholas
Farrar. — State form and condition to R. W. Bums,
Diglis House, Worcester,
EASTER.
*37
The Antiquary
APRIL, 1882.
£a0ter.
By John Fenton.
Sparsum cruorem posiibus vastator horret angelus :
Fugiiqui divisum mare^ mergunhtr hostes fliutibus.
Jam Pascha nostrum Christus est, Paschalis idem
Victimay
Et pura puris mentibus sinceriiatis azyma.
Vesperale Roman um.
|HE story of Easter is, as it were, the
story of humanity. For Easter is
not like those feasts that arose in
primitive times and then decayed,
nor like those that have arisen in later days
and have no linkings with the past Neither
is it like those feasts that keep always within
the circle of the race that gives them birth.
But Easter, being bom in primitive times, has
grown with humanity and has gathered into
itself memorials of each generation that has
observed it ; and from being at first a feast of
the Semitic race has passed into Aryan lands
and taken an Aryan name. Hence it comes
that fully to understand the feast as we keep
it now, we must seek to know it from its
beginnings among the children of Shem in the
ages of the past.
Sf)e Semitic JFeasst : ^Pesak^ anli &ivi%m^.
And here, at the very outset, there meets
us a living relic of primitive times, for this
ancient yfoidpesakh^ so ancient that even in
Hebrew it is obsolete save as a name for this
one feast, has passed through the paskJia* of
the Septuagint into the Latin /oj^Z/dr, which is
still the Roman name of Easter, and has an
offshoot in our English paschal, the epithet
of the sacrificial lamb.
The origin of the Pesakh-feast we know
not ; but we may conjecture it to have been
• Heb. PIQD, Gr. riax^
VOL. Y.
somewhat thus. In those far-off ages, when
as yet Hebrew and Arab, Phenician and
Assyrian were not, because the Semitic
people were not yet divided, but pastured
their flocks and herds together as children of
the great High-Father, their worship was
simple as their life. The cattle which formed
their wealth and sustenance, furnished also
the victims for sacrifice. If the evil spirit of
the desert carried off a member of the herd,
or if the evil spirit of the murrain swept off
the flocks, he was propitiated with a sheep or
a goat ; and when the herds were kept safe
from disease and harm, the gratitude of the
shepherds found expression in slaughtering
an unblemished animal from the herd.*
But the nomad pastoral life, necessitating
journeys by night under the cool clear light
of the moon and stars, led the Semites to the
beginnings of that study of astronomy which
was afterwards so deeply cultivated on the
Babylonian plains. Guided in journeying by
the silvery light of the moon and reckoning
the lapse of time by the periods of hist
revolutions, the nomad Semites looked upon
the moon both as the measurer of time and
as a beneficent power. Hence there arose
both the ancient reckoning by lunar months,
and the ancient worship of the god of the
moon. The days of the new and the full moon
are familiar to us all as ancient holy days of
the Semites. In addition to these, the tenth
day of the month was also hallowed, for some
reason that cannot now be recovered. But
beyond these days in each month there were
special seasons when the invocation of the
moon-god seemed especially needfuL One
of these was the vernal equinox. To us in
western lands the equinox is the beginning of
spring and the new life of the year ; but in
* The Assyrian tablets of magic and incantations
have shed great light upon primitive Semitic thought.
Cf. Lenormant : La MagU chn Us ChaltUens^ 5, 6, ff.
f To the Semites the moon was a God. Dr.
Goldziher {Der Mythos bH den Hebrdem, 68^.) treats
excellently of the value of the moon to nomad peoples.
Mr. Spencer (Principles of S<fcioicg}\ i., App. p. «.)
doubts whether primitive man took much interest in
the moon. But certainly peoples who are fair types
of primitive man find the moon ver^ useful. Dr.
Sprcnger tells how the Arabs find him so (Leben u,
Lehred. Mohammad^ iii. 530). CzsaY^^^Les Bassouios^
150) and Moffat (Mission Lcibcurs, 260) show his use
to South African peoples. Cf. also, Hahn : Tsuni'
tGaam, 41,42.
138
EASTER.
the east it is the beginning of summer, when
the early harvest is abready ripe, when the
sun is parching the grass and drying up the
wells, when, as Egyptian folk-lore has it, a
serpent wanders over the earth infecting the
atmosphere with its poisonous breath.* Then
on the tenth day of the lunar month sheep
were sacrificed and their blood sprinkled over
the gates of the folds and the entrance of the
tents that the spirits of drought and pestilence
might pass over and harm not the shepherd
and the flock. Such, so far as traditions and
survivals enable us to reconstruct it, was the
Ur-Semitic feast of Pesakh : the sacrifice of
Sparing or Passing over,\
But not in this form does Pesakh meet us
in the Old Testament The time came when,
under the influence of the Great Prophet, the
sons of Jacob exchanged their primitive
henotheism for the worship of Yahweh ; and
Israel, revivified by the new creed, burst the
bonds of Egyptian slavery. And when tradi-
tion told in after years of the wondrous
deliverance from Egypt, and how the Pesakh-
blood kept Israel safe when the destroying
angel laid low their Egyptian foes, then the
memories of that deliverance gathered round
Pesakh and transformed it The sacrifice
remained unchanged. The lamb was still
chosen on the tenth day of the lunar month
after the equinox, and the blood sprinkled on
lintel and doorpost ;t but it was no longer a
cry to the moon-god for aid against the
demons of the drought, but a song of thanks-
giving to Yahweh for his great deliverance.
Then came the entrance into Canaan, the
great change which made Israel an agricul-
tural people with higher beliefs and newer
customs. Of these latter, one especially
demands notice. Everywhere the beginning
of the harvest has been held by primitive
agriculturists as a season especially holy.
There is the Pongol festival in Southern
♦ Klunzinger: Uppfr Egypt j 184.
+ Ewald (Aiierthiimer da Volkes Israel^ 460 /) is
still the only satisfactory authority on primitive
Semitic festivals. Dr. Wellhausen^s work {Geschichte
Israels f i. 84/), excellent from the philological side, is
sadly marred by the author's lack of anthropological
knowledge. He calls human sacrifices, for instance,
a " supplementary generalization. " The human sacri-
fices ot the Mexicans were "generalized" enough,
without doubt, but not in Dr. Wellhausen's sense of
the words.
i £xod. xii. 1-14.
India, to inaugurate the use of the new rice.
There is the great feast of the Zulus in
December, when the king sacrifices a bullock,
and so renders it lawful to eat the new-ripe
mealies.* Nay, some German and English
communities which do not allow com to be
cut till the village oflUcer has ceremonially
opened the harvest, show a relic of the same
belief. And this special inaportance of the
harvest is emphasized by the solar reckoning
which accompanies agriculture. For thus the
cycle of the year is forced upon the attention
of the people, and with the recurrence of
each harvest the old cycle is seen to be com-
pleted and a new one begun. This, too,
Israel felt and expressed in the Feast of the
Massoth, the imleavened cakes. When the
grain was grown ripe, the sheaf of the first-fruits
was presented before Yahweh, and then for
seven days the houses were purified of the
old com and the old leaven. Only the
simple com was eaten during those seven
days until the old com and the old leaven
were clean passed away, and then the new
leaven was eaten with the new com in the
new year.t
But in Canaan and Egypt the harvest
comes in March, so that the festival of the
unleavened cakes fell at the same time as the
Pesakh-feast And the older feast gathered
into itself the harvest-feast as it had gathered
up the deliverance from Egypt. J Hencefortli,
on the foiuteenth day of the month the lamb
of the Pesakh-feast was slain and eaten with
the unleavened bread of the Massoth-feast,
a memorial in brief of Israel's whole history,
of their early henotheism and their worship
of Yahweh, of their nomad and their settled
life, of their bondage in Egypt and their con-
quest of Canaan.
Thus transformed the aneient feast was
* Cover, in jfoumal of Royal Asiatic Soc^ N.S., ▼•
9^tff* South African Folk-lore Journal, i. 134 f.
t Lev. Hmi. 1-15.
t Deut. xvi. 1-8. Dr. Wellhausen, however,
thinks that the Massoth saved Pesakh from decay.
TTiis is again an instance of the necessity for controlling
philology by anthropology. The philologist, who
always begins with late and corrupt forms, and works
back toilfully and often in vain to earlier and more
perfect forms, is tempted to thii^k that the old always
yields to the new ; whereas the anthropologbt, who
has numerous early forms to study and to compare
with the more corrupt, knows that the exact reverse
is the rule.
EASTER.
»39
kq)t year by year till there came that
memorable Passover when One was crucified
on Calvary, closing the book of Hebrew
history for ever, and opening the one that is
yet mifinished. But for the disciples of Christ
His death gave a new significance to the
Passover-feast, a significance which the
Apostle of the Gentiles himself shall tell us :
" Christ our Passover is sacrificed for us :
therefore let us keep the feast, not with old
leaven, neither with the leaven of maHce and
wickedness ; but with the imleavened bread
of sincerity and truth.'' These words, the
germ of a newer and a higher symbolism, St
Paul wrote to the little church of Hebrew
Christians in Rome, and in so doing trans-
planted the Passover with its new meaning
into the very centre of Aryan life.
C^ SLtjan JFeast: £a$ter.
I need not pause to tell how that little
church grew into the great Papal Church of
Rome, nor need I dwell on the details of the
change from the Passover on the Saturday
to the Feast of the Resurrection on the
Sunday, or on the discussions that have
grown thereout Let us rather notice another
point. The Passover was a stranger in the
Roman Calendar. It was not a Roman holi-
day, offering the Christians a convenient
time to gather together, and so becoming
transformed into a Christian feast as the em-
pire became Christian. The reckoning of
the Passover, too, was lunar still, while the
Roman Calendar was solar, so that the per-
petual shifting of the Passover, year by year,
kept it from imiting with any pagan feast.
And so the Passover gathered up little of
Aryan customs until, along with the first
missionaries of Rome, it came into contact
with Teutonic paganism ; and then it not
only gathered up Teutonic life into itself, but
even reflected that life back upon Rome.
But what was this Teutonic life ?
It was none other than the old Aryan life,
such as it was in the old Aryan home before
the Vedas were sung and long before the
splendid Brahman ritual had grown up. The
feasts and sacrifices were still feasts and sacri-
fices of the family or the village, ordered by
no calendar, but offered up whenever there
was need or whenever the change of the
seasons demanded prayer or praise. There
were feasts of the New Year, of the Spring,
and of the Harvest, but they varied some-
what from year to year, and even fix)m village
to village. There were feasts at each season
in each Teutonic village, but there were as
yet no great ieasts of the Teutonic people
held simultaneously over the whole land.
And this again affected the Passover feast
For though it came in along with the Roman
Calendar, which helped to gather the Teutonic
feasts roimd its own fixed points, yet the Pass-
over was but one such point out of several, and
had nothing in common with the pagan feasts
to attract them to itself. So that though
it gathered up Teutonic life it did so jointly
with the other Christian feasts, and as it
varied itself from year to year and the pagan
feasts varied from village to village, it hap-
pened that the pagan feast that was celebrated
at the Passover in one village was celebrated
at Pentecost in another, and that which was
celebrated at Pentecost in one year was
celebrated at Passover in the next. And
so the relics are scattered still; and to
recover the early Passover customs of the
Teutons we shall have to gather up fiagments
firom St Valentine and Pentecost and St
John.
And the Passover seems moreover to
have had in itself something that attracted
the new converts, for they dropped the
Roman Pascha and gave the feast their own
Teutonic name of Easter^ the meaning of
which alas ! is no longer certain, now that the
Teutonic goddess Ostara has faded away in
the light of criticism. And in this peculiar
attractiveness of the Christian element of the
feast lies, perhaps, the explanation of the
fact that in some parts — it may be from re-
vulsion of feeling-— all the old Aryan customs
have died away; while in others — out of
simple love and reverence — the people have
gathered round Easter usages that do not
really belong to it.
Yet we can still trace in Easter aistoms
the relics of three ancient ceremonies of our
Aryan race : the Blessing of the Fire ; the
Blessing of Marriage; and tlie Blessing of
the Fields.
Firsts the Blessing of the Fire, — Ancient
among the most ancient beliefs of the
Aryan race is the belief in the protecting
L 2
I40
EASTER.
power of fire. Even the poets of the Rig-
Veda knew as an old tradition that
" The friends of the holy law had kindled Agni, the
men of the olden time to bring them aid."*
Evening and morning in the Vedic times
were die fire-sticks twirled till the young god
sprang forth to protect his worshippers from
the ghosts and demons of the night, to herald
the approach of the dawn, and to shower
down upon his faithful long life and peace
and abundance of blessing.t On two points
did the Vedic poets lay especial stress : that
the fire should be pure and that it should be
perpetual. Already these ideas, in a less
developed form, had been carried from the
ancestral Aryan home by the two great
Western branches of the race. The Classic
branch laid emphasis upon the perpetual
nature of the fire, and for Greek and Roman,
Hesda and Vesta, with the sacred fire eter-
nally burning in their temples, stood in the
place of the ancient AgnL
But to the Teutonic branch the purity of
the fire seemed its most essential attribute.
So long as that purity was maintained, pros-
perity remained; misfortune and disease
came so soon as the fire was profaned. Then
it became needful to procure a new, pure fire
to drive away the evil. And this new, pure
fire — ^the "need-fire** — still lingers in our
midst ; created too in the very manner the
Rig-Veda commands. In Scotland, when
the "quarter-ill" made its appearance, the
"muckle wheel" was set in motion and turned
till fire was produced. From this virgin flame
fires were kindled in the byres. At 5ie same
time, live coals were given the neighbours to
kindle fire for the punfication of their home-
steads, and turning off the disease.! In
England, also, the same " need-fire" lingers
on, kindled too by the violent and continuous
friction of two pieces of wood ; and if the
catde pass through the smoke their well-being
is assured.§ Nor is it lacking in Germany,
as the researches of Dr. Mannhardt abun-
dantly show.|| Had the fires developed alone,
* -^f^- Veda^ V. 8, I ; Ludwig : Rig- Veda^ i. 373.
t R^'Veda^ i. 36, 14, 15 ; L 148, I ; iv. 1 1, &c.
(Ludwig, i. 284, 315, 363.)
X Gr^or : Folk-lore of N,E, Scotland^ j86.
§ Henderson : Folk-lore of Northern Counties^ 167,
168.
II Mannhardt: Der BaumkuUus der Germanen^
518 ^. Let me here express my great obligation to
there might have been a Teutonic fire-
worship; but Christianity came while the
" need-fires " were yet unsystematized, and
so they attached themselves in various wa3rs
to the various Christian feasts. In Scotland
they gathered chiefly round Beltane-day and
Hallowe'en. In England the holy seasons
were thought to hdlow the fire that was
alight when they dawned, so that the new
fire was supplanted by the permanent fire
whose sanctity was renewed by each holy-day.*
In Germany, too, the fires gathered round
various feasts. But the German mind,
tending thus early to mystic symbolism, was
touched sympathetically by the likeness
between the new fire and the unleavened
bread, each denoting a putting away of the
old and unclean, and a beginning afresh with
the new and pure. So they .came, as they
come even now, to the priest on Holy Satur-
day that he may strike new fire fit)m a flint,
whereat to light the long oaken and beechen
stakes they have brought with them. These
they carry home alight, one portion to kindle
the new fire ready laid on the hearth, praying
the while that God will keep the homestead
firom fire, hail, and lightning. Another stake is
carefiiUy preserved and laid on the hearth
during storms to keep away the thunderbolts.
A thmd portion, burnt to ashes, is carried on
to the fields to keep them from harm, thus
in every way presendng the Aryan tradition.t
And good old Bishop Boniface, not knowing
how these things might be, wrote to Rome
to ask if they knew the custom there of
striking the new fire fix)m the flint To whom
Pope Zachary replied that they knew it not.t
But the Church, ever quick to see how pagan
ceremonies might be transformed, took up
the new fire and embodied it in the OflSce
for Holy Saturday as a memorial of Him who
died and rose again, and the rubric now
stands thus : —
Dr. Mannhardt*s exhaustive collection of fects. I
cannot better endeavour to discharge my indebtedness
than by recommending the book to all who do not
already know it. It is smcerely to be regretted that
Dr. Mannhardt was not spared to complete the work
he had so excellently begun. . 1
* Gregor : u,s. 167 ; Henderson : uj. 72.
t Mannhardt, u^, 503, 504.
t Mannhardt, u,s, 503; Martene: De aniiquis
ecclesia ritibus (Bassani, 1788), ill 142. In Florence
the new fire was kindled by a stone brought from
Jerusalem (Martene : ilL 145;.
EASTER.
141
Bora cpmfetemti dicuntur Hora, . . . Interim excuU"
tur ignis de hpitU fans EccUsiam, et ex eo accendns^
tmr carbena .... Dicta Nona^ Sacerdos . . . asUe
portam Ecelesia, si commode poU^^ vd in ipso aditu
EccUsiOf henedieit novum ignem.
In this form the new fire came back to
England, and has spread wherever the Roman
Church is known, so that Easter, as was said,
not only gathered up Teutonic life into itself,
but even reflected it back upon Rome.*
Next^ of the Blessing of Marriage,—
There are two ways in which marriage in
early society differs from marriage in our
own. The ideas of primitive peoples concern-
ing relationships are not as ours. Where we
begin with the individual and divide and
subdivide a group until we know distinctly
the relation^p of each individual to every
other, primitive men begin with the group
and collect individuals under one common
class, so that all the old men are " fathers'' to
the middle-aged men, to whom all the young
men are as '' sons." And so all the members
of a class are "brothers" to each other.
This arrangement has the effect of bringing
into relationship individuals very slightly
connected by blood, f In this way the foun-
dation was laid of the feeling of kinship that
afterwards plays so considerable a part in the
village community. In respect of marriage,
this led in some cases to an extension of
marital rights from the individual to the
group ; but where this was not so, the group
naturally concerned themselves in their
brother's marriage, for it was of consequence
that he should not marry a woman with whose
relatives there was a blood feud, who wor-
shipped hostile deities, whose coming into
* There seems to be little doubt, on the evidence,
that the new fire came into Rome from Germany.
There are, of course, various other new fir^ that of
the Greek Church in Jerusalem, for instance, and the
grand ritual of the old Mexican Church in Bancroft's
Native Races of the Pacific^ iii. 393 ff,
t This doctrine is practically that classificatory
theory which Mr. L. H. Morgan propounded. The
theory is gradually turning out true. I myself
adduced evidence a year ago {Early Hebrew Life^
15-20) showing that such a classification lay at the
bottom of the Semitic terms of relationship, and now
the excellent work of Messrs. Fison and Howitt —
Kamilaroi and Ji^umai—prowcs the existence of the
classificatory systeni in Australia, In thus adhering
to the general doctrine of a classificatory system, I do
not necessarily assent to all Mr. Morgan's hypotheses,
their group might in some way provoke the
ancestral gods to wrath. So that every way
there grew up a communal interest in mar-
riage, and a religious interest withal.
Moreover, primitive peoples delight to cap-
ture their wives, a custom arising principally
from the constant practice of war, in which
spoils, of whatever kind, confer honour upon
the warrior.* There may very possibly have
been also local reasons in addition to this
general one ; and the influence of all was so
great that even when actual capture had died
out, the form of capture was still preserved
as a fundamental usage of the polite society
of early times.
Now, of both these customs — communal
interest in marriage, and marriage by capture
— survivals remain in Teutonic Easter cus-
toms.
Of the interest of the village community
in the marriage of its members — a subject
which will elsewhere be treated by another
pent — I will only say that the earliest record
of it in Aryan literature is in the Rig-Veda
(x. S^y 26, 27), where the bride at her home-
coming is presented to the vidatha^ the reli-
gious assembly of her husband's village;^ and
perhaps the latest in Mr. Thomas Hardy's
Under the Greenwood Tree, in which the re-
luctance of a modem bride to comply with
the old custom by circumambulating the vil-
lage is very skilfully delineated. I pass on
to note that it is in the spring, when, as one
of my predecessors§ correctly observed,
" A young man's fancy lightly turns to thoughts
of love,*'
that the Teutonic peoples seem to have con-
centrated their attention upon this important
* This is the explanation of Mr. Spencer, whose
discussion of early marriage is the most satisfactory
hitherto publi^ed {cf, his Principles of Sociology^ i.
650 /). In saying this I imply that I conceive Mr.
McLennan's work, epoch-making though certain hold
it to be, to be something musty. It is valuable, how-
ever, as a collection of references. Mr. Darwin
{Descent of Man, chaps, xvii., xix) seems to incline to
look upon wife-capture as a survival of the Law of
Battle among mammals.
t My friend, Mr. G. L. Gommc, who opened up
to me this aspect of primitive marriage. He will go
more minutely into it in his Folk-lore Relics of Early
Village Life, which will appear anon.
X Cf Ludwig : Rig-Veda, iii. a6i.
I Prof. Hales, Amtiqua&y, v. 42, quoting Tenny
son. J
142
EASTER.
subject, and that we have accordingly a whole
series of marriage customs rangmg from early
spring to early summer. St Valentine has
already been shown to have become a centre
of " love-antics ;" and my successor should
notice a whole group of May marriage cus-
toms illustrating the Miltonic story of
" Zephyr with Aurora playing,
As he met her once a-maying.*'
One of the earliest forms of the survival is in
the village of Thondorf, in Saxony, where it
is customary for a young man and a maiden
to hide themselves on Pentecost outside the
village among the bushes, or the long grass.
The whole village turns out with music to
seek the ** bridal pair." Having found them,
a triumphal return is made to the village.*
Here there is a palpable survival of capture
and communal interest, and in other similar
customs in Germany, the ceremonies are un-
questionable relics of actual consummation of
marriage.f In Silesia the girls are parcelled
out to the youths on Easter Monday by an
official temporarily chosen for that purpose ;
in others there is a sale of them by the village
justice. In England both forms are very
well preserved. In our Northern Counties
the boys on Easter Day pull oflf the girls'
shoes, for which the girls retaliate on Easter
Monday by pulling oflf the boys' caps. In
Lancashire, Cheshire, and Staffordshire the
youths "lift" the girls on Easter Monday,
and the girls the youths on Easter Tuesday. J
In the Book of Days^S the ** lifting" is de-
scribed as being performed by the lifters join-
ing their hands across each others* wrists,
and then, making the lifted one sit on their
arms, lifting the individual two or three
times.
That this taking off of shoes and lifting is
a relic of an earlier capture, is shown by the
old "Hock-day" custom for towns-people
to divide into two parties on the second
Monday after Easter and draw each other
with ropes. The Hampshire " hocking," as a
rough seizure, stood just midway between
capture and lifting. || Notes and Queried
gives an authentic instance of lifting at Crewe,
* Mannhardt, u.s. 431. + Ibid. u.s, 469.
X Henderson , u^, 84. § Vol L p. 425 .
I Strutt : Sports and Pastimes', bk. iv. ch. iii. No.
14 ; Brand : Pop, Antiti, s.v. Hock-day. ^
II Scr. I. vi. 194.
in 1852. In this case the person lifted was
placed in a chair, a form which furnishes a
transition to the custom of swinging the girls
instead of lifting them. This usage is referred
to in a popular song of the Wot people of
Livonia, which is, perhaps, novel enough to
bear quotation : —
Dorfes Knaben, liebe Briider,
Schaukelt nor nicht allzu heftig,
Schwinget nur nicht aUzu kiaftig,
Dass ich nicht zur £rde falle ;
Bei der Schaukel steht kein Bruder,
Unterhalb sind keine TUcher,
Niemand der mich fassen konnte,
Der mich aus dem Schmutzen hobe.
« • • «
Lass mich meine Schaukel sehen^
Welchem Baume sie entsprungen,
1st doch nicht aus Erlenbkumen,
Nicht gemacht aus Weidenbaumen ?
Gar zerbrechlich ist die Erie,
Gar zu beugsam ist die Weiden,
Ahomholzem sind die Schlingen,
Ulmenhblzem sind die Stiitzen,
Und die Unterlag* aus Weiden.*
Another group of customs connected with
marriage is the ball-playing at Easter. The
origin of the game I must leave to future ex-
plorers, but its connection with marriage
seems indisputable. In North Germany the
young people call at the house of a couple
who were married in the previous year, and
beg the " bride-ball" with this song : —
Wir mahnen uns den brude-ball,
Und wenn se tms den ball nicht gewen.
Den wiU'n wi ihr den mann wegnehmen.
Den wiirn wi *n ihr verschenken,
Se sol da wol dran denken.t
Here the gift of the ball is evidently a kind of
fine or release to the commune, such as are very
common in early society ; and the numerous
traces of bride-balls collected by Dr. Mann-
hardt,! all point to some such origin of the
usage. In England, the Corporation of New-
castie were wont to go out in their robes to
witness the football game on Easter Monday ;
and in Yorkshire and Durham, Brand tells
us, the pulling off of shoes was wound up by
an entertainment of dancing on Easter Wed-
* Schiefher, in Melanges Pusses (St. Petersbuig), iii.
225.
+ Kuhn : Nord deutsche Sa^n^ 372.
% Baumkultus, 471^ This doctrine is confirmed
by the evidence collected by Dr. Schmidt in his inte-
resting Jtis Prinuc noctis. The examples he gives
show clearly the transition from the actual to the
symbolic fine.
EASTER.
i«
nesday, at which a tansy-cake is made. Com-
bining this with the doggrel commencing ^^At
stool-ball, Lucia, let ns play," there seems to
be a general linking of tansy-cakes and ball-
playing and mairiage customs. But how the
reverend and celibate Fathers of the Roman
Church came to take up with this game
of ball, as there seems no doubt they did, is
at present inexplicable.* Still, enough has
been said to show what interesting relics of
early marriage customs were incorporated with
the Easter feast.
FincUly^ of the Blessing of the Fields.—
Here the Easter customs have undergone
another change. In England they have
suffered greatly from the Reformation and the
great Puritan movement. It is not the least
regrettable incident of the fervour of that
movement that its leaders, in their hatred to
the Church of Rome, swept away with that
Church many of the purely Aryan customs
that had grown up round it, and included in
their denimciations of " Popery" much that
" Popery" could never have created. This
fervour did not much harm the primitive fire
and marriage customs, for these were old and
pre-Christian ; but it did great harm to agri-
cultural customs, which, being of later origin,
had frequently taken a Christian shape.
Hence I have found scarcely any trace in
England of the manifold minor beliefs and
usages which are so numerous in Germany.
If any such exist, they are not to be found in
the great collections of our folk-lore. In
Germany, the cattle are stroked with holy
palms, and the fields smitten with the same ;
fruit-trees are bidden to bud, lest they also
be beaten ; squirrels and hares are hunted ;
bees are rendered industrious by placing holy
palm on their hives. If, therefore, any
readers ol this paper should meet with similar
customs in their villages at Easter they will
do a good deed by recording them in these
pages for the benefit of future researchers.
Only two customs have left perceptible
traces in England. One, the perambulation
of the fields, has passed to Whitsuntide, and
therefore falls beyond my boundary; the
second, of which 1 have now to speak, is that
of the Easter egg.
Where shall we seek an explanation of the
* Brand : Pop, Ant,^ i. 151 ; Mannhardt: Baum-
kuUus^ 478.
Easter egg? Shall we seek it in the mytfio*
logies of Egypt and Babylonia with Adr
mystic specukuions on the kosmic ^g ? or
shall we seek among our own forefathers for
an explanation, homely perhaps, but tnie?*
Our forefiithers, let us remember, were not
men of high culture. Their fiithers before
them had believed that to become brave, one
should eat brave men's hearts, and to become
wise, eat wise men's brains, and their children
after them used all manner of magic, from the
hand of glory to the ladybird. Yet they
were not unthinking savages. Agriculture
and the traditions of migrations had given
keenness to their intellects and awakened an
interest in things around them. What could
such men say about the eggs they saw in
their farmyards and henroosts? The egg
was unlike the young of any other creature.
Crush it, and it was a mere shapeless liquid
mass : leave it to be hatched, and there
came out a little bird. The conclusion at
which they arrived was that the egg was in-
habited by a little bird, just as the Ehsts still
believe that luck-eggs have little birds in
them. Then the analogy between eggs and
acorns, beans and similar seeds,f seems to
have impressed our forefathers, and the belief
in the little bird in the ^g% developed into a
belief in the life in the egg. Thus we have
the fairy story of the giant whose heart was in
an egg, the crushing whereof brings about the
giant's death, with still further developments
in the wonderful bird's wing in the magic
* If the reader has been surprised that I have
hitherto ignored mythology, his surprise will no doubt
here increase to its extreme height. My answer most
be simply that I am here dealing with social customs*
which are distinct from mythology. Mythology, if it
be anything at all, is the meditation of tne intdlect on
the facts of physical nature ; social customs are the
outcome, often unconscious, of the circumstances of
daily life, the quarrels and wants and successes of
primitive society. Mythological ideas about Ba'al and
A^i have nothing to do with the social necessities
which produced the fire>drill ; and communal marriage
does not result from a contemplation of the ''goings on"
of the heavenly bodies. That mythological ideas may
in later times have influenced men's views on the origin
of the fire-drill and communal marriage is very likely,
just as it is likely that the fire-drill ana communal mar-
riage influenced men's ideas of the gods; but the
origins of mythology and social customs are perfectly
distinct, and are got at by different methods.
t Cf, the "fairy-eggs," the nuts from the Azores, in
Scotland.
144
EASTER.
acorn and the splendid dresses that Cinde-
rella draws from her walnut shells.*
Nor was the belief confined to fairy tales,
but was an influential factor of daily life, and
numerous relics of it still remain. Primarily
comes the eating of the egg in order to gain
tiie strength- that is in it. This still survives
in some parts of Ireland, where the young
men on Easter Day eat eggs till they become
well-nigh ilLf In a more refined form we
find the idea in the Benedictio ovorum of the
Roman missal :
Subveniat, qtiasumus^ Domine, tua benedicHonis
gratia huie ovorum creatura: ut cibus saiutaris fiat
fideUbus tuiSf in tuarum graiiarum actume summtibuSf
ob resurrectionem Domini nostri Jesu Christi,
In whatever way, in fact, the egg was
assimilated, the virtue passed into the eater.
Thus in Germany the plough is driven over
a loaf and an egg buried in the field in order
to secure a finitful harvest ; or the plough-
man will eat two new laid eggs on the newly-
ploughed field. This indeed is a double
survival, inasmuch as the virtue passes not
only from the egg to the eater, but from the
eater to all his possessions. Or, again, a loaf
and an Easter ^g are put into the first sheaf
to ensure an abundant crop in the new year.
And this leads us directly to that more deve-
loped Easter custom, common to England,
Scotland, and Germany, where the boys
neither eat the eggs nor bury them, but
simply roll them over the fields, to enrich the
seed-corn beneath. In Westfalen, the bells
of the churches are believed to fetch the eggs
firom Rome ; in the north of England, they
are found in hares' nests, t
A further development, due probably to
the influence of the Christian feast, is the
belief in the special virtues of eggs laid during
Easter time. In Westfalen, eggs laid on
Maunday Thursday give cocks that change
colour every year. Elsewhere, eggs laid on
Good Friday are held to have the power of
extinguishing fire, especially when thrown
into it backwards. In Suflblk such eggs will
• CampbeU: Tales of the West Highlands, i. io,ii ;
Kreutzwald : Ehstnische Mdrchen, 264, 343 ; Coote's
CaUkifiy in Folk-lore Record, iii. 2, 3.
t Folk-lore Record, iv. 107.
i Mannhardt: Baumkultus, 158; E. Henderson:
Folk-lore of the Northern Counties, 83 ; Gregor : Folk-
lore of N, E, Scotland, 166; Kuhn: IVestfalischc Saqen,
xl. 143; Nord deutsche Sagent 373,
never go bad and are an excellent preser-
vative against colic*
Nor are the virtues of the egg exhausted yet
In Westfalen, at Easter-time, eggs laid in a
row on the ground are taken up one by one
and put in a basket, while others are run-
ning to a bush near at hand, to bring
back a green twig; a relic, apparently, of
an old (Uvination, though now degenerated
to a wager. In Lausanne the same divination
is practised by dancing backwards through a
number of Easter-eggs laid on the ground.
If successfiilly accomplished, this feat^ like
jumping over candles and so on, predicts a
prosperous new year.f
Moreover, the Easter-^g is found in con-
nection with holy water. In Westfalen egg- '
shells filled with water are emptied out on to
the fields to protect the harvest ; of which
custom there seems to be a relic in Scotland,
where the children, on Peace Sunday, float
eggshells in water, without any notion, how-
ever, of any meaning in their sport J
Here, with the conclusion of the third great
Easter custom, I will cease. With one ex-
ception, that of Good Frida}r buns, which I
omit of set purpose, the remaining beliefs are
unimportant, and may be dealt with in a note.§
And now let the sociologist be permitted
to preach somewhat by way of summing-up.
It was said tiiat the story of Easter is, as it
were, the story of humanity. It is so, in
telling of the passmg of the feast fi-om Semitic
to Aryan lands, and of its interweaving of
Semitic and Aryan customs, mirroring thus the
• Kuhn : Westfalische Sdgen, ii. 133 ; Brand : Pop,
Antiq,, i. 129; Schonwerth: Aus der Oberpfaiz^ ii. 85;
Henderson, u,s, 85.
t Kuhn : Westfalische Sagen: ii. 152 ; NoUs and
Queries, ser. 4, vi 68.
X Kuhn: Westfalische Sagen/rL 147; Gr^or: m.j.
167.
§ Among such beliefs are the dancing or three steps of
the Sun on Easter Day, and the divination of a good
year by the height of the water on that day. Hare
hunting and decoration of wells and holy springs are
common customs. Divinations of weather are of the
usual kind. Only one is worth quoting, predicting
what will happen in 1886 when Easter falls on Apm
25:
Quand George Dieu criicinera,
Quand Marc le ressuscitera,
Et oue St. Jean le portera,
Le nn du monde arrivenu
iNotes and Qumes^ ser. 2 viL 45.
EASTER.
145
fusion of Semitic and Aiyan culture which from
modem Europe is leavening the whole world.
It is so, in telling of the rising and decaying
of the aistoms that from time to time have
been part of the feast For these ancient
customs, that some gaze on with curiosity,
and others with disgust, are, as Ewald well
said, token-deeds. They express the best
and highest thoughts of the men who origi-
nated diem ; and in their transmission from
father to son they betoken the influence
that each generation has exercised upon its
successor. And in their gradual decadence
from grave earnest to simple sport, they tell
how each generation has purified and en-
nobled the ideal of humanity, letting slip the
thoughts that were no longer worthy of man,
and replacing them by others that were
higher. So in thus coming down to us laden
with the memories of the past, the ancient
feast is a token to us of the manifold heritage
that we have received in order that we may
hand it on. For each of us Easter will have
its special meaning; but for all of us it
should have this : that it is one of the links
that bind us to the fathers who have passed
away and to the children who are to come.
ZYic ITbeft of a Sbroub.
|0M£ while ago we called the
attention of the readers of The
Antiquary to the existence and
survival, even to the present dajr,
of an Italian popidar song which was one m
all essential points wi£ the well-known
Anglo-Scandinavian ballad of ''Lord Ronald''
— the lover or child to whom poison was
administered in a dish of broiled eels. The
ballad with which we have now to deal has
had probably as wide a currency as that of
" Lord Ronald." The student of folk-lore
recognizes at once, in its evident fitness for
local adaptation, its simple yet terrifying
motifs and the logical march of its events, the
elements that give a popular song a free pass
among the peoples. But as yet we have
been tumble to trace the "Shroud-theft"
through more than a limited number of its
possible vicissitudes.
M. All^e took down from word of
mouth and communicated to the late
Damase Arbaud a Proven9al version, which
runs as follows : —
His scarlet cape the Prior donned,
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
His scarkt cape the Prior donned,
And aU the souls in Paradise
With joy and triumph fill the skies*
His sable cape the Prior donned,
Ding dong, dong dinc^ dong I
His sable cape the Prior donned,
And all the spirits of the dead
Fast tears witnin the graveyard shed.
Now, Ringer, to the belfry speed.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
Now, Ringer, to the bclfi^ speed,
Ring loud, to-night thy ringing tolls
An office for the dead men^ souls.
Ring loud the bell of good St. John :
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
Ring loud the bell of good St. John :
Pray all, for the poor dead ; aye pray.
Kind folks, for spirits passed away.
Soon as the midnight hour strikes,
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
Soon as Sie midni^t hour strikes.
The pale moon sheds around her light,
And all the graveyard waxeth white.
What seest thou, Ringer, in the close?
Ding dong, dong din^ dong I
What seest thou. Ringer, m the close !
" I see the dead men wid:e and sit
Each one by his deserted pit"
FuU thousands seven and htmdreds five,
Ding dong, dong ding dong I
Full thousands seven and nundrais five.
Each on his grave's edge, jrawnine wide,
His dead man's wrappings lays aside.
Then leave they their white winding-sheets.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
Then leave they their white winding-sheets.
And walk, accomplishing their doom.
In sad procession firom the tomb.
Full one thousand and hundreds five.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
Full one thousand and hundreds five.
And each one faUs upon his knees
Soon as the holy cross he sees.
Full one thousand and hundreds five,
Ding dong, dong ding dong I
Full one thousand and hundreds five
Arrest their footsteps, weeping sore
When they have reached their children's door.
Full one thousand and hundreds five,
Ding dong, dong ding dong 1
Fall one thousand and himdreds five
Turn them aside and, listening, stay
Whene'er they hear some kiod soul pi»y.
146
THE THEFT Of A SHROUD.
Full one thousand and hundreds five,
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
Full one thou^ind and hundreds five,
Who stand apart and groan bereft.
Seeing for them no friends are left.
But soon as ever the white cock stirs.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
But soon as ever the white cock stirs,
They take again their cerements white,
And in their hands a torch alight.
But soon as ever the red cock crows,
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
But soon as ever the red cock crows.
All sing the Holy Passion song.
And in procession march along.
But soon as the gilded cock doth shine.
Ding dong, dong ding don^ !
But soon as the gild«l cock doth shine,
Their hands and their two arms they cross,
And each descends into his foss.
'Tis now the dead men's second night.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
'Tis now the desul men's second night :
Peter, go up to ring ; nor dread
If thou shouldst chance to see the dead.
" The dead, the dead, they fright me not,"
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
" The dead, the dead, they fright me not,"
— Yet prayers are due for the dead, I ween.
And due respect should they be seen."
When next the midnight hour strikes.
Ding dong, dong ding dong t
When next the midnight hour strikes.
The gpraves gape wide and ghastly show
The dead ^o issue from below.
Three diverse ways they pass along.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
Three diverse ways mey pass along.
Nought seen but wan white skeletons
Weeping, nought heard but sighs and moans.
Down from the belfry Peter came,
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
Down firom the belfiy Peter came,
WhUe still the bell of good St John
Gave forth its sound : Darin, baron.
He carried off a dead man's shroud.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
He carried off a dead man's shroud ;
At once it seemed no longer night.
The holy close was all alight.
The holy Cross that midmost stands.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
The holy Cross that midmost stands
Grew red as though Mrith blood 'twas dyed,
And all the altars loudly sighed.
Now, when the dead regained the close.
Ding dong, dong ding dong I
Now, when the dead regained the close
— The Holy Passion sung again —
They passed along in solemn train.
Then he who found his cerements gone.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
Then he who found his cerements gone
From out the graveyard gazed tad ngned
His winding-^eet would be reiigncd.
But Peter evexy entrance dosed.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
But Peter every entrance closed
With locks and bolts, approach defies,
Then looks at him— but keeps the prize !
He with his arm, and with his hand.
Ding dong, dong ding dong I
He with nis arm, and with his himd.
Made signs in vain, two times or three.
And then the belfry entered he.
A noise is mounting up the stair.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
A noise is mounting up the stair.
The bolts are shattered, and the door
Is burst and dashed upon the floor.
The Ringer trembled with dismay,
Ding dong, dong ding dong I
The Ringer trembled with dismay,
And still the bell of good St John
For ever swung : bann, baron.
At the first stroke of Angelus,
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
At the first stroke of Angelus
The skeleton broke all his bones.
Falling to earth upon the stones.
Peter upon his bed was laid.
Ding dong, dong ding dong !
Peter upon his bed was laid.
Confessed his sin, repenting sore.
Lingered three days, then Uved no more;
It will be seen that, in this ballad, which
is locally called, " I/)u Jour des Mouerts,"
the officiating priest assumes red vestments
in the morning, and changes them in the
course of the day for black. The vestments
appropriate to the evening of All Saints' Day
are still black (it being the Vigil of AU
Souls*), but in the morning the colour worn
is white or gold. An explanation, however,
is at hand. The Feast of All Samts had its
beginning in the dedication of the Roman
Pantheon by Boniface IV., in the year 607,
to S, Maria ad MartyreSy and red orna-
ments were naturally chosen for a day set
apart especially to the commemoration of
martyrdom. These were only discarded
when the feast came to have a more general
character, and there is evidence of their
retention here and there in French churches
till a date as advanced as the fifteenth
century. Thus, we gain incidentally some
notion of the age of the song.
Not long after giving a fi^t reading to the
Provencal ballad of the Shroud-thef^ we
^4f
bfyjTTic. coDCTE^ x£ isB pilifUHimal ulrinii^
vidi M, poem wliuHc HiTthnfT imli^ yuiis
anodicr xsnk to tiai of tii£ iwmffirsF iolk-
pocL Goedi£^ ^' TodtsD Tanr ^* tmriF Isb
to ed&zdan lian ^ liiu jour dss Mcniexxs :**
DOT luB it, we "^'itiii^ XD tiiix^ an eqoal
powei. We moB thr jHiHitIii: j mill it* of the
oanQaaua cf sad giuasts: tiiBR A- it ^^l iii ^
Lefuic l^bt vi^pside i jimj j^ ; liitflL liiigriiii^
hf thnr rhilchm^s lliifffciini^ : thffsf iistSD-
iDg to the psn^szs of ttif* pions od their
bfthati"; these a&sxs iveepii^ £b TfieuKf qui
n'ani plats d'amuc. Bm the divexgence of
Uraimmt cammt hide the iasl that the two
ballads aie made oot of one tak.
The X>akcx: or I^eath.
in t^K dcBii f^lhe »*^g^*
all xnmnd in ker lig^ —
bqniiiig.
then ynnthrr besHU :
and thrrt: stcp^ £> xmm.
Oc gXXTCS 2Z1 tXSD
Tlie moGD Elrr|is the
Tb dear as 2* HOOD
Oxtegnnre gapcQ aprt,
Hrre iaztb stcpbA
On sport iSbsj detsmxiic, nor pause thcr ior iun^,
All ied far the measiire adruoxig ;
The TJfii and tiie poor, the cM and tivr jTomig ;
Bm wiadiuK- ribeets lunder the danrmg.
^iwT ^****^ 01 ^^1 I'M mil Qo ioocer 'f**f*^^i^^i
Tliey iausen to ^lake themselves het of their weeds,
Aiid nunhtfnnffs are quickl}' beshronded.
Tlien legs kick aboat and are lifted in air,
Stxaage gesiur e and antic repeating ;
The faoaes ' " ^ ^ and «ttl»-, tmrl dUuii here and then:,
As if to keep time tiie>' were beating.
The si^xi filk the watcher with mirth 'stead of fear.
And the sir na*^ the Tempter, speaks low in hL> car :
*'* Now go and a windixig-sheet plunder f
The hint he sood foUowed, the deed it was done,
Tlien ^^*^"*H the chnrch-door he sooghi sbeiier ;
Tlie aaooD in her splendour unceasingly siionc.
And still dance the dead helter-skelter.
At last, one bj one, they all cease irom tiie play,
And, wrapt in the winding-sheets, hasten away ,
Benesdi the tmf silently sinking.
One only still staggers and stumbles along.
The grave edges groping and feeling ;
*Tis no brother giiost who iias done him the wrong ;
Now his scent shows the place of concealing.
The chnrch door he shako, bu: hi» sucugtl
repicst ;
Ths well for the watcher the portals are blest
By croMCS resplending protected.
i>
His shirt he must have, upon this he is bent,
No time has he now for reflection ;
Each sralpriire of Gothic some holding has knl,
He scaJes and he climbs each projection.
I>read vengeance overtakes him, 'tis up with the spy !
Fnan nrch nnto arch draws the skeleton nigh,
like lac;tky-kaBed hoiribk spider.
The watcher tnnB. pak, and he tiembks hiC sore,
Tiie shrond to iwam he hnrerhef. ;
Bxn I. claw iv. i.<> dime, he is livxqg no nuur),
A chnr to theshrmd bar^ Teaches.
Tne TOwmligh: grow> ium ; i: strikes one bf tiie
Clock ;
bnrsi wx^ £ terrihk shod:
the Af i ^ t - fl gi c^a^^iy d.
Ii needed but small penetxatiaD to guess
that Goethe had neither seen nor heard tif
tiie P iDven sal song. 1: seemed, therefore,
cenam that a version of the Sbroud-theft mmt
exist in Germany, or near ii— «d inferenoe
wt found to btr correct on consulting thai
excelieni woik, Ciroedie's Gedichit trlatde^i
7*on Hanrid: Fiekaff fSmttgait, 1870), So
fr- as tOL' title and the incident of the
danrin^ axe concerned, Goethe apparent^
had recourse to a popular stoij given in
.^jpd's 3mM: m S^torcs, wbsrt it is Tested
how, when the guards of the tower looked
out at midnight, they saw Master Wiliibert
nse irom his grave in the moonshine, seat
himself on a high tombstone, and bqg^ to
perform on his pocket pipe. Then sevesal
other tombs opened, and the dead came
forth and danced cheerily over the mooads
of the graves. The white shrouds fluttered
round their dried-up limbs, and dieir bones
clattered and shook till the clod: struck
one, when each returned into his naxxow
house, and the piper put his pipe tmder his
arm and followed their example. The put
of the ballad which has to do directly widi tiie
Shroud-theft is based upon oral traditions
collected by the poet during his sojourn at
Teplitz, in Bohemia . in the summer of 1S15,
Viehofif has ascertained that there are also
traces of the legend in Silesia, Moraiia, and
Tirol In these countries the stoi^* would
seem to be oftenest told in prose ; but
Viehoff prints a rb}Tned rendering of tiie
variant localized in Tirol, where the events
are supposed to have occurred at the \'iliage
of Burgeis : —
The twelve night strokes have ceased to sound,
The watchman of Burgeis looks around.
The country all in moonlight sleeps ;
Standing the beliry tower beneath
The tombstones, witii their wreaths of death,
The vran moon's ghastly pallor steeps.
** Does the jroung mother in childbirth dead
Rise in her shroud from her lonely bed.
For the sake of the child she has left behind ?
To mock them (they fliy) makes the dead ones gneve,
148
THE THEFT OF A SHROUD.
Let's see if I cannot her work relieve,
Or she no end to her toil may find."
So spake he, when something, with movement slow,
Stirs in the deep- dug grave below,
And in its trailing £roud comes ont;
And the litUe garments that infants have
It hangs and stretches on gate and grave.
On nul and trellis, the j^ird about
The rest of the buried in sleep repose.
That nothing of waking or trouble knows.
For the woman the sleep of the grave is killed;
Her leaden sleep, each midnight hour.
Flees, and her limbs regain their power,
And she hastes as to tend her new-bom child.
All with rash spite the watchman views.
And with cruel laughter the form pursues.
As he leans from the belfry's narrow height,
And in sinful scorn on the toWer rails
Linen and sheets and bands he trails,
Mocking her acts in the moon's wan light
Lo, with swift steps, foreboding doom,
From the churchvard's edge o'er pjave and tomb
The ghost to tne tower wends its ways ;
And climbs and glides, ne'er fearing fall,
Up by the ledges, the lofty wall.
Fixing the sinner with fearful gaze.
The watcher grows pale, and with hasty hand,
Tears from the tower the shrouds and bands;
Vainly I That threatenins; grin draws nigh 1
With a trembling hand he tolls the hour,
And the skeleton down from the belfry- tower,
Shattered and crumbling, falls from high.
This story overlaps the great cycle of
popular belief which treats of the help given
by a dead mother to her bereaved diild.
They say in Germany, when the sheets are
ruffled in the bed of a motherless infant that
the mother has lain beside it and suckled
it Kindred superstitions stretch through
the world. The sin of the Burgies watdi-
man is that of heartless malice, but it stops
short of actual robbery, which is perhaps the
reason why he escapes with his life, having
the presence of mind to toll forth the first
hour of day, when —
Whether in sea or fire, in earth or air,
The extravagant and erring spirit hies
To his confine.
Our information regarding the Shroud-theft
remains fragmentical ; still, such as it is it has
interest as well from the intrinsic features of
the tradition as for the sake of analogy.
The Shroud-theft is a product of the peculiar
fascination exercised by the human skeleton
upon the mediaeval fancy. The part played
by the skeleton in the early art and early
fiction of the Christian sera is one of large
importance ; the horrible, the grotesque^ the
pathetic, the humorous---all are grouped
round the bare remnants of humanity. The
skeleton, figuring as Death, still looks at you
from the fa ade^ of the village churches in
the north of* Italy and the Trentino — some-
times alone, sometimes with other stray
members of the Danse Macabre; canying
generally an inscription to this piuport :
Giunge la morte piena de egnaleza.
Sole ve voglio e non vostxa ricbeza.
Digna mi son de portar corona,
£ che signoresi o^ persona.
The old custom of way-side ossuaries con-
tributed no doubt towards keeping strongly
before the people this symbol and image of Uie
great King. We have often reflected on the
effect, certainly if unconsciously felt, of the
constant and unveiled presence of the dead.
We remember once passing one of die still
standing chapels through the gratings of
which may be seen neatly ranged rows of
human bones, as we were descending late
one night a mountain in Lombardy. The
moon fell through the bars upon the village
ancestors ; one old man went by along the
narrow way, and said gravely as he went the
two words : " E tardi 1" It was a scene
which always comes back to us when we study
the literature of the skeleton.
Evelyn Carrington.
FEW months ago we had an article
on « Old Cambridge " (iv. 26a), in
which we reviewed Mr. Farren's
Cambridge and its Neighbourhood^
and we took as our title one whidi was used
a few years ago by Mr. Redfam for his care-
ful and interesting sketclies of the most-
characteristic features of the town. Many of
the buildings represented in this book have
had to succumb to the spirit of "improve-
ment" which is now so general, and have
disappeared. Here is the " White Horse,"
• Old Cambridge : a Seriei of Original SkOcka^
7oUh Descriptive Letterpress, By W. B. Red&m.
Cambridge : W. P. Spalding. 1876. Oblong.
f Ancient Wood and Iron-work in CamMdfgt, By
W. B. R^fam. Part IV. FoUa Cambridge : W.
B, Spalding.
OLD CAMBRIDGE.
149
better known as Cory's House, which was
pulled down to make way for the new build*
ing of King's College. Tradition said that
the Cambridge Reformers who were engaged
in the compilation of the Liturgy, met in
this house, and an old wainscotted settle
which is figured in the book was known as
Miles Coverdale's Seat Many of the old
beetle-browed buildings are here preserved
in all their quaintness. A view is given of
Fosters' Bank, in Trinity Street, with its carved
corbels and elaborate pargetting ; and several
of the curious carvings in the interiors of the
old houses are also given, such as the carved
chinmeypiece in 7, Peas Hill, and that in
the " Cross Keys," which is described as one
of the most elaborate in Cambridge. Hob-
son's Conduit, the first stone of which was
laid in 1614, still stands at the comer of
Lensfield and Trumpington Roads, but its
original position was on the Market Hill, and
it was only in 1856 that it was re-erected in
its present position. May it long remain
there.
Besides the various sketches of the
town as distinct fi-om the University, there
are several views of some of the most in-
teresting of the architectural bits in the
Collies. The President's Lodge, at
Queen's, was built some time after
the foimdation of the College, but it is
quite in character with the old-world charm
of tfie rest of the buildings. There is
probably no part of Cambridge more in-
teresting to the antiquary than these cloistered
courts. Nevile's Buildings, Trinity College,
which owe their origin and name to Dr.
Thomas Nevile, master at the dbmmence-
ment of the seventeenth century, are very
interesting, (although the cobble-stones are
somewhat painful to the feet of those who
have corns), and a plate of one part which
is given here is very effective. King's old
gateway is a grand specimen of early fif-
teenth-century architecture, but standing as
it does alone among modem surroundings,
it seems an obvious mark for the destroyer.
We hope, however, that it will be long before
it is swept away, and that whatever enlarge-
ments may be made of the University
library or the Geological Museum, this
delightful doorway may be allowed to stand
as it does now undestroyed and unrestored.
Mr. Redfam is now producing a very
valuable artistic work on Wood and Iran
Work in Cambridge^ the first three numbers
of which we have already noticed. The
fourth number, now before us, contains
three plates of woodwork. The sections
of moulding dated 1634, which formed a
part of the Old Hall of Pembroke, are very
spirited, and one cannot but regret the im-
happy destruction of this hall in 1874 and
1875. The history of a carved desk-end in
Jesus College Chapel is a curious one. The
chapel was ''beautified" bet^veen 1789 and
1792, when the oak stall-work was replaced
by plain seats of deal, and two only of the
stalls were left. The rest, with the pulpit
and screens, went to the Church of Land-
beach, Cambridgeshire. In 1878, however,
laandbeach Church was itself restored, and
the stall- ends not being required were sold
back to Jesus College.
The inhabitants of Cambridge may con-
sider themselves fortunate in having artists
who love the past, and are able to repro-
duce the old buildings and their ornamenta-
tions with so much accuracy and spirit.
And all antiquaries will welcome these
beautiful books.
fii*^W'>i»
Society?*
|HE Soci^td des Anciens Textes
Fran9ais, which has just com-
pleted its seventh year, is not so
well known in England as it
deserves; though, among the numerous
printing and literary societies to which
inodern research and scientific treatment of
literature has given birth, none is more
worthy of support on this side the Channel
A few words, showing what are its objects
and what it has performed, may not be out
of place at a time when we are again asked
to stretch out our s}Tnpathies and to welcome
tiie new Scotch Text Society. Old French
literature has so much to say to our early
works of letters, whether in North or South
Britain, the contact between our island and
French influence has been so long and sq
ISO
THE EARLY FRENCH TEXT SOCIETY.
powerful, that a society which aims at putting
within the reach of moderate means the
earliest monuments of the French language,
the best products of its early prose and
poetry, carefully edited by eminent scholars,
has a strong claim upon the attention of
English students. All the more, too, now,
when the great epic of France, the Song
of Roland (" the charter of French nation-
ality," as Miss A. Lambert calls it, in her
eager exposition — Nineteenth Century for
January, 1882) has been made known to
English readers by Mr. O'Hagan ; when our
own Text Society finds it necessary to print the
early English fragments of the Charlemagne
romances ; and when even the history of an
English archbishop, Thomas k Becket, pub-
lished in the grave series of the Master of the
Rolls, is not complete without the fine French
version of the tale.
Urged on, like the founders of the Early
English Text Society, by a feeling of shame
that a large part of the early national literature
should lie almost unheeded at home, and
should owe better treatment to foreigners,
the Society pointed out at the commence-
ment the importance of their work for the
history of ancient ideas, sentiments, and man-
ners; for the right knowledge of the language,
towards " un glossaire de la langue d'oil et de
la langue d'oc, une grammaire compar^e des
dialectes frangais et provengaux, enfin, cette
ceuvre magnifique, une histoire de la langue
fran9aise," none of which could be done
without a supply of trustworthy texts ; for the
surpassing literary interest in connection with
the history of other literatiu'es — " la littdrature
fran^aise du moyen ige est-elle en quelque
sorte le patrimoine commun de TEurope, car
toutes les nations de TEurope la retrouvent
k la base de la leur." Lastly, with a truly
patriotic feeling, they called attention to the
value of their own noble ancient writers in
the national education — the inspiration of a
Song of Roland^ of a Joinville, ought to be
placed near those of Homer and Herodotus ;
as in Germany every youth glories in the great
deeds of his country's gods and heroes and
knows the Niehelungenlied ; as in England
we are, alas! only beginning to know oi;r
Beowulf, our Caedmon, and our Chaucer.
The rich field of the Society's labours ex-
tends from the first monuments of the lan-
guage to the Renaissance. All tastes may be
suited; they aim at various departments. The
North (their care extending also to Anglo-
Norman productions) gives its epic poetry and
chansons de geste^ romances, travels, lives of
saints, and holy legends, die religious and
popular drama of the Middle Ages, didactic
works ; they have lyric poetry of both North
and South (Provehgal) ; poets as yet imper-
fectly printed, or not at all ; in short, '^ all
writings in the vulgar tongue."
The members usually get three volumes
and the Bulletin for tlieir annual guinea ;
nineteen volumes have been already issued ;*
besides (in 1875) ^ ^^ album, containing
nine photographic ^-Jxw/Vkr of the oldest
existing writings of the French language of
the ninth and tenth centuries. The Bulletin
of the Society comes out three times a year.
It gives the opportunity for printing short
pieces ; but the most noticeable feature of it
is, that in it are published careful and de-
tailed reports, not only on MSS. at home
hitherto unknown or insufl[iciently described,
but on the French manuscripts to be found
in countries outside France, as England,
Spain, Italy, &c. These reports, sometimes
including a critical and comprehensive mono-
graph on the MSS. of a special subject — e.g,^
on those of the Chronicle of Bruty in Anglo-
Norman {Bull, iii. 1878), and on the Prise de
JhruscUem {Bull, iv. 1875) — ^^ largely due
to the indefatigable pen of the Secretary, M.
Paul Meyer. By degrees, a valuable body
of information will thus be brought toge-
ther, which will enable French students to
register their literary possessions, and to see
what has fo be done to render them avail-
able. It is to be hoped that after a time
a good index may be compiled to these
Bulletins^ which will then become a sort of
Warton for early French literature. It is a
comment on the influence of early French
that its MSS. should be so widely dis-
persed. While the English MSS., for ex-
ample, to be found on the Continent are few,
and, for the most part, unimportant, French
* The issues of 188 1 are delayed, owing to illness
and death among some of the members, but the arrears
are being made up. Among the books promised is
the Vic de St, Cilles^ with a valuable introduction on
the hagiology and literary and linguistic questions
arising out of it, by M. Gaston Paris.
THE EARLY FRENCH TEXT SOCIETT.
«S»
MSS. possessed in England are nnmeroiiSy
and many of them of the highest interest.
Passing the works ah^ady issued under
rapid review^ according to the class of subject-
matter rather than in the order of their pub-
licadon^ we have among the chansons de geste^
two of the thirteenth century ; one tells the
story of Aioly his lather Elie, and his wife
Mirabel (1877), a romance which was imi-
tated later by the Dutch, the Italians, and
the Spanish; the other, which tells the
adventures, till his marriage with Avisse, of
Aiol's father. Elude St Giiie (1879X belongs
to it, both being connected with one of the
three great French epics — viz., the Geste de
Manglane. M. J. Normand and M. G.
Raynaud together edited Aiol^ the latter
alone finished Eiie, The story of EiUj less
popular than Aioi, is only known in one imi-
tation, the Scandinavian Elissaga ; this being
of considerable interest, a prose translation
by Prof. Kolbing, of Breslau, is added. The
glossaries to these two volumes are comple-
mentary to each other.
A third chanson de geste drawn from
the south ; Daurel ct Bcton, edited by M. P.
Meyer (1880), from a unique MS. belonging
to M. A. Didot, is the first Provencal text
issued by the Society. Attached to the great
Charlemagne cycle — for Beton was his
nephew — this tale of a false friend, an affec-
tionate widow, and a faithfiil bard protecting
the infancy of the hero is now brought to
light for the first time; according to the
habit of the careful and talented editor the
volume is enriched not only by the aids of
full anal3rsis and glossary, but by observations
on the character and composition of the
poem, its language and place in the debated
epic literature of the South. By this scien-
tific examination he establishes further his
conviction of " Tinddpendance absolue de
r^popde fran^aise, dans toutes ses parties, k
regard des compositions ^piques du midi."
The Didot MS. contains seven other pieces,
which are all fully described in this, one of
the most complete and interesting volumes
of the series.
Among romances of the fourteenth cen-
tury we have three, Guillaume de Paleme^
edited by M. Michelant (1876), the original
poem of the story known in England as
WUliam and the Werwolf (edited by Prof.
Skeat in 1867 for the Eariy English Text
Society) ; two versions of the prose Rommm
des Seft Sages, French being one out of six-
teen languages in which one group merely
(setting aside the Oriental part) of that popu-
lar collection is known ; this is edited by M.
Gaston Paris (1876), unrivalled for his skill
in unravelling the tangled relations and
descent of popular stones. The third is
Bmn de la Montcugne (editor, M. P. Meyer,
1375X A hitherto unknown fragment of a
poetical romance which gives the adventures
in love and war of the hero Brun, influenced
by the forest fairies, one of whom is, of
course, malignant. Students of the Arthur
cycle may be interested in the part played
in this story by the fairy Morgana, cousin of
Arthur.
In the department of ancient religious
drama the Society has two large undertakings
on hand, of great importance for their sub-
ject matter and the excellent manner in
which they are produced. The Miracles de
Notre Dame (begun 1876), a collection of
forty plays, is being edited, for the first time,
by MM. G. Paris and U. Robert, fi*om the
unique fourteenth-century MS. in the Biblio-
th^que Nationale; five volumes, containing
thirty-two miracles are already out, while a
sixth is in progress; two further volumes
with notes and a glossary will put the public
in possession of a work valuable on account
of its rare character, because " la forme de
ces mystferes et leur brifevetd les distinguent
nettement des drames religieux de T^poque
qui a pr6cdd^ et de celle qui a suivi." A
melancholy interest attaches to the second of
these works, the Mysth^e du Viel Testament^
from the recent sudden death at an early age
of the gifted and generous editor. Baron James
de Rothschild, to whose memory a memorial
notice appeared in Le Livre of December
last. One of the principal founders of the
Society, and taking throughout an active part
in itsproceedings,he showed the warm interest
that he felt in its prosperity by the commence-
ment in 1878 of a fine edition of this vast
collection of plays (a collection so long that
it must have occupied twenty-five days in
the whole peHbrmance, as it took place at
the beginning of the fifteenth century);
which he not only presented to the Society
free of cost, but edited with a learning and
iS>
THE EARLY FRENCH TEXT SOCIETY.
varied research of high order. No one, on
turning over the pages of the two volumes
akeady issued (which contain the annotations
proper to each portion without waiting for
the completion of the whole), will be sur-
prised at the mournful tribute paid to the
literary powers of the Baron by the President
of the Society in his Report for 1881 ; and
the remark that, French at heart while re-
maining faithful to his peculiar race, he felt
a special attraction in illustrating this great
work ''oil se reflate la mani^e dont les
Frangais d'autrefois ont compris Fhistoire
d'Israel," shows the true character of the
man and his work. We rejoice to learn
that the four volumes yet necessary to com-
plete the Mystlre du Viel Testament will be
presented to the Society by the late Baron's
widow imder^the able editorship of his friend,
M. Picot Vols. I. and II. (1878, 1879)
contain twenty-three plays, from the Creation
to the casting of Joseph into the well ; the
third will soon be ready.
One of the first issues of the Society was
a charming volume of Chansons du i^e
Sikle (1875), edited from a MS. in the
Bibliolhfeque Nationale by M. G. Paris;
popular songs which are, as the editor says,
"Fexpression fidfcle et spontande du gdnie
frangais." And not only the words, but if
we choose to listen, here are also die old
melodies of the 143 songs transcribed from
the MS. into modern musical notation by the
care of M. Gevaert, Director of the Con-
servatoire of Brussels. Could the poetry of
antiquity go further? In 1878 and 1880
have been issued the first two volumes of a
complete edition of Eustache DeschampSy an
undertaking that will extend over several
years, under the zealous care of M. le Marquis
de St. Hilaire. Out of the immense number
of poetical pieces, over 1,480, which this
great contemporary and fiiend of our Chaucer
left behind him, we have here 303 Balades
de Moralitez and twelve Lays, Many
students probably know his balade to Chaucer
when sending him his works, in which he
addresses the English poet thus : —
O Socrates plains de philosophie,
Seneque en meurs et Anglux en pratique,
Ovides grans en ta poeterie,
Bries en parler, saiges en rethorique, &c. ;
but fewer will perhaps guess the curiosities
that await the scholar in English history who
may dip into these volumes with a seeing
eye. Such are the balades 'f Contrei'Angle-
terre," 1385 ; and "De la prophede Merlin
sur la destruction d'Angleterre qui doit brief
advenir." The editor, persuaded that great
part of Deschamps' poetry is inspired by
contemporary events, reserves his historic
notice of the life and works of the poet till
the text shall be printed, a completion of his
task which will be looked for with much
interest
The remaining prose issues are of various
interest Le Saint Voyage de yherusaUm du
seigneur d'Angiure in the fourteenth century
will attract the attention of those who love
the quaint old narratives of travel, especially
to the Holy Land, of the Middle Ages. This
volume is edited by the scrupulous care of
MM. F. Bonnardot, and A. Longnon (1S78),
witji illustrative appendices. The Chronipu
du Mont St. Michel fi-om 1343-1468,
edited for the first time, with notes and
documents relative to that place and to the
national defence in Basse Normandie during
the English occupation, by M. Sim^n Luce
C1879), appeals to \ht patriotism of French-
men, but no less to the genuine interest of
every student among us of the English wars
in France. Its importance lies, as the editor
remarks, in the elucidation of one of the most
dramatic episodes of French annals of the fif-
teenth century. What Englishmen now cannot
honour the brave defenders and maintainers
of French executive administration within
the rocky fortress during a blockade of
twenty-six years ! Lastly, equally attractive
to the English scholar for a later period, is
The DAate between the Heralds of England
and France^ edited by M. Paul Meyer (1877),
which is not a piece of dry heraldry, but a
reprint of two tracts, one written by a French-
man about 1456, to uphold the superiority of
France over neighbouring nations, and es-
pecially over England ; the other printed in
1550, in English, by John Coke, in answer to
it. The heralds plead before Lady Prudence
the claims of their respective countries to be
approached by Honour ; in the course of their
debate we learn many curious particulars of
the condition of both countries, political
allusions, and popular beliefs which passed as
history. We do not all of us remember that
THE EARLY FRENCH TEXT SOCIETY.
^^l
Charlemagne conquered England, or that the
English for their sins must wear tails ! John
Coke, not a whit behind his French antago-
nists, searching chronicles and histories,
throws his facts with a " Nowe ! syr heralde,
to dygest your dyner/'&c. An English trans-
lation of tiie French tract was published by
the late Mr. Henry Pyne in 1870. The present
volume commands a wider interest from the
fuller details of social life in both countries
told in the quaint originals, corrected and
supplemented by the abundant notes of the
editor, who is nearly as much at home in
English as in French. Antiquaries who love
Tudor England should not neglect this book.
In dosmg this sketch of work done, one
or two points remain to be noticed. The
aid aflforded in the way of glossaries occurs
in the followmg : to the Chansons AM and
ElU de St. GiUe for French of the thirteenth
century; toBrun de taMontaigneiox fourteenth
century ; to Saint Voyage de yherusalem for
Metz idiom of fifteenth century ; to Daurel
and Beton for Provengale. Others will follow
in due course on the close of works begun.
The books that will have most attraction for
English readers are perhaps Guiilaume of
PcSerne^ the Mystere du Viel Testament for
the highly interesting comparison with early
miracle plays of our own country, the
poems of Deschamps^ the D&at and the
Chronique de St. Aitchel^ on the grounds we
have endeavoured to show above. The
Society is open, and each book may be
purchased separately ;* while as far as out-
side goes, paper, prmt, and good binding are
all ^t could be desired, of excdlent
quality without extravagance.
Notwithstanding the severe losses sustained
lately by the death of M. Paulin Paris
(father of M. Gaston Paris) — whose literary
activity of nearly fifty years helped greatly
to pave the way for the young Society — of
M. Littr^, and of the English scholu Mr.
Henry Nicol, the third Bulletin for 1881
shows renewed exertion and promise that the
future work will fully sustain the character
of the past. Among projected issues are a
coUection of ancient versions of the Gospel
of Nicodemus, which will be of great value
• The publishers are Firmin-Didot & €*•., 56,
Rue Jacob, Paris.) Subscriptions are] paid to M. £.
Picot, 135, ATcnne de Wagxam.
VOL V.
to both English and German students of
middle-age literature; the Vie du Pape St,
Gregoire ; and a new edition of the chanson
de geste^ Raoul de Cambrai^ important firom
showing a series of episodes of the feudal
history of the ninth century ; that it is to
be edited by MM. Meyer and Longnon, is
enough to guarantee full and rich illustration.
The long works already begun will steadily
continue, and as soon as possible the publi-
cation of a collection of Sotties\ farces et
morcUiiks from the earliest time of the French
drama, which the Society have long promised
themselves, will be set in hand.
If a French scholar sets before himself as
a law of criticism *' the knowledge of the
sources of every work, be it historic or
literarj' " because we thus arrive at " a clear
idea of the value of every composition,
distinguishing what is the result of the
imagination or reflections of the author from
the elements borrowed from other works"
(M. Meyer's Report, Bulletin ii., 1879),
English students are no less doing the same,
of which eminent examples are not far to
seek, as in the recent treatment of Chaucer,
&C. The further we go the more each
country will have need of the other. Let us
hope that Englishmen, whose literature and
history are so entwined with those of France
in early times, will not be backward in
supporting sudi worthy efforts, which, the
more help they receive, will yield the better
and greater harvest for the in-gathering.
L. TouLMiN Smith.
Vx^M/WV'Kakf
Itilcolman Caetle.
ILCOLMAN CASTLE is out of the
ordinary track of the tourist ; it is
not in the list of places to be visited
by the traveller in search of memo-
rable spots; no initials are carved on its
ruined walls. To most people the very name
of it is unfamiliar, and its associations un-
known ; yet it is a place of more than ordinary
interest, for, during the best years of his life,
it was the abode of one of our greatest poets,
Edmund Spenser; here the Faerie Queene
was chiefly written, and from the character of
»S4
KILCOLMAN CASTLE.
the scenery of the surrounding neighbourhood
much of the imagery of that poem was taken.
The Castle, now a complete ruin, is in the
County of Cork, near the village of Buttevant
—the nearest town of any importance being
Mallow, nine miles distant Though mas-
sively built, its proportions are extremely
small — indeed the title of castle would seem
to be. as in the case of so many Irish resi-
dences, one of courtesy, and Spenser himself
spoke of it as " my house at Kilcolman.''
His residence here began about the year
1588 ; the castle was granted to him by the
Crown, together with three thousand acres of
land, from the forfeited estates of the Earls
of Desmond, and he was thus an object of
particular dislike to the natives. And their
hatred, constantly manifested during the ten
J ears — among the most troubled in Irish
istory— of his life here, finally culminated in
the burning of his home, and his flight fi'om
the country, — ** Ireland for the Irish" being
an article of national faith of no modem
creation.
In one respect only has the aspect of the
coimtry changed much since the time when
Spenser lived here — namely, that it is less
wooded. The thriftless landlord of the past
has left his mark all over Ireland in this
respect, and the peasant has been his assis-
tant; for timber, and especially young
timber was, and is, unless a vigilant watch
is kept over it, systematically stolen. But in
most respects the country is not altered. We
may look round from the Castle and see still
much the same scene as met the poet's eye :
the wide valley, " Armulla Dale," as he calls
it, stretches far away on all sides, except the
north, where the purple heather-clad hills
of Ballyhouraare close at hand, and eastward
rise gradually till they terminate in the blue
summits of the Galtee mountains. Five or
six miles southward is another chain of hills ;
but to the west the plain extends far away to
the Killamey mountains, to Mangerton, and
the Magillycuddy's Reeks, all clearly visible.
It is a fertile green valley, cut up with grey
stone walls, and great broad banks, grown
with furze. Here and there, like little is-
lands in the expanse of meadow, and furze
bloom, are patches of woodland, which
surround the houses of the large landowners,
the " great houses," as they are called. But
the ugly whitewashed houses of the tenant-
farmers and squireens stand naked, and
have seldom a tree or a bush near tfaem.
The Englishman will miss the hedges and
hawthorns, which in the most treeless English
region, give a wooded appearance to the
scene ; but he will notice thiat the great banks,
yellow with gorse, and with the deep dyke on
either side, filled with ferns, and briars, and
wild fiovtrers, are a feature as constant in the
scene as are the hedges in England.
Down from the Ballyhoura Hills — called
by Spenser, " Father Mole," flows the little
river Awbeg, Spenser's " MuUa Mine" (and
he seems to have, in most cases, substituted
names more melodious, or easy of scansion,
for the originals), passing within a mile or so
of the Castle. And in Colin Cloufs come home
again^ a poem in which Spenser tells us more
than in any other place of his life at ELilcol-
man, we find this allusion to it and the
district : —
Old Father Mole (Mole hight that mountain gray
That walls the Northside of Armulla Dale),
He had a daughter fresh as floure of May,
Which gave that name unto that pleasant vale ;
Mulla, the daughter of old Mole, so hig^t
The Nimph, which of that water course has charge,
That, sprmging out of Mole, doth run downe right
To Buttevant, where, spreading forth at large
It giveth name unto that auncient cittie,
Which Kilnemullah cleped is of old.
The name '^ Kilnemullah" has entirely dis-
appeared j but that Buttevant was once so
called points to the fact " Mulk" is not, as
is generally supposed, a merely fanciful title,
but one of more ancient date than Awbeg.
The etymology of the word Buttevant is
itself curious, and the place, which is now an
insignificant village, sadly belies it It is
derived from an old French word hutez^
meaning '^ push" and en avant; but as there
are traces in the ruins there that it was once
a place of more importance than now, " that
auncient cittie" seems to have pushed back-
ward rather than forward. At Buttevant the
little river makes a bend, and again flows
within a short distance of the Castle, after
passing the ruined monastery of Ballybeg.
Thence it runs down to Doneraile, soon
after to mingle with the beautiful Blackwater,
the—
Swift Awniduff, which of the English men
Is cal'de Blacke Water,
KILCOLMAX CASTLE.
I5S
as it is mentioned amaog odier ilwas in tiie
fourth book of t!ie Faerie Qmesoc, 25 present
at the marriage of die rirer Thames widi the
Medway ; and among these, also, the fittle
Awb^ is again beantifally alhided to
MoIIa mimtg vhasevsres viiikan I tsng^ to
It was mendoned that Spenser recexred his
property from the forfeited estates of the
Eaiis of Desmond. It vas the costom at
this time to make soch grants to Englishmen,
with a view to the settlement and administra-
don of the coontiy ; and it devolved upon
the receivers to look after the wd£ue of their
neigbbomhood and bring the land into
cultivation. Sir Walter Raleigh, an old friend
of Spenser, had received a amUar grant; and
during the poefs residence here payed hnn at
least one visit. It is posable, though hardly
probable, judging from his prose work,
A VUw of the Present StaU of Ireland^ that
Spenser thought more about writing verses
and Fairyland than of doing his duty by his
estate; or that the very occupation of a
poet seemed one of idleness to his adven-
turous friend, or it may have been only
banter, but Raleigh certainly accused him of
want of industry, for in the preface to Colin
Claufs come home again Spenser writes to
him thus : —
Sir,
That yoa may see that I am not alwaies ydle»
as yee thinke, though not greatly well occapied, nor
altogether nndntifdl, though not predselT omdoos, I
m^e yoa present of this simple postorall, &c.
Among other local matters alluded to in this
poem, he shows how difficult the dudes
attending his posidon' were, and that the
occupation of land in Ireland was as danger-
ous a business then as it is now.
The following verses give us a picture of
the state of things. In contrasting another
region with this he says : —
No waylii^ there nor wretchednesse is heard,
No bloodie issaes nor no leprosies,
No griesly famine nor no raging sweard
No nightly brodrags [border raids], nor no hue and
cries ;
The shepheard there abroad may safely lie
On hills and downs, wUhouten dread or daunger ;
No ravenous wolves the good man's hope destroy,
Nor ontlawes fell affray the forest raunger.
Further on, his visit from Sir Walter is
commemorated. He describes how, as he
was sitting one day, as was his custom,
''under the foot of Mde," keepix^ his
sheep ''amongst the cooly shade of die
green aiders by the MuUa's shore," a strange
shepherd (Sir W^Jter) chanced to find him
out, who called himself the shepherd of the
ocean.
And said he came hx hom the main^sea deepe,
He, satting me besade in that same shade,
Provoked me to p^aie some pleastnt fit ;
And wben be beaxd the mnsacke which I made.
He foimd himsilie fdl greatly j^easd at it :
Yet «*-nnnlif^ [enmlatxx^ my pipe, he tooke in hood
My pcpe bdore that aemnled of many.
And pbid thereon (lor well that skill he cond ;)
Hzmsilfe as skilfiol in the art as any.
He pip'd I simg ; and when he sang I piped.'*
*' He pip'd I sung," and remembering that
it was Sir Walter Raleigh who did so, we can
almost fancy a tobacco-pipe must have been
referred to, and that he would have felt more
at home with this in his mouth than a reed-
flute. But it is interesting to picture these
two great meiu fiiends here, and imagine how
pleasant it would be to Spenser in his
solitude to hear the news of the Court, and
the distant world which Raleigh would brir^,
and the schemes he would put forward as
they walked togedier *' by the green aiders
of the Mulla's ^ore."
One result of Raleigh's visit was^ that he
induced Spenser to pay a short visit to
England, during which he arranged for the
publicadon of the complete part of the
Faerie Queene.
He found another companion, though, ere
long. Soon after his return, he was married
to the lady to whom his soimets were
addressed, and who, for so long, withheld her
love from him.
The bringing home of his '* beautifiillest
bride'* to Kilcolman is described in his
Epithalamiumy that sweet song of her praises
to which, as it runs —
The woods did answer and their echo ring.
And in this song made in lieu of many
ornaments, he again alludes to his little river,
and to the lake before the Castie —
Ye nymphes of Mulla, which with careful heed
The silver scalv trouts doc tend full well,
And greedy pikes which use therein to feed ;
(Those trouts and pikes all others doo excell).
The trout-fishing in the Awbeg is certainly
good, but that they excel all others is a point
which modern fishermen would dispute with
M a
^S6
KILCOLMAN CASTLE.
the poet And here with his wife and
young &mily he continued to live apparently
a happy and studious life until the year 1598,
tiie last of his life. In that year, another
rebellion broke out, and he was one of its
victims. The hatred of the people to the
foreigner found vent — ^they broke upon his
house, and set fire to it, and he and his
fiunily barely escaped ; indeed, his youngest
child is said to have been burnt. Little
more is known of him ; than that he died
shortly afterwards in London, in poor cir-
cumstances, and was buried in Westminster
Abbey, tiie funeral being attended by many
illustrious persons.
Isolated and far from his friends as
Spenser was in his Irish home, the place in
many respects suited his genius. There is
about this country here, though its beauty is
by no means remarkable, a charm of its own,
a remoteness from the world of men, and a
wild picturesqueness, which may, combined,
have had no little effect in shaping the
fancies of the poet. It is a region teeming
with traditions, wild stories, and fairy lore to
this day. Its separation from the busy
world was, in Spenser's day, almost com-
plete; no dweller in the backwoods of
America is at the present day so isolated as
was the English settler in Ireland then.
To a man of literary habits, who had not
a love of solitude, a residence here would
amoimt to a banishment the most miser-
able. But though Spenser often may have
sighed for the society of congenial spirits,
of that brilliant circle, which at the time
surroimded the throne of the Queen he so
delighted to honour, he was the best fitted
for this isolation of all his contemporaries.
To imagine Shakespeare here, indeed, is
almost absurd. In the world of men in
which he moved he was in his true element ;
but with human nature Spenser had little to
do. His characters, whenever they occur,
are abstractions, embodiments of moral
qualities, or natural scenes, and in the
presence of Nature he was seldom lonely.
The rivers and mountains and woods
aroimd him constantly figure in his poems
which, no doubt, also were influenced by
the fkiry lore of that wild region. There
are, at the present time, few places where
belief in the world of spirits is so strong
as here. Hills and wells, the very fields
here have fairy legends connected witfi them.
And "the fairy's field," "the litde man's
hill,'' and such like, are frequent names.
Cluricoms, elves, banshees, " little people"
and " good people" are firmly believed in ;
and few peasants will venture near suspected
spots after nightfalL But all traces of
Spenser himself, and his beautiful world of
Faerie, have disappeared^ if, indeed, they
were ever known, from the place where they
had birth.
You may meet a peasant near the Castle,
and ask him if he ever heard of Spenser, who
lived there once, and he will answer " No"
or "Yes, yer honour, I heard tell of a
Misther Spinser, who was agent to Lord
Doneraile, over — an English gintleman he
was." But nothing nearer the mark than
this. The Casde stands there lonely and
unvisited, a few cottages are near, and the
sheep feed on the green slope where the
poet and his wife — perhaps Raleigh, too —
have sat in the evening and watched the sun
set far away over the hills of Killamey. Old
Father Mole stands in the background,
and the little MuUa flows hard by. But there
is a silence and a loneliness about the place,
few sounds ever break it, except when occa-
sionally the huntsman's horn is heard, or the
wildfowl scream, as they come home at night
to the little reedy lake in front of the casde.
Sidney Lysaght.
Redland, BristoL
H Cbat about CbatvBooIiBt
SHORT time since I published in
Notes and Queries^ by the courtesy
of the editor, my desire for some
information as to the German
Volksbuch version of the Infantia Salvatoris^
of which I had formerly a copy, but which I
have lost or mislaid. On Saturday, the 4th
of February, I had the pleasant surprise of
receiving by post, thanks to the courtesy of
Dr. Kohler, of Weimar, a copy of the book
itself. It is not the edition I formerly
possessed, but for the information of those
who may share my interest in it, I transcribe
the title-page x-^DesHerm/esu ChrisH Kinder-
A CSAT ABOUT CBAP-BOOKS.
m
Sutk, sier Bitifrie nm yoadiim md Anna,
t^irir dtnt TtdHerDtsymigfmu Maria, dot
Grwsstltmt, mtdEitam wtwrr Hemt, sa wU
nw dtam dimrt mui Auferziekmtg, saner
FiacAi, tamir Ridckdtr imd saner graaen
Wnmieneerkt a ytmadem umo., 148
It is one of 1 collection of 77 Volksbacher
pob&shed zt Rending bj Fn'tsJi" and
I-aiblm. As I have leqaested Messrs.
ivmiuns i No^Ic to impcvt for me a set
of this int n e stiu g coIlectioQ of Chap Books,
anjr of my readers who may desire a. copy o£
Da Strm yau Ckris^i Xixder-BatA wOl, no
doab^ soon find one in Honieta Street.
How nztmalfy
does the mattiDn
of Ch^^Booka re-
call to my mind
Die mcnoty 01 ny
dearoldleuned —
and kind as he was
place with woodcuts, without much iqpid to
the connection be^reea the text ^d the
pictures iriiich were mppoMd to illiutnte ic
Sut I do not think he had noticed what I
discovered only a few yeais ago, that maay al
the wood blocks used in illostrating these
Penny Histories had been imported houi
abroaJd — iome of them being identkaJ widi
those used in ttx folio eriition of I>st
Heldeninck, published at Frank fort^oa- Maine,
in 1569, which is printed in doable eofanaas
and enriched with a great nnmber of wood
engravings. The reader iriio ia interested
in die subject of this library intercoone, JBttf
le&rto i1&feca«^Qw7ier, Second Ser.ToLfK,
p. 3i,«Aeiiehew3l
lind a short paper,
in iriiich I eade**
TOored to eiiGrt
sooie scholar, wiA
more letstse aad
knoiried^dua I
possess, To take op
and prawe au» iB-
deifiil Itbiaiy in
Gower Street was
spent in a gossip
over tiiae curious
first frtdts nf T.itFT -..
atorc. How it °
originated X know
not: pcfaaps in
my tdlrng him of
a recent piece of
Book Lmx (don't object to the woirf, Gemle
Reader? ?aa mxf, if I bzre health, hear
much more about it) in picking up a Tery
coriaaB coQectian of Old English Penny
Histories ; hot however the gassip may have
originated, my old &iend disconrsed most
doquenriy on their or^ln and liistory-. f
remember his telling me that he hart iieard,
from a man who in his time published wch
dniq^ that as die cost of setting in type in^
mcreased with die increase of finnters'-vagcn,
thepnblidieis, to curtail the quantity of printed
matter, were in the habit of snf^lying^ lu
pointed oat AnS
'• KeptetriOe^m
deariy came t»
OS frwB die Lew
Coomries; The
Merry yat ^ m
Man that igm
eaOed Btmle^gif,
probably AtMigh
the same soorce;
YMtDoaorJfitmtia
immigrated ftotA
Germany, and die
firust 1^ X^aien-
/lerg, that curiotw
companion to FMenspiegd, from the saaie
comitry."
A history of English rhap-hookA is !»dly
wanted; .-uwi at the fonnation rtf ih« ?olfr
I/ire Sweety, in F878, I injwlirtomly pm-
mited to iindrrtalffl ihe rompilation (if a
frrah .rffort in this rtire/^iion- * irfomine, how-
CTW, whi-^h I now irf\ mywlf ntUTly iinikbhi
to fulfil, iwW on .iTViMint f»f itlminished
int*T«!t m ill* iiitilrfl, Iwi for thr nrwr
rrf rny iwrt-a»ini( /ra« \iM\r\\ rtrnder
Imv* in il>"il' \(<M<i ('liMIn ,« WiMtM
Xm\V
XS8
A CffAT ABOUT CffAP^BOOKS.
it impossible for me to undertake the hard
work it involves. By a happy coincidence,
since this was written and put in t3rpe this
want has been partly supplied by Mr. A^hton's
interesting and amusing volume, Chap-Books
of the Eighteenth Century^ published by Chatto
&Windus; in which at p. 276 the reader
will find " The Wise Men of Gotham," the
illustration of which is copied from the head-
ing of a ballad in the wonderfiil collection of
Roxburgh Ballads in the British Museum.
A learned friend, knowing I was contemplat-
ing this paper, has written to me as follows —
One of the most curious points in connection
with the history of chap-books is the variations
that occur in the issues from different towns,
and readers of the Antiquary will be doing
good service by recording from time to
time lists of chap-books, with the place
of publication. The following few titles
will afford specimens of what such lists
would consist of: — The History of Four
KingSy Aldermary Churchyard ; Chrisfs
Kirk on the Greene j Stirling ; History
of Mother Shipton^ London; Ship ton and
her Prophecies^ Stirling ; The Battle of
Bannockbunty Edinburgh; The Wandering
Young Gentlewoman^ or Catskin (Catnach) ;
Life and Death of Tliomas Thumbs Edinbmrgh ;
History of Jack and the Giants^ Newcastle ;
The Virtuous Wife of Bristol^ Tewkesbury ;
The Life and Exploits of Rob Roy McGregor^
Stirling; The Life and Exploits of Poor
Robin, the Merry Saddler of Walden, Fal-
kirk; AH Baba, or the Forty Thieves,
Stirling ; The whole Art of Fortune Telling,
Gateshead. But I am boimd to say that the
country-printed chap-books in my possession
do not bear out my friend's theory.
The mention of Catskin, however, reminds
me of the curious paper by my kind
and learned friend Mr. Coote, in the
third volume of the Folk-Lore Record, in
which he throws so curious a light on the
present state of what was once the only
" Popular Literature," in this country that I
must be permitted to quote it at length.
Mr. Coote says of the story of Catskin —
In all probability another English version still de
facto exists in the heart of London, however little
hope there be of its ever confing to light. I mean the
version once prevailing in our metropolis, which imtil
twenty years ago was bought and sold in Seven Dials.
My knowledge of this curious fact is of very recent
date. Towards the end of last Febmaiy a feeling of
prevision took me to Monmonth Court, Seven Duds,
to the shop of Mr. W. S. Fortey, printer and publisher
of what literature still survives in that somewhat
unsavoury locality, and there I learnt what follows : —
Thirty years ago his house took over from Mr. Pitt,
a printer of the neighbouring Little St Andrew Street,
his business, his copyrights, and his unsold stock.
Our re<liscovered Catskin was amongst the latter, and
the new purchasers continued to print and sell her
story until about twenty years ago,^ when the public
demand flickered and its re-production ceased. Old
narrative poetry of this sort had been superseded by
more appetizing pabulum. A similarlv once popular
ballad, called the Fish and the RiHg^ shared the same
fate at the same time. Since that epoch Catskin has
never been set up. She and her old-world sister, still
unsold, were relegated to the obscurity of a garret in
Mommouth Court, and there they are. "It would
take three or four whole days to look them through,"
said Mr. Fortey, "and without that lookmg through
there would be no chance of finding Catski n ." Her
ballad, I further learnt, was a little (penny) book,
adorned with four woodcuts, perhaps one to each
canto. One of these cuts was still agreeably fresh in
Mr. Fortey's memory, for the recollection made him
mirthful even in the gloom of a wet afternoon in
February. In this cut Catskin sat nursing her cat.
Does not this latter circumstance look like a special
feature peculiar to the London version ? This cat may
be Catskin's fairy adviser, and through her mysterious
agency may have come the feline doak, which has given
a lasting name to the heroine. I found Mr. Fortey
pleasant and intelligent, but firm in maintaining the
inaccessibility of his stores— a resolutionthe more to
be regretted as they promise much to the Folk-Lorist.
In common with all who have the advan-
tage of numbering Mr. Coote among their
friends I earnestly hope that he may soon
be restored to his wonted health and strength.
I remember Mr. Douce telling me, on the
occasion I mention above, a curious story of
Miss Banks, the sister of Sir Joseph Banks,
who interested herself a good deal in literary
and antiquarian inquiries, going to purchase
some of these chap-books at a shop in Shoe
Lane. She was a very plain quiet-dressing
old lady, and when she said she wanted to
buy a dozen Penny Histories, the bookseller
spread a number of them on the counter for
her to choose from, when he, who supposed
her to be a dealer, reproached her for not
knowing her business as she had selected
only twelve (instead of thirteeen or fourteen
to the dozen, as the custom of the trade was).
Miss Banks then made up her packet to the
required number, and quietly putting down
her shilling on the counter to pay for them,
was bidding the bookseller " Good morning,'^
when she was onciei more reproached by the
A CHAT ABOUT CHAP-BOOKS.
159
good man of the shop for not knowing her
business and waiting for the threepence
change out of the shilling. Miss Banks
quietly submitted to the reproof, pocketed
both that and the threepence ; and used to
relate the story to the amusement of her
friends.
But methinks I have now chatted long
enough.
William J. Thoms,
P^J^^t^LX^k.
Xinbeei? 5u0tice0 of peace in
tbe 1?eifin of Ibenn? IDlll^
[E records of the realm are being
slowly brought into order. But a
few years ago they were scattered
in countless repositories, and in
many cases liable to all the varied dangers
which ignorance atfd carelessness could
inflict; now they are for the most part
gathered together in one place and are
preserved with all the care that the most
scrupulous antiquary could desire. If the
work of cataloguing and calendaring goes on
but slowly, we may well .be patient when we
call to mind what an almost inexhaustible
store of treasure has alrpady been brought
to light. At the present rate of progress
however, there will be much left to do when
the present generation of students has passed
away. The Star Chamber records, for
example, are almost unknown^ though manu-
script calendars of a portion of them are to
be found on the shelves of the search room
in the Public Record Office. Why these
highly curious papers have attracted so little
attention it would not be easy to tell. The
evil odour into which that court fell during
the latter years of its existence would, one
might have thought, have stimulated cui;iosity
as to its proceedings. It has not been so,
and the student of the manners of the
sixteenth century has suffered some loss
in consequence. To give an idea, however
&int, of the general character of these old
papers is beyond our present purpose ; we
wish to direct attention to two documents
only which relate to a riot at Caistor sessions
in the twenty-fifth year of Henry VIII.
They are of considerable local interest, as
almost every person concerned in the
turmoil belonged to one of the more
important families of Lindsey, and nearly
all of them were justices of the peace.
The office of justice of peace, it may be
remarked, though of great antiquity, does
not seem to have been considered a very
important post, when the feudal system was
in its full vigour. It is not until the Wars of
the Roses had weakened the power of the
great nobles that we find the justices exercis-
ing the local influence which we are ac-
customed to associate with the office. In the
reign of Henry Vlll.thejustices of peace for
counties had become jmportant functionaries,
and they were always or almost always chosen
from the ranks of the aristocracy. Lincoln-
shire has three commissions ; whatever
modem books of reference may say to the
contrary, there is no such thing as a justice
of pe^ce for Lincolnshire ; they are justices
for Lindsey, Kesteven, or Holland only,
although there is no restriction now, nor
has there been at any former time, hindering
the same person being on the commission of
each separate division. I have examined
many lists of our sixteenth-century justices,
and cannot call to mind a single instance of
a man filling the office who did not belong
to the higher rank of the gentry. All those
whose names I am about to mention were
members of the higher untided houses —
nobles, if I may be'permitted to use the word
in what is now, but was not always, a foreign
sense.* It was not till quite the end of the
reign of Elizabeth, when the century was
near its close, and when religious strife had
rendered many of those best qualified for the
post unable or unwilling to fill it, that the
sarcasms as to the ignorance and rusticity of
the men on the bench became a jest which
never failed to raise a laugh among those who
had been impeded in their amusements, their
work, or their crimes by men whom they did
not consider of higher standing than them-
selves. Then it began to be conunon to talk
of "basket justices," who were described as
men "that for half a dozen of chickens will
dispense with a whole dozen of penal
* For evidence of this see Coke, ImHtutes^ ii. 667 ;
Legh, Accidence of Armorie^ 17 ; Whitelock, Aie»
mortals, ed. 1732, 66 ; Heylin, EccL Hestaurataf fcL
1S49, i. 63 ; Nota and Qhcria, 3 S. ill 156^
i6o
LINDSEY yUSTICES OF PEACE.
statutes/'* It must be borne in mind that
the disgraceful scene which we have to bring
before our readers was enacted by men
bearing the most honoured names in the shire.
^ The Lindsey sessions have from time to
time been held at various places in the divi-
sion. Now they take place at Lincoln and
Grimsby, but this is a new airangement
Kirton-in-Lindsey, Spital-in-the-Street, Spils-
by, and Caistor have at various times been
honoiured by the sittings of this local court
In 1533, Caistor was the place, or one of the
places, selected for the assembly. And it is
almost certain that Sir William A3rscough, of
Stallingborough, Knight, the person who is
believed to have been the father of Anne Ays-
cough, or Askewe, the Protestant martyr, was
chsmman on the occasion.' It would appear
that in those da3rs the justices sat on the bench
in positions according with their rank, though
how such a very indefinite matter could have
been settled it is not easy to imderstand.
On this occasion Sir William A3rscough had
taken his seat, and with him were John
Copledyke, of Harrington, George Saint
Paul, of Snarford, Vincent Grantham, of
Saint Katherine*s-juxta-Lincoln, Thomas
Moigne, of Willingham, and John Boothe, of
Middlesoil, in Killingholme, Esquires. The
public business seems to have been going on
in a quietly satisfactory manner when WiUiam
Tyrwhitt, of Scotter, one of the justices, and
son and heir of Sir Robert Tyrwhitt, of
Kettleby, came into court with his sword girt
about him, gloves of mail on his hands, ac-
companied Dy all his servants, armed with
swords, bucklers, and short daggers, and
going up to John Copledyke, " with a hye
and a dysdanus countynans,*' accused him
of occupying his rightful seat. Copledyke
maintained that the place was his own,
whereupon Tyrwhitt, waxing more violent,
cried out " I wyll have ytt mawgry of thy
hede." Copledyke replied in language
which, considering the provocation, was not
by any means violent, whereupon Tyrwhitt
swore "by godes body" that if his father
were not there he woidd make Copledyke
"ete a dager." Sir Christopher Ayscough
now saw that matters were becoming serious,
and intervened on the side of peace by offer-
ing William Tyrwhitt his own seat, which the
^ • H. T. Buckle, MisceU Works, ii. 553, .
*^
violent man at once accepted. There now
seems to have been a general shuffle of
places ; Sir William A3rscough (the chairman,
as I believe) moved lugher up, nearer to Sir
Robert Tyrwhitt, the fether of the factious
William. By this means, it seems that William
got the place that he originally strove for.
Not content with this virtual success, he
began to upbraid Copledyke, saying, '* now I
have my place in the sp3rte of tiby tethe."
Copledyke replied that he would give the
father, Sir Robert, but not the son, room,
whereupon Sir Robert Tjnrwhitt, who hitherto
had conducted himself m a reasonable 'man-
ner, lost his temper also, and said that he
wished Copledyke had certain offensive matter
in his teeth; and, turning round on him,
called him a '' fooU and a dawe.'' Cople-
dyke answered, no doubt fiercely, "dawe of
thy hede," and laid his hand on his dagger ;
whereupon the two Tyrwhitts drew theirs,
and all their servants, with their daggers in
their hands, rushed to the bench. The bag,
or ' box, containing the official records,
was overthrown, and its contents scattered
abroad, so that, '* by a good space after, the
darke of the peas and the vnder scheriiSr
coude nott fynde the seid recordes." Two
of the Tyrwhitts' retainers. Bower and Bel-
lingham, were among the most violent.
Blood would have been shed by them had
not two of Sir William Ayscough's servants
grasped their arms and held them. Sir William
Ayscough now interfered, and chaiged all
men to peace in the king's name, and ordered
all servants firom the bar. Sir Robert Tji-
whitt seems at last to have been ashamed of
his conduct, and also endeavoured to quell
the riot. The disturbance at length sub-
sided; but the younger Tyrwhitt, when in
the street, threatened to renew the fray if his
proper place were not conceded to him.
This, however, seems only to have been mere
wild talk. Thus ended the first affiray. On
the 15th of July, of what year is not stated,
but there can be no doubt that it was 1534,
William Tyrwhitt went to Caistor sessions,
with thirty retainers, and when Sir WiUiam
Ayscough was about to charge the grand jury,
which had already been sworn, he, in com-
pany with William Monson, of South Carlton,
and James Mussenden, of Great Limber,
swore, '^by the blode of god/' that Sir
LINDSEY yUSTICES OF PEAC^.
t«i
WQliam should read no bill there, and gave
him many violent and opprobrious words. A
bill of indictment was at length preferred
against certain riotous persons, and Uie grand
jury having found a true bill, \^^lliam Tyr-
whitt took the document off the file, and
put it in his purse. Sir William Ayscough,
with a mildness which would be indeed sur-
prising, if we could be convinced that the
scene was quite accurately reported, remon-
strated by remarking thatTyrwhitt '^ handelled
not hymselffe well or discretely in that place ;"
which seems to have enraged Tjrrwhitt so
much, that he drew his dagger, and would
have stabbed Sir William on the bench, had
he not been hindered.
Here darkness settles down on this strange
feud. The decree books of the Court of
Star Chamber for this period are believed to
be lost ; should they ever be recovered, we
may perhaps ascertain how the quarrel ended.
Its origin is enshrouded in darkness. The
dispute about the seat on the bench was pro-
bably only the colourable reason. All the
persons concerned were either relations by
blood or connections by marriage, and it is
tfierefore, almost certain that it was a long
standing quarrel which blazed forth into light
at Caistor. It is not easy to estimate the
characters of those so long dead, of whom so
litde is recorded. We are, however, inclined,
fircHn all we know of the persons, to think
that,in all probability, the right was not on the
side of William Tyrwhitt
A pedigree, showing the connection of all
the persons mentioned in this drama, may be
seen in the Proceedings of the Society of Anti-
quaries for April 29, 1869, where also these
documents are printed in fulL
Edward Peacock.
Bottesfocd Manor, Brigg,
Communal t^abitatione of
primitive Communitiee.
PART II.
By G. Lauhencb Gomme, F.S.A.
[O the somewhat scanty structural
evidence of communal habitations
recorded in the last issue I have
to add some very important evi-
dence fiom local customs. The houses of
the archaic village, communal in origin and
in use, were built, not at the instigation,
or by the personal labours, of individual
villagers, but at the will and by the assist-
ance of the whole village.
The Hindus claim the assistance of the
whole community in the building of their
houses,* In erecting his hut, the Mug of
Chedooba Island has only to purchase mate-
rials; the neighbours assemble as soon as
these are prepared, and his house is established
in a very short space of time. They are all
constructed on the same plan — ^raised on
poles from the ground several feet.f ^Vhen
a man marries among the Lakhimpurs
he and his bride leave the paternal roof,
and set up a house for themselves. In
building this they are assisted by the com-
munis ; and all the component parts having
been previously collected, prepared, and
arranged, the house is framed, floored,
thatched, and ready for their reception in
four-and-twenty hours.! Among the Nagas
the bridegroom takes his bride home to a
house which has been built for him by his
fellow-villagers.§
This is the evidence of early Hindu
society, and it exists, too, among the out-of-
the-way customs of our own land. In Sir John
Sinclaur's Statistical Account of Scotland (iL
221) we read : —
The fannhooses ia general, and all the cottages, at
Domock in Dumfries-shire, are built of mud or clay.
The manner of erecting them is singular. In the
first place they dig out the foundation of the house,
and lay a row or two of stones ; they then procure,
from a pit contiguous, as much day or brick earth as
is suffiaent to form the walls ; and having provided
a quantity of straw, or other litter, to mix with the
clay, upon a day appointed, the whole neighbour-
hood, male and female, to the number of twenty or
thirty, assemble, each with a dung-fork, a spade, or
some such instrument. Some faU to the working the
clay or mud, by mixing it. with straw ; others cany
the materials, and four or six of the most experienced
hands, build and take care of the walls. In this
manner the walls of the house are finished in a few
hours ; after which they retire to a good dinner and
plenty of drink, which is provided for them, when
they have music and a dance, with which, and other
♦ Asiatic Researches, xvii. p. 398 ; cf. Lewin*s Wild
Races ofS. E. Indian pp. 120, 252.
t Joum, As, Soc. Ben^/t x. 42$.
t Hunter's Sfat. Ace, 0/ Assam, i. 334, 342.
§ Ibui. ii 383 ; cf. y<mrH. As. Sac. Bengal^ xii
951.
i62 COMMVNAL HABITATIONS OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNITIES.
marks of festivity, they conclude the evening. This
is called a daubing.
There was much the same state of affairs
in Ireland. In the early part of this century
it was recorded that : —
Pat tells his honest tale to Judy as they return home
from the dance ; she is not obdurate. A situation is
pitched on for a mud cabin, which is speedily erected
with the assistance of the neighbours, who cneerfully
contribute to the comforts of the new married couple.*
In the same manner I would interpret the
meaning of some peculiar wedding customs
in Scotland and in Wales. They are known
generally by the name of the penny-wedding
— a genersd collection being made from the
villagers for the purpose of setting up the new
couple in life. The following is a good de-
scription of the Scottish custom : —
At a young Highlander first setting up for himself,
he goes about among his near relations and friends ;
and from one he begs a cow, from another a sheep, a
third gives him seed to sow his land, and so on, until
he has procured for himself a tolerable stock for a be-
ginner. This they call thi^^ing,^
I conceive that these ancient customs
come to us from the primitive village com-
munities which once existed in our land,
when property was not individual but com-
munal, in respect of agricultural matters. In
this latter example the building of the house
by the village has dropped out in the course
of ages ; but we have it still surviving under
the guise of an English manorial custom,
one record of which I have been able to
discover. A manorial custom in Lancashire
and some parts of Cumberland, says Hamp-
son, compels the lord of the manor to grant
a piece of ground for a house and garden
to a newly-married couple. All the friends
of the bride and bridegroom assembled on
the wedding day, and set to work to con-
struct a dwellmg for the young couple of
clav and wood.t And perhaps we have a
rehc of the same thing in the manorial
service of enclosing the hall-garth or court-
yard.
Of course, in these examples from modem
local custom, we have to interpret their de-
tails into the language of archaic times ; we
* Rawson's Statisiical Sw^ey of the County of Kit*
darf^y, 23.
t tiurt*s Letters from Scotland^ 1815, vol. ii. pp. 1S8,
189 ; cf. Gregorys Folk- tore of N, E. of Scotland^ p.
178. it^ Medii /Evi Kaletutariiwif i. p. 289.
have to replace the expression, ''all the
friends of die bride and bridegroom,'' by the
expression, all the members of the commu-
ni^. But I need not, I think, detain my
readers to point out how such interpretation
is one of the very essentials of the survival of
ancient custom in modem times. It only
amoimts to saying that ancient custom, per-
manent as has been its foothold in modem
civilization, has been influenced in minor
matters by the surroundings which encom*
pass it.
The two facts relative to the habitations of
primitive communities which have now be-
come known to us are, first, that they were
occupied by the undivided family; and,
secondly, that they were built by the joint
labour of the whole community. We need
not stop at the Aryan stage of society in look-
ing back upon these relics of ancient man,
for they are extant among the non- Aryan and
savage races, and by examining the forms in
which they appear here, we shall see more
clearly how significant are the forms we have
been considering from our own land.
We will then examine the evidence in non-
Aryan societies — first, of groups . of huts
enclosed within a court or joined together ;
secondly, of large huts occupied by groups
of men and women ; thirdly, of the building
by the joint labour of the whole community.
In New Zealand, those whose families are
lai^e have three or four houses enclosed
within a court-yard.*
All Dahoman villages consist of a series of
huts and courtyards within an enclosing
walLt
The houses of Car Nicobar (one of the
Nicobar Islands) are in the form of a cone
or bee-hive. They are generally in groups of
from ten to twelve in number, thus foraunga
succession of small villages (if they may be
called so), and each has its head man, who
seems to be invested with a certain amount
of goveming power. J
The houses in the Island of Savu are
generally divided into three rooms of equal
size, the centre room being set apart for the
use of the women, and sometimes smaller
* Pinkerton, ix. 542.
t'Skcrtchley's Dahomey as It Is^ p. 78;
p. 496.
X Joitnt. Anthrop, JhsU iii, 3.
alto
COMUl/NAL HABtTATlOJtfS OF PRtMlTlvn COMiiUNlTl&S. lii
rooms are enclosed from the sides of the
building, the whole of which is thatched with
the leaves of the palm-tree.*
The dwellings of the Columbian Indians
are often built sufficiently large to accom-
modate many families, each of which, in such
case, has its own fireplace on a cential longi-
tudinal line, a definite space being allotted
for its goods — but no dividing partitions are
ever used. The dwellings are arranged in
small villages.t The tribes of the Oregon
district occupy houses 75 feet long by 40 in
width, and probably 15 feet high in front
Each house is occupied by separate families,
their respective portions being separated by
partitions two or three feet high-J
I think we have here types of the group^
buildings we have discussed in reference to
Hindoo and British types. But to show how
curiously parallel the features of the com-
munal habitations run in widely separated
societies, I will note a custom among the
Indians of the Isthmus of Darien: —
After the marriage ceremonies (Bancroft tells ns)
the bride was returned to her father, who kept her
shot up in a house with him for seven days. During
that time, all the friends assisted in clearing a planta-
tion and building a house for the couple, while the
women and children planted the ground.§
One cannot help recognizing here the same
group of examples which have already been
discussed in their Aryan form. The American
tribes do not seem to have built out from a
common centre new huts for new family
branches, but they divided the one big hut
into family sections. The difiference is one
of execution only, and this is quite explain-
able on the facts of a different line of social
development in the western continent from
that in Europe and India. The near parallel
will be seen to even a greater degree when we
come presently to the customs incidental to
the creation of a new home.
Our next stage in the form of the struc-
ture is the l^ge hut not divided into
group-huts. Just as in Eastern India, so
among the wild Indian tribes of Central
America^ the children of the Quiches remain
under the parents' roof until married, anfi
* Pinkerton^ xi. 562.
+ Bancroft's Ncuivt Races ofAmctica, i. 259.
X Americtttt Ethnology^ L 174.
§ Wif4 Triba of Central America ; Bancroft, Native
Jiaeet, 1. 773. .
frequently after, several generations often
living together in one house under the rule
of the eldest.* Among the Califomians,
each hut generally shelters a whole family of
relations by blood and marriage, so that the
dimensions of the habitations depends upon
the size of the family. Thatched oblong
houses are occasionally met with in Russian
River Valley. Along the centre the different
families or generations had their fires, while
they slept next the walls. f Some of the houses
says Ellis, were exceedingly large, capable of
containing two or three thousand people. J
In all these examples we have still the
family divisions of the tribe kept tolerably
intact The communal homestead is the
liabitat of several families in the primitive
meaning of that term. But there is evidence
of the habitations of the tribe being not
divided into family homesteads — as, for in-
stance, among the Dayaks of Borneo, who
inhabit large houses which contain the whole
tribe ;§ among the Central Americans, a
village among whom, says Bancroft, consists
of one large building, often 100 feet long
and 30 feet wide ;|| and among the Sound
Indians, where frequently a whole village
lives under one roof.lT Then, turning to the
hill tribes of India, we have something of the
kind in Assam. On the northern frontier there
are about ten clans so small that they find
room each in a house by themselves. Some
clans number only thirty souls, others sixty to
a himdred ; yet each of these petty clans has
a chief whom they style Raja.**
This evidence takes us to the initial stage
of village life. Of course, I am now only
dealing with one phase of it, and I am not
stopping to consider some of the by-paths
of inquiry which such researches open up.
Still, I venture to think such evidence gives
us very distinct glimpses into early village
life. And I have yet to notice the addi-
tional evidence afibrded by the dwellings of
primitive communities having been erected
by the whole village, and not by the indivi-
dual^ or even the family. How can we
* Bancroft, ioc, cit, L 704.
t Ibid, \. 372.
X Ellis, Polynesian Researches^ i. k 75.
§ Journal Geographical Soc.^ xvi. 298.
II Native Races, L 718.
IF American Ethnology^ i.215.
*• Journal Asiatic Sec. of Bengal, xxvii. 196^
x64 COMMUNAL HABtTATIONS OF PklMlTIVE COMUt/NlTtES.
resist the conclusions which such parallels
between English customs and primitive
customs tell us of? In Scotland and in
England we have seen that the custom was
followed of building the new house by the
assistance of the villagers. 'In Africa and
America, among the native races, the same
thing occurs.
In Hawaii, when a chief wants a house, he requires
the labour of all who hold lands under him; and
[says Mr. Ellis] we have often been surprised at the
despatch with which a house is sometimes built. We
have known the natives come with their materials in
the morning, put up the firame of a middling-sized
house in one day, cover it the next, and on the third
day return to their lands. Each division of the people
has a part of the house allotted by the chief in pro-
portion to its number ; and it is no unusual thing to
see upwards of a hundred men at a time working on one
house.*
A more animated scene than the thatching
of a Fijian house can scarcely be conceived.
When a sufficient quantity of material has
been collected round the house, the roof of
which has been covered with a net-work of
reeds, from 40 to 300 men and boys assemble
to finish the work, which is done amidst
much rejoicing and shouting.f Among the
New Mexicans, Bancroft says : —
Houses are common property, and both men and
women assist in building tnem ; the men erect the
wooden frames, and the women make the mortar and
build the wallsJt
And again : —
When a Guatemalan wishes to build a hut, or re-
pair one, he notified the chief, who summons the
tyibe to bring straw and other useful materials, and
the work is finished in a few hours ; after which the
owner supplies the company with chocolate.§
In South America, when a marriage takes place,
the husband clears a sufficient space of grouna for a
plantation of plantains ; which is not, however, all
his own work, for he gives an invitation to a party of
his friends, who meet, and over a jar of masata or
ohicha decide on the place of plantation ; and on the
following day they all assemble and clear it. When
clear it is made over to the care of the woman, who
from that time has the whole management of it.||
I have now laid before the readers of the
Antiquary the whole of my case. I could
have illustrated the complete types of
♦ Ellis, Missionary Tour through Ha'^aii^ 292.
t Builder^ July 1881, p. 154.
' % Bancroft's Native Races^ i. 535.
§ Ibid, i. 693.
II Smith and Lowe's Narrative of Journey from
Lima to Para^ p. 208.
evidence I have brought forward by many
references to less complete types, and I could
have brought forward examples of develop-
ment from the primitive types we have con-
sidered to some more general types which
still exist in many shapes and forms among
our local institutions. I could have appealed
to the curious facts of modem Russian society
— where houses, built in storeys as civilized
Europe is wont, shelter still the family in
its primitive form, and not in its modem
form — the family, that is, consisting of several
generations, all bound together by obedience
to a common parent or his representative.
But to have done all this would have needed
an examination of the forms of development
from the primitive types to the modem types,
and my researches would, I think, have ap-
peared in a less clear light than I trast they do
now. What we have done in the study of early
village life is to add some definite information
about the habitations of the primitive villagers.
We have ascertained that in Scotland to this
day there exist ancient dwellings, which, as
interpreted by the light of modem research,
tell us something of the primitive ancestors
of our race who once occupied them. These
dwellings are occupied by men of modem
days, and thus unconsciously the ignorant
and uncultured shepherds of northern Bri-
tain have helped the cause of historical
inquiry by preserving for archaeologists these
curious memorials of long past ages. Ancient
man is known to have lived in the open
air, to have performed there all the daily
avocations of life, to have legislated there,
to have worshipped there ; he only took to
shelter at times of rough weather and for
sleep. Thus these early group-habitations
do not mean exactly what the modem house
means. But so much the more do they
help us to contemplate, even in fancy, some
of the pictiu'es of early village life in Britain.
Then from the foundations of early habitations
discovered in England the same evidence as
to group dwellings has been found. And, as
if to add a life-giving interest to these historic
stones, we have seen, too, what was the
fashion of erecting the early village house.
By showing that both the group-habitation and
the mode of building taken from the antic^ui-
ties of our land belong to the actual livmg
facts of primitive lifei as shown by Uie Hindu,
COMMUNAL HABITATIONS OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNITIES. 165
the African, the Australian, and the North
American, we establish on clear grounds
that we have discovered features of early
village life in Britain which have filtered
down to modem times fix)m the times when
the Aryan race hdd not separated into
European and Hindu — when they lived a
life parallel to modem savage life.
/rtL^ ^ f^Jr
Myths of the Odyssey in Art and Literature, By
L. £. Harrison. (London : Rivingtons. 1882).
8to» pp. xzvi. 219.
^M£R bears repeating again and again.
Pope's and Cowper's verses do not deter
later writers from attempting translations,
and even Messrs. Butcher and Lang's truly
beautiful prose-rendering of the " CMyssey*'
has had its successor. But the author of the book
before us asks a new question, and answers it, too, in a
very admirable manner. Because the myths of Homer
himself are told in words that are matchless, is it well
that the story which art has left us should remain un-
read ? The vase painter and the gem engraver may
help us to understand somewhat better the spirit of
their mighty kinsman. It is this imread commentary
of Art which is here laid before us, side by side with
the literary form it at once embodies and elucidates ;
and without wishing to exaggerate our expressions of
opinion, without ¥dshing to record higher prabe
than is properly, in our opinion, due to the conception
and the execution of this book, we unhesitatingly
afiirm that it meets a distinct want, long felt by the
lovers of Homer, and long known to art enthusiasts,
in a manner that deserves all praise and reward.
Taking the materials for the illustrations from the
Terra Cottas in the British Museum, Etruscan Sar-
cophagi, Greek Vases, Marble Statues, Gems, Wall
Paintings at Pompeii and Sepulchral Etruscan Wall
Paintings, Roman Lamps, and other objects of art,
the book contains sixty-two very beautifully executed
outline engravings, and seven autot3rpe plates of the
myths of Uie Cyclopes, the Laestrygones, Circe, the
Descent into Hades, the Sirens, and ScyUa and
Charybdis. The fresh knowledge and insight into
these ancient myths which are thus afforded is very
marked ; the transition of Homeric myths into later
Greek, and thence into the literary and artistic myths
of modem culture, is more plainly and distinctively
placed before the reader than it could have been un-
aided by the gem and vase artists who time after time
tamed their art-yearnings to Homer for inspiration.
To those of our readers who study folk-lore and its
fascinating outcome — to those who love Homer for
bis literary form — to those who wish to wander into
the dreamland so soon created by the art-productions
of the ancient Greeks — we recommend this book, and
we feel assured they will give it a prominent place in
their libraries. We conclude by quoting the descrip-
tion of the very beautiful engraving of a Siren
mourner, chosen as a frontispiece to the book. ** The
design is from a small terra-cotta now in the British
Museum, about fdur inches in height, found with a
funeral vase at Athens. This terra-cotta has been
gilt, and bears traces of painting. The figure is winged,
and has a bird's tail, so beautifully contrived, however,
that it seems onlv a sort of tectonic support to the
kneeling human form. The bird's wines are long and
graceful; the Siren has something of the aspect of a
sorrowing angel. With her left hand she tears her
hair, and wim her right she beats her very fully
modelled breast. The left foot is broken away, but
the right ankle is a delicate bird's claw. The whole
figure is finely executed, full of tenderness and charm ;
perhaps it is m part specially attractive because of the
skill and tact with which the bird element is pre«
served yet subordinated."
The Library Journal: Official Organ of the Library
Associations of America and of the United Kinj^.
dom^ chiefly devoted to Library Economy and Btb'
liography. VoL VI. Nos, 8-10. Vol. VII. No. I.
(New York : F. Leypoldt. London : Triibner &
Co. 1881-82.) 4to.
We think this excellent joumal increases in interest
as it proceeds, and certainly some of the features are
most valuable. We are pleased to see the annouce-
ment in the last number, that " The Library Journal is,
at last, self-supporting, and the publisher feels gratified
in being able to announce its continuation." No. 8
contains an important '* Bibliography of the Pre-
Columbian Discoveries of America," by P.B.Watson.
The special reference list in Nos.9-10, is on ** Tenure
of Land." The answers to the prize question have
resulted in a prize list of loo books, wliich should be
found in every library for general r^ers.
The Story of Our Bell, By the Rev. John S. Joly,
M.A., Rector and Vicar of Athlone. (Dublin :
George Herbert 1881.) I2ma, pp^ 31.
The author has traced the history of the church
bell of Athlone, back from 1683 — when it was said to
have been cast with great solemnity— to the year
1552, when it was stolen by the English from Clon-
macnoist. and taken to Athlone. In 1683, the old
metal was re-cast by Tobias Covey ; and, in 1691,
the bell rang out Ginkell's signal in the siege of Ath-
lone. To record the many associations that gather
round this beU, Mr. Joly has written this interesting
pamphlet which he originally delivered as a lecture.
Old Deccan Days; or Hindoo Fairy Legemls current in
Southern India, Collected from oral tradition by
Mary Frere. With an Introduction and Notes
by the Rt. Hon. Sir Bartle Frere, Bart., G.C.B.,
&c. With illustrations by Catherine Frances
Frere. Third edition, revised. (London : John
Murray, Albemarle Street, 1881.) Small 8vo. pp.
xxxvi. 304.
The delight with which every one who loves a good
story must naturally pounce upon a collection of
absolutely new ones, is quite sufficient by itself to
account for the popularity of this book when it first
appeared in 1866, but when is added to that the special
charm of the narrative, and the literary skill with
t66
HE VIEWS.
which the stories are presented to the English public,
ve can quite understand how it is they become
dassiod. For some years the book has been out of
print, and we gladly welcome this third edition, which
will introduce the stories of the wonderful cobras, the
horrible ndcshas, and the clever jackalls to a still
larger public. All who read these pages will unite
in giving warm thanks to Miss Frere for the pleasure
ihe has afforded them.
Th History of Maidiiont, By J. M. Russell.
(Maidstone : W. S. Vivish. 1881.) 8vo. pp. xi. 423.
The beautifully situated town of Maidstone
possesses its fair share of historical associations, and
Mr. Russell has given an excellent account of them in
his pleasant volume. The old ruin of AUington
Castle, on the river Medway, is of great interest in
many respects, and well worthy of being the object of
a pilgrimage. The castle came into possession of the
Wyatt family in the year 1493, and Sir Henry Wyatt,
the first possesser, entertained Wolscy here in 1529.
Lady Wyatt once ordered the Abbot of Boxlcy to be
put in the stodcs, and Sir Henry, being called upon
ty the Privy Council to answer for his wife, said, **if
any of you had done what the Abbot did she would
clap you into the stocks also." The next lord of
AUington was Sir Thomas Wyatt, the poet, courtier,
and diplomatist, who was chosen for high employments,
but
" Loved the more,
His own grey towers, plain life, and lettered peace,
To read and rhyme in solitary fields.
The lark above, the nightingale below,
And answer them in song.
His son, Sir Thomas Wyatt the younger, left Ailing-
ton to raise the'standard of revolt against Queen Mary,
and the result of his unfortunate expedition was that
his head was stuck upon a pole in Hyde Park. Lord
Romney's seat, " The Mote," has a long history, and
the author gives a good account of it ; but we do not
see any reference to the curious subterranean passage in
the grounds. Maidstone cannot boast of many
distinguished men amonp: its natives ; but Woollett the
engraver, and William Hazlitt, stand high on the list.
Mr. Russell gives a good account of the churches, the
grammar-school, the old houses, the charities, and all
that goes to form a trustworthy history of a town.
A Noble Boh of Cookry Ffor a Prynce Houssolde or
my other Estately Houssoldes. Reprinted verbatim
from a rare MS. in the Holkbam Collection.
Edited by Mrs. Alexander Napier. (Elliot
Stock : London.) 4to, pp. xiii., 136.
From internal evidence the MS., which has been
so beautifully printed by Mrs. Napier, dates from
the last quarter of the fifteenth century. We may
here feast with "Nevell, Arche-bishope of York,
and Chauncelor of England, att his stallacon in
York," and even sit down with the invited guests ati
*• the crownacon oflf kyng hemy the flyfle."
Dinners and suppers are, of course, the only meals
here provided, but we gain from the menus and
receipts a very fair idea of the excellent appetite of
ourancestors on the one hand^and the appetizing dishes
provided for satisfying them on the other. Izaak Wal-
ton's " manchet " (or fine bread) enters^into the com-
position of many ; while Shakespeare's " stockfish '*
appears fried ; and the abundance of spices which
each receipt prescribes reminds us of fais clown in
The Wittter^s Tale^ who " must have safifron to colour
the warden pies-; mace, dates — none ; that's out of my
note ; nutm^s, seven ; a race or two of ginger, but
that I may bqg ; four pound of prunes, and as many
of raisins o' the sun" (4, 3, 50). ,Our ancestors seem
to have been remarkably fond of almonds, which
figure in many of these dishes with "Sannders,"
which Mrs. Napier appears to be in doubt about.
It is really a kind of strong-smelling Eastern spice.
The wora appears again in Cower. Sauces, too,
were many in the fifteenth century, both sweet, sharp,
and a combination of both. The method of appor-
tiomng the day's meals between dinner at ten or
eleven and supper at four or five, approximates to the
modem *Frencn hours for eating. Instead of the
early cup of coffee, and afternoon tea of modem
times, our ancestors would indulge in a cup of spiced
wine or small beer, while the £iy wonld aid with
**ypocrasand wayfurs." Profusion must have been
the mark of their banquets, rather than small but
carefully cooked flats, Mrs. Napier does not admire
the **' good old tunes, *' so far as cookery goes \ but
if we remember the violent exercise and out-door
lives led by our forefathers, we shall not be astonished
at the quantity of meat required for each meal, and
the substantial character of the dishes. Every meal
thus necessarily resembled our modem meat break-
fasts and collie dinners, where robust appetites must
be catered for — quantity aimed at mther tnan quality.
Two other fields of resesu-ch are opened by this
interesting book to archaeologists : the variations in
the supply of the fish and fowls which our fore-
fathers ate compared with those which enter into our
own bills of fare. As the face of the country has
chanced, so have its winged inhabitants. It is curious
that bustards are not found among the fowl concerning
the cooking of which directions are here so amply
civen; nor do they appear among the "quayles,
fowls called rees," (reeves), and the rest which were
cooked for Archbishop Neville's installation feast,
1467, and the list of which is quoted in the Appendix of
this book. The externals of^the book are everything
that can be desired, the paper, print, and bmding
being such as to meet the taste of^ the most fastidious
book-lover.
Note sur les Sceaux de VOrdre dt St, yean de ^Sfri/-
salem. Par J. Delay ille le Roulx. Extrait
des Memoircs de la Society Nationale des Anti-
quaires de France. Tome xli. (Paris : 1881.^
Des Sceaux des Pricurs Attglais de VOrdre dt VH6'
piial aux Douzihne et Treitiime Sihles, Par T. De-
laville le Roulx. Extrait des Melanges
d'Archeologie et d'Histoire, public par I'Ecole
Fran9aise de Rome. (Rome : 18S1.)
Several difficulties have hitherto presented them-
selves to the sigillographic student, who approached
the documents of the renowned Order of St John of
Jerusalem. It has occurred to M. DelaviUe de Roulx,
REVIEWS.
167
who has been lor some tiae ai
mimiiiieiits of die Ordav dot some dL tixK doidiCs
inight be resolied by taloqgtjbe stadyon t^ Ifrimi
side ; and in the fint of diese P^pen ^ jaabJidys a
statute of the Older of the niddie of &£ i^irteeodi
centniy (fiom a MS. m the BhL Katksoile), viskh
" pasMS in review, not onlj the seals of ihe Gxand
Master, but also ^ose of the pnaczpal digai l aiifs of
the Order," entitled " C dit des bafies oae k BaasSie
etles antics bailfisderHdpilalbidleDi.^ TheTalne
of this dirn p fimt fiesnol on}j in the lu i agnHit de-
scriptions of seals abeidj kwrnn, bat still mcve of
ntuneroas otheis as jet nnknovn, frcan want of pre-
serration. The andbor &cn brisgs fonnud in
nection with this aU dat s known of the seals
themselves^ of the Gcand Mster and CasTeot, of
the Grand Master alone; and of the other dinxiazies,
priors of the dHferent lai«es ; diaai u g his fKts
mxn the Archives of Maha, Banche&^-RhSoe,
Turin, &&, as wdl as frca Pasli, SfiWamlanger,
and many odier aiah oBi ii es. His note imon a seal
of the Pnoiyof St. E^^diss is the Bfititti Museozi
is of eqiecial interest, asbeaiixf an the ongin of the
seal of the Enefidi Prioij. Ol the Gssnd Master*s
seal in both lead and vuc ftvo distinct trpes^ as
well as of othen taken from ori^salf, excelloit le-
pnxiactians in heLotjpe axe grren in both papers.
The second paper will be ra.lnabk' to historians of
the £1^^ ''laai^ae," aboni the earij Priors of
whidi &fe is not nmcb known, the lists eiren in
Dngdale and in a j^^'t*'^ on ^The Fngiish or
Sizdi Lnagae,** in iSSo. bdng inooaoplete. B7
caicfid atadf and oo ni p ari son of dales of dififexent
docnmeals r— **n**i on the Charter, Qose, and Psilent
RoUs^ and of Charters pi t as ei T c d in the British
Mnseam, M. Delaville le Ronlx, has oonsiderab} j
rectified the chronology of the Engiish Priors of the
twdfih and duxtecnth oentnries, and has added at least
two moceto the namber. The presenoe of two otber^
fViUiam de Vilerm in 120S, and an Alam^ mentioned
in die saaae jvar, are points not vet cleared up. Bnt
all these leoofds are in Ensknd — ^whj does not
toil?
A Memmiml Histmy tf tki CampUUs of MJ/. ri,
Argylakire, By liL O. C. 4X0, pp. >i., 124.
(London : Simmnns and Botten, 18S2).
This very handsome vofazme gives the records, line-
ages, and f*f * f » gf< T^ of the Campbells of MelfurL the
Campbells of Acittladcr, the Macdoogals of Macdou-
gal, the Campbdls of Lodtend, the Campbells c^
Kenloch, and odier (unjlies with whom the Melfort-
CampbeOs have intermamed. The lands and barony
of Melfoft wexe granted by King David Bruce to Sir
Ardufaald Camj^ell, Knight of Lochaw, in 2343 ; and
their int eres ti ng records from this time contain many
vexy iastmctxve lUixstratiaDS of the social and clou
history of Sootland, besides affording perhaps, one of
the nkort interestiQ2r of fiamily histories. Scottish
iamOy hutonr m"^"" more links with an archaic
clan nifltorrthan perhaps any other people in Europe ;
and, dierewre, over and above the value and interest of
this book to proliased genealogists, there is an intexest
to the htitnnral Undent as weU. How pertinaciously
the danicbtiaashiphdd iioisi is shown for instance in
the old cattcm pccalnar to Ae Campbefls of Donstag-
n^ge, Domova, and MeSforu When the head of the
framiy died, the chief noaxnecs wonld be the dhcr
twolaiids; one a ap port e d the head to the grave, the
other waSbcd before the corpse, and even Uke eldett
son was not pezmiiied to artfifrfe with this aixasge-
mesL This kgendaiy custom was fnTiird oat forcbe
last lime ax the fnTyml of Coiand John CaaxibdL in
1S61.
The pedigrees and mrmorial aconfimts aie aH care-
fsBy compued; and, when we lecqgniae that the
CampbdOs of Midfoot hare made a reiy oonsidenikile
name in the annals of their conntxy for militaxy aervio^
and ofrfnrhnr militazy hercusm, when we bear m
mind that ihcy indnde Sir Coihs CampS^eD amo^g
thrm. we can wcU andersiand that this bool: has been
a labonr of lore to its indc^Btigable compiler. Theie
is an Appendix of charters and deeds now *-^*«»,
relating to Melfort property, and these aie all more or
less interesting and vahtable. £adi pedigree is also
SBLpplemenled with very nsefsl notes. In condnska^
vre can ^seak very hi^^y of the taste in which the
bool^has been prxidnced.
flDeettnos of Btitiatiarian
^ ..^ ^A^
i:«rwii
METROPOLITAN.
Society of Antiqnnnes. — Fdaroajy a. — ^Mr.
EdwiD Freshhdd, V.-P., in the Chair — ^Mr. Bugent
exhibited a drawix^ cf the aims of Milton, or Middle-
ton, Abbef, Dorset, from a window in Ibbertoa
Chnrdi, Dorset, which di&r from the engiaTix^ ia
Tanner's A'Miha MmuuHca.
Fcbroaiy 9.— Mr. E. Fxeshfidd, V.-P., in the Cliair.
— Mr. G. W. G. Leveson-Gower exhibited a qnany of
glass presenred with soaoe heraldic glass from Titsey,
Surrey. — ^Mr. J. U. Middieton exhibited some cit^ects
of interest whidi had been found on the site of a Rcanaa
villa, at Fifehead Neville, DorseL In a small hol^
cut in the centre of the fioor of one of the room^ m
number of ornaments vreie hidden mwar, and amo^g
these, in addiiion to some bronze braodet^ vrere tiro
silver rings, presenting the vexy unnsnal feature of
Christian devices.
February 16— Mr. E. Freshfidd, V.-P., in the Chair.
— The Ke\'. A. Pownall exhibited a gold ring foond
at Gilmorton, Warwickshire, inscribed inside, *' The
King's Giit'' It was s^>paxent]y of the time of
Charles I.— Mr. H. B. Hull exhibited a MS. Lst of
the Royal Ka\y in 1660, with tbe name of ** Edward
Dering, Mercator Regius," on the cover. The list
gives the names of the ships, the tonnage, a^ where
end by whom built, and otlier parucuiars. hi the end
are tables of wages and allowances, weights of cnbles,
and other useful information. — Mr. Ni|^tingale exhi*
bited a bronze seal found at W}*ndbEtm l^k, near
Salisbury, bearing the name of Vilhelm Pelhisier. —
Mr. Peacock contributed an account of a pxesentmeot
of a man to the Bishop of Lincoln, in 1611. for refus-
ing to kned at the Communion, and for naming his
i6S
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
child Ichabod, as a sign that he considered the glory
had demited from the Church of England. — Sir
Henry Dryden contributed a Paper "On Saxon
Remains at Marston St. Lawrence, in Northampton-
shire."
February23. — ^Mr, A.W. Franks, V.-P., in the Chair.
— Mr. Middleton read a Paper upon " Consecration
Crosses in Churches." These crosses were marked
when the church was built, before the consecration,
in order to show the places which the bishop would
anoint with oil as part of the service. The proper
number is twelve inside and tw^slve out, but there are
few churches in England now which exhibit the com-
plete number, thou^ in one case — St. Mary Otterys —
where the crosses are very ornamental, consisting of
demi-angels holding shields surrounded by quartre-
foils, additional crosses were added during the process
of restoration, so that there are now thirteen outside.
— Mr. Bailey read a Paper "Upon some Historical
Aspects of the Law of Attainder,*' 'which he illustrated
by tracing the estates held by Richard Neville, Earl
of Warwick, until they finally became forfeited to the
Crown.
March 2. — The Earl of Camanron, President, in
the Chair. — Mr. C. K. Watson invited the attention
of the meeting to a monstrous proposal now before
Parliament (which the Council had aecided to oppose
by all means in their power), the object of whicn was
to enable the L3mn and Fakenham Railway to extend
their line through the precinct of the Cathedral
Church of Norwich. Such an extension would have
the result of destroying a very ancient Watergate,
which was the admiration of every antiquary and of
every artist, and of obliterating other interesting re-
mains and associations.— This being an evening ap-
pointed for the ballot, no papers were read.
Archseological Institute. — February 2. — Mr. J.
Hilton, in the chair. — Mr. J. H. Middleton read some
notes on Ashbumham House and the site it occupies.
— Mr. F. C. J. Spurrell described the great collec-
tion of shallow pits on the north coast of Norfolk, and
added accounts of similar large groups, such as the
pen-pits and others, in various parts of this country
and abroad. He pointed out that these great collections
of pits, in contradistinction to minor collections, were
all, as far as he knew at present, connected with the
earliest traces of Uie use and manufacture of iron.
Taken as a whole, he did not doubt that they werp
dwellings and true hut circles, and that they could be
distinguished from iron or stone mines. The simplicity
of their construction, and the comparatively slight
traces of permanent occupation in some instances,
denoted their temporary use, and showed that they
were the shelters and dwellings of tribes collected
together for limited periods (probably in summer), and*
that the paucity ot relics of utensil-*, &c, denoted
poverty. It was possible that some of them might
represent the huddling together of a population driven
to extremity by an invading host, such as the Romans.
In comparison with the largest groups of the true Stone
age, they suggest a great increase in the population in
feneral. — Mr. Spurrell exhibited a large collection of
'alseolithic flint implements from new situations,
recently found in the gravels of the Thames, and the
Darenth and Medway in Kent.
March 2.— Sir J. S. D. Scott in the Chair. Mr.S.
Clarke, jun., read a Paper on the remarkable late
Norman font in the Church of Saint Nicholas,
Brighton. — Mr. E. Newton read a Paper on the dis-
covery, in 1879, of a Romano-British cremation urn,
at a depth of eighteen feet below the pavement in
Cheapside. — Mr. J. O. Scott exhibited a cast oi the
upper portion of an effigy of a late fourteenth centozy
civilian from North Curry Church, and portions <n
fragile plaster figures of cows and other animals found
walled up in the chancel of that church. Mr. Mickle-
thwaite was disposed to think that these were votive
objects. Mr. A. E. Griffiths sent a fine example of a
British urn full of ashes and bones in an undistnibed
state found at Hampton Wick. — Mr. R. S. Feigosoa
sent three examples of funeral chalices and patens of
pewter found in Cumberland, and contributed notes
upon them. — Mr. J. A. S. Bayly exhibited a collectioa
ot rubbings of brasses and ecclesiastics firom Essex and
elsewhere, which were commented upon by Mr.
Micklethwaite.
British Archseological Association. — ^Febnftuy
15. — Rev. S. M. Mayhew in the Chair. — A portrait of
Milton, supposed to have been painted at an eazly
period of the poet*s life, was described by Mr. E.
Walfoi^.— Mr. W. G. Smith exhibited a ^ass
muller-like object used in the straw manufacture of
Dunstable, but similar in form to many objects of the
same material frequently found in London. — Mr.
Loftus Brock descnbed various ancient articles of
S>ttery from London WaU. — ^The first Paper was by
r. Phend, on recent explorations and excavations
made by the author in Scotland. — ^The second Paper
was by the Rev. Mr. Lach-Szyrma, and was descnp-
tive of St. Hilary Churchjrard, Cornwall, where
monuments of the Roman and Celtic periods are to
be met with, which, with the old tower of the church,
attest the continuance of Christianity in the disbict
probablv firom the fourth or fifth century.
March i. — Rev. S. M. Mayhew in the chair.— Mr.
W. G. Smith described several Neolithic flint imple-
ments recently found at Highbury, only eighteen
inches below uie surface of the undisturbed gravel,
the edges being sharp and the polish as perfect as
when deposit^. The Chairman descried a fine
collection of ancient articles. Among these were a
walrus bone pin found in London, apparently of
Roman date; the haft and summit of a Norman
standard of bronze ; a silver Roman pig ; and several
fine examples of Spanish and German figured glass. —
Mr. W. H. Cope read the first Paper, *^On the His-
tory of Ancient Stained Glass.'' — The second Paper
was by Mr. C. Brent, '' On a Newly Discovered
Roman Building at Little Holms, Methwold." The
site is only four feet above the Fen level, and the
remains are the first of this early date that have been
met with in the locality. The remains consist of
foundations of walls formed of flint, with alternate
layers of rubble and sandstone. A floor of concrete
was also found, lined out to form a tile pattern.
The Society of Biblical Archaeology. —
March 7. — Dr. Samuel Birch in the Chair. — A
Paper was read by Mr. Le Pajge Renouf : *' Egyptian
Mythology, Mist and Cloud.' —A Paper by Sir. W
Flinders retrie, " On Pottery and Implements col-
lected at Gisdi and the neighbourhood, from De-
cember, t88o^ to June, 1881/' wss rnd by the
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
169
Secretaxy. — ^A letter was read from Prof. W. Wright,
calling attention to a Hebrew inscription of great
interest and antiquity that forms part of a mosaic
MTement in the mausoleum of the Empress GEiUia
Fladda at Ravenna, built by her between a.d. 432
and 44a
Numismatic Society.— Feb, 16.— Mr. W. S. W.
Vaux, V.-P., in the Chair.— The Rev. Canon Pownall
exhibited a tin-foil impression of an Irish halfpenny,
now in the collection of the Irish Academy, struck at
Waterford during the reign of John, and beUeved to be
unioue. This coin is of special interest, as it tends to
confirm the attribution to John of certain coins in the
English series wiih the cross pomnUe^ but with the in-
scription HENHicvs rbx. — M. Terriende la Couperie
xeaa a Paper " On the Coinage'of Tibet issued during
the second half of the] last century and during the
bennning of the present one."
Anthropological Institute.— Jan. 24. — ^Anni-
▼ersary Meeting^Major-General Pitt-Rivers, Pre-
sident, in the Chair. — ^The President delivered his
Annual Address, in which he reviewed the work of
the past year.
Feb. 7.— Mr. F. G. H. Price, Treasurer, in the
Chair.— Mrs. E. C. Hore read a Paper '*0n the
Twelve Tribes of Tanganyika.**— Mr. G. W. Bloxam
read a note "On a Patagonian Skidl brought from
Carmen, at the Mouth of the Rio N^ro (lat. 44*),"
by Capt. Hairby. — The Assbtant- Secretary read
** Notes on the Napo Indians,*' by Mr. A. Simson.
Feb. 21.— Dr. Edward RTylor,V.-P., in the Chair.
— Mr. J. E. Price read a " Note on Aggri Beads.'*
These beads are occasionally dug up in the
Gold Coast territory, and sell for more than their
wdght in gold, being among the most valued of
royal jewels. They have been found in various parts
of England, some of those exhibited having oeen
obtained from Colchester, where they were found
associated with human remains, while others were
discovered during the recent alterations at Leadenhall
Market. Mr. race thought that the appearance of
these beads in England might be accounted for by the
fact that when the Romans occupied the country they
brought with them many African slaves, who wore
necklaces with Aggri beads, and that when these
slaves died their necklaces were buried with them. —
Dr. Madarlane read a Paper on the " Analysis of
Relarionships of Consanguinity and Marriage.'* — And,
in die absence of the authors, the Director read a
Paper entitled "From Mother-right to Father-right,"
by Mr. A. W. Howitt and the Rev. Lorimer Fison.
Rojral Society of Literature. — Feb. i. — Sir
Patridc de Colquhotm in the Chair. — Sir CoUingwood
Dickson read a Paper on " Dr. Faustus and the
L^[ends connected widi him,** contributed by Sir P.
de Colquhoun. It was contended that Dr. Faustus
was unquestionably an historical personage, as his
death is mentioned by Gesner, who compares him to
Paracdsus, and as he is referred to in Luther's
** Table-Talk.*' The oldest account of Faustus, in
which it is stated that he was bom at Roda, near
Weimar, goes back to the year 1587.
Feb. 15. — ^Mr. Joseph Haynes in the Chair. — Mr.
Fleay read a Paper on "Homer and Comparative
MyUiolopr."
RoyalAsiatic Society.— Feb. 2a— Sir Edward
VOL. V.
Colebrooke, President, in the Chair. — The Rev. Mr.
Schon read a Paper on " The Haussa Language," the
linpta franca of Western Africa, of whidi he has
published a grammar and a dictionary, texts and
translations of the Holy Scriptures, having acquired
his knowledge during a long residence in that part of
Africa. — Mr. R. N. Cust followed with a Paper on
•• African Scholars."
Society of Hellenic Studies.- Feb. 16.— Prof.
C. T. Newton, V.-P., in the Chair.— The Chairman
read extracts from a Paper by Mr, W, M. Ramsay,
describing some of the results of his journey into
Phrygia, and exhibited drawings by Mr. A. H. Blunt,
and photographs representing some of the monuments
discovered. The passages read to the meeting de-
scribed Mr. Ramsay's researches on three sites in the
heart of Ph27p:ia. (i) Duganlu. The tomb of Midas
existing on this site was dbcovered by Leake in 1810,
and luis several times since been visited. Mr.
Ramsay explored the plateau on tiie side of whidi
this tomb exists, and found a road leading to the
summit, bordered by a procession of fissures advancing
downwards. Near the top of the road was a place of
worship, with rock-altar, and a rock-cut relief repre-
senting a figure like the Greek Hermes. In this
place also is a grave, and the worship connected with
It seems to be that of the dead. (2) A necropolis
first discovered by Mr. Ramsay at Ayazeen. Here
were a multitude of tombs, some in the fashion of
that of Midas, others mere caverns in the rode. One
opening in the rock was rendered remarkable bv being
surmounted by an obelisk, on either side of which was
an enormous lion ; but these lions completely differ
in style from those over the gateway at Mycensr.
Mr. Ramsay found an important fragment of another
similar relief in the shape of an enormous lion*s head
of splendid archaic work, and seven feet in diameter.
(3) Kumbet. Here Sir C. Wilson and Mr. Ramsay
discovered a remarkable block of stone, rudely fieish-
ioned in the shape of a ram, and having its sides
covered vrith rdiefr representing hunting scenes.
These reliefs, however, were rude and much injured
by time. — A second Paper, sent by Mr. E. L. Hicks,
was read by Prof. Gardner. The writer selected
several details in the descriptions of characters by
Theophrastus, and showed how they could be fully
understood only by a comparison with Attic inscrip-
tions, especially monumental stelae. — A third Paper
was reaa by Dr. Waldstein, wherein he traced the
origin of a figure of Hermes which occurs as an
emolema on a patera from Bemay, in France, to the
figure of Hermes on one of the pillars from the
temple of the Ephesian Artemis, in the British
Museum.
Philological Society.— Feb. 3. -Dr. J. A. YL
Murray, V.-P., in the Chair. — The Papers read were :
(i) " Observatiuns on the Partial Coreciiuns of
English Spellings approvd by the Filolojical Society,**
by Mr. H. Vogin, of Amsterdam. (2) Mr. Sweet's
" Notes on Points in English Grammar.*'
Friday, Feb. 17.— Mr. H. Sweet, V.-P., in the
Chair. — Mr. Cayley read a Paper on ** Greek Pronun-
ciation and the Distribution of the Greek Accents."
He attempted to trace a revolution in the Greek
sounds to the vast extension of the lanmiage under
the Macedonian kings, and^ubsequently to large bodies
N
170
MEETINGS Of ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
of migratoiy Jews and Syrians who fonned the nadei
of the Christian churches. Mr. B. Dawson read
some ''Notes on Translations of the New Testa-
ment"
New Shakspere Society. — Feb. lo.— F. J.
Fumivall, Director, in the Chair.— The Rer. W.
Wjnell-Mayow read a Paper on "Hamlet's 'speech
of a doien or sixteen lines' in the Sub-Play.''— Dr. F.
Landmann then read his Paper " On Shakspere and
Euphuism : Euphuism an Adaptation from Guevara."
PROVINCIAL.
Cambridge Antiquarian Society. — Februanr
27.— Rer. R. Bum, in the Chair.— The Rer. J.
Collingwood Bruce read a Paper " Upon the HistOTf
and Present State of Hadrian's Wall in North Britain.^'
The author diowed a map of the course of the wall,
and of the Tjrne in relation to it, also of the river
Eden, which joins the Tyne 'at the east end of the
wall or " Wall's-end." The river Eden was con-
sidered sufficiently strong as a means of fortification
to render it unnecessary to extend the wall further in
that direction. But at its mouth two forts were erected,
imd in ^eir locality some very interesting results had
beoi dbcovered. One of the forts was opposite
Jarrow, the birthplace of the Venerable Bede. From
thb pdnt the wall ran on to the high ground above
and to ^e north of the Tjme valley, where agriculture
conld be most successfully conducted, and which, it
seemed, the Romans wanted to secure. The wall was
continued to Bowness, where the Solway ceased to be
fordable. They next turned to the plan of the wall.
First df all it was about 8 feet thick. How high
it had been was not known ; it was now about 9} feet
in some places. Bede said it was 12) feet high. He
was probablv speaking of it in his own neighbourhood.
Camden said it was 15 feet high ; and another writer
said 2 1 . The facing stones were of sandstone, very well
squared toauniform size and projectinginto the vrall, so
as to bind it well together. No tiles were needed. The
mortar to this day was in some instances harder than
the stone itself. To the north of the virall was a ditch,
which in some places was about 6 feet deep and 15 feet
across at the top. Stationary camps were planted
at distances averaging four miles from one ano^er,
and varjnng in size from four to seven acres in extent.
These camps usually had northern, southern, eastern
and western gateways. The largest camps had two
^eways on the eastern and western ramparts. In
addition to the camps, there were at distances of a
Roman mile square enclosures measuring about fofieet
a side ; and now called " mile-castles." In dl proba-
bility a number of soldiers were drafted off to occupy
the spaces between the mile-castles for twenty-four
hours, or for a week at a time. In addition to the mile-
castles there were what were called " turrets. * ' He him-
self called them stone sentrv-boxes. These had been so
much interfered with that ne could not tell how many
there had been. They were 12 feet square, and the
walls were 3 feet thick. Running alongside the
wall, and always on the ffouth side, was a military
road. The next drawing showed in section the abut*
ment of a bridge crossing the Tjrne at Cilumum, now
called Chesters. In the river at Cilumum could be
seen, when the water was dear, the foondatioos o£
the piers of the brid«. The cfaaiacter of the masoiuy
indicated that it had beeh ooDstracted at two difierent
periods of time Drawings showed the remains of the
gates of Cilumum, with the holes in the stone still
remaining in wliidi the pivots of the gates used to
turn. Drawing 3 gave an idea of the character of the
ground over whidi the wall ran in the centrd part of
Uie district A great basaltic dyke ran forten or twehre
nules through the country m this neichboozhood.
Here was part of an altar erected to Jupiter, and
bearing the usual monogram LO.lif. Near the sta-
tion represented in thb drawing was an amphithaatve.
similar to Uioae found at some other parts of the wbU,
and intended as a place of amusement for die sokiierk
Drawing 4 showed one of the great faaaaltie rodcs
over which the wall ran. Drawingf 5 showed ^* The
Nine Nicks of Thurlow." These were nicks In the
mountainous chain of rocks, the wall numingpeithuu
doosly over each of them. The interior of the wall
was well made of rabble^ but tiie facing was always
freestone. Drawing 7 represented the northern fesae
of the wall. Insomeoftne mile-castles the levd of
tiie floor had been raised, and in making excavatioiii
traces of devastation were found, and marks of fise.
At one place had been found a lady's eaz^drap, a
centleman's fing^ ring, and a coin of Commodos.
They knew that in the reign of Commodns (i&>-i98
A.D.) the Caledonians made an irruption on the wafl,
sacked one of the Roman stations, and killed one of
the commanders. Dr. Brace next showed some draw-
ings of altars found at different stations on the wall^
some gravestones, and some other stone objects. On
one slab of stone was carved a r^resentation of Cereii
Here was a figure of Victoiy, a female careering over
the earth with outstretched wings, her garments flyinfi^
behind her; she bore in one hand a pum, and in tiie
other a laurel wreath.
Society of Antiquaries of 8eotland.-^Fdi.
13.— Sir Walter Elliot, of Wolflee^ in the Chair.
Tne first paper read was a notice of two ^ery fine
pieces of old Scots panelling in carved oak* whidi
were exhibited and described J by SCr. J. J. Rdd.
They formed the partition between two garvets in an
old house at Montrose, pulled down about four years
ago, and were subs^ently ao^uired by Mr. Rcid
and Mr. CampbdL The larger piece contained spaces
for eighteen panels, some of which were waitfin& bat
enougn remained to show the beauty of the wotk and
the ^^ehr of the desi^ with which the panels were
filled. The smaller piece was a door, the fonr npper
panels of which are carved, the two lower plain. The
carvings consist of foliageous scroll* work, with con-
ventional representations of thisUes, && The centre
pand of the larger piece contains a diidd of nrmi
which seem to be those of the fiunOy of Panter, onoe
of Newmanswalls, near Montrose. One of the panels
contains a thistle exactly like that on a single remain-
ing panel in the Abbot's House at Arbroath, of which
monastery Walter Panter, of the Newmanswalls
family, was twentieth abbot. In the Chapter House
at Arbroath, built, it is believed, 1^ Abbot Panter,
there are on the capitals of the pillars representations
of birds sitting on the branches of trees pecking at
frait, which are similar in style to the canrfain on
some of the panels. Others have grotetqiie cttragi.
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
17X
ryesentipg swine dressed up as monks. From cer-
tim oonsidaitions connected with the style of these
ctirings and the histoiy of the Hospital of St. Marf ,
reboilt and endowed by Patrick^ Panter, Bishop of
Roes and Abbot of Camboskenneth, the date <» the
cardngs mieht be placed about 15 15. Mr. f. W.
Small and Mr. Geo(]ge Seton confirmed Mr. Reid's
condnsions. The second psper was a notice of a dst
with an Wtt, discovered at Parkhill, near Aberdeen,
in October last, in digging ballast for the railway.
In the dst was an nm of degant shape, 54 inches
high* and of the taU Tariety known as of drinking-cup
Iotul The other contents of the dst were the bones
of a skeleton placed in a contracted position, and
some fragments of diarcoaL With the human bones,
however, there was found a bone of the left fore-leg
of a boar. The human bones were covered with a
matted fibrous substance, and in the case of a dst
d i s co v e re d in the same locality in 1867, ^^ ^^ \i/tei^
ascertained by Professor Struthers, of Aberdeen, that
it consisted partly of hairs and partly of the mycelium
of a ciyptogamous plant There are two features of
this interment that are peculiar, the presence of
duttooal in the dst with an unbumt body, and the
presence of the boar's bone. The urn, which is a re-
markahly fine ooe^ is presented to the National
Mosenm. The Rev. R. Herbert Stoxr contributed
a notice^ with a rubbing of a sculptured slab^
reoendy disco ve red at Roseneath. Dr. Robert Munro,
Kilmaraock, gave an account of the discovery of a
cnanqg in the toch of Friar's Carse, Dumfirieshire.
The lowering of the level of the water of the loch had
shown ti^t the island in its centre was composed of
oak beams^ supporting an oval surface of about So
feet by 70 feet, covmd with a thickness of from
3 feet to 3 feet of soil and stones, largdy mixed with
bones, diarooal, and ashes. A drcular portion of
the log pavement near the centre was covered with
flat stones for a hearth, and in some other parts a clay
flooring vnu found. Dr. Munro exhibited a large
wectoe^haped stone hammer which had been found
in the crannog. A canoe and a paddle and some
firagments of pottery wero also found. Grose, in his
Antiquities ot Scotland, had referred to the crannog
as a place of refuge for the monks of Friar's Carse.
The ust Paper was a notice ITof undescribed stones
with cupmarkhigs in the central districts of Scotland
by J. RomQIy ADen. In an appendix he added a
complete lirt of all the stones of^ this peculiar class
known in Scotland, showing their geographical dis*
tzibntion, and a list of die books, papers, and
antborities on the general subject of this class of
pfdiistoric scdpturings.
Bnglish Dialect. — Annual Meeting, February
aa<— The Mayor of Manchester (Alderman Baker) in
the Chair. — ^Bilr. J. H. Nodal, the honorary secretary,
read Uie annual report, which, in the first place, enu-
merated and descnbed the publications of the past
year. These are as follows : — Leicestershire, Words,
Phrases, and Proverbs, a revised and considerably
enlarged edition of the Leicestershire Glossary of the
late Dr. Arthur Benoni Evans, published in 1S48,
and edited for the Sodetjr by his son, Dr. Sebastian
Evans. The latter, in his introduction, calls attention
to tibe topographical and other influences which
'*have confmed on the Ldcestershire dialect a
marked predominance in determining the literary
language of the country." The chapters on the
literature'of the county, the Domesday measurement,
the local nomenclature, and the Place-names — the last
an elaborate list of some sixty colunms — will be wel-
come alike to the historical student, the antiquary,
and the philologist. By the kindness of the Rev.
Christopher Wordsworth a list of Rutland words is
appended. The second volume of the year is a col-
lection of Original Glossaries, comprising a glossary
of Isle of Wight Words, compiled in the first instance
by the late Major Henry Smith, and completed and
edited for the Sodety by hb brother, the distinguished
antiquary, Mr. Charles Roach Smith; two lists of
Oxfordshire and Cumberland Words, by Mrs. Parker
93A Mr. Dickinson respectivdy ; a glossary of North
Lincolnshire Words, gathered by Mr. Edward Sutton,
now of Manchester, in the marsh, wold, and fen dis-
tricts around the town of Louth ; and a list of words
in use in Radnorshire, contributed by the Rev. W.
£. T. Morgan, of Morriston, near Swansea. The
last of the publications of the jrear is a reprint of the
very rare black letter-book, William Turner's Nanus
of Harbes^ A.D. 154S, edited by Mr. James Britten,
F.L.S., the earliest work in English to which the in-
troduction of certain plants can be traced. Two
propo^ds had been ur^ntly pressed upon the atten-
tion of the society during the last year or two— the
publication of a General Dialect Dictionary and the
collection and publication of Place-names as part of
the Sodet3r's work. It was considered, however,
that these things do not fidrly come within the
Sodet/s province. Mr. A. J. Ellis, F.R.S., and
Mr. Thomas Hallam, two members of the Sodety,
had succeeded during the past two years in tracing a
verv important dialectal line or series of lineo. Mr.
Hallam had ascertained the boundarv line across
England between the midland and southern forms or
sounds of short u in up, but, &c. ; abo between the same
forms or sounds of tf, short and medial, in other, ton,
done, some, &c The northern boundary of the mid-
land and eastern counties, according to Mr. Ellis,
passed (very roughly) north of Fumess in Lancaster,
east of Craven in Yorkshire, north of Leeds and
Selby, and then suddenly dips south by the Isle of
Axholme in Lincolnsliire, and reaches Uie sea about
Great Grimsby. These apparently formed the two
great lines across England. The boundaries between
northern English and Lowland Scotch was (also verv
roughlv) that of the kingdoms. This divides aU
Englisn speaking counties into four great divisions,
distinguished by their treatment of the Anglo-Saxon
short and long «.
Cambridge Philological Society. — February
9. — Professor Skeat in the Chair. — Prof. A. S. Wilkins
communicated a Paper on a MS. of Cicero's De
Oratort in St. John's College, Oxford. It seems
to have been first collated by Thos. Cockman {De
Oratore Oxf, 1696) ; and Abp. Pearce, who knew it
from Cockman, praises it highly. The collations of
the other MSS. b^ Lagomarsini, EUendt (1S40),
Piderit, and Ravaisson (Codex Albiftcensis)^ now
enable us better to estimate its value. The MS. is
a small folio of 28 leaves (^5 pages, the last blank)
written in double columns, m a neat and dear hand.
The ink has kept its colour except on the first page.
N 2
172
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
It has numerous contractions, such as the Tironian
abbreviations for ct and cons^ Uie misunderstanding of
which latter has led cop3rists to change comuUs
into asinos (Wattenbach, EinUiiung, p. 74). Dr.
Waldstein read a Paper on '<Ar. Eth. N. p. nil
(Bekk.).*' Aristotle is enumerating the categories of
harmful human action, which, from particular ignor-
ance on the part of the agent, are not to be considered
criminal. These categories are illustrated by definite
instances from real life. As the text stands, it fails
to illustrate the category, and cannot be construed
into good sense. This is especially caused by our inde-
finite knowledge of the nature of the dKpoxiifii9/i6t>
For if, as has been supposed, this game consisted of
boxing, wrestling, or sparring, the illustration falls
flat. A painting on a vase in the possession of M.
Camille Lecuyer at Paris, together with a relief
published by Claiac, and another published by
Krause show this game to have been similar to one
practised by boys with us, in which the fingers are
mterlaced, and the point is to bring the adversary
to his knees by forcing back his wrist, only with the
important addition that the Greeks did not begin
with interlacing their hands, but stood opposite one
another and strove to seize the most favourable grip
of the hands, the most decisive part in the game. In
this act, the one striving to seize, the other to avoid
the hand of his opponent, involuntary striking must
have been a most frequent occurrence. — Dr. Wiudstein
then read a Paper on "The description of the
Polygnotan pictures in the Lesche of the Cnidians at
Delphi, described by Pausanias." Professor Paley
communicated a paper on Sophocles, O.T. 13S0.
Glasgow Arcnseologicid Society. — February 16.
— Professor Lindsay in the Chair. — Prior to business,
Mr. W. G. Black, Hon. Secretary, intimated that a
letter from the Marquis of Bute proposes some work
for the Society to undertake, and it would be imme-
diately laid before the Council. 'Mr. D. Murray
then read " A Note on Glasgow and other Provincial
Coins and Tokens.'' Mr. Murray historically reviewed
the art of coin-making. The Scotch pennies were
few in number, one of the most beautiful being the
Paisley penny of 1798. The Edinburgh hal^eimy
of 1 791 was the first, and in the same year the first
Glasgow halfpenny was issued. — ^Mr. W. G. Black
read a Paper *'0n the Ori^and Theory of Charms,"
after which there was exhibited an old jug of Preston-
pans or Portobello stoneware, with a view of the
Broomielaw, by Mr. J. Wyllie Guild. A book, en-
titled, " The Former and Present State of Glasgow
Contrasted — A Dream : Glasgow, 1787," by Mr. C,
D. Donald, Jun. ; and '* Eight old painphlets of 1633'
1643, 1653, and other dates," by Mr. Robert Guy. '
Clifton Shakspere Society.— Jan. 28, 1882. —
Mr. J. H. Tucker, in the Chair. — Reports in connec-
tion with As You Like Jt^ were presented. Mr.
Francis F. Fox read* a Paper on "Touchstone."
Papers on "Jaques," by Miss Florence O'Brien,
ana by Mr. £. Thelwall, M.A., were read.
The Rev. H. P. Stokes gave a communication *' On
the Son^ in As You Like It,*' and "On Shake-
speare's References to Marlowe."
Feb. II, 1882.— Mr. E. Thelwall, M.A., President,
in the Chair. — The following communications were
given :— " Notes on the Poems^^ by the Rev. H. P.
Stokes, M.A., L.L.M.; '<0n Venus and Adonis,*' hy
Mr. L. P. Hairis, BJl, ; " On Lucrece;' by Mr.
Tucker.
Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian
Society. — February 10.— Mr. W. C. Borlase, M.P.,
in the Chair. — ^The President cordially acknowledged
a gift to the Society firom Mr. W. H. Trouoson, in the
sluipe of a pair of most curious old nut-crackers.
The Rev. w. S. Lach-Szyrma read a papo: on
"Observations on the Planets." The President
commented npon antiquities supplied by Mr. Couch,
the first being a most remarkable teapot, firom which
there was no cover to £dl off, the pot being
filled from the bottom. The next object of in-
terest was a mortar and pestle. Mr. Couch further
showed a very curious little trinklet made of gold, such
a one that was in use amongst ladies about a cen-
tury ago. The President showed a curious Wedg-
wood teapot, upon which was a picture of John
Wesley, surrounded by a number of his various
preachers. He further read extracts firom a curious
old tract, entitled "A true account of a strange and
wonderful relation of one John Tonkin, of Pensans,
in Cornwall, said to be bewitched by some women."
Manchester Geological Society. — Feb. 21. —
Mr. George Gilroy, President, in the Chair. — Mr.
Robert Law read a Paper, prepared jointly by him-
self and Mr. James Horsfall, on the discovery of flint
implements on the elevated moorlands, near Roch-
dale. They stated that a series of investigations into
the distribution and mode of occurrence of Neolithic
flints were began by them in the spring of 1879. The
work had been carried on more or less succ^sfiilly
for a period of two years. The places visited were
the highest summits and most prominent hills in those
parts of the Fenine Range which lie within a radius
of about twelve miles of Rochdale. The first point
was Dean Clough, a small upland stream about a
mile north-east of a place called Junction-in-Saddle-
worth, where no fewer than 150 flints were found.
These consisted of chippings, flakes, one or two
small cores, and in one instance a beautifully worked
arrow-tip of the barb pattern. In subsequent visits
to this locality other flmts had been found, one of the
most interesting being an el^antly-fashioned and
delicately-chipped leu-shaped arrow-head. Flints
appeared to oe so abundantly scattered on this ele-
vated moorland that in nearly every case, where an
opportunity was offered for an examination of the
subsoil, one or more of them could be found. The
most striking example was met with on Mardi Hill,
a conical eminence overlooking the vale of Marsden
This hill is completely isolated from the surrounding
moors, and although of comparatively small dimen-
sions, more than 1,000 flints were discovered on a few
small patches of bare ground on its southern side.
The number of small chips and flakes was so great at
this place as to lead to the conclusion that flint imple-
ments were manufactured there during pre-historic
times. On the side facing the north, although there
was bare ground, not more than ten pieces were
picked up. As far as their investigations had gone,
they had failed to detect any trace of polished stone
celts, and in only two doubtful instances had grinding
or polishing of the flints been observed. Had these
ancient Britons been in the habit of using polished
MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.
173
ttone hatchets, it was not unreasooaUe to suppose being fitted into one another, or filled np with smaller
fKa» lome of the firaffinents of them woold hare been ''^ — ^'' ^^^ ' —
left behind, espedaUy at places where implements
^>peared to have been mmnfaftored. It had been
pointed oat that on two hills flints had been foond
more abondantljr on the soathern than on the northon
slopes, and this was true of almost all the eleraxed
plaoes where thej had jet been able to detect flints.
This might be explained .by the sapposition that
andoit men selected the more sanny and warmer
ade of a hill for pitching their tents andcaxTTxng on
the woriL of ffsihioning their tools and wcapoms.
Svtheilmnd Field Clnb.—Annnal M eerin g.—
feb, aS. Dr. Toass in the Chair. — The President
nnd his anmial address. Under the head of archx-
okffT. he noticed the cop-marked stone foxmd in
the Uppat Woods, with the Paper in connection
therewiSdescribing the known oamDlem Suther-
land. These occur at Ribigill, Kmloch, kintradweil,
f'yp^tli^fK of Dnnrobin, Embo, and Uppat, a small
nnmber for sndi a wide field, coosideTing their abun-
dance m Ross and Inreniess shires, but the attemion
BOW directed to the snbjea may result m the dis-
coveiT of more. They are of extreme mt«r^ as
the oldat known stone-camngs m Bntam, pertiaps
in Emope. A fine specimen of an early Celtic shoe
from thepeat moss at Carhill was presented to the
linaeum. iSough Mr. Baxter. It is a real
"bcone." pcifoiated to let out the inevitable water,
and^ mai£of mitanned ox hide, with the hair
\f,^^ji^_ Some wdl-formed and ornamented stone
wfaoils ha^ 9ho been secured. Mr. Stevemoo,
whoae large coUection of local Amt i«P^ts
fonns one of the attractions of the Museum m
£^[|llba|ri^ has, orer the same ground, made a
Mcond coUcctioo. modi smaller, inaeed. but of
^TinttfKSt, which he has presented to the local
MnKom. Of work done in the domam of recent
historr. Mr. Fowler's description of the Macleod tcrab
i!iUmt.duii»fintno^^ Notes were also bixwght
bdbre the Cbb on the early histonr of DMrobmfrom
-Bimhikhed documents, and on the iiunay of Gordon
* . .,. sutheriand.
rWe are unfoftunatdy obliged to let our reports
of the meetings of the Cambridge Antiquw^n Soaety
en M«»>kM^ and the Penzance Natural Histoir and
^tkioarian Socte^ on:the loth of March, stand over
till ncaiEt month. — ^£d.]
*r-» r .v-v
Zbe Bnttquarp's tlotc-'Sooft.
Bdin*t or Woden's Hall, Cockbnm Law.—
Coabom Law rises from a base of at least six miles
fncncBmlereDoetoaoonicaltop. On the north side,
and a little below the middle of the hill, are the rains
tftf & wtrw old buikling, by some called Wooden's Hall,
SiTSmoolycSll^ The
farifiiWy is constmcted entirely of stone, without any
QCbCTiMteriaL The stones haTc not been united t^
oretoicbiy. They hare, howerer, been Toy
' ' {daces, their iiregularities
stones, the whole presenting a
of dry stone masonry, llie fonn of the edifice is
drculax, except for a short space on the south, where
the building is reduced to the level of the surrounding
de'bri& The len^jfih of the exterior diameters are from
north to south 92! fee:, from east to west 90 ieet,
from south-east to north-west 92 1 feet, from south-
west to nonh-east 92 feet. The thickness df the wall
varies at different places from 15 feet 3 inches to 19
feet 2 inches. The doorway and passage, which led
through the wall from without to the area within, lay
on the east side of the building. The length of the
passage was about 17 feet. T^ external entrance of
It was entire about the year 1 793. In the heart of the
walls, open SDaces formerly existed. In two plaoes
we can trace the entire figures of distinct chambers.
These form loi^ narrow apanments, of which the ends
are semidrcnlar, and the sides partake of the currature
of the walls. In breadth they are about 7 feet, and
in length they are respectively about 33 and 23 feet.
There are indications of an entrance to each of thoe
cells, from the central area of about 3 feet in width.
It is very improbable that an edifice of such ma^i-
tude, aiid erected by such artists, could have had a
roof which covered the whole of it Eastward from
this principal building, the grosnd is marked by the
foundations of other buildings. On a carefiil examina-
tion, the foandaiions of four circular buildings can be
traced, and there may have been othen. Sudi build-
ings must have been erected by a people very little
advanced in the arts. It is probable they originated
in a wall raised as a screen around the fire of a family.
The most probable account of the origin of Edhrs
Hall if that it H-as erected as a palace for Edwin, Khig
of Northumbria, who reigned between 617 and 633.
The details in evidence (2 this conjecture are given in
Mr. G. Turnbull*s account of the structure in the
Tramsactions of the Bersnckskirt Naturaluti Cluh^
1850, pp. 9-20^ from which the abore description is
taken. Other descriptions are contained in Scoi/
Afagaane. 1764, roL xxvi. p. 431 ; Sir John Sinclair's
Statistical Account of Scoikmd^ iT. 3S9-390 ; Sne
Statistical Actommt of Scotland \ but these are not
accurate either in measurement or descriptions.
Edington Chureh (ante, pp. 133-4). — A corre-
spoixlent from Trowbridge sends us the following
account of this interesting church, with a view of
drawing attention to its present deplorable condition.
The present church ai Edington was dedicated by
Robert Wyril, Bishop of Salisbury, to SS. Mary,
Catharine, and All Saints, in 1361. The building
was commenced about 1347. There is no doubt that
the erection, as it at present stands, is the church built
by William of Edington, as the style answers to the
date when the Decorated was giving way to the Per-
pendicular. It consists of a chancel about 60 feet
long by 15 feet wide, a,north and south transept, and
a luve with side aisles. * A tower rises from thecentre
of the church. As far as can be ascertained, the
whole length of the fabric was 1 50 feet ; the wi<ith of
the nave and aisles 54 feet ; the length of the transept
75 feet. On the south side of the nave is a porch with a
parvise over iL The rhancrl, so spacious in its pro-
portions, is not seated for the congif^ation. Within the
174
THE ANTIQUARYS NOTE^BOOK.
altar rails on the south side is a magnificent tomb of
alabaster and marble to the memory of Sir Edward
Lewys, of ±e Vane, Glamorganshire, and Ann his wife,
daughter of Robert Sackville, Earl of Dorset, and
widow of Edward Seyinour, Lord Beauchamp. This
Sir Edward Lewys resided at Edington in the mansion
(now destroyed) that was the monastery. There is a
curious epitaph on the monument : it reads : —
" Since children are the living comer stone,
Where marriage built on both sides meets in one,
Whilst they survive our lives shall have extent
Upon record, in them our monument*'
The full-length figures of Sir Edward and his wife
are on the tomb ; in front are the effigies of their
children, kneeling ; from underneath the canopy is a
cherub hovering over the recumbent figures with the
crown of glory in his hand. It appears this figure is
only painted wood, the original having been stolen or
lost. The reredos is some carved wood that was for-
merly a mantelpiece in the mansion ; on either side of
the east window, are two empty niches, and two con-
taining headless figures. Tne chancel floor is higher-
than the transept by about three feet. It is separated
by an arch, which still contains the rood loft, beneath
which is a carved oak screen. The stairs to ascend
into the loft are on the north side, in the angle. Thev
are now closed. Passing firom the chan^ through
the doors or the screen into the transepts, is noti(^
the front of the rood loft adorned with the royal
arms, painted on canvas, bearing the date 1783, and
on either side are the tables of Uie Commandments,
the Creed, and the Lord's Prayer, whilst on the
south end are some sentences in black letter fix>m
the Proverbs, of the supposed date of Edward VL
Against the south wall of the south transept is a
canopied tomb, on which reposes the figure of an
ecclesiastic, an Augustine canon ; no epitaph or date
affords an v clue to the name of the deceased, but
on several portions of the erection is the figure of a
tun or barrel, (rom out the bunghole of which issues
a branch of some tree, which bears the initials I. B.
The small organ stands in the south transept ;
there is here also a flat gravestone to the Pepler
£eunily, earliest date December 6, 1769. Detacned
on the ground is a monument that formerly stood
against the wall, to Mary, daughter of Martin and
Anamoriah Taylor, September 13, 1769. Brass
lettered S. P. 1799, the vault of Sarah Price, whose
monument just above it is dated March 23, 1799. In
this transept, underneath the east window, which
contains a quantity of old stained glass, stood an altar;
the piscina, and a small niche which bears the traces
of paint and gold, still remain. There is no vestry in
the church, but the north-west angle of this transept
is enclosed for the purpose by a wooden partition ; m
this angle also is a night of stairs leading on to the roof.
At the west end of this aisle stands the font, and
some of its windows still contain ancient stained glass;
the cloisters were outside thb portion of the church ;
the lights are, therefore, small and high up in the
wall. The west end of the building boasts a magnifi-
cent window ; under it are the doors^ now never
opened, as the stone- work above is so Insecure.
In the centre aisle stands one of ^e old relics of
the church, in the shape of a canopied altar tomb,
which formerly bore two recumbent effigies in brass.
In Michael's History of Edington Churchy Uiis tomb
is mentioned as containing the bodies of Sir Ralph
Chcsiey and loan Paveley his wife, a co-heiress of
the Paveleys, lords of Westbury. To this statement
there is the objection that the armorial bearings are
those of a bachelor and the arms of Cheney only.
The oak pulpit, and reading desk under, stand in the
centre of the nave. It appears that the present ceiling
of plaster, with raisea devices, painted pink, was
pk^ therein 1663, as that date and the letters N.D.
are on the walls of the north and south transept The
interior retains the appearance of the country church
of the last century, with high square pews ; at the
west end of the soudi aisle are a few of the old carved
oak seats of the original type. Here and there, be-
neath some of the windows, are to be seen the small
crosses which were sprinkled by the Bishop at the
dedication, and were covered with brass. On the
floor, just inside the pordi door, are the arms of
Winchester See, incised in stone, partially hidden by
the heating apparatus, and several slabs in different
parts of the floor show where brass effigies have been
torn away. The tower contuns a fine peal of bells,
six in number, and one small or parson's bell ; this
latter is dated 1671 ; the large l]^ is dated 1723.
The windows of the tower are traced in the shape of
a cross flory ; this has been thought to have arisen
from the fact of its having been built by the Paveleys,
but their arms were a cross patonce, not a cross flory.
At the east end of the church is a grand old yew,
whose trunk is twenty feet in circiunference ; the
north side of the churchyard was, till recently, in the
old abbey gardens, ami the walls of the fabric still
show where the firuit trees were nailed against them.
The parish registers date from 1695.
The present condition of Edington Church is most
lamentable ; the wet penetrates through the roof and
walls, and in many pla^s the floor is green with
damp. Some portions of the building are insecure,
notaohr the west end, where the great doors are
walled up to sustain the east window over.
Shakespeare in Lancashire. — Mr. Edward J. L.
Scott, of the British Museum, has sent to the
Athemeum a letter which he has recently found in a
volume of correspondence between the English and
Scotch Courts during the negociations for the marriage
of James VI. and Anne of Denmark. Mr. Scott con-
siders the letter is of interest as possibly showing the
whereabouts of Shakespeare in 1589, under the sup-
position that he was a member of the company
of players, called the Queen's Companjr ; and Mr.
Scott quotes it to show that the poet was m Edinburgh
at the time of the trial and burning of certain witches,
who were accused of raising the storms that imperilled
the life of Anne of Denmark. From witnessing these
incidents Mr. Scott thinks Shakespeare obtained ideas
for his subsequent conception of the witches in Mac-
beth^ which was written m 1606. The letter is spe-
cially worthy of note. The following is the document,
which was written by Henry le Scrope, ninth Baron
Scrope of Bolton, governor of Carlisle and warden of
the West Marches, to William Ashley, English Am-
bassador at the Court of James the Sixdi : —
" After my verie hartie commendacions : upon a letter
receyved from Mr. Roger Asheton, signifying unto me
THE ANTIQUARYS NOTE-BOOK.
'75
that it was the kiapt camest desire for to have her
Majfrtiei plajvi for to repayer into Scotland to his
pace : I djd forthwith oiqMitcfae a servant of my
owcn OBlD then wheir they were in the furthest parte
of Lasgkethiie^ whereupon they made their retorae
hrathrr to Carilrtl, wher they are, and have stayed for
the qiaoe of ten dayes, wherof I thought good to
nrfe jow Botioe in respect of the great desyre that
the hyi^ had to have the same come unto his grace ;
Aadwmiall to pnye yow to gyve knowledg therof
to his Majfitip. So for the present, I bydd yow right
hartdie mrewelL Carlisle the zxth of Septeml^,
15SQ. Yovr Terie assured loving friend. H. Scrope.
Calleva.— In our review of Mr. Hedges' History
if WmBk^gfird^ in the March immber of The Anti-
QVASY (page I2i)» we alluded to the author's argu-
ment in mToar of the view that the town of Walling-
fovd maila the site of Uie Roman Calleva AtrebiU
torn. Mr. Roach Smith has favoured us with the
ibilowing extract frosn his forthcoming woris, entitled,
XihwfeOiomt^ respecting this point :»
''Mr. Hatcher, in defiance of a host of hostile
authorities^ very clearly proves that Silchester repre-
KDts Ca/ZfM / and yet he does not adduce the peculiar
cmdenoe which, to me verr obvious and conclusive,
has been, and yet is, stxancely overlooked. It is this :
Eve^ station whidi heads and every station which
tirmmatrf an Iter was walled. Of these walled
rtatinnf> often towns or dties, there are yet remains in
tfont masonry. I know ofno exception; and the reason
is palpaHe why th^ should have been walled and
important places. Not only do distances point to
Sifchnrter as Cattetfa ; but there is no other fortification
anywhere in the locdUt^ lo which it can be referred.
Aa for J%idoaus or Vindomum^ its being classed by
Ridnid of Cirencester as a stipendiary town is one
off die rtraog ainunents against the authenticity of the
«€ik hearing his name published by Stukeley and
tnntlated bv Hatches. Hatches locates Vmaomum
oonectly. It was a subordinate station ; and recent
CBcavations made by the Rev. £. Kell, Mr. C. Lock-
Imit, and others most satis&ctorily show that it was
A lame icsting-place^ a spacious inn, or caravansary,
Bke that at ThMe in France." {Cai. An/,^ vol. iL)
-^Mtiiv^tecfimUf Sociai ami Arckaohgical^ p. 30. By
CiRoadi Smith.
Rare Axi^o-Sazoii Carvings. — Mr. John Batty,
£ait Ardsley, forwards to the Leeds Mercury the fol-
loiiK OQixeq>ondence he has had with Professor
Gea Stephens, the well-known Danish arch^eolc^gist,
en rabbingi taken from stone work in Rothwell
'' East Aidsley, near Wakefield, Yorkshire,
*• England, January 30, 18S2.
"Dkar Sir, — ^Knowing that you are eminent
tlnonglioat Europe as a Runic scholar and archaeo-
logisl; I Tentnre respectfully to submit to vour learned
*«'T— *^^*" the accompanying drawiiije of two panel-
shj^ied carved stooei. They are built into the iimer
soath-west and west walls of the M parish country
chwch of Rothwdl, near Leeds, in separate places,
cvidotfly for the purpose of preservation, when this
oldest portion of the present edifice may have been
idmiltppibbably in the fourteenth ceritury. Thesuace
which encloses ue carving is slightly hollowed froni
the face of the stone^ but the carved work is mainly
in relief, and the higher portions stand out above the
face. The groundwork of the sketdi is got from a
rubbing, in order to ensure the exact form and
prominent marking of the stone — the lines and hollow
parts are filled in by hand. Altogether, the repre-
sentation is as near a fac-simile as we can get —
without the aid of photography — sufficient, I judge, to
give you a good idea of the ^tesque figures of
animals and ornamental work which cover the stones.
There are no runes or characters of writing in con-
nection with them, and the stones are quite different
and have no affinity with any of their surroundings.
I should deem it a great fiivour if you would give me
jrour opinion on the merits of these carvings, as to
their probable aecp style of work, and the meaning
or symbolisin (U an;^) involved. You would, I
venture to think, by tlus also confer a favour upon the
archaeologists of Yorkshire, as I believe no antiquary
has ever noticed them, and I have the impression
they are full of valuable meaning if rightly under-
stood. My own humble opimon (but which I
tremblingbr submit) is that they are Anglo-Saxon,
and are fragments of a churdiyard cross ; but, of
course, I may be mistaken. The old name of Roth-
well was originally Rode-well or Rood-well, that is,
the cross near the well.
" I remain, yours most truly,
"John Batty."
" Cheapinghaven, Denmark, Feb. 4, 1882.
'* My dear Sut,^Allow me to thank you heartily
for the two valuable rubbings you were so kind to
forward me. There is no doubt that 3rou have come
across treasure-trove of the most valuable description.
Every bit of Old English work, bearinp; carved mark-
ings or ornaments or figures, and with or without
Runic or Roman letters, is a fresh luik in the great
chain of this branch of old-lore, and throws light 011
the rest. The name of the place where these pieces
exist— the well near the Rood, the Roodwell — is in
itself a proof of antiquity. There has been a holy
vrell there of old. Of course, I can only give hints
and helps in reply to your queries : —
" I. Ace. As fiir as I can see, seventh century or
early in the eighth.
<*2. Style. What I have called, in mv Old
Northern Runic Monuments of Scandimnna and
England^ Kelto-Northumbrian.
'*3. Symbols. The ornamentation ofiers rare
variations, and is very precious. I would not call
the ropework and dracontine figures symbols, properly
so called. They appear to be onlv decorative.
" Is there any trsdition as to the date of the old
church to which these bits probably have belonged
which can eive us a due in this direction ? Are 3rou
sore that these pieces are not carved also on the
other sides ? Could you take them out, and deposit
theminyour local museum? If not, could you cut
away some of the stone- work above or below them,
so as to see whether there is anything carved there?
Such cuttings could be easily refilled with cement,
&C. I caxmot see how they can have belonged to a
cross. More likely they have been parts of a frieze ;
possibly of a sarcophagus^haped coped tomb. In
any case, I hope you will persuade our Yorkshire
176
THE ANTIQUARY S NOTE-BOOK.
Society to engrave these costly old-lores, and that
von will publish them with a memoir in the proceed-
ings of the Society. As I collect such drawings from
flJl Europe, I will, with your permission, keep those
3roa have submitted to me. But if you cannot spare
them, I will return them at once. By this post I
have the pleasure of forwarding for 3rour acceptance
one of the antiquarian essays I have published . Some
parts of it will, I think, interest you. Again thanking
you for your friendly courtesy,— I remain, with great
respect, very obediently yours,
'* George Stephens.
•• J. Batty, Esq., England."
Bntiquadan flewa.
On the loth of March the workmen enraged in the
renewed excavations at the base of the Temperance
Hall Park, Wick, Caithness, for the site of a building
to be erected by Provost Rae, came upon a smaU
bronze pot in a fiiir state of preservation. The place
where tnis interesting relic was found was in the re-
mains of an old wall left standing when some excava-
tions of last year were completed. The pot corre-
sponds in form and appearance with the three-legged
,iron pot of evenr-day use, with the body rather more
elongated, but the size is much less than the smallest
uf the culinary utensils of this description of the present
day. Its height is 5 inches ; diameter at widest part,
4^ inches ; depth 4 inches ; diameter at mouth, 3^
inches ; and lenc:th of foot, \\ inch. Round one side
of the neck stiU remains a portion of a rod or small
bar of iron, which seems at one end to fit into an ear
or hook of bronze. This is the "bonis" by which
the pot was lifted on and off the fire. There is a
peculiarity about two of the feet which would lead to
the supposition that they had been affixed after the
utensil was cast, as they stand out from the body with
a shoulder — the other foot being straight. The relic
is rude .and roughly cast, and is devoid of ornamenta-
tion. It was found in close proximity to the spot
where the gold coins were discovered in June last.
Some twelve or fifteen years ago, while the Rev.
Thomas Hugo was penning his account of Taunton
Priory, Mr. Edward Jeboult directed his attention to
A fine old oak door, which at that time was doing
duty in a fowls' house, and was not allowed to be
removed. Within the past few weeks this has been
<lone, and the following appear to be the particulars
concerning this interesting relic : — At the dissolution
of monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII., the
carved fieices of the figures of guardian angels and
apostles on the doors were struck off, togemer with
the mitre and the Bible ; the doors were then sold and
hung at the entrance to a farm-house between Trull
and Pitminster, that was then probably being erected.
After remainii^ here until the old building was pulled
down, some fii^ years ago, they were allowed to lie
about, and the tradition has followed them that they
belonged to the Taunton Priory. On removing the
moss and other rubbish with which the carvings were
choked, the following discovery was made :— On the
meeting rail are three rosaries ; on the first panel a
guardian angel bearing a shield, containing the arms of
the patron of the Priory, Richard Fox, Bishop of
Winchester, from A.D. 1520 to 1528 — ^the pelican in her
piety, with the mitre and ornaments. These arms have
been very carefully inserted in the original door. The
centre panel contains a finely carved figure of St Paul
(one of the patron saints), holding in his right hand a
sword, and m his left a Bible, exactly agreeing with the
design shown on the seal of Priory. The next panel
has also a guardian angel bearing a shield wim the
initial letters •' W. Y.," denoting WilUam Yorke, the
last Prior but one, and who was appointed in 1^5,
and died a few years after. Below, the letters is a
pastoral staff and ornaments, but no mitre of the Prior,
and it is noticeable that the Bull from the Pope
gpranting permission for the use of the staff and orna-
ments, but no mitre, is yet in existence at Lambeth.
By comparing the dates, a space of only about seven
years could have occurred, in which Fox was Bishop,
and York was Prior at die same time, so that we get
the age of the doors within that short period ; and as
the Priory was destroyed in 1539, these beautiful doors
were in place only a very ^ort time — some twenty
years or so. It should ble mentioned that the door
also has very beautifully carved draped rolls on the
frame, and that these rolls pass through buttress caps
in a very original and unusual manner. The haxiging
stvle of the door is carved throughbut with a multitude
ot small fleur-de-lis, most beautifully executed, while
the panels below are of very nicely carved drapery or
linen-fold pattern, while the diagonal framing clearly
points out that the door is but one of a pair, which,
unfortunately, got divided some thirty vears ago ; but
inquiry and investigation is being made for the other
one, and with evenr probability of success. The fore-
going account will show that local traditions should
not be despised. 1 Here is one at least 350 years old,
which, altnough constantly disputed, has turned out
to be correct, and that without any doubt ; for the old
doors tell their own story, and history will confirm
them in all respects. An opportunity will be afforded
shortly to the' public to see these interesting old relics.
The mound upon which stands the old oak tree,
sometimes call^ <* The Fairy Oak," at Wrexham, has
been purchased bv Mr. W. E. Samuel, and will be
enclosed in the pleasure grounds of " Fairy Motmt,"
a bouse now in course of erection. The tree and
mound are to be carefully preserved, but as it became
necessary recently to remove some of the adjacent
soil, it was decided to cut a narrow trench, and ascer-
tain, if possible, something of the history of the
mound, without, however, disturbing the root of the
tree. It is a bowl-shaped British Imutow. This par-
ticular barrow in the Faixr Field, must have been in
the district of the tribe of the Oidovices, and some-
where near their frontier, which extended along the
river Dee from Chester to near Llangollen. This
tribe, however, seemed to have confined themselves
chidRy to the mountain country, and the ancient
British camp on the top of the gravel bank between
Oresford and Rossett was . apparently one of their
frontier outposts, from which they could make expedi-
tions into the ridier territory of their neighbours on
the phuns. The excavation lately made was cut
partly through the tumulus from ,east tQ west, and
ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.
K7
on the origiiml level of the groand about 25 feet
from where the opening was commenced, and at a
depth of feet a heap of human bones was found.
The bones were very much decomposed, and no urn
or ciittvaen was found, nor even any considerable
(quantity of stones near them, but the remains lay in a
simple heap surrounded by the soil. It must have
been soch an interment as Mr. Bloxam speaks of in
the fi^wing terms :~" Interments by cremation in
bnnowsy in which the ashes have been simply de-
posited in a circnlar cist, or on the floor, without
either nms, arms, or ornaments, are common;
weapons^ pins, beads, cups, and other articles have,
howerer, not nnlrequently been found with a simple
deposit of burnt bones.'* In this case the bones had
probably nndei]p>ne cremation, which would explain
why thqr were m small fragments and in a confused
heap. A little distance from the bones and towards
the north were found four or five fragments of rude
p ot t e r y. As only a small jx)rtion of the tumulus was
ezpkmd, traces of other mterments may exiat The
sappotition that the mound was raised over the
▼Ictmis of the Plague is, of course, unfounded. The
ground was restored as soon as the partial exploration
wms completed, and the owner of the Fairy Oak is
now enclosmg Uie mound.
Excavations are proceeding steadily beneath Abbey
PusQ^ at Bath,and there will, it is expected, speedily
be endenoe of the accuracy of Mr. Davis's antid-
mtians and the wisdom of the work of the Antiquities
Committee. At a very considerable depth below the
present pavement the workmen have come upon the
pavement 0^ the Roman bath, which is to be un-
coveredf parts of the pilasters which supported the
roof, &c. They have also found a quantity of hollow
tHes which formed the roof, pieces of carved masonry,
pottery, &c., as well as a quantity of the horns of
oxen, and bones, some of them human. Miss Perren's
ahop has been removed, and the handsome front of
the house which is to be removed is exposed to view ;
it is called bv tradition the Queen's Lodging, and is
believed to nave been the abiding place of Queen
Anne. The state of the front of the house and of the
floor of the odlar shows conclusively that the subsi-
dence at Uiii spot is an old one.
One bjr one the picturesque old courts and houses
of London are being swept away. The next part
threatened is Brick Court, on the west of Middle
Temple Lane, a group of buildings boasting no
ardutectnral grandeur, but simple r^-brick houses,
with pedimented doorways, good oak staircases, and
massive external cornice. It is the presence of these
qniet old buildings that gives so great a charm to the
oonrts of the two Temples, and makes a few steps
thither from the bustle and roar of Fleet Street seem
like a mfig^'f^^ escape from the feverish hurry and tear
of modem life into Uie quiet past of the seventeenth
or eighteenth century. Surely, says the Academy^ some
serioiit protest should be inade against this needless
destroction of TR^at has a real picturesque value in itself,
and is linked with a thousand historical associations
which ongjht not lightly to be obliterated and forgotten.
The threatened destruction of Goldsmith's house in
the Temple grieves many others than antiquaries or
hefo-woiriiippert What valid reason can exist for
pulling down a building which is apparently sound
and is certainly commc^ious, and on a level with
the requirements of modem life for the purpose of
habitation, it is difficult to divine. London has all
too few relics of our successive literary epochs, and
far too many of our ancient historic buildings have
fallen under the stroke of a vandalism discreditable
to an age which professes to be highly cultured.
The restoration of the interesting church of St.
George, at Staverton, near Totnes is progressing.
The chancel was renovated some few years ago, ami
now, under the direction of Mr. Ewan Christian, the
nave and usles are being dealt with. The most in-
tereresting part of the work, however, is the restora-
ation of 3ie old rood-screen, by Mr. Harry Hems.
This screen was erected in the fifreenth century, and
is of oak. It measures over 50 ft. long, independently
of its two handsome parcloses. A solid moulded oak
sill is being put through the entire length, and the
upper parts are being tenderly cared for. Mr. Hems
has also the restoration of the old Jacobean pulpit and
prayer-desk in hand.
Mr. Smith, farmer. Grind, St. Andrew's parish,
Orkney, in making a road from his house to the new
Tankemess road, came upon an ancient stone cist
containing the skeleton of a child. Information was
brought to Mr. John W. Cursiter, F.S.A, Kirkwall,
who visited the place, and carefully examined it.
The cist was 21 inches long by 124 inches wide, and
15 inches deep, constructed of rough slabs of stone
joined toother by half-checking in their width, and
covered by a heavy, rather water-wom slab, 5
inches thick. A stratum of clay, 8 inches thick,
was lying over it, and about four inches of peat over
all. The cist was situated about 300 yards due
east of the house of Grind. The skeleton was lying
with the head to the east, but the bones were very
much decayed, and had crumbled to some extent on
being exposed to the air. The skull was very well
formed, and the remains of the jaws showed several
undeveloped as well as full-grown teeth of a child.
In addition to the bones of the skeleton, a small bone
implement or ornament was found, about 2) inches
lone, and as thick as an ordinary lead pencil,
wim a small notch cut aroimd one end of it. It was
well made, and seemed as if it had originally been
polished. The grave was situated on the side of a
low mound, and it seems not unlikely that more than
one burial had taken place in it, thouch as yet only
one grave has been come across. A large quantity
of quarried stones form the bulk of the mound, and
have probably been conveyed to the spot, as there
seems to be no rock near the place where it stands^
Some interesting discoveries have lately been made
near Kirkwall of ancient implements and remains.
Mr. George M. Fergus found a well-formed stone
celt in one of the fields on the farm of Laverock, and
further investigations led to the discovery of a number
of rough stone hammers, part of a polished granite
axe, and a fine specimen of a gnmite perforated
hammer-head.
The second of the old monuments which was stored
away in the tower on the completion of St. Mary's
Church, Andover, nearly forty years ago, and there
lost sight of, has been restored by the Vicar, and
178
ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.
placed on the right-hand side of the diaoceL It is a
noUe momimeiity consistiiig of two laise fignies, male
and fenude, koeelixig^ wi£ a tomb between tfaem»
and, witib Uie scroll work, pillars, and canred capitals,
presents a very chaste and eood design of the period.
It bears date 1621, and ue inscription on a brass
plate sets forth that it is the monument erected to
Kidiard Venables and his wife Dorothy, the same
who left jf 100 in the hands of the Corporation for
fifteen poor people to receive each a 20 loaf evoy
Sunday at tne church porch, a charity itill in exis-
tence.
Valuable antiquarian researches have been made at
a spot cfldled the "Twmpath," near Cdlwinstone, on
the Pwllywiach estate. At Cowbridge several findy
ornamented earthen vases, containing pones, were dis-
covered, and also some flint tools and relics. It is
supposed that the various objects found cannot be less
than 800 years old. The excavations axe still in pro-
The Rev. Francis T. Vine„ of Patrixboume, Kent,
gives the following account of the results of further
explorations of an ancient kist-vaen in Girseley Wood,
diMOvered a short time ago : — ^The tumulus first opened
wasyhe says, the largest of three tumuli, the arcum-
ferences of which touched each other, their centres
bein^ in one straight line, and the mounds bang pro-
gressive in height The two other tumuli have smce
been explored. The second (next to the largest) con-
tained a kist-vaen, the dimensions of which were
exactly the same as those of the first — ^namely, length
4 ft, breadth 2^ ft., depth lift The earth of the
mound had fallen in, and nearly filled the chamber.
Two small pieces of charred bone and a few minute
fragments of thin glass were all that could be dis-
covered amongst the debris. The third mound was
nearly on a levdl with the surrounding ground. In
it was a third kist-vaen quite perfect, but of smaller
dimensions (length 3ft, Ineadth 2ift, depth 3ft ) Mr.
Vine says it is remarkable that the depth of tins kist
was equal to its length, while that of each of the others
was the same as the breadth. The contents also were
different, for in this small firagments of bones were
found, a medical gentleman being able to trace portions
of the skull, and of most other parts of the human
skeleton. Some of the bones appear to have been
burnt, but the greater part had escaped the fire. A
small firagment of bronze and a few pieces of fine glass
were also found in the last, and in the mound itself
two fractured urns. At the bottom were some large
flint stones, possibly those on which the body had beoi
placed for cremation and, therefore, reverentially pre-
served and deposited with the bodv. The direction
of each of die kist-vaens was nearly the same ; that
of the first two being north-west and south-east, thit
of the third being slightlv more inclined to the north.
The centre also of the middle kist-vaen was eauidistant
firom the centres of the two outer ones. Thus there
was harmony of des^ both in their construction and
relative positions. Mr. Vine says it is a subject for
inquiry whether these kist-vaens were intended to
represent a temple, as were some of die Grecian
sepulchres : whether one of them may externally have
represented an altar, which the slrall placed upon
one seems to indicate ; or whether the three tumuli
placed in dose proximity were intended to transmit
to posterity a knowledge ol the Triune God. That
the kist-vaens vdiich, in conjunction with a friend, he
has been permitted by Lord Coirmg^m's kindness
and at his expense to open, are firitish, he has no
doubt
A splendid hoard of ancient bronze weapons has
recently been found by labourers in cutting a drain in
the parish of Wilburton, near Ely, on the property of
Mr. Claude Pell, of Wilburton Manor. The collection
consists of about no spear and javelin heads, ten
sword blades (broken), two socketed cdts^ a pcdrtave,
ferrules for die butt end of spears, and of sword
sheaths, and other articles. Tne spear heads are of
various sizes and slu4)es, but all elegant in des^ This
collection of Celtic weapons lav in a heap upon die
day below the fen peat; ana their deposition is
supposed to have beoi the,result of a boat acddent
A fen fire which occured at the spot some years bstdc
reached these treasures, and fused and injured many of
the weapons, but the greater number are stiU wdl pre-
served and in good condition. Mr. John Evans nas
undertaken to brin^ this interesting hoard before the
Society of Antiquanes.
The Wydif Society has just been founded to remove
from En^and the disgrace of having till now left
buried in manuscript t& most important works of her
neat earlyreformer, John Wydif. It is only of late that
the smallest effort hais been made to repair the n^ect
of centuries. Wydif died in 1384. Not till 466 years
after was his En^^ Bible printed. Not till 4S5
years after did his SeUct Enghsh Works appear, and
not till last year were the rest of his English works
printed. Out of the great mass of Wj^HTs Latin
writings, only one treatise of importance, die
THalogus^ has ever been printed. Published abroad
in 1525, and apin in 1753, it was edited for the
Oxford University Press in 1869 bv Dr. Lechler. A
fiew tracts (not ico pages in all) are contained in
Shirley's Fasdadi Zuaniorum ; and this is all that
England has done to make the chief works of this
grnt son of hers accessible. The subscription to die
Wydif Sodety is one guinea a year, payable at once
for 1883, and on the first of January for every after
year. Members' names and subscriptions should be
sent dther to F. J. Fumivall, 3, St George's Square,
Primrose Hill, London, N.W.; or to F. D. Matthew,
94, King Henry's Road, London, N.W.; or to Prof.
Montagu Burrows, 9, Notham Gardens, Oxford, or to
die Honorary Secr^ary, John W. Standnwick, Esq.,
General Post Office, Lcmdon, E.C.
The excavations of the Roman villa at Wingham,
on the estate of Lord Cowper^ are still going on.
Three rooms, having tessellated floors and an extensive
hypocaust, have aueady been uncovered, at an ex-
pense so small that it has been more than defirajred by
the spontaneous contributions of visitors and a few
subscribers who have taken an interest in the matter
finom the beginning. Operations on a larger scale,
involving considamble outlay, are about to be under-
taken, imd a preliminary meeting of gentlemen has
been held at Canterbury for the purpose of decting a
general committee and for making arrangements for a
continuatidn of the excavations. Lord Cowper was
appointed chairman, and on the committee are the
ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.
179
Rer. Canon Scott Robertson, Sir John Lubbock,
M.P., Mr. Loftus Brock, F.S^, Mr. J. Brent,
F.S.A., Mr. C. RoMh Smith, Mr. Hilton Price, Mr.
W. S. W. Vans, Mr. J. B. Sheppard, and other weU
known archseologbts. The site of the villa is within
an easy walk <» Adisham station, on the London,
Chatham, and Dover railway.
The parish church of St Mary, at Rawtenstall, in
the Kossendale Valley, is re-opened, having been
doeed since April last for the purpose of undeigoinjg
a thofOQ^ restoration, both as to the external fabric
aadthe mterior fittings. In the course of the restora-
tioD the dmrdi has iMen enlarged to the extent of two
bayi* The old tower at the west end has been taken
down, and on the south side of the church a new one
partially bnUt, the completion of it being delayed for
want of funds. The galleries have been entirely re-
oonstructed in pitch pine and at a much lower level
and altered inclination, and the aisles have been
Cved with onuunental tiles. The old ceiling has
en entirely removed and an additional hei^t of
about dght reet obtained by opening out a part of the
ioo( the timbers of which have be^ cased with pitdi
nine. The western window of five lights has oeen
tailed with stained glass.
FVom the report of the recent annual meeting of
the " Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History
SodetyJ our readers would gather that the Rev.
W. A. Leighton had retired, and the editorship was
St in commission, but we are glad to learn from
I OsweOry Adoertuer that he wul still act as editor
of the 7>mMi^^Mij.
On Janoary ai, while a workman was crossing
the moor south of Gordon, in Berwickslure, he found
a veiy fine celt, which measured 6 inches in length
ti^ a indies in breadth at the widest port of me
*' edge.** It was roughly formed of dark-grey flint,
motUed over with white spots.
At a nle held eariy in February, a curious rdic of
Holt Church was offered for sale — namely, the Royal
Ams of Geoige III., cast in metal, about 18 inches
by 17. These arms are subsequent in date to the
vniOD with Ireland, as they do not quarter France.
They are the arms of England, Scotland, and Ireland,
qnaitefed, with an escutcheon in right of the
snonaidi's Hanoverian dominions ; and on another
etcntdieoQ the crown of Charlemagne, as Arch
Treanrer of the Holy Roman Empire. It is a great
pity that snch objects should be removed from our
cfanrches; rather we should follow the example of
BeckingtOD, which contains the shields of Elizabeth,
date IC749 and Anne, dated 1702, to say nothing of
Victona, The arms to which we allude are a very
good specimen of casting in metal, and are worthy to
Ee replaced in their original position in Holt Church.
Shaftesbury (or Thanet) House, in Aldersgate-street,
liaa DOW been handed over to the house wreckers, and
levelled to the ground. Many persons visited the
n^><»u»t» nMmsioQ and were curious to see the room con-
taiaiag the carved oak mantelpiece and wainscot to
la the excavations necessary for lajring down a drain
in the centre of the city of San Francisco, near the
cfamchy perhaps one of the largest ** finds " of pre-
historic bronzes ever made was unearthed. At a small
distance below the surfiice, under a stratum of ashes
and charcoal, the pick and shovel laid bare one €d
those immense urns in terra-cotta. The urn broke on
contact with the air, displaying inside an extraordinary
collection of bronze objects all carefully packed, so as to
occupy the least possible amount of space, the heaviest
and largest at the bottom and against the sides, the
lightest at the top and in the centre. There were
found literally several hundreds of hatchets, represent-
ing all theMeaiterranean and Danubian types — sickles,
chuels, saws, files, gouges, knives, razors, bracdets,
plaques covered with enibossed ornaments, more than
2,000 fibukst lanceheads, poniards, swords, and ingots
of metaL Altogether there were 14,000 objects, the
weight exceeding a ton and a half. The greater part
were well worn or purposely broken up. Some of the
jewelry had been menaed with iron rivets, that metal
being then doubtless considered as precious. It was
easy to recognize that either a foundry or the stock of
a bronze-smith of the first Iron Age had been un-
earthed. This large quantity of old bronze, belonging
to preceding periods, had, without doubt, been
gathered in uie neighbourhood by some industrious
metal-worker, who was perhaps on the point of re-
smelting the whole, when, surprised by a war, by a
siege, or by an invasion, he determined to bury the
mass in his workshop, hiding the place with the ashes
from his fireplace. The danger over, he intended to
unbury his treasure ; but the accidents of war, his
d«ith, or that of those to whom he may have confided
the secret, prevented the discovery of the store, which
was left to the present generation, to show us some-
thing of the otherwise undiscoverable existence of 3,000
years ago. Competent authorities agree in decJaring
that nothing comparable to this " find" of pre-historic
antiquities has ever been made.
In the course of some excavations which are being
made in the out^irts of Pompeii, thirty human skele-
tons, in different states of preservation, have been
fourul. One of them, stretched at full length, appeared
to be in the act of elapsing to its breast some kind of
purse, the shape of which was still traceable, and
whidi containea a gold coin of Vespasian, six silver
and ten bronze coins, eardrops, pearls, and engravad
precious stones. Near the other skeletons were found
gold and silver coins of Galba, Tiberius, Nero, and
Domitian, with gold bracelets and eardrops, and a
few pearls and precious stones.
Amongst the latest additions to the Egerton MSS.
in the British Museum is a Raster of Inauisitiones
Post-mortem for Cheshire from Edward III. to
Richard III.
The Parish Church of Hoggeston, Bucks, is about
to be restored from plans prepared by Mr. William
White, F.S.A
A last service has been held within the ruined walls
of the ancient church of Temple, near Bodmin. The
building has been vdthout roof for 150 years, and
services have been held at a farmhouse, except those
necessary to meet legal requirements ; but the church
is now, alas I to be re-roofed and restored.
The Committee of the Royal Literary and Scientific
Institution, Bath, are taking steps to prevent the re-
moval from the Institution of the valuable geological
z8o
ANTIQ UARIAN NE WS.
collection of the late Mr. Alderman Moore. Mr.
Davies had, after a careful examination, valued the
collection at ;f 1,100, at which sum it can be pur-
chased. The desirability of not allowing it to pass
into the possesion of strangers was uimesitatingly
affirmed, and the earnestness of this conviction was
attested by the fact that about ;f 400 has been pro-
mised towards the sum required. It was resolved to
endeavour to raise the balance by subscription.
St Paul's Church, Warrington, has been reopened
after restoration. |The old seats have been taken awa^
and replaced by sittings worked in pine. A pulpit
and staircase of wrought-iron and polished brass has
been added to the church.
The statue in marble, and laxger than life, which
was lately discovered in the island of Samos, is now
exhibited in the hall of the Louvre which is devoted
to ardiaic Greek sculptures, under the ceiling on
which Prudhon represented Diana.
A letter has been sent to various local authorities
from the principal librarian of the British Museum,
stating that the trustees had caused electrotype copies
to be made of a choice selection of Greek coins in the
national collection for distribution to local institutions
for educational purposes.
Mr. William Smith has intimated that he intends
publishing another volume of "Old Yorkshire'* in
the autumn of the present year.
A paper has been discovered in the archives of
Venezuela, dated 1780, which gives an historical
summary of early projects for piercing the Isthmus of
Panama. The first goes back to the reign of Philip 11:
of Spain, who^ at the instigation of the Viceroy of
the Indies, sent certain Flemish engineers to investi-
gate on the spot the feasibility of the undertaking.
Their report was altogether adverse ; and thereupon
Philip II. threatened the penalty of death against who-
ever should again bring up the project.
The MS. collections of the late Rev. R. W. Eyton
are to be sold by auction in the spring, unless in the
meantime the whole collection is purchased by some
public library. Notes and Queries sa3rs they contain
the labours of the lifetime of the greatest antiquary of
our time, and it would be a great pity that they should
be dispersed, because the volumes are full of cross
references. The minuteness and accuracy with which
Mr. Eyton's proofs are worked out can only be realized
by those who are familiar with the method employed
in his Domesday studies of Somerset and Dorset The
whole collection fills about fifty volumes, written in a
diaracter so minute and precise that many readers
will require a magnifying glass.
The British Archaeological Association has been
invited to hold its next annual Congress in Plymouth,
and has accepted the invitation.
Some Roman remains have been discovered at Gill's
Clifis, Ventnor, bv a gang of quarrymen engaged on
the spot. They cniefly consisted of domestic utensils.
At a recent meeting of the parish council of Chester-
le- Street, the rector referred to the fact that in a short
time the church would have completed its thousandth
year. Once the cathedral church of the diocese, it
possesses a hiatory not inferior to any oth^ in the
north. He desired to commemorate such an event in
a befitting manner. There were many improvements
in the stui grand old fiibric which every lover of the
church would be glad to see carried out We trust,
however, that the rector does not consider *' restora-
tion'* a befitting way of commemorating the evpnt
The parish church of St. Bartholomew, Horley, has
been re-opened, after thorough restoration. The church,
which is a commodious edifice, in the Late Early Eng-
lish style of architecture, consists of nave, chancel, and
north and south aisles, substantially built with stone,
and on the south side a transept was added towaids
the end oC the last century, and fitted up with pews,
belongpg to Gatwick House. At the north-west angle
is a slungled tower, containing eight bells, surmounted
by an octagonal spire. Formerly the upper compart-
ments of tnree windows in the nortli aisle, and the
north window of the chancel, were ornamented with
shields of arms, and there were also the figures of two
knights kneeling upon cushions. Of these Uiere are
some richly coloured remains. The church contains
some fine brasses, and within the north aisle, and
behind an open ornamental arch on the north side of
the chancel, is an ancient effigy of a man in armour in
stone, with no inscription, but there is a vague tradi-
tion that it was raised to the memory of Lo^ Sondes
or Sandes^ resident at Coulsdon Court, and thought to
be the builder of Horley Church. The arms upon the
monument, however, appear to be those of Saleman,
of Chertsey. The roof of the nave has been stripped
of its original whitewash, and the timbers exposed,
and the old galleries removed. The organ gallery has
been taken down and replaced in the Gatwick chapeL
The old screen around the steeple has been removed,
and a platform, with balustrade, erected at the end of
the north aisle for the ringers. The windows round
the church have been remodelled, but the original
designs preserved. The old font, of simple Norman
design, has been transferred to the west end, and the
pulpit is of ^tone and carved oak. The whole churdi
has been re-pewed with open seats. During the resto-
rations the bases of the original flooring of very good
design were discovered below the surface. The peaceful
"God's acre," from which a picturesque and tranquil
view is obtained, including, on a clear day, the distant
tower on Leith Hill, and in which are two venerable
vews, has had a low brick wall built round it, and
been made generally to present a neat appearance.
An interesting discovery is reported to have been
made by Dr. J. E. Taylor, in a field adjoining Sproughton
Church, where excavations are going on to obtain stone
for road-making. It is descril^ as a fine British urn,
which was embedded in the graveL The urn measures
in height about 18 in., and its diameter is about 12 in.
The outside of the urn is ornamented with zigzag
scratches. Inside the urn were the remains of bones
which had been partially incinerated. The urn has
been taken to the Manor House, Sproughton. This
is said to be the first discovery of any sudi remains in
the particular neighbourhood mentioned.
The Naples correspondent of the Daily News writes :
— " Two or three weeks ago a touching discovery was
made during the excavations at Pompeii. In one ot
the narrow streets were found signs of human remains
in the dried mud lying on the top of the strata of lapilli
ANTiq UARIAN NE WS.
i8i
letdiiiig to the second floor of the houses, and when
the Qsnal process of poorin^ plaster of Paris into the
hollow left bjr the impression of a body had been
aooomplished, there came to li^ht the form of a little
bojr. Within the house opposite to the second-floor
window of which this infantile form lay were found a
gold bracelet and the skeleton of a woman, the arms
stretched towards the child. The plaster form of this
woman could not be obtained, the impression being
too much destroyed. It is evident that the mother,
when the liquid mud began to flow, had put her little
boy out of the window into the lapilli in the hope of
saving him, and he must no doubt have been over-
whelmed. The plaster figure of the child has not yet
been placed in the little museum near the entrance of
Pompeii, but is kept in a house not far from the Temple
of IsaT"
A detailed account of the Bells in all the old Parish
Churches of Gloucestershire, their founders, inscrip-
tioDs, &c., &C., with more than one hundred illustra-
tioDx, will shortly be published by the Rev. H.
N. EUacombe, F.S.A. This account of the Bells
of Gkwcester^iire was read as a paper on October
4th, 1877, for the Exeter Diocesan Architectural
Sode^, and it is now embodied in the fourth volume
of their Transactions. There' is added to the above a
Budget of Waifs and Strays relating to Bell matters of
general interest.
An interesting addition has just been made to the
already large coUection of antiquities in the possession
of the Sussex Archaeological Society, deposited in
Lewes Ootle. It consists of a cinerary urn, probably
of the Briti^-Roinano period, about nine inches in
height The vessel is of sun-dried clay, and about
seven inches in diameter at its widest part, the mouth
being about five inches. It was discovered by some
labourers engaged in flint-digging on Mr. Homewood's
fifmoDy at Jevington, a little time ago. They were
working at the foot of Jevington hill and came upon
several urns embedded m a quantity of loose flints,
lyii^ about two feet below the surface of the dowi^
lan£ There were no tumuli or other outward indica-
tions that Uie spot had been used as a burying-phice.
Unfortunately the ^[reater part of these relics were
dcrtr oy ed by the picks of the labourers before the
nature of the discovery became apparent. One, how-
ever, remained intact, and this fiict was communicated
to the hon. sees., of the Society, who at once organized
an expedition to the spot The visit was made on
March 8th, and the " find '* carried ofl* in triumph.
Those present were Rev. W.Powell, Rev. P. de Putron,
Mr. R. Crosdcey» Mr. J. C. Lucas and Mr. Griffith.
Mr.ArthurG. Hill has ready for the press an important
work on an almost entirely n^lected subject — "An
Essay on the Organ Cases and Organs of the Middle
Ages and Renaissance;*' to be fully illustrated b^
numerous original and detailed drawings from his
own pen, of fine Gothic and Renaissance Cases in
various churches of France, Germany, Holland, Italy
and Spain. The work will be in imperial 4to, and
will be published for subscribers.
WhUe some labourers were recently turning up the
sod on a plot of ground situate on the banks of the
Erne river, at Bdleek, co. Fermanagh, a consider-
able immber of human skeletons (in all about forty)
were brought to light The only chamcteristic rdici
found with the skeletons were a few tobacco-pipe^
having very small bowls, the base of which terminate
in a "spur." These pipes are called by the country
people " Danes' pipes. The eround wliere the bones
were found has remained un£sturbed for centniieL
The discovery took place within si^t of the old castle
of "Bellyke," which was occupied by an English
garrison as late as the Jacobite war period, and just
overlooks an old ford on the river Erne, at whidi
many military engagements took place. It seems
probuible that the remains now discovered are those of
men who fell in some of these encounters.
Mr. £. H. W. Dunkin, author of the Church Btlis
of Corfiwali, is about to publish, by subscription, a
quarto volume, entitled, Thi MonumaUtU Brassa tf
Cornwall — Sixty^omt lUustraiive Plaies^ with Descrip-
tive^ Genealogical^ and Heraldic Nota. Subscriben*
names will l^ received by the author, Kenwyn House,
Kidbrooke Park, Blackheath, S.E.
Mr. John Grant, of Edinburgh, has issued pro-
posals K>r restoring, by subscription, the ruins of the
Chapel-Royal, Holyrood. He says:— "It U 750
years since King David I. raised this beautiful buiU-
m^ to the glory of God. It was there, in 1449, that
King James II. wedded the Princess Mary of Gueldres,
whose church of the Holy Trinity and beneficent
foundation of a hospital are yet a benefit to the
citizens of Edinburgh. It was mere King James III.
espoused his Queen, Margaret of Denmark and Nor-
way. It was there King James IV. was united to
the Princess Margaret Tudor of England ; and there
again was married the beautifiil and unfortunate Mary,
Queen of Scotland, to Henry, Lord Damley ; and
their son. King James VI., was there wedded to the
Princess Anne of Denmark. In this chapel have
been crowned many of the Scottish kings. There
lie interred King David II., King James II., Queen
Mary of Gueldrn, King James v.. Queen Mary of
Guise, Queen Madalene of France, and many other
high and noble personages ; and yet no stone com-
memorates their names, or points out the last resting-
place of a nation's sovereigns." Every antiquary
must regret that this beautiful building has been
allowed to become a ruin ; but we have no sympathy
with restoration which must, to all intents and pur-
poses, be rebuilding.
" A Critical Inquiry into the Scottish Language with
the view of illustrating the Rise and Progress of
Civilisation in Scotland," by M. Frandsque-Michel, is
announced for early publication by Messrs. Black-
wood. The volume is an attempt to illustrate the
extent to which this French influence pervaded the
life of the Scottish people,— the part that French
influence exercised in Scottish progress, finding its wav
into every rank and into every walk of life. "Hie book
is not set forth as a complete exposition, but rather
as an opening up of a question of much general
interest in the history of British culture, and now,
after much labour, submitted to the learned of the two
countries that have alwajrs shown such goodwill to
eadi other. The contents of the volume are : —
Architecture, Furniture, Banqueting and Vivers;
Clothing, Fine Arts, Money, Animals, Education,
Medicine^ Law, Rogues and Vagabonds — Punish-
li2
ANTIQTJARIAN NEWS.
ments ; War — Military Terms ; Sea Terms ; Music —
Musicdl Instruments, Dances, Games and Amuse-
ments ; Words Expressing Abstract Ideas ; Sundries
— ^Phrues derived m>m the French ; with two Appen-
dixes'—Words firom the Norse, Words from the
Cdtic.
On the nifi^t of March 7th last, about half-past
eleven o'clo<^ the roof of the fine chantry on the
south side of Holy Trinity Church, in Goodramgate,
York, suddenly collapsed, and unless something is
done this unique edifice will soon become a ruin. The
dmrch is now rarely used for public worship. It con-
tains some of the finest old stained glass to be found
in the kingdom. We should be delighted to hear that
some effort is being made to save it firom ruin. Not
more than two monUis ago a &11 of masonry from the
tower did considerable damage, which the church-
wardens were enabled to repair; but the present
calamity is beyond their means, and therefore, unless
they receive extraneous support, we fear that this
venerable pile of architecture unll soon be beyond
reparation.
Corre0pon^ence
SHAKESPEARE AS AN ANGLER,
(iv. 142.)
In my PAper I stated that Mr. Roach Smith, in
his "Rural Life of Shakespeare," gives four quota-
tions only, and dismisses the subject in a few words.
I ^was quoting fiiom the first edition, and so did not
do fiiU justice to Mr. Roach Smith's research ; for my
attention has since been called to his second edition,
in which I find that he refers to eleven passages in
which Shakspeare more or less refers to angling.
I did not mean to suggest that Mr. Roach Smith had
done his work negligently, and I r^ret that my
words should even in appearance have implied such a
charge. ^
I am glad to take the opportunity of supplementing
my own quotations by two which I ought not to have
omitted.
'' She tonch'd no unknown baits, nor fear'd no hooks."
Lucrece^ 103.
*' Lust is . . . .no sooner had
Past reason hated, as a swallowed bait
On purpose laid to make the taker mad ;
Madf in pursuit, and in possession too."
Smneis^ 129.
Among Shakespeare's descriptions of river scenery,
the following ought to have been noticed : —
SaUshury.—IXiLt a bated and retired flood.
Leaving our rankness and irr^;ular course,
Stoop low within those bounds we have o'erlook'd.
And calmly run on in obedience
Even to our ocean."— ATm^J^^, Act v. sc 4,
I should like also to add Bums's testimony to what
Wordsworth calls "the power of waters over the
minds of poets" : —
" The muse na poet ever fand her
Till by himsell he learned to wander
Adown some trottin bum's meander, *
And no think lang."
EpistU U Wtn. Simpson.
And to the notices of angling in our early writers,
I should add two passages in " The Geste of Kyng
Horn," '66$ and 1133 (in Ritson's edition).
I take the opportunity also to correct two printers'
errors in the paper : in p. 145, line 35, for "Juliet"
read "Paris;" and in the same page (2nd column)
quotations 7 and 8 should be as one quotatioiL
HxNRY N. Ellacombk.
A SKETCH OF THE LOW COUNTRIES.
(v. ID.)
The curious introductory letter prefixed to the
version of Three Months Obervations of the Low
Countries, especially Holland, signed by "J. S.,"
which appeared in the January number of The Akti-
QUARY, raises some interesting points with regard to
this X9JC9 production. The account has been lutherto
credited to the pen of Owen Felltham, from its having
appeared among the Lusoria of the later editions (n
Fdltham's Resm^es,
The discovery of the letter above alluded to, how-
ever, throws some doubt on Felltham's claim to the
authorship. It, therefore, now remains to be seen
whether another author can be traced to whom these
initials would apply.
As a first result of some researches I have made,
with the energetic assistance of my friend, Mr. James
Greenstreet, there seems to be considerable proba-
bility that this satirical sketch of the Low Countries
was the work of the "ingenious" poet, Sir John
Suckling.
An important factor in this conclusion exists in the
Utter printed in W. C. Hazlitt's edition of the poet's
works (voL ii. pp. 177-179), dated November 18,
1629. Mr. Hazlitt is, however, incorrect in stating
that this letter was printed by him "for the first
time," inasmuch as it originally appeared in the
GentlemofCs Ma^anm^ at page 16 of vol. Ixvi.
Suckling's latest editor also nuuces a curious blunder
with refund to the place whence the letter was written.
Mr. Hs^itt gives It as London, and adds a note to
this effect : — " Althourii dated from London, it seems
doubtful whether this letter was really written there ;
it rather seems to have been penned and despatched
somewhere on Sucklmg's route homewund from
Dunkirk." The letter was in fact written firom
Leyden, as it is correctly given in Black's Catalogue of
the Ashmolean MSS. (No. 826), and m the Gentle-
man*s Maganne,
If you can spare me the space, I hope to be able
to lay before your readers, m an early number, the
facts I have ooUected with regard to these " Observa-
tions."
Walfo&d D. Sklby.
CORRESPONDENCE.
i«3
TRADITIONS CONNECTED WITH
BUILDINGS.
BIDDENDEN.
Cifi. 8, 188 ; iy. 33, 85, 133, 279)
In mcMt of the intUnccti qaoted by correspondents*
itawic agency ftppeftrSi
The following note contains a tradition of <iaite a
contnury diancter*
'*'This Tillage,' said my guide, 'is called Los
Angeles [between Padron and Cape FinisterreL be-
came its church was built long since by the angels ;
they phoed a beam of gold beneath it, which they
iHOOgnt down firom heayen, and which was once a
rafter oifGod'Si own house. It mns all the war under
the gToand from hence to the cathedral of Compos-
tdla?**— BoROw's Bible in Spain, di. zxix.
Georok L. AppBRSOir.
The Common, Wimbledon.
vr<r . :s^r>
NEW YEAR'S CUSTOMS.
(▼. 4.)
The Article on New Year's Costoms refers to the
prominent place held b]^ the " first foot" in the series
of cnstoms connected with the saperstitions determin-
atioa of the coarse of £Ue daring the coming year.
That custom has mat force in the East Riding of
Yorfcshize. In Holdemess the same notion as to the
" first foot" is entertained in relation to other days
besides New Year's Day ; and I should be glad if any
of your readers ooald explain how it came to be thus
* - ^ Yot instance^ a woman going to market.
whaterer day of the week it may be, although Friday
is the most unportant, always endeavours to meet a
man or b^ fint. If she sees a woman coming she
win call to hear and tell her to get out of the way, and
if the woman will not, or cannot go round another
way, she will torn back. If a womangoing to market
meets two or three men or boys together, she thinks
she will have great good luck, but to meet a ¥roman
first is sore sign of iU-luck.
C S. Wakx.
HnlL
BELLBfAN LAWNE
Can any one tell me where there is or was a place
called " fidlman Lawne?" I believe it to have been
a place where horse-races were held in the reign of
Queen Elisabeth and James the First, and thinl^ but
are by no means sure, that it was somewhere in
Yoifcshiie. Edward Peacock.
Bottcsford lianor, Brigg.
ANGLO^AXON CHURCHES.
At Woodhom and Whalton Churches, near Mor*
peth, thcare are Saxon tower arches. At Escombe,
near Bishop Auckland, there is a complete Saxon
dnndi ; some of the windows are similar to those in
the dMncd at Jarrow Church ; Gainford Church, Dur-
ham, stands on the site of an earlier one; built in the
north porch are some Saxon carvings. The greater part
of the present dmrch is transitional Norman work.
T. R. Morrow.
I read with much interest the article on "The
Biddenden Maids," and write a few lines to say »l»^t-
we have many other objects of archaeological interest
in this place.
Our r^iisters date firom 1538, and are in a good
state of preservation, containing many quaint entries.
Our dmrchwardens' accounts date firom 1645, ^i d
are in a good state.
Our overseers' accounts date firom 1758, and an
interesting, as giving an insight to the mode of doing
business by the inhabitants of that period. We have
also the Old Market House, now degraded into a
Cattle Lodge, having been taken awav firom the
Green many jrears ago by one of the landed pro-
prietors, and convertra to that use on his own land.
There are also many good brasses in the church, one
commemorating a death in 1462 (as I read it).
We have alM> ^among others) the house fonneriv
the residence of Sir Edward Henden still bearing his
initials, coat of arms, and date 1624, on the front of
the houses and sun-dial on the south side.
Jenkyn Haoux.
Biddenden, loth of January, iS8s.
f\.Xi')
PATENS AND CHALICES IN COFFINS.
(iil 47 ; iv. 36, 38, 279.)
At the restoMtion of St Nicholas Church, Noith
Bradl^, Wilts, in 1863, a coffin was excavated from
beneath the floor beside the chancel. It contained a
few firagments of bones, induding a portion of the
skull, together with a metal chalice and paten, which
are now to be seen in the chancel of North Bradley
Church, under a glass case. The coffin was a portion
of an oak tree, alighUy shaped at the sides, and
hollowed to receive me corpse.
A. Farquharson.
North Bradley.
VIKING SHIP.
Civ. 254 ; V. 87.)
Mr. Howard Payn in his interestii^ note in the
The Antiquary for February &st, on the
*< Viking Ship," says at d. 87, that the ri^t side of
the ship was called ''Starbord" because she was
steered firom that side, and that the English word
*' starboard" is thence derived. If this is so, how
does he account for the word *' larboard." The fol-
lowing derivation, given in Cka$nberis Cyclopadia (ed.
1874, vol. vi. p. 34), is more probably accurate : —
" The term ' stari)oard ' and ' larboard ' were origi-
nally Italian : ' questo bordo,' this side (the right),
and ' quello bordo '—that side (the left) ; which were
contracted into 'sto bordo' and 'lo bordo/ and finidly
became 'starboard' and 'larboard.' The word
'port' is said to be an abbreviation of *porte la
timone '—carry the helm, suggesting the analogy of
porting the arms on the left hand."
Grorgk Mauls Allkn.
1 84
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Bemardin Saint Pierre's Paul and Virginia, with 8
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Manager.
MAY DAY.
i8s
The Antiquary.
MA F, 1882.
Bj the Rev. W. S. Lach-Szy&ma.
■BffiBUCH of the poetzy of old England
AM 9 gBLihrntA around May Day. It was
^BBfl tiie spring festival, the Floialia of
""^""^ the English people. That which
now is confined to a mere child's play (even
where not utterly extinguished by modem
|)RJndices), was once a great national festival,
in which all ages and all classes were bound
to jcin — a great feast of flowers and spring
joys. Even our kings sometimes took part
in May Day festivities, ^^., Henry VIII. and
Queen Catherine of Airagon went from the
palace at Greenwich to the highlands of Kent
to meet the Corporation of London on May
Day and grace the Maying. Chaucer also
says : '' Forth goeth all the court, both man
aad beuty to fetch the flowers fresh."
The origin of the May fetes in England,
and indeed throughout Europe (for though
especially an English f8te, as the English
people have ever had an especial love of
NatureX is obscure. In Germany, in Holland,
in Fiance, in Lithuania, in most Slavonic
lands^ amid all primitive peoples — Teutons,
^V8| Latins, or Celts — it was, and indeed
to some extent may still be said to be, in
vigpur. The Afais dt Marie^ even in Latin
lands, may be a modernization of antique
May customs, the natural expression of joy
of Aryan races in the dawn of spring, but
tamed by the Latin Church into a Christian
meaning.
One remarkable pomt is that if May Day is
kept up with tolerable spirit, more than in
most parts of Western Europe, in West Com>
wall, at the same time at the other end almost
of ^irope, amidst the Aryan people, generally
supposed (from the striking resemblance of
their language to the Sanscrit) to be the last
VOL. V.
comers of the Indo-European migration — #>.,
the Lithuanians — the festival is kept up with
almost equal spirit. This is singular frxxn
another point, for while May 1 is the usual
May Day for the intervening region, these
extreme eastern and western Ayrans — Le^
the Lithuanians and the Cornish Celts —
keep up also the one, the first Sunday in
May, the other May 8, in the Furry dance.
This would seem to imply an ancient octa^-e
or week of fetes, in which there were two
May Days, but in which the Sunday was, in
Christian times, a special day as a holiday
suitable to the peasants. This point is one I
would scarcely venture to suggest, were it not
that there could scarcely be any collusion
between the Cornish and Lithuanian octave
of the festival Most ancient festivals seem
to have been observed for more than one
day. The Roman Floralia, almost certainly
the ancient Latin expression of the modem
May Day, was sa The Lithuanian obser-
vance is to go out Maying in the morning,
and plant green trees adorned with ribbons
in the villages, and dance to the bagpipe,
sing a song—" O May, May, bring us a nch
and profitable year."
This Lithuanian case is striking, as the
same rule apphes to the Midsummer fires. At
the same evening — f>^ St. John Baptist Eve —
the bonfires are blazing on the Carpathians
and the Baltic shores, on the Cornish cams,
and the Breton and Scottish hills—the blaz-
ing greeting to summer.
One explanation of the origin of a part of the
May Day festival is suggested by Aubrey:—
'Tis commonly say'd, in Germany, thai the Witches
doe meet in the night before the first day of May
upon an high mounuin called the Blocksberg, where
th^ together with the Devils doe dance and feast
and the common People doe the night before >-« said
day fetch a certain thorn and stick it at their house
door believe that the witches can then doe them no
harm.*
If this be an explanation of the decking
doorways with hawthorn or other boughs, the
custom manifestly had a heathen origin, for
much of the witch beliefs of Germany marked
the survival of the last wreck of old Teutonic
heathenism.
In any case there used to be a great deal
• Remaints of Gentilismt and Judaime, edit.
Britten, p. 18.
O
u
MAYDAY.
of it in England. Of many a village it might
have been said in the Middle Ages : —
How each field turns a street and each street a park
Made green and trimmed with trees; see how
Devotion gives each house a bough
Or branch : each porch, each door, ere this
An ark, a tabernacle is
Made up of white thorn neatly interwove.
Not merely in our villages was this done, but
in London itself it appears that many houses
were decked with boughs. The Cockney has
ever had a natural craving for the countzy,
and in the ages before excursion trains, this
desire was satisfied by May and other similar
festivals. A May Day in old London must
have been often a bright and gay spectacle, a
general holiday of Nature, even in the city
where the presence of Nature was not at
ordinary times much felt.
The blowing of horns to greet May Day
was an old English custom, still lingering in
Oxfordshire and in Cornwall. Aubrey says
(p. 1 8), in his day, *^ at Oxford, the Boyes doe
blow cow's horns and hollow caxes all night*'
In Cornwall the custom still flourishes, of
making lovely May mom hideous by the sound
of horns, too often, not mere cow-horns, but
less rustic tin trumpets. At any rate here
we have a definite survival, and a very
vigorous one, of the ancient custom. In
some villages I have heard a local band
perambulating just before daybreak on May
mom, in the same way as the "Waits"
perambulate on Christmas Eve, the latter at
midnight, the former at dawn — ^the symbol-
ism is somewhat the same, the Christian
Church greeting the birth of the Lord of Life,
the World greetmg the joyous spring dawn.
For the girls to go " a-maying," singing as
they go, in large parties just after sunrise, and
making garlands, is another custom still sur-
viving in Comwall, and, I believe, in many
parts of England. In olden times it had a
religious conclusion, for, as Aubrey says,
"the young maids of every parish carry about
their parish garlands of flowers which after-
wards they hang up in their churches" (p. i8).
This hanging of garlands in churches is a
very old Clmstian custom, but seemingly,
from an ecclesiastical standpoint, more suit-
able to the great Christian festivals—^.^.,
Easter, Ascension, Whitsuntide— than to
May Day, which, however, with her general
tendency to consecrate heathen festivals, and
adapt what is harmless in heathenism into
her system, was only a secondary feast of
the diurch — />., the Feast of the Apostles
St. Philip and St James. I may say that in
th^ Samm Missal, though, there is a special
collect, lesson, sequence, &c., for this day,
but it does not contain any reference to
flowers or to the Spring. The only natural
reference is in the Offertory, " O Lord the
very heavens shall praise Thy wondrous
works and Thy tmth in the congregation of
the Saints." This may have a distant
reference to the glory of the Creation.
The custom of hanging garlands in
churches, but with a funeral significance,
exists still in Germany. Our modem floral
decorations are to some extent a revival of
the custom, though I do not think they are
much used at May Day.
The Dutch, who were always great lovers
of flowers, had their May booms or straight
yoimg trees set up. This was a common
Continental custom also. In some Slavonic
lands the boughs which are brought home
firom the forests are decked with ribbons and
so made temporary Maypoles. In Germany
there are regular Maypoles, adorned some-
times with figures — €^., at Egydien, near Salz-
burg, is a Maypole with the figures of two
peasants climbing up it.
Perhaps these May booms may have been
the original t3rpes of our English Maypoles.
The May booms seems to have existed in
England, and in some parts — e.g., at Wood-
stock — there used to be a custom of going on
May Eve into the park and fetching some haw-
thorn trees thence which were planted before
the doors. In Westchester this was done at
Midsummer Eve. In Germany it used to be
done at Easter and Whit Simday, but only
birches were then used. I have noticed at
Whitsuntide (which by-the-by is called in
Polish Ziclan^ swUte^ or green festival, fi'om
this custom) the houses decorated with
greens cast in firont of the doors and on the
gables. This may have been the adaptation
of an ancient May custom to the greatest
Church festival near to it.
The Whitsuntide customs appear in many
places to have been intertwined with the
May Day customs — f.^., the Moin's dance
MAY DAY.
187
was, it seemSySometimes kq)t up on May Day,
and some thmk that Maid Marian was a sort
of variant of the May Queen. The subject
is curious of the intertwining of festival with
festival — what is considered appropriate in
one country to the one being adapted in
another country to the other.
At any rate the Maypole was a great
English institution, and was appropriated to
this season. At one time — f.^., during the
reign of the Stuarts — it affected materially the
political affairs of the nation. In 1644 the
Parliament ordained that ''all and singular
Maypoles that are or shall be erected shall
be taken down." At the Restoration^ on the
other hand, die cavaliers avenged themselves
for the abolition of the May games by a
general setting up of the hated Maypole
and re-institution of the revels of the good
<dd times of merrie England. It would
seem, however, that the May Day festivities
never quite recovered the blows inflicted by
Puritanism : they may have recovered for a
while under the Merry Monarch, but in the
dghteenth century they went down, and in
our nineteenth have died out in most parts
of England, except among children. The
■ London chimney-sweepers' fete and the milk-
maids' dance, however, lingered till recent
times.
The great Maypole of St Andrew's Under-
shaft must have been quite a civic institu-
tion of old London. The Church is said to
have derived its name from it The " shaft"
was set up every year on May Day in the
morning before the south door of the Churchy
and was higher than the steeple. During
the rest of the year this famous shaft was
hung upon iron hooks fixed in the walls of
the houses, and was sheltered from rain by
their projecting penthouses. It was de-
stroyed in the reign of Edward VI. at the
Reformation.
Another famous City Maypole was that at
Basing Lane, near St. Paul's ; it was forty
feet mgh. This was moderate compared to
the great Maypole of the Strand, set up in
1 66 1 by the Duke of York (afterwards
James II.), which was 134 feet high.
"Where the tall Maypole once o*erlooked the
Strand."
It was ultimately removed, and used as a
support for Newton's telescope.
A few Maypoles survive, and probably
many more existed not many years aga
The fate of one, to an archaeologist a painful
illustration of the destruction of ancient curio-
sities, I may relate. I remember it in my
boyhood as a curious ornament to the village
in which it stood, illustrious for no other
thing. Recentiy I made inquiries about it,
and was told that a farmer of the parish had
cut it down, and used the wood. Thus
some of our most interesting antiquities
are destroyed for no purpose whatever.
Aubrey says " I doe not remember that I
ever saw a Maypole in France, quaere if there
are any there" (p. 119, «.). I may join in his
query. I never noticed a French Maypole.
But it by no means* follows that if there
were not many Maypoles in the English
form on the Continent, that there were no
May dances or May games. As for May
dances, though ou^ English ideal is of a
dance around the Maypole, rather than a
dance in a procession through streets or on
a road to the woods, yet even in England
there must have been a processional May
dance.
There was an old English May custom,
used at Newnton on Trinity Sunday, it
would seem, which illustrates one use of the
May garland. "Then was a garland of
flowers made upon a hoop brought forth
by a Mayd of the Towne upon her neck."
A young man, a batchelor, kissed her three
times. Then the lady takes off the garland
and returns the compliments. The gentie-
man then gives her a present.* This curious
custom illustrates the ways of the peasantry
of old. The gift of a garland by a maid was
counted in old Germany a great compliment
A whole volume could be filled with the
history of May garlands. Garlands, it is
needless to say, played an important part in
the festivals of antiquity, gestatory garlands
worn roimd the neck (like those just men-
tioned), postilory for feasts, pensile hung on
the posts of the doors. All these classes of
garlands would seem to have been in use in
old English May day f^tes \ they were worn,
they were carried about, and hung on the
doors and in the churches.
Among the best known to modem English
\ Aubrey, p. 137.
O 2
i88
MAY DAY.
readers, of the old English May Day obser-
vances, is the f§te of the May Queen and the
observances connected with her. But,fpro-
bably, this is not due so much to folk-lore
studies, or to the survival of the custom in a
few villages, as to the beautiful, though now
hackneyed (on account of its very beauty)
verses of the Poet Laureate on this subject.
The May Queen will probably never be lost
sight of, or quite forgotten, as long as the
English language survives.
But setting the poetic side of the question
aside, what is the origin of the May Queen ?
Some have been inclined to attribute it to a
definitely Christian symbolism, such as cer-
tainly exists in the South of France at the
opening of the Mois de Marie, when a young
girl, crowned with flowers, holding a leafy
sceptre, personifies her who was ''blessed
among women." But even this French f(§te
and its flowery symbolism may itself be a
Christianization (so to speak) of an ancient
pre-Christian Aryan custom — i.^., a personifi-
cation of the Latin goddess Flora, in her
great feast of the Floralia, which began at the
end of April, and lasted several days. If so,
this woidd not be the only instance of
Christian missionaries adopting and adapt-
ing the more harmless rites of the heathenism
they found established in popular prejudice.
In Slavonic lands, also, there is a May Queen
as well as in England and France.
The French "Virgin of May" is still
enthroned in her arbour. So was the
English ** Lady of the May," or May Queen.
As I have seen the Lady of May
Set in an harbour
Built by the Maypole.—BROWV, Pastoral,
The Queen sat in her shrine of flowers, with
her floral ornaments, and it would seem did
not join in the games and dances of her
subject*!. The custom of a king or queen of
the festival, it har41y need be said, was a
common one in the Middle Ages. They had,
in the West of England, an Epiphany king
and queen, and the Lord of Misrule was a
form of the same idea — of a king of the
festival. There was also a king and queen
of the Whitsun ale.
The idea of the Maypole was not merely as
a stand for floral decorations, but a centre of
the May dance. The rings around the May
poles, or hoops, were probably intended as
modes of attaching the ropes of the pole to
it, and were used for the dance. The
English May dance was, it would seem,
usually a circular dance, but the foreign
dances were often processional, the couples
going forward, and not dancing round in a
rin^. It is a curious point that the only sur-
viving May dance on anything like a
mediaeval scale in England — ^/.^., that at
Helston, on the Furry or Flora day — is also
processional, and not circular, except in its
finale, in going round the Helston bowling-
green. It thus is, in one sense, the survival
of a foreign custom, but with most of the
English May usages gathered around^ it.
There is another point curious in this sin-
gular Cornish festival, in that it is on the
octave of May i — i.e,^ May 8 — the legendary
festival of the apparition of S. Michael on
S. Michael's Mount (some ten miles off). I
think, however, it is undoubtedly a May Day
festival, postponed, in all probability (in
spite of the legend of the ending of the
plague in Helston, and also of the apparition
of the archangel) for local convenience. At
least most or nearly all the Helston obser-
vances can be traced either in England or
on the continent of Europe. The only
singularities are the dancing in and out
of the houses (like threading a needle, going
in at the front door and coming out of the
back) ; and that which is now dying out, but
which till lately was observed, of hospitality
being oflered, which the dancers were ex-
pected to eat dancing, without any stop.
The former is, probably, a mere result of the
clannish and independent spirit of the old
Cornish, no man being allowed to shut his
door against the dancers of his clan. The
other, a mere result of the hospitality to the
clan, which could not be too freely used, and
so the dancers were compelled not to stop
while consuming the viands oflered.
t!im S)ai? : HDoIbekin of tbe
TCbirteentb (Ccnturi?*
HE choosing of the May Queen was
one of the most idyllic and pic-
turesque of our old English cus-
toms. But it is not in its poetic
MOLDEKIN OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY,
189
iq>ect alone that we wish to regard it
Although we may not share the ecstasy in
which Washington Irving indulged at the first
sight of an Ei^lish Maypole, by the banks of
the Dee, beside the quaint old bridge which
spans the stream at Chester, few can look
back upon a custom, so fondly cherished by
our forefathers, without interest. That May
Day has been set apart, from the far- distant
penod when the m3rstic circles of Stonehenge
were pfled, is beyond question. It was con-
nected with one of the first steps in dawning
civilization, the domestication of the cow;
being marked by an annual sacrifice, to secure
the well-being of the herds before they were
driven out to the summer pasture.
Brand, in his Popular Antiquities (Ellis's
ed., voL L p. 245), throws great light upon
the origin of the Maypole. Speaking of the
May-day gatherings, and quoting from an old
pamphlet, he says : —
The oolnmn of Ma^ (whence our Maypole) was
the great standard of justice in the £y-commons or
fields of May. Here it was that the people, if they
•aw came, deposed or punished their governors, their
barons, and their kings.
After the Conquest, the May games were
continued as a national festivity, and archery
meetings appear to have taken &e place of the
ancient open-air courts. But the most interest-
ing circumstance connected with them, as the
years roll on, is their evident association
with the first successful struggle for English
freedom, when the confederated barons
wrested the Great Charter firom the worth-
less John.
Green, in his Short History of the English
PwpU^ and Sharon Turner, both agree that
the poisoning of Fitzwalter's daughter by King
Johh was the spark which kindled into flame
the ever-deepening hatred of the nation, and
changed despair to resistance.
Whether we accept or reject the legendary
stoiy which links the heroic girl with the bold
outlaw of Sherwood, we find her undoubtedly
personified by^e rural May Queen, the Maid
Marian of the ifiorris-dancers of the Middle
A^eSy the delight and darling of the people,
alike in. borough market-place, and village-
green. Wherever the Maypole reared its
garlanded head. Maid Marian was crowned
beneath it Churchwardens' accounts and
chamberlains' books, up to the time of
Henry VIII., afford unquestionable proof of
this, m the curious entries they contain of
expenses incurred for the dresses of Maid
Marian and her companions.
The details of the morris-dance have not
been handed down to us ; but in the absence
of a full description, we have numberless
allusions among the old writers of that period.
From these we gather that it was a' kind of
sword-dance and rustic opera combined.
The rude drama thus enacted by clowns and
villagers formed the groundwork of many an
after-play and poem, in which the murdered
girl appears as the well-known Malkin, or
Maid Marian, the May Queen, the forest
mistress of Robin Hood, showing how fondly
the memories of that stirring time were
cherished by the masses, and with what
faithful devotion the ** vast multitudes who
followed the barons to Runnymede per-
petuated the remembrance of Uieir leaders'
wrongs, and kept alive the watchfires of
liberty, as year by year the May Day greet-
ing was repeated, * Remember the poor May
lady.' "
How well the charge has been handed
down through the long line of generations,
which link the bows and bills of Runnymede
with the England of to-day ! ^ We hear it yet
from the lips of country children, on the
May Day morning, in the nooks and comers
round classic Cianbridge, whose long-for-
gotten castle was a favourite residence of
King John.
But setting legend and romance aside,
let us ask of history if any ties really existed
between the noble leader in the first success-
fid struggle for English liberty, the local May
Day gatherings, and the Forest outlaws.
Henry Il.had broken the power of the Saxon
party, if so it could be called. He had de-
stroyed their retreat, when he levelled with the
ground the Saxon stronghold of Hunter's dune,
in the midst of the vast forests by the Ouse
and the Nene, where the red-deer roamed at
will, and the wild-fowl dived in the reedy
lakes of Whittlesea and Ramsey meres. In
Saxon days the conmiand of this castle,
being a place of importance, was given by
appointment. Siward held it at the Con-
quest ; Waltibeofi his son, retained it as an
hereditary possession, when became to terms
with the Norman William, after the surrender
i9o
MOLDEKIN OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
of the Castle of York. For Waltheof had
won the respect and admiration of his
antagonists by his gallant defence of the
northern fortress. William gave him his
niece Judith in marriage, and restored to
him both his earldoms, Huntingdon and
Northumberland. According to Orderic,
Waltheof was afterwards involved in the
conspiracy of the Norman Earls of Hereford
and Norfolk. Although refusing to join
them, he was sworn to secrecy; but his
perfidious wife betrayed his knowledge of
the enterprise. Even his Norman judges
were divided in opinion. Lanfianc made
many efforts to save him ; but alter a year's
imprisonment he .was condemned and
executed, in the grey of the next morning,
for fear of rescue by the citizens, should his
doom be known. The common people
mourned him, as the victim of woman's
treachery and Norman injustice, and revered
his memory as that of a martyr.
The hand of his faithless wife was promised
by William to one of his Norman followers,
Simon St. Liz, or Luce, or Lucy, for the name
is variously spelt But Judith refused to
marry the deformed soldier. To punish her,
the king gave him instead Matilda, the eldest
daughter of Waltheof, and invested her with
both her father's earldoms. Simon de St. Liz
thus became Earl of Huntingdon, but dying
in the beginning of the reign of Henry I., his
widow was married to David, brother to the
king of Scotland, who in her right inherited
the possessions of Waltheof, and was made
Earl of Huntingdon and Northumberland.
He succeeded his brother on the throne of
Scotland. Waltheofs daughter had two sons,
young Simon de St. Liz by her first husband,
and Henry, Prince of Scotland, by her second.
On Stephen's accession. Prince Henry was
first admitted to the earldom of Huntingdon,
but when his father took up the cause of his
niece Matilda, Stephen restored the earldom
to young Simon de St Liz, whose name is
appended to Stephen's charter. He must
have had actual possession of his boyhood's
home at the battle of the Standard in 1 141.
For one of the conditions of the peace, which
was at length concluded between Stephen and
David, insisted upon Prince Henry's claim to
the earldoms of Huntingdon and Northum-
berland by maternal right But it appears
that his half-brother still held the Castle of
Huntingdon secure from kingly interference,
behind its moat and wall, until Henry Plan-
tagenet assumed the English crown in 1154-
Finding it a retreat for the disaffected, he
demolished it utterly, and outlawed St. I^iz.
The earldom was restored to the Prince of
Scotland, and became a fertile cause of dis-
pute between the English and Scottish kings;
whilst the elder of Waltheof *s grandsons took
refuge in the greenwood with his bow and
hounds, as his faithful lieges have portrayed
him on their municipal shield. The castle
was destroyed after 11 54. The borough of
Huntingdon was incorporated in 1 206. In
so short a space of time neither Waltheof nor
his grandson could have been forgotten. The
demolition of the castle was within the re-
collection of the Huntingdon borsholder or
borough elder. Were the burgesses of Hunt-
ingdon likely to be misled when they called
the rightfiil heir of the earldom, the outlaw
Robin Hood?
Their attachment to the descendants of
Waltheof is proved by this device adopted
for their arms and seal.
The mother of Robert Fitzwalter was
Maude de St Liz, of the family of the Earls
of Huntingdon. She must have been the
sister of the younger Simon, and the grand-
daughter of Waltheof.
Can we doubt that the fearless leader of
the Barons' army, like Simon de Montfort, in
the following generation, inherited his love
for his country from his Saxon mother ? Such
is the light which genealogy can often shed
on tradition. Certainly it goes far to esta-
blish the much discredited epitaph, which
marks the spot where
Thev buried bold Robin Hood,
Near to the fair Kirkleas—
a Cistercian nunnery near Dewsbury, where
the grave of the famous outlaw is still shewn.
The epitaph calls him Earl of Huntingdon,
and gives 24 Kal Dekembris, 1347, for the
date of his death. All accounts agree that
Robin Hood combined a championship for
the cause of the old national independence
with deer-shooting and robbery, and a chival-
rous defence of womanhood. He is first
mentioned by the Scottish historian Fordun,
who wrote in the fourteenth century, and h^
MOLDEKIN OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
191
as well known in Scotland as in England,
a fact which does not discredit the supxx>-
sition that Robin Hood was a nephew by
the half-blood of Prince Henry. We thus
fiiul that Robert Fitzwalterand the outlawed
heir of St Liz were cousins, the descendants
of the much-loved Waltheof, the last Saxon
eaiL
Waltheot's Saxon household was never dis-
persed. The deformed St. Liz ruled over
it but a short time. In the hands of David
\t Scot, whose brother's Court was the con-
stant refuge of the Saxons, the strong for-
tress of Edward the elder would become a
ready retreat for the fugitives. In the hands
of Waltheof s own grandson, we can well
believe that it became a rendezvous for the
£uthftd few who still cherished the good old
cause of the people's freedom. Every other
castle in England had been given to William's
Norman foUowers, who, afraid to trust the
conquered natives, surroimded themselves
with their own retainers. Huntingdon alone
remained Saxon in heart. The description
of the misery of the common people during
Stephen's distracted reign, given in the Saxon
Chromcle^ shows us the Saxon husbandmen
fleeing from the neighbourhood of the castles,
and building for themselves miserable hovels
against the walls of the churches. The very
contrast would endear the descendants of
Waltheof still more. The destruction of
Huntingdon Castle by Henry II., the set-
ting aside the just claims of the second Simon
de St Liz, might well rouse the indignation
of the tomisfolk of Huntingdon. There was
nothing for them to gain, but rather some-
thing to risk, in calling Robin Hood their
outlawed earl, and choosing to portray him
as such on the arms and seal of their cor-
poration. If they were right, the life story
of the outlaw gains an added interest In
any case we find that both Robin Hood and
Robert Fitzwalter were alike devoted to the
good old cause of national independence.
More than this, both were alike remarkable
for personal prowess worthy the descendants
of tiie dauntless Waltheof; who, when the
besieging Normans forced the gates of York,
mshed sword in hand to meet the entering
host, slaying Norman after Norman with his
own hand until overborne by weariness and
immbers. Of Robin Hood's daring, who
need speak ? If the same blood were not
flowing in Fitzwalter's veins, the same spirit
animated him. At the tournament which
took place in the presence of the French and
English kings, during the truce in 12 13, he
entered the lists in disguise, haviug fled from
England rather than place his young son as
an hostage in John's hands. At 3ie first
course, man and horse went down before
himj making the English sovereign swear,
" By God's tooth, he is a king indeed who
hath such a soldier in his train."
The involuntary praise was heard by friends,
who seized the chance to restore Fitzwalter
to the tyrant's fevour. He was recalled to
England, but the reconciliation was of short
duration. It was probably during this inter-
val that King John made acquaintance with
Fitzwalter's daughter. She is twice mentioned
by Collins, in his English Peerage— onct as
Alice Fitzwalter, once as Maud. Probably
she was called by both names. It was no
unusual thing for ladies to assume the name
of Matilda. In her case it was a family
name, her grandmother and great-grand-
mother having borne it. Her exceeding
beauty attracted the king. The interdict was
just removed : the nation was outraged by
John's renunciation of his crown to the Papal
nuncio. Stephen Langton, Ae English bom
but French taught Archbishop of Canter-
bury, had alone dared to brave the resent-
ment of Church and Court by solemnly pro-
testmg against the infamous compact.
Backed by the power of the Pope, in the
May of 1213, John's tyranny reached its
climax. The highest nobles in the land were
powerless to protect wives or daughters from
his deadliest insults. Although we cannot
ascertain the exact date of Alice Maud Fitz-
walter's death, it most likely followed quickly
upon her father's disgrace ; for before the end
of the year Fitzwalter was again charged
with disloyalty, his baronial home at Dun-
mow razed to the ground, whilst he " must
to the greenwood go — "
Alone, a banished man.
Most probably the fair girl fled from the
ruthless devastators to the shelter of the
sanctuary, for she died in the Priory of Little
Dunmow, founded by her great-grandmother,
Juga, the sister of Baynard, whose forfeite4
192
MOLDEKIN OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
honours had descended to her father, Fitz-
waiter.
Under these circumstances, the incident
narrated in the old black-letter plays of 160 1
seems most natural ; that she should receive
a letter, by the hands of Robin Hood's most
trusty follower, Little John, or, as the older
balladscall him, Liell, — ue,^ Leal John, charg-
ing her to escape to the greenwood in the
disguise of ''Maid Marian," to which she
answers—
I am contented, reade on little John,
Henceforth let me be named Maid Marian.
Douce, who considers the^ character of
Maid Marian a dramatic fiction, superadded
to the historic accounts of Robin Hood, tells
us there is no historic proof of such a person
ever having existed in Sherwood Forest at
alL Certsunly, Alice Maud Fitzwalter never
arrived there, or she would have been safe
from her kingly persecutor. But she might
also have travelled in the di^uise of '' Maid
Marian," the name of the shepherdess in the
old French May Day drama of the eleventh
century, when her father first fled with his
wife and children to France. The Fitz-
walters journeyed from Dunmow to the
Scottish Court, and thence to France. The
cousins on boUi sides the Border may have
been equally ready to protect and assist the
fugitives. All we know is, that th^ reached
their destination in safe^. Durmg those
long cross-country rides, Fitzwalter's child
might have been remarked by the country
people as —
Robin's mistress dear, bis lored Marian,
The sovereign of the woods, diief ladT of the guiies ;
Her clothes tacked to the knee, and dainty tmuded
hair.
With bow and qniver arm'd.
King John became enraged by continual
defeat, and had her poisoned at Dunmow
Priory. The ancient chronide kept by the
religieuse there, has preserved her story. A
grey altar tomb, in the south wall of Litde
Dunmow Churdi, is still pointed out as her
burial-place. The alabaster figure of the
lady is richly habited, and the hands are
clasped in pra3rer. The effigy is supposed
to have beoi originally painted — the fingers
still show traces of red colour; which
tradition asserts to be indicative of the effect
of the poison given by King Joha
Few could look upon that silent marble
now, unmoved, and remember how, in dying,
she sent the voiceless message round the
land, making it felt, not heard — ^that it is
better to die than ]rield to wrong. Can we
wonder at the devotion with which her
memory was cherished — the Moldekin
Malkin of the country side — the Alice of
Stephen Langton*s impassioned ballad — the
sainted lily. We have but a few snatches
quoted in an all^orical sense, in a sermon of
his own, preserved in a MS. in the Duke of
Norfolk's library. But the play upon the name
Alice, so obvious in the old Norman French of
the stanza, could only apply to Fitzwalter's
daughter, —
Ceste est la bele Aliz,
Ceste est la flnr, ceste est la lis.
We find it translated in Thompson's Essay
an Magna Charta thus, —
This, this is Alice fidr to see.
The flower, the lilj, this is she.
Again, we must bear in mind her Saxon
grandmother. She was a Liz, a descendant
of Waltheof— a Liz, therefore a lily, there-
fore Aliz. And perlutps this is the real
explanation of the variations in her name.
Such plays upon words were common in the
thirteenth century, when Norman and Saxon
were both in use. We need only instance
Edward I.'s angry jest, when Bigod, Earl of
Norfolk, refiisai to serve in the French wars.
'* By God, Sir Earl, you shall either go or
hang." To which Bigod answered: "By
God, Sir King, I will neither go nor
hang."
We have one more verse of Stephen Lang-
ton's to consider, which seems to show the
shadow of the reason why the fair Aliz was
ever after associated with the wreath and the
May garland: —
Bele Aliz ikiatin leva,
Sar cois vesti et para.
Enz mi veiger 5*01 entra,
Cink flenrettes 7* troava
Un chJ4>eIet fit en a,
De Rose florie.
Pur Dea trahez voos en a la,
Vos ki ne amez mie.
Fair Alice arose in the morning ;
She pot on her Test, and made her readj.
Then she went into her bower.
And Iband there five flowerets,
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194
MOLDEKIN OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
of the five flowerets, seems to suggest the idea
that the poison was given to Fitzwalter^s
daughter in the May Day custard amid the
festivities of the previous year.
Tradition asserts that John conveyed the
poison to her in an egg. This £surt is men-
tioned in Collins's Peerage. The name of
Jack-pudding, ordinarily bestowed upon the
fool, tends to confirm this supposition. The
pantomime of war, with clashing of swords,
succeeded, and the fool was driven back.
The first dancers personated Robin Hood
and his men, or else they were really the out-
laws of Sherwood.
Certain it is, fiom this period the May Day
customs received a firesh bias. A new picture
was fitted into the old fiiame.
In Robin Hood's name and during his life-
time this sword-dance was introduced, and,
in spite of the heavy pains and penalties
already cited, was kept up with an enthusiasm
which could not be extinguished.
For centuries after the second disforesting
of Huntingdonshire by Edward I., the playing
a Maid Marian was the fitvouiite national
diversion. Not only no May Day, or Robin
Hood's day, as it was as fi-equently caUed,
but no bride ale, Whitsun ale, or yuletide
gathering, could be suffered to pass without
it There are traces of many variations and
additions. Some have thought the king was
exchanged for the hobby-horse, who appears
to have used the r^al foot-doth, and to have
carried the ladle in his mouth. As the sig-
nificance of the rude and sarcastic pantomime
was weakened with the lapse of time, some
GCMifiision in the parts assigned to the diflferent
characters may have crept in, until it was
finally degraded to the low buffoonery of the
clown:
Tossed out to widier like unsiglitlT weeds,
From the worid's garden htnished.
We of the nineteenth century, who have
seen how the caustic pen could shake a
throne, can understand how great an influence
the originator of this graphic pageant exerted,
and recognize in him a true champion of the
good old cause. If we cannot positively
say this was the work of Robin Hood, we
must admit it was in his name the wc^ was
accomplished.
E.S,
By C. H. Crowx>sr«
|AVING read several interesting
paragraphs in The Antiquary on
garlands and May Day customs,
perhaps a few recollections of my
own, concerning festivities and observances
which, conmion enough in my school-days,
have died, or are rapidly djdng out, may
prove of interest to some of your readers.
Forty years ago, the 29th of May, " Royal
Oak Day," was a fiunous anniversary amongst
schoolboys, and boys of even larger growth.
In my boyish recollections the royal anniver-
sary and fine sunny weather are inseparably
connected. Weeks before the momentous day
came round, the country for many miles was
ravaged by keen birds'-nesters (the cruelty
was then little thought of), intent on gather-
ing a store of all descriptions of bir&' eggs
wherewith to decorate ^e garlands on the
29th. Pliant mothers and good-natured
cooks were wheedled into " blowing" instead
of breaking the ^gs with which puddings,
&c., were prepared: the said '' blowing" being
performed by perforating the egg at each end,
then applying the mouth to one orifice, and
so driving the contents out at the other, leav-
ing the ^ell practically entire. Not a very
cleanly process, certainly, but the times were
less fiistulious than now, and this, as well as
the ruthless cruelty of robbing nests, was un-
heeded by enthusiastic schoolboys or their
abettors. At length the longed-for morning
dawned, generally bright and sunny, as ever
sung of by the poets. £very lad, and many
men with laddish hearts, wore a sprig of oak
in their hats or caps ; every horse's head was
decorated with the same natural greenery ;
the coaches, especially the royal nudls, were
profiisely ^' oaked ;" and most of the inns
and many private dwellings would show the
royal emblem. Happy Sie boy who could
have the oak in his cap glorified by gilding,
and hapless the lad who through forgetfiilness
or indifference ^ed to sport his oak : sooner
or later in the day, a rotten ^g or other ob-
jectionable missile would be an unpleasant
reminder. The garlands were prepared
over-night with great care, and in some
cases irs^ good taste. Birds' eggs of eveiy
MAY: OAK-APPLE DAY.
195
shape and hue, from the tiny torn- tits to the
comparatively gigantic duck's egg, being^
strung like many coloured beads on a thread,
here and there a gilded hen's egg shining
like a golden nugget, interwoven and inter-
spersed with the sweetest flowers of May
(collected from sympathizing fnends), and
with odds and ends of gaudily coloured
ribbon, the whole wound around and pendent
from two hoops, a small one within a larger,
formed an exceedingly pretty object A
strong cord was stretched across the
street from the upper windows, the gar-
land hanging in the centre sufficiently lofty
to allow coaches or high-tilted waggons to
pass under, as also to escape damage from
stones or other missiles hurled by rival gar-
land owners, for there was strong rivalry in
the town of which I write in the matter of
garlands, as well as in things of greater im-
port The "up-town" display was jealous
of the "down-town," and vice versd^ a
jealousy which now and then culminated in
stone-throwing and fisticuffs, stimulated by
blasts from cows'-homs, bellowing defiance
from either contending party. Well do I
remember the punishment after a day's horn-
blowing, the angle of each jaw just beneath
the ears aching with what from other causes
would have been considered an intolerable
ache, but which under the passing excite-
ment was borne with wonderful equanimity.
Policemen were unknown in those days, the
majesty of the law being represented by a
burgess constable, with two or three sub-
constables of the Charley order. The superior
officer was a man of some standing in the
town, rotund of person, and to the juveniles
of awe-inspiring aspect. I recollect mentally
applying to him the lines from Shakspeare's
Smn Ages J which had recently been a school
lesson —
And then the justice,
In iaXt ronnd belly, with good capon lined,
With eyes severe, and heard of formal cut,
All except the beard fitted him admirably.
My boyish perspicuity being too immature to
know the wide gulf 'twixt a justice of the
peace and a burgess constable. Notwith-
standing our awe, it was our delight to vex
him, our youthful agjUity being more than a
inatch for his dignified though ponderous
f^tjfit pf precession. He had a horror of
horn-blowing, and well we knew it : and he
being equally obnoxious to the rival garland
factions, these after saluting every garland in
the town, uniting their forces for once to
annoy the common enemy, would assemble
within ear-shot of his residence and blow a
mighty and terrible blast, loud enough
(almost) to raze the walls of another Jericho.
This usually brought him from his lair
breathing threatening and slaughter, when,
of course, a general stampede of his tor-
menters would take place. When evening
arrived the garlands were taken down, and
what was caJled ''smash egg" commenced.
The ^gs were unstrung, laid upon the
ground in a row of five or six at once, one
of the merry-makers was then blind-folded,
armed with a stick, and after a m3rstifying
twirl round, sent off to smash the eggs if he
could. Some would by mere accident walk
straight to the spot and demolish the whole
lot, whilst others would wander far wide of
the mark, and strike the ground at the very
opposite point of the compass to where the
quarry lay, causing of course much fun and
merriment to the on-lookers. Next morning
not a garland would be seen, the only me-
mento of the apth of May being the aching
jaws of many a school lad in the town.
'^fi^r^'t'Sr
Ztbc learUcst Snbustrial
Census.
By G. Phillips Bevan, F.G.S.
|HE exigencies of continually increas-
ing population have imposed upon
all civilized countries the necessity
of a fixed period for taking the
commencing from the time when
David first numbered the men of Israel and
Judah. It is only of late years, however,
that the rapid development of modem indus-
trial life, with its ever-changing phases, and
the momenttmi with which it forces its resist-
less way into all matters, political, com-
mercial, and social, has made it incumbent
upon the authorities to take a special indus-
trial census, as a supplement to that of the
general body of the people. England, France,
Germany, and America, have long felt this
census.
X96
THE EARLIEST INDUSTRIAL CENSUS.
necessity, and have acted upon it with different
degrees of perfection and minuteness, the last
two countries especially looking upon the
matter as one of great importance. It is to
France that we are indebted for having given
us the first industrial census on record — viz.,
that of 1292, presented to us through the re-
searches of M. Fagniez. Not only is this list
interesting in an antiquarian point of view,
but it throws much light upon the industrial
condition of France (and, indeed of all civil-
ized countries) of that early period.
Paris then, as now, occupied a leading
position in trade, and particularly in the
manufacturing trades associated with handi-
craft In the thirteenth century, machinery
did not enter much into the calculations of an
artisan, and, if it did, was of such a rude
kind, as scarcely to deserve the appellation ;
and thus we have, in the census of operatives
whose names were found in the lists prepared
for taxation purposes, both in 1292, and, a
few years later on, in 1300, an excellent sketch
of Uie crafts which mostly prevaOed in those
days. Geraud, a writer who was interested
in these subjects, estimated the number of
artisans in Paris, exercising a special calling
in 1292, at 4,159 : but the list of 1300 in-
creased them to the amount of 5,844. In
those eight years, the working population of
a city Uke Paris would naturally have in-
creased somewhat ; but we must not look too
closely into any discrepancy of numbers, for
even in these days, with the assistance of a
large staff of practised experts, it is a most
difficult thing to issue a correct census table.
The textiles and clothing trades figure
pretty conspicuously in these early Paris
lists of 1292 and 1300, which, for die pur-
poses of this article, we may consider iden-
tical. They include doth dressers (afdeeuri
de toUis) and amfalieeurs^ whom Gcxaud be-
lieved to be in some way connected with
polishing, but who were really workmen who
stretched the cloth upon the poles. There
were also calenderers ; women hecklers of
flax and hemp (cerenaressa); felt dressers, and
spinners, the material of whose work is not
specified, though subsequently two spinners
of wool and thnty-six of silk are mentioned ;
teazlers of cloth, both men and women, whose
duty it was to raise the pile ; bobbin makers ;
carders {pigneresses) of textile materials ; cloth
shearers {^rdonduurs\ so as to give it the
desired gloss ; yam twisters, who probably
acted the parts of our doubling and roving
machines, so as to furnish the proper tenacity
for the weaving operations ; silk winders ;
linen weavers {teliers or toiiurs)) cloth fullers,
and one velvet maker. The textile dyers
included thirty-three general dyers, three of
silk ; one maker of azure blue ; and one of a
peculiar colour called fueil^ thus alluded to
m an old gild charter: "L'en ne pourra
faire draps tains (teints) en moul^e en fiieil
ne on fostet" Although, of course, this list
of textile workers does not embrace those
living in the country (and, doubtless, a great
deal of the wool, flax, and silk, was prepared
there, cotton being unknown in those da3rs),
it furnishes a curious contrast with the vast
array of operatives and mill-hands which now
find occupation in France under this head.
Of all the textile employ^ in Paris, the
spinners were the most important, there
having been no less than four distinct gilds
or corporations — ^viz., the female spiimers of
wool, with whom were united the women
carders ; the hemp and flax spinners ; the silk
spinners, who spun with large spindles, and
those who used smaller ones. It seems
curious why there should have been two dis-
tinct sets of workers in the latter category :
but the &ct was, that the first of these two
(fiUartssis a grand Jusereaux) undertook also
the operations of reeling, spinning, doublmg,
and roving, and were presumably a more im-
portant and responsible body of workwomen.
The raw material, however, being very valua-
ble, the fiUarases could not always resist the
temptation of selling it, when it was delivered
to them by the merchants ; and heavy penal-
ties were enacted against any who bought
silk fi-om other dian the proper merchants,
and also against the spinners who sold it or
pledged it, whilst in their possession : " Que
aucun ou aucune ne soit si hardis d'aller
acheter soye et de changer soye por soye en
maison de personne ne a personne qui file
soye."
There was a greater variety of trades and
handicrafts in articles of dress, for even
in those early days the name of Paris was
synonymous with luxe^ fashion, and all that
was excellent in taste. The list of 1300 in-
cludes two makers of aiguiiletUs^ by which we
THE EARLIEST INDUSTRIAL CENSUS.
197
understand shoulder-knots or tags \ but the
Old Red Book of ChateUty a hundred years
later, increases this number to twenty-six — a
remarkable rise in a detail of costume, which
must have been so limited. A like discre-
pancy is shown in the makers of aumaniersj or
ecclesiastical charity-bags, who are put down
as 3 in the census of 1300, but of whom 134
are mentioned as plying their trades at the
end of the centuiy. Embroiderers, in like
manner, mounted up from 23 to 139 in 1319.
The hatters, or head-dress makers, were rather
numerous, and included felt hatters, pearl
head-dress makers zxi'dichapeliers de soie, who
wove the silk veils known as couvre-chefs
(kerchiefs ?). There were three other corpora-
tions engaged in working head-dresses, not
mentioned in the census of 1300 — viz., in
flowers, peacock feathers, and sea-birds'
feathers. Besides these, there were hood-
makers, chaudersy or sock makers, coute-poin-
tiers or makers of coverlets, and crepinthres^
who appear to have been workers in a kind
of trimming. Quicherat, in his History of
C0stumej tells us that the crepini^es made a
^sort of head-dress in silk and thread, while
other branches of this trade furnished fringes
for pillow-cases and the decorations of altars.
The ribbon makers (dorelotiers\ the cloth-
sellers, and the mercers, furnished a strong
contingent to the commercial ranks, and
their articles of shopkeeping contributed one
uf the greatest attractions to the visitors to
Paris, who, then as now, came from all
quarters of the globe.
£t reviennent de toz pais
Les bons marcheans a Paris
For la mercerie achater.
^ Jean Jandun, who wrote the Elogede Paris y
in 1323, gives a most graphic description of
the display of goods in the shape of clothes,
fans, silks and stuffs, which were exposed for
sale on the ground floor of the shops, while
the story above was devoted to the lighter
object de luxe^ such as toilet details, ivory
pins, head-gear, girdles, gloves, &c. That
the trade was a lucrative one, is evident
from the fact, that the heaviest assessment
was made on this class of shop, varying from
30 to 150 livres. It is worth while noticing,
that though makers of woollen, silk, and
lace goods were somewhat numerous, those
of linen were very few, only eight in number,
which seems to imply that the linen trade
was comparatively little known in those days,
and that the material was not much used.
Allusion has abready been made to the hat-
ters ; but we must not omit to mention the
tnortdiers (from whom perhaps our slang
university term of " mortar-boards" has been
derived), a rather powerful and important
craft, who gave their name to the Rue de
Mortellerie. There were also no less than
five makers of hats from peacocks' feathers.
The furriers, of whom there were 350,
formed one of the most powerful trades-gilds
of the time ; and we also find, that the old
clothes men flourished at that period, under
the significant title of rafreschisseeurs^ or reno-
vators of old garments. Tailors, who num-
bered 160, occupied an important position in
the clothing trades, although the profession
was very much divided into specialities,
there being, besides tailors proper, corpora-
tions of doublet makers, braces makers,
shoulder-knot makers, &c. The tailors were
at that time under several peculiar rules and
laws. The customer always found the cloth,
and the tailor's province was merely to cut
the garment ; and if he did not do diis pro-
perly, he was liable to a fine from his gild
and the cost of the damage done to the cloth.
A paper pattern was first of all taken of the
intended suit, and this pattern was kept by
the corporation as evidence in case of any
complamt, either of misfit, or of not using up
all the cloth, which was considered a point of
great heinousness. This, however, was not
limited to France, for we find the same cus-
tom prevalent also in England in early days,
as shown by the following :
Memorandum : That John Rowter received iiii
yerdes of brod cloth blew to make Master Robert Ry-
don a gownne, upoun the wheeche, the sayde Master
Robert complayned of lacking of his clothe. And dier
wasse dewly proved iii quartens ofbrod clothe convayed
in pieces, as hit apereth by patrons of blacke paper in
our comen kofer of recoro, at any tyme reay to
shew.
In royal establishments, and great houses
generally, the tailor was a regular servant,
receiving wages and wearing a livery; and
indeed, in the king's palace was a complete
tailor's shop, just as the ladies of the house-
holds kept their dressmakers and seams-
tresses. Notwithstanding the rather strict
division of labour amongst the difierent
198
THE EARLIEST INDUSTRIAL CENSUS.
branches of the tzade, there was ahrays an
attempt being made by the taOors to extend
their miiicr into these branches, and in tiie
case of the doublet makers, or pourpoirUiers^
this encroachment was succe^fol in 1358,
up to which time the latter had a monopoly.
Bat the fact was, that the wearing of doublets
became so universal that the pourpointiers
could not supply them &st enough, and the
Provost of Paris therefore gave judgment to
the effect that there was work enou^ for the
two corporations, and that the taiJ^ mi^t
henceforth make them as well as the daubU-
tiers. The only difficulty was, diat the tailors
were obliged to make them to measure,
while the others were allowed to sell them
ready made. The braalurs were makers of
braces {praca^ femoralid)^ a light pair of
drawers kept over the hips by a shoulder-
strap {praat)^ presently to become the modem
braces. Six of them are mentioned as
plying their trade, in the census table. As-
sociated with the cloth trade was the im-
portant gild of dyers, who numbered thirty-
six, and who were under very strict regulations
respecting the dyes which they used. The
dyeing materials then in vogue were the
woad (Jsatis tincioria\ cochineal, madder,
dyer's weed {Reseda luieola)^hT2LLiX and indigo.
A dye-stuff named motUeey made of elder-bark,
iron filings, and cutlery dust, was considered
too corrosive, and was forbidden to be em-
ployed, though the colour that it yielded,
made it in fevour with purchasers, if they
could use it without getting into trouble^
Richard le Magon was summoned for having
a cloth dyed in moulke^ but was let off on
pleading that he had it for his own use, and
not for sale. Two dyers were prosecuted
for having dyed fourteen pieces of cloth in
ntoulie^ and they called as their witness, Peter
Waropel, the treasurer of the Duke of Bur-
gundy, to prove that it was done by his
orders. There was only one corporation of
dyers in Paris, who dyed wool and cloth, but
they never meddled with silk, the dyeing of
which was carried on by the mercers. But
there was always a kind of feud going on
between the dyers and the cloth weavers,
the latter of whom asserted that they pos-
sessed the right of dyeing in woad, although
this office was limited to two of their number ;
and when one of these two died, the Provost
of Paris appointed his socoessor out of the
same body. Thedyer5.on didr part, denied
this right, and ^)oke of it as a kind dTplmai-
ism whicii was inconsistent Pinding, how-
ever, that die dodi-weaving fiatemity was
too strong for diem, diey tried to get the
weaving corporation thrown open to djrers,
arguing that as the weavers were allowed to
practise both trades, they (the djrers) should
have the same priyil^es. Much ill-feeling
was caused by this undefined limitation of
trade practices, and in 1277 the dyer^s gild
brought an action against a weaver named
Michael Horret, beouise he also exercised
the trade of dyeing ; and it demanded that,
according to one of the gild rules, he should
select which of the two occupations he pre-
ferred, and confine himself to it He dien
chose that of dyeing, whereupon an objection
was brought forward, that he had not served
the regular dyer's apprenticeship of three
years. His answer was, that he had learnt
to dye under his father, who was an expert
in this branch ; and upon an appeal to the
Parliament, a verdict was given in his favour.
In the end, however, there were such con-
stant disputes and law proceedings, that
Philip the Bold had the whole question in-
quired into, and ordered that the two cor-
porations should in future confine themselves,
each to its own mHier^ as was the custom at
other great manufacturing centres, such as
Rouen, Bruges, Mechlin, Ghent, and Brussels.
Before quitting the subject of early textile
industries, it will be interesting to give a list
of the trades involved, and the numbers who
were employed.
n- J r _7' «. T'ii. Census CensHS
Trad*. Engluk Tii/e. ^,^, ^y^^,
Afeteeurs de toiles Linen Dressers i
Aiguulettes, fabncai
nts Makers of shoulder-laiots
or
Aumonicres
Makers of alms-bags
3
Azur, Caibricants
Dyers (axurc blue] x
Button and thimble makers i6
Boutonniers
«3
Braaliers
Brace makers 6
9
Bresil, batteurs
Brazil crushers (dyeing)
X
Brodeeurs
Embroiderers 14
23
Calendreeurs
Stuff calcnderers a
6
Cerencesses
Flax and hemp hecklers ^fem.) 3
Chapeliers
Hatters 47
39
Ch. de perles
Hatters who covered the
hat with pearU
a
C3i. de soiet
Kerchief makers
3
Ch. de feutre
Felt hat makers 7
10
Chaperonieres
Hood makers 6
6
Chasubliers
Chasuble makers s
4
Chauciers
Shoe makers 61
48
Coquillieres
Makers of head-dresses,
adorned with shells 3
* In 1397 these had increased to 26.
t These were tne **couvre-chefs/' worn as veils.
THE EARLIEST INDUSTRIAL CENSUS.
199
COIl tff p e w Htl C l S
Goutnncn
Coaturiera de gBBts
SmgUik TitU.
Corerlet maken
Cutters (clothes)
Glore cutters
CetuMt Cemstts
8 x8
detote
fiuscunde
derobei
m em-
broidery mnd silk
TlunUe maiken
Ribbon makers
Qoth mmchants
(Hddothesmen
Felt madcers
SDinuas ,
Silkspuuiers
Fullers
Makers of the dye of that
Glove maken
Frinse maken
Qotnteazlen
Wo(^ merchants
Dress cieancn
Z03 153
z
3« "9
Cap Cmortar-boanT) ma-
z
14
»9
zax
zo
5
8
94
ax
3
3
70
Shuttle maken
Lace stripe maken
Peacodc oat maken
Maken of patemostent
Funien
Pftarl merchants
Garden of textiles
Clothes restoren
Qoth-pile cutten
qui can- SiDc-yam winden
qui den- Silk yam-winden
8
4
«4
ai4
6
3
za
S6
8
36
83*
40
z
.1
z
8
Z39
6
z
z
z
14
34a
6
a
3
a
de robes
Vdf«t,fiw«us
SiOcworken
lUon
Robeznaken
Gsipet maken
Dyen
Kobedyen
Linen weaven
Linsey-wolsey maken
Weaven generally
Qothdqmen
Vehret maken
z
X34 zoo
37
29
33
IS
24
a
zz z
8a 360
30 36
z
Jlbc ColO00ettm at 'Rome.
By John Hxnry Parker, C.B.
|H£ favourable reception that has
been given to my last communica-
tion, comparing, or rather contrast-
ingy the views of the scholar who
considers that Ifaming is all-in-all, and the
pnurtical observer, who considers that /^
aisiing remains of the buildings of the
period are better evidence of the facts than
anything that has been written, or that
can be written, about them, has led me to
tikx a continuation of it In the case of
the Forum, these remains had been entirely
' * Tins cwponrtion must have rery largely increased afterwards,
for It isttatad thsit fai the procession before Philip the Bold,
be tnaakted die bones of St. Louis, over 300 fullers ook
t That is, chapleti of coral and shells for telling one's bcadi.
buried for centuries, and have only been
brought to light by the enormous excavations
of the last few years. This is equally the
case, or more so, in the Colosseum. No dis-
respect to Mr. Bum is intended by making
use of the abridgment of his great work as
an embodiment of the scholar's view — gene-
rally entertained by German scholars, followed
too blindly by the English, who will not take
the trouble of going to Rome to use their own
eyes, or even looking at any photographs of
the objects brought to light by the recent ex-
cavations ; and sdthough both Pope Pius IX.,
with Caidinal Antonelli, and, ten years
afterwards. King Humbert, with the Italian
Government, have called me a benefisxtor of
Rome by " demonstrating the truth of the early
history which had been considered as fabulous
for the last half century;^ and this latter,
as the Italian ambassador was directed to say,
was " after consideration and inquiry. ^^ Still
scholars are so blindly prejudiced that they
cannot see the truth when plainly put before
them. I now proceed to show the same
contrast in the Colosseum (I prefer to take
this form to the one used by Mr. Bum of
Coliseum)y and I am giving engravings from
photographs as my witnesses.
The entablature of the first storey is surmounted by
an attica, with projections corresponding to the
columns below. Above these stand the arcnes of the
second storey, between Which half-colunms of the Ionic
order are placed. The details of the architecture here
are in a very meagre style, for the spiral lihes on the
volutes are omitt^, and also the usual toothed orna-
ments of the entablature. Tlie same remark applies
to the third storey, the half-columns of which nave
Corinthian capitals, with the acanthus folia£;e very
roughly workexl. The fourth storey has no arches, but
consists of a wall, pierced with larger and smaller
s<^uare windows placed altematelv, and is decorated
with pilasters of the Composite order. Between each
pair of pilasters three consoles project from the wall,
and above these are corresponding niches in thq ental>
lature. The purpose of these was to support the
masts upon which the awning were stretched. The
second and third of the prmcipal concentric walls
contain arches corresponding t6 those in the outer
waU. Corridors run between Uiese concentric walls,
and on the first and second floors of the outer ring,
and the first floor of the inner ring, these circles afTonl
a completely unobstructed passage aU round. The
other corridors are blocked up m parts by various
staircases leading to the upper rows of seats. — Burn,
p. 65.
There is plain proof of other and later addi-
tions to the upper part of the amphitheatre. The
highest gallery of all, for the women, was originally of
THE COLOSSEUM AT HOME.
wood ; but (his luivitifi been destroyed by fire, caused
by lighlning, in the tfmc of Moximiu, it w«e replaco!
in stone, and completed in Iwenty-tfaree years under
Goidianus IIItA.d. 240, This upper storey is built in
a manner very inferiar to llie rest, bring put loeethi
partly of old materials, H-ilh [rieces of comice, and of
columns Of ftafimenls o( old tombs inserted in patch'
work fashion. And to support the great additional
weight at that enormous height, piers of travertine
were introduced at short inlervals, as if the architecU
were afraid to tniFl the soft tufa lo bear so vast a
pressure ; these piers go right through ihc walls from
top to bollom.— Pabker, chap. xiii. p, 154.
again on (o the arena. This contrivance U repicsvnted
by a rude delineation on maible, discovered is the
excavations of the Coloaseuni, showing the tcrecn
spoken of resting on the pavement in front of the
podium. iJelow the pavement are seen the tops of ■
scries of arch^ with bors ocrois the headings, which
THE COLOSSEUM AT ROME.
201
are intended for the dens of the wild beasts in the
area, and in front of them some sort of perfonnance
is Spring on. Such rough kinds ol carving or shallow
indsioiis, called ^fu^/^ nsoally made on the plaster-
coating of walls, WLTe firequentlj occurred in the
mins M Romc^ and many of them have been trans-
ferred to mnsenms. The spectators were protected
from the heat of the son bv an awning, Vdariuwt^
which was suspended by coros from the tops of masts«
For supporting these masts, exposed to astrain neces<
aariiy verr great, the contrivances were of an ingeniooa
kind, and are sdll distinctly visible where the upper
storey remains perfect On the exterior wall, ten feet
below the summit, there is a row of corbels projecting
for the feet of the masts to rest upon, and holes are left
in the cornice above through which the body, of the
masts passed ; and on the inner side of the uppermost
wall are other corbels, to which were lashed tne stays
for keeping them uprigfaL From each mast-head a rope
was stretdied, sloping down inwards towards tne
arena, and upon these ropes the sections of the
▼darinm were spread, running upon rings. At the
bottom of the galleries next the podium are similar
contrivances, evidently for supportmg standing poles.
The awning was wonLcd by a staff of seamen, who
wrere detached for this purpose from the fleet stationed
off Blisennm, in the Bay of Naples, and hence the
quarters provided for them within the walls were
called Cfutra Misemiimtn^ In one feature, {lowever,
die Roman amphitheatre differed from all the rest^
namdy, in havmg -doable oorridors all round the
gaOaiies ; the auence of this outer passage made
a different adaptation of the stairs to the vomxt^rim
ncccasBJj between this and the other amphitheatres»
where the spectators went out stnught throi^h eadi
aidiway.-^rAKKXKy pp. i58-i6a
The complete excavation made down to the pave-
ment of the substructures reveals modes of building in
veiy different styles, and plainly shows that the whole
mass cannot be attributea to one date or a few years.
It also enables us to understand the nature of the
stagna, the relation of the arena to them, and the
provisions for introducing and exhibiting wild beasts
(p. iSa).
First, then, it is seen^ by the removal of earth
filling the interior of the Colosseum to the depth
of twenty-one feet, that the basement, contaimng
complicated arrangements for the various uses of the
theatre, is to a great extent composed of large blocks
of ta&, which are evidently not of imperial date:
There are plenty of mstance^ of the adaptation of that
nuiterial for foundations, when old sites were built
over again, but not any of an original work reared
by an enmeror i^on a'new basement of tufa. The
sofaitioii oc this difnculty is most probably to be found,
as has been proposed, in the conclusion that a pre-
▼ioos stmctnre of a similar kind existed on thb site
before the time of Vespasian or even of Nero. Pliny
describe s the theatre of M. iEmilius Scaurus, the
step-son of Sylla, as the greatest work ever made by
bwDMB hands, capable of containing aj^A/y thoHsand
pcoplei The same number is recorded for die Flavian
amphitheatre, and this is the only theatre in the
world that would hold that number. Scaurus was
cande mdUe B.C. 58. The earliest ports of the struc-
▼OL. ▼.
ture being of tu£i, the brickworic of Nero succeeded
to them when the design of making his naumachia
and arena was carried out. Around Sie central space
occupied by them, the first galleries for spectators
were conmienced : and of that finest kind of brick-
work which distinguishes the time of Nero ; but the
exterior was not finished in any part That the stone
galleries and corridors were not of the original con-
struction is shown b^ there being no bond between
them and the older bnckwork ; there is a straight and
wide vertical joint where the two materials come
together, which is conclusive as to the outer mass
havixig been subsequently built on to the upper por-
tion. The three styles sufficiently indicate three
periods of construction : of tufa, brick, and travertine.
When the French occupied Rome, and it was
Incorporated into their empire in the four 3rears
preceding the battle' of \Vaterloo, the Frendi
Government carried out considerable excavations in
the arena of the Coliseum ; and, besides clearing
the podium and the chambers annexed to it, they
opened .the CiTptoporticus which runs underground
towards the Coelian Hill, and also discovered the
passages beneath the arena, which have been now
excavated again. A great controversy was raised at
that time as to the real level of the original arena
between several of the archaeological professors and
antiquarians of Rome. The same controversy has
now been again revived, and the same questions as to
the probable date of the underground constructions
have been again raised, but with as liitle hope as
ever of arriving at a satisfactory solution. The truth
seems to be that, as in most amphitheatres, these
hyp^^sea were constructed at the very first erection of
the Coliseum, but have been altered, n^lected, filled
up, and again cleared out many times during the
eventful history of the building, and that it has now
become impossible to trace the various stages of such
destructions and restorations. As often as the drains
which were intended to carry off the water became
choked, and failed to act, these lower chambers and
passages were filled with water and rendered useless.
—Burn, p. 68.
The excavations of 18 10-14 ^ *^ ^^^"^ ^^ \ix^^ been
carried deep enough to show the floor of the hypogsea ;
and, among the principal new objects of antiquarian
interest discovered by the recent operations, have
been some large blocks of travertine sunk in the floor
of the passages, and pierced in their centre with large
round holes. These holes have evidently been the
sockets into which upright posts of some kind were
fixed. In some of these sockets a metal lining still
remains, and in one of them the remains of a wooden
post are said to have been found. — Burn, p. 69.
The original drawings of the French engi-
neers of their excavations in the Colosseum,
with their account of them, have long been
preserved in the British Museum, where I
saw them some years since. They -state,
distinctly, that they were stopped by water.
For the excavations made at my request bjr
Signor Rosa, for the Italian Government, this
202
THE COLOSSEUM AT ROME.
water was drained ofi^ at first by a steam
engine, subsequently, by restoring the drain
into the Cloaca Maxima, and on into the
Tiber, in order that these important dis-
coveries should not again remain under
water. There is, therefore, no seeming in
the business; it is simply plain matter-of-fact,
open to all observers who will take the
trouble to go and see them, or the photo-
graphs or photo-engravings in my book. It
was in these lowest ten feet that the most
important discoveries were made.
The arrangements connected with the nanmachia
are made intelligible since the clearing out of the
area; we see the water-channels, which were filled
and emptied at pleasure, and were also boarded over
at will, so as to convert the whole internal space into
an arena, or floor covered with sand, for athletic
contests and wild-beasts shows. There is a great
central passage extending beneath the whole length
of the building ; and on oich side of it are two canals
parallel to it, and to each other, with an interval of
about six feet between them. They were ten feet
deep, with a passage ten feet high underneath them ;
so that their soles did not go down to the pavement
of the area, but were reared upon substructures.
Thty are, however, of unequal width, the canal
nearest the centre being narrower than the other ; while
the outer and larger canal had its inner side straight,
and its outer side curved, following the oval line of
the building, so as to be widest in the middle, and
tapering offat both ends. The narrower channel has
been supported upon great cross-beams of timber
resting upon the niassive walls ; the places in iM^iich
thesebeuns were inserted are seen at short intervals
in the waUs. The larger of the two was su]^ported
on brick arches. When the water was let in, it filled
the channels ; and as it probably overflowed also the
space between them, it formed an unbroken liquid
snriace resembling a stagmtm or lake, one on each side
of ^e centre, about 300 feet long by 50 wide in the
middle. The vessels moving in parallel lines along
the ^Vw«^l«, when they came abreast, would be
kshed together, and the attempt of one of the crews
to board the other's ship constituted the naval fight
The great mass of material underneath the cor-
ridors is of tufa ; and in the interior are two walls of
the same stone, in concentric curves, composing the
outermost circle of the area. They are of the usual
large blocks ; but the inner one of the two has been
faced with bricks, and it carries on its own inner side
the largest of the canals. Between these two walls
of tufa were placed the Pegmata — firames of wood, or
lifts, on whidi the wild bMSts when put into cages
were raised to the level of the arena. In the sides of
these walls are seen the grooves cut vertically in
the stone for the lifts to work up and down ; also
deeper grooves! about a yard long for the counter-
. weights, pondera reducta. Outside of these walls
agam, and under the path in front of the podium,
are a number of chambers serving as dens for
tiie wild aQin^ils; and in front of each is an
opening large enough to allow the creatures to pass
through into the cages attached to the lifts. But for
beasts of the largest size, such as elephants or camelo-
pards, there are four dens of greater dimensions, two
on either side of the central passage. In front of the
dens is a small channel for water, supplied fromjthe
aqueducts, out of which the animals drank ; and
behind each one is a small cell about four feet square,
opening from above, but not reaching lower thsm ten
feet from the ground ; this allowed a man to go
down and feed the beasts in safety. Such attendants
were called Catabolici, the den itself being a Cata-
bolnnu In thepassage connected with the dens are seen
sockets let into the pavement for a pivot to work in ;
these were for the revolving posts or capstans, round
which were wound die cords which hoisted the peg-
mata. These contrivances, as parts of - the stage
imichinery in a theatre, enable us to understand the
descriptions given by historians writing in the time of
the Empire, of the sudden appearance^ simnltaneoody,
on the boarded stage, of numbers of "inld beasts, sduch
seemed to the spectators to rorine out of the ground.
Herodian and Ammianus Marcdlinus both mention
the exhibition of a hundred lions at once in this
manner. Besides these provisions round the outer
circle, Uiere are lines of small square closets for lifts
on both sides of the central passage^ through which
men and dogs could ascend from below by trap-doors
on to th^ arena. On the floor of this central passage
is a remarkable firagment of an ancient wooden frame-
work remaining, ^whidi has the appearance of the
lowest portion of a cradle for a vessel to stand oti,
and also for it to slideonwhen requiring to be moved.
It IS laid in two lines with transverse beams ; and
on each side of the passage is a series of stone dabs
which are perforated ; these seem to have sec^ied
for fixing tne cradle for the vessels, so that they
might stuid upright. When the naumachise were
exhibited there must have been some machinery for
lifting up tiie ships, and placing them on the
can£ ; and they must also have been remoived
when the water was let ofi^ and the wooden floor
replaced for the shows on the arena. Probably ^hxj
never quitted the building, but were left in the vantt
as described, and hoisted up when required (p. 157).
A large wooden framework has been found in the
central passage, blackened by long exposure to the
water. This seems to have been a contrivance for
making an inclined plane on which heavy machinrs
could be dragged up from below. — Burk, p. 70.
The mode in which the naval contests, mentioned
by Dion as having been exhibited in the Coliseum,
were conducted, cannot be stated with any certainty.
They were given by Titus at the dedication of the
building, and probably before its completion, so that
the space now occupied by the hypogxa may then
have oeen filled with water previously to the construc-
tion of the dividing walls. — Burn, p. 70.
What Mr. Bum calls ^*a large wooden
framework" is what is called in dockyards a
cradUy on which a vessel stands before it is
launched ; and in the Colosseum it was evi-
dently used for the galle3r8 prepared for the
THE COLOSSEUM AT ROME.
•OS
naval fights to stand upon when not m use,
and was at the greatest depth in order thai
it might be out of sight. The galle}' was
drawn up by pulleys, and phiced on the csnal
that iras supplied with water from an aqueduct,
which could be let in or dra^-n off as required.
There is enough remaining to show how this
was done.
It should be borne in mind that what
Pliny calls the insane work of Scaurus,
because he had expended such ;
appeared to be of stones four feet long and
two feet wide, and the other of stones two
feet square. This is the usual character oC
the wilb of the Etruscan kings ; and it is
evident that to make the foundations of this
colossal struciurr, the tufa blocks were brought
from the south end of the Palatine, )vin of
the fortifications of the city on the two hills,
no longer wanted in the time of Sylla, so that
Scaurus was peimilted to do this. Part of
the walls at the south end, having been used
■•^l-•^l|£pfc;»•♦L*f
in, COLOSSetTM, PKOBABLG RESTOKATION
OP THX SraSTRUCTURi
nm of money on a wooden tfualre that was
destroyed by lire a few years afterwards, that
theatre is said to have held 80,000 people I
To support the weight of that enormous
number, the builders could not trust to
wooden foundaliom ; all the substructure was
of stone, and the foundations were of the
massive blocks of tufa, of which each block
is a ton weight, four feet long, two feet wide,
and two feet thick, arranged alternately
lengthwise and crosswise, so that one range
to support the Porticus Livise, was suffered
to remain, and a small part of it still remains.
In another part, marks of the great blocks of
tufa are distinctly \Tsible in the plaster
covering of the walls of rubble stone, which is
the real support. For some years T had been
puzzled as lo what had become of this south
wall of the Palatine, which i^-as cvidciiily
necessary lo complete the fortitications of
the City on the Two Hills ; mid I had exca-
vations made in two or three places, in search
204
THE COLOSSEUM AT ROME.
of any remains of it — without success, of
course. When the great excavations of the
Colosseum were made, the explanation became
evident ; the stones of this wall had been
used for foundations there.
Z)evon anb Cornwall Dotes*
|HE sensitive foreigner in Far Cathay,
if he has learned to appreciate the
beauties of the tongue spoken by
the Celestials there, will often
have his sensibilities shocked by hear-
ing himself spoken of as Hung-mcuhjin^
"the red-haired man," or Hung-mao-kwei^
" red-haired devil." If he is inclined to be
witty he will take off his hat and ask for
a closer inspection of his hirsute regions ;
which, if they turn out to be dark or black,
will provoke great merriment. Foreigners
have long been known by this opprobrious
epithet in China ; but it is strange to read
that not long ago a man was charged with the
crime of being a "red-haired Dane," the
charge bemg brought by an Englishman
living near Land's End, against anodier man
of the same parish.* The memory of Danish
or Dutch craft and cruelty still lingers on the
coast of England, as it does on the coast
of China^ and in both countries the hated
foreigner is known by the epithet "red-
haired." In Lancashire, as a friend reminds
me, it is unlucky for a red-haired man to be
the first to enter a new house. In Devon
it would appear that the memory of the
Danes still lingers on. Not far from the
famous Torquay stands the village of Den-
bury. It has for its back ground a beau-
tiful conical hiil, surmounted by a minia-
ture forest. This hill has all the appearance
of having been worked up artificially ; which
fact, together with that of the name of
the village, has suggested the idea that Den-
bury is Dane-barrow — " the burying place of
the Danes." A curious local rhyme is still
repeated by the people, which tells its own
• Vide Folk-lore Record^ iii. 129 ; Contemporary
Review^ August, 1881, p. 206 ; Giles' Glossary of
Eastern Terms, p. 63 ; and Strange Stories from a
Chinese Studio, ii. 179 ; Neumann's Pir4ies (Oriental
Thmslation Fond), p^ xxv.-xzvi,
tale of a former belief in the existence of
vast treasure deposited here : —
If Denbiuy Down the level were,
£ngland would plough with golden share.
In recording the following notes on Devon
and Cornwall antiquities, my object has
been to direct attention to, rather than to
exhaust, the subjects they treat of^ for eveiy
fragment is of value to the student, and may
be lost if not noted at once. The first
fact which strikes us is that which re-
lates to
LOCAL NOMENCLATURE AND TRADITIONS.
Cornwall especially is rich in old names, and
very quaint are some of the traditions which
have arisen to account for the old British
names still in existence. Such words as
Pennycome quick (/.^, Pen-y-cwm-g-wic.
"village at the head of the creek or valley")
or Penny - cross (1.^., Pen-y-croes^ " Head
of the Cross [road]") will be sure to
afford scope for ingenious speculation,
and many are the tales already collected
respecting them. I may here give one or
two illustrations from Devonshire local tra-
ditions. Legends connected with Berry-
Pomeroy CasUe are numerous, but I have not
seen the following in print. This castle was
built long ago by one Pomeroy, who, when
he had finished his work, planted a beny in
the grounds. From this berry sprang a
beautiful oak^ and that oak still stands in the
place where the berry was planted — Whence
the name of Berry-Pomeroy Castle. Some
say the tree which grew up was a beech,
which is now known as the " Wishing-Tree."
It is said that ^ou have only to utter in a soft
whisper any wish you have, against the trunk
of this tree, and it will be suxe.to be granted.
There is a small country hamlet lost among
the hills in the neighbourhood of Ashburton,
known properly as Sutton's HilL This place,
I am informed, was once called Louse Hall,
and the original explanation afforded me
was to the effect that an old gentleman by
the name of Hall used to occupy one of the
houses in the village, and as he was remark-
able for the quantity of vermin which his
person supported, the village was named after
hiuL This explanation, I may remark, was
given me in perfect good faith by a former
DEVON AND CORNWALL NOTES.
205
overseer of the parish, and an extensive land-
holder. I have not found the proper way of
writing the name, but think it probable that
Louse may be a corruption of some forgotten
word, perhaps the British Llys: in which case
the second syllable HaU would be a transla-
tion of the former, and so the name would be
another example of words, which, like Avon
water and Penlepoint, contain two syllables
of different origin, yet alike in meaning.
FIELD NAMES.
We should expect to find among the
Devonshire and Cornish hills a goodly
number of places named Combe. This
proves to be the case not only with names
of villages and towns, but also with those of
fields. Thus we find Widdycum (Widde-
combe, with or by the combe or valley ;
compare Bideford, i.e,y By the ford, the By
or With being like the Latin cum in many of
our place-names*), Femycum (Fern-valley),
Smallyciun (Little vale), &c. Then the word
" Park" is constantly applied to fields. Behind
the£umhouse stands the Bampark, connected
with which we find Dowerpark, Stanpark (or
Stony-field as we might call it), Hillpark,
Shinnelpark, &c. " Close" and "mead" are
words constantly in use, as Kilnclose, Froggy-
mead ; while the field at the immediate back
of the house is known as " Backside." On
the slope of the hill we find "Sidelings,"
" Hole," and " Field" often become haU and
^ or t^ in the mouth of the common people.
Some names are fiill of interest, as Skipsey,
i«., SceapeS'hegCy sheep-field. There is
Zi^eraxen, a field near the river Teign, and
probably so-called from the former existence
of a path (A. S. siiK) by the side of the river.
About the pretty town of Chudleigh Homer
is a common field-name. It was once the
name of a bird, the word y^Xoyf-hammer still
retaining a trace of the same.
PLANT NAMES.
When one reaches this part of the country
and finds that the digitalis (foxglove), ranun-
culus (buttercup), imd primula^ are alike
called '' cowslip," he begms to think he has
* But see Trans, Deo, Assoc., x. p. 276 seq,
Mr. WorUi's interesting paper suggests that Wide-
valley, or Withy-Talley may be the meaning, but then
ysrhMl is to be said ot a narrow field or a meatUw
bearing such a name ?
found a valuable field for antiquarian re-
search. It is interesting to hear the
narcissus called "butter-and-eggs" or "hen-
and-chickens;^ and the marsh-mangolds
spoken of as '^ drunkards," because '' if you
gather them you will get drunk." Green
onions are called '^ chibbles," an interesting
word when taken in connection with its
numerous relatives, such as the German
Zwiehd, Italian cipoUa^ &c. The iris which
adorns the hedgerows and marshes of Devon-
shire is variously known as '* dragon-flower,**
" daggers," " flag," and " water-lily /' and the
wild arum (Arum maculatum) glories in such
titles as " parson-and-clerk," " parson-in-the-
pulpit," "wild lUy," adder's food," and a
number of others. I have referred to the
digitalis^ and it will no doubt surprise some
to learn that it is not only called " foxglove,"
and " cowslip," but also " flox," " flop-top,"
" flap-dock," and " cow-flop," whilst the juve-
niles call it "rabbit's flower," and "poppy."
These are only a few of the many local
names by which even the commonest flowers
are known j but they are sufficient to show
how interesting and valuable a study the
subject of wild flowers may form. I have
treated it more fiilly in a work on Flower-
LorCy to be published shortly by Messrs.
Sonnenschein & Co.
ANCIENT CUSTOMS.
Some ancient customs still linger on in
these far western counties, which have become
extinct elsewhere. Every one will remember
the Helston Furry Festival, to which refer-
ence was made in The Antiquary, iii. 284-5.
This is no doubt an interesting survived,
calculated, when fully investigated, to throw
much light on early May customs (see ante^
p. 185). It is not in Norfolk alone that
boughs of trees are used to decorate inns
at the time of club feasts. Between Teign-
mouth and Dawlish, I recently passed an
inn thus decked out, and though Uie custom
is not universal in these parts, it is by no
means imcommon. There is a curious cus-
tom, referred to in the Western Antiquary^
still observed in some parts of Cornwall under
the title of " The Snail Creep Dance." Mr.
Wade says : —
The jToong people being all assembled in a large
meadow, the village band strikes up a simple but
2o6
DEVON AND CORNWALL NOTES.
lively air, and marches forward followed by the whole
assemblage leadin|[ hand in hand, the whole keeping
time to the tune with a lively step. The band, or head
of the serpent (which it represents), keeps marching in
an ever narrowing circle, whilst its train of dancing
followers become coiled around it incirdeafterdrde. It
is now that the most interesting part of the dance com-
mences, for the band, taking a sharp torn about, com-
mences to retrace the cirde, still followed as before,
and a number of young men, with long leafy branches
of trees in their hands as standards, direct this counter-
movement with almost military precision.
CREDULITIES.
One word may be added respecting the
superstitions and folk-lore of the people. A
respectable lady recently informed us that
sometime ago she broke her wedding-ring,
and was told that it was a sure sign she
would soon lose her husband. He died
fifteen months after. Now her ring has again
broken, which forebodes the death of another
member of the family, and as her only
daughter is delicate, she firmly believes in
the omen. Coming across some fields in an
outlying village in Devonshire the other day,
I overtook a farm labourer, and began to ask
him the names of certain flowers. He re-
marked that many arbs grew in the neigh-
bourhood which were of great virtue.
His wife once had a kind of leprosy
which the doctors could not cure. A painter
at Torquay, who was a seventh son^ made
some herb tea and cured her. He also cured
another friend who had broken breasts.
Great stress was laid on the fact that the man
was a seventh son. It thus appears that we
have not yet exhausted these fields of study.
H. Friend.
^t >v* ?'*>.
Zf)c Clopton flDonumentd at
StrattortJ'On^avon.
By WlLUAM Brailsford.
XPERIENCE teaches us that the
great in life overshadow the little.
No wonder if, in the contemplation
of some vast prospect of mountain
and alpine height, we are apt to disregard
the peaceful valley nestling beneath. PD-
grims to th^ English Mecca, as a rule, do not
trouble themselves to stay beside other lesser
memorials of the past. They are attracted
to the Church of the Holy Trinity at Strat-
ford-on-Avon to see the monument of Wil-
liam Shakespeare, and, liaving so far attained
the one object of their ambition, never care
to linger in the fine building which really
contains many other, though it may be
granted lesser, objects of interest. For
example, there is a fine altar tomb in
memory of Dean Balsall, and the effigy of
John Combe, together with other very curious
instances of mediaeval and later fimereal
sculpture. In the north aisle there is a
chapel, formerly dedicated to the Virgin
Mary. This chapel is now filled with monu-
ments of the Clopton family, who were the
lords of the manor and possessors of large
estates in the parish, their dwelling-house
being called Clopton to this date. Like
many other old families in the realm, they
appear to have gradually died out Sepa-
rating the chapel from the body of the church
is an altar tomb made of stone, with a black
marble slab. Upon this there are neither
inscriptions nor effigies of any kind. Round
the sides are panels, once holding enamelled
coats of arms, only the broken nails which
kept them in situ being now visible. This
tomb is under a pointed arch. On a space
below are the arms of the City Company to
which Sir Hugh Clopton, Knight, belonged.
He was Lord Mayor in 1492, and from this
and other circumstances it is to be accepted
that this tomb was erected to his memory in
the early part of the sixteenth century.*
Over against the north wall is an altar
tomb, round whose sides are the armorial
bearings of the Clopton and Griffith families,
and the legend, ^* Vincit qui patitur." On
a slab above are the recumbent effigies of
William Clopton and his wife Anne, the
daughter of Sir George Griffith. The arms
of the two families, Clopton and Griffith,
are painted on glass on one of the panes
in the oriel window of the Hall at Clopton
House, and are dated 1566. The figure of
William Clopton is habited in armour of the
middle of the sixteenth century. Under the
tassets may be seen a coat or fringe of
mail. The head is uncovered, and rests on a
helmet; the face is bearded, and there is
* Dying unmarried, and in London, he was buried
at St. Margaret's Church, Lothbury, according to the
terms of his will. Vide Dugdale.
THE CLOPTON MONUMENTS AT STRATFORD-ONAVON.
S07
a moustache. The hands are raised as in
jnaycTy and on the fingers are signet rings.
Round the neck is achain, which passes over
the thumbs of both hands, and appears to
be connected with a book held by the figure.
The lady b plainly dressed. She wears a
wide and fiill-plaited ruff, and from the back
of her head a weeper depends, which is kept
in its place by a jewelled coronal or band.
It was about this date that ruffs were mostly
in fashion and the custotn of starching came
into vogue, having been introduced by a
Dutchwoman, one Mistress DLngham Van der
Plasse. Both effigies are of marble. From
an inscription round the edge of the tomb
we learn that William Clopton died in April,
1592, and his wife Anne in September, 1596.
lliere is a quaint group of figures on the
wall above this monument It consists of
the roughly-carved effigies of three girb, a
boy, and three chrysom children. They re-
present the children of the above William
and Anne Clopton, and are named respec-
tively, Elizabeth, Lodowiche, Joyce, Mar-
garet, Wylliam, Anne, and Wylliam. The
manner of exhibiting the appearance of
chrysom children in sculpture is here in
exact accordance with siinilar work in the
Church of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower
of London.* There is a tablet underneath
widi an inscription stating that the Right
Honcuable Dame Joyce, Countess of Totnes,
their eldest daughter, caused this their monu-
ment to be repaired and beautified. Anno
163a On a smaller tablet we read that,
^'Sir John Clopton, ICnight, their Great
Grandson, caused this again, and ye rest of
these monuments, to be repaired and beauti-
fied, Ano Dmi 17 14." Close to the east
wall of this chapel, and partially built in the
wall, is the monument of Geoige Carew,
Earl of Totnes and Baron of Clopton, and
his Countess Joice, who was die eldest
danj^iter of William Clopton and Anne.
The effigies are coloured, and are composed
of alabaster. They lie on a black marble
slab, under a richly decorated arch, having
Corinthian columns on either side, which
are surmounted by two coloured emblematic
figures. Aprofusionof shields of arms covers
* In the chancd of St Giles' Chnrch, Chesterton,
oo the Pejto momunent, may be seen a like repre«
the niches of the entire memorial The £azl
is in armour, over which he wears the robes
of a peer. On his head is a coronet ffis
beard is pointed, and his hands are raised as
in prayer. The knees have sufifered damage.
The Countess also wears the robes of a peeress,
and rings are on her fingers. A lion is at her
feet This latter object had probably been
fixed at the feet of the Earl at some fonnor
period. The costiune of gallants^t the time
when opinions were so divided as during die
reign of Charles the First was as various as
possible, but it became, as we know firom the
portraits by Vandyke, of the richest and rarest
quality. There are three Latin inscriptions on
the tablets in this monument One of these
and one on the wall adjacent in English are
remarkable, as testifying the amiable quali-
ties of Lord and Lady Totnes. Descended
originally fix)m the illustrious fimiily of the
Fitzgeralds, Lord Totnes derived the surname
of Carew fiom a Welsh ancestor. Bred to the
profession of arms, he was commanded by
Queen Elizabeth to quell the rebellion in
Ireland, where he became Master of die
Ordnance of that part of the kingdom.
Recalled to England, King James the First
made him Baron Clopton, and likewise gave
him several important offices, conferring upon
him the Master of the Ordnance to all
England. Charles the P^irst raised him to the
dignity of an Earl His career was highly
successful, and his merits undoubtedly veiy
grei^t. There is a three-quarter length por-
trait of him in the hall at Clopton. In that
he is seen with an extensive ruff and a white
pointed beard. The right hand grasps a
baton, a sword being in the left. On the
firont of the tomb, sculptured in white marble,
are trophies of arms, being exact representa-
tions of those in use in the Ordnance depart-
ment in the early part of the seventeenth
century. Lord Totnes died March 27, 1629,
aged 73. His Countess survived him till the
14th of February, 1636, being then 78. The
tide became extinct, the Earl dying without
issue. One of the Latin inscriptions com-
memorates Sir Thomas Stafford, the Earl's
private secretary in Ireland, and afterwards
Gentleman Usher to Queen Henrietta Maria.
This gentleman desired to be buried in the
Clopton vault with the firiends whom he sur-
vived, but it is uncertain whether this wish
2o8
THE CLOPTON MONUMENTS AT STRATFORDONAVON.
\
was carried out By the side of the large
monument is the portraiture in stone of a
woman kneeling at a desk. The figure is very
diminutive, and the dress very closely re-
sembles those worn by a lower section of
society, as depicted in Speed's Map of Eng-
land. We learn by the following epitaph
for whom it is intended : —
** Heere lyeth interred ye body of Miss Amy Smith,
who (being about ye age of 60 yeares and a maide)
departed mis life at Nonsuch, in Surrey, the 13th day
of Sep., A® Dni, 1626. She attended upon the
Right Honble. Joyce Ladie Carew, Coyntesse of
Totnes as her waiting gentlewoman ye space of 40
▼eares together ; being very desirous in her life tyme
mat after her death she might be laide in this Church
of Stratford, where her lady ye sayd Countesse also
Herselfe intended to be buned, and accordinglie to
fulfill her request, and for her so long trew and faithful
servise ye said Right Noble Countesse, as an evident
toaken of her affection towards her, not onely caused
lier body to be brought from Nonsuch heidier and
lumorably buryed, but also did cause this monument
and superscriptioQ to be erected in a gratefull memorie
of her whom she had found so good a servant"*
This terminates the series of monuments in
this chapel. Sir Hugh Clopton was a real
power in the land, he not only rebuilt a part
of the chapel of the Holy Cross, and repaired
the transept in the Church, but he built the
stone bridge which crosses the Avon from
east to west, at the north-east point of the
town. New Place, where Shakespeare died,
came eventually to his grand-daughter Lady
Barnard At her death it was sold to Sir
Edward Walker, Garter King of Arms, from
whom it descended to his only child Barbara,
the wife of Sir John Clopton, of Clopton.
His youngest son, Sir Hugh Clopton, became
possessed of the properQr, and was residing
in the house in 174a. His executor and
son-in-law, Henry Talbot, sad.to say, sold it
to one Francis Gastrell, who pulled the house
down and destroyed the garden. By the fact
of this occupation of New Place, a kind
of identity with the great poet is established.
On the staircase of the house at Clopton is
the full-length portrait of a young girl, who is
recorded as the last descendant of the once
great Clopton family. Their monuments in
Stratford Church afford very striking ex-
amples of the varieties of memorial sculpture
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
* Above the kneeling figure may be seen a coat of
arms, three greyhounds courant*
A family of the name of Clopton resided at
Kentwell Hall, at Long Melford, in the county
of Suffolk, for centuries. Sir William Clopton
dying without male issue, his estates went to
his daughter, the wife of Sir Symond D'Ewes,
who in turn left an only daughter, Lady Darcy,
who died childless in 1661, and dius the
Suffolk Cloptons became extinct.
■»K«K'^9^'«»h'
lectured on £arli^ fDan*
|T Owens College, Manchester, Pro-
fessor Boyd Dawkins has just
finished a course of six lectures on
" The Ancient World at the Time
of the Appearance of Man," and so valuable
are they to the student of antiquities that
we give a summary of the course.
The lecturer began by giving a few leading
ideas bearing upon the problem of his subject,
so far as we know it at the present time.
Until within the last few years the certainty
of primeval man was based altogether upon
documentary evidence, and seeing that these
documents only went a comparatively short
dbtance backwards, the previous past of
mankind was looked upon as altogether
speechless and voiceless, and the history
of the human race taken to be wholly out-
side our possible knowledge. At this time
a new series of knowledge was opened to
us in the most wonderful manner, and dis-
coveries were made all over the world, and
there was now no great break existing
between the time of which he treated and
that of to-day.
At the second lecture. Professor Dawkins
showed that at the close of the meiocene age
there was an extraordinary geographiad
change. As regards the configuration of this
country, there was no evidence of seasouthward
at that time, as at present. It was in all pro-
bability one solid mass of land, and affording
a free bridge, over which animals could
migrate to and fro as their wants led them.
Passing on to the examination of the types
of ancient animals, the lecturer said the
point of all his remarks tended to the ques-
tion — '' Is man to be numbered among these
PROFESSOR BOYD DA WKINS LECTURES ON EARLY MAN. 209
creatures as an inhabitant of £urope in the
iddocene age?" Among the fragments of
evidence upon which man's presence at that
period had been asserted was the disputed
discoyeiy of a human skull, at a depth of
fifteen metres, in a railway cutting at Olmo,
near Aiezzo. He had reason to believe that
that skull, which he had examined in the
museum at Florence, was not pleioceue at all,
but belonged to the neolithic period Pro-
fessor Capellini had met with certain bones
in Italy undoubtedly in pleiocene deposits ;
but he was not satisfied that they were
in situ^ for in the same collection was a
fragment of pottery, and he did not suppose
that the most daring anthropologist would
assert that the potter's art was known in the
pleiocene age.
The third lecture came to the pleistocene
period, when man made his appearance in
£urope^ and was surrounded by most of those
forms of animals which are now familiar to
our eyes. In the mid-pleistocene deposits
of the Thames valley, characterized by the
abundance of the remains of animals similar
to species now inhabiting temperate climates,
we met with the first evidence of the presence
of man in this quarter of the world. Two
flint chips, found by Messrs. Fishp^, Cheadle,
and Woodward, had afforded the clue to a
recent discovery, by Mr. Spurrell, of vast
numbers of flintflakes, scrapers, and knappers,
in association with the remains of rhinoceroses,
mammoths, and horses. The last named
gentleman was fortunate enough to hit upon
the very place where the ancient hunter had
sat and made these implements, and, by
collecting the splinters thrown aside by him,
the surface of the original blocks of flint out
of which the implements were made had
been in some cases restored. One-half of a
flint axe he (Professor Boyd Dawkins) was
fortunate enough to discover. The perfect
axes were, of course, carried off for use. The
whole group of implements were rude and
rough, and belonged to what was called the
river-drift type, which was almost world-wide
in its distributiorL In them we had evidence
that man was present in the valley of the
Thames, living by the chase, hunting the
bison and the horse, the young mammo& and
die yoong woolly rhinoceros, and having to
oooteodfor mastery with the grizzly bear and
the lion. When pleistocene man was at
Crayford the Thames itself was haunted by
beavers and otters, and the stillness of the
woods on its banks was broken by the snort
of the hippopotamus as he rose from the
water.
In the fourth lecture. Professor Dawkins
said that towards the close of the pleistocene
age the land gradually rose, and Britain again
became a part of the Continent They found
implements in the river gravels of the Thames,
in association with the remains of the anim^V p
he hunted — reindeer, bisons, horses, and mam-
moths. They found man also in the Eastern
Coimties as frir as Norfolk, and in the Mid-
land Counties as far to the north as Bedford ;
and in all these cases his implements lay either
in deposits which were composed of materials
washed out of the boulder days or in deposits
which rested upon them. In other words, he
was evidenUy there after the re-elevation of
the land fix>m beneath the sea. His imple-
ments were found in the valley of the £lwy,
near St Asaph, in the caves of Cresswell, and
in those of Kent's Hole near Torquay; so
that they must believe that from time to time
the hunter took refuge in caverns. He was
not, however, found over the whole of Great
Britain, and was conspicuous by his absence
over ku:ge areas. He had not been found as
yet in Ireland, nor in those regions whence
the traces of ancient glaciers were the
freshest, such as in Cumberland and West-
morland ; nor were there any traces of him in
Scotland and in the higher parts of Wales.
Neither in these areas did they find traces of
the animals on which he lived.
The fifth lecture considered the river-
drift hunter in India and North America,
and the sixth and last lecture dealt with the
numerous discoveries made in France, Bel-
gium, and Switzerland, which enabled them
to form a tolerably definite idea as to the
cave man's habits and mode of life. He
dwelt for the most part in caves, and accu-
mulated enormous masses of refuse — bones of
the animals on which he lived. In these
refuse heaps were numerous implements of
stone, bone, and ander — spear-heads, arrow-
heads, scrapers, elaborately cut harpoon-
heads, elaborate needles of bone and antler ;
and along with these occurred curious carv-
ings representing the surroundings of the cave
2IO PROPESSOX BOYD DAWKINS LECTVUES ON EARLY MAN.
man, and for the most part reproducing the
forms of animals on which he lived. Pro-
fessor Dawkins described in detail the evi-
dences which exist as to the habits, customs,
and modes of life of the cave men, who, he
said, were hunters pure and simple, without
knowledge of the metals, without domestic
animals, and even ignorant of the potter's
art. The range of the cave man over the
world was very much more restricted than
that of the river-drift hunter. The answer
to the question whether the cave man could
be identified with any living race was to be
found in their habits, implements, and art, and
from various hnes of argument which he
adduced he iofened that the Esquimaux of
the present day was in all probability his
living representative. At the close of the
pleistocene age in Europe a great geo-
graphical change took place, by which tlie
coast Unes became almost what they were
now. Ail that could be said regarding the
antiquity of man on the earth was that he
appeared in the pleistocene age, and that
that age was immeasurably removed from the
present time.
(Brceft an& "Roman Sculpture.
[|ygp^j|[REEK art has excited the admira-
8lP]b5^ tion and envy of every succeeding
iBJHel age. It has remained unequalled,
and probably always will remain
so. So much of the artisdc spirit finds ex-
pression in fragile materials, that we cannot
be too grateful that the Greek has impressed
his beautiful conceptions upon stone and
marble. Thus, we are in possession of a
wealth of beauty which would otherwise have
been lost to us. On all sides in the chief
galleries of Europe we can educate our eyes
and improve our taste by careful examina-
tion of exquisite works' which have come
down to these times, some of them unhurt,
through the vicissitudes of centuries. We
are too apt to forget the long period over
which Greek art extended, and to confuse
together the works of different ages. Agood
guide through the labyrinth has been long
wanting, and we therefore welcome the
I)eautifully printed and illustrated volume
which Mr. Perry has produced-* Hegives a
full account of classical sculpture in a very
convenient form, and in doing this he has
had a threefold object in view. He wished
^i) to give an historical sketch of the art,
(2) to bring prominently forward the artistic
character of the great works of antiquity, and
(3) tu (iiii^ci iiit' aluucltLa aUention tO thc
incidents of Greek life, and to show the in-
• Crttk and RomaH Sadpturt : a Papular Inlre-
i/uctim fo tit HUtery of Grtek and Roman Sculpttln.
By Walter Copland Petry. LoodoD : I-onginans,
Green & Co. iSSa. 8vo, pp. uz. 70a
GREEK AND ROMAN SCULPTURE.
tiinate relation between Greek art aad the
reUgioas, ptriitical Bud social life of the Greek
people. In canying out his object, the
witbor is helped by the admttable iltostrations,
which have been most judidously selected.
The subject is divided into six periods, the
fiist commendng with Olympiad 70, and the
last eoding with the Graeco-Roman period.
After the influence of Homer on the direc-
tion of Greek art, and the character of the
woits of the fbundcn of the earliest school
of sculpture in Greece have been considered,
we are informed as to the history of the
forerunners of Phcidias. Pheidias himself,
and his immortal sculptures in the Parthenon,
are fully described in several chapteis. Pass-
ing over lesser known men, we come to
Fnudtela, who, representing the spirit of
his age^ fimnded a new school of sculpture.
Then Eirnsciui art, and the migration of Greek
art to Rocne, are treated of, and the works of
the artists of Asia Minor are described. The
two last chapters are devoted to the interest-
ing subject of portrait sculpture. The life-
size statue aS Sophocles (Fig. i) is a work of
surpassing interest,
bodi as a veritable
reprcscntarion of the
great tragedian and
as a splendid ex-
ample of the sculp-
tor's art. The statue
was found, not long
before the year 1839,
in Terracina ( Anxur),
and was presented
by Count Antonelli
to Pope Gregory
, XVI., who placed it
I in his new museum
I in the Lateran. It
I is supposed to be a
I copy of the bronze
I original, set up on the
motion of the orator
Lycurgus, b.c. 368.
Afier it was discovered, Tenerani restored
the statue with skill and care. The bust of
Pericles (Fig. 2) in the British Museum, is
supposed to be a copy of the head of the
statue by Cresilas of Cydonia, which was so
highly fnaised by Pliny. The exquisite totso
of Eios (Fig. 3) was discovered by Gavin
Fig. 3.
Hamilton in Centocelle, and fis itov m Ike
Vatican. Mr. Perry supposes it to be acopy,
on accounted the infcnmity of the c
Fig. '3.
EKOa OV CENTOCELLE.
but of sufficient beauty of design to help u«
to realize the conception of Praxiteles. The
beautiful head of j£sculapius (Fig. 4} in die
British Museum, is of much interest on ac-
count of the
likeness to the
received busts
and statues of
Jupiter. The
Fie.4-
riage
of
Heracles and I
Hebe or ra-
ther the fonnal ^
surrender
the bride to
bridegroom, a
relic of Pelo-
ponnesian art
from a relief
discovered at
Corinth, has a
special archxo-
logical interest
as well as an
artistic one.
We cannot do better than quote Hr.
Pory's descriplioa of this work, and thus
dta
GREEK AND ROMAN SCULPTURE.
conclude our notice of his most valuable
volume :♦ —
Hendes is bearded, and carries his customary
attribatesy the lion's skui and the bow. Athene, as
his patroness, j^recedes him, with her helmet in her
hana, and he is followed by his mother, Alcmene^
who, as a matron, is richly dreraed. The figure of the
bride, and all her surroundings, are portrayed with
nnusual delicacy and refinement With drooping head
and maidenly reluctance, holding up a flower m her
left hand, she half follows and is half drawn alone by
Aphrodite, who tarns to her, as if chiding her delay.
Behind her is another figure, probably Peitho, the
goddess of persuasion, who lays her hand on the elbow
of the lingering Hebe. In front of Aphrodite marches
Hermes, and Mfore him Here, the mother of the bride,
who^ like Alcmene, is heavily and richly robed The
style of this relief lies between archaic stiffiiess and the
freedom of a later period, on which account it is some-
times classed among ' archaistic rather than archaic
works.
ZTbe fDafting of Englanb.
|H£NC£ this England of ours has
grown up — whether from Celtic
remnants which survived the storm
of Roman conquest ; whether from
Roman centres of power and civil and mili-
tary organization; or whether from the
settlements Qf the fierce Saxon and English
warriors, after their work of extermination
had been accomplished — ^is a question which
still divides the historians of England into
hostile camps. The supporters of the Celtic
origin of English civilieation are not wanting
either in numbers or importance ; while on
the Roman side we all know the famous book
of Mr. Coote's, Thd Ramans of Britain, and
on the Teutonic side we have the celebrated
names of Kemble, Freeman, Stubbs, and
Green. Mr. John Richard Green has said quite
enough, in his History of the English People,
to let the student know the views he would
take on this question ; but now, turning
aside from the lengthy narrative of the
history of the English people, he takes up
the smaller question, and presents (as might
be expected from his masterly pen) to the
histoncal reader a narrative of the making
of England, teeming with vigorous and
beautiful word*pictures, rich in imaginative
* We are indebted to Messrs. Longmans for the
use of the blocks that iUustiate this article.
scenes which fill up the interstices of his
chronicle or archaeological authorities, and
withal a warm glow of true admiration and
love for the men he is telling us about, or the
institutions he is describing, which imparts to
the reader more than once during his passage
through the pages thrills of literary enjoy-
ment*
To begin the story of the early village
settlements in England at the earliest stage
possible, we must first answer the question,
what were the physical conditions of the
island? Mr. Green takes us through all the
evidence of this, and he condudes that *' in
spite of its roads, its towns, and its mining-
works, it (Britain) remained even at the close
of the Roman rule an ' isle of blowing wood-
land,' a wild and half-reclaimed country, the
bulk of whose surface was occupied by
forest and waste" (p. 8). The Romans
occupied their walled and fortified towns,
communicating with each other by the
roads which were cut through the heart of
forest or swamp ; and they governed their
Celtic subjects, as they governed