A survey of Iberian Formicidae (Hymenoptera).

A survey of Iberian Formicidae

(Hymenoptera)

BY

C. A. CoLUNGwooD and I. H. H. Yarrow.
London.

This paper presents results from the examination of many thousands
of specimens from a number of collections. Chief of these include
material obtained by Collingwood (C) from the Central Pyrenees in
1957 and on a journey across Spain to the Sierra Nevada in 1966, by
Yarrow (Y) from a series of sixteen collecting trips to Spain, Portu-
gal and Andorra between 1952 and the present time and by Professor
H. Franz (F) of the Institut fur Bodenforschung, Vienna, who made
available his immense material of ants collected during several visits
to the Peninsula. We are grateful also to a number of other collectors
including H. W. Adams (A), S. C. S. Brown (B), C. Caspar (G), N.
Jessop (J), E. Owen Jones (OJ), R. W. A. Leach (L), H. C. F. New-
ton (N), R. Price (P), and Prof. Peris Torres (PT) of Madrid Univer-
sity for the loan of interesting specimens collected by J. Alvarez (M),
to the Authorities of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, for
lending a miscellaneous collection made largely by O. Lundblad and
S. Erlandsson (S), to the Authorities of the Helsingfors University
Museum for the loan of a specimen of Formica dusmeti Emery collected
in Algeciras in 1926 by Harald and Hakon Lindberg and finally to L.
Weatherill for making available a very interesting collection from
Portugal. For future reference, each record listed has the initial letter
of the collector or Institution given after it in brackets as indicated
above. New provincial records are indicately by an asterisk.

In this work, the Formica rufa group species have been dealt with
rather fully by Yarrow on account of their increasing importance in
the biological control of forest pests. Other species have been exami-
ned and annotated by Collingwood. Ceballos (1956) provided a com-
prehensive catalogue of all Hymenoptera species recorded from Spain
and from the Balearic Islands, deliberately avoiding all nomenclatorial

54 C. A. COLLINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

controversies and leaving specialist workers to sort out much of the
synonymies for themselves, a highly recommendable procedure consi-
dering the huge field covered. At the same time, Schmitz (1955)
published a useful list of ants recorded from Portugal with critical
comments on some of the species, and Bernard (1956) reviewed and
brought up to date those recorded from the Balearic Islands. We have
been guided by these lists as far as possible and have been greatly helped
by opinions and specimens from Dr. H. Kutter of Switzerland and
Dr. C. Baroni-Urbani of Florence. None the less we are well aware
that only occasionally does traditional ant nomenclature conform with
the precepts of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature but
we do not consider a work of the present kind the place to explore the
intricacies of such matters. Accordingly, morphologically distinct en-
tities are here treated as species and their names credited with original
date and authorship even when these may be palpably infrasubspecific
in origin.

The authors hope that users of this paper will appreciate that it is
intended to be complementary to the Formicidae section of the Ceba-
llos catalogue, not to replace it and that species recorded in that work
but not confirmed by the very extensive recent collecting may here
receive no mention but that this does not necessarily Indicate that they
dispute the correctness of these earlier inclusions. Several genera
(Typhlopone, Manica, Oxyopomyrinex, Phacota, Dolichoderns, Lio-
metopunii, Acantholepis), each listdd by Ceballos with a single species,
fall into this category as do a number of species belonging to genera
otherwise represented in the material studied. And noone who has
worked the fringes of the vast unexplored, almost unexplorable, sie-
rras, serras and mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula could deny
the probability of large additions to the recorded ant fauna in the
future.

THE SPECIES
PONERINAE

1. Euponera (Trachymesopus) oehracea (Mayr).
Mallorca*: Coll de Soller (F).

2. Ponera coarctata (Latr.).

Barcelona*: Vallirana (F). Castellon*: Begis, Benicarlo (F). Cor-
doba*: Sierra de Cordoba (F). Gerona: Costa Brava (F). Huesca :

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 55

Alcubierre (F). Ibiza * (F). Logrofio * : Monasterio de Valvanera en
Anguiano (F). Madrid: Aranjuez (F). Mallorca: Palma (F). Menor-
ca*: Mahon (F). Murcia * : Sierra de Carrascoy (F). Orense * : Los
Peares (F). Oviedo*: Bezanes (F), Covadonga (F). Pontevdera*:
Bayona, Islas Cies del Sur (F). Santander*: Beranga, Jesus del Mon-
te, Potes (F). Tarragona*: Vendrell (F). Teruel*: Rio Alfambra (F).
Toledo*: Ouintanar de la Orden (F).

Portugal. — ^No locality (S).

All but Madrid and Mallorca are new provincial records. The
Franz collections included 24 locations for this species which is evi-
dently widely distributed.

3. Ponera eduardi Forel.

Barcelona: San Feliu (F). Cadiz * : Algeciras (F). Gerona: La Jun-
quera (F). Granada*: Sierra Nevada (F). Ibiza*: San Miguel (F).
Madrid (F). Murcia*: Murcia (F). Pontevedra*: Mondariz, Ponte-
vedra (F).

Dr. H. Kutter states (pers. comm.) that this species is quite com-
mon in South France.

4. Anochetus ghiliani (Spin.).
Cadiz: Algeciras (F).

This is the only province from which this species has so far been
recorded in Spain.

5. Stigmatomma denticulatum Rog.

Malaga *: Malaga (F).

This has also been recorded from the adjacent province of Cadiz.

6. Sysphincta europea Forel.
Pontevedra * : Mondariz (F).

This has previously been taken in Sevilla. The last three species
are all rare and little known in South Europe.

MYRMICINAE

7. Myrmica rubra (L.).

Avila*: Sierra de Gredos (F). Barcelona: Barcelona (F). Hues-
ca: Torla (F). Lerida: Seo de Urgel (F). Logrono * : Anguiano (F).

56 C. A. COHINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

Lugo*: Lozara (F). Oviedo: Covadonga (F). Santander*: La Fuen-
te, Pontones (F).

This species is as one would expect more or less confined to the
northern provinces but there is an old record for Madrid.

8. Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.

Gerona: Cadaques (F). Huesca: Canfranc (C), Ordesa (F). La
Corufia *: Santiago (F). Leon *: Sierra de la Cabrera (F). Logrofio *:
Monasterio de Valvanera en Anguiano (F). Lugo*: Guitiriz, Lozara,
Sierra de Ancares (F). Madrid*: Sierra de Guadarrama. Orense*:
Sierra de Gerez, Venn (F). Oviedo*: Bezanes, Rio Narcea (F). Pon-
tevedra*: Pontevedra (F). Santander*: Espinama, Pontones, Saja,
Villafufre (F). Teruel*: Sierra de Albarracin (F). Andorra (Y).

9. Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl.
Huesca *: Puerto de Portalet (F).

This species is abundant in the high Pyrenees.

10. Myrmica aloba Forel.

Avila*: Sierra de Gredos (F). Caceres*: Perales del Puerto (F).
Gerona: Cassa de la Selva (F). Granada*: Rio Monachll (F), Sierra
Nevada (C, F). Ibiza: No locality (F). Jaen * : Sierra de Cazorla (F).
La Corufia*: Santiago (F). Lugo*: Sierra de Ancares (F). Madrid:
El Escorial, Sierra de Guadarrama (F). Murcia * : Sierra de Carras-
coy (F). Pontevedra * : Cabo Silleiro, La Guardia, Monte del Testei-
ro (F). Segovia*: Riofrio (Y). Teruel*: Sierra de Albarracin (F).

Portugal: Beira Alta, Serra da Estrela, Serra do Gerez (F).

This was described by Forel (1909) as a variety of M. scabrinodis
with no lobar extension at the bend of the scape. In the large material
chiefl}' collected by Franz, this species has been identified according
to the following characteristics. The antenna! scape is simply but
sharply bent near the base as in M. sulcinodis but is somewhat thicker
and shorter. Some examples have an indistinct swelling at the bend
but this is never angled as in M. scabrinodis. The frontal area is
distinctly striate and the frontal ridges are more widely spaced and
less sinuate than in M. scabrinodis. Other features including the
thoracic outline and petiole nodes are very similar to that species. It
is, however, quite a distinct species on the head characters alone and
the male, according to Santschi (1931) and other authors, has the an-

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE»

57

teiial scape equal in length to the following four or five segments as in
M. sahuleti. Some series are more easily confused with M. sulcinodis
than with Ad. scabrinodis but can be distinguished by the divergent
sharply pointed epinotal spines, the shorter more square petiole outline
seen from above and the more divergent frontal laminae (index 82-86
compared with M. sidcinodis 88-94).

M. aloba is the only Myrmica recorded from N. Africa (Bernard,
1958) and there are examples in the Franz collection from Ost Rif,
Spanish Morocco and the High Atlas. These differ in no way from
other examples taken in Spain and a queen and worker from Ibiza.
Bernard (1956) following Menozzi (1926) only lists M. rolandi Bon-
droit from the Balearic Islands. This form was originally described
from the Pyrenees and has been recorded from a wide area in Spain,
It has probably been confused with M. scabrinodis on the one hand
and with M. aloba Forel on the other.

11. Myrmica rugulosa Nyl.

This was taken in the French Pyrenees above Urdos (C). Ceballos
gives records for Sevilla, Ciudad Real and Coruha but there are no
examples of this species in the extensive series of Myrmica from Spain
under review.

12. Myrmica specioides Bondroit, 1918.

(Syn. Myrmica puerilis Staecke, 1942.)

Cuenca*: Cafiete (Y). Gerona*: Col de Cannes (F). Teruel * :
Sierra de Albarracin, Sierra de Cucalon (F).

Franz also collected two workers at Col de Pou in the Pyrenees
Orientales, France. These are interesting extensiones of the range
of this little known species (Collingwood, 1962). According to ma-
terial in the Bondroit collection in Bruessels labelled M. specioides and
examples in the British Museum from Calais and Paris, M. puerilis is
identical and the name must therefore fall as a synonym.

13. Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl.

Barcelona: Vallirana (F). Cuenca*: Reillo (Y). Gerona: Cassa de
la Selva (F). Huesca*: Canfranc, Jaca (C), Torla (F). La Corufia:
Santiago (F). Leon*: Molinaferreira (F). Logrofio * : Monasterio de
Valvanera en Anguiano (F). Lugo*: Sierra de Ancares (F). Ma-
drid * : Sierra de Guadarrama (Y). Malaga * : Malaga (F). Orense * :

58 C. A. COLWNGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

Campo de Becerros (F). Oviedo*: Puerto El Palo, Puerto de Pajares
(F). Pontevedra*: Bayona, Islas Cies del Sur, Isla de Ons, La Guar-
dia (F). Santander * : Puerto de la Bragui'a, Santona (F).

The series from Molinaferreira are unusually large and dark. The
sculpture is strongly anastomosed and the meso-spinotal furrow very
deep.

14. Myrmica sabuleti Mein.

Barcelona: Vallirana (F). Castellon*: Begis (F). Gerona * : Olot
(F). Granada * : Pinos Genii (C). Guipiizcoa : Tolosa (F). Huesca * :
Canfranc, Jaca (C), Ordesa (Y), Puerto de Portalet (F), Torla (Y).
La Coruna * : La Corufia (F). Lerida * : Seo de Urgel (F). Nava-
rra * : Roncesvalles (F). Oviedo * : Bezanes, Puerto de Pajares (F).
Palencia * : Las Arenas (Y). Pontevedra * : Bayona, Mondariz (F).
Santander*: Beranga, Villaescusa (F). Segovia*: La Granja (Y). Za-
ragoza * : Zuera (F).

Outside the immediate vicinity of the Pyrenees, the female castes
are characterized by a rather narrow lobar extension of the scape, the
few males present are typical. This species is evidently common at
least throughout North Spain.

15. Myrmica schencki Em.

Huesca * : Canfranc (C). Leon * : Molinaferreira (F).

This ant has not hitherto been recorded from Spain where it must
evidently be rather uncommon. Franz had one worker among a short
series of large dark M. scabrinodis from Molinaferreira as already
described. The colony at Canfranc was found under a stone. Both
sets of specimens are quite typical.

16. Myrmica lobicornis Nyl.

Leon*: Sierra de la Cabrera, Sierra de Son (F). Logrono * : Mo-
nasterio de Valvanera en Anguiano, Sierra Cebollera (F). Madrid :
Sierra de Guadarrama (F), (C). Oviedo*: Teverga (F). Santander*:
Espinama (F). Teruel * : Sierra de Albarracin (F). Zaragoza * : Sie-
rra del Moncayo (F).

The Spanish form outside the Pyrenees is remarkable for the mi-
nute development of the tooth on the antennal scape. This is almost
obsolete in some specimens such as the series from the Sierra de Gua-
darrama and so contrasts with examples from Scandinavia, where de-

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 59

velopment of the scape progress if relatively enormous, that it is diffi-
cult to regard the extreme as belonging to one species. Kutter (1961)
placed M. lobicornis from Switzerland into three morphologically dis-
tinguishable groups of workers but found the males to be constant.
This is probably the most variable of the European Myrmica species
but paradoxically one of the easiest to determine.

17. Stenamma westwoodii West.

Barcelona: Barcelona (F). Cadiz*: Algeciras, Grazalema (F). Cor-
doba*: Cordoba (F). Logrono * : Monasterio de Valvanera en Aguia-
no (F). Madrid*: Aranjuez (F). Malaga*: Malaga (F). Ponteve-
dra*: Moraiia (F). Santander * : Beranga, Jesus del Monte, La Fuen-
te, Monte de Candino en Castro-Urdiales, Villaescusa, Villafufre (F).

All except Barcelona are new records. This cryptic species is not
easy to find but the intensive sampling methods of Franz have revealed
a remarkable number of new records.

18. Stenamma sardoum Emery.
Tarragona * : Sierra de Montsant (F).

A single specimen in the Franz collection is ascribed to this species ;
the petiole node has a flattened rounded dorsal area instead of the peak-
like profile of S. westwoodii. The specimen is also larger than typi-
cal examples of S. westwoodii with a broader head.

19. Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma) subterranea (Latr.).

Barcelona: Vallirana (F). Huesca * : Jaca (C). Mallorca*: Coll
de Soller (F). Menorca*: Mahon (F). Santander*: Potes (F). Tarra-
gona * : Sierra de Montsant (F).

These including the Balearic Islands are all new provincial records.
The Jaca colony was found under a large stone as is typical for this sub-
terranean species.

20. Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma) subterraneoides Emery.
Castellon*: Begis (F).

21. Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma) dulcinea Santschi.

Huelva*: Ayamonte (F). Jaen*: Cazorla (F). Madrid*: El Par-
do (F). Malaga*: Malaga (F). Murcia*: Sierra de Espufia (F).

A. dulcinea is evidently a good species. It differs from A. pallida

60 C. A. COLUNGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

and A. leveillei Emery by the presence of distinct but small epinotal
teeth and from A. subterraneoides by its pale colour and shorter funi-
cular segments. Ceballos lists A. pallida from Spain and also leveillei
and dulcinea as varieties of A. pallida. These probably all refer to the
same species i. e. dulcinea. Emery (1908) gave conflicting descrip-
tions of A. leveillei as a consequence of which it may have been wrongly
recorded from Spain. Schmitz includes A. leveillei in his list of Por-
tuguese ants.

22. Aphaenogastcr (Attomyrma) strioloides Forel.

Alicante*: Alcoy (Y). Ciudad Real*: Santa Cruz de Mudela (F).

This more or less reddish species has the general form of A. gib-
bosa but is without suberect hairs on scapes and tibiae. It has pre-
viously been recorded only from Seville in Spain.

23. Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma) gibbosa (Latr.).

Gerona: Gerona (F). Granada: Pinos-Genil (C). Huelva * : Aya-
monte (F). Huesca * : Canfranc, Jaca (C), Torla (F). Madrid: Aran-
juez (F). Torrelodones (C), Villalba (F). Orense * : Los Peares
(F). Oviedo * : Los Ferreros (F). Pontevedra * : Bayona, Isla Cies
del Norte, Isla Cies del Sur, La Guardia, Sierra de Grova (F). Se-
villa: Carmona, Sierra Morena (F). Tarragona*: Sierra de Mont-
sant (F). Zaragoza * : Embalse de Yesa, Sierra de Alcubierre (F).

Portugal. — Beira Alta * : Mangalde (Y). Tras os Montes : Aligo (W).

This is a common South European species. The colour varies
among individuals in the same colony from dark testaceous to black.
Ceballos lists the variety "levior" Forel based on pale coloured indi-
viduals but this is a taxonomically useless distinction. One colony at
Jaca was attacked by Myrmica sabulefi workers sharing the same stone.

24. Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma) striativentris Forel.
Sevilla: Carmona (F).

This appears to be a good species, although originally described
by Forel as a variety of A. gibbosa from Sevilla and so listed by Ce-
ballos. The mesonotum is less humped than in A. gibbosa and the
first gaster segment is distinctly striated and not smooth. The only
previous record for this species was also from Sevilla where Forel
originally discovered it.

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIUAE» 61

25. Aphaenogaster testaceopilosa (Lucas).

Alicante: Alicante (C). Avila * : Sierra de Credos (Y). Badajoz:
Badajoz (N). Cadiz: Vejer de la Frontera (Y). Ciudad Real: Fernan
Caballero (M). Cordoba: Sierra de Cordoba (F). Huelva*: Ayamon-
te (F). Jaen: Menjibar (C). Madrid: Alcala de Henares (M), Aran-
juez (F), Meco (Mj, Sierra de Guadarrama (Y), Vaciamadrid (F).
Malaga: Ronda (Y). La Coruna: Santiago (J). Sevilla: Sierra More-
na (F). Tarragona: Tarragona (G). Valencia: Jaraco (G). Zaragoza:
Zaragoza (C).

Portugal. — Algarve: Faro; Portimao (Y). Alto Alemtejo: Redon-
do (Y). Baixo Alemtejo: Ferreiro (Fj, Palma (L). Estremadura: Bu-
Qaco, Lisboa (W). Tras Os Montes : Alijo (W).

The European form of A. testaceopilosa Lucas is usually referred
to senilis Mayr which Bernard (1958) treats as a distinct species. A.
senilis is said to differ from A. testaceopilosa in the higher steeper
petiole node and less sculptured head, but it has not been possible to
distinguish the two from the present collections. The few males avai-
lable correspond to the description of A. senilis as given by Santschi
(1933) but available descriptions of authentic A. testaceopilosa are too
imprecise for certain distinction. Both names are listed by Ceballos
for Spain and both occur in literature on the North African fauna e. g.
Cagniant (1962).

26. Aphaenogaster gemella (Roger).

There are a few examples in the Franz collection from Menorca.
Goetsch (1942) refers to A. testaceopilosa carrying leaves into its nests
at Blanes in Gerona province. However, according to Bernard (1958)
only A. gemella of this group of species is vegetarian. No doubt
Goetsch's record refers to this species which has not hitherto been re-
corded in Spain apart from the Balearic Islands where it is not un-
common.

27. Aphaenogaster iberica Emery.

Cadiz * : Guadiaro (L). Ciudad Real : Santa Cruz de Mudela (F).
Cuenca*: ReiUo (Y). Granada*: Baza (C). Huesca * : Huesca (Y).
Jaen*: Mengibar (C), Sierra de Cazorla (F). Madrid: Aranjuez, El
Escorial, Sierra de Guadarrama, Villalba (F). Malaga: Malaga (F).
Murcia : Alhama de Murcia (P), Sierra de Carrascoy, Sierra de Espu-
fia (F). Segovia * : La Granja, Pradena, Revenga, Riofrio (Y). Zarago-
za: Daroca (Y).

62 C. A. COLLINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

Portugal. — Algarve: Monchique (Y). Baixo Alemtejo: Setubal (L).
Estremadura: Arrabida, Bugaco (W).

This species lias a wide distribution in Spain and Portugal but has
not yet been recorded outside these countries. It has close affinities
with the Italian A. spinosa from which it principally differs in the
more elongate head. Together with A. campana, praedo, semipolita
and spipnosa the female castes are at once distinguished from the A.
testaceo-pilosa group by the four segmented instead of the distinctly
five segmented antennal club. Yet Emery (1908) described A. iberica
as a variety of A. senilis from which it clearly differs in a number of
important characters.

28. Aphacnogaster angusta Santschi.

Alicante*: Alicante (C). Murcia*: Alhama de Murcia (P).

This is similar to A. iberica but with the petiole less peaked, the
body more diffusely sculptured and the epinotal spines straighter and
shorter.

29. Messor barbarus (L.).

Alicante*: Alicante (C). Barcelona: San Feliii (B), Sitges (Y). Ca-
diz: Algeciras (F, Y), Jerez (Y). Cuenca*: Motilla del Palancar (Y).
Gerona: Cassa de la Selva (F). Granada: Baza (C). Huelva: Ayamon-
te (Y). Madrid: Aranjuez (C), El Escorial (F), Meco; Montarco
(M), Torrelodones, Vaciamadrid (F). Malaga: Fuengirola (S), Nerja,
Ronda (Y), Torremolinos (M). Mallorca: Felanitx (F). Murcia: Alha-
ma de Murcia (P), Jumilla (F), Lorca (Y). Oviedo*: Puente los Fie-
rros (F). Sevilla: near Sevilla (F), Eos Palacios (Y). Tarragona: Sie-
rra de Montsant (F). Toledo * : Quintanar de la Orden (F). Valen-
cia * : Valencia (M). Zaragoza: Jaulin; Rio Riquel (F).

Portugal. — Algarve : Monchique (Y) ; Baixo Alentejo : Ferreiro
(F), Palma (L). Estremadura: Lisboa (W).

The Mallorca record supports an earUer one of Saunders (1901) of
which there are examples in the Oxford University Museum. Ber-
nard (1956) remarks on the apparent absence of this species from the
Balearics.

30. Messor capitatus (Eatr.).

Almeria*: Chercos (F). Burgos*: Hontoria del Pinar (F). Ca-
diz*: Guadiaro (S). Cuenca*: Buenache (M), Motilla del Palancar,

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 63

Reillo (Y). Huesca*: Jaca (C, Y). Madrid: Vaciamadrid, Villalba (F).
Mallorca: Palma (F). Orense *: Barco de Valdeorras (F). Santander *:
Espinama, Potes, V^alle de Valdeon (F). Segovia*: La Granja (Y).
Valencia*: Serra (F). Zaragoza: Sierra de Alcubierre (F).

Portugal. — Tras Os Montes : Aligo (W).

This species is abundant in inLnd areas whereas M. barbarus
tends to be more frequent near the coast. M. capitatus is similar to
M. barbarus but may be easily distinguished by the uniformly black
head and bluntly angled epinotum. M. capitatus var. grandiceps Stitz
recorded from Cordoba would appear to be a trivial variation from
the description given by Stitz (1916).

31. Messor bouvieri Bondroit.

Almeria * : Sierra de Almagro (F). Barcelona: San Feliu (B). Ca-
diz * : Vejer de la Frontera (Y). Granada * : Baza (C), Sierra Nevada
(Y). Huesca*: Ordesa (Y). Ibiza: Sierra Grossa (F). La Coruiia:
Corrubedo (F). Madrid: Aranjuez (C), Valdemoro, Villalba (F). Ma-
laga: Fuengirola (L), Ronda (Y). Menorca : Mahon, Pico Toro (F).
Murcia : Jumilla, Sierra de Espuna (F). Pontevedra*: Islas Cies del
Norte, Isla Cies del Sur, Isla de Ons, Ria de Vigo (F). Valencia: Va-
lencia (M). Zaragoza*: Zaragoza (F).

Portugal. — Alto Alemtejo: Redondo (Y). Estremadura: Arrabida,
Lisboa (W). Minho: Ancora (Y).

This widely distributed species is characterised by its small general
size, long anteriorly curved subcephalic hairs and near absence of
standing hairs on the first gaster segment. Bernard (1958) uses the
name M. sancta but bouvieri Bondroit seems to be the correct name for
the European form which is uniformly shining black by contrast with
M. sancta from N. Africa which is more or less reddish. Schmitz
(1955) refers to this form as M. sanctus bouvieri in this list for Por-
tugal. Wheeler (1936) used the name M. instabilis for the Balearic
records, no doubt following Bondroit who referred to it as M. insta-
bilis var. bouvieri. M. instabilis, however, as C. Baroni Urbani has
kindly pointed out, is an Indian species with different characteristics.

32. Messor hispanica Santsch.
Mallorca * : Palma (B).

This closely resembles M. bouvieri in its small size and abundant

64 C. A. COLLINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

long gula hairs but is distinguished by numerous erect hairs on the
dorsum of the gaster.

33. Messor maroccana Emery.

Portugal. — Estremadura * : Vila de Miraflores (J).

This is an interesting extension of the range of this North African
species distinguished from the similarly bicoloured M. meridionalis
Andre by its smaller size and very shining head.

34. Messor lobicomis Forel.

Pontevedra*: Bayona, Cabo Silleiro, Isla Cies del Sur (F).

Portugal. — Tras Os Montes * : Aligo (W).

These are first records for Spain and Portugal of this North Afri-
can species. The worker is small and dark with strongly developed
subcephallic hairs as in M. bouvieri from which it is distinguished by
its very short antennal segments and pronounced epinotal spines.

35. Messor structor (Latr.).

Gerona: Junquera (Sj. Granada *: Casa de Capo (M), Granada (C),
Sierra Nevada (E). Ibiza: Ibiza (F). Madrid: Alcala de Henares, Aran-
juez, Barajas (M). Mallorca * : Eelanitx (F). Menorca: Pico Toro
(F). Murcia*: Jumilla (F). Segovia*: Ea Granja (Y). Valencia: Be-
tera (P T), Serra (F). Zaragoza: Zaragoza (C).

Portugal. — ^Estremadura: Eisboa (W).

Bernard (1954), (1956), distinguishes M. rufitarsis Fab. from M.
structor by the more square head in the large worker and the develop-
ment of additional short thick hairs on the frons. He further diffe-
rentiates them geographically, M. rufitarsis being the more eastern
species and M. structor confined to areas west of the Rhone ; he inclu-
des both in the species list for the Balearics (Bernard, 1956).

36. Goniomma tunetica Forel.

Portugal. — Baixo Alemtejo * : Setubal (E). Estremadura * : Eis-
boa (W).

This is a first record for Portugal of this little known species.
According to C. Baroni Urbani, to whom an example was referred,
it corresponds with tunetica Forel var. nitidifrons Santschi from North
Africa.

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 65

i7 . Goniomma blanci (Andre).

Madrid * : El Escorial, Sierra de Guadarrama (F).

These two single separate workers appear to be typical examples
of G. blanci. This is a first record for Spain of this species hitherto
only known from South France. The eyes are more closely set to the
mandibles than in G. hispanicum.

38. Pheidole pallidula (Nyl.).

Barcelona: Barcelona (Y). Caceres: Perales del Puerto (F). Cadiz:
Algeciras (F). Castellon*: J erica (G), Sierra de Vallibona, Vinaroz
(F). Cordoba : Sierra de Cordoba (F). Gerona : Cadaques (F), Lloret de
Mar (L,). Huesca: Jaca (C), Torla (F). Ibiza: (F). Madrid: Aranjuez,
El Escorial, Torrelodones (F). Mallorca: Felanitx (F). Menorca: Ma-
hon (F). Murcia: Alhama de Murcia (P), Jumilla (F). Pontevedra*:
Bayona, Islas Cies del Sur, Isla de Ons, La Guardia, Pontevedra, Ria
de Vigo (F). Santander*: Potes (F). Tarragona*: Tarragona (G),
Vendrell (F). Teruel*: Rio Alfambra, Sierra de Cucalon (F). Zarago-
za: Sierra de Alcubierre, Zaragoza (F).

Portugal. — ^Baixa Alemtejo: Ferreiro do Alemtejo (F). Estremadu-
ra: Buqaco (W). Minho: Braga (W).

This very abundant South European species is probably to be found
in every province of Spain. Thorictus grandicollis Germ, a myrme-
cophilous beetle was found in several nests in the Pyrenees Orientales.

39. Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) scutellaris (Ol.).

Cadiz: Grazalema (F), Guadiaro (L). Castellon*: Sierra de Valh-
bona (F). Cordoba: Sierra de Cordoba (F). Gerona: Cadaques (F).
Granada: Pinos-Genil (C). Huesca*: Boltaiia (Y). Madrid: El Es-
corial (F). Malaga: Malaga (F). Mallorca: Coll de Soller, Felanitx
(F). Menorca: Mahon, Tirantnou (F). Pontevedra*: Pontevedra (F).
Santander*: Potes (F). Segovia*: Revenga (Y). Zaragoza: Sierra de
Alcubierre (F).

Portugal. — Baixo Alemtejo: Ferreira do Alemtejo (F).

40. Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) auberti Emery.

Almeria * : Almeria (M). Burgos * : Segovia road (Y). Cadiz : Al-
geciras (E, F). Castellon: Jerica (G). Ciudad Real: Santa Cruz de Mu-
dela (F). Gerona: Gerona (F). Granada: Pinos-Genil (C). Huesca*:

Eos, XLIV, 1968. 5

66 C. A. COLWNGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

Anso (Y). Leon: Sierra de Son (F). Madrid: Vaciamadrid (F). Ma-
laga: Fuengirola (L), Ronda (C). Murcia*: JumiUa, Sierra de Espu-
na (F). Pontevedra*: Bayona, Ria de Vigo (F). Toledo*: Quintanar
de la Orden (F). Zaragoza: Embalse de Yesa, Lecifiena, Rio de
Riquel (F).

Portugal. — Estremadura: Arrabida, Bugaco (W), Minho * : Serra
do Gerez (Y).

There are several named varieties of this species including a dar-
ker more sculptured form, iberica Forel. Probably the series of wor-
kers from Sierra de Son, Leon, corresponds to this but apart from lar-
ger size and deeper colour including dark scapes, no definite structu-
ral differences are detectable between these and the rest including some
from^ Port La Nouvelle fringing the Pyrenees Orientales.

41 . Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) laestrygon Emery.
Mallorca: Palma (F).

The Balearic race has been referred by some authors to submaura
Lomnicki.

42. Crematogaster (Orthocreme) sordidula (Nyl.).

Cordoba: Sierra de Cordoba (F). Ciudad Real: Santa Cruz de Mu-
dela (F). Gerona: Gerona (F). Granada*: Sierra Nevada (F). Ibiza * :
Sierra Grossa (F). Jaen: Sierra de Cazorla (F). Madrid: Aranjuez
(F). Malaga*: Malaga (F). Murcia*: Lorca (L). Sierra de Espuna
(F). Pontevedra*: Isla de 0ns, Pontevedra (F). Tarragona: Sierra
de Montsant (F).

This abundant but unobtrusive little South European species has
not hitherto been recorded from the Balearics.

43. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) salomonis (L.).

Cadiz: Guadiano (L). Mallorca: Palma (B). Menorca : Mahon (F).

44. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) subopaca (F. Smith).
Alicante*: Alicante (C). Ibiza: Ibiza (F). Malaga: Estepona, Fuen-
girola (L).

Both the above species occur in several provinces in South Spain.
M. subopaca from Ibiza confirms an old record of a single worker
from the Balearics taken by Eidmann (Bernard, 1956) in Mallorca.

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 67

45. Solenopsis fugax (L,atr.).
Huesca * : Canfranc (C), Torla (F).

46. Solenopsis monticola Bernard.

Castellon*: Benicarlo (F). Gerona*: Cadaques (F). Huesca*:
Castiello de Jaca (C), Torla (Y). Lerida * : Begos (F). Tarragona * :
Vendrell (F).

47. Solenopsis nicaeensis Bernard.
Huesca * : Jaca (C).

48. Solenopsis latro Forel.

Granada*: Sierra Nevada (F). Madrid*: Aranjuez (F). Murcia*:
Murcia (F). Orense*: Los Peares (F). Pontevedra * : Beluso, Cabo
Silleiro, Isla Cies del Norte (F).

49. Solenopsis fairchildi Wheeler.

Castellon*: Sierra de Vallibona (F). Cordoba*: Sierra de Cordo-
ba (F). Mallorca: Coll de Soller, Palma (F). Menorca: Mahon, Pico
Toro (F).

50. Solenopsis lusitanica Emery.
Madrid * : Vaciamadrid (F).

Portugal. — Estremadura : Bugaco (W), Castelo de Vide, Fatima (F).

51. Solenopsis orbula Emery.

Castellon : Sierra de Vallibona (F). Huelva : Ayamonte (F). Madrid :
Sierra de Guadarrama, Torrelodones (F). Tarragona * : Sierra de Mont-
sant (F).

The identification of the Solenopsis species above is necessarily ten-
tative pending a proper revision of this difficult group. Bernard
(1946) made some attempt to clarify the situation with respect to the
French species and I have been guided as far as possible by his des-
criptions and keys.

S. monticola replaces S. fugax in the Southern mountains according
to Bernard. It is chiefly distinguished from S. jugax by the more
pronounced meso-epinotal furrow. Specimens compare with examples
from BrianQon, the Alpes-Maritimes and Latour de Carol in the Py-
renees Orientales (C). S. nicaeensis is distinguished by the more pro-

68 C. A. COIJ.INGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

nounced clypeal teeth as well as distinct meso-q)inotal furrow. These
species differ from the others named in the relative abundance of long
body hairs. S. latro is distinguished by its small size, very distinct
meso-epinotal furrow, short very blunt clypeal teeth and more rectan-
gular head. S. jainhildi, described by Wheeler (1936) as a race of
S. latro from Mallorca, has pronounced curved clypeal teeth and the
specimens so named above seem to correspond well in other features
with his description. It has the same long head as S. orbula but a
more distinct meso-epinotal groove. S. lusitanica is a small short-
headed species. Males in the Portuguese series collected by Weathe-
rill are much smaller than those of 6". fugax, have a more rounded head
and differ in sculptural details from that species. Other specimens
taken by Franz near Banyuls and in the Mont Canigou Valley in the
Pyrenees Orientales, are referable to S. rugosa Emery and S. banyulen-
sis Bernard respectively.

52. Myrmecina graminicola (Latr.).

Barcelona*: Vallirana (F). Cadiz*: Algeciras (F). Castellon*:
Vallibona (F). Cordoba*: Sierra de Cordoba (F). Gerona*: Cadaques
(F). Guipiizcoa*: Tolosa (F). La Corufia*: Noya, Outes, Punta de
la Estaca de Bares, San Saturnino (F). Lerida * : Begos (F). Madrid * :
Madrid (F). Mallorca * : Coll de Soller, Felanitx (F). Menorca * : Mahon
(F). Orense * : Los Peares (F). Oviedo * : Bezanes (F). Pontevedra * :
Bayona, Isla Cies del Norte, Isla de Ons, Montes del Testeiro (F). San-
tander*: Beranga, Espinama, Jesus del Monte, La Fuente, Marron,
Monte Candina en Castro Urdiales, Pontones, Villafufre, Villaescusa
(F). Sevilla * : Sierra Morena (F). Tarragona * : Sierra de Montsant (F).

Portugal. — Estremadura * : Fatima (F).

This long list of locality records from the Franz collection is re-
markable in that it provides the first record for Spain and the Balea-
rics. M. graminicola was also taken in several places in the Pyrenees
Orientales.

53. Temnothorax recedens (Nyl).

Barcelona: San Feliii (B). Cadiz: Algeciras (F). Castellon*: Be-
nicarlo, Sierra de Vallibona (F). Cordoba * : Sierra de Cordoba (F).
Granada: Baza (C). Huesca*: Canfranc (C). Ibiza: Sierra Grossa
(F). Madrid*: Torrelodones (F). Malaga: Estepona (F). Mallorca:

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 69

Felanitx, Palma (F). Menorca: Pico de Toro (F). Zaragoza: Sierra de
Alcubierre (F).

This appears to be common on the Balearic Islands where Bernard
(1956) pointed out that it was the only recorded Leptothoracine ant
despite the abundance of a number of Leptothorax species on the sur-
rounding mainlands.

54. Leptothorax acervorum (Fab.).

Leon*: San Felix de las Lavanderas, Sierra de Son (F). Lugo*:
Sierra de Ancares (F). Santander*: Picos de Europa (F). Teruel:
Sierra de Albarracin (F).

55. Leptothorax muscorum (Nyl.).

This has not been recorded from Spain. In France it is restricted
to the north and higher mountain areas, and was found in 1957 above
Urdos in the Basses Pyrenees (C).

56. Leptothorax boeticus Emery.

Madrid: Aranjuez (F). Zaragoza*: Sierra de Alcubierre (F).
This is a large, deeply sculptured species with a massive globular
petiole node. It belongs to the L. rottenbergi species group.

57. Leptothorax angustulus (Nyl.).

Mallorca: Coll de Seller (F). 'Zaragoza*: Jaulin (F).
The Mallorca record is of particular interest as it confirms a very
old record (Roger, 1863) that was ignored by Bernard (1956).

58. Leptothorax corticalis (Schenck).
Tarragona *: Sierra de Montsant (F).
Portugal. — Beira Alta * : Serra da Estrela (F).

The only representatives in the Franz collection were three queens ;
these have extremely short spinotal spines and pale antennal clubs
with the body rather dark.

59. Leptothorax nylanderi (Foerst.).

Barcelona: Montserrat (F). Gerona*: Olot (F). Huesca*: Cas-
tiello de Jaca (C). La Coruna*: Outes, Santiago (F). Logrono*: Mo-
nasterio de Valvanera en Anguiano (F). Lugo*: Sierra de Ancares
(F). Madrid*: Sierra de Guadarrama (F). Navarra*: Orbaiceta (F).

70 C. A. COLUNGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

Pontevedra*: Isla Cies del Sur, Mondariz, Morana (F). Santander*:
Jesiis del Monte, Potes, Villafufre, Villaverde de Pontones (F).

Portugal. — Serra do Gerez (F).

This bark inhabiting species appears to be abundant in the north
west provinces. The only previous record for Spain is from Bar-
celona.

60. Leptothorax lichtensteini Bondroit.

Gerona * : Gerona. Ibiza*: San Miguel (F). Leon: Molinaferrei-
ra (F). Madrid*: El Escorial, Sierra de Guadarrama (F). Orense*:
Casayo en Carballeda, L,os Peares, Sobradelo (F). Pontevedra*: Pon-
tevedra (F). Tarragona*: Sierra de Montsant (F). Teruel: Sierra de
Albarracin, Sierra de Cucalon (F). Zaragoza*: Botorrita, Rio Huer-
va (F).

This south European species is very similar to L. nylanderi. The
head is less sculptured and the alitrunk less massive with a more well-
defined meso-epinotal suture, sharper epinotal spines and narrower
petiole node, compared with L. nylanderi. There are corresponding
differences in the male and queen. Bernard (1956) regards L. lich-
tensteini and L. parvula Sch. as different species, but L. parvula is
probably in part a synonym of L,. lichtensteini and in part of L. nylan-
deri of which it was described as a smaller paler variety. L- lichtensteini
is abundant in the Alpes-Maritimes where it was wrongly diagnosed
as L. nylanderi (Collingwood, 1956). Unlike L. nylanderi it lives
in rock crevices. It is interesting to note the occurrence of L. lichten-
steini in the Balearics as well as the previously recorded L. angustulus.

61. Leptothorax cervantesi Santschi.

Madrid*: El Pardo, Rascafria (F). Pontevedra*: Pontevedra (F).

This is a rather dark bicoloured species with angled petiole node
and no meso-epinotal impression. It appears to be rather close to L.
exilis Em. and L. niger For.

62. Leptothorax exilis Emery.

Malaga*: Malaga (F). Zaragoza*: Sierra de Alcubierre (F).

63. Leptothorax niger Forel.

Pontevedra*: Playa de la Lanzada (F). Zaragoza: Zuera (F).

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 71

64. Leptotliorax mberum (Fab.).

Almeria *: Sierra Cabrera (F). Granada: Sierra Nevada (C). Hues-
ca*: Jaca (C). Monte Perdido, Ordesa, Puerto de Portalet en Salient
de Gallego (F). Lugo*: Sierra de Ancares (F). Madrid: Puerto de
Navacerrada (C), Sierra de Guadarrama (F). Santander * : Espinama,
Potes (F). Zaragoza * : Sierra de Moncayo (F).

This would be called variously L. tuberum or L. nigriceps or even
perhaps L. melanocephalum Em. according to the amount of dark co-
lour on head and gaster. Structurally, however, the series examined
in this collection are comparable with the consistently pale L. tuherum
of England. The pale form grades insensibly into what might be called
L. nigriceps in South Scandinavia. Bernard (1956) and van Boven
(1959) attempt to distinguish between the two and Bernard questions
the name tuberum since the type specimen has been lost and the origi-
nal description did not provide sufficient information.

65. Leptothorax nigrita Emery.

Gerona * : Olot (F). Huesca*: Castiello de Jaca (C).

This superficially resembles L. niger in being uniformly dark reddish
brown to black but has the petiole node more massive and the epinotal
spines distinctly longer. This species also occurred at La Tour de
Carol in the Pyrenees Orientales (C) vi'hich may be a first record for
France.

66. Leptothorax unifasciatus (Latreille).

Huesca*: Canfranc (C). Leon: Molinaferreira (F). Madrid: Ras-
cafria (C). Orense*: Peiia Trevinca (F). Pontevedra*: Montes del
Testeiro, Morafia (F).

Portugal. — Alto Alemtejo: Castelo de Vide, Serra do Gerez (F).

These vary in colour. In one series for example the antennal club
varies from quite pale to dark brown and the brown band across the
gaster is quite indistinct in some of the paler specimens. Sadil (1939)
distinguished a similarly variable coloured form on characters in the
queen as the variety obenbergeri Sadil in Czechoslovakia.

67. Leptotliorax interruptus (Schenck).
Lugo*: Sierra de Ancares (F).

Hitherto this has only been recorded for Spain from the Sierra

72 C. A. COLLINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

Nevada (Cagniant, 1961) but has probably previously been overlooked
since it is one of the more widely distributed European species.

68. Leptothorax luteus Forel.

Avila*: Puerto de Menga (F). Jaen*: Sierra de Cazorla (F). Ma-
drid: Torrelodones (C). Murcia*: Sierra de Espuna (F). Ponteve-
dra*: Pontevedra (F). Santander*: Potes (F).

69. Leptothorax rabaudi Bondroit.

Cadiz: Sierra del Pinar (F). Castellon*: Sierra de Vallibona (F).
Cordoba*: Sierra de Cordoba. Tarragona*: Sierra de Montsant (F).

70. Leptothorax berlandi Bondroit.

Gerona*: Cadaques (F). Huesca*: Canfranc (C). Leon*: Sierra
de la Cabrera, Sierra de Son (F). Madrid*: Rascafria (C). Oviedo*:
Mt. Reres (F). Pontevedra*: Morana (F). Teruel*: Sierra de Al-
barracin (F). Zamora*: Lago de Sanabria (F).

71. Leptothorax tristis Bondroit.
Granada: Sierra Nevada (F).

72. Leptothorax massiliensis Bondroit.

Malaga*: Malaga (F). Zaragoza*: Sierra de Alcubierre (F).

73. Leptothorax racovitzae Bondroit.

Cadiz*: Tarifa (F). Granada*: Sierra Nevada (C). Huesca*:
Canfranc (C).

Portugal. — Estremadura *: Buijaco (W).

The six species listed above all have pale antenna! clubs and unin-
terrupted dorsal thoracic profile. They are difficult to distinguish
and may we'll have alternative names in the literature. L. rabaudi is
distinct through its right angled petiole crest when viewed in profile.
L. berlandi is a montane species of rather similar appearance but with
the petiole more upright and sharply domed and a more sculptured
head. Bernard (1956) considered this to be a synonym of L. rabatidi
but the specimens so named are clearly distinct. L. racovitzae is dis-
tinguished by its longer, curved epinotal spines. L. tristis is slightly
darker in body colour and has long straight epinotal spines. L. massi-
liensis is a smaller species and has the head much more smoothly sculp-

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» Ti

tured and shining compared with the other species, h. luteus is dis-
tinctly clear yellow in colour with relatively longer appendages and
alitrunk.

74. Anergates atratulus (Schenck).
Madrid * : Sierra de Guadarrama (C).

One physogastric queen was discovered in the middle of a nest of
Tetramorium caespitum above Navacerrada. This is the only record
for Spain and it is rare in France.

75. Epimyrma vandeli Santschi.
Huesca *: Canfranc (C).

One queen and three workers of this rare parasite were taken in
a nest of the host species Temnothorax recedens in moss on a 'wooded
rocky slope. This species has hitherto only been recorded from Mo-
rocco, and from Toulouse and St. Raphael in South France.

76. Formicoxenus nitidulus (Nyl.).
Madrid *: Puerto de Navacerrada (C).

This was taken with Formica dusmeti as host, a first record for
Spain as well as a new host record. It is evidently rare In Spain
since Yarrow failed to find it in more than 400 nests of the Formica
rufa group investigated. Bernard (pers. commun.) considers it to be
rare in France but it was also found with Formica lugubris at Font-
Romeu (C) and at Canigou (C, F) in the Pyrenees Orientales.

77. Strongylognathus testaceus (Schenck).
Huesca * : Jaca (C).

This species occurred with Its host, Teframoriumt caespitum L,. un-
der a stone. Bernard (1946) records it from Bareges in the Pyrenees
Centrales and it was also found both at Font-Romeu in the Pyrenees
Orientales and above Urdos in the Pyrenees Basses (C).

78. Tetramorium hispanicum Emery.

Cadiz*: Algeciras (F). Castellon*: Montes de Vallibona (F). Cor-
doba: Sierra de Cordoba (F). Guadalajara: Cutamilla (M). Lugo*: Be-
cerrea (F). Madrid: Navacerrada (M), Sierra de Guadarrama (F), To-
rrelodones (C), Vaciamadrid (F). Zaragoza*: Sierra de Alcubierre (F).

Portugal. — Estremadura * : Bu<;aco, Lisboa (W).

74 C. A. COLLINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

This distinctive species is characterised by the coarsely sculptured
wide, angled petiole node. It is reminiscent of T. ferox Ruzsky from
south east Europe but the petiole node is thicker and not indented
above as in that species. The queen, about 6 mm long, is small com-
pared with T. caespitum but the workers are on average slightly larger
than in that species.

This species also occurs in the Pyrenees Orientales (C, F). Whee-
ler (1936) recorded this ant as T. ruginodis from the Balearics but
Bernard (1956) makes no mention of it from there. The name T. ru-
ginodis Stitz (1916) has been more commonly used for this species and
other names likely to prove synonyms are T. caespitum var. fortis Eme-
ry, 1908, T. caespitum var. pyrenaicum Roszler (1936) from the Py-
renees and T. silvestrianum Emery from Barcelona. The descriptions
of all these are the same and confusion has arisen in that some specimens
have the fijrst gaster segment faintly striated.

79. Tetramormm caespitum (L.).

Cuenca*: Huete (M). Granada*: Sierra Nevada (C). Huesca:
Canfranc, Jaca (C), Monte Perdido (F), Torla (Y). La Coruna : Mal-
pica de Bergantiles, Punta de la Estaca de Bares, Santiago (F). Leon *:
Molinaferreira, Puerto de Pajares (F). Lugo: Valle de Lozara (F).
Malaga*: Malaga (F). Mallorca: Palma (B). Navarra*: Roncesva-
lles (F). Oviedo*: Bezanes, Peiia Santa (F). Pontevedra*: Bayona,
Isla Cies del Sur, Monte del Testeiro (F). Teruel: Sierra de Albarra-
cin (F). Zamora*: Lago de Sanabria (F). Zaragoza * : Sierra de Al-
cubierre, Sierra de Moncayo, Zaragoza (F).

Portugal. — ^Baixo Alemtejo: Palma (L). Beira Alta: Serra da Es-
trela (Y), Serra de las Penhas Dorhadas (F). Estremadura: Bu^aco
(W). Tras OS Montes: Aligo (W).

80. Tetramorium meridionale Emery.

Ibiza (F). Mallorca*: Coll de Seller (F). Sevilla: Los Palacios (F).

There is also a large series of unusually pale yellowish workers in
the Franz collection from Menorca * (Mahon), which may be another
species. The characteristic lateral striae on the occiput are very distinct
however.

81. Tetramorinm semilaevis Andre.

Alicante*: Alicante (C). Caceres*: Perales del Puerto (F). Ca-

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 75

diz*: Tarifa (F). Ciudad Real: Almuradiel (C). Granada*: Sierra
Nevada (F). Huelva * : Ayamonte (F). Huesca*: Jaca, Torla (Y).
Jaen*: Sierra de Cazorla (F). Madrid: Aranjuez (C), Sierra de Gua-
darrama (F). Malaga*: Estepona (F). Mallorca: Felanitx (F). Mur-
cia *: Sierra de Carrascoes. Pontevedra: Bayona, Pontevedra (F). San-
tander * : Monte de Candina en Castro Urdiales, Villaverde de Ponto-
nes (F). Segovia*: La Granja, Revenga (Y). Soria*: Herreros (Y).
Portugal. — Alemtejo Baixo: Ferreiro (F). Estremadura: Buqa-
co (W).

82. Cardiocondyla batesi Forel.
Murcia * : Alhama de Murcia (P).

83. Cardiocondyla elegans Emery.

Castellon * : Jerica (G). Lerida * : Seo de Urgel (F).

Both species are unocommon. There are previous records from
Sevilla province and C. batesi has also been recorded from Ciudad
Real.

DACELINAE

84. Strumigenys baudueri (Emery).
Madrid*: Madrid (F). Malaga*: Malaga (F).

This little Dacetine ant is rare in the South Mediterranean. The
only previous record for Spain is from L,a Coruna.

DOLICHODERINAE

85. Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr).

Barcelona: San Feliti (B). Madrid*: Alarcon (M), Aranjuez (F).
Mallorca: Palma (B). Murcia*: Murcia (M). Oviedo*: Bezanes (F).
Pontevedra*: Bayona (F). Santander * : Saja, Santander (F). Soria*:
Soria (OJ). Tarragona*: Ebro (C). Valencia*: Saler (G).

Portugal. — Douro : Oporto (W). Estremadura : Arrabia, Cintra (W).

This South American species is still steadly encroaching on the Me-
diterranean coast; it is disconcerting to record it from as far inland
as Madrid and Soria.

76 C. A. COIXINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

86. Bothriomyrmex meridionalis (Roger).
La Coruna * : Corme (F).

87. Bothriomyrmex laticeps Emery.
Huesca * : Jaca (C).

The Huesca series of workers resemble some from Cahors in South
France (C). The specimens are small with a defined frontal triangle
and distinctly emarginate, short head. They appear to be referable to
laticeps Emery first described as a race of B. corsicus Santschi from
material collected in the Pyrenees.

88. Tapinoma erraticum (Latr.).

Cadiz: Tarifa (F). Granada*: Baza (C), Sierra Nevada (F). Hues-
ca*: Canfranc, Jaca (C), Torla (Y). La Coruna *: Corme, Santia-
go (F), Madrid: Torrelodones (C). Oviedo*: Puente los Fierros (F).
Pontevedra*: Bayona, Isla Cies del Sur, Pontevedra (F). Santander*:
La Fuente, Potes, Saja, Santofia (F). Segovia: La Granja (Y). Tarra-
gona: Sierra de Montsant (F), Tarragona (G). Teruel*: Sierra de
Albarracin (F). Zaragoza: Zuera (F).

Portugal. — Tras os Montes: Aligo (W).

89. Tapinoma nigerrimum (Nyl.).

Barcelona: San Feliii (F). Burgos *: Segovia road (Y). Tarifa (Y).
Cuenca: Buenache (M), Cafiete (Y). Gerona: Cassa de la Selva (F).
Granada: Granada (M), Sierra Nevada (F). Huelva*: Gibraleon (Y).
Huesca*: Boltana (Y), Jaca (C), Zuera (F). Ibiza: Sierra Grossa (F).
Lugo * : Val de Lozara (F). Madrid : Aranjuez (C), Casa de Campo
(M), El Escorial, El Pardo, Sierra de Guadarrama (F), Torrelodones
(C), Vallecas (M). Malaga*: Fuengirola (L), Ronda (Y). Menorca :
Mahon (F). Murcia * : Cieza (F), Puerto Lumbreras (Y). Orense * :
Los Peares (F). Santander*: Puerto del Escudo (F). Segovia*: Pra-
dena (Y). Sevilla: Carmona, Los Palacios (F).

Portugal. — ^Baixo Alemtejo: Beja (Y). Estremadura: Monchique
(Y). Tras Os Montes : Aligo (W).

This is the more abundant of the two species especially in the south.
The larger workers are easy to distinguish but some nests contain only
small workers. These may be separated from T. erraticum by the
deeper clypeal notch and more angled epinotum. In Segovia province.

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» ^^

Yarrow found T. nigerr'vmum frequently nesting at the foot of old
fence posts.

Franz took a few workers from Sierra de Espuna in Murcia which
have the clypeus and antennal scape clear yellowish brown instead of
dark brown or more usually, uniform dark with the rest of the body
as in T. nigerrimum which they otherwise resemble. Santschi also
recorded a subspecies ibericum which is only distinguished in the male
by darker genitalia.

90. Tapinoma simrothi Krausse.

Cadiz: Guadiaro (S). Pontevedra * : Isla Cies del Sur (F). Tarra-
gona * : Ebro (C).

Franz also took some workers in the Rhone delta in Southern Fran-
ce. Bernard (1958) suggests that this may be an invasive oriental spe-
cies. Numerous examples from Afghanistan named as this species
(Collingwood, 1961) differ from the Mediterranean species and appear
to be the same as the "subspecies", karawaievi. Em. The two popu-
lations are undoubtedly specifically distinct.

FORMICINAE

91. Plagiolepis pygmaea (Latr.).

Barcelona*: San FeHii (B), Vallirana (F). Cadiz: Algeciras (F).
Castellon * : Montes de Vallibona (F). Gerona : Cadaques (F). Huelva * :
Gibraleon (Y). Huesca * : Jaca (C), Torla (Y). Jaen * : Sierra de Ca-
zorla (F). Lugo*: Villalba (F). Madrid: Aranjuez, El Escorial, To-
rrelodones, Vaciamadrid (F). Malaga: Malaga (F). Mallorca: Finca
Eavermea, Palma (F). Menorca * : Mahon, Pico de Toro (F). Murcia * :
Alhama de Murcia (P), Sierra de Espuna (F). Orense*: Sierra de
Gerez (F). Pontevedra*: Bayona, Pontevedra (F). Santander*: La
Fuente (F). Segovia*: Marugan (Y). Tarragona*: Falset, Sierra de
Montsant (F). Valencia : Jativa (F). Zaragoza : Sierra de Alcubierre (F).

Portugal. — ^Estremadura : Bu^aco (W).

92. Plagiolepis barbara Santschi.

Alicante: Alicante (C). Ciudad Real*: Santa Cruz de los Caiia-
mos (F). Cordoba*: Sierra de Cordoba (F). Granada*: Sierra Neva-
da (F). Madrid*: Aranjuez, El Escorial, Sierra de Guadarrama, To-

78 C. A. COLUNGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

rrelodones (F). Mallorca*: Palma (B). Murcia*: Sierra de Carras-
coy (F). Oviedo: Segredal en Siero (F). Sevilla*: Carmona, Sevilla
(F). Zaragoza *: Jaulin (F).

The ants of this genus are very abundant and it is probable that
more than one species has been included under P. pygmaea. P. Bar-
bara distinguished by its longer antennal segments, probably has a
smaller range restricted to South West Europe and North Africa. It
is interesting that both species occur in Mallorca.

93. Lasius niger (L,.).

Almeria*: Chirivel (F). Cadiz: Algeciras (F). Castellon*: Mo-
rella, Vinaroz (F). Cuenca: Canete (Y). Gerona: Cadaques (F), Gero-
na (C), Olot (F). Granada: Baza (C), Sierra Nevada (F). Guipiizcoa:
Iriin (F). Huesca: Jaca (C), Torla (Y). Ibiza: San Miguel, Sierra
Grossa (F). Jaen*: Mengibar (C), Sierra de Cazorla (F). La Coru-
ria: Outes, San Saturnino (F). Leon*: Piedrafita, Sierra de la Ca-
brera (F). Lerida: Seo de Urgel (F). Lugo*: Guitiriz, Sierra de An-
cares (F). Madrid: Aranjuez (C), Madrid (F). Malaga: Fuengirola
(L). Mallorca: Coll de Soller, Palma (F). Menorca: Mahon, Tirant-
nou (F). Murcia: Sierra de Espuna (F). Navarra: Pamplona (Y).
Orense*: Los Peares (F). Pontevedra: Bayona, Isla Cies del Norte,
Isla Cies del Sur. Isla de Ons, Mondariz, Montes del Testeiro, Mora-
fia, Playa de La Lanzada, Pontevedra (F). Santander*: Laredo, Pon-
tones (F). Segovia: La Granja (F). Tarragona: Sierra de Montsant
(F). Teruel*: Sierra de Cucalon (F). Vizcaya: Ondarroa (Y). Za-
ragoza: Jaulin (P).

Andorra (Y).

Portugal— Algarve: Monchique (Y). Beira Alta: Sierra da Es-
trela (F). Estremadura: Buqaco (W).

94. Lasius emarginatus (Ol.).

Gerona: Olot (F). Huesca: Castiello de Jaca (C). La Coruna * :
Santiago (F). Madrid*: El Escorial (M). Santander: Beranga * (F).

There are many records in Ceballos' list for L. emarginatus yet
Wilson (1955) did not include Spain in its geographical range for
lack of reliable records. According to the present collection, the spe-
cies is remarkably uncommon in Spain compared with parts of France.
It is interesting also that many of the Spanish series of L. niger include
bicoloured workers that are difficult to distinguish from emarginatus

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 79

without careful examination and Yarrow (1967) records similarly co-
loured workers in the Azores. In South Europe L. emarginatus often
occurs in the neighbourhood of streams or in damp shade and it is
probably less tolerant of aridity than L. niger. Indeed, to judge by the
present survey, L. niger is probably the commonest ant in Spain, al-
though in normal collecting one tends to overlook it in favour of more
exotic species.

95. Lasius alienus (Foerster).

Cadiz*: Algeciras (F). Castellon * : Vallibona, Vinaroz (F). Gui-
piizcoa: Iriin (F). Huesca: Canfranc (C) ; Puerto del Portalet (F).
Leon * : Sierra de la Cabrera (F). Madrid : El Pardo, Torrelodones, Val-
demoro (F). Malaga: Estepona (F). Murcia * : Murcia (F). Oviedo * :
Picos de Europa (F). Pontevedra * : Isla Cies del Sur (F). Santan-
der*: Mogro (F). Tarragona*: Sierra de Montsant (F). Teruel*:
Sierra de Albarracin (F).

Portugal. — ^Baixo Alemtejo: Ferreiro do Alemtejo (F). Estrema-
dura: Fatima (F).

This also is much less abundant in Spain than L. niger. It was
common on mountain pasture above Canfranc and similar places in
the French Pyrenees. Bernard (1956) refers to a large reddish race
in Mallorca but there are no such examples in the present collections.

96. Lasius brunneus (Latreille).

Huesca*: Castiello de Jaca (C). La Coruna*: Cerneda, Tambre
(F). Leon *: Sierra de la Cabrera (F). Logrono *: Monasterio de Val-
vanera en Anguiano (Y). Lugo*: Sierra de Ancares (F). Navarra * :
Alsasua, Orbaiceta (F). Orense * : Verin (F). Oviedo*: Bosques de
Muniellos (F). Santander * : Espinama, Villafufre (F). Teruel*: Ca-
marillas (F).

This is well distributed in North and Central Spain. Its habitat is
normally restricted to trees, as at Castiello de Jaca for example where
I found it colonising poplar trees.

97. Lasius (Dendrolasius) fuliginosus (Latreille).

Burgos*: Puerto de Carrales (F). Huesca*: Castiello de Jaca
(C). Madrid: Sierra de Guadarrama (F).

80 C. A. COUINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

98. Lasius (Chthonolasius) umbratus (Nyl.).

Huesca: Canfranc (C), Los Aranones, Jaca, Torla (Y). Lugo*:
Valle de Lozara (F). Oviedo *: Cabo Vidio, Oviedo (F). Santander *:
Alto de los Tornos (F). Soria * : Sierra Cebollera (F).

99. Lasius (Chthonolasius) rahaudi Bondroit.

Huesca *: Castiello de Jaca, Jaca (C, Y). Madrid *: Sierra de Gua-
darrama (F). Pontevedra *: Isla de Ons (F).

100. Lasius (Chthonolasius) mixtus (Nyl.).

Lugo*: Guitiriz, Sierra de Ancares (F). Madrid*: Sierra de Gua-
darrama (F). Santander: Jesus del Monte, Monte de Candina en Cas-
tro Urdiales (F). Zaragoza*: Sierra de Alcubierre (F).

101. Lasius (Chthonolasius) affinis (Schenck).

Huesca * : Castiello de Jaca (C), Torla (Y). Pontevedra * : Monda-
riz, Pontevedra (F).

Wilson (1955) synonymised both L. mixtus and L. affinis as tri-
vial variants of L. umbratus However, evidence has now accumulated
to show that both should be regarded as independent species (Colling-
wood, 1963). L,. affinis is characterised by its large average size, high
indented petiole scale, flattened scape, long body hairs and absence of
standing tibia or scape hairs. It is similar to L. bicornis in the worker
caste but easy to distinguish by the more angular emargination of the
scale and the more abundant and evenly distributed huirs on the gaster
as Schenck (1852) indicated in his original description. The species
typically nests in rotten wood and a fine series of alate queens, males
and workers was obtained in such a situation in Huesca province by
Yarrow. The Franz series consists of a few workers. This is a first
record for Spain. The other species in this subgenus including the
rare L. carnicolicus have all been recorded from North Spain but do
not appear to be at all common.

102. Lasius (Cautolasius) flavus (Fab.).

Avila*: Puerto de Menga (F). Caceres*: Perales del Puerto (F).
Granada*: Monachil (F), Sierra Nevada (C). Guipuzcoa: Iriin (F).
Huesca*: Canfranc, Jaca (C). La Coruiia: Malpica, Santiago (F).
Leon * : Puerto del Palo, Sierra de la Cabrera (F). Logroiio * : Mo-
nasterio de Valvaiiera en Anguiano (F). Lugo*: Sierra de Ancares,

A SURVEY OF IBEEIAN «FORMICIDAE» 81

Valle de Lozara (F). Madrid*: Barajas (M), Navacerrada, Sierra de
Guadarrama (C), (Y), Torrelodones (F). Malaga*: Malaga (F). Ovie-
do: Aviles, Oviedo, Rio Narcea (F). Pontevedra *: Islas Cies del Norte,
Isla Cies del Sur, L,amosa, Montes del Testeiro (F). Santander*: Be-
ranga, La Fuente, Mogro, Puerto del Escudo, Saja (F). Segovia * :
Marugan (Y). Teruel*: Sierra de Albarracin (F). Zaragoza: Boto-
rrita, Sierra de Alcubierre (F).

Portugal. — Beira Alta: Penhas Dorhadas (F). Minho: Serra do
Gerez (F).

103. Camponotus herculeanus (L.).
Huesca : Ordesa (F).

This species in uncommon in the Pyrennees as compared with the
Alps. It was also taken on Mt. Canigou in the Pyrenees Orientales
(C, F).

104. Camponotus ligniperdus (I/atr.).

Gerona: Cassa de la Selva (F). Huesca: Bujaruelo (F), Canfranc
(C), Ordesa, Torla (Y). Navarra*: Burguete (F).

Andorra (Y).

This is common in suitable localities throughout the Pyrenees.
Ceballos also gives an old record for Madrid province.

105. Camponotus vagus (Scop).

Albacete : Alborea (F). Castellon * : Jerica (G). Huesca * : Jaca
(Y). Pontevedra * : Ria de Vigo (F).

Portugal. — Minho * : Serra de Gerez (Y).

106. Camponotus fallax (Nyl.).

Huesca*: Jaca (Y). Madrid: Puerto de Navacerrada (C).

Individual workers were taken on trees in Huesca province. Ce-
ballos records this as C. caryae Fitch from Gerona and Madrid. A
specimen from Portugal was also identified in the Stockholm Museum,
taken by O. Lundblad but without exact locality.

107. Camponotus (Myrmosericus) cruentatus (I^atreille).

Avila * : Sierra de Gredos (Y). Barcelona : San Feliu (B). Caceres * :
Perales del Puerto (F). Cadiz: Vejer de la Frontera (Y). Cuenca * :
Alarcon (M), Las Torcas en la Ciudad Encantada, Motilla (Y). Gero-

Eos, XLIV, 1968. 6

82 C. A. COUINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

na * : Cassa de la Selva, Collsuspina (F) ; La Junquera (Y). Huesca * :
Arguis, T^orla (Y). Madrid: El Pardo (F), Sierra de Guadarrama (Y),
Torrelodones (F). Malaga: Ronda (Y). Pontevedra*: Bayona, La
Guardia, Ria de Vigo (F). Santander * : Potes (F). Segovia: Marugan
(Y). Tarragona: Montblanch (F). Teruel*: Albarracin (Y). Zamo-
ra * : Zamora (Y).

Portugal. — ^Estremadura : Bugaco (W).

108. Camponotus (Myrmosericus) micans (Nyl.).

Huelva: Gibraleon (Y). Madrid: El Pardo (F), Montarco (M). Ma-
laga: Ronda (Y). Sevilla: Los Palacios (Y).

Portugal. — Alto Alemtejo: Elvas (Y). Baixo Alemtejo: Beja (Y).
Palma: Setubal (L).

This is widely distributed in South Spain. It is evidently listed
by Ceballos as C. rufoglaucus Jerdon.

109. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) aethiops (Latreille).
Barcelona: San Feliu (B). Gerona: Collsuspina, Gerona (F). Hues-
ca*: Jaca (C), Torla (Y). La Corufia: Corrubedo (F). Logrono: Mo-
nasterio de Valvanera en Anguiano (F). Lugo * : Sierra de Ancares
(F). Madrid: El Escorial (G), Sierra de Guadarrama (F). Murcia * :
Puerto Lumbreras (Y). Navarra*: Roncal (Y). Oviedo*: Puente de
los Fierros (F). Pontevedra*: Isla Cies del Norte, Isla Cies del Sur,
Isla de Ons, Pontevedra, Ria de Vigo (F). Santander *: Santoiia (F).
Soria*: Cabrejas del Pinar (Y). Tarragona*: Sierra de Montsant
(F). Teruel *: Aliaga (F). Zaragoza: Embalse de Yesa (F).

110. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) marginata (Latr.).
Madrid * : El Escorial (M).

111. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) pilicornis (Roger).

Barcelona: San Feliu (B). Leon*: Sierra de la Cabrera (F). Ma-
drid: Sierra de Guadarrama (F) (A) (C). Pontevedra*: La Guardia
(F). Segovia*: Marugan (Y). Tarragona: Sierra de Montsant (F).
Zaragoza : Sierra de Alcubierre (F).

Portugal. — Douro: Villa Nova de Gaia (W). Estremadura: Buga-
co (W).

This species was also recorded by Roger (1863) from the Balearic
Islands but this old record was not Hsted by Bernard (1956).

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 83

112. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) massiliensis Forel.

Gerona: Cassa de la Selva (F). Murcia: Sierra de Espufia (F).

113. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) sylvaticus (Ol.).

Albacete * : Alpera (F). Alicante * ; Altea (F), Benidorm (Y). Al-
meria: Sierra Alhamilla (F). Barcelona: Montesquiu (Y). Gerona: Ca-
daques (F). Granada*: Sierra Nevada (Y). Huesca*: Ordesa (F).
Murcia: Sierra de Carrascoy, Sierra de Espufia (F). Pontevedra*:
Bayona, La Guardia, Ria de Vigo, Sierra de Porino (F). Sevilla: Se-
villa (Y). Valencia: Jaraco, Saler (G). Zaragoza*: Lecinena, Sierra
de Alcubierre, Zuera (F).

Portugal. — ^Alto Alemtejo: Elvora (Y). Estremadura: Arrabi-
da (W).

114. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) catalana Emery.
Portugal. — Alto Alemtejo*: Arrabi^a (W).

This species resembles C. sylvaticus but has the microsculpture den-
ser rendering the body matt. The hind tibial bristles are also stouter ;
although described by Emery as a variety of C. sylvaticus, it appears
to be a good species. This form is listed by Ceballos from several pro-
vinces in S. Spain and is recorded by Schmitz from Portugal.

115. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) barbaricus Emery.

Cadiz : Guadiaro (S). Malaga * : Fuengirola (S).

The form of C. barbaricus occurring in Spain is referred to the va-
riety baetica Emery said to be smaller and more slender than the typi-
cal species from North Africa but no structural differences are sugges-
ted that would support a taxonomic distinction.

The species in this subgenus in Europe are all ground dwellers.
Despite their robust form they are fugitive and non-aggressive, disap-
pearing below ground quickly vi^hen a nest is disturbed.

116. Camponotus foreli Emery.

Cadiz: Guadiaro (S). Madrid: Vaciamadrid (F). Malaga: Marbe-
lla (F). Zaragoza * : Jualin (F).

This species is widely distributed in Spain and also occurs locally
in France. It combines characteristics of both the subgenera Tanaemyr-

84 C. A. COIXINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

mex and Myrmentoma having a deep meso-epinotal furrow but smoothly
rounded epinotum and projecting clypeus.

117. Camponotus (Myrmentoma) sicheli Mayr.
Almeria * : Adra (F). Mallorca : Palma (B).

The example taken by Brown at Palma is clear red as in the colour
form described as ruja Karawiev. The other specimens are conside-
rably darker.

118. Camponotus (Myrmentoma) lateralis (Ol.).

Cadiz*: Algeciras (F). Cordoba*: Sierra de Cordoba (F). Grana-
da*: Finos Genii (C). Huesca*: Castiello de Jaca (C). Ibiza: Ibiza
(F). Teon*: Carmenes. Madrid: Sierra de Guadarrama (F). Mallorca:
Felanitx (F). Menorca: Tirantnou, Mahon (F). Pontevedra * : Rio
Umia (F). Sevilla: Sierra Morena (F). Tarragona: Sierra de Mont-
sant (F).

Portugal. — Alto Alemtejo: Castelo de Vide (F). Minho: Serra do
Gerez (Y).

1 19. Camponotus (Myrmentoma) figaro Emery.
Portugal. — Estremadura * : Bu«;aco (W).

This has the worker pronotum more or less testaceous or reddish.
It resembles C. ddmaticus Nyl. of south east Europe but has hairs on
the antennal scape as in C. lateralis which are absent in C. dalmaticus.

120. Camponotus (Myrmentoma) morula Losana.

AHcante: Jijona (G). Cadiz: Guadiaro (S). Cuenca: Cafiete (Y).
Gerona*: Cadaques, Cassa de la Selva, Olot (F). Granada: Pinos Ge-
nii (C). Huesca*: Arguis, Biescas, Torla (Y). Leon*: Carmenes (Y).
Mallorca*: Palma (F). Murcia: Sierra de Espuna (F). Pontevedra*:
Isla Cies del Sur, Isla de Ons (F). Santander*: Santona (F). Zara-
goza * : Embalse de Yesa (F), La Almunia (G).

Portugal. — Estremadura*: Bu^aco (W). Minho*: Ameria (Y).

This is a first record for the Balearic Islands and for Portugal.
Ceballos appears to have listed this species as C. piceo-foveohta but we
have followed Bernard (1958) in using the name C. merula for the black
shining species with angled epinotum.

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 85

121. Camponotus (Colobopsis) truncatus (Spin.).

Gerona: Lloret del Mar (G). Huesca * : Anso (Y). Malaga: Ron-
da (Y). Valencia*: Betera (PT). Zaragoza*: Aula Dei (PT).

This rather unobtrusive tree inhabitant does not appear in Ceba-
llos' list and has probably been overlooked.

122. Cataglyphis albicans (Roger).

Alicante*: Alicante (C). Gerona*: Lloret de Mar (L). Granada*:
Puebla de Don Fadrique (Y). Huesca*: Jaca (Y). Valencia*: Va-
lencia (Y).

123. Cataglyphis iberica Emery.

Cuenca * : Las Torcas en la Ciudad Encantada, Reillo (Y). Madrid :
Aranjuez (C), El Escorial (F), Torrelodones (C). Pontevedra * : Pla-
ya de la Lanzada (F). Segovia*: La Granja (Y). Zaragoza*: Aula
Dei (PT).

Portugal. — ^Estremadura : Lisboa (W). Minho: Braga (W), Serra
do Gerez (Y). Tras os Montes: Aligo (W).

124. Cataglyphis rosenhauri Emery.
Madrid * : Aranjuez (F), Meco (M).

125. Cataglyphis viaticoides (Andre).

Granada*: Granada (M). Jaen*: Menjibar (C). Malaga: Ron-
da (Y).

Santschi (1929) provided a good working key in this revision of
Cataglyphis. The distinguishing characters are rather slight but appear
to be consistent as far as the present examples are concerned and the
above are treated as good species although they have usually been listed
as subspecies or varieties of C. albicans.

126. Cataglyphis (Monocambus) viaticus (Fab.).

Badajoz: Merida (G). Cadiz: Guadiaro (L). Cordoba (A). Grana-
da: Baza (L), Huetor-Santillan (G), Monachil (F), Pinos Genii (C).
Jaen: Menjibar (C). Sevilla: Carmona (F).

The examples from Carmona, Cadiz and Menjibar are clear bright
red and correspond to the variety "velox" Santschi.

86 0. A. COLLINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

127. Cataglyphis (Monacambus) hispanica Forel.

Caceres: Perales del Puerto (F). Ciudad Real: Almuradiel (G) (C).
Jaen: Menjibar (C), Jaen (A).

Portugal. — ^Beira Alta: Mangalde (Y), Serra da Estrela (F). Tras
OS Montes : Aligo (W).

This large species is akin to C. viaticus but quite distinct by the
thicker petiole node, gula hairs and more profuse body hairs. The
dark variety "nigroides" Santschi is the commoner form but probably
a normal colour variation since both the reddish form (G) and the dark
form (C) occurred at Almuradiel.

128. Cataglyphis (Monocambus) cursor (Fonscolombe).

Ciudad Real: Almuradiel (G). Gerona*: Cassa de la Selva (F),
L,a Junquera (S). Murcia*: Alhama de Murcia (P). Santander: Puer-
to del Escudo (F).

This ant was also taken in several places in the Pyrenees Orientales.
Like the other Cataglyphis species, this is a typical ground-nester,
usually found by the side of sandy tracks or in bare soil. One colony,
however, was found under a stone at Villefranche de Conflent.

129. Proformica depilis Santschi.
Murcia * : Murcia (OJ).

130. Pro formica nasuta (Nyl.).

Huesca*: Jaca (C) (Y). Santander*: Puerto del Escudo (F).

131. Proformica sp.

Granada: Rio Guarnon (F). Sierra Nevada-Albergue de la Uni-
versidad (F) (C).

These series of workers differ from the known European forms
P. nasuta, P. depilis and jerreri Bond, in that the scapes and tibias
have abundant scattered long standing hairs ; the head is finely but
distinctly longitudinally striate and the clypeus has the front border
slightly emarginate. The body hairs are more profuse and the ali-
trunk more sculptured than in P. nasuta. A full description will be
given elsewhere. P. depilis is characterised by its shining integument
and absence of dorsal hairs in the alitrunk.

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICinAE» 87

132. Proformica ferreri Bondroit.

Jaen: Menjibar (C). Madrid: Aranjuez (C).

133. Formica subrufa Roger.

Alicante*: Benidorm (Y). Almeria*: Gergal (M). Avila * : Sierra
de Credos (Y). Cadiz*: Guadiaro (S). Cuenca*: Motilla (Y). Gero-
na : Lloret de Mar (S) (C). Malaga * : Ronda (Y). Teruel * : Aliaga (F).

Portugal. — Estremadura : Arrabida (W).

134. Formica cinerea Mayr.

Huesca : Canfranc (Y), Castiello de Jaca (C), Jaca, Los Araiiones
(Y). Guipuzcoa*: Inin (F).

Bernard (1952) suggested that the Central Pyrenean form of P.
cinera was a distinct species and has described it (Bernard, in press)
under the name of P. torrentium Bernard. Dr. H. Kutter has kindly
sent me an extract from the description. The worker is said to be le.ss
size-variable than in alpine F. cinerea, the queen has the mesonotum
proportionately broader and the male has slight but distinct differences
in the shape and colour of the genitalia. Among queens examined from
Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland, the mesonotum is slightly broader
than long and probably this character has little taxonomic value. Por-
mica fusca and P. lemani queens vary considerably in body width espe-
cially in polygynous nests. P. cinerea is normally polygynous but may
also occur in monogynous single colonies (Collingwood, 1961). Ber-
nard's species must stand or fall on the constancy of the male charac-
ters. Those from Huesca are certainly P. cinerea according to his
distinction and similar to Scandinavian specimens. The workers, the
only caste represented from Spain, appear indistinguishable from series
taken in Scandinavia and Labouheyre in the French Landes. The
Castiello workers were taken from a typical many-cratered nest in 1 ire
soil at the base of popular trees.

135. Formica decipiens Bondroit.

Huesca: Sarvise, Torla (Y). Lerida*: Seo de Urgel (F). Teruel*:
Aliaga (F).

This also occurred abundantly in France in the lower valleys of the
Pyrenees Orientales and specimens were obtained from Vernet les Bains,
Amelie les Bains, Villefranche de Conflent and Latour de Carol (C).
Yarrow also took the species at Laruns in the Basses Pyrenees. Staer-

»S C. A. COHINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

eke in Schmitz (1955) notes its occurence at Banyuls where the only
recorded male was captured (but unfortunately not described). Its
known distribution is very localised as apart from the places given
above, it has only been recorded from Ciudad Real and Barcelo-
na provinces in Spain. It is probable that P. decipiens has also been
listed under such names as fusco-rufibarbis, cinereo-rufibarbis etc.
It is rather like F. lemani in general appearance with the same colour
and disposition of bristles on the thorax in both worker and queen but
may be immediately distinguished by the silky pubescence which is
specially thick on the gaster. The queens are more robust in form than
those of P. lemuni and four out of seven taken from one nest had from
one to four irregularly disposed long gula hairs, thus linking the spe-
cies to P. cinerea. This ant was found nesting in banks, walls and
under stones. Colonies were populous and aggressive. Workers were
seen freely attacking neighbouring P. rufibarbis and at L,atour de
Carol were surrounding and destroying a Pormica cordieri queen.

136. Formica lemani Bondroit.

Gerona: Cadaques. Granada*: Sierra Nevada (C). Huesca*: Can-
franc (C), Ordesa, Puerto del Portalet en Salient de Gallego (F). Na-
varra *: Puerto Ibafieta, Roncesvalles (F). Oviedo *: Pena Santa, Puer-
to de Pajares (F). Santander *: Coriscao (F).

This species is common throughout the Pyrenees above 150O m,
in France. The only previous records for Spain are from Tarragona
and Gerona provinces.

137. Formica fusca L.

Avila * : Sierra de Credos (F). Huesca : Canfranc, Ordesa (C. Y.
F.). Lugo*: Sierra de Ancares, Valle de Lozara (F). Madrid: Fuen-
fria (F), Puerto de Navacerrada (C), Sierra de Guadarrama (F). Ovie-
do: Puerto el Palo (F). Pontevedra*: Isla de Ons, Mondariz, Ponte-
vedra (F). Segovia: Ta Granja (Y). Zaragoza: Embalse de Yesa (F).

Portugal. — Minho: Serra do Gerez (Y).

138. Formica pyrenaea Bondroit.

Huesca: L,os Aranones (Y). Leon*: Molinaferreira (F). Madrid:
El Escorial (F). Oviedo * : Nueva (F).

Portugal. — Beira Alta : Serra da Estrale (F).

This is closely similar to P. cunicularia but uniformly black with

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 89

only the thoracic sutures and base of the mandibles more or less brow-
nish and the petiole scale less tapered in profile. In appearance it is
like a finely pubescent F. fusca and is the least well defined of this
species group.

139. Formica cunicularia Latreille.

Barcelona: Arenys del Mar (G), Montesquiu (Y). Ciudad Real*:
Almuradiel (G). Cuenca * : Caiiete (Y). Gerona : Cassa de la Selva
(F). Granada: Baza, Sierra Nevada (C). Huesca: Castiello de Jaca
(C), Canfranc (Y), Jaca (C), Los Aranones (Y). Madrid: Aranjuez
(F), El Escorial (G), Sierra de Guadarrama (F). Murcia*: Murcia
(A). Orense: lyos Peares (F). Oviedo: Puerto el Palo (F). Palencia*:
Areiios (Y). Pontevedra: Isla de Ons, Playa de la Lanzada (F). San-
tander*: La Fuente, Potes (F). Teruel: Sierra de Albarracin (F).
Zaragoza: Epila (Y).

Portugal. — 'Beira Alta: Serra da Estrela (Y). Tras os Montes (W).

140. Formica gerardi Bondroit.

Avila*: Sierra de Gredos (F). Gerona*: Cassa de la Selva (F).
Granada: Sierra Nevada (F). Orense*: Barco de Valdeorras (P), So-
bradelo (F). Santander*: Santona (F). Zaragoza*: Sierra de Alcu-
bierre (F).

Portugal. — Estremadura: Bugaco (W).

This species is described by Bondroit (1919) as brown-black, very
matt with short grey pubescence; anterior of head, sutures, antennae
and legs lighter and with sparse hairs on head, gaster and pronotum.
It is in effect like a dark F. rufibarbis. The dorsal thoracic hairs in
these examples are less concentrated on the pronotum than in F. rufi-
barbis, more scattered over the whole thorax, finer and fewer in number.
The main structural difference between the two species is in the shape
of the epinotum which is relatively lower and less massive in F. gerardi,
having the ratio of length of dorsal surface to height as 8: 10 instead
of about 7: 10. Bondroit (1918) further described another form from
Portugal as F. tombeuri but his own description reads almost the same
as for F. gerardi and it is difficult to see how he differentiated them.
Schmitz (1953) lists F. gerardi but not F. tombeuri from Portugal
and neither is given by Ceballos for Spain. The Franz collection
includes a series of workers from Banyuls, the type locality.

90 C. A. COLLINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

141. Formica rufibarbis Fab.

Huesca : Castiello de Jaca, Canfranc, Jaca, Monte Perdido (C. F. Y).
La Corufia*: Cayon (F). Leon*: Armada, Vegamian (M). Lerida*:
Lerida (Y). Lugo*: Valle de Lozara (F). Madrid: Aranjuez, El Es-
corial (F). Navarra: Puerto Ibaneta (F). Oviedo: Puerto de Pa j ares
(F). Santander*: Puerto de la Braquia (F). Teruel: Sierra de Alba-
rracin (F). Zaragoza: Zaragoza (F).

Andorra (Y).

Portugal. — Minho: Serra do Gerez (Y). Tras os Monies: Cha-
ves (Y).

142. Formica gagates L.

Barcelona : Vallirana (F). Castellon * : Begis (F). Huesca * : Jaca (C).

This species appears to be more or less confined to the Pyrenean
foothills in Spain. It was found in several places in the Pyrenees
Basses but does not seem to occur in the Pyrenees Orientales.

143. Formica sanguinea Latr.

Granada * : Sierra Nevada (Y). Huesca * : Canfranc (C). Leon * :
Lillo (M), Puerto de Pajares (Y). Lerida*: Lerida (Y). Logroflo:
Lumbreras (Y). Lugo*: Villalba (Y). Madrid*: Cercedilla, Navace-
rrada (M). Oviedo*: Cabo Vidio (F), Puerto de Tarna (Y). Teruel:
Sierra de Albarracin (F).

Portugal. — Beira Alta: Serra da Estrela, Torre (Y). Minho: Serra
do Gerez (Y).

Examples of this species from Spain and the Pyrenees Orientales
are characterised by the vivid yellowish red colour of the head and
thorax. Forel (1909) described such examples as the variety "jlavo-
rubra" but they are not otherwise different from series from other
parts of Europe.

144. Formica exsecta Nyl.

Huesca*: Canfranc (Y). Leon*: Boiiar, Puerto de la Magdalena
(Y). Logrofio: Lumbreras, Puerto de Piqueras (Y). Lugo*: Sierra
de Ancares (F). Madrid *: Sierra de Guadarrama (F) (C). Santander *:
La Fuente (Y). Zaragoza*: Sierra de Moncayo (F).

This species is also recorded from Teruel. Bondroit (1918) des-
cribed series taken in the Pyrenees as a distinct species F. dalcqui.

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 91

However, Kutter (1957) examined his types and concluded that they
were not separable from F. exsecta. The Spanish examples and also
series taken above Urdos in the Pyrenees Basses are not structu-
rally different from examples from England but the Scandinavian po-
pulations appear to become progressively more hairy to the north, pro-
bably exhibiting a south-west north-east clinal trend. Some Spanish
P. exsecta fround by Yarrow were nesting among pine others in more
open places ; those taken above Urdos were found nesting in a grassy
roadside bank opposite a dense beech wood.

145. Formica rufa L.

Burgos*: Puerto de Carrales (F). Huesca * : Bujaruelo (F), Jaca-
Ordesa road (Y), Parque Naciona;l de Ordesa (F, Y), Salient de Ga-
llego (P T), Torla (Y), Valle de Oza (P T). Leon * : Piedrafita (Y),
Sierra de Son (F). Lerida*: Las Bordas, South end of Viella tunnel,
Valle de Aran (Y). Logrofio : Monasterio de Valvanera en Anguiano
(F). Lugo*: Sierra de Ancares (F). Madrid: Sierra de Guadarrama
(Y), Valle de la Fuenfria (F). Navarra*: Orbaiceta (F). Oviedo*:
Monte Montera (F), Pola de Siero, Puerto de Leitariegos (Y). Palen-
cia*: Puerto de Piedras Luengas (Y). Santander: Enterrias, Espi-
nama, Picos de Europa (Y). Segovia: La Granja de San Ildefonso,
road from La Granja to Puerto de Navacerrada (Y), Sierra de Gua-
darrama (F). Soria*: Covaleda, Herreros, Navaleno (Y). Zaragoza*:
Sierra de MoncayO' (F).

Portugal. — Minho*: Above Caldas beneath larch trees, Serra do
Gerez (Y).

Formica rufa is essentially a woodland species and unlike P. ni-
gricans and F. cordieri it is never found far from trees. Its distribu-
tion is therefore somewhat in the hands of man, and forest clearance
quickly exterminates it. Reafforestation does not guarantee its return,
or not for very many years and one might guess that its distribution in
Spain was once much v^^ider than it is today. Biologically there are two
kinds of F. rufa, or so it seems, though they cannot be separated on
structural characteristics. One kind occupies a single nest, often for
very many years, has one or only a few queens and does not produce
daughter nests, at any rate not within its own foraging area. The
second kind behaves quite differently and has many, not infrequently
hundreds of queens in its nests ; daughter nests are produced apparently
with the greatest of ease and are tolerated even within a few feet of each

92 C. A. COLLINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

other. In Spain most rufa colonies consists of several or many nests and
belong to the second kind mentioned above but occasionally one does
find isolated nests which perhaps belong to the other kind or may be
the beginning or the end of a group of nests. In spring and early
summer one can discover with very little disturbance if a nest contains
many laying females but to satisfy oneself that a nest contains a single
female, or only a few females is a very different matter and the excava-
tion required may do considerable damage. Another species which
produces many daughter nests is P. polyctena Foerst., but this has been
found in Spain only in one area in Lerida Province (Ceballos & Ron-
chetti, 1966) though it is recorded in France from the central Pyrenees
(Kneitz and Emmert, 1962) and from the eastern Pyrenees (Ovazza,
1950). Many individuals of Spanish F. rufa show extensive red
markings on the head, ranging from a patch enclosing the ocelli to an
almost entirely red frons and vertex. The thorax also is often en-
tirely red without any trace of the usual dusky blotch but this condi-
tion is not uncommon in other parts of Europe (Yarrow, 1955). The
species is rather easily recognised by the absence of long fringing hairs
round the back of the head and by the almost hairless outer edge of
the hind tibiae. On the French side of the Pyrenees, P. rufa and the
species P. nigricans and P. cordieri extend, in suitable situations from
the Atlantic to the Mediterranean.

146, 147. Formica nigricans Emery and F. cordieri Bondroit.

No satisfactory method has yet been discovered for separating the
workers of these two species, if indeed they are distinct species, and
since most records are based on workers one can do no more than list
the distribution of the two together. However, a number of queens
have been examined and as these are very easily distinguished it is pos-
sible to give a second distribution list. This indicates that the two spe-
cies are equally spread over the northern half of Spain.
1. Distribution based on workers :

Avila*: Barco (Y). Barcelona: Montesquiu (Y). Burgos*: Hon-
toria de Pinar, Mambrillas de L,ara, Puerto del Escudo, Soncillo, Villo-
robe, 10 km, south of Burgos (Y). Gerona: San Juan de las Abadesas
(Y). Huesca: Anso, Biescas (Y), Canfranc (C, Y), Castiello de Jaca
(C), Jaca (C, Y), Ordesa, Salient (Y), Puerto de Arguis (P T), Torla,
Yesero (Y). La Coruna: Carballo (Y). Leon*: Carmenes, Bonar (Y),
Molinaferreira (F), Portilla de la Reina, Puerto de la Magdalena,

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAt- 93

Puerto de San Glorio, Puerto de Somiedo (Y), Sierra del Teleno (F).
Lerida: South end of Viella tunnel (Y). L/Ogrono: L,umbreras, Monas-
terio de Valvanera en Aguiano, Puerto de Piqueras, road to Monaste-
rio de Valvanera, Sierra Cebollera (Y), Sierra de la Demanda (F, Y).
Lugo * : Baamonde, Corgo, Guitiriz, Mondonedo, Ribadeo, West of
Guitiriz (Y). Madrid: Cercedilla (P T), El Escorial (F), Sierra de
Guadarrama (Y). Navarra * : Burgui, Roncal (Y). Oviedo*: Aviles,
Cadavedo, Covadonga, Navia, Pola de Siero (Y). Palencia*: Puerto de
Piedras L,uengas (Y). Pontevedra * : near Pontevedra (Y). Santander :
Enterrias, Espinama, La Fuente (Y), Pena Vieja (F), Picos de Euro-
pa (Y). Segovia*: La Granja de San Ildefonso (P T, Y), road from
La Granja to Puerto de Navacerrada (Y). Soria * : Abejar, Cidones,
Herreros, Navaleno, Pineda de Almazan (Y). Teruel : between Teruel
and Caspe, Gea de Albarracin, Sierra Alta (Y). Vizcaya*: Munguia,
Ondarroa (Y). Zaragoza * : Rio Riquel, Sierra de Moncayo (F).
Andorra : Canillo (Y).

2. Distribution based on females:

F. nigricans.

Burgos*: Puerto del Escudo (Y). Huesca: Jaca (C, Y). Leon*:
Lillo (M), Puerto de Pajares (Y). Lugo*: Baamonde (Y). Madrid:
Cercedilla (M). Orense * : Alto de Rodicio (Y). Oviedo*: Pola de
Siero (Y).

F. cordieri.

Huesca: Castiello de Jaca (C), Jaca (C, F), Sierra de Moncayo (F).
Oviedo * : Pola de Siero (Y). Segovia * : La Granja (BM). Zaragoza * :
Sierra de Moncayo (F).

Formerly known as F. pratensis or rufa var. pratensis these species
favour much more open country than does F. rufa and may be found
in fields, road-side banks, bare cliff edges and similar treeless places
though they may be found in scrub woodland also. At La Granja
the nests may be found in open places in the forest. In the nests the
queens are few in number, a fact which considerably complicates spe-
cies recognition. The workers are very much darker and much more
hairy than other Spanish rufa-gronp ants and have a fringe of long hairs
around the back of the head. It is possible that workers of cordieri are

94 C. A. COLWNGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

darker and even more hairly than those of nigricans (Betrem, 1960,
Gosswald et al., 1961) and the queens of cordieri are at once recognized
by having very long outstanding hairs (not bristles) here and there on
the antennal scapes, thorax, legs and scale. In open country the nests
are often thatched with much finer material than is used by the wood-
land and forest nesting species.

Kutter (1964) has suggested and Betrem (1965) has formally pro-
posed that the old name pratensis Retzius be restored for the species
nigricans as used in this paper and that nigricans Emery should be the
correct name for cordieri Bondroit.

148. Formica lugubris Zetterstedt.

Gerona: Collada de Tosas, c. 1800 m. (Y).

Andorra. — Serrat, c. 2000 m. (Y).

This is a boreo-alpine species which with P. aquilonia Yarrow re-
places F. rufa in the higher levels of most European mountain ranges.
It is known from several localities on the French side of the Pyrenees
(Urdos in the Basses Pyrenees (C), several places in the Cautarets-
Gavarnie region of the Hautes Pyrenees (Kneitz and Emmert, 1962)
Font-Romeu and Hospitalet (C) and Canigou (F) in the Pyrenees
Orientales. Ceballos & Ronchetti (1966) record it from Lerida and Ge-
rona Provinces. One might expect to find it high up in the Parque
Nacional de Ordesa but in several visits there I have failed to discover
it. F. aquilonia is not known from the Pyrenees. The workers of
lugubris are hairy like nigricans and cordieri and have the thorax dar-
kened but brownish, not jet black like those species and the dark
patch grades into the red instead of being abruptly differentiated. The
queens have both thorax and gaster very shining and the back of the
head and scale have abundant long hairs. Without a microscope lu-
gubris is not very easily distinguished from nigricans and cordieri.
The nests have many queens and daughter nests are toleranted in close
proximity, factors which make this species an excellent erradicator
of forest pests.

149. Formica dusmeti Emery.

Eeon * : Molinaferreira, Sierra del Teleno (F). Logrono * : Sierra
Cebollera (Y). Madrid: Puerto de Navacerrada (C, Y), Sierra de
Guadarrama (Y). Orense*: near Orense (F). Segovia: above P. de
Navacerrada, road from La Granja to Puerto de Navacerrada (Y),

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 95

Sierra de Guadarrama, Valle de Fuenfria (F). Soria * : Casarejos, Pi-
neda (ie Almazan (Y). Teruel * : Geo de Albarracin, Tramacastilla (Y).
Zaragoza * : Sierra de Alcubierre (F).

Portugal. — Beira Utoral: Juguerias (Santschi, 1932 a), Soure. Dou-
ro Literal : Leca (BM), Santo Tirso (Schmitz, 1950). Minho * : Oporto
(OJ). Ribatejo: Santarem (Santschi, 1932 a).

F. dusmeti is the Iberian counterpart of the Eurasian F. truncorum
and it is rather a matter of opinion whether one considers it a subspe-
cies of the latter or a full species in its own right. It is found only
south of the Pyrenees and records from Norway (Forel, 1911, Wheeler,
1913j and from Russia (Lomnicki, 1925) are based on misidentifica-
tions. The nearest truncorum records are from the Alps. F. dusmeti
is very much less hairy than truncorum, indeed, the antennal scapes,
the eyes and the legs are almost bare whereas in truncorum these parts
are very noticeably hairy. There are conspicuous differences in the
punctation too, especially in the queens. Furthermore, dusmeti nests
contain very many laying queens thus contrasting, strongly with trun-
corum nests which usually have few. F. dusmeti is easily distingui-
shable from all other Iberian wood-ants by the shape of the clypeus
(though this can be seen only under a microscope), by the almost enti-
rely red head and thorax of the worker and by the brownish-red head,
thorax, and base of the abdomen of the queen. Only the very smallest
workers are at all darkened on head and thorax. The males are dis-
tinct from other n(/a-group ants by their yellow legs and genitalia.
Nesting sites are very variable and they may be in tree stumps, beneath
rocks, large stones or among heather or dwarf juniper bushes. The
dome of twigs may be rw/a-like, more or less covering the underground
nest or may be at the side or a rock or stump or it may be built up among
the stems and lower branches of shrubby plants. It is interesting that
dusmeti was until now the only one of this group of ants recorded
from Portugal and that it has never yet been found in the Pyrenees.
Records of this species from the Costa Brava region (Goetsch, 1942)
are open to considerable doubt because although this author collected
in many parts of Spain he never metioned "pratensis" from anywhere
and one cannot but suspect that some at least of his dusmeti records
must refer to this common species. Some older records of both dus-
meti and pratensis noted in Ceballos (1956) from the southern half of
Spain (Ciudad Real, Granada, Malaga, Cadiz) have not been confirmed
by the fairly extensive explorations made in recent years by Dr. Franz

96 C. A. COLLINGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

and myself. The supposed record from Cordoba attributed to Emery
in Ceballos (1956) seems to be without foundation.

150. Polyergus rufescens (Latreille).

Santander*: Espinama, Potes (Fj. Soria * : Covaleda (Y).

This slave making species is evidently very local in Spain where the
only previous record is from Oviedo province. Bernard (1946) refers
to it without data in the Pyrenees Centrales, and Ovazza (1950) records
it from the Pyrenees Orientales where it was also found at Vernet les
Bains (C). Here a queen was present in the midst of a large populous
colony of Formica gerardi under a flat stone.

Summary.

The taxonomy, habits and ranges of 150 species of Formicidae ta-
ken in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearics are discussed. Over 600
new provincial records are given. These include 6 first records for
Andorra, 11 for Portugal, 19 for Spain and 8 for the Balearics. The
Formica rufa group species are given special treatment mecause of the
growing importance of these ants in the control of forest pest. A list
of first records for these countries is given below.

Andorra.

Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.
Lasius niger (L.).
Camponotus ligniperdus (Latr.).
Formica rufibarbis Fab.
Formica nigricans Em. and/or

F, cordieri Bondr.
Formica lugubris Zett.

Portugal.

Ponera coarctata (Latr.).
Messor lobicornis Forel.
Messor muroccaiia Emery.
Goniom,ma tunetica Forel.
Leptothorax corticalis (Schenck).
Lcptothorax racovitzae Bond.

A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 97

Tetramoriumi hispanica Em.
Camponotus fallax (Nyl.).
Camponotus figaro Emery.
Formica sanguinea Eatr.
Formica rufa E.

Spain.

Myrmica specioides Bondroit.
Myrmica schencki Em.
Aphaenogaster subterraneoides Em
Messor lobicornis Forel.
Gonioinma blanci (Andre).
Solenopsis monticola Bernard.
Solenopsis nicaeensis Bernard.
Myrniecina graminicola Latr.
Leptothorax rabavidi Bondroit.
Leptothorax tristis Forel.
Leptothorax berlandi Bondroit.
Leptothorax massiliensis Bondroit.
Epimyrma vandeli Sants.
Anergates atratulus (Schenck).
Strongylognathus testaceus

(Schenck).
Formicoxenus nitidulus Nyl.
Lasius affinis (Schenck).
Proformica sp.
Formica gerardi Bondroit.

BalEarics.

Enponera ochracea (Mayr.).
Aphaenogaster subterranea (Latr.).
Crematog aster sordidula (Nyl).
Leptothorax lichtensteini Bond.
Messor hispanica Em.
Myrmecina gram,inicola (Eatr.).
Flagiolepis barbara Sants.
Camponotus merula Eosana.

Eos, XLIV, 1968.

98 C. A. COLUNGWOOD AND I. H. H. YARROW

References.

Andre, E.

1881. Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe et d'Algerie. II. Les fowrmis.
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Bernard, F.

1946. Notes sur les Fourmis de France. II. Peuplement des montagnes meri-
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Betrem, J. G.

1960. Ueber die Systematik der Pormica rw/a-Gruppe. Tijdschr. Bnt. Am-

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1965. Sulla sistematica di alcune specie del gruppo Pormica rufa. Collana
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1918. Les Fourmis de France et de Belgique. Ann. Soc. ent. Pr., t : LXXXVII,

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1919. Les Fourmis de France et de Belgique. Supplement. Ann. Soc, ent.

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1959. Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereeniging Hymenoptera

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1961. fitude des fourmis recoltees par le Professeur H. Janetschek dans la

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A SURVEY OF IBERIAN «FORMICIDAE» 99

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