Courier Forsch.-lnst. Senckenberg, 185: 1-113, 31 Figs.
Frankfurt am Main, 20. 10. 1995
Wolfgang Dorow
Revision of ihe ant genus
Polyrhachis SMITH, 1857
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae)
on subgenus level with keys, checklist of
species and bibliography
ISSN 0341-41 16
ISBN 3-929907-26-7
Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg
Herausgeber:
Prof. Dr. W. Ziegler. Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main
Autor:
Wolfgang H. O. Dorow, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main
Alle Rechte bei der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft
Fotomechanische Wiedergabe nur mit ausdriicklicher Genehmigung
Herstellung und Vertrieb:
Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Senckenberganlage 25. D-60325 Frankfurt am Main
Fur den Inhalt ihrer Beitrage sind die Autoren allein verantwortlich
Lithographic:
Repro-Studio Volkmar Thier
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Contents
Introduction
History of the higher classification of the genus
Characteristics of the genus Polyrhachis
Keys (based on worker caste)
Key to subgeneraof Polvrhachis
Key to the species of the subgenus ffemioptica
Key to species-groups of the subgenus Myrmhopla
Key to species of the P. (Myrmhopla) arachne-group
Key to species of the P. (Myrmhopla) cryptoceroides-group
Key to species of the P. (Myrmhopla) Jlavoflagellata-group
Key to species of the P. (Myrmhopla) furcata-group
Key to species of the P. (Myrmhopla) hector-group
Synonymic list of species
Genus Polvrhachis SMITH
Subgenus A ulacomyrma EMERY [fig. 1]
Subgenus Campomyrma WHEELER [fig. 2]
Subgenus Chariomyrma FOREL [fig. 3] ,.
Subgenus Cyrtomyrma FOREL [fig. 4]
Subgenus Hagiomyrma WHEELER [fig. 5]
Subgenus Hedomyrma FOREL [fig. 6]
Subgenus Hemioptica ROGER [fig. 7]
Subgenus Myrma BlLLBERG [figs. 8. 9]
Subgenus Myrmatopa FOREL [fig. 10]
Subgenus Myrmhopla FOREL [figs. 11 - 29)
Polyrhachis arachne-group (new) [fig. 11]
Polyrhachis arinata-group [figs. 12 - 14]
Polyrhachis bicolor-group (new) [fig. 15]
Polyrhachis cephalotes-gtoup (new) [fig. 16]
Polyrhachis cleophanes-group (new) [fig. 17]
Polyrhachis cryptoceroides-group [fig. 18]
Polyrhachis daphne-group (new) [fig. 1 9]
Polyrhachis dives-group [fig. 20]
Polyrhachis flavoflagellata-gToup (new) [fig. 21]
Polyrhachis furcata-group (new) [fig. 22]
Polyrhachis hector-group (new) [fig. 23]
Polyrhachis mucronata-group (new) [figs. 24, 25]
Polyrhachis nigriceps-group [fig. 26]
Polyrhachis ochracea-group (new) [fig. 27]
Polyrhachis sexspinosa-group [fig. 28]
Polyrhachis viehmeyeri-group [fig. 29]
Species which cannot be associated with a species-group.
Subgenus Myrmothrinax FOREL [fig. 30]
Subgenus Polyrhachis [fig. 31]
Polyrhachis lamellidens-group
Polyrhachis bihamata-group
Incertae sedis
Excluded species
Nomina nuda
Acknowledgements
Bibliography of the genus Polyrhachis
Figures
Index
Keywords
Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Formicinae. Poly-
rhachis, key, synonymic list, bibliography
Abstract
The large ant genus Polyrhachis is revised on the
subgenus level. The subgenus Myrmhopla is devided
into species-groups. A checklist of all fossil and re-
cent species, including synonyms is given. Besides
historical remarks on the genus, keys are provided for
the subgenera, for the species-groups of the subgenus
Myrmhopla, and for some species of this subgenus. A
bibliography for the genus is presented, which covers
about 900 references.
Kurzfassung
Die umfangreiche Ameisengattung Polyrhachis wird
auf Untergattungsebene revidiert. die Untergattung
Myrmhopla wird in Artengruppen aufgeteilt. Eine
Checkliste samtlicher fossilen und rezenten Arten
einschliefilich Hirer Synonyme wird gegeben. Neben
historischen Anmerkungen zur Gattung werden Be-
stimmungsschliissel zu alien Untergattungen sowie zu
den Artengmppen der Untergattung Myrmhopla und
zu einigen Hirer Arten aufgefiihrt. Die Bibliographic
der Gattung umfafit ca. 900 Zitate.
Introduction
Ants are the dominating group of animals in many
habitats. Especially in tropical rain forests they oc-"
cupy key roles as predators, scavengers, and tenders
of phloem-sucking insects. Polyrhachis is one of the
largest ant genera in the world, mainly distributed
over the Old World tropics. But in contrast to many
other ants, this genus could establish itself in a wide
range of habitats, whether arid zones or tropical rain
forests, and in different strata from the ground layer
to the canopy. In this genus many different ecological
strategies occur, ranging from single to mass
recruitment, monodomy to polydomy. monogyny to
polygyny and small to very large colonies. Special
characteristics of many species of the genus are the
capability to weave nests with larval silk and the
spination on the thorax and petiole, which is respon-
sible for the name Polyrhachis (greek: polys = many,
rhachis = ridge, spine [WHEELER 1956]).
The genus Polyrhachis today comprises 469 described
species in 12 subgenera. Since EMERY'S (1925) treat-
ment in "Genera Insectorum" no comprehensive study
on Polyrhachis has been published, but a large num-
ber of new species were described by BOLTON, DONIS-
THORPE, KARAWAJEW, KOHOUT, MENOZZI, SANTSCHI
and others. So a synopsis of this genus was highly de-
sirable.
A taxonomic study of the genus Polyrhachis is made
difficult by the enormous rate of speciation in that
genus, which led to many highly specialized arboreal
species, which are difficult to observe and collect.
Also the wide distribution of these ants, ranging from
Africa and Asia to Australia and Oceania, and the
very different stage of knowledge about Polyrhachis
complicate the situation. While the African species
(BOLTON 1973b) are relatively well known, there are
several undescribed species especially in New Guinea
and Australia. As in many other insect groups, the
knowledge about the biology is relatively poor, except
for some remarks on the nesting sites. But especially
in social insects, the behaviour has very often a key
role for understanding phylogenetic interrelations.
Only very few species are better known, as P. lac-
teipennis (P, simplex auct.) (OFER 1970), P. dives
(WASMANN 1905; SONAN 1912; TAKAHASHI 1937;
TAKAMINE 1987; YAMAUCHI et al. 1987), P. arachne
and P. hodgsoni (DoRow & MASCHWITZ 1990) and
P. muelleri (DoRow et al. 1990). A few more infor-
mations are compiled in unpublished theses on P.
muelleri (P, spec, auct.) (RAPP 1985), P. laboriosa
(MERCIER 1992). P. bicolor. P. dives. P. illaudata
and P. muelleri (LlEFKE 1993). Keys to species do
exist only for the African Polyrhachis (BOLTON
1973b) and a few Australian and Asian species-
groups (KoHOlT 1987; I988a.b.c; 1989; 1990). I
therefore undertook several research trips to South-
east Asia and Australia and studied a large amount of
museum material to compile a review on the genus
Polyrhachis. This first part covers a complete syn-
onymic list of the species described until the end of
1993 and as complete a bibliography of the genus as
possible. The author will be very much obliged to
even reader who supplies additional information on
literature.
History of the higher classification of
the genus
The genus Polyrhachis was first mentionend in 1840
by SWAINSON und SHUCKARD as "Polyrhachis SHKD."
Because there was neither a description of the genus
nor an assignment of species, this name has to be
treated as nomen nudum. BILLBERG had before that
(1820) created the new genus Myrma, without further
descriptions, for the African species Formica carinata
and F. militaris. but this name fell into oblivion.
SMITH (1857) was the first to describe the genus
Palyrhachis. Therefore he has to be accepted as the
author. GERSTAECKER (1858) claimed, that
SHUCKARD had given the name Polyrhachis already
to another genus of Hymenoptera, therefore he cre-
ated the new name Hoplomyrmus. ROGER (1861) -
after corresponding with SMITH - pointed out that
GERSTAECKER'S claim was unfounded and restored
the name Polyrhachis. WHEELER (1911) found the
lost name Myrma and synonymized Polyrhachis. but
in 1915 returned without comment to the usage of
Polyrhachis, probably agreeing with several authors
like EMERY, FOREL. and SANTSCHI, who had argued
for keeping the well known name (FOREL 1915). In
his study on the subgenera, HUNG (1967) stated "That
is to say, Myrma is still the strictly valid generic
name for this group of ants. Nevertheless, in this
revision, the name Polyrhachis is retained, and this
nomenclatural problem will be left to future revisers
and the deliberations of the International Commis-
sion". But HifNG never asked the Commission for
suppressing Myrma BlLLBERG. 1820. as nomen obli-
tuin as already EMERY, FOREL und SANTSCHI had
suggested (FOREL 1915). I have therefore asked the
Commission for a decision.
MAYR (1867, 1878) was the first who tried to define
subgroups within the large genus Polyrhachis. He
distinguished (1867) six "turmae" which he described
and named after characteristic species:
I. Turma: Rastullata
II. Turma: Armata
III. Turma: Bihamata
IV. Turma: Amman
V. Turma: Relucens (devided into 3 subgroups
without names)
VI. Turma: Abrupta (including the genus Hemi-
optica)
In 1878 MAYR called these "turmae" "Gruppen" and
changed the order of precedence of "turma II" and
"turma III". He also devided the "turma Amman" into
two nameless subgroups and the first of those into
three additional subgroups. MAYR added a large
number of species to this system and extended the
descriptions of the groups. As characteristics he used
sculpturing, pubescence, spination (place, number,
form), margination of head and thorax, sutures of the
thorax, place and form of the eyes, head width and
arching of the head.
EMERY (1896. corrected and extended in 1898) dis-
criminated - continuing MAYR'S (1878) usage - four
"cohortes" (= "coortes") each with several "manipuli"
(= "manipoli"), which he numbered and for which he
already fixed type-species. While describing his
"cohortes", he only listed species under the
"manipuli". For discrimination he used similar char-
acters as MAYR. WHEELER (1911, 1920) was the first
to create subgenera of Polyrhachis (Myrma sensu
WHEELER) for EMERY'S "cohortes".
FOREL (1915) maintained EMERY'S (1896, 1898)
systematics. but restricted the subgenus Campomyrma
to the first two "manipuli" of "cohors Polyrhachides
camponotiformes" and replaced the "manipulus P.
thrinax" with the new subgenus Mynnothrinax. He
took the "turma Rastellata" sensu MAYR (1867. 1878)
out of the subgenus Myrma sensu WHEELER (191 las
new subgenus Cyrtomyrma. Also the subgenus
Hagiomyrma sensu WHEELER (1911) was divided by
FOREL: the "manipulus P. armata" became the subge-
nus Myrmhopla Polyrhachis (. the "manipulus P.
guerini" the subgenus Chariomyrma, the "manipulus
P. ornata" the subgenus Heilomyrma. For the
"Gnippe Wallacei EM. Schang FOR. etc." FOREL
suggested the new subgenus Myrmatopa with P.
schang as type species. But a group Wallacei or
Schang was never created. EMERY (1896) included P.
wallacei in "manipulus P. aninion" of "cohors
Polyrhachides camponotifonnes". while he listed P.
schang under "species incertae sedis". In 1919 MANN
created the subgenus Dolichorhachis for the new
species P. malaensis. EMERY (192 la) established
Aulacamyrma for the species P. porcata and in 1921
added P. clohrni and P. exarata of "manipulus P. fe-
marata" of "cohors Polyrhachides camponotiformes".
P. excellens and P. serrata (before species incertae
sedis). P. fervens and P. dolichocephala were placed
in the subgenus Dolichorhachis and the new
subgenus Pscudocyrtoniyrma Polyrhachis ( with
African species was taken out of the subgenus Cyr-
tomyrma Polyrhachis ( sensu FOREL (1915). Already
MAYR'S groups are largely conform to the subgenera
in "Genera Insectorum" (EMERY 1925). which is the
last synopsis of the whole genus. EMERY (1925) also
subdivided several subgenera into species-groups,
which he did not describe (see below). Table 1 sum-
marizes the changes in the history of the higher clas-
sification from MAYR (1867) to EMERY (1925) in a
generalized way.
In the following years a few authors created some
new subgenera for single new species: Johnia for P.
schizospina (KARAWAJEW 1927). Cephalomyrnia for
P. stylifera (KARAWAJEW. 1935). Evelyna for P.
cheesmanae (DoxiSTHORPE 1937a). Florencea for P.
kirkae (DoNISTHORPE 1937b), Morleyidris for P.
trina (DONISTHORPE 1944) and Anoplomyrma for P.
porcata (CHAPMAN 1963). Summed up. 20 subgenera
have been described so far in the genus Polyrhachis.
5 3 00
5 tn _O
8 \
o "3
= Q.S.
HUNG (1967) revised the genus on the subgenus level.
After a confusing discussion he came to the result:
"...that all the subgenera in this genus except perhaps
Cyrtomyrma and Polyrhachis (sens, str.) are so
intergradient with one another that a clear delimita-
tion is not found between any two related groups.
Subgenus Polyrhachis may be a good genus by it-
self...". He formally synonymized 5 subgenera but
nevertheless discussed their phylogeny afterwards.
Hemioptica was accepted by him as a valid genus. In
1970 he stated: "As for the subgenera, only the sub-
genus Polyrhachis (and perhaps also the subgenus
Cyrtomyrma) is a well defined group. No clear deli-
mitation can be found among the other subgenera,
and they should be treated as species-groups rather
than as subgenera."
Several authors (see below) have tried so far to divide
the subgenera into species-groups for two reasons: 1.
to define well marked subgroups within the subgenera
and 2. to create a substitute for those subgenera whose
monophyletic origin is not well established (such
groups are no valid taxonomic units in the sense of
the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
[RiDE et al. 1985J). EMERY (1925) created species-
groups of the first kind for the subgenera Campo-
myrma (clypeatagroup-femorata; halidayi), Myrma-
topa (wallacei; schang). Polyrhachis (bihamata; la-
mellidens); Chariomyrma (arcuata; hostilis); Myrm-
hopla (armata; cryptoceroides; dives; nigriceps; sex-
spinosa; viehmeyeri) and Myrma (abrupta; labori-
osa; militaris-relucens; viscosa-decemdentata; zopy-
rus). I have listed the species-groups at the beginning
of each section on a subgenus. Where a modern revi-
sion was available, which uses species-groups, I have
arranged the species list according to that grouping.
This is only the case in the nominal subgenus (HUNG
1970; KOHOUT 1988b) and in Afynnhopla, which I
revised on the species-group level and, in part, on the
species level (in preparation). In the remaining cases
the names are listed in alphabetical order.
ANDERSEN and MAJER (ANDERSEN & MAJER 1991,
ANDERSEN 1992) used the subgenera (in quotation
marks) in their recent papers, although a mono-
phyletic origin has not been established for most of
them. This procedure shows that the large genus has
to be divided into subunits to be handled and that the
subgenera do not seem to be as poorly delimited as
HUNG (1967a) thought, if they are even useful for
ecologists. KOHOIT & TAYLOR (1990) argued in a
similar way, dealing with the Australian species. Our
present state of knowledge, on the other hand, is not
sufficient to prove the monophyletic evolution of
these units. In addition the large subgenera have to be
divided further once or twice. So an unequivocal
hierarchical subdivision of the genus is necessary to
keep an overview of this large genus (and other com-
parable ones). I only see two ways:
a) to keep the well known subgenera, although their
monophyletic origin is far from certain, and add the
species-group below this category.
b) to establish the roman military hierarchy since
MARIUS, introduced by EMERY (1896), i. e., "cohors"
and "manipulus", probably enlarged by "legio" above
the "cohors" and by "centuria" below "manipulus".
I prefer the first way, because the subgenus names are
well known and have been used for a long time. I also
do not want to substitute "subgenus" by "legio" or
"cohors", for in my opinion no tool exists at the mo-
ment to confirm monophyletic origin. The cladistic
methods can at best increase the probability of a hy-
pothesis because the selection of characters depends
on the scientist and also the interpretation of a char-
acter's value for a species does. In addition we have to
recognize, that many cladistic studies do not even try
to assess the value of a selected character for the spe-
cies, not to speak about the changing value of charac-
ters in changing species in changing habitats (see
below). Such a technocratical usage of HENNIG'S ideas
governed by wrong assumptions (e. g., the "most
parsimonous tree" dogma) leeds to little progress
compared to the traditional methods. In fact it is
barely more than the clear documentation of the char-
acters used. Taking geographical, climatic and bo-
tanical data into account, it has to be assumed, on the
contrary, that a "parsimonious" way of evolution is
the rare exception, but not the rule (see also below in
the discussion of the characteristics of the genus). Ax
(1984) argued that the outgroup comparison is the
one and only method to confirm monophyletic origin
while the knowledge of ecological influences would
not be helpful. But I cannot follow his argumentation
that a modification of a character shared by the out-
group and by a part of the group to be tested, should
be with* high probability the plesiomorph one. The
choosing of the outgroup is a highly artificial proce-
dure, which is often governed by a "knowledge" about
this group, which comes from old and by no means
cladistically founded sources, i. e.. it can be mis-
leading or leads to a vicious circle. If we accept Oeco-
phylla or Camponotus (Karavaievia) as the outgroup.
the weaving ability of many Polyrhachis species will
be classified as a plesiomorph character, if we take
Camponotus (Myrmentoma) it will be classified as
apomorph.
Characteristics of the genus
BILLBERG (1820) did not describe his new genus
Myrma, but only assigned the two African species
Formica carinata and F. militaris to it. SWAINSON &
SHUCKARD (1840) created Polyrhachis as a nomen
nudum. They merely described them as stingless ants,
announced (PETERS 1862) but failed to provide a
detailed description. SMITH (1857) was the first who
gave a valid description of the genus: "Body more or
less armed with spines. Antennae elongate, usually
nearly as long as the body; labial palpi 4-jointed, the
basal joint shortest, the three following, each in suc-
cession, longer than the preceding; the apical joint
three times the length of the basal one. Maxillary
palpi 6-jointed, elongate, the basal joint short, about
half the length of the second joint, each of the fol-
lowing joints more than twice the length of the sec-
ond joint. Thorax: subovate in the females; com-
pressed and frequently flattened above in the workers;
wings as in Formica ligniperda. Abdomen globose".
In 1858 SMITH added: "...mandibles stout, their inner
edge denticulate. Ocelli obsolete in the workers.
Thorax more or less armed with spines or hooks;
scale of the peduncle incrassate, usually spinose,
having two, three or four spines. Wings with one
marginal and two submarginal cells, the discoidal
cells obsolete. Abdomen subglobose." MAYR (1862)
saw in the enlarged first gaster segment the only clear
characteristic of Polyrhachis. While in Camponotus
this segment is only occasionally as large as the sec-
ond one, in Polyrhachis it occupies half to 3/4 of the
gaster's length. In 1868 MAYR again pointed out his
difficulties in separating females and workers of both
genera, but could not separate the males at all. FOREL
(1879) also emphasized, that there is no clear cut
between Camponotus and Polyrhachis, but neverthe-
less suggested, because of the amount of species in-
volved, not to synonymize Camponotus with Poly-
rhachis. According to him, form of head and gaster
are the most valuable but nevertheless not unequivo-
cal characteristics. WROUGHTON (1892) reported, that
the workers of Polyrhachis are more or less
monomorphic. FOREL (1897) repeated his problems in
separating Polyrhachis and Camponotus. He trans,;
fered P. indica MAYR, 1870 in the genus Camponotus
and described this and his new species Camponotus
emeryi as transition species to Polyrhachis ("...se
rapproche comme lui du genre Polyrhachis").
BINOHAM (1903) also emphasized the similarity of
the two genera and reported that also Polyrhachis
species with a spineless thorax do exist.
The counted characteristics indeed are typical also for
a large number of other ant genera: within the
subfamily Formicinae spines are also present in the
genera Acantholepis. Camponotus (e. g., Camponotus
(Myrmepomis) sericeiventris (MAYR, 1862) and Cam-
ponotus (Myrmodirhachis) heathi MANN, 1916 have
spines at the propodeum), Echinopla, Forelophilus,
Phasmomyrmex, Pseudonotoncus, Santschiella and
Teratomyrmex. The species of Camponotus (Karava-
ievia are monomorphic just like Polyrhackv* f *<*ry
notus selene (which had been placed *tv t"/}/
rhachis) and the Echinopla species also- j*>? '
large first gastral segment. An imports** '"
racteristic, overlooked by the early research!**. H '**'*
lack of the metapleural gland in Potyr*W'hii >
feature, that is only shared with the gener* iJun'k''
myrmex, Oecophylla, some species of Ca#tp e ' f i'/fv-<
and socially parasitic ants of other genera /MOU-fX/*''
LER & ENGEL-SIEGEL 1984; HOLLDOBLER & W*v -
1990).
A very interesting fact is the strong resCTrrf^nce '6
many South American Camponotus- ItttA t)"' 1
choderus-species with Polyrhachis, which dfMxJc**'/
documents a convergent evolution. This fad e#ifp"
ties the evolutionary potency in different aw* ^CIK.-^
and the amazing amount of resemblance bclwc<;'
unrelated animal-groups created by similar viro-'
mental conditions. Within the same genus probably
fast convergent evolution and parallelism arc lending
to even stronger resemblances. It is clear that cladUIJ*
analysis without or nearly without discu*'K *' IM
importance of a character in connection vvilli 111"
environment are not very helpful at all. The rcwills d"
not automatically give phylogenetic relation* " t<J
cause contacts with other (suboptimal) habilala " r "
the rule (for example passively due to a chaiK c '"
climate, or actively to range extension of the ipceiM).
we have to take many and also conflicting adaption*
into account. As these events are important far NIP
interpretation of characters, I think, thai cladi.il U'
methods are only rarely - by chance - helpful '" f " ltf
reconstruction of phylogenetic events. Important
events for the genus Polyrhachis in this respect* rtv
especially:
- changing climate in North Africa, the MuUlk* Iw'
and in the Indonesian-Australian area
- range extensions into the mountainous aiva*. ONJV-
dally into the Himalaya
- range extensions into habitats ajacent 10 tin' ''""
forest (before the influence of men espcvi.tlH i" 10
coastal areas).
At our present state of knowledge it must be consul
ered quite possible that Polyrhachis is no "' ; *" v vl
monophyletic unit but evolved several ufc' s IHMU
Camponotus-like ancestors.
Nevertheless it seems recommendable to U\T '* K>
genus Polyrhachis at the moment. The follow V
combination of characters defines the gc?us *uu
ciently:
- metapleural gland always lacking
- first gaster segment large, covering about !ul' vX| '"^
total size of the gaster or more
- first gaster tergite much larger than secotxi -^
- thorax and/or petiole very often armed with spines
or teeth
- no clear polymorphism
- many species use larval silk for nest construction
- many species are arboreal
- body size 5-12 mm
KEYS
(based on worker caste)
Key to subgenera of Polyrhachis
(including the P. cryptoceroides- and the P. flavo-
Jlagellata-group)
1 African species [figs. 8, 9]
subgenus Myrma (part.)
(key to species in BOLTON [1973])
Asian or Australian species 2
Mesothorax armed with spines [fig. 3 1]
Polyrhachis s. str.
(keys in HUNG [1970] and KOHOUT [1988])
Mesothorax without spines, but rarely teeth are
present 3
3 Deep pro-mesonotal furrow present and thorax
and petiole without spines [fig. 7]
subgenus Hemioptica 15
No deep pro-mesonotal furrow or thorax
and/or petiole armed with spines 4
4 First gaster segment proximally concave and
on the top ending with a prominent ridge;
petiole only with one tooth at each side [fig. 1]
subgenus A ulacomyrma
First gaster segment at the most weakly con-
cave but always without a prominent ridge at
its top 5
5 Head very large and looking misproportioned;
transition from top to flanks of thorax angled
but without a distinct margination [fig. 21]
P. (Myrmhopla) Jla\>oJ]agellata-group3 3
Head not very large, if doubtful, thorax totally
rounded or clearly marginate (species with
relatively large heads are also found in the P.
cephalotes- and in the P. annata-group) 6
6 Thorax short with a stout appearance 7
Thorax elongated 9
7 Thorax rounded longitudinally as well as
transversally; most species are black and shiny
and have at the most short thoracic spines
which never insert with a very broad base
[fig. 4] subgenus Cyrtomyrma
Thorax rounded or marginate; not shiny black
8
Margination (if present) of thorax without
lobes; spines of prothorax with broad base, ori-
ented horizontally [fig. 18]
P. (Myrmhopla) cryptoceroides-group 3 1
Margination of thorax especially distally with
lobes; usually with dense pubescence and sev-
eral long hairs [fig. 3]
subgenus Chariomyrma
Thorax without margination, the thorax may
be roundly angled at the most, giving it a box-
like appearance; rarely the propodeal spines
are arising from a ridge, marginating a more
or less large part of the propodeum [figs. 11-
29] subgenus Myrmhopla (part.) 17
Thorax mostly or totally marginate 10
Pronotal spines larger than propodeal ones, the
latter may be totally lacking; if petiole with
three spines, the middle one not the longest
[figs. 8, 9] subgenus Myrma (part.)
Propodeal spines or teeth larger than pronotal
ones 1 1
Petiole columnar, with three vertical spines
whose bases are also columnar, with the cen-
tral spine the longest [fig. 30] (only P.
(Campomyrma') pseudothrinax HUNG, 1967b
has also such a spination, but its petiole is
scale-like and the spines are flat)
subgenus Myrmothrinax
Spination of petiole different 12
Petiole with two long, pitchfork-like spines;
pronotum often without margination; mesono-
tum and/or propodeum sometimes with teeth
[fig. 10] subgenus Myrmatopa
Spination of petiole different; thorax fully
marginate 13
Spines of propodeum with broad bases, some-
times even plate-like, often with rounded
tips, orientated more or less horizontally and
pointing backwards; petiole with four vertical
spines, of which the two innermost ones are
trie longest in most species; margination of
thorax without lobes; thorax flat on top [fig.
2] subgenus Campomyrma
Spines of propodeum acute; orientation of
petiolar spines not exclusively vertical, but
also orientated backwards 14
Petiole between the spines with a nearly hori-
zontal plateau; pronotum mostly with short
acute spines or teeth [fig. 6]
subgenus Hedomyrma
Petiole without a plateau; pronotum usually
only shouldered [fig. 5]
subgenus Hagiomyrma
Key to the species of the subgenus
Hemioptica
5 Smaller (head length < 1,47 mm); the body
coverered with appressed silvery pubescence/ 3 .
bugnioni
Larger (head length > 1,57 mm); the ap-
pressed pubescence virtually absent from all
dorsal surfaces of the body 16
6 Dorsum of mesosoma highly polished; the
lateral angles of the petiole broadly, obtusely
dentate sp. n. 1
Dorsum of mesosoma closely sculptured,
semiopaque; the lateral angles of the petiole
acutely spinose P. scissa
Key to species-groups of the
subgenus Myrmhopla
(see key to subspecies for the P. cryptoceroides- and
the P.fla\'oflagellata-group)
Petiole in side view cubic to rectangular, never
scale-like 18
Petiole node- or scale-like 20
Thorax with a box-like appearance, sometimes
with a suggestion of a margination; body with
short stout hairs [fig. 29] viehmeyeri-group
Thorax totally immarginate 19
Petiole spineless [fig. 26] nigriceps-group
Petiole with spines [fig. 28]
sexspinosa-group
Genae partially or fully marginate, if not, peti-
olear spines with hook-like tips 21
Genae rounded, petiolar spines not with hook-
like tips 25
Mesothorax armed with a small tooth at each
side, sometimes only with a knob [fig. 16]
(only P. cephalotes) cephalotes-group
Mesothorax unarmed 22
Thorax strong and massive, often appearing
somewhat inflated; thoracic spines strong,
horizontally orientated and never with a hook-
like tip; spines of petiole oriented upwards and
backwards, bent embracing the gaster; pu-
bescence on gaster variable; long hairs are
present only in very few species [figs. 12-14]
annata-group
Thorax with long hairs and without a stout,
inflated appearance 23
Large (TL: 8-9 mm) amber coloured species
[fig. 27] (only P. ochracea) ochracea-group
Small (TL: ca. 6 mm) species; genae margi-
nate or immarginate [fig. 22]/~Mrcerfa-group 35
Thorax with numerous long hairs 25
Thorax without or only with few long hairs26
Frontal carinae large and widely separated
[fig. 17] cleophanes-group
Frontal carinae normal [fig. 15]
6/co/or-group
Propodeum and petiole with long spines; pro-
notum unarmed or weakly armed; thorax
rounded transversally and in many species also
longitudinally (but not as strong as in P.
(Cyrtomyrma) spp.) [figs. 24, 25]
m ucronata-group
Pronotum with strong spines 27
Spines of propodeum with curved or hook-like
tips 28
Spines of propodeum with strait tips 29
Spines of propodeum only with weakly curved
tips [fig. 20] dives-group
Spines of propodeum with hook-like tips; on
bamboo [fig. 11] arachne-group 30
Scapes and tibiae round in cross-section;
small, amber coloured species, resembling
Myrmicaria species and living in close contact
with them [fig. 19] (only P. daphne)
daphne-group
Scapes and hind tibiae flattened; large species
(TL: 8-10 mm) [fig. 23] hector-group 38
Key to species of the P. (Myrmhopla)
arachne-group
30 Gaster shiny; pavilions below bamboo leaves/*.
arachne
Gaster mat; pavilions in longitudinally rolled
bamboo leaves P. hodgsoni
Key to species of the P. (Myrmhopla)
cryptoceroides-group
3 1 Thorax short and broad, distinctly marginate;
bases of spines very broad; spines orientated
horizontally; black P. cryptoceroides
Thorax not or not distinctly marginate; spines
of propodeum with smaller bases and some-
what upright orientated; not uniformly black
32
32 Thorax with a suggestion of a margination.
less distinct than in P. cryptoceroides; body
black, appendages yellow-reddish brown
P. jerdonii
Thorax without margination, appearing some-
what inflated; appendages amber coloured
with blackish nodes P. wroughtonii
Key to species of the P. (Myrmhopld)
Jlavoflagellata-group
33 Lateral spines of petiole acute
P. flavoflagellata
Lateral spines of petiole truncate P. stylifera
Key to species of the P. (Myrmhopla)
furcata-group
34 Petiole with strong hook-like spines
P. furcata
Spines on petiole not hook-like, at most the
tips with little barbs 35
35 Petiole a long stalk, on its top two spines,
pointing backwards and weakly upwards, the
tips bent down hook-like P. tragos
Petiole not stalk-like 36
36 Head black, above the eyes smooth and shiny,
rest of body amber coloured P. gracilior
Head like the rest of the body coloured red-
dish-brownish, sculpture above the eyes coarse
and not shiny 37
37 Coarse sculpture on upper head not extended
below the eyes; proximal triangle of petiole
with marginate borders P. rufipes
Coarse sculpture on upper head extended be-
low the eyes; proximal triangle of petiole im-
marginate p. etheli
Key to species of the P. (Myrmhopla)
hector-group
38 Caster coloured metallic green or blue 39
Caster black, brownish or reddish, without
metallic colouration 40
39 Caster mat P. tubifex
Caster shiny p. chalybea
40 Whole body black and shiny; thorax massiv;
propodeal spines very long and diverging;
hind tibiae without rows of spines P. venus
Thorax less massiv; not entirely shiny; spines
of propodeum shorter; gaster often reddish
41
41 Top of gaster not or only very little pubescent;
sculpture only a weak fingerprint-like trans-
verse striation and fine scattered punctuation
P. pressa
Top of gaster pubescent; sculpture a fine dense
punctuation 42
42 Spines of the petiole inserting distantly from
each other, therefore the interspace between
them is U-shaped 43
Spines of the petiole inserting close to each
other, therefore the interspace between them is
V-shaped 47
Propodeal spines shorter than length of propo-
deum; tips of petiolar spines strait and spines
relatively short P. oedipus
Propodeal spines clearly longer than propo-
deum 46
Tips of petiolar spines bent downwards hook-
like; hind tibia at its underside with a row of at
most four spines P. curvispina
Tips of petiolar spines not hook-like 47
Head in frontal view round to oval, but never
markedly elongate, above the eyes short and
converging, i. e. not parallel-sided; head in
side view semicircular; scapes long, reaching
bejond the occipital margin with about half
their length; maxillary palps, laved against the
head's lower surface, reaching bejond the
frontal margin of the eyes P. binghami
Head elongate in frontal view, above the eyes
the sides are parallel for some distance; cheeks
very long and parallel; head in side view flat,
not semicircular, less than 1/3 of the scape's
length surpassing the occipital margin of the
head 47
Ocelli present; maxillary palps, when layed
against the heads lower surface, reach the
frontal margin of the eyes sp. n. 2
Ocelli lacking; maxillary palps, when layed
against the heads lower surface, not reaching
the frontal margin of the eyes sp. n. 3
Maxillary palps much longer than the head;
petiole in sideview triangular; scapes very
long and slender, not as obviously flattened as
the hind tibiae; very slender species
P. rnuelleri
Maxillary palps shorter than the head; petiole
quadrangular or nodiform; scape broader and
flattened as much as the hind tibiae 48
Urftierside of hind tibia without a row of
spines, only at the distal end of the tibia near
the spur some spines are usually present
P. abdominalis
In addition to the spines near the spur, the
bending side of the hind tibia bears at each
side a row of spines 49
Propodeum with long and slender spines;
spines of petiole curved a little downwards at
the top; gaster sometimes brownish or blackish
without red; mesothorax saddle-like concave,
transition between mesothorax and propodeum
as an elevated ridge; slender species
P. mutata
Propodeal spines shorter; spines of petiole
strait; gaster always reddish (only individuals
recently emerged from the pupa are coloured
uniformly light brownish - these specimen can
be collected outside the nest already!)
P. hector
Synonymic list of species
Polyrachis SMITH; BINGHAM, 1886: 405;
WROUGHTON, 1892: 21; ROUBIK, 1989: 222;
GREENSLADE, 1978: 110 + 111; 1979: 35 + 37;
GREENSLADE & THOMPSON, 1981: 204; BRIAN,
1983: 96 [misspelling]
Polyrhcahis SMITH; FOREL, 190 Ic: 302 [mis-
spelling]
Polyrrachis SMITH; KERSHAW, 1907: 67; CLARK,
1926: 456 [misspelling]
Polyrhacis SMITH; HASKINS, 1970: 360 [mis-
spelling]
Polyrrhachis SMITH; MARKL, 1973: 264 [mis-
spelling]
(Remark: W. KARAWAJEW transliterated his name in
most of his studies on Polyrhachis as ,,KARAWAJEW",
This transliteration is also used in this study. Only in
his first two papers the Ukrainian scientist spelled his
name as ,,KARAWAIEW". Several English authors are
citing him as ,,KARAVAIEV").
Genus Polyrhachis SMITH
Formica LINNAEUS. 1758: 579 partim [sensu
FABRICIUS, 1782, LATREILLE, 1802]
Myrma BiLLBERG, 1820: 104, Type-species:
Formica militaris FABRICIUS, 1782: 493 by
subsequent destination of WHEELER, 191 1:
859. [nomen oblitum, applied to the Interna-
tional Commission on Zoological Nomencla-
ture]
Polyrhachis SHUCKAR0, 1840: 172; MAYR, 1862:
677, ROGER, 1863: 6: MAYR, 1865: 38; 1867:
60; 1872: 138; ANDRE, 1887: 286; WROUGH-
TON, 1892. 35; DAHL. 1901: 14 [nomen nu-
dum, only announcement of publication in
SWATNSON & SHUCKARD, 1840: 172]
Polyrhachis SMITH, 1857: 58, Type-species: For-
mica bihamata DRURY, 1773: 73 by original
designation.
Hoplomyrmus GERSTAECKER, 1859: 261. Type
species: Hoplomyrtnus schistaceus GER-
STAECKER. 1859: 262. by monotypy. [synon-
ymy by ROGER, 1861: 174]
Camponotus MAYR. 1861: 35 partim [sensu
FOREL, 1879: 1 10]
Hemioptica ROGER, 1862: 238. Type species:
Hemioptica scissa ROGER. 1862: 240, by
monotypy. [synonymy by MAYR, 1867: 62;
stat. rev. Later again synonymy by several
authors, see subgenus Hemioptica: synonymy
by BROWN, 1973: 181]
Subgenus Aulacomyrma EMERY
[fig- 1]
Polyrhachis {Aulacomyrma) EMERY, 192 la: 17.
Type-species: Polyrhachis porcata EMERY,
192 la: 20. by original designation.
Polyrhachis (Johnia) KARAWAJEW, 1927: 43.
Type-species: Polyrhachis (Johnia) schizospi-
na KARAWAJEW, 1927: 44, by monotypy. [syn-
onymy by HUNG, 1967a: 402]
Polyrhachis (Aulocomyrma); CHAPMAN & CAP-
CO, 1951: 256 [misspelling]
EMERY (1921) described the subgenus as: "first gaster
segment occupying a large part of the gaster. elevated
anteriorly and protruding beyond the biconvex petio-
lar scale. The scale has a sharp upper margin and a
tooth at each side. Thorax stout, partially marginate.
Pronotum with teeth or spines. The sculpture consists
of regularly engraved more or less coarse furrows"
(own translation). EMERY (1925) added: "meso-epi-
notal-suture lacking; propodeum truncate posteriorly.
obtusely dentate; first gaster segment covering about
2/3 of the entire gaster. proximally it is concave to
envelope the scale; this concave part is ending dor-
sally in a ridge that is elevated above the level of the
gaster; the body sculpture described above sometimes
also on the gaster" (own translation).
The Aulacomyrma species are small (TL: < 8 mm),
the thorax is more or less marginate, the genae are
always marginate. As far as known, they are rare
weaver ants which are restricted to New Guinea and
nearby islands.
The subgenus comprises seven species.
Distribution: Bismarck-Archipelago, Indonesia, New
Guinea
List of species:
Polyrhachis dohrni FOREL
Polyrhachis dohrni FOREL, 1901b: 34
Polyrhachis exarata EMERY
Polyrhachis exarata EMERY, 1887a: 226
Polyrhachis excellens VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis excel lens VIEHMEYER, 1912: 14
Polyrhachis geometrica SMITH
Polyrhachis geometricus SMITH, 1859: 141
Polyrhachis pallipes DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis pallipes DoNlSTHORPE, 1948b: 603
Polyrhachis porcata EMERY
Polyrhachis porcata EMERY, 192 la: 20
Polyrhachis schizospina KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis (Johnia) schizospina KARAWAJEW
1927: 44
Polyrhachis (Aulacomyrma) schizospina KARA-
WAJEW; HUNG, 1967a: 402 [synonymy of the
subgenus]
Subgenus Campomyrma WHEELER
[fig. 2]
Camponotus MAYR. 1861: 35 partim [sensu
FOREL, 1879: 110]
Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) WHEELER. 191 la:
860. Type-species: Formica exercita WALKER.
1859: 370 (Polyrhachis clypcata MAYR. 1862:
683 auct.).
Polyrhachis (Evelyna) partim [sensu CHAPMAN &
CAPCO, 1951:267]
[Polyrhachis clypeatus-group sensu HUNG.
1967b: 200]
WHEELER (1911) established the subgenus for
EMERY'S (1896) "cohors Polyrhachides camponoti-
formes" without further descriptions. EMERY (1896),
who had also included todays subgenus \iyrmothri-
nax in his "cohors". only gave a description for the
worker caste: "head weakly convex; eyes lateral; tho-
rax dorsally marginate; pronotum angled to weakly
dentate; propodeum with 2 spine-like flat and ho-
rizontally orientated appendages or with small
upcurved teeth; gaster similar to that in Camponotus,
first gastral segment occupying less than half of the
gaster's length" (own translation). FOREL (1915)
excluded EMERY'S (1896) "manipulus thrinax" as
subgenus Myrmothrinax ("three spines on the pe-
tiole") and restricted Campomyrma to "manipulus
clypeata" and "manipulus femorata" without giving
further details. In 1925 EMERY added: "teeth or ap-
pendages of propodeum always more developed than
those of pronotum; no teeth, etc., at the mesonotum;
petiole with two pairs of upright spines or teeth, in
some species the central pair of spines is lacking and
the shape of the top of the scale is like a transverse
arc; in some species the median pair of teeth is
smaller than the outer ones" (own translation).
In these species the thorax is always marginate, the
genae are immarginate. They are weaver ants, which
have a center of speciation in Australia, where they
are ground nesting, while the Indomalayan species -
as far as known - are arboreal.
The subgenus comprises 35 species. EMERY (1925)
divided it into the Polyrhachis clvpeata-femorata
clypeata-group and the Polyrhachis-halidayi-group.
Into the latter he only included P. halidayi and P.
hauxweili. ANDERSEN & BURBIDGE (1991: 80) list a
details.
Distribution: Australia. Bismarck-Archipelago. Bur-
ma, China (new), India. Indochina, Indonesia, Laos.
Malaysia. New Guinea. Oceania. Singapore. Sri Lan-
ka. Thailand (new)
List oHpecics:
Polyrhachis creusa creusa EMERY
Polyrhachis creusa EMERY, 1897a: 577
Polyrhachis creusa var. chlorizans FOREL,
1901b: 30 [synonymy by KOHOIT & TAYLOR,
1990:514]
Polyrhachis hecuba FOREL, 1902b: 527 [syno-
nymy by KOHOIT & TAYLOR. 1990: 5 14]
Polyrhachis cruesa EMERY; CHAPMAN & CAPCO.
1951: 257 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis creusa distinguenda
KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis creusa distinguenda KARAWAJEW,
1927: 7
Polyrhachis equina SMITH
Polyrhachis equinus SMITH, 1857: 63
Polyrhachis biloba FOREL, 191 Id: 58 [synonymy
by WHEELER, 1919: 122]
Polyrhachis equia SMITH; CHAPMAN & CAPCO,
1951: 257 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis excisa MAYR
Polyrhachis excisa MAYR, 1867: 64
Polyrhachis exercita exercita (WALKER)
Formica exercita WALKER, 1859: 370
Polyrhachis clypeatus MAYR, 1862: 683 [syno-
nymy by DONISTHORPE, 1932a: 575]
Polyrhachis clipeata MAYR; ROGER, 1863: 7
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis exercita (WALKER); SMITH, 1867:
318
Polyrhachis indica MAYR, 1870: 945 [synonymy
by FOREL, 1893a: 29 with P. clypeata MAYR]
Camponotus indicus (MAYR); FOREL, 1879: 110
Polyrhachis exercita lucidiventris FOREL
Polvrhachis clypeata var. lucidiventris FOREL.
1907c: 39
Polyrhachis exercita lucidiventris FOREL; DONIS-
THORPE, 1932a: 575 [indirect transfer of the
subspecies by synonymy of Polyrhachis clype-
atus MAYR. 1862:683]
Polyrhachis exercita obtusisquama FOREL
Polyrhachis clypeata r. obtusisquama FOREL,
1902a: 289
Polyrhachis exercita obtusisquama FOREL; Do-
NISTHORPE, 1932a: 575 [indirect transfer of the
subspecies by synonymy of Polyrhachis clype-
atus MAYR, 1862: 683]
Polyrhachis exercita rastrata EMERY
Polyrhachis rastrata EMERY, 1889: 517
Polvrhachis clvpeata r. rastrata EMERY; FOREL,
1893a: 19 + 29
Polyrhachis exercita rastrata EMERY; DONIS-
THORPE, 1932a: 575 [indirect transfer of the
subspecies by synonymy of Polyrhachis clype-
atus MAYR, 1862:683]
Polyrhachis clypeata rastata EMERY; CHAPMAN
& CAPCO, 1951: 257 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis rastata EMERY; CHAPMAN & CAPCO,
1951: 257 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis femorata SMITH
Polyrhachis femoratus SMITH, 1858: 73
Camponotus erneryi ; FOREL, 1880: 113 [syno-
nymy by EMERY in FOREL, 1894b: 72]
Polyrhachis flavibasis CLARK
Polyrhachis flavibasis CLARK, 1930: 16
Polyrhachis fuscipes MAYR
Polyrhachis fuscipes MAYR, 1862: 679
[synonymy by MAYR, 1863a: 445 with P. hex-
acanthus (ERICHSON)]
Polyrhachis hexacantha (ERICHSON. 1841: 74)
partim [sensu MAYR, 1863a: 445; sensu DAL-
LA TORRE, 1893: 263; sensu EMERY. 1925:
179]
Polyrhachis semipolita hestia FOREL. 19 lib: 295
[synonymy by TAYLOR. 1989: 23]
Polyrhachis fuscipes MAYR; TAYLOR, 1989: 23
Polyrhachis gravis CLARK
Polyrhachis gravis CLARK, 1930: 15
Polyrhachis gribodoi EMERY
Polyrhachis gribodoi EMERY, 1887a: 221
Polyrhachis halidayi EMERY
Polvrhachis halidavi EMERY. 1889: 517
Polyrhachis hauxivelli BlNGHAM
[subgen. comb, rev.]
Polyrhachis hauwelli BINGHAM, 1903: 394
Polvrhachis (Campomyrma) haux\velli BlNGHAM;
EMERY, 1925: 180 '
Polyrhachis (Myrtna) hauwelli BlNGHAM; CHAP-
MAN & CAPCO, 1951: 271
Polyrhachis hexacantha (ERICHSON)
Formica hexacantha ERICHSON, 1842: 260
Polvrhachis hexacanthus (ERICHSON); MA.YR,
J863a: 445
Polyrhachis froggatti FOREL, 1910c: 89 [syno-
nymy by TAYLOR, 1989: 24]
Polyrhachis hirsuta MAYR
Polyrhachis hirsuta MAYR, 1876: 75
Polyrhachis hirsuta quinquedentata VlEHMEYER,
1925: 147 [synonymy by TAYLOR, 1989: 24]
Polyrhachis horacei HUNG
Polyrhachis (Evelyna) cheesmanae
DONISTHORPE, 1943c: 459 [junior homonym of
P. (Myrmothrinax) cheesmanae DONISTHORPE
1937a: 273]
Polyrhachis horacei HUNG, 1967b: 201 [replace-
ment name for P. cheesmanae DONISTHORPE
1943 nee 1937]
Polyrhachis inconspicua EMERY
Polyrhachis inconspicua EMERY, 1887a: 225
Polyrhachis thalia FOREL, 1902b: 530 [synonymy
by TAYLOR, 1989: 24]
Polyrhachis insularis EMERY
Polyrhachis inconspicua var. insularis EMERY
1887a: 225
Polyrhachis inconspicua var. subnitens EMERY,
1895b: 357 [synonymy by TAYLOR. 1989: 25]
Polyrhachis insularis EMERY; TAYLOR, 1989: 25
Polyrhachis io FOREL
Polyrhachis thalia var. io FOREL, 1915a: 114
Polyrhachis io FOREL; TAYLOR, 1989: 25
Polyrhachis jacksoniana ROGER
Polyrhachis jacksoniana ROGER. 1863: 158
Polyrhachis hexacantha jacksoniana ROGER;
EMERY, 1925: 179
Polyrhachis jacksoniana ROGER; TAYLOR &
BROWN. 1985: 137 [stat. rev.]; TAYLOR, 1989:
25 [species inquirenda]
Polyrhachis leae leae FOREL
Polyrhachis leae FOREL, 1913c: 193
Polyrhachis leae FOREL; TAYLOR, 1989: 27 [spe-
cies inquirenda. associated with the Polyrha-
chis (sidnica) aggregat]
Polyrhachis leae cedarensis FOREL
Polyrhachis leae r. cedarensis FOREL, 1915a: 114
Polyrhachis leae cedarensis FOREL; TAYLOR,
1989: 27 [species inquirenda, associated with
the Polyrhachis (sidnica) aggregat]
Polyrhachis macropus WHEELER
Hoplomyrmus micans MAYR, 1876: 76 partim
[sensu KIRBY, 1896: 205, misidentification]
Polyrhachis longipes WHEELER, 1915a: 821 [jun-
ior homonym of P. longipes SMITH, 1859: 140]
Polyrhachis macropus WHEELER, 1916: 37 [re-
placement name for P. longipes WHEELER]
Polyrhachis maculata FOREL
Polvrhachis polymnia var. maculata FOREL,
1915a: 115
Polyrhachis maculata FOREL; TAYLOR, 1989: 25
Polyrhachis micans MAYR
Polyrhachis micans MAYR. 1876: 76
Polyrhachis ops FOREL
Polyrhachis micans ops FoREL. 1907a: 308
Polyrhachis micans st. ops var. dentinasis SANT-
SCHI, 1920c: 185 [name not available]
Polyrhachis micans r. ops var. rufa CRAWLEY,
1921: 97 [name not available]
Polyrhachis ops FOREL; TAYLOR. 1989: 26
Polyrhachis patiens SANTSCffl
Polyrhachis patiens SANTSCHI, 1920c: 185
Polyrhachis phryne FOREL
Polyrhachis phryne FOREL. 1907c: 41
Polyrhachis sempronia FOREL, 1907c: 39 [syno-
nymy by TAYLOR, 1989: 26]
Polyrhachis sidnica var. perthensis CRAWLEY.
1922: 36
Polyrhachis perthensis CRAWLEY; TAYLOR,
1989: 26 [synonymy by KOHOLT & TAYLOR,
1990:517]
Polyrhachis polymnia FOREL
Polyrhachis polymnia FOREL, 1902b: 532
Polyrhachis prometheus SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis prometheus SANTSCHI, 1920b: 566
Polyrhachis pseudothrinax HUNG
Polyrhachis pseudothrinaxHWG, 1967b: 199
Polyrhachis pyrrhus FOREL
Polyrhachis pyrrhus FOREL, 1910c: 90
Polyrhachis schwiedlandi FOREL
Polyrhachis schwiedlandi FOREL, 1902b: 529
Polyrhachis schweidlandi FOREL; TAYLOR, 1989:
23 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis sculpta EMERY
Polyrhachis sculpta EMERY, 1887a: 226
Polyrhachis semipolita ANDRE
Polyrhachis semipolita ANDRE, 1896: 251
Polyrhachis hexacantha semipolita ANDRE; EME-
RY, 1898a: 228
Polyrhachis hexicantha semipolita ANDRE;
CLARK, 1934: 72 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis semipolita ANDRE; CLARK, 1934: 72
Polyrhachis sidnica sidnica MAYR
Polyrhachis sidnica MAYR, 1866a: 886
Polyrhachis quadricuspis MAYR, 1870: 946 [syn-
onymy by MAYR, 1876: 75]
Polyrhachis sydnica MAYR; MAYR, 1870: 946
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis sydneyensis MAYR; WHEELER,
1915a: 822 [nomen nudum, probably misspell-
ing for P. sidnica MAYR]
Polyrhachis sidnica var. quadricuspis MAYR;
EMERY, 1925: 180
Polyrhachis sidnica MAYR; TAYLOR, 1989: 27
[species inquirenda, associated with the Poly-
rhachis (sidnica) aggregat]
Polyrhachis sidnica tambourinensis FOREL
Polyrhachis sidnica var. tambourinensis FOREL.
1915a: 113
Polyrhachis sidnica tambourinensis FOREL; TAY-
LOR. 1989: 27 [species inquirenda, associated
with the Polyrhachis (sidnica) aggregat]
Polyrhachis (sidnica)
[aggregatname by TAYLOR, 1989: 27 for]:
Polyrhachis sidnica sidnica MAYR, 1866a: 886
Polvrhachis leae leae FOREL. 1913c: 193
Polyrhachis sidnica tambourinensis FOREL,
1915a: 113
Polyrhachis leae cedarensis FOREL, 1915a: 1 14
Polyrhachis spengeli FOREL
Polyrhachis spengeli FOREL, 1912a: 69
Polyrhachis templi FOREL
Polyrhachis templi FOREL, I902b: 531
Polyrhachis zjmmerae CLARK
Polyrhachis zimmerae CLARK, 1941b: 92
Polyrhachis zimmeri CLARK; TAYLOR, 1989: 23
[misspelling]
Subgenus Chariomyrma FOREL
[fig. 3]
Polyrhachis (Chariomyrma) FOREL, 1915a: 107.
Type-species: Polyrhachis guerini ROGER,
1863: 157. by original designation.
Polyrhachis (Hagiomyrma partim [sensu
WHEELER, 191 la: 860]
WHEELER before (1911) had introduced the subgenus
Hagiomyrma for EMERY'S (1986) "cohors Poly-
rhachides arciferae". FOREL (1915) created the subge-
nus Hagiomyrma for EMERY'S (1986) "manipulus P.
guerini" of this "cohors". Neither EMERY (1886) nor
FOREL (1915) gave a description of the "manipulus"
subgenus resp. EMERY (1925) described it for the first
time: "thorax margination sometimes weak and
small, sometimes large and elevated; border of the
thoracic dorsum sometimes lobed, the segments are
separated by borders (as e. g. in the genus Cryptoce-
rus). each side of the propodeum bears a basal lobe
(ex. P. laciniata EMERY); pronotal shoulders general-
ly with a tooth or spine; propodeal spines always lon-
ger than the pronotal shoulders, petiole with different
types of spination. generally it is short and broad,
rarely it is like in Hedomyrma: usually the spines are
long, strong and curved, embracing the base of the
gaster; rarely there is one single dorsal tooth (P.
heinlethii FOREL)" (own translation).
The thorax of these species is marginate. the genae
are immarginate. They are small ground nesting, non
weaving species which prefer open habitats. Centers
of speciation lie in Australia (arcuata-gp.) and New
Guinea (hostilis-gp.).
The subgenus comprises 58 species. EMERY (1925)
distinguished the Polyrhachis areata-group (small
species with weak margination of the thorax) and the
Polyrhachis hostilis-group (large species with
strongly elevated and acute margination of the tho-
rax).
Distribution: Australia, Bismarck-Archipelago, India,
Indonesia, Malaysia. New Caledonia, New Guinea,
New Hebrides, Oceania, Philippines, Singapore, Solo-
List of species:
Polyrhachis antennala antennata
VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis antennata VlEHMEYER, 1912: 13
Polyrhachis antennata reticulata
[nom. nov.]
Polyrhachis antennata var. aciculata VlEHMEY-
ER, 1912: 13 [primary homonym of P. acicula-
tus SMITH, 1858: 70)
{Derivatio nominis: gaster reticulate on top, while
longitudinally striate in the nominal subspe-
cies!
Polyrhachis appendiculata EMERY
PotyrhachisappendiculataEUEKY, 1893a: 227
Polyrhachis arcuata arcuata (LE GUILLOU)
Formica arcuata LE GUILLOU, 1842: 3 15 [syno-
nymy by DALLA TORRE, 1893: 264 with P. la-
treillii (GirERiN-MENEViLLE)]
Polyrhachis arcuatus (LE GuiLLOU); MAYR,
i863a: 443
Polyrhachis latifrons ROGER, 1863: 155 [syno-
nymy by EMERY. 1897: 583 with P. arcuata
(LE GUILLOU)]
Polyrhachis modiglianii EMERY, 1887b: 529
[synonymy by EMERY, 1895b: 357 with P.
latifrons ROGER, synonymy by EMERY. 1898a:
230 with P. arcuata (LE GUILLOU)]
Polyrhachis latreillei (GUERIN-MENEVILLE, 1838:
205) partim [sensu DALLA TORRE, 1893: 264]
Polvrhachis arcuata (LE GUILLOU); EMERY,
1900b: 714; FOREL. 1901b: 32
Polyrhachis arcuata acutinota FOREL
Polyrhachis arcuata var. acutinota FOREL,
1901b: 32
Polyrhachis arcuata aruana KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis arcuata var. aruana KARAWAJEW,
1927: 16
Polyrhachis arcuata continentis FOREL
Polyrhachis arcuata var. continentis FOREL,
1905a: 179
Polyrhachis arcuata denselineata
VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis arcuata var. denselineata VlEHMEY-
ER, 1914b: 533
Polyrhachis argenteosignata EMERY
Polyrhachis argenteo signata EMERY, 1900a: 335
[incorrect original spelling]
Polvrhachis argenteo-signata EMERY; CHAPMAN
& CAPCO, 1951: 259; FOREL, 1901b: 33 [mis-
spelling]
Polyrhachis aurea aurea MAYR
Polyrhachis guerini var. awmzMAYR. 1876: 74
Polyrhachis aurea MAYR; EMERY, 1897a: 589
Polyrhachis aurea fiorii EMERY
Polyrhachis aurea fiorii EMERY, 1914: 429
Polyrhachis auriformis DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis auriformis DONISTHORPE, 1943c:
Polyrhachis aurita aurita EMERY
Polyrhachis aurita EMERY, 1911: 538
Polyrhachis aurita longispina VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis schlaginhaufeni var. longispina
VlEHMEYER. 1912: 12
Polyrhachis aurita var. longispinosa VlEHMEYER;
EMERY. 1925: 187 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis aurita schlaginhaufeni
VlEHMEYER
Polvrhachis schlaginhaufeni VlEHMEYER, 1912:
12
Polvrhachis aurita schlaginhaufeni VlEHMEYER;
EMERY, 1925: 187
Polyrhachis aurita schlagin-haufeni VlEHMEYER;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 260 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis beauforti beauforti EMERY
Polyrhachis beauforti EMERY, 1911: 538
Polyrhachis beauforti punctinota
VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis beauforti var. punctinota VlEHMEY-
ER, 1914c: 58
Polyrhachis subcyanea var. punctinota VlEHMEY-
ER; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 260 [CHAPMAN
& CAPCO erroneously reported the original de-
scription in this way]
Polyrhachis bedoti FOREL
Polyrhachis bedoti FOREL, 1902b: 518
Polyrhachis caulomma caulomma
VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis caulomma VlEHMEYER, 1914c: 57
Polyrhachis caulomma parallela
VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis caulomma var. parallela VlEHMEY-
ER, 1914a: 612
Polyrhachis contemta MAYR
Polyrhachis contemta MAYR, 1876: 74
Polyrhachis costulata costulata EMERY
[stat. rev.]
Polyrhachis aurea costulata EMERY, 1897a: 590
Polyrhachis costulata EMERY; DAHL. 1901: table
between page 22 and page 23
Polyrhachis aurea costulata EMERY; CHAPMAN &
CAPCO, 1951:259
Polyrhachis costulata radicicola DAHL
Polyrhachis aurea r. costulata var. radicicola
FOREL, 1901b: 32 [name not available]
Polyrhachis costulata var. radicicola DAHL,
1901: 15 [first available use of the name]
Polyrhachis cyrus FOREL
Polyrhachis cyrus FOREL, 190 Ib: 32
Polyrhachis escherichi VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis escherichi VlEHMEYER, 1914b: 534
Polyrhachis eurynota EMERY
Polyrhachis eurvnota EMERY, 1897a: 587
Polyrhachis cingula DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis cingula DONISTHORPE, 1947a: 590
Polyrhachis coerulescens coerulescens
EMERY
Polyrhachis coerulescens EMERY. 1897a: 588
Polyrhachis fulgens VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis fulgens VlEHMEYER, 1912: 11
Polyrhachis gab FOREL
Polyrhachis guerini r. gab FOREL, 1879: 116
Polyrhachis gab FOREL; DALLA TORRE. 1893:
' 262
Polyrhachis coerulescens nigronitens
VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis coerulescens var. nigronitens VlEH-
MEYER, 1914c: 58
Polyrhachis coerulescens strigifrons
VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis coerulescens var. strigifrons VlEH-
MEYER, 1914b: 535
Polyrhachis constricta EMERY
Polyrhachis constricta EMERY, 1897a: 584
Polyrhachis guerini ROGER
Formica ammon FABR1CIUS, 1775: 394 partim
[sensu LATREILLE, 1802: 132, see DALLA TOR-
RE, 1893:262)
Polyrhachis guerini ROGER. 1863: 157
Polyrhachis latreillei (GUERIN-MENEVILLE, 1838:
205) partim [sensu MAYR, 1863a: 445; mis-
spelling of P. latreillii]
Polyrhachis exul EMERY, 1883: 147 [synonymy
by EMERY. 1897a: 584 (in key)]
Polyrhachis guerinii ROGER; DALLA TORRE,
1893: 262 [incorrect subsequent spelling]
Polyrhachis heinlethii heinlethii FOREL
Polyrhachis heinlethii FOREL, 1895b: 47
Polyrhachis heinlethi var. sophiae FOREL, 1902b:
521 [incorrect original spelling; synonymy by
KOHOUT & TAYLOR, 1990: 514]
Polyrhachis heinleti ; FOREL; EMERY, 1925: 186
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis heinlethii papuana EMERY
Polyrhachis heinlethi var. papuana EMERY,
1900a: 336 [incorrect original spelling]
Polyrhachis hookeri LOWNE
Polyrhachis hookeri LOWNE, 1865: 334
Polyrhachis hookeri var. aerea FOREL, 1902b:
521 [synonymy by KOHOUT & TAYLOR, 1990-
515]
Polyrhachis cataulacoidea STITZ, 1911: 377
[synonymy by KOHOUT, 1994a: 136]
Polyrhachis cataulacoides STITZ; EMERY, 1925:
186 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis hostilis hostilis SMITH
Polyrhachis hostilis SMITH, 1859: 139
Polyrhachis hirsuta EMERY. 1911: 532; EMERY,
1925: 188 [nomen nudum]
Polyrhachis hostilis var. hirsuta VIEHMEYER,
1914c: 58 [junior primary homonym of P. hir-
suta MAYS., 1876:75]
Polyrhachis hostilis var. hirsutula EMERY; SANT-
scm, 1916: 243 [wrong procedure while cor-
recting a preoccupied name and also junior
primary homonym of P. continua var. hirsutu-
la EMERY. 1911: 256]
Polyrhachis hostilis var. intricata FOREL, 1918:
727 [replacement name for P. hostilis var. hir-
sutula SANTSCHI; synonymy by BOLTON 1974-
175]
Polyrhachis hostilis hebes DoNlSTHORPE. 1941b:
62 [synonymy by BOLTON. 1974: 175]
Polyrhachis hirsutula EMERY; WILSON, 1959:
444 and 1971: 438 [WILSON overlooked the re-
placement name P. hostilis var. intricata Fo-
REL]; HOLLDOBLER & WILSON, 1990: 164
[they overlooked the synonymy with P. hostilis
SMITH]
Polyrhachis hostilis circumflexa SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis hostilis var. arcuata STITZ, 1911:
378 (Junior secondary homonym of P. arcuata
(LEGuiLLOu, 1842:315)]
Polyrhachis hostilis var. circumflexa SANTSCHI.
1916: 23 [replacement name for P. hostilis
var. arcuata STITZ]
Polyrhachis inclusa VIEHMEYER
Polyrhachis inclusa VIEHMEYER, 1912" 13
[fossil]
Polyrhachis kaipi MANN
Polyrhachis kaipi MANN, 1919: 382
Polyrhachis karawaiewi SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis (Chariomyrma) convexa KARAWA-
JEW, 1927: 17 [junior primary homonym of P.
convexa ROGER, 1863: 153]
Polyrhachis karawaiewi SANTSCHI, 1928a: 139
[replacement name for P. convexa KARAWA-
JEW]
Polyrhachis karawajewi SANTSCHI; CHAPMAN &
CAPCO, 1951: 261 [incorrect subsequent spell-
ing]
Polyrhachis laciniata EMERY
Polyrhachis laciniata EMERY, 1900a: 335
Polyrhachis lata EMERY
Polyrhachis latreillei GUERIN-MENEVILLE. 1838:
205 partim [sensu EMERY, 1887a: 229]
Polyrhachis guerini lata EMERY, 1895b: 357
[name for P. latreillei GUERIN-MENEVILLE
sensu EMERY. 1887a: 229]
Polyrhachis aurea lata EMERY; EMERY 1897a'
590
Polyrhachis gab MM. aegra FOREL, 1915a: 109
-(synonymy by KOHOUT & TAYLOR, 1990: 515]
Polyrhachis aurea r. lata MAYR; FOREL, 1915a:
1 10 [citation of wrong author]
Polyrhachis aegra FOREL; KOHOUT. 1988a: 50
[synonymy by KOHOUT & TAYLOR, 1990: 515]
Polvrhachis lata EMERY; KoHOLT & TAYLOR
1990: 515
Polyrhachis latinota VIEHMEYER
Polvrhachis hostilis var. latinota VIEHMEYER
1912: 11
Polvrhachis latinota VIEHMEYER; VIEHMEYER
1914c: 26
Polyrhachis latreillii (GUERIN-MENEVTLLE)
Formica latreillii GUERIN-MENEVILLE, 1838: 205
Polyrhachis latreillii (GUERIN-MENEVILLE);
SMITH, 1858: 73
Polyrhachis latreillei GUERIN-MENEVILLE;
MAYR, 1863a: 445; DALLATORRE, 1893: 264
[misspelling}
Polyrhachis leopoldi SANTSCffl
Polyrhachis leopoldi SANTSCHI, 1932: 25
Polyrhachis limbata EMERY
Polyrhachis hostilis SMITH, 1859: 139 partim
[sensu EMERY, 1887a: 229]
Polyrhachis limbata EMERY, 1897a: 585
Polyrhachis mentor FOREL, 1901b: 31 [synonymy
by VlEHMEYER, 1914: 54]
Polyrhachis loriai EMERY
Polyrhachis loriai ; EMERY, 1897a: 585
Polyrhachis lownei FOREL
Polyrhachis hooker i r. lownei FOREL, 1895b: 44
Polyrhachis lownei FOREL; KOHOUT & TAYLOR,
1990: 515
Polyrhachis marginata SMITH
Polyrhachis marginatus SMITH, 1859: 139
Polyrhachis nigrescent KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis nigrescens KARAWAJEW, 1927: 16
Polyrhachis nitens DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis nitens DONISTHORPE, 1943c: 464
Polyrhachis obscura FOREL
Polyrhachis hookeri r. obscura FOREL, 1895b: 44
Polyrhachis hookeri r. obscura var. bellenden-
ensis FOREL, 1915a: 109 [name not available]
Polyrhachis obscura FOREL; KOHOUT & TAYLOR,
1990:516
Polyrhachis obtusa EMERY
Polyrhachis aurea var. obtusa EMERY, 1897a:
589
Polyrhachis aurea var. obtusus EMERY; DONIS-
THORPE, 1947a: 590 [incorrect gender-suffix]
Polyrhachis obtusa EMERY; KOHOLT & TAYLOR,
1990: 516
Polyrhachis opalescens CLARK
Polyrhachis opalescens CLARK, 1930: 11
Polyrhachis pallescens MAYR
Polyrhachis guerini var. pallescens MAYR, 1876:
74
Polyrhachis aurea var. pallescens MAYR; EME-
RY, 1897a: 584
Polyrhachis aurea var. depilis EMERY, 1897a:
589 [synonymy by KOHOUT & TAYLOR, 1990:
516]
Polyrhachis pallescens MAYR; KOHOUT &
TAYLOR, 1990: 516
Polyrhachis punctiventris MAYR
Polyrhachis punctiventris MAYR, 1876: 73
Polyrhachis rere MANN
Polyrhachis rere MANN, 1919: 381
Polyrhachis rotumana WILSON & TAYLOR
Polyrhachis rotumana WILSON & TAYLOR,
I967a: 99
Polyrhachis rotundiceps KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis rotundiceps KARAWAJEW, 1927: 18
Polyrhachis rowlandi FOREL
Polyrhachis rowlandi FOREL, 1910c: 85
Polyrhachis scapulata SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis scapulata SANTSCHI, 1932: 23
Polyrhachis schoopae FOREL
Polvrhachis appendiculata r. schoopae FOREL,
1902b: 520
Polvrhachis schoopae FOREL; KOHOUT & TAY-
LOR, 1990: 519
Polyrhachis scutulata SMITH
Polyrhachis scutulatus SMITH, 1859: 140
Polyrhachis senilis FOREL
Polyrhachis gab var. senilis FOREL, 1902b: 520
Polyrhachis gab var. tripellis FOREL, 1915a: 108
[synonymy by KOHOUT, 1988a: 50]
Polyrhachis comata CRAWLEY, 1915: 237 [junior
primary homonym of P. bicolor comata EME-
RY, 1911:538]
Polyrhachis crawleyella SANTSCHI, 1916: 243
[replacement name for P. comata CRAWLEY;
synonymy by BOLTON, 1975: 173 with P. gab
FOREL, 1879: 1 16; synonymy by KOHOUT
1988a: 50]
Polyrhachis cranvleyana SANTSCHI; EMERY,
1925: 186 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis gab FOREL, 1879: 116 partim [sensu
BOLTON, 1974: 173; sensu TAYLOR, 1987: 60]
Polyrhachis senilis FOREL; KOHOUT, 1988a: 50
Polyrhachis splendens SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis splendens SANTSCHI, 1932: 22
Polyrhachis subaenescens VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis subaenescens VlEHMEYER, 1912: 10
Polyrhachis subcyanea subcyanea EMERY
Polyrhachis subcyanea EMERY, 1897a: 586
Polyrhachis subcyanea rotundinota
VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis subcyanea var. rotundinota VlEH-
MEYER, 1914c: 58
Polyrhachis subcyanes var. rotundinota VlEH-
MEYER; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 263 [mis-
spelling]
Polyrhachis trophimus SMITH
[subgen. comb, rev.]
Polyrhachis trophimus SMITH. 1863: 14
Polyrhachis (Hagiomyrma) trophimus SMITH;
DALLA TORRE, 1893: 271
Polyrhachis (Chariomyrma) trophimus SMITH:
DONISTHORPE, 1932b: 469
Polyrhachis (Hagiomyrma) trophimus SMITH;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO. 1 95 1 : 267
Polyrhachis urania FOREL
Polyrhachis urania FOREL. 1902b: 516
Polyrhachis vermiculosa MAYR
Polyrhachis guerini var. vermiculosa MAYR
1876: 74
Polyrhachis aurea var. vermiculosa MAYR; EME-
RY, 1897a: 584
Polyrhachis vermiculosa MAYR; KOHOUT &
TAYLOR, 1990: 520
Polyrhachis verticalis SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis abrupta KARAWAJEW, 1927: 19
[junior primary homonym of P. abrupta
MAYR, 1867: 62]
Polyrhachis verticalis SANTSCHI. 1928a: 139
[replacement name for P. abrupta KARAWA-
JEW]
Polyrhachis villosa villosa EMERY
Polyrhachis hostilis var. villosa EMERY 1897a~
584
Polyrhachis villosa EMERY; VlEHMEYER, 1914
59
Polyrhachis villosa pubiventris VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis villosa var. pubiventris VlEHMEYER,
1914:59
Subgenus Cyrtomyrma FOREL [fig. 4]
Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) FOREL, 1915a: 106.
Type-species: Formica rastellata LATREILLE,
1802: 130, by original designation.
Polyrhachis (Myrma) partim [sensu WHEELER,
191 la: 860]
WHEELER (1911) had included EMERY'S (1896) whole
"cohors Polyrhachides carinatae" into the subgenus
Myrma. FOREL (1915) introduced his new subgenus
only with the words: "For the "turma rastellata" (pro-
bably including revoili ANDRE) I suggest the name
Cyrtomyrma nov. subgen. with the type species P.
rastellata. which has to be separated from the rest of
the turma relucens (Polyrhachides carinatae EM.)".
The first description of the group was given by
EMERY (1925): "head rounded, proximally narrowed,
larger than the pronotum; thorax proximally broad,
narrowing distally; back more or less rounded: shoul-
ders of pronotum rounded or ending in an acute
tooth; propodeum very short, rounded, i. e. declining
smoothly; propodeal teeth very small or totally ab-
sent; petiole scale-like with 4 teeth or short spines;
first gastral segment large; black and very shiny;
because of their large rounded head they resemble
somewhat the European Lasius fuliginosus. Female
resembling the worker, but thorax and petiole totally
unarmed" (own translation).
The thorax of these species is immarginate whereas
the genae are marginate. They are small weaver ants
which nest above the ground. No distinct centers of
speciation can be detected at the moment in this
widely distributed subgenus.
The subgenus comprises 28 species. The last revision
was published by DONISTHORPE (1938). KYAW THAN
(1978) wrote a doctoral thesis on that subgenus and
labeled many museum specimen with new names, but
did not publish the study. Therefore all these names
are unavailable and are not included in the following
list.
Distribution: Australia, Bismarck-Archipelago, Bur-
ma, China, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Laos, Malay-
sia, New Guinea, Oceania, Philippines, Solomons,
Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand
List of species:
Polyrhachis albertisi EMERY
Polyrhachis albertisi EMERY, 1887a: 240
Polyrhachis albertisii EMERY; DALLA TORRE,
1893: 258 [incorrect subsequent spelling]
Polyrhachis australis MAYR
Polyrhachis levior ROGER, 1863: 8 partim [sensu
DALLA TORRE, 1893: 264: TAYLOR & BROWN.
1985: 137; TAYLOR, 1987:61]
Polyrhachis australis MAYR, 1870: 945
Polyrhachis laevior ROGER partim [sensu MAYR,
1876: 71, misspelling]
Polyrhachis rastellata laevior ROGER partim
[sensu EMERY, 1925: 208, misspelling]
Polyrhachis nox DONISTHORPE. 1938b: 249 [syn-
onymy by KOHOUT & TAYLOR. 1990: 513]
Polvrhachis australis MAYR; KOHOl.T & TAY-
LOR, 1990:513
Polyrhachis debilis debilis EMERY
Polyrhachis laevior var. debilis EMERY, 1887a:
240
Polyrhachis rastellata r. laevior var. debilis EME-
RY; FOREL, 1893: 21; 1902b: 527 [name not
available]
Polyrhachis levior var. debilis EMERY; DALLA
TORRE, 1893: 264 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis rastellata st. levior var. debilis EME-
RY; EMERY, 1925: 208 [wrong citation of Fo-
REL, 1893: 21; name not available]
Polyrhachis rastellata st. laevior var. debilis
EMERY; SANTSCHI, 1932: 19 [name not availa-
ble]
Polyrhachis debilis EMERY; DONISTHORPE,
1938b: 265
Polyrhachis rastellata r. laevior var. debilis EME-
RY; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 266 [name not
available]
Polyrhachis debilis johnsoni MANN
Polyrhachis rastellata var. johnsoni MANN,
1919: 390
Polyrhachis debilis var. johnsoni MANN; DONIS-
THORPE, 1938b: 266
Polyrhachis demangei SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis rastellata demangei SANTSCHI,
1910b: 284
Polyrhachis demangei SANTSCHI; DONISTHORPE,
1938b: 264
Polyrhachis dentata DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis dentata DONISTHORPE, 1947b: 196
Polyrhachis doddi DONISTHORPE
Polvrhachis doddi DONISTHORPE, 1938b: 263
Polyrhachis burmanensis DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis b urmanensis DONISTHORPE. 1938b:
257
Polyrhachis coronata SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis obsidiana KARAWAJEW, 1927: 59
[junior primary homonym of P. gagates obsi-
diana EMERY, 1921a: 21]
Polyrhachis coronata SANTSCHI, 1928a: 140 [re-
placement name for P. obsidiana KARAWA-
JEW]
Polyrhachis emeryana MANN
Polyrhachis emery ana MANN, 1919: 390
Polyrhachis euryala euryala SMITH
[stat. rev.]
Polyrhachis euryalus SMITH, 1863: 16 [synonymy
by MAYR, 1862: 688 with P. rastellata (LA-
TREILLE, 1802: 130)]
Polyrhachis rastellata euryalus SMITH; EMERY,
i900b: 720 [as variety]; EMERY, 1925: 208
Polyrhachis rastellata torricellianus VlEHMEYER,
1912: 9 [synonymy by VIEHMEYER, 1914: 50]
Polyrhachis rastellata euryala SMITH; VlEHMEY-
ER, 1914c: 25
Polyrhachis euryalus SMITH; DONISTHORPE
1938b. 259
Polyrhachis rastellata euryalus SMITH; CHAPMAN
&CAPCO, 1951:266
Polyrhachis euryala goramensis EMERY
Polyrhachis rastellata var. goramensis EMERY
1887a: 239
Polyrhachis rastellata euryala var. goramensis
EMERY; VIEHMEYER, 1914c: 50; EMERY, 1925:
208 [name not available]
Polyrhachis euryalus var. goramensis EMERY;
DONISTHORPE, 1938b: 260
Polyrhachis euryslus var. goromensis EMERY;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO. 1951: 265 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis rastellata var. goromensis EMERY;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 265 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis euryala javana KARAWAJEW
[stat. n.]
Polyrhachis rastellata euryala var. javana VlEH-
MEYER, 1914c: 51; EMERY, 1925: 208; CHAP-
MAN* CAPCO, 1951: 266 [name not available]
Polyrhachis rastellata var. ja\>ana\ KARAWAJEW,
1927: 49 [first available use of the name]
Polyrhachis fornicata EMERY [stat. rev.]
Polyrhachis rastellata fornicata EMERY 1900b"
720
Polyrhachis fornicata EMERY; DONISTHORPE
1938b: 261
Polyrhachis rastellata fornicata EMERY; CHAP-
MAN & CAPCO. 1 95 1 : 266
Polyrhachis gibba EMERY
Polyrhachis gibba EMERY, 1901b: 580
Polyrhachis grandis DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis grandis DONISTHORPE, 1949b: 415
Polyrhachis jurii KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis jurii KARAWAJEW, 1935: 116
Polyrhachis laevissima laevissima SMITH
Polyrhachis laevissimus SMITH, 1858: 64
Polyrhachis globulariaMAYR, 1867: 41 [syno-
nymy by MAYR, 1879: 65 1]
Polyrhachis levissima SMITH; DALLATORRE,
1893: 264 [incorrect subsequent spelling]
Polyrhachis laevissima aruensis
VIEHMEYER
Polyrhachis levissima var. aruensis VIEHMEYER,
1912: 9 [incorrect original spelling]
Polyrhachis laevissima dichroa FOREL
Polyrhachis laevisima var. dichrous FOREL,
1893a: 21 [incorrect original spelling]
Polyrhachis leonidas FOREL
Polyrhachis leonidas FOREL, 1901b: 34
Polyrhachis levior ROGER
Polyrhachis laevissimus SMITH, 1859: 141
[junior primary homonym of P. laevissima
SMITH, 1858: 64]
Polyrhachis levior ROGER, 1863: 8 [replacement
name for P. laevissimus SMITH, 1859: 14 nee
1858: 64]
Polyrhachis rastellata r. laevior ROGER; EMERY,
1887a: 240; EMERY. 1925: 208 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis laevior ROGER; DALLATORRE, 1893:
264 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis rastellata r. levior ROGER; FOREL
1915a:110
Polyrhachis levior ROGER, DONISTHORPE. 1938b:
248; TAYLOR & BROWN, 1985: 137
Polyrhachis linae DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis linae DONISTHORPE. 1938b: 262
Polyrhachis luctuosa EMERY
Polyrhachis luctuosa EMERY. 192 la: 25
Polyrhachis mackayi DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis mackayi DONISTHORPE. 1938b: 258
Polyrhachis mondoi DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis mondoi DONISTHORPE, 1938b: 250
Polyrhachis pilosa DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis rastellata r. levior var. pilosa FOREL.
1902b: 527 [name not available]
Polyrhachis rastellata laevior var. pilosa FOREL;
EMERY, 1925: 208 [name not available]
Polyrhachis rastellata var. pilosa DONISTHORPE,
1938b: 256 [first available use of "pilosa"]
Polyrhachis pilosa DONISTHORPE; KOHOUT &
TAYLOR, 1990:518
Polyrhachis rastellata nomo DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis rastellata var. nomo DONISTHORPE,
1941a: 142
Polyrhachis ralumensis FOREL
Polyrhachis ralumensis FOREL, 1901b: 34
Polyrhachis rastellata var. major STITZ, 1911:
381 [synonymy by VIEHMEYER, 1914: 50]
Polyrhachis rastellata rastellata
(LATREILLE)
Formica rastellata LATREILLE, 1802: 130
Polyrhachis rastellata (LATREILLE); SMITH,
1858: 59
Polyrhachis busiris SMITH. 1860b: 98 [synonymy
by MAYR, 1862: 688]
Polyrhachis rastellatus (LATREILLE); MAYR,
1862: 688 [unjustified emendation]
Polyrhachis rastellata var. ceylonensis DONIS-
THORPE, 1938b: 256 [junior homonym of P.
cevlonensis EMERY in FOREL, 1893a: 22; syn.
n.]
Polyrhachis busirii SMITH; CHAPMAN & CAPCO,
1951: 265 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis rastellata baduri
DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis rastellata var. baduri DONISTHORPE.
1941b: 63
Polyrhachis rastellata celebensis
VIEHMEYER
Polyrhachis rastellata var. celebensis VIEHMEY-
ER, 1913: 155 [fossil]
Polyrhachis rastellata congener SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis rastellata var. congener SANTSCHI,
1928a: 135
Polyrhachis rastellata corporaali SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis rastellata var. corporaali SANTSCHI,
1928a: 134
Polyrhachis rastellata fulakora MANN
Polvrhachis rastellata var. fulakora MANN, 1919:
389
Polyrhachis rastellata pagana SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis rastellata var. pagana SANTSCHI,
1928a: 134
Polyrhachis rastellata var. pagans SANTSCHI;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 265 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis rastellata semiinermis
DONISTHORPE
Polvrhachis rastellata semiinermis DONISTHOR-
PE, 194 Ic: 209
Polyrhachis rastellata var. semi-inermis DONIS-
THORPE; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 265 [mis-
spelling]
Polyrhachis tmvnsvillei DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis townsvillei DONISTHORPE, 1938b:
251
Polyrhachis ugiensis MANN
Polyrhachis rastellata ugiensis MANN, 1919: 389
Polvrhachis ugiensis MANN; DONISTHORPE,
1938b: 260
Polyrhachis vitalisi SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis vitalisi SANTSCHI. 1920b: 567
Polyrhachis wagneri VIEHMEYER
Polvrhachis wagneri VIEHMEYER, 1914c: 51
Polyrhachis yorkana FOREL
Polyrhachis rastellata var. yorkana FOREL.
1915a: 110
Polvrhachis vorkana FOREL; KOHOIT & TAY-
LOR. 1990: 521
Subgenus Hagiomyrma WHEELER
[fig. 5]
Polyrhachis (Hagiomyrma) WHEELER, 1911: 860.
Type-species: Formica ammon FABRICIUS.
1775: 394, by original designation.
Potyrhachis (Chariomyrma) partim {sensu EME-
RY, 1925: 188; sensu DONISTHORPE, 1932b:
469]
WHEELER (1911) introduced the subge s nus for
EMERY'S (1896) "cohors Polyrhachides arciferae".
EMERY (1896) characterized this group as: "all spe-
cies with long spines on the petiole, which are curved
to embrace the gaster; thorax marginate or not;
propodeal spines always longer and stronger than
those of the pronotum, sometimes the latter are rudi-
mentary or totally lacking". FOREL (1915) criticized
that WHEELER (1911) did not give the limits of his
newly established subgenus and restricted ffagio-
myrma to "manipulus P. ammon", but also FOREL
failed to give a description. EMERY (1925) described
the subgenus as: "thorax marginate without lobes;
thorax on top, between the margination, relatively
flat, weakly convex in sideview; pronotum with
shoulders but without spines or teeth; thoracic sutures
distinct or the meso-propodeal furrow more or less
indistinct; propodeal spines generally long; petiole of
different shapes, often like in the subgenus
Hedotnyrma; with one single pair of upright spines
which are lowered at the tip or curved to embrace the
gaster; first gastral segment large; female resembling
the worker concerning the arrangement of the spines"
(own translation).
The thorax of these species is marginate but the genae
are immarginate. They are large ground nesting, non-
weaving species. The center of speciation is Australia
from where New Guinea and adjacent islands have
been colonized.
The subgenus comprises 18 species, which were not
devided into species-groups by EMERY (1925).
COMMON & WATERHOUSE (1981) listed a Polyrhachis
ammon-group \\ithout further comments, probably
only to place an undetermined species in relationship
to P. ammon,
Distribution: Australia, Bismarck-Archipelago, Indo-
nesia. New Guinea; probably wrong notice of P. con-
similis from Africa (Sierra Leone)
Polyrhachis ammonoeides ROGER
Polyrhachis ammon (FABRICIUS, 1775: 394) par-
tim [sensu FOREL, 1879: 1 16]
Polyrhachis ammonoeides ROGER, 1863: 157
Polyrhachis ammon st. ammonoeides ROGER; Fo-
REL, 1879: 116
Polyrhachis ammonoeides ROGER; DALLA TOR-
RE, 1893: 258; TAYLOR & BROWN, 1985: 131
Polyrhachis chalchas FOREL, 1907a: 307; Ko-
HOUT, 1994a: 135
Polyrhachis angusta FOREL
Polyrhachis ammon r. angusta FOREL, 1902b:
524
Polyrhachis angusta FOREL; KOHOUT, 1988c:
431
Polyrhachis crawleyi FOREL
Polyrhachis ammonoeides var. crawleyi FOREL,
1916a: 447
Polyrhachis crawleyi FOREL; KOHOUT, 1988c:
433
Polyrhachis denticutata KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis denticulata KARAWAJEW. 1927: 13
Polyrhachis lachesis EMERY
Polyrhachis lachesis EMERY. 1897a: 582
Polyrhachis fydiae FOREL
Polyrhachis schenki r. fydiae FOREL, 1902b: 523
[incorrect original spelling of P. schenckii FO-
REL]
Polyrhachis fydiae FOREL; KOHOUT, 1988c: 434
Polyrhachis metella SMITH
Polyrhachis metella SMITH, 1867: 99
Polyrhachis metalla SMITH; CHAPMAN & CAPCO,
1951: 267 [misspelling]
List of species:
Polyrhachis ammon (FABRICIUS)
Formica ammon FABRICIUS. 1775: 394
Polyrhachis ammon (FABRICRJS); SMITH, 1858:
73
Polyrhachis ammon var. angustata FOREL,
1902b: 525 [synonymy by KOHOUT, 1988c:
430]
Polyrhachis paxilla SMITH
Polyrhachis paxilla SMITH, 1863: 17
Polvrhachis (Chariomvrma) paxillus SMITH;
EMERY, 1925: 188 '
Polyrhachis lachesis maeandrifera EMERY,
1897a: 582 [synonymy by KOHOUT, 1988c:
435]
Polyrhachis lachesis meandrifera EMERY; CHAP-
MAN & CAPCO, 1951: 267 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis penelope FOREL
Polyrhachis penelope FOREL, 1895b: 46
Polyrhachis schenkii FOREL
Polyrhachis schenkii ; FOREL, 1886b: 198
Polyrhachis schenckii FOREL; DALLA TORRE,
1893: 268 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis schencki ; FOREL; EMERY, 1925: 185;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 267 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis semiaurata MAYR
Polyrhachis semiaurata MAYR, 1876: 71
Polyrhachis semiobscura DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis semiobscura DONISTHORPE, 1944: 65
Polyrhachis sokolova FOREL
Polyrhachis sokolova FOREL, 1902b: 522
Polyrhachis sokolova var. degener FOREL, 1910c:
84 [synonymy by KOHOUT, 1988c: 436]
Polyrhachis thusnelda FOREL
Polyrhachis thusnelda FOREL, 1902b: 509
Polyrhachis trapezoidea MAYR
Polyrhachis trapezoidea MAYR, 1876: 72
Polyrhachis ammon r. trapezoidea MAYR; FOREL,
1915a: 108
Polyrhachis trapezoidea MAYR; EMERY. 1925:
185
Polyrhachis tubifera FOREL
Polyrhachis tubifera FOREL, 1902b: 517
Polyrhachis xiphias SMITH
Polyrhachis xiphi as SMITH, 1863: 16
Subgenus Hedomyrma FOREL [fig. 6]
Polyrhachis (Hedomyrma) FOREL, 191 5a: 107.
Type-species: Polyrhachis ornata MAYR,
1876: 73, by original designation.
Polyrhachis (Dolichorhachis) MANN, 1919: 386.
Type species: Polyrhachis (Dolichorhachis)
malaensis MANN, 1919: 386, by monotypy.
[syn. n.J
Polyrhachis (Morleyidris) DONISTHORPE, 1944:
64. Type species: Polyrhachis(Morleyidirs)
trina DONISTHORPE, 1944: 64, by original des-
ignation, [synonymy by Hung, 1967a: 402]
WHEELER (1911) transferred the whole "cohors
Polyrhachides arciferae" including the "manipulus P.
(1915) introduced the subgenus Hedomyrma for
EMERY'S (1896) "manipulus P. ornata" without fur-
ther descriptions. EMERY (1925) gave the first dis-
cription: "body very massive; thorax blunt-edged
marginate; pronotum more or less arched; pronotum
much shorter than mesonotum + proximal part of the
propodeum; pro-mesonotal suture more or less im-
pressed; meso-propodeal suture totally lacking
(vestigal in P. erato FOREL); spines on pronotum
short, shorter than those of the propodeum; petiole
with the shape common to the subgenera Hagio-
myrma, Chariomyrma and Myrmhopla: its profile is
proximally strait and forms a nearly right angle with
the dorsal plane, declines distally to embrace the
spines; spines inserting at the proximal dorsal angle,
which is higher and surrounding the dorsal plane;
spines elongated and curved to embrace the basal
segment of the gaster; first gastral segment large;
female resembling the worker very much" (own trans-
lation).
The thorax of these species is marginate but the genae
are immarginate. They are large arboreal weaver ants.
The center of speciation is Australia from where New
Guinea and adjacent islands have been colonized.
The subgenus comprises 30 species which have not
been devided into species-groups.
Distribution: Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea,
Oceania. Solomons
List of species:
Polyrhachis annae MANN
Polvrhachis annae MANN, 1919: 377
Polyrhachis argentosa FOREL
Polyrhachis daemeli r. argentosa FOREL, 1902b:
515
Polyrhachis argentosa FOREL; KOHOUT, 1988c:
431
Polyrhachis atropos atropos SMITH
Polyrhachis atropos SMITH, 1860b: 100
Polyrhachis euchahs KARAWAJEW, 1927: 22
[synonymy by KOHOUT & TAYLOR, 1990: 513]
Polyrhachis atropos circumdata
VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis circumdata ViEHMEYER/1913" 152
[fossil]
Polyrhachis atropos var. circumdata VlEHMEYER;
VlEHMEYER, 1914c: 52
Polyrhachis atropos tersa VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis atropos var. tersa VlEHMEYER,
1914c: 52
Polyrhachis barretti CLARK
Polyrhachis barretti CLARK, 1928a: 170
Polyrhachis calliope EMERY
Polyrhachis calliope EMERY, 1900a: 335
Polyrhachis cleopatra FOREL
Polyrhachis cleopatra FOREL, 1902b: 513
Polyrhachis clio FOREL
Polyrhachis clio FOREL, 1902b: 515
Polyrhachis clotho FOREL
Polyrhachis clotho FOREL, 1902b: 525
Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) clotho FOREL; EMERY,
1925: 195 [association with the P. dives-
group]
Polyrhachis (Hedomyrma) clotho FOREL; Ko-
HOUT & TAYLOR, 1990: 512
Polyrhachis consimilis SMITH
Polyrhachis consimilis SMITH, 1858: 73
Polyrhachis cupreata EMERY
Polyrhachis hermione var. cupreata EMERY
1895b: 357
Polyrhachis daemeli var. exlex FOREL, 1915a:
110 [synonymy by KOHOUT, 1988c: 433]
Polyrhachis cupreata EMERY; KOHOUT 1988c
433
Polyrhachis daemeli daemeli MAYR
Polyrhachis daemeli MAYR, 1876: 72
Polyrhachis daemelii MAYR; DALLA TORRE,
1893: 261 [incorrect subsequent spelling]
Polyrhachis daemeli sulcativentris MAYR
Polyrhachis daemeli var. sulcativentris EMERY;
FOREL, 1915a: 111
Polyrhachis dolichocephala VlEHMEYER
[subgen. comb, n.]
Polyrhachis (Dolichorhachis) dolichocephala
VlEHMEYER, 1914b: 532
Polyrhachis (Dolichorhachis) dolichacephala
VlEHMEYER; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 267
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis erato FOREL
Polyrhachis erato FOREL, 1902b: 512
Polyrhachis aeschyle FOREL, 1915a: 111 [syno-
nymy by KOHOUT, 1988c: 434]
Polyrhachis euterpe FOREL
Polyrhachis euterpe FOREL, 1902b: 511
Polyrhachis fervens SMITH
[subgen. comb, n.]
Polyrhachis fervens SMITH, 1860b: 101
Polyrhachis valerus SMITH, 1861: 40 [synonymy
by KOHOUT, 1988c: 434]
Polyrhachis (Dolichorhachis) fenens SMITH;
EMERY, 1925: 189; DONISTHORPE, 1932b: 461
Polyrhachis bicolor KARAWAJEW, 1927: 21 [jun-
ior primary homonym of P. bicolor SMITH
"1858:65]
Polyrhachis indocilis Santschi, 1928a: 139 [re-
placement name for P. bicolor KARAWAJEW;
synonymy by KOHOUT, 1988c: 434]
Polyrhachis kershawi CLARK, 1930: 12 [syno-
nymy by KOHOUT, 1988c: 434]
Polyrhachis geminata MANN
Polyrhachis geminatus MANN, 1 9 1 9 : 3 76
Polyrhachis hera FOREL
Polyrhachis heraYoREL, 19 lib: 302
Polyrhachis hermione EMERY
Polyrhachis hermione EMERY, 1895b: 357
Polyrhachis santschi campbelli MANN
Polyrhachis santschi campbelli MANN, 1919: 376
Polyrhachis hungi BOLTON
Polyrhachis nitens DONISTHORPE, 1944: 65 [jun-
ior primary homonym of P. (Chariomyrma)
nitens DONISTHORPE, 1943c: 464]
Polyrhachis hungi BOLTOK, 1974: 173 [replace-
ment name for P. nitens DONISTHORPE]
Polyrhachis terpsichore FOREL
Polyrhachis terpsichore FOREL, 1893c: 455
Polyrhachis thais FOREL
Polyrhachis thais FOREL, 1910c: 86
Polyrhachis machaon Santschi
Polyrhachis machaon Santschi, 1920b: 568
Polyrhachis malaensis MANN
[subgen. comb, n.j
Polyrhachis (Dolichorhachis) malaensis MANN,
1919:386
Polyrhachis mucronata malaensis; MANN, 1919:
275 [probably mistake for P. malaensis MANN]
Polyrhachis trina DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis (Morleyidris) trina DONISTHORPE,
1944: 64
Polyrhachis (Hedomyrma) trina DONISTHORPE;
Hung, 1967a: 402 [indirect transfer of species
by synonymy of the subgenus]
Polyrhachis turneri FOREL
Polyrhachis turneri FOREL. 1895b: 45
Polyrhachis mjobergi FOREL
Polyrhachis mjobergi FOREL, 1915a: 112 [incor-
rect original spelling]
Polyrhachis anguliceps VlEHMEYER, 1925: 148
[synonymy by KOHOLT, 1988c: 435]
Polyrhachis mjobergi FOREL; TAYLOR, 1987: 61
Polyrhachis ornata MAYR
Polyrhachis ornata MAYR, 1876: 73
Polyrhachis humerosa EMERY, 192 la: 18 [syno-
nymy by KoHOirr. 1988c: 435]
Polyrhachis chrysothorax VlEHMEYER, 1925: 148
[synonymy by K.OHOIT, 1988c: 435]
Polyrhachis rufifemur FOREL
Polyrhachis terpsichore var. rufifemur FOREL,
1907c: 41
Polyrhachis terpsichore elegans FOREL. 1910c:
84 [synonymy by KOHOIT & TAYLOR, 1990:
512]"
Polyrhachis rufifemur FOREL; BROWN, 1958: 49
Polyrhachis santschi santschi MANN
Polyrhachis santschi MANN, 1919: 375
Polyrhachis santschii MANN; EMERY. 1925: 190
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis violaceonigra VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis violaceonigra VlEHMEYER, 1914c:
Subgenus Hemioptica ROGER
[subgen. stat. rev.] [fig. 7]
Hemioptica ROGER, 1862: 238. Type-species:
Hemioptica scissa ROGER, 1862: 240. by
monotypy.
Polyrhachis TurmaAbrupta MAYR, 1867: 62
Hemioptica ROGER; MAYR, 1868a: 6
Hemioptica (Polyrhachis!); SMITH, 1871: 318
Polyrhachis GruppeAbrupta. (Hemioptica
ROG.):MAYR. 1879: 651
Hemioptica ROGER: DALLA TORRE. 1893: 271
Polyrhachis SMITH, 1857: 58 partim [sensu
BlNGHAM. 1896: 405]
Polyrhachis (Hemioptica) (ROGER); FOREL,
1908: 11
Hemioptica ROGER: EMERY, 1921a: 18
Polyrhachis (Hemioptica) (ROGER); WHEELER.
1922: 701
Hemioptica ROGER; EMERY; 1925: 209: C'HAP-
MAN& CAPCO, 1951: 255: HUNG, 1962: 22;
1967: 398
Polyrhachis SMITH. 1857: 58 partim [sensu
BROWN, 1973: 181; sensu HOLLDOBLER&
WILSON. 1990: 19]
ROGER (1862) described Hemioptica as follows: "The
form of the eyes, which are situated on an ear-like
projection of the head and a deep slit transverse the
thorax separate this genus from all others. In frontal
view the head is egg-shaped and longish. narrowing
slightly behind the eyes, and in side view the head
has the shape of a shifted quadrangular; its frontal
side is strongly arched, and unlike in Polyrhachis the
rear side is neither strait or curved, but angular in the
middle between the occipital foramen and the mandi-
bles. The clypeus is medium sized, arched, rounded
anteriorly, truncate at the border of the triangular
area above the clypeus and has only weakly visible
sideparts. Its pits are indistinct. The frontal carinae
are very strongly upcurved which makes the front part
of the head look strongly arched, they are broadest in
the middle, where they are nearly angularly enlarged;
just in front of this the antennae are inserted. The
antennae have 12 segments and a long and strong
scape and otherwise are totally like those of
Polyrhachis. Also the palps are alike those in that
genus. The mandibles are strong, have 5-6 teeth,
otherwise they are of the usual shape. The moderately
large compound eyes are situated far to the back on
an ear-like projection, they are facing forward and are
slightly convex; in side view the posterior part is
lacking, they are excavated posteriorly and this exca-
vation is filled with the above mentioned projection.
The pronorum is arched, bent down anteriorly, im-
pressed parallel to the relatively acute anterior border,
with pointed anterior corners and fused with the
mesonotum. Between mesonotum and metanotum
there is a narrow deep furrow transverse to the thorax
which nearly reaches the meso- and metasternum.
The anterior border of that furrow is slightly widened
into a bay at two points, and therefore has a
protuberance at the center and at each side; the poste-
rior border of the furrow has the same shape (but not
that obvious), and partly overarches the furrow. The
basal part of the metanotum is strongly arched, the
steep part is vertical and separated from the basal part
by an acute edge, the steep part has a broad arch pro-
jection at its base. The petiole is broader than long,
thick, strongly narrowing to the top. The gaster is
globose, compared to the petiole a little flattened. The
legs are moderately long; the spurs of the front tibiae
are feathered, those of the other legs are simple. The
claws are simple.
Female:
Head and especially the eyes exactly as in the worker.
3 ocelli. The pronorum is much broader than long,
has nearly rectangular anterior corners and is lower
than the mesonotum; the mesonotum is arched rela-
tively high. The scutellum is strongly convex; the
postscutellum is a small strip and is lower than
scutellum and metanotum. The furrow between
metanotum and mesonotum is lacking. The basal part
of the metanotum is much broader than long, strongly
arched and separated from the vertical part by an
acute edge. The gaster is globose. The cubital cell of
the forewing is closed" (own translation).
EMERY (1925) pointed out the different forms of the
eyes within this subgenus (genus sensu EMERY):
"head rounded posteriorly; eyes behind the midline,
large, prominent and truncate laterally in P. scissa
ROGER, small and simple in P. bugnioni" (own trans-
lation).
The changing history of "Hemioptica" was due to the
judgement on the validity and weighting of the char-
acters "truncate eyes" and "deep furrow between
mesonotum and propodeum", which caused some
authors to accept it as a genus, others as a subgenus
of Polyrhachis and others as a mere synonym of the
latter genus. According to this judgement some
authors accepted Hemioptica in a broad sense, e. g.,
MAYR (1862, 1866), BINGHAM (1903), WHEELER
(1919), CHAPMAN & CAPCO (1951), while EMERY
(1925) excluded several species and transformed
them to the subgenus Myrma. I follow EMERY'S op-
pinion, that only P. scissa and P. bugnioni are rela-
tives, but accept Hemioptica only as a subgenus of
Polyrhachis. A revision of the subgenus is in prepara-
tion (DOROW & KoHOirr).
The thorax of these species is immarginate, but the
genae are marginate. They are arboreal ants of In-
domalayan origin. Polyrhachis scissa is a weaver ant,
nesting in shrubs and trees, the life habits of P.
bugnioni are unknown.
The subgenus comprises two described and one unde-
scribed species.
Distribution: India. Indonesia. Malaysia, Sri Lanka
List of species:
Polyrhachis bugnioni FOREL
Polyrhachis (Hemioptica) bugnioni FOREL, 1908:
ll
Hemioptica bugnioni FOREL; EMERY, 1925: 210
Polyrhachis bugnioni FOREL; BROWN. 1973: 181
[indirect transfer of species by generic syno-
nymy]
Polyrhachis scissa (ROGER)
Hemioptica scissa ROGER, 1862: 240
Polyrhachis scissa (ROGER); MAYR, 1867: 62
Hemioptica scissa ROGER; EMERY. 1925: 210
Subgenus Myrma BILLBERG
[figs. 8, 9]
Myrma BILLBERG, 1820: 104. Type-species: For-
mica militaris FABRicius, 1782: 493, by sub-
sequent designation of WHEELER, 191 1: 859.
Polyrhachis (Hemioptica) partim [sensu MAYR,
1867: 62]
Hemioptica partim [sensu BINGHAM, 1903: 380]
Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) partim [sensu FOREL,
1915a: 107]"
Polyrhachis (Campomvrma) partim [sensu VlEH-
MEYER, 1916b: 287]
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrmd) EMERY, 192 la:
18. Type species: Polyrhachis revoili ANDRE,
1887: 285 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 288]
Polyrhachis (Anoplomyrmd) CHAPMAN, 1963:
258. Type species: Polyrhachis (Anoplomyr-
md) parabiotica CHAPMAN, 1963: 258 [syn.
BILLBERG (1820) did not describe his new genus
Myrma but only associated Formica carinata and
Formica militaris with it. WHEELER (1911), who
rediscovered the name, transferred EMERY'S (1896)
"cohors Polyrhachides carinatae" to the subgenus
Myrma. EMERY (1896) described his "cohors" as:
"characterized by the usually marginate thorax of the
workers, only rarely not marginate, but then dorsally
strongly convex posteriorly. Teeth of pronotum
always stronger developed than those of the propo-
deum (...). Petiolar scale with different combinations
of spines but never curved embracing the gaster"
(own translation). FOREL reduced the subgenus to the
"turma relucens" sensu MAYR (1867) and created the
new subgenus Cyrtomyrma for EMERY'S (1896)
"manipulus rastellata". EMERY (1925) described the
subgenus in this reduced sense: "worker: thorax mar-
ginate, generally flat on top. sometimes longitudinally
like a gutter or, on the contrary, convex (grading into
the subgenus Pseudocyrtomyrma); meso-propodeal-
suture distinct; pronotal spines usually strong and
long, orientated more or less horizontally and oblique
proximally (typical group militaris-relucens mili-
taris). or tooth-like and sometimes directed outwards:
the teeth (or rarely spines) of the propodeum erect,
rarely lacking; petiole usually armed with two pairs of
spines, upright or a little curved (typical group);
sometimes the lateral spines are lacking, and in P.
laboriosa the median spines are curved hook-like; in
some species the median spines are totally reduced
and the top of the scale is therefore arched like in
Aulacomyrma or Catnpomyrma\ in some small
African species (P. decemdentata, P andrei, etc.) they
...have six teeth; in species of the typical group there
is one additional unpaired tooth between the median
teeth; basal segement of gaster covering more than
half of the gaster; female: the spines or teeth are like
in the workers" (own translation).
This subgenus comprises a large and widely distrib-
uted group, which has centers of speciation in Africa
as well as in the Indomalayan Region. The thorax is
more or less marginate, the genae are marginate in
some species. Small and large species occur and
weaver ants as well as non-weavers.
The subgenus comprises 109 species. BOLTON (1973)
revised the African species, KOHOUT (1989) the Aus-
tralian ones.
EMERY (1925) distinguished five species-groups by
the spi nation of prothorax and petiole and by the
vaulting and margination of the thorax: Polyrhachis
abrupta-group, Polyrhachis laboriosa-group, Poly-
rhachis militaris-relucens militaris-group (which he
geographically devided into African and Australasian
species), Polyrhachis viscosa-decemdentata-group
and Polyrhachis zopyrus-group. He accepted the sub-
genus Pseudocyrtomyrma, which he separated from
the subgenus Myrma by size and form of the head,
length of the thorax, form of the propodeum and the
criteria described above.
BOLTON (1973) synonymized P. (Pseudocyrtomyrma)
with P. (Myrma) and devided the African species into
the following species-groups:
Polyrhachis alexisi-group: P. alexisi, P. curta, P. la-
tharis, P. lestoni, P. limitis
Polyrhachis gamaii-group: P. gamaii
Polyrhachis militaris-group: P. alluaudi, P. andrei,
P. asomaningi, P. concava, P. cornuta, P. decellei, P.
decemdentata, P. esarata, P. fissa, P. gagates, P. la-
boriosa, P. latispina, P. lauta, P. medusa, P. milita-
ris, P. phidias, P. rufipalpis, P. schistacea, P. schlue-
teri, P. sulcata, P. wellmani
Polyrhachis monista-group: P. monista, P. spitteleri
Polyrhachis revoili-group: P. aenescens, P. braxa, P.
khepra, P. lanuginosa, P. otleti, P. platyomma, P. re-
gesa, P. revoili, P. transiens, P. volkarti, P. weissi
Polyrhachis viscosa-group: P. arnoldi, P. cubaensis,
P. durbanensis, P. nigrita, P. spinicola, P. viscosa
KOHOUT (1989) associated all Australian species (P.
andromache, P. foreli, P. inusitata, P. relucens, P.
rufofemorata) with the Polyrhachis (Myrma) relu-
cens-group, which also occurs in Asia.
Distribution:
Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana,
Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mosambique, Natal,
Sierra Leone, Somalia, Transvaal, Zimbabwe
Asia and Australia: Australia, Bangladesh (new),
Bismarck-Archipelago, Burma, China, Hong Kong,
India, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea,
New Hebrides, Oceania, Philippines, Saudi Arabia
(COLLINGWOOD, pers. comm.), Singapore, Solomons,
Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Yemen (COLLING-
WOOD, pers. comm.)
List of species:
Polyrhachis abrupt a MAYR
Polyrhachis (Hemiopticd) abrupta MAYR, 1867'
62
Polyrhachis orsyllus st. halmaheirae FoREL,
1886b: 196 [synonymy by EMERY, 1925: 204]
Polyrhachis halmaheirae FOREL; DALLA TORRE
1893: 263
Polyrhachis (Myrma) abrupta MAYR; EMERY
1925: 204
Polyrhachis aenescens STITZ
Polyrhachis aenescens STITZ, 1910: 151
Polyrhachis aerope WHEELER
Polyrhachis aerope WHEELER, 1922: 265
Polyrhachis alexisi FOREL
Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) alexisi FOREL 1916a"
455
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) alexisi FOREL;
EMERY, 1925: 206
Polyrhachis (Myrma) alexisi FOREL; BOLTON,
1973b: 288
Polyrhachis alluaudi EMERY
Polyrhachis alluaudi EMERY, 1892: 567
Polyrhachis alluaudii EMERY; DALLA TORRE,
1893: 258 [incorrect subsequent spelling]
Polyrhachis alluaudi var. anteplana FOREL,
1916a: 448 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b:
297]
Polyrhachis aculeata aculeata MAYR
Polyrhachis aculeata MAYR, 1879: 657
Hemioptica aculeata (MAYR); BlNGHAM 1903'
382
Polyrhachis (Hemiopticd) aculeata MAYR;
WHEELER, 1919: 126
Polyrhachis (Myrma) aculeata MAYR; EMERY
1925: 205
Hemioptica aculeata (MAYR); CHAPMAN & CAP-
CO, 1951: 255
Polyrhachis aculeata cybele WHEELER
Polyrhachis (Hemioptica) aculeata cvbele
WHEELER, 1919: 126
Polyrhachis (Myrma) aculeata cvbele WHEELER;
EMERY, 1925: 205
Hemioptica aculeata cybele (WHEELER); CHAP-
MAN & CAPCO. 1951: 255
Polyrhachis aculeata gibbosa FOREL
Polyrhachis aculeata var. gibbosa FOREL 1908'
9
Polyrhachis (Hemioptica) aculeata gibbosa Fo-
REL; WHEELER, 1919: 126
Polyrhachis (Myrma) aculeata var. gibbosa Fo-
REL; EMERY, 1925: 205
Hemioptica aculeata var. gibbosa (FOREL);
CHAPMAN & CAPCO. 1951: 255
Polyrhachis andrei EMERY
Polyrhachis andrei EMERY, 192 la: 22
Polyrhachis andromache andromache
ROGER
Polyrhachis sumatrensis SMITH, 1858: 65 partim
[sensu MAYR, 1879: 655; synonymy by EME-
RY, 1925: 202 with P. relucens andromache
ROGER]
Polyrhachis hector S\llTU. 1859: 142 [junior ho-
monym of P. hector SMITH, 1857: 62]
Polyrhachis ithona SMITH, 1860b: 99 partim
" [sensu BOLTON, 1974: 177; TAYLOR &
BROWN, 1985: 136]
Polyrhachis chaonia SMITH. 1861: 42 [synonymy
by BOLTON, 1973b: 177 with P. ithona SMITH]
Polyrhachis andromache ROGER, 1863: 8 [repla-
cement name for P. hector SMITH, 1859: 142]
Polyrhachis connectens EMERY, 1887a: 230 [syn-
onymy by EMERY. 1897a: 580 with P. relucens
andromache ROGER]
Polyrhachis connectens var. australiae EMERY,
1887a:231
Polyrhachis hector var. connectens MAYR, i. 1.
[synonymy by DALLA TORRE, 1893: 267]
Polyrhachis relucens var. connectens EMERY;
DALLA TORRE, 1893: 267
Polyrhachis relucens var. hector SMITH; DALLA
TORRE, 1893: 267
Polyrhachis relucens decipiens var. australiae
EMERY; EMERY, 1897a: 580 [name not availa-
ble]
Polyrhachis relucens andromache ROGER; EME-
RY, 1897a: 580
Polyrhachis relucens andromache var. nesiotis
MANN, 1919: 380 [name not available]
Polyrhachis relucens st. andromache var. vaga
SANTSCHI. 1932: 21 [name not available]
Polyrhachis reluscens andromache ROGER;
DONISTHORPE, 1949b: 420 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis relucens australiae EMERY; TAYLOR
& BROWN, 1985: 140
Polyrhachis relucens australiae TAYLOR &
BROWN, 1985: 140 [wrong authors and synon-
ymy by KOHOUT, 1988c: 431]
Polyrhachis andromache ROGER; KOHOUT,
1988c: 430 [stat. rev.]
Polyrhachis andromache
semitestacea EMERY
Polyrhachis andromache var. semitestacea EME-
RY, 1900a: 334
Polyrhachis relucens andromache var. semitesta-
cea EMERY; EMERY. 1925: 202 [name not
available]
Polyrhachis arnoldi FOREL
Polvrhachis arnoldi FOREL, 1914a: 263
Polyrhachis asomaningi BOLTON
Polyrhachis asomaningi BOLTON, 1973b: 298
Polyrhachis bakeri VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis bakeri VlEHMEYER, 1916b: 287
Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) bakeri VlEHMEYER;
EMERY, 1925: 204 "
Polyrhachis (Myrma) bakeri VlEHMEYER; CHAP-
MAN& CAPCO. 1951: 269
Polyrhachis beccarii MAYR
Polyrhachis beccarii MAYR, 1872: 141
Polyrhachis biroi biroi FOREL
Polyrhachis biroi FOREL, 1907c: 40
Polyrhachis biroi Ford; CHAPMAN & CAPCO,
J951: 269 [wrong author]
Polyrhachis biroi atra VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis biroi var. atra VlEHMEYER, 1914c:
50
Polyrhachis biroi bidentata STITZ
Polyrhachis biroi var. bidentata STITZ, 1912: 512
Polyrhachis biroi paprika FOREL
Polyrhachis biroi var. paprika FOREL, 191 Ib:
296
Polyrhachis braxa BOLTON
Polyrhachis braxa BOLTON, 1973b: 333
Polyrhachis carbonaria SMITH
[subgen. comb, n.]
Polyrhachis carbonarius SMITH, 1857: 60
Polvrhachis (Aulacomyrma) carbonaria SMITH;
DONISTHORPE, 1932b: 445]
Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) carbonaria SMITH;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 263
Polyrhachis carinata (FABRICIUS)
Formica carinata FABRICIUS, 1804: 413
Polvrhachis carinatus (FABRICIUS); MAYR,
i863a: 444
Polyrhachis ceramensis MAYR
Polyrhachis ceramensis MAYR. 1883: 246
Polyrhachis compressicornis SMITH
Polvrhachis compressicornis SMITH, 1860a: 69
Polyrhachis concava ANDRE
Polyrhachis conca\>a ANDRE. 1889: 218
Polyrhachis conops conops FOREL
Polyrhachis conops FOREL. 1901b: 28
Polyrhachis conops cuspidata STITZ
Polyrhachis conops var. cuspidata STITZ. 1911:
Polyrhachis conops simpla SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis conops st. simplex KARAWAJEW,
1927: 45 [junior homonym of P. simplex
MAYR, 1862: 682]
Polyrhachis conops st. simpla SANTSCHI, 1928a:
139 [replacement name for P. conops st. sim-
plex KARAWAJEW]
Polyrhachis conops spinifera STITZ
Polyrhachis conops var. spinifera STITZ 1911-
376
Polyrhachis conops var. spinifer STITZ; CHAP-
MAN & CAPCO, 1951: 270 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis conops stitzi SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis conops var. bismarckensis KARAWA-
JEW, 1927: 46 [junior homonym of P. mucro-
nata bismarckensis FOREL, 1901b: 33]
Polyrhachis conops var. stitzi SANTSCHI, 1928a:
139 [replacement name for/ 3 , bismarckensis
KARAWAJEW]
Polyrhachis continua continua EMERY
Polyrhachis continua EMERY, 1887a: 235
Polyrhachis continua hirsutula EMERY
Polvrhachis continua var. hirsutula EMERY
1911:256
Polyrhachis continua procera EMERY
Polyrhachis continua var. procera EMERY
1897a: 581
Polyrhachis crassispinosa VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis crassispinosa VlEHMEYER, 1914c: 49
Polyrhachis crassispina VlEHMEYER; CHAPMAN
& CAPCO, 1951: 270 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis cubaensis MAYR
Polyrhachis cubaensis MAYR, 1862: 686
Polyrhachis gerstaecken ; FOREL, 18865: 197
[synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 325]
Polyrhachis cubaensis var. gerstaeckeri FOREL;
MAYR, 1893: 4
Polyrhachis cubaensis var. striolato-rugosa
MAYR, 1893: 195 [incorrect original spelling]
Polyrhachis cubaensis var. striolatorugosa
MAYR, 1893: 195 [synonymy by BOLTON
1973b: 325]
Polyrhachis gerstackeri FOREL; FOREL, 1894b:
72 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis cubaensis var. gerstackeri FOREL;
FOREL, 1894b: 72 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis cubaensis wilmsi ; FOREL, 1910e: 30
[synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 325]
Polyrhachis cubaensis var. gersteckeri FOREL;
FOREL, 1913e: 358 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis curia ANDRE
t
Polyrhachis curta ANDRE, 1890: 312
Polyrhachis maynei : FOREL, 191 le: 282 [syno-
nymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 346]
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) curta ANDRE;
EMERY, 1925: 206
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) lyrifera STITZ,
1933: 78 [synonymy by BOLTON. 1973b: 346]
Polyrhachis curta var. lyrifera STITZ: SANTSCHI
1939: 13
Polyrhachis continua revocata VlEHMEYER
Polvrhachis continua var. revocata VlEHMEYER
1913: 151 [fossil]
Polyrhachis convexa convexa ROGER
Polyrhachis convexa ROGER, 1863: 153
Polyrhachis convena ROGER; CHAPMAN & CAP-
CO. 195 1:270 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis convexa isabellae FOREL
Polyrhachis convexa var. isabellae FOREL 1908
9
Polyrhachis cornuta STITZ
Polyrhachis cornu ta STITZ. 1910: 150
^ Polyrhachis cyaniventris SMITH
Polyrhachis cyaniventris SMITH. 1858: 70
PolvrhachiscyaneusMAYR, 1862: 684 [syno-
nymy by DALLA TORRE. 1893:261]
Polvrhachis cvaneiventris SMITH: DALLA TORRE
1893: 261 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis cyaniventrus DRURY: BROWN. 1906:
690 [wrong author und misspelling]
Polyrhachis decellei BOLTON
Polyrhachis decellei BOLTON. 1973b: 301
Polyrhachis deccmdentata ANDRE
Polyrhachis decemdentata ANDRE, 1889: 219
Polyrhachis decemdentata \ai.fernandensis
FOREL, 190 Id: 377 [synonymy by BOLTON,
1973b: 302]
Polyrhachis decemdentata var. flavipes SlTTZ,
1910: 149 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 302)
Polyrhachis decemdentata var. gustavi EMERY,
1921a: 22 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 302)
Polyrhachis decemdentate var. fernandensis Fo-
REL; SANTSCHI, 1923: 294 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis decemdentata tenuistriata MENOZZI,
1932b: 114 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b:
302]
Polyrhachis (liana WHEELER
Polyrhachis diana WHEELER, 1909: 343
Polyrhachis dorsorugosa FOREL
Polyrhachis latona var. dorsorugosa FOREL,
1913a: 202
Polyrhachis latona var. dorsiruga FOREL;
WHEELER, 1929a: 63; HUNG, 1962: 27
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis dorsorugosa FOREL; WANG & Wu,
1991:599
Polyrhachis durbanensis FOREL
Polyrhachis cubaensis r. durbanensis FOREL,
1914a: 262
Polyrhachis durbanensis FOREL; BOLTON, 1973b:
327
Polyrhachis gagates var. congolensis SANTSCHI,
1910a: 399 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b:
305]
Polyrhachis nigriseta SANTSCHI, 1910a: 399
[synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 305]
Polyrhachis nigriseta var. clariseta SANTSCHI,
1910a: 400 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b:
305]
Polyrhachis gagates r. indefinitaFOKEL, 1913e:
349 [synonymy by SANTSCHI, 1924a: 224 with
P. gagates var. congolensis SANTSCHI; syno-
nymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 305]
Polyrhachis schistacea r. nigriseta var. clariseta
SANTSCHI; FOREL, 1913e: 357 [name not avail-
able]
Polyrhachis gagates obsidiana EMERY, 192 la: 21
[synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 305]
Polyrhachis gagates indefinita var. acheron AR-
NOLD, 1924: 746 [name not available]
Polyrhachis gamaii SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis gamaii SANTSCHI, 1917: 295
Polyrhachis gamii SANTSCHI; MAJER & KOCK,
1992: 34 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis hastata (LATREILLE)
Formica hastata LATREILLE, 1804: 129
Formica nastata LATREILLE; JERDON, 1851: 126
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis hastatus (LATREILLE); SMITH, 1858:
Polyrhachis fissa MAYR
Polyrhachis fissus MAYR, 1902: 301
Polyrhachis bequaerti WHEELER, 1922: 267 [syn-
onymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 304]
Polyrhachis fissa ugandensis ARNOLD. 1954: 294
[synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 304]
Polyrhachis foreli KOHOUT
Polyrhachis relucens St. andromache var.
andromedafoREL, 1915a: 110 [name not
available]
Polyrhachis ithona SMITH, 1860: 99 partim [sen-
su TAYLOR, 1987: 60]
Polyrhachis foreli KOHOUT, 1989: 510 [replace-
ment name for P. relucens r. andromache var.
andromeda FOREL]
Polyrhachis gagates SMITH
Polyrhachis gagates SMITH, 1858: 71
Polyrhachis hemiopticoides MUKERJEE
Polyrhachis hemiopticoides MUKERJEE, 1930:
161
Polyrhachis horni EMERY
PolvrhachishorniEMEKY, 190 la: 122
Polyrhachis illaudata illaudata WALKER
Polyrhachis illaudatus WALKER. 1859: 373
Polyrhachis relucens MAYR, 1862: 37 [junior ho-
monym of P. relucens (LATREILLE, 1802:
131)]
Polyrhachis mayri ROGER, 1863: 7 [replacement
name for P. relucens MAYR; synonymy by Do-
NISTHORPE, 1932a: 576]
Polyrhachis mayrei ROGER; FOREL. 1886a: 242
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis niayrii ROGER; EMERY, 1895a: 481
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis latispinosa DONISTHORPE, 1942b:
460 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1974: 176]
Polyrhachis duodentata DONISTHORPE, 19425:
461 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1974: 176]
Polyrhachis illaudata intermedia FOREL
Polyrhachis mayrei intermedia FOREL, 1886a:
242 [incorrect original spelling]
Polyrhachis mayri r. intermedia FOREL; FOREL
1893a: 20 + 29 [emendation]
Polyrhachis intennedia FOREL; DALLATORRE
1893: 264
Polyrhachis mayri intermedia FOREL; EMERY
1925:201
Polyrhachis illaudata obesior VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis mavri var. obesior VlEHMEYER
1916a: 165
Polyrhachis illaudata pauperata EMERY
Polyrhachis mayri var. pauperata EMERY 1889"
519
Polyrhachis illaudata proximomayri FOREL
Polyrhachis mayri var. proxinw-mayri FOREL,
1893a: 20 + 29 [incorrect original spelling]
Polyrhachis indificans (JERDON)
[subgen. comb, n.]
Formica indificans JERDON, 1851: 125
Polyrhachis nidificans (JERDON): SMITH, 1858:
59 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) nidificans (JERDON);
EMERY, 1925: 197
Polyrhachis inermis SMITH
Polyrhachis inermis SMITH, 1858: 68
Polyrhachis orsyllus SMITH, 1861: 39 partim
[sensu EMERY. 1900b: 713]
Polyrhachis (Myrma) bryanti DONISTHORPE.
1942c: 707 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1974: 176]
Polyrhachis (Myrma) hosei DONISTHORPE,
1942c: 708 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1974: 176]
Polyrhachis inusitata KOHOUT
Polyrhachis inusitata KoHOirr, 1989: 513
Polyrhachis isacantha EMERY
Polyrhachis isacantha EMERY, 1887a: 232
Polyrhachis ithona SMITH
Polyrhachis ithonus SMITH, 1860b: 99
Polyrhachis relucens var. ithonus SMITH" MAYR
1879: 655
Polyrhachis relucens ithonus var. silvatica SANT-
SCHI, 1932: 21 [name not available]
Polyrhachis reluscens var. ithonus DALLA TOR-
RE; DONISTHORPE, 1932b: 460 [misspelling
and wrong author]
Polyrhachis reluscens ithonius SMITH; DONIS-
THORPE, 1943c: 471 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis ithona SMITH; BOLTON, 1974: 177
Polyrhachis khepra BOLTON
Polyrhachis khepra BOLTON, 1973b: 334
Polyrhachis labella lobelia SMITH
Polyrhachis labella SMITH, 1860b: 101
Polyrhachis labella brunneipes WHEELER
Polyrhachis labella var. brunneipes WHEELER
1934b: 179
Polyrhachis labella obliqua STITZ
Polyrhachis labella var. obliqua STITZ, 1911:
Polyrhachis laboriosa SMITH
Polyrhachis labohosus SMITH, 1858: 72
Polyrhachis laboriosa var. architecta SANTSCHI,
1924a: 224 [synonymy by BOLTON 1973b'
308]
Polyrhachis hortulana ARNOLD. 1955: 735 [syno-
nymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 308]
Polyrhachis lanuginosa SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis lanuginosa SANTSCHI, 1910a: 394
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) lanuginosa
SANTSCHI; EMERY, 192 la: 18 + 24
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) lanuginosa
santschii EMERY, 192 la: 24 [junior homonym
of P. santschi MANN, 1919:375]
Polyrhachis lanuginosa santschi EMERY; SANT-
SCHI. 1923: 293 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis lanuginosa conradti SANTSCHI.
1923: 293 [1. replacement name for/ 3 , lanugi-
nosa santschii EMERY; synonymy by
SANTSCHI, 1939: 13 with/ 3 , lanuginosa var.
felici EMERY, 1925: 206; synonymy by BOL-
TON. 1973b: 335]
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrmd) lanuginosa fe-
lici EMERY, 1925: 206 [2. replacement name
for P. lanuginosa santschii EMERY; synonymy
by BOLTON, 1973b: 335]
Polyrhachis latharis BOLTON
Polyrhachis latharis BOLTON, 1973b: 348
Polyrhachis latispina EMERY
Polyrhachis atalanta WHEELER, 1922: 263 [jun-
ior homonym of P. atalanta EMERY, 1898b:
243]
Polyrhachis latispina EMERY, 1925: 206 [re-
placement name for P. atalanta WHEELER]
Polyrhachis iperpunctata MENOZZI, 1942: 181
[synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 310]
Polyrhachis iperstriata MENOZZI; Eidmann,
1944: 481 + 483 [misspelling for P. iper-
punctata MENOZZI]
Polyrhachis latona WHEELER
Polyrhachis latona WHEELER, 1909: 337
Polyrhachis lauta SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis lauta SANTSCHI, 1910a: 397
Polyrhachis lauta var. localis FOREL, 1913e: 359
[synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 311]
Polyrhachis lauta var. laeta EMERY, 192 la: 22
[synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 311]
Polyrhachis lestoni BOLTON
Polyrhachis lestoni BOLTON, 1973b: 349
Polyrhachis limitis SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis alexisi st. limitis SANTSCHI. 1939: 12
Polvrhachis limitis SANTSCHI: BOLTON, 1973b:
350
Polyrhachis lycidas SMITH
Polyrhachis lycidas SMITH, 1861: 43
Polyrhachis lycides SMITH; CHAPMAN & CAPCO,
195 1:272 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis medusa FOREL
Polyrhachis schistacea r. medusa FOREL, 1897:
206
Polyrhachis medusa FOREL; FOREL, 1907e: 92
Polyrhachis medusae FOREL; SANTSCHI, 1914a:
140 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis militaris (FABRICIUS)
Formica militaris FABRICIUS, 1782: 493
Fourmi militaire; OLIVIER, 1792: 489 [mis-
spelling]
Polyrhachis militaris (FABRICIUS); SMITH, 1858:
72
Polyrhachis militaris St. cupreopubescens FOREL,
1879: 120 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 313]
Polyrhachis militaris r. striativentris EMERY,
1892: 566 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 313]
Polyrhachis cupreopubescens FOREL; DALLA
TORRE, 1893: 261
Polyrhachis striativentris EMERY; DALLA TORRE,
1893: 270
Polyrhachis militaris cupreopubescens var.
transversaria FOREL, 190 la: 77 [name not
available]
Polyrhachis militaris var. calabarica FOREL,
1907c: 38 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 313]
Polyrhachis militaris var. ssibangensis FOREL,
1907c: 38 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 313]
Polyrhachis militaris var. sibangensis FOREL;
SANTSCHI, 1910a: 400; 1924: 222
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis militaris r. cupreopubescens var.
argentatus STITZ, 1910: 150 [name not avail-
able and junior homonym of P. argentata (FA-
BRicius, 1804: 413)]
Polyrhachis militaris st. bruta SANTSCHI, 1912:
166 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 313]
Polyrhachis militaris var. stibangentis FOREL;
SANTSCHI, 1912: 167 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis militaris r. cupreopubescens var.
epinotalis FOREL, 1913e: 357 [name not avail-
able]
Polyrhachis militaris r. cupreopubescens var.
sankisiana FOREL. 1913f: 348 [name not avail-
able]
Polyrhachis militaris r. cupreopubescens var.
nkomoensis FOREL, 1916a: 447 [name not
available]
Polyrhachis militaris cupreopubescens var. dido
WHEELER. 1922: 261 [replacement name for P.
militaris r. cupreopubescens var. argentatus
STITZ; name not available]
Polyrhachis militaris cupreopubescens argentea
STITZ; SANTSCHI, 1924a: 222 [nomen nudum;
probably misspelling for P. militaris r. cupreo-
pubescens var. argentatus STITZ]
Polyrhachis militaris st. epinotalis SANTSCHI,
i924a: 222 [first available use of "epinotalis";
syn. n.]
Polyrhachis militaris cupreopubescens var.
pleurata SANTSCHI, 1924a: 223 [name not
available]
Polyrhachis militaris st. brttta var. sankisiana
FOREL; SANTSCHI, 1924a: 224 [name not
available]
Polyrhachis militaris var. nkomoensis SANTSCHI,
1924a: 222 [first available use of "nkomoen-
sis"', syn. n.]
Polyrhachis militaris var. transversaria SANT-
SCHI, 1924a: 222 [first available use oftrans-
versaria"; syn. n.]
Polyrhachis militaris st. cupreopubescens var.
calabarica FOREL; SANTSCHI, 1924a: 223
[name not available]
Polyrhachis calabarica FOREL; MEDLER, 1980:
486 [wrong state]
Polyrhachis monista SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis monista SANTSCHI, 1910a: 398
Polyrhachis murina murina EMERY
Polyrhachis murina EMERY, 1893a: 198
Polyrhachis murina selecta FOREL
Polvrhachis murina selecta FOREL, 191 Ic: 215
Polyrhachis numeria SMITH
Polyrhachis numeria SMITH, 1861: 42
Polyrhachis olena SMITH
Polyrhachis olenus SMITH, 1861: 39
Polyrhachis eurytus SMITH, 1861: 43 [synonymy
by BOLTON, 1974: 177]
Polyrhachis eurythus SMITH; ROGER, 1863: 9
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis otleti FOREL
Polyrhachis otleti FOREL, 1916a: 449
Polyrhachis parabiotica CHAPMAN
[subgen. comb, n.]
Polyrhachis (Anop/omyrma) parabiotica CHAP-
MAN, 1963: 258
Polyrhachis paracamponota WANG & Wu
Polyrhachis paracamponota WANG& Wu. 1991:
599 + 601
Polyrhachis niger MAYR
Polyrhachis mgerMAYR, 1862:683
Polyrhachis nigra MAYR; CHAPMAN & CAPCO,
1951:273 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis nigrita MAYR
Polyrhachis nigrita MAYR, 1895: 153
Polyrhachis schoutedeni SANTSCHI, 1919: 249
[synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 328]
Polyrhachis nigropilosa nigropilosa MAYR
Polyrhachis nigropilosa MAYR, 1872: 141
Polyrhachis nigropilosa conophthalma
EMERY
Polyrhachis nigropilosa var. conophthalma EME-
RY, 1900b: 713
Polyrhachis nigropilosa polluta MENOZZI
Polyrhachis nigropilosa var. polluta MENOZZI,
1926: 99
Polyrhachis phidias FOREL
Polyrhachis phidias FOREL, 1910b: 450
Polyrhachis philippinensis SMITH
Polyrhachis philippinensis SMITH, 1858: 69
Polyrhachis platyomma EMERY
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) platyomma
EMERY, 192 la: 24"
Polvrhachis (Myrma) platyomma EMERY; BOL-
*TON, 1973b: 288 [general subgeneric syno-
nymy]
Polyrhachis proxima proxima ROGER
Polyrhachis proxima ROGER, 1863: 155
Polyrhachis proxima semirufipes
DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis proxima var. semirufipes DONIS-
THORPE, 1943c: 469
Polyrhachis pruinosa MAYR
Polyrhachis pruinosa MAYR, 1872: 142
Polyrhachis pubescens pubescens MAYR
Polyrhachis pubescens MAYK, 1879: 657
Hemioptica pubescens (MAYR); BlNGHAM, 1903:
381
Polyrhachis (Myrmd) pubescens MAYR; EMERY,
1925: 205
Polyrhachis pubescens alatisquamis FOREL
Polyrhachis pubescens var. alatisquamis FOREL,
1893a: 17
Polyrhachis (Myrmd) pubescens var. alatisqua-
mis FOREL; EMERY, 1925: 205
Polyrhachis punctillata punctillata ROGER
Polyrhachis punctillata ROGER, 1863: 152
Polyrhachis punctillata fergusoni FOREL
Polyrhachis punctillata r. fergusoni FOREL,
1902a: 289
Polyrhachis punctillata smythiesii FOREL
Polyrhachis punctillata r. smvthiesii FOREL,
1895a: 456
Polyrhachis punctillata var. smythiesi FOREL;
BINGHAM, 1903: 409; CHAPMAN & CAPCO,
1951: 275 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis pyrgops VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis pyrgops VlEHMEYER, 1912: 9
Polyrhachis regesa BOLTON
Polyrhachis regesa BOLTON, 1973b: 337
Polyrhachis relucens relucens (LATREILLE)
Formica relucens LATREILLE, 1802: 131
Polyrhachis relucens (LATREILLE); SMITH, 1857:
59
Polvrhachis relucens decipiens var. papuana
EMERY, 1897a: 580 [name not available]
Polyrhachis relucens Htigiosa EMERY
Polyrhachis relucens Htigiosa EMERY, 1897a:
581
Polyrhachis Htigiosa EMERY; DAHL, 1901: 37 +
42 + unnumbered pages with tables between
page 22 and 23 [wrong state]
Polyrhachis relucens r. Htigiosa var. aloseana
FOREL, 1901b: 28 [name not available]
Polyrhachis relucens r. Htigiosa var./wsca STTTZ,
1911: 375 [name not available]
Polyrhachis restituta restituta VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis restituta VlEHMEYER, 1913: 149
[fossil]
Polyrhachis restituta conclusa VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis restituta var. conclusa VlEHMEYER,
1913: 151 [fossil]
Polyrhachis revoili ANDRE
Polyrhachis revoili ANDRE, 1887: 285
Polyrhachis revoilii ANDRE; DALLA TORRE,
1893: 268 [incorrect subsequent spelling]
Polyrhachis natalensis SANTSCHI, 1914b: 41
[synonymy by ARNOLD, 1924: 754; syn. rest.
by BOLTON, 1973: 338]
Polyrhachis (Myrma) revoili var. natalensis
SANTSCHI; FOREL, 1916a: 453
Polyrhachis revoili var. donisthorpei FOREL,
1917: 252 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 338]
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma} revoili ANDRE;
EMERY, 1925: 207'
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) revoili var. na-
talensis SANTSCHI; EMERY. 1925: 207
Polyrhachis rixosa SMITH
Polvrhachis rixosus SMITH, 1858: 68
Polyrhachis relucens breviorspinosa
DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis relucens var. breviorspinosa DONIS-
THORPE, 1947b: 194
Polyrhachis relucens decipiens ROGER
Polyrhachis decipiens ROGER. 1863: 156
Polyrhachis relucens decipiens ROGER; EMERY.
1897a: 580
Polyrhachis rufipalpis SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis ruflpalpis SANTSCHI, 1910a: 396
Polvrhachis rufipalpis r. mayumbensis FOREL,
1913e: 358 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b:
317]
Polyrhachis rufofemorata SMITH
Polyrhachis rufofemoratus SMITH, 1859: 142
Polyrhachis merops SMITH, 1860b: 98 [nee
MAYR, 1867: 53; synonymy by BOLTON 1974-
178] '
Polyrhachis rufofemorata var. merops SMITH-
EMERY, 1898a: 228
Polyrhachis rufofemorata var. semirufofemorata
[nomen nudum HUNG, 1967a: 415]
Polyrhachis salomo salomo FOREL
Polyrhachis salomo FOREL, 1910c: 87
Polyrhachis solamo FOREL; CHAPMAN & CAPCO
1951: 276 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis salomo hiram FOREL
Polyrhachis salomo hiram FOREL, 1912b: 80
Polyrhachis schistacea (GERSTAECKER)
Polyrhachis carinatus SMITH, 1857: 59 [junior
homonym of P. carinata (FABRicius, 1804:
413); synonymy by DALLA TORRE, 1893: 260
with P. cafrorum FOREL, 1879: 120; synonymy
by EMERY, 1925: 200 with P. schistacea var.
rugulosa MAYR, 1862: 685]
Hoplomyrmus schistaceus GERSTAECKER 1859
262
Polyrhachis rugulosus MAYR, 1862: 685 [syno-
nymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 318]
Polyrhachis schistazeus (GERSTAECKER); GER-
STAECKER in PETERS, 1862: 508; MAYR,
1863a: 446 [misspelling]
Hoplomyrmus schistazeus GERSTAECKER; GER-
STAECKER, 1873: 342 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis schistazea (GERSTAECKER); GER-
STAECKER. 1873: 342 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis militaris st. cafrorum FOREL, 1879:
120 [synonymy by FOREL, 1894b: 72 with P.
rugulosa MAYR]
Polyrhachis militaris var. schistacea (GER-
STAECKER); ANDRE, 1887: 288
Polyrhachis caffrorum FOREL; EMERY, 1892: 566
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis cafrorum FOREL; DALLA TORRE
1893: 260
Polyrhachis militaris var. rugulosa MAYR;
MAYR, 1893: 5
Polyrhachis schistacea r. rugulosa MAYR- STITZ
1910: 151 *" '
Polyrhachis schistacea var. divina FOREL, 1913f:
348 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 318]
Polyrhachis schistacea rugulosa var. divinoides
FOREL, 1913f: 348 [name not available]
Polyrhachis schistacea st. atrociliata SANTSCHI,
1914a: 141 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b'
318]
Polyrhachis schistacea st.fracta ociliata var.
benguelensis SANTSCHI, 1914a: 141 [name not
available]
Polyrhachis schistacea st.fracta SANTSCHI,
1914a: 141 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b-
318]
Polyrhachis schistacea st.fracta var. subplana
SANTSCHI, 1914a: 142 [name not available]
Polyrhachis schistacea var. gagatoides SANT-
SCHI, 1914a: 142 [synonymy by BOLTON
1973b:318]
Polyrhachis schistacea atrociliata var. mediopi-
losa SANTSCHI, 1923: 295 [name not available]
Polyrhachis schistacea var. divinoides EMERY,
1925: 200 [first available use of " divinoides"]
Polyrhachis schistacea var. divinoides FOREL;
EMERY, 1925: 200 [wrong author, synonymy
by BOLTON, 1973b: 318]
Polyrhachis schlueteri FOREL
Polyrhachis militaris r. schlueteri FOREL 1886b'
195
Polyrhachis schistacea r. schluteri FOREL; Fo-
REL, 1894b: 72 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis schlueteri FOREL; FOREL, 1907e: 92
Polyrhachis schistacea st. schluteri FOREL;
SANTSCHI, 1914b: 42 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis schluteri var. plebeia SANTSCHI,
1914a: 143 [incorrect original spelling; syno-
nymy by BOLTON. 1973b: 321]
Polyrhachis schluteri var. indigens FOREL,
1914a: 261 [incorrect original spelling; syno-
nymy by ARNOLD, 1924: 747 with P. schista-
cea r. schluteri FOREL]
Polyrhachis schliittcri FOREL; FOREL, 1915c: 364
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis schluteri FOREL: EMERY. 1925: 200
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis sculpturata sculpturata SMITH
Polyrhachis sculpturatus SMITH. 1860a: 70
Polyrhachis sculpturata javaniana
SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis sculpturata r.javana STITZ. 1923:
134 [junior homonym of P. rastellatajmana
VlEHMEYER, 1914c: 51]
Polyrhachis sculpturata st. javaniana SANTSCHI,
1928a: 134 [replacement name for P. sculptu-
rata r. javana STITZ]
Polyrhachis sculpturata siatnensis MAYR Polyrhachis similis angustior VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis sculpturata var. siamensis MAYR,
1879: 657
Polyrhachis similis var. angustior VlEHMEYER,
1912:8
Polyrhachis sericata sericata
(GUERIN-MENEVILLE)
Formica sericata GUERIN-MENEVILLE, 1831: 203
Formica grisea Le Guillou, 1842: 314 [synonymy
by DALLA TORRE, 1893: 269]
Polyrhachis sericatus (GUERIN-MENEVILLE);
SMITH, 185> 200
Polyrhachis griseus (LE GUILLOU); MAYR,
1863a: 444
Polyrhachis sericata LATREILLE; STITZ, 1911:
375 [wrong author]
Polyrhachis spinicola FOREL
Polyrhachis spinicola FOREL, 1894b: 70
Polyrhachis cubaensis r. gallicola FOREL, 1894b:
71 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 329]
Polyrhachis spitteleri FOREL
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomvrma) spitteleri Fo-
REL, 1916a: 450
Polyrhachis (Myrma) spitteleri FOREL; BOLTON,
1973b: 288 [general subgeneric synonymy]
Polyrhachis sericata gtabra FOREL
Polyrhachis sericata glabra FOREL, 19 lib: 295
Polyrhachis striata striata MAYR
Polyrhachis striatus MAYR, 1862: 686
Polyrhachis sericata nitidissima
KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis sericata var. nitidissima KARAWA-
JEW, 1927: 48
Polyrhachis sericata nitidiventris STITZ
Polyrhachis sericata var. nitidiventris STITZ,
1911:375
Polyrhachis sericata pruinosula SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis sericata pruinosa KARAWAJEW,
1927: 48 [junior homonym of P. pruinosa
MAYR, 1872: 142]
Polyrhachis sericata st. pruinosula SANTSCHJ,
1928a: 139 [replacement name for P. sericata
pruinosa KARAWAJEW]
Polyrhachis sericata pruinosula var. harmsi KA-
RAWAJEW, 1930: 212 [name not available]
Polyrhachis sericeopubescens
DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis sericeopubescens DONISTHORPE,
1941b:61
Polyrhachis similis similis VlEHMEYER
Polvrhachis similis VlEHMEYER, 1912: 8
Polyrhachis striata assamensis FOREL
Polyrhachis striata r. assamensis FOREL. 1902a:
289
Polyrhachis striata tritschleri FOREL
PolyrhachisPolvrhachis" striata r. tritschleri Fo-
REL, 1912c:lll
Polyrhachis subpilosa EMERY
Polyrhachis subpilosa EMERY, 1895a: 480
Polyrhachis punctillata var. subpilosa EMERY:
BlNGHAM, 1903: 410
Polyrhachis subpilosa EMERY; EMERY, 1925: 204
Polyrhachis sulcata ANDRE
Polyrhachis sulcata ANDRE, 1895: 1
Polyrhachis sumatrensis
sumatrensis SMITH
Polyrhachis sumatrensis SMITH, 1858: 65
Polyrhachis sumatrensis
exophthalma FOREL
Polyrhachis striatorugosa var. exophthalma Fo-
REU 1913g: 136
Polyrhachis sumatrensis striatorugosa var. exo-
phthalma FOREL; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951:
278 [name not available]
Polyrhachis sumatrensis hamulata EMERY
Polyrhachis sumatrensis r. hamulata EMERY,
1887a: 234
Polyrhachis hamulata EMERY; DALLA TORRE,
1893: 263; BINGHAM, 1903: 406
Polyrhachis sumatrensis hamulata EMERY; EME-
RY, 1925: 203
Polyrhachis sumatrensis
striatorugosa MAYR
Polyrhachis striatorugosus MAYR, 1862: 686
Polyrhachis striato-rugosa MAYR; ROGER, 1863:
7; FOREL, 1879: 117; FOREL, 1893a: 29 [mis-
spelling]
Polyrhachis sumatrensis r. striato-rugosa MAYR;
EMERY, 1887a: 234 [misspelling)
Polyrhachis sumatrensis st. striatorugosus
MAYR; EMERY, 1887a: 234
Polyrhachis transiens BOLTON
Polyrhachis transiens BOLTON, 1973b: 340
Polyrhachis tyrannica SMITH
Polyrhachis tyrannicus SMITH, 1858: 69
Polyrhachis vestita vestita SMITH
Polyrhachis vestitus SMITH, 1860a: 71
Polyrhachis vestita unicolor EMERY
Polyrhachis vestita var. unicolor EMERY. 1898b:
242
Polyrhachis merops MAYR, 1867: 53 [nee SMITH,
1860b: 98; synonymy by EMERY, 1898b: 242]
Polyrhachis vigilans SMITH
Polyrhachis vigilans SMITH. 1858:69
Polyrhachis villipes villipes SMITH
Polyrhachis villipes SMITH, 1857: 61
Polyrhachis villipes noesaensis FOREL
Polyrhachis villipes var. noesaensis FOREL,
1915b:43
Polyrhachis vindex vindex SMITH
Polyrhachis vindex SMITH, 1857: 64
Polyrhachis orsyllus SMITH, 1861: 39 [synonymy
by WHEELER, 1924: 254; stat. rev. EMERY,
1925: 204; syn. rev.]
Polyrhachis vindex dentulata STITZ
[comb, n.]
Polyrhachis orsyllus var. dentulata STITZ, 1923:
Polyrhachis vindex javanensis SANTSCffl
[comb, n.]
Polyrhachis orsyllus vai.javana KARAWAJEW,
1927: 49 [junior primary homonym of P. ras-
tellatajavanaVlEHMEYER, 1914c: 51]
Polyrhachis orsyllus var. javanensis SANTSCHI,
1928a: 140 [replacement name for P. orsyllus
vai.javana KARAWAJEW]
Polyrhachis vindex musculus FOREL
[comb, n.]
Polyrhachis orsyllus r. musculus FOREL, 1901b:
Polyrhachis vindex ritsemai MAYR
[comb, n.]
Polyrhachis ritsemai MAYR, 1883: 245
Polyrhachis orsyllus r. ritsemai MAYR; FOREL,
1886b: 197
Polyrhachis ritzemae MAYR; DALLA TORRE,
1893: 268 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis orsyllus ritzemai M\YR; EMERY,
J925: 204; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 274
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis vindex subcarinata EMERY
[comb, n.]
Polyrhachis orsyllus subcarinata EMERY, 1900b:
712
Polyrhachis viscosa SMITH
Polyrhachis viscosus SMITH. 1858: 71
Polyrhachis antinorii EMERY, 1877: 365 [syno-
nymy by DALLA TORRE, 1893: 271]
Polyrhachis viscosa var. spretula SANTSCHI,
1923: 294 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 330]
Polyrhachis cubaensis imatongica WEBER, 1943:
388 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 330]
Polyrhachis volkarti FoREL
Polyrhachis (Myrma) revoili r. volkarti FOREL,
1916a:453
Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) kohli FOREL, 1916a:
454 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 341]
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) kohli FOREL;
EMERY, 192 la: 18
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) revoili volkarti
FOREL; EMERY, 192 la: 18
Polyrhachis (Myrma) volkarti FOREL; BOLTON,
1973b:341 "
Polyrhachis weissi SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis revoili st. weissi SANTSCHI, 1910a:
395
Polyrhachis revoili var. conduensis FOREL,
1915c: 351 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b:
342]
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) weissi SANT-
SCHI; EMERY, 192 la: 18
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) revoili var.
crassa EMERY, 1921a: 23 [synonymy by BOL-
TON, 1973b: 342]
Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) revoili crassa
\ar.phaenogasterE\iER\, 192 la: 24 [name
not available]
Polyrhachis revoili < balli SANTSCHI, 1939: 10
[synonymy by BOLTON, 1973b: 342]
Polyrhachis revoili var. phaenogaster EMERY:
SANTSCHI. 1939: 12
Polyrhachis wellmani FOREL
Polyrhachis wellmani FoREL, 1909a: 68
Polyrhachis wolfi FOREL
Polyrhachis wolfi FOREL, 1912b: 79
Polyrhachis yerburyi FOREL
Polyrhachis yerburyi FOREL. 1893a: 29
Polyrhachis zopyra zopyra SMITH
Polyrhachis zopyrus SMITH, 1861: 43
Polyrhachis aurichalceus MAYR, 1862: 684 [syn-
onymy by EMERY, 1925: 204]
Polyrhachis moorei DONISTHORPE, 194 Ic: 208
[synonymy by BOLTON, 1974: 179]
Polyrhachis zopyra edentula EMERY
Polyrhachis zopyrus var. edentula EMERY,
1900b:712
Polyrhachis zopyra imbellis EMERY
Polyrhachis imbellis EMERY, 1887a: 224
Polyrhachis zopyrus var. imbellis EMERY; EME-
RY, 1925: 204
Subgenus Myrmatopa FOREL
[fig. 10]
Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) FOREL, 1915a: 107.
Type-species: Polyrhachis schang FOREL,
1879: 123 by original designation.
Polyrhachis (Campomyrmd) partim [sensu VlEH-
MEYER, 1916a: 163]
Dolichoderus (Irenea) DONISTHORPE, 1938c:
502. Type-species: Dolichoderus (Irenea)
omvrmex DONISTHORPE, 1938c: 502, by origi-
nal designation, [synonymy by BROWN, 1973:
181 with Polyrhachis]
Irenea DONISTHORPE, 1938c: 502; CHAPMAN &
CAPCO, 1951: 186 [probably erraneously raised
to genus; synonymy by BROWN, 1973: 181
with Polyrhachis]
Polyrhachis (Myrma) partim [sensu DONIS-
THORPE, 1943a: 173]
Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) partim [sensu CHAP-
MAN & CAPCO, 1951: 265 + 266]
WHEELER (1911) had transfered EMERY'S (1896)
whole "cohors Polyrhachides camponotiformes" to
Campomyrma. In 1915 FOREL created the subgenus
Myrmatopa for the group " Wallacei EM. Schang FOR.
etc." But EMERY (1896) had counted P. wallacei to
"manipulus P. clypeata". while he listed P. schang
under "species incertae sedis". None of these authors
gave a description of the group or subgenus, resp. The
first to fill this gap was EMERY (1925): "worker: pro-
norum not marginate in the P. schang-group, weakly
marginate at the shoulders in the P. wallacei-group;
pronotum unarmed or armed with teeth or very short
spines; mesonotum and propodeum marginate; in the
P. schang-group the borders of the propodeum are
usually elevated in projecting angles; meso-propodeal
furrow generally distinct; petiole armed with a single
pair of spines, usually short and close together, rarely
long, diverging and curved (P. lombokensis); first
gaster segment relatively short, not covering more
than half of the gaster; female: resembling the wor-
ker, but the thorax not marginate" (own translation).
The thorax is half to fully marginate, the genae are
immarginate. They are large, slender arboreal weaver
ants, which have a center of speciation in Indonesia.
The subgenus comprises 31 species. EMERY (1925)
distinguished the Polyrhachis schang-group and the
Polyrhachis wallacei-gioup (with P. elii. P. fruhstor-
feri and P. wallacei). Besides the description cited
above, the two species-groups P. wallacei and P.
schang have not been described in more detail.
Distribution: Australia, China, Indochina, Indonesia,
Malaysia, New Guinea, Oceania, Philippines, Solo-
mons, Singapore
List of species:
Polyrhachis alpheus alpheus SMITH
Polyrhachis alpheus SMITH, 1863: 14
Polyrhachis alpheus rufiventris EMERY
Polyrhachis alpheus var. rufiventris EMERY,
1911:256
Polyrhachis antoniae STITZ
Polyrhachis antoniae STITZ, 1911: 372
Polyrhachis bouvieri SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis bouvieri SANTSCHI, 1928b: 250
Polyrhachis charaxa SMITH
Polyrhachis charaxits SMITH, 1860b: 98
Polyrhachis chartifex EMERY
Polyrhachis chartifex EMERY, 1900a: 334
Polyrhachis constructor SMITH
Polyrhachis constructor SMITH, 1857: 60
Polyrhachis derecyna SMITH
[subgen. comb, n.]
Polyrhachis dolomedes SMITH, 1863: 16 [junior
homonym of P. dolomedes SMITH, 1863: 14]
Polyrhachis derecynus SMITH, 1871: 316 [1. re-
placement name for P. dolomedes SMITH,
1863: 16 nee. 14]
Polyrhachis pseuadonyma f 'OREL, 1886a: 243 [2.
replacement name for P. dolomedes SMITH; sy-
nonymy by DALLA TORRE, 1893: 261]
Polyrhachis pseudonyma FOREL; DALLA TORRE,
1893: 261 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) taunts DoNlSTHORPE,
1937a: 274 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1974: 173]
Polyrhachis (Myrma) taurus DoNlSTHORPE;
DONISTHORPE, 1943a: 173
Polyrhachis dolomedes SMITH
Polyrhachis dolomedes SMITH, 1863: 14
Polyrhachis edwardi DoNlSTHORPE
Polyrhachis edwardi DoNlSTHORPE, 1948a: 314
Polyrhachis edwardsi DoNlSTHORPE; DONIS-
THORPE, 1948b: 603 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis elii EMERY
Polyrhachis elii EMERY, 1900b: 711
Polyrhachis flavicornis SMITH
Polyrhachis flavicornis SMITH, 1857: 60
Polyrhachis fruhstorferi
fruhstorferi EMERY
Polyrhachis fruhstorferi ; EMERY, 1898b: 238
Polyrhachis fruhsroferi EMERY; CHAPMAN &
CAPCO, 1951: 280 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis fruhstoferi EMERY; CHAPMAN &
CAPCO, 1951: 280 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis fruhstorferi torta SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis fruhstorferi var. arcuata KARAWA-
JEW, 1927: 9 [junior homonym of P. arcuata
(LEGuiLLOU. 1842: 315)]
Polyrhachis fruhstorferi var. torta SANTSCHI,
1928a: 139 [replacement name for P. fruh-
.. storferi var. arcuata KARAWAJEW]
Polyrhachis fruhstorferi varicolor
VlEHMEYER [subgen. comb, n.]
Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) fruhstorferi vari-
co/or VlEHMEYER, 1916a: 163
Polyrhachis furcula EMERY
Polyrhachis furcula EMERY, 1911: 537
Polyrhachis jacobsoni FOREL
Polyrhachis jacobsoni FOREL, 1909c: 230
Polyrhachis lilianae FOREL
Polyrhachis lilianae FOREL, 191 Ic: 213
Polyrhachis lombokensis EMERY
Polyrhachis lombokensis EMERY, 1898b: 239
Polyrhachis menozzii KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis menozzii KARAWAJEW, 1927: 9
Polyrhachis menozzi KARAWAJEW; CHAPMAN &
CAPCO, 1951: 281 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis omyrmex (DONISTHORPE)
Dolichoderus (Irenea) omyrmex DONISTHORPE,
1938c: 502
Irenea omyrmex (DONISTHORPE); CHAPMAN &
CAPCO, 1951. 186 [generic synonymy by
BROWN, 1973: 181]
Polyrhachis omvmvrmex DONISTHORPE; WILSON.
1971: 438; HoUdobler & WILSON, 1990: 164
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis osae MANN
Polyrhachis osae MANN, 1919: 384
Polyrhachis phalerata MENOZZI
Polyrhachis phalerata MENOZZI, 1926: 102
Polyrhachis piliventris SMITH
[subgen. comb, n.]
Polyrhachis piliventris SMITH, 1858: 60
Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) piliventris SMITH;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO. 1951: 265
Polyrhachis rossi DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis rossi DONISTHORPE, 1948a: 315
Polyrhachis ruficornis SMITH
[subgen. comb, n.]
Polyrhachis ruficornis SMITH, 1857: 60
Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) ruficornis SMITH;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO. 1951: 266
Polyrhachis schang schang FOREL
Polyrhachis schang FOREL, 1879: 123
Polyrhachis gracilis EMERY, 1887a: 223 [syno-
nymy by FOREL. 1909c: 232]
Polyrhachis sschang FOREL; WHEELER, 1930b:
77; Wu, 1941: 185 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis schang alata FOREL
Polyrhachis gracilis i. alata FOREL, 1904b: 177
Polyrhachis schang var. alata FOREL; EMERY,
1925: 181
Polyrhachis schang amboinae SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis schang var. gracilior KARAWAJEW,
1927: 1 1 [junior primary homonym of P. gra-
cilior FOREL, 1893a: 25]
Polyrhachis schang var. amboinae SANTSCHI,
1928a: 139 [replacement name for P. schang
var. gracilior KARAWAJEW]
Polyrhachis schang cnemidata EMERY
Polyrhachis gracilis var. cnemidata EMERY,
1900b:710
Polyrhachis schang var. cnemidata EMERY; EME-
RY, 1925: 181
Polyrhachis schang excitata VlEHMEYER
Polvrhachis excitata VlEHMEYER, 1913: 147
[fossil]
Polyrhachis schang var. excitata VlEHMEYER;
VlEHMEYER, 1914c: 48
Polyrhachis chang var. excitata VlEHMEYER;
VIEHMEYER, 1914c: 25 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis schang laurae MENOZZI
Polvrhachis schang var. laurae MENOZZI, 1926:
Polyrhachis schang leviuscula VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis schang var. leviuscula VlEHMEYER.
1916a: 164
Polyrhachis schang pan'icella FOREL
Polvrhachis schang var. pan'icella FOREL.
1911c:214
Polyrhachis simillima EMERY
Polyrhachis simillima EMERY. 1900b: 711
Polyrhachis solivaga MENOZZI
Polyrhachis solivaga MENOZZI. 1926: 100
Polyrhachis solmsi solmsi EMERY
Polvrhachis solmsi ; EMERY, 1887a: 224
Polyrhachis solmsi multicella FOREL
Polyrhachis solmsi var. multicella FOREL 19 1 lc"
214
Polyrhachis subtridens EMERY
Polyrhachis subtridens EMERY, 1900b: 711
Polyrhachis ulysses FOREL
Polyrhachis ulysses FOREL, 1910c: 91
Polyrhachis wattacei wallacei EMERY
Polyrhachis wallacei EMERY, 1887a: 223
Polyrhachis wallacei wartburgi FOREL
Polyrhachis wallacei r. wartburgi FOREL 190 la"
76
Polyrhachis wallacei warburgi FOREL; EMERY,
1925: 180 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis yarrabahensis FOREL
Polyrhachis lombokensis var. yarrabahensis Fo-
REL, 1915a: 115
Polyrhachis yarrabahensis FOREL; KOHOUT &
TAYLOR, 1990: 520
Subgenus Myrmhopla FOREL
[figs. 11-29]
Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) FOREL, 1915a: 107.
Type-species: Formica armata LE GtHLLOU,
1842: 313, by original designation.
Polyrhachis (Chariomyrma) FOREL partim [sensu
FOREL, 1915a: 107; sensu EMERY, 1925: 186:
sensu CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 195 1 : 262]
Polyrhachis (Aulacomyrma) EMERY. 192 la: 17
partim [subgen. comb, n.]
Polyrhachis (Hedomyrma) FOREL partim [sensu
DONISTHORPE, 1932b: 446]
Polyrhachis (Cephalomyrma) KARAWAJEW.
1935: 115. Type-species: Polyrhachis
(Cephalomyrma) stylifera KARAWAJEW. 1935:
1 15. by monotypy. [synonymy by HUNG
1967a:402]
Polyrhachis (Florencea) DONISTHORPE, 1937b:
624. Type-species: Polyrhachis (Florencea)
kirkae DONISTHORPE, 1937b: 624, by original
designation, [synonymy by Hiwo, 1967a: 402]
Polyrhachis (Myrmoopla); SANTSCHI. 1937: 385
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis (Myrmahopla); Wu, 1941: 185 [mis-
spelling]
Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) FOREL partim [sensu
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 280]
WHEELER (1911) had transferred EMERY'S (1896)
"cohors Polyrhachides arciferae" to the subgenus Ha-
giomyrma. FOREL (1915) established the new subge-
nus Myrmhopla for EMERY'S (1896) "manipulus P.
armata" of that "cohors". The first description of this
subgenus was given by EMERY (1925): "worker: tho-
rax not marginate, except in the species of the groups
cryptoceroides and viehmeyeri; pronotal spines shor-
ter than those of the propodeum, sometimes are
lacking; meso-propodeal suture variable; shape of pe-
tiole variable, in profile forming an elongated node,
which is angled dorsally proximally or, on the con-
trary, shaped like a thick scale which is higher than
long, angled or rounded proximally; the generally
single pair of spines is varying very much in form,
size and direction of the spines, rarely the spines are
hook-like; when they are bent embracing the gaster.
which is the case in many species, there is a pair of
teeth or small vertical spines between them; first
gastral segment large; female: very much resembling
the worker, the spines usually stouter and shorter"
(own translation).
Genae and thorax of the species are marginate or
immarginate. Most species are weaver ants, nesting
above the ground, many are arboreal. Centers of spe-
ciation are in the Indomalayan and Papuan region.
This subgenus is the largest of the genus Polyrhachis.
It comprises 1 17 described species. Until today it is
not clear, whether this is a monophyletic group or just
the "storage bin" for those species with a rounded
thorax which do not belong to the distinct subgenus
Cyrtomyrma. Variable characters in Myrmhopla are:
proportions of the body parts (head:thorax:gas-
ter:legs:antennae), form of the thorax, proportions of
the spination (prothorax:propodeum:petiole), spi-
nation and flattening of the hindtibiae, margination of
the genae. amount of hairs and pubescence and
ecological data as type of nest, type of domy. type of
gyny. With the exception of the P. cryptoceroides-
group. which seems highly adapted to a life in bark
crevices and therefore resembles Cataulacus. the
other species of Myrmhopla are relatively similar and
differ mostly in proportions of characters instead of
presence or absence of them. It seems that this group
has experienced a rapid and strong speciation in
recent times. In addition several characteristics as
type of domy, type of gyny, mode of colony founda-
tion, nutrition or type of habitat are only known for
very few species. As evolved characteristics I accept
construction of silk nests, polydomy, polygyny, loss of
thorax margination. flattened scapes and tibiae. But
most of these characteristics, which can be used for
creating subunits, may have evolved independently
several times and the explanations of their functions
are in most cases highly speculative. So the following
grouping has to be understood as a first attempt after
EMERY (1925) to create a more detailed subdivision
of this difficult group. From morphological as well as
from biogeographical data it seems possible that the
cleophanes-, nigriceps-, sexspinosa- and viehmeyeri-
groups have evolved in the Australian-Papuan area
from Hagiomyrma-/ffedomyrma-Vike ancestors.
Only the sexspinosa-group (BOLTON 1975; KOHOUT
1987) and the viehmeyeri-group (KOHOUT 1990) have
been revised so far. Revisions of the arachne-, cepha-
lotes-, cryptoceroides-, daphne-, flavojlagellata-, fur-
cata-, hector- and ochracea-group are in preparation.
Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck-Ar-
chipelago, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, India, Indone-
sia, Israel, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, New Caledonia,
New Guinea, Philippines, Solomons, Singapore, Sri
Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam
hodgsoni uses one of its leaf-chambers as nest, i. e.
permanent residence for the queen.
This group consists of two species. EMERY (1925) in-
cluded P. arachne into the Polyrhachis armata-group
and P. hodgsoni into the Polyrhachis dives-group.
DOROW & MASCHWITZ (1990) gave a synopsis of the
group.
Distribution: Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippi-
nes, Thailand
Polyrhachis arachne EMERY
Polyrhachis arachne EMERY, 1896a: 249
Polyrhachis uncinata ANDRE, 1896: 252 [syno-
nymy by EMERY, 1898a: 230 J
Polyrhachis hodgsoni FOREL
Polyrhachis hodgsoni l FOREL, 1902a: 289
Polyrhachis arachne-group (new)
[fig. HI
The large species (TL: 8-9 mm) have an immarginate
thorax?"They are armed with strong pairs of spines on
pronotum, propodeum and petiole, the ones on the
propodeum ending hook-like. The head is semicircu-
lar in sideview and circular in frontal view. The
genae are in the upper part somewhat angled, but
never marginate. Scapes and tibiae are round in
transsection. The sculpture is a fine punctation on
head and gaster, thorax and petiole are rugose. Hairs
and pubescence are nearly lacking, the whole body is
mat in P. hodgsoni, head and gaster are shiny in P.
arachne. The ants are totally black. The species can
be distinguished from those of the dives- and the
armata-group by their hook-like propodeal spines (in
the dives-group at most the tips are bent a little, in the
armata-group they are always strait) and by their
unique specialization on living on bamboo.
The monogynous species are specialized weaver ants
on broad leaved bamboo, where they construct nu-
merous one-chambered pavilions for Homopterans.
While P. hodgsoni uses longitudinally rolled leaves
and only seals a small slit with silk and fine detritus,
P. arachne builds its pavilions below normal leaves
as relatively coarsely woven long oval silk nets, which
are masked with coarse detritus particles. In P.
arachne the nests are constructed in several stem
internodes (often of differnt bamboo culms), while P.
Polyrhachis armata-group
[figs. 12-14]
EMERY (1925) described the workers of this group as:
"petiole shorter than in the sexspinosa-group, but
with the same structure; spines inserting distally or at
the top of the petiole, the spines are long or short,
rarely hooked (P. furcata), not inserting far from each
other, without a pair of teeth between the spines;
sculpture variable" (own translation). I prefer to de-
fine the group more narrowly: Small (TL: 5 mm) to
large (TL: 8 mm) species with completely immargi-
nate thorax. The usually strong, stout thorax - includ-
ing the broad based spines on pronotum and propo-
deum - looks somewhat inflated. The spines on the
petiole are sometimes very large and usually embrac-
ing the gaster. Scapes and tibiae are round in transec-
tion and in the smaller species not as long as in sev-
eral other Polyrhachis species, where they give the
ants a spider-like appearance. The genae are margi-
nate (in P. armata only in the upper part of the head).
The head is shaped semicircular in sideview, circular
to roundish oval in frontal view. The body sculpture
is usually a fine punctation. giving the body surface a
mat appearance, sometimes the head is somewhat
coarser sculptured, in P. armata and P. wheeleri this
rugose sculpture is extended to thorax and petiole.
Hairs are in most species lacking or sparse, but can be
also abundant. The appressed, silvery or golden pu-
bescence is usually abundant, but sometimes nearly
lacking, e. g., in P. armata and P. wheeleri. The body
colour is brownish to black, gaster and appendages
are often yellowish to reddish-brown. The large spe-
cies (e. g., P. armata. P. gestroi, P. plato, P.
wheeleri) are more slender and not built as stout as
the small ones and therefore resemble some species of
the hector-group or the large species of the mucro-
nata-group. From both groups they are easily distin-
guished by their marginate genae, from the latter also
by their tibiae and scapes, which are round in tran-
section.
The species usually nest in small polydomous colo-
nies in the herb and shrub layer. The one-chamber-
nests are constructed with fine detritus and relatively
small amounts of silk. The larger species are nesting
more arboreally and use larger amounts of silk. The
species live in forests as well as in more open habitats
as forest margins, parks and gardens.
This group comprises 14 species. Some species for-
merly placed here by EMERY (1925) are now associ-
ated with the new Polyrhachis arachne-, Polyrhachis
cleophanes-, Polyrhachis daphne-, Polyrhachis fur-
cata- and Polyrhachis hector-group.
Distribution: Bangladesh, Bismarck-Archipelago,
Brunei, Burma. Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia!
Malaysia, Philippines, Solomons, Singapore, Sri
Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Polyrhachis armata (LE GuiLLOU)
Formica armata LE GlTlLLOU, 1842: 3 13
Polyrhachis defensus SMITH. 1857: 59 [synonymy
by DALLA TORRE, 1893 : 258]
Polyrhachis pandarus SMITH, 1857: 62 [syno-
nymy by ROGER. 1863: 9]
Polyrhachis armata (LE GuiLLOU); MAYR 1867
46
Polyrhachis armata var. minor FOREL, 1886a:
241 [synonymy by BINGHAM, 1903: 393 with
P. defensus SMITH; synonymy by EMERY.
1925: 192 with P. armata var. defensa SMITH]
Polyrhachis armata var. defensa SMITH; EMERY
1925: 192
Polyrhachis armata var. minor FOREL: CHAPMAN
& CAPCO. 1951: 285 [syn. rev.]
Polyrhachis basirufa EMERY
Polyrhachis basirufa EMERY. 1900b: 715
Polyrhachis caeciliae FOREL
Polyrhachis caeciliae FOREL, 1912a: 76
Polyrhachis caecileae FOREL; CHAPMAN & CAP-
CO, 1951: 287 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis fortis EMERY
Polyrhachis fortis EMERY, 1893a: 228
Polyrhachis gestroi gestroi EMERY
Polyrhachis gestroi EMERY, 1900b: 714
Polyrhachis gestroi moeschiella FOREL
Polyrhachis gestroi var. rufiventris FOREL,
191 la: 391 [junior primary homonym of P. al-
pheus var. rufiventris EMERY, 1911: 256]
Polyrhachis gestroi var. moeschiella FOREL,
1918: 726 [replacement name for P. gestroi
var. rufiventris FOREL]
Polyrhachis jianghuaensis WANG & Wu
Polyrhachis jianghuaensis WANG & Wu 1 99 1
597 + 600
Polyrhachis pellita MENOZZI
Polyrhachis pellitaMENOZZl, 1922: 356
Polyrhachis bubalus STITZ, 1923: 129 [syn. n.]
Polyrhachis peregrina SMITH
Polyrhachis peregrinus SMITH, 1860a: 71
[described on a female; not associated by EME-
RY. 1925: 197]
Polyrhachis personata WHEELER
Polyrhachis personata WHEELER. 1919: 134
Polyrhachis plato FOREL
Polyrhachis plato FOREL, 191 la: 393
Polyrhachis saevissima saevissima SMITH
Polyrhachis tibia/is SMITH, 1858: 63 parti m [sen-
su BINGHAM. 1903: 396]
Polyrhachis saevissimus SMITH. 1860a: 71
Polyrhachis acantha SMITH, 1860b: 98 [syno-
nymy by MAYR, 1879: 649 with P. dives
SMITH; stat. rev. DONISTHORPE. 1932b: 460;
synonymy by BOLTON, 1974: 178]
Polyrhachis acasta SMITH, 1860b: 100 [syno-
nymy by BINGHAM, 1903: 396 with P. 'tibialis
SMITH; synonymy by BOLTON. 1974: 178]
Polyrhachis argenteus MAYR, 1862: 682 [syno-
nymy by MAYR. 1893: 5 with P. acasta SMITH;
synonymy by BINGHAM, 1903: 397 with P. ti-
bialis SMITH; synonymy by EMERY, 1925: 194
with P. acantha SMITH]
Polyrhachis acasta FOREL, 1886a: 241 [syno-
nymy by WHEELER, 1919: 131 with P. argen-
tea MAYR; synonymy by EMERY, 1925: 194
with P. acantha SMITH)
Polyrhachis acantha var. acasta SMITH; EMERY,
1900b: 717
Polyrhachis acantha var. argentea MAYR; Fo-
REL, 19 lie: 286
Polyrhachis acantha var. acosta SMITH; CHAP-
MAN & CAPCO, 1951: 283 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis saevissima
chrysophanes EMERY
Polyrhachis acantha var. chrysophanes EMERY,
1900b: 718
Polyrhachis tibialis tibialis SMITH
Polyrhachis tibialis SMITH, 1858: 63
Polyrhachis tibialis addax SANTSCffl
Polvrhachis tibialis var. addax SANTSCHI, 1928a:
136
Polyrhachis tibialis caligata EMERY
Polyrhachis caligata EMERY, 1895a: 482
Polyrhachis tibialis SMITH, 1858: 16 partim [sen-
su FOREL, 1895a: 457]
Polyrhachis tibialis var. caligata EMERY; EME-
RY, 1900b: 717
Polyrhachis saevissima diaphantus SMITH
Polyrhachis diaphantus SMITH, 1861: 40
Polyrhachis acantha var. diaphantus SMITH;
EMERY, 1900b: 717
Polyrhachis diaphanta SMITH; DONISTHORPE,
1932b: 466
Polyrhachis acantha var. diaphantus SMITH;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 195 1 : 283
Polyrhachis tibialis completa SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis tibialis var. completa SANTSCHI,
1928a: 135
Polyrhachis tibialis crassisquama FOREL
Polyrhachis tibialis var. crassisquama FOREL,
1913g: 139
Polyrhachis saevissima kerri FOREL
Polyrhachis acantha var. kerri FOREL, 191 le:
286
Polyrhachis tibialis nigricornis SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis tibialis var. nigricornis SANTSCHI,
i928a: 136
Polyrhachis saevissima romanovi SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis acantha dichroa KARAWAJEW, 1927:
33 (junior homonym of P. laevissima var. di-
chroa FOREL, 1893a: 21]
Polyrhachis acantha romanovi SANTSCHI. 1928a:
139 [replacement name for P. acantha dichroa
KARAWAJEW]
Polyrhachis saevissima timorensis FOREL
Polyrhachis acantha r. timorensis FOREL, 1913b:
664
Polyrhachis thompsoni BlNGHAM
Polyrhachis thompsom ; BINGHAM, 1903: 391
Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) thompsoni BINGHAM;
EMERY, 1925: 196 [association with the P. di-
ves-group]
Polyrhachis tibialis orientalis KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis tibialis var. orientalis KARAWAJEW,
1927: 38
Polyrhachis tibialis parsis EMERY
Polvrhachis tibialis var. parsis EMERY, 1900b:
717
Polyrhachis argentea FOREL, 1893a: 27 + 34
[junior homonym of P. argenteus MAYR.
1862: 682; synonymy by EMERY. 1925: 196]
Polyrhachis dives argentea FOREL; B.ALT AZAR,
1966: 281 [Baltazar erroneously reported that
EMERY. 1925: 194 had transferee! the species]
Polyrhachis tibialis pectita SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis tibialis var. pectita SANTSCHI,
1928a: 136
Polyrhachis tibialis robustior KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis tibialis var. robustior KARAWAJEW,
1927: 39
Pofyrhachis wheeleri MANN
Pofyrhachis wheeleri MANN. 1919: 387
Pofyrhachis bicolor-group (new)
[fig. 15]
These species are small (TL: 5,5-6,5 mm) and have a
gracile appearance. The thorax is totally immargi-
nate, the spines on pronotum, propodeum and petiole
are usually slender, the spines are curved embracing
the gaster. The scapes and tibiae are long, thin, spi-
der-like and round in transection. The head is semi-
circular in sideview, oval in frontal view. The genae
are immarginate. The sculpture is a fine punctation,
often obtused by the pubescence, giving the ants a
mat appearance. Silvery standing hairs as well as
appressed silvery to golden pubescence are abundant.
The body colour is black, brownish black, reddish or
even amber coloured, P. bicolor is bicoloured: head,
thorax and tarsi are black, the rest of the body includ-
ing the mandibles is amber-coloured.
The species are polydomous weaver ants of the shrub
and tree layers. P. bicolor builds nests usually be-
tween two or three living leaves and uses pure larval
silk for nestwall construction.
This group comprises four species. EMERY (1925)
placed them in the Pofyrhachis dives-group.
Distribution: Burma. India, Indonesia, Malaysia, New
Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
(new)
Pofyrhachis bicolor bicolor SMITH
Pofyrhachis bicolor SMITH, 1858: 65
Pofyrhachis bicolor atrocastanea
KARAWAJEW
Pofyrhachis bicolor atrocastanea KARAWAJEW,
1927: 34
Pofyrhachis bicolor aurata KARAWAJEW
Pofyrhachis bicolor aurata KARAWAJEW, 1935:
114
Pofyrhachis bicolor aurinasis FOREL
Polvrhachis bicolor aurinasis FOREL, 1901a: 77
Pofyrhachis bicolor brachyacantha
KARAWAJEW
Pofyrhachis bicolor brachyacantha KARAWAJEW,
1935: 144
Pofyrhachis bicolor comata EMERY
Pofyrhachis bicolor comata EMERY, 1911: 538
Pofyrhachis bicolor concolor FOREL
Pofyrhachis bicolor concolor FOREL, 1910d: 129
Pofyrhachis bicolor erecta KARAWAJEW
Polvrhachis bicolor erecta KARAWAJEW, 1935:
Pofyrhachis bicolor exflavicornis
BALTAZAR
Pofyrhachis bicolor var. flavicornis STTTZ, 1925:
132 [junior homonym of P. flavicornis SMITH,
1857: 60]
Polvrhachis bicolor var. exflavicornis BALTAZAR,
1966: 282 [1. replacement name for P. bicolor
var. flavicornis STITZ]
Pofyrhachis bicolor var. rubricornis BARONI UR-
BAN], 1971; 362 [2. replacement name for P.
bicolor var. flavicornis STITZ]
Pofyrhachis bicolor fumata STITZ
Pofyrhachis bicolor fumata STITZ. 1923: 131
Pofyrhachis bicolor nigripes EMERY
Polvrhachis bicolor var. nigripes EMERY. 1897a:
J92
Pofyrhachis bicolor weyeri KARAWAJEW
Pofyrhachis bicolor weyeri KARAWAJEW. 1930:
212
Pofyrhachis longipes SMITH
Pofyrhachis longipes SMITH, 1859: 140
Pofyrhachis subfossa VlEHMEYER
Polvrhachis sub fossa VlEHMEYER. 1913: 154
[fossil]
Polyrhachis subfossoides KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis subfossoides KARAWAJEW, 1927: 37
Polyrhachis cephalotes-group (new)
[fig. 16]
This group resembles the armata-group, but has teeth
at the mesonotum and a disproportionally large head,
which is nearly circular in frontal view and the eyes
do not break the head's outline.
The single species of this group - Polyrhachis
cephalotes - was placed by EMERY (1925) into the
Polyrhachis dives-group.
Distribution: Indonesia, Malaysia
Polyrhachis cephalotes EMERY
Polyrhachis cephalotes EMERY, 1893a: 199
Polyrhachis cleophanes-group (new)
[fig. 17]
Large species (TL: 7-7,5 mm) with an immarginate
long and slender thorax, which is flattened but not
narginate in P. smithi. The species are similar to
those of the sexspinosa-group, but can be easily dif-
fjrentiated from all other Polyrhachis by the very
large and elevated antennal carinae. The genae are
immarginate. In other respects the species of this
group are relatively different from each other: thorax,
head and petiole are rugose in P. cleophanes, while
the thorax is transversally wrinkled in P. smithi and
longitudinally striate in P. laminata. Long hairs are
present in P. cleophanes on all body surfaces and
appendages, but nearly lacking in P. smithi.
Nothing is known of the biology of these rare species.
Of P. laminata only the female is known so far.
This group comprises three species. P. cleophanes
was placed by EMERY (1925) into the Polyrhachis
crmata-group, P. smithi into the Polyrhachis dives-
group, while he could not associate P. laminata with
any of his groups.
Distribution: Indonesia
Polyrhachis cleophanes SMITH
Polyrhachis cleophanes SMITH, 1861: 41
Polyrhachis vibidia SMITH, 1861: 42 [synonymy
byFoREL, 191 Ib: 298]
Polyrhachis laminata MAYR
Polyrhachis laminata MAYR, 1867: 65
Polyrhachis smithi EMERY
Polyrhachis smithi EMERY, 1901b: 579
Polyrhachis cryptoceroides-group
[fig. 18]
[including Polyrhachis (Aulacomyrma) mystica
KARAWAJEW, 1927: 41]
EMERY (1925) described the workers as: "small sturdy
species; thorax more or less obtusely marginate;
petiole as in the dives-group (petiole short, of the
form of an thickened scale, in profile proximally
angled or not, spines very much diverging, separated
at their base by the dorsally protruding scale, which
in many species bears a pair of teeth or small vertical
spines); transition to the subgenus Hedomyrma" (own
translation).
In addition this group can be characterized as follows:
very small (TL: 5 mm) species, which show transi-
tions from marginate to immarginate and from a
dorsoventrally flattened to a normal rounded thorax.
The thorax is dorsoventrally flattened in P. cryp-
toceroides and P. jerdonii, resembling Cataulacus.
The thorax is marginate in P. cryptoceroides, only
weakly marginate in P. jerdonii and immarginate in
P. wroughtonii. These species are stout with a short
and broad thorax which is narrowing distally. The
first gaster segment is proximally transversally mar-
ginate on top. The pairs of spines on pronotum,
propodeum and petiole insert with broad bases, the
latter are curved embracing the gaster. Antennae
and legs are short and round in transection. The ge-
nae are marginate. Head, thorax and petiole are mod-
erately rugose, the gaster is finely punctate. Hairs are
nearly lacking and the silvery pubescence is sparse,
appressed. The ants are mat and usually coloured
black, with the appendages sometimes yellowish-
brownish. Only P. wroughtoni might be mistaken for
an a/vna/a-group-species, but this species is very
small, has the pronotum armed with short very
broadly inserting teeth. The first gaster segment is
marginate on top anteriorly.
The species are not common and seem to be restricted
to primary forests. They are nesting in small poly-
domous colonies below the bark of tree trunks and
branches and use silk and detritus for nest construc-
tion.
Tliis group comprises three species which were al-
ready placed there by EMERY (1925).
Distribution: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Sri Lanka
Polyrhachis cryptoceroides EMERY
Polyrhachis cryptoceroides EUEJCf, 1887a: 228
Polyrhachis cryptocera EMERY; FOREL, 1913g:
136 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis (Chariomyrma) cryptoceroides EME-
RY; FOREL, 1915a: 107
Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) cryptoceroides EMERY;
EMERY, 1925: 190
Polyrhachis (A ulacomyrma) mystica KARAWA-
JEW, 1927: 41 [syn. n,\
Polyrhachis (A ulocomyrma) mystica KARAWA-
JEW; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 256 [mis-
spelling!
Polyrhachis jerdonii FOREL
Polyrhachis jerdonii FOREL, 1892a: 17
Polyrhachis (Chariomyrma) jerdoni FOREL; Fo-
REL, 1915a: 107 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) jerdoni FOREL; EME-
RY, 1925: 191
Polyrhachis wroughtonii FOREL
Polyrhachis wroughtonii FOREL, 1894a: 398
Polvrhachis (Myrmhopla) wroughtonii FoREL;
FOREL, 1915a: 107
Polyrhachis wroughtoni FOREL; EMERY. 1925:
191; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 300 [mis-
spelling]
Polyrhachis daphne-group (new)
[fig. 19]
Polyrhachis daphne the single member of this group
was placed by EMERY (1925) into the Polyrhachis
armata-group. It is a small species (TL: 6 mm). The
thorax is immarginate, but the bases of the propodeal
spines are running forward, so that the propodeum is
partly marginate. The thorax is curved weakly con-
vex, but each segment itself is stronger convex. Pairs
of spines with broad bases are present on pronotum,
propodeum and petiole, the petiolar spines are curved
nearly embracing the gaster. Scapes and tibiae are
round in transaction, the genae are immarginate. The
head is semicircular in sideview, oval in frontal view.
Hairs are nearly lacking, the silvery pubescence is
sparse and appressed. A fine fingerprint-like sculp-
turation is present on head, thorax and petiole, the
gaster is smooth and the whole body is shiny. The
species is amber coloured with some darker brown
parts. P. daphne can be easily distinguished from the
armata-group species by its immarginate genae.
I found this rare polydomous species in a secondary
forest in woven silk nests between tree leaves close to
Mynnicaria nests. P. daphne looks very similar to
this Myrmicaria species.
Distribution: Malaysia
Polyrhachis daphne WHEELER
Polyrhachis daphne WHEELER, 1919: 133
Polyrhachis dives-group [fig. 20]
EMERY (1925) described the \vorkers of this group as:
"petiole short, of the form of a thickened scale, in
profile proximally angled or not, spines very much
diverging, separated at their base by the dorsally
protruding scale which bears in many species a pair
of teeth or small vertical spines; sculpture variable"
(own translation). Except for the not very helpful
comment on the sculpture this description is identical
to that of the cryptoceroides~gtoup.
I prefer to define the group more narrowly: Smaller
species (TL: ca. 7 mm) with a little polymorphism.
Thorax totally immarginate. Pairs of spines present
on pronotum, propodeum and petiole, the petiolar
spines embracing the gaster. The spines are not very
stout and do not look inflated, even if the thorax looks
stout. The tips of the propodeal spines are a little
curved, but never hook-like. Scapes and tibiae are
round in transection, the genae are at most a little
angled in the upper parts, but never marginate. The
head is semicircular in sideview, nearly circular in
frontal view. Hairs are nearly lacking, while a sparse
to moderately dense silvery or golden pubescence may
be present. The body shows a moderately coarse
rugose sculpture except for the gaster, which is finely
punctate. The species are coloured black to brownish
black.
P. dives and P. lacteipennis are polydomous weaver
ants which build multi-chambered nests as well as
pavilions for homopterans. They mainly live in open
habitats such as grasslands and have a wide range of
distribution. P. lacteipennis even succeeded in colo-
nizing the Arabian peninsula. The two species have
very large colonies, P. dives is polygynous. Not much
is known about the other species of this group. The
species can be distinguished from those of the
armata-group by the lack of margination of the ge-
nae, from the arachne-group by the form of their
propodeal spines, whose tips are never curved hook-
like.
This group comprises eight species. I transferred
some of the species, placed by EMERY (1925) into this
i;roup, to the new Polyrhachis bicolor-, P. cephalo-
tes- or P. mucronata-group, and others to the old P.
armata-, P. sexspinosa- or P. viehmeyeri-group. P.
inutiliae, which was not associated by EMERY (1925)
with one of his groups, is a synonym of P. dives.
Distribution: Afghanistan (CoLLlNGWOOD, pers.
comm.), Burma. India, Indochina. Indonesia, Iran
(CoLLlNGWOOD, pers. comm.), Iraq (CoLLlNGWOOD,
pers. comm.), Israel, Japan. Malaysia. Marocco (CoL-
UNGWOOD, pers. comm.). Nepal (CoLLlNGWOOD,
pers. comm.). New Guinea. Oman (CoLLlNGWOOD,
pers. comm.), Pakistan (new), Philippines, Saudi
Arabia (COLLINGWOOD. pers. comm.), Sri Lanka,
Taiwan. Thailand, Yemen (COLLINGWOOD, pers.
comm.)
Polyrhachis diotima FOREL
Polyrhachis diotitna FOREL, 19 lid: 60
Polyrhachis dives dives SMITH
Polyrhachis dives SMITH, 1857: 64
Polyrhachis ajfmis SMITH, 1858: 63 [junior ho-
monym of P. affmis (LE GUILLOU. 1842: 3 14);
restored by FOREL, 1886a: 242 because the lat-
ter is a synonym of P. bihamata (DRURY,
1773: 73); indirectly synonymized by WANG &
Wu, 1991: 599 with P. dives SMITH.' 1857: 64,
see below at P. vicina ROGER]
Polyrhachis acantha SMITH, 1860b: 98 partim
[sensu MAYR. 1879: 649]
Polyrhachis mutiliae SMITH. 1861: 39 [synonymy
byBoLTON. 1974: 173]
Polyrhachis democles SMITH. 1861: 40 [syno-
nymy by FOREL, 191 Ib: 298]
Polyrhachis vicina ROGER. 1863: 7 [replacement
name for P. affmis SMITH. 1858: 63; syno-
nymy by WANG& Wu, 1991: 599 with P. di-
ves SMITH, 1857: 64. this makes P. ajfmis
SMITH a synonym]
Polyrhachis dives var. euclides FOREL, 1913a:
202 [synonymy by BOLTON. 1974: 173]
Polyrhachis mutiliae SMITH; DONISTHORPE,
1932b: 465 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis exulans CLARK, 194 Ib: 91 [syno-
nymy by KOHOUT. 1988c: 433]
Polyrhachis lucens DONISTHORPE, 1947b: 194
[described on a female] syn. n.
Polyrhachis dive; YOUNG, 1991: 85 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis dives belli FOREL
Polyrhachis dives belli FOREL, 1912a: 74
Polyrhachis dives rectispina KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis dives var. rectispina KARAWAJEW,
1927: 35
Polyrhachis dives siwiensis SANTSCHI
Polvrhachis dives var. siwiensis SANTSCHI. 1932:
Polyrhachis lacteipennis
lacteipennis SMITH
Polyrhachis lacteipennis SMITH, 1858: 60
Polyrhachis simplex MAYR, 1862: 682 [syno-
nymy by BOLTON. 1974: 177]
Polyrhachis spiniger MAYR, 1879: 653
[synonymy by FOREL, 1893a: 36 with P. sim-
plex MAYR. 1862: 682; synonymy by BOLTON.
1974: 177]
Polyrhachis spinigera MAYR; FOREL, 1886a:
241; EMERY. 1889: 519; WROUGHTON, 1892:
I7ff; EMERY. 1893b: 254 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis lactiepennis SMITH; DALLATORRE,
1893: 270 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis lacteipennis grisescens EMERY
Polyrhachis simplex var. grisescens EMERY.
1895a: 483
Polyrhachis lacteipennis obsoleta FOREL
Polyrhachis simplex var. obsoleta FOREL, 1893a:
34
Polyrhachis menelas FOREL
Polyrhachis menelas FOREL, 1904a: 30
Polyrhachis rupicapra ROGER
Polyrhachis rupicapra ROGER. 1863: 154
Polyrhachis ruficapra ROGER, 1893: 154;BlNG-
HAM, 1896: 407; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951:
296 [misspelling and wrong date)
Polyrhachis Sophocles FOREL
Polyrhachis sophocles FoREL, 1908: 10
Polyrhachis tubericeps FoREL
Polyrhachis tubericeps FOREL, 1893a: 26
Polyrhachis flavoflagellata KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis flavoflagellata KARAWAJEW, 1927:
Polyrhachis flavo-flagellata KARAWAJEW; CHAP-
MAN & CAPCO, 1951: 290 (misspelling]
Polyrhachis stylifera KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis (Cephalomyrma) stylifera KARAWA-
JEW, 1935: 115
Polyrhachis Xanthippe FOREL
Polyrhachis Xanthippe FOREL, 1911d: 61
Polyrhachis furcata-group (new)
[fig. 22]
Polyrhachis flavoflagellata-grQup
(new) [fig. 21]
[including Polyrhachis (Cephalomyrma) KARA-
WAJEW, 1935: 115]
Ths species of this group are small (TL: 6 mm), with
an immarginate thorax, but a very obtuse margination
may be present on mesothorax and propodeum. The
thorax is massive and narrowing distally. The head is
large, less than semicircular in sideview and
elongately oval in frontal view. The eyes are only
weakly convex and situated on the very upper part of
the head. Short pairs of spines are present on
propodeum and petiole, the petiolar spines sometimes
with a pair of teeth between them. The pronotum is
armed only with teeth. Scapes and tibiae are round in
transection, the genae are immarginate. The whole
body surface is finely punctate. Hairs are nearly
lacldng, but a dense appressed silvery or golden pu-
bescence is present. The body colour is black to
brownish.
Nothing is known about the biology of these rare
species. One specimen of P. flavoflagellata was col-
lect ;d on a shrub near the east coast of the Malay
peninsula (leg. BRIGITTE FIALA), another specimen of
an undescribed species on a log in Gunung Kinabalu
National Park in Sarawak (leg. MARTIN DILL).
Thi:; group comprises two species which were de-
scribed after EMERY'S (1925) synthesis of the genus.
Distribution: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
The group comprises small species (TL: 6 mm) with
an immarginate thorax which is narrowing posteri-
orly in topview. In sideview the thorax is strongly
convex. Pairs of long acute spines are present on
pronotum. propodeum and petiole. The petiolar
spines differ very much in shape, inserting V-shaped
or U-shaped and ending strait (in P. etheli, P. graci-
lior. P. rufipes), in strong hooks (P. furcata) or in
little barbs (P. tragos). The petiole is elevated colum-
narly in P. tragos. Scapes and tibiae are round in
transection, the genae are marginate (in P. etheli, P.
gracilior and P. rufipes) or rounded (in P. furcata
and P. tragos). The head is semicircular in sideview,
oval in frontal view. A coarse rugose sculpture is
present on thorax and petiole (sometimes also on
parts of the head). The thorax is mat, while usually
head and gaster are smooth and shiny. Standing hairs
are abundant to moderately abundant, while an
appressed silvery pubescence is moderately abundant
to sparse. The body colour is black, brownish black,
reddish black or reddish brown.
The species are weaver ants which live mainly in the
herb layer. Trail and nest sharing was observed in P.
rufipes with Gnamptogenys binghami FOREL, 1900
(JinrTA RUBER. pers. comm.).
This group comprises five species. EMERY (1925)
placed them into the Polyrhachis armata-group.
Distribution: Burma. India. Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines. Thailand. Vietnam
Polyrhachis etheli CHAPMAN
Polyrhachis etheli CHAPMAN. 1963: 260
Polyrhachis furcata SMITH
Polyrhachis furcatus SMITH. 1858: 64
Polyrhachis furcata var. tenella FOREL, J902a:
289 [syn. n.)
Polvrhachis furcata var. bankensis FOREL,
19 lib: 297 [syn. n.]
Polyrhachis furcata pahangana FOREL, 191 la:
395 [syn. n.]
Polyrhachis gracilior FOREL
Polyrhachis furcata T. gracilior FOREL, 1893a: 25
Polyrhachis gracilior FOREL; BrNGHAM, 1903:
388
Polyrhachis furcata gracilior FOREL; EMERY,
1925: 193; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 290
Polyrhachis (Afyrtnhopla) weberi DONISTHORPE,
1943b: 206 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1974: 174]
Polyrhachis gracilior FOREL; BOLTON, 1974: 174
Polyrhachis rufipes SMITH
Polyrhachis rufipes SMITH, 1858: 66
Polyrhachis exasperatus SMITH, 1862: 41 [syno-
nymy by BOLTON, 1974: 178]
Polyrhachis phipsont ; FOREL, 1894a: 399 [syno-
nymy by BOLTON, 1974: 178]
Polyrhachis exasperata var. phipsoni FOREL; Fo-
REL, 191 la: 395
Polyrhachis exasperata var. oblisa FOREL,
191 la: 395 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1974: 178]
Polyrhachis exasperata piphsoni FOREL; CHAP-
MAN & CAPCO, 1951: 290 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis tragos STITZ
Polyrhachis tragos STITZ, 1923: 133
Polyrhachis hector-group (new)
[fig. 23]
The group comprises large slender species (TL: 8-10
rim). The thorax is immarginate, sometimes the
riesonotum is obtusely marginate because of its con-
cave shape, sometimes the propodeum is more or less
riarginate due to the forward running bases of its
spines. Long slender spines are present at the prono-
tim, propodeum and petiole (here in most species
shorter), the petiolar spines more or less curved em-
bracing the gaster. The head is usually semicircular
in sideview. oval in frontal view. One still unde-
scribed species has a very elongate head. Scapes and
hind tibiae are flattened, the genae are immarginate.
The legs are very long, giving the species a spider-
like appearance. The body is usually finely punctate.
Hairs and pubescence are lacking or sparse. The col-
our is black to brownish with the gaster in some spe-
cies blue, green or red. This species-group can be
easily differentiated from all other Polyrhachis spe-
cies by their flattened scapes and tibiae. Only in Ha-
giomyrma a few species also show a weak flattening
of scapes and tibiae, but their thorax is always fully
marginate. There is a strong resemblance to some lar-
ger species of the armata-group, e. g. to P. armata
and P. gestroi, but these species never have flattened
appendages and always have marginate genae.
The species are polydomous weaver ants of the shrub
and tree layer and live in forests and at forest mar-
gins. They use large amounts of silk in constructing
their usually one-chambered nests or occupy inter-
nodes of bamboo.
This group comprises 11 described and two unde-
scribed species. EMERY (1925) placed most of them
into the Polyrhachis armata-group, P. maligna into
the P. dives-group. A revision of this group is in
preparation by the author.
Distribution: Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, India,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri
Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Polyrhachis abdominalis SMITH
Polyrhachis hector SMITH, 1857: 62 partim
[sensu BOLTON, 1974: 174]
Polyrhachis abdominalis SMITH, 1858: 63
Polyrhachis phyllophilus SMITH, 1860a: 69 [syn-
onymy by MAYR, 1886: 357]
Polvrhachis abdominalis phyllophila SMITH;
EMERY, 1900b: 714
Polvrhachis achilles var. confmisFOREL, 1912a:
76 [see note]
Polvrhachis achilles discrepans FOREL, 1912a:
76 [see note]
Polvrhachis monacha K.ARAWAJEW, 1926: 144
[nomen nudum; synonymy by KARAWAJEW.
1927: 29 with P. abdominalis phyllophila
SMITH]
Note: The synonymy of Polyrhachis achilles Fo-
REL. 1893a: 24 by BINGHAM, 1903: 398 with
P. abdominalis ist not correct. Only the variety
confmis and the subspecies discrepans are syn-
onyms of P. abdominalis, while P. achilles it-
self is a synonym of P. hector.
Polyrhachis oedipus FOREL
Polyrhachis oedipus FOREL, 1893a: 22 + 31
Polyrhachis phvllophila oedipus FOREL; EMERY,
1893b: 255 '
Polyrhachis oedipus FOREL; BlNGHAM, 1903: 384
+ 398
Polyrhachis binghamti FOREL
Polyrhachis binghamii FOREL, 1893a: 25
Polyrhachis binghami FOREL; BINGHAM, 1903:
399; DONISTHORPE, 1942b: 460; CHAPMAN &
CAPCO, 1951: 287 [misspelling)
Polyrhachis chalybea SMITH
Polyrhachis chalybeus SMITH, 1857: 61
Polyrhachis sappho FOREL, 19 lib: 299 [syn. n.]
Polyrhachis chalybaea SMITH; CHAPMAN & CAP-
CO, 1951: 288 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis curvispina FOREL [stat. n.]
Polyrhachis oedipus var. curvispina FOREL,
1908: 8
Polyrhachis hector SMITH
Formica rubiginosa LE GUILLOU, 1841: 324
(junior primary homonym of Formica rubigi-
nosa LATREILLE, 1802: 170]
Formica ruiginosa LE GUILLOU; LE GlULLOU,
1842:316[misspellingl
Polyrhachis hector SMITH, 1857: 62 [first avail-
able name]
Polyrhachis abdominalis SMITH, 1858: 63 partim
[sensu BINGHAM, 1903: 398]
Polyrhachis matignus SMITH, 1858: 70 [syno-
nymy by BOLTON, 1974: 174]
Polyrhachis rubiginosa (LE GUILLOU); ROGER,
1863:7 + 45
Polyrhachis achilles FOREL, 1893a: 24
[synonymy by BINGHAM, 1903: 398; stat. rev.
EMERY. 1925: 192; syn. rev.; see note at P.
abdominalis]
Polyrhachis abdominalis var. reversa ANDRE.
1896: 253 [syn. n.]
Polyrhachis muelleri FOREL
Polyrhachis miilleri FOREL, I893a: 23 [incorrect
original spelling]
Polyrhachis phyllophila SMITH, 1860a: 69 partim
[sensu EMERY. 1895a: 482]
Polyrhachis Arthur! Mulleri FOREL; FOREL.
1915b: 43 [nomen nudum, probably mis-
spelling for P. muelleri FOREL]
Polyrhachis arturi-muelleri arturi FOREL; CHAP-
MAN & CAPCO, 1951: 304 [nomen nudum,
probably misspelling for P. muelleri FOREL]
Polyrhachis mutata SMITH [stat. rev.]
Polyrhachis hector SMITH, 1857 partim [sensu
BOLTON, 1974: 174]
Polyrhachis mutatus SMITH, 1858: 64
Polyrhachis mutata r. ajax FOREL, 1893a: 24
[synonymy by BINGHAM, 1903: 399]
Polyrhachis ajax FOREL; EMERY, 1895a: 482
Polyrhachis mutata ajax FOREL; EMERY, 1925:
193 [syn. rev.]
Polyrhachis mutata SMITH; BOLTON, 1974: 174
[synonymized with P. hector SMITH]
Polyrhachis pressa MAYR
Polyrhachis pressusMAYR, 1862:681
Polyrhachis tubifex KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis tubifex KARAWAJEW, 1927: 31
Polyrhachis venus FOREL [stat. rev.]
Polyrhachis venus FOREL, 1893a: 23
Polyrhachis chalybea SMITH, 1857: 61 partim
[sensu CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 299]
Polyrhachis mticronata-group (new)
[figs. 24, 25]
Usually smaller species (TL: 5 mm - rarely 8 mm)
with the thorax totally immarginate. In sideview the
thorax is short and strongly convex, in topview it is
strongly narrowing from pronotum to propodeum.
Strong spines are on propodeum and petiole, the
petiolar spines usually embracing the gaster. The
pronotum is armed much less (shoulders, teeth or
spines)t usually with teeth. Scapes and tibiae are
round in transection. the genae are immarginate. The
head is nearly semicircular in sideview. oval in fron-
tal view. The body is often smooth and shiny black,
sometimes finely punctate and mat. Hairs are nearly
lacking, the pubescence is usually sparse, rarely mod-
erately dense (e. g. in P. mitrata). appressed, golden
or silvery. The body colour varies from black to am-
ber-reddish, that of the legs from black to yellow. A
few larger species have the thorax longer and less
strongly convexly curved (e. g. P. aspasia, P. tristis)
and they are finely punctate and mat. They therefore
resemble species of the hector-group or of the arma-
fa-group. From the former they are easyly dis-
tinguished by the tibiae and scapes, which are never
flattened, from the latter by the lack of margination of
the genae.
These forest species live in small polydomous colo-
nies especially in the shrub and tree layer, where the
nests often are constructed below leaves as slender,
long oval buildings of large amounts of detritus and
small amounts of silk. The nests consist of one or a
lew (consecutively added?) chambers.
This group comprises 28 species. EMERY (1925)
placed them into the P. dives-group or could not as-
siociate them.
Distribution: Bismarck-Archipelago, Burma, China,
India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, New Guinea, Phil-
ippines, Sri Lanka
Polyrhachis amanus SMITH
Polyrhachis amanus SMITH, 1861: 41
Polyrhachis aspasia FOREL
Polyrhachis aspasia FOREL, 19 lid: 59
Polyrhachis atrovirens EMERY
Polyrhachis atrovirens EMERY, 1900b: 718
Polyrhachis banghaasi VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis banghaasi VlEHMEYER, 1922: 219
Polyrhachis bang-haasi VlEHMEYER; CHAPMAN
& CAPCO, 1951: 286 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis batesi FOREL
Polyrhachis bates} ; FOREL. 19 lib: 301
Polyrhachis cyrtomyrmoides DONISTHORPE
Polvrhachis cyrtomyrmoides DONISTHORPE,
1947b: 195
Polyrhachis distincta KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis distincta KARAWAJEW, 1927: 40
Polyrhachis emmae SANTSCHI
Polyrhachis emmae SANTSCHI, 1920a: 175 [iden-
tical description as sp. n. in SANTSCHI, 1924b]
Polyrhachis follicula MENOZZI
[subgen. comb, n.]
Polyrhachis follicula MEKOZZI, 1926: 101
Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) follicula MENOZZI;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 280
Polyrhachis glykera FOREL
Polyrhachis glykera FOREL, 1912a: 72
Polyrhachis hippomanes
hippomanes SMITH
Polyrhachis hippomanes SMITH, 1861: 43
Polyrhachis hippomanes boettcheri STITZ
Polvrhachis hippomanes r. boettcheri STITZ,
1923: 131
Polyrhachis hippomanes boettscheri STITZ;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 291 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis hippomanes
ceylonensis EMERY
Polyrhachis hippomanes ceylonensis EMERY in
FOREL, I893a: 22
Polyrhachis ceylonensis EMERY; BINGHAM, 1903:
400
Polyrhachis hippomanes-ceylonensis EMERY; Fo-
REL. 1909b: 402 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis ceylonica; FOREL, 1922: 172 [nomen
nudum. probably misspelling for P. ceylonen-
sis EMERY]
Polyrhachis hippomanes ceylonensis EMERY;
EMERY, 1925: 195
Polyrhachis hippomanes hortensis FOREL
Polvrhachis hippomanes var. hortensis FOREL,
1913g: 138
Polyrhachis hippomanes lucidula EMERY
Polyrhachis hippomanes lucidula EMERY, 1893b:
Polyrhachis keratifera KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis keratifera KARAWAJEW. 1927: 89
Polyrhachis laevigata SMITH
Polyrhachis laevigatus SMITH, 1857: 62
Polyrhachis levigata SMITH; ROGER, 1863: 6;
DALLA TORRE. 1893: 264; BINGHAM, 1903:
400 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis mitrata MENOZZI
Polyrhachis mitrata MENOZZI, 1932b: 303
Polyrhachis modesta SMITH
[subgen. comb, n.]
Polyrhachis modestus SMITH, 1857: 62
Polyrhachis (Chariomynnd) modesta SMITH;
EMERY, 1925: 186
Polyrhachis (Hedomyrma) modesta SMITH;
DONISTHORPE, 1932b: 446
Polyrhachis (Chariomyrmd) modesta SMITH;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 262
Polyrhachis moeschi FOREL
Polyrhachis moeschi ; FOREL, 1912a: 73
Polyrhachis moesta EMERY
Polyrhachis hippomanes var. moesta EMERY
1887a: 237
Polyrhachis moesta EMERY; WANG & Wu 1 99 1
599
Polyrhachis mucronata mucronata SMITH
Polyrhachis mucronatus SMITH, 1859: 140
Polyrhachis mucronata
bismarckensis FOREL
Polyrhachis mucronata var. bismarckensis Fo-
REL, 190 Ib: 33
Polyrhachis mucronata
janthinogaster EMERY
Polyrhachis mucronata var. janthinogaster EME-
RY, 1911:538
Polyrhachis mucronata
japensis DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis mucronata japensis DONISTHORPE
1941b:63
Polyrhachis nitida SMITH
Polyrhachis nitidus SMITH. 1857: 61
Polyrhachis nudata SMITH
Polyrhachis nudatus SMITH. 1860a: 71
Polyrhachis oedacantha WHEELER
Polyrhachis oedacantha WHEELER, 1919: 135
Polyrhachis oedocantha WHEELER; CHAPMAN &
CAPCO, 1951: 294 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis orpheus FOREL
Polyrhachis orpheus FOREL, 191 Ic: 2 16
Polyrhachis paromalus paromalus SMITH
Polyrhachis paromalus SMITH, 1863: 15
Polyrhachis paromalus tobias FOREL
Polyrhachis paromalus tobias FOREL, 191 la: 391
Polyrhachis platynota STITZ
Polyrhachis platynota STITZ, 1933: 74
Polyrhachis playnota STITZ; CHAPMAN & CAPCO,
1951:295 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis retrorsa EMERY
Polyrhachis retrorsa EMERY, 1900b: 719
Polyrhachis ridleyi FOREL
Polyrhachis ridleyi FOREL, 1912a: 71
Polyrhachis rubigastrica
Polyrhachis rubigastrica WANG& Wu, 1991
598
Polyrhachis rubigastica WANG & Wu; WANG &
Wu, 1991: 600 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis tristis MAYR
Polyrhachis tristis MAYR, 1867: 46
Polyrhachis nigriceps-group [fig. 26]
EMERY (1925) described the workers as: "form of
petiole and head like in the sexspinosa-group (petiole
long, anteriorly with an elevated angle in profile...;
head long, distally narrowing); spines of petiole short
and only little diverging; body surface smooth and
shiny" (own translation).
This group comprises two species, which were ar-
ranged in this sense already by EMERY (1925).
Distribution: Indonesia, New Guinea
Polyrhachis croceiventris EMERY
Polyrhachis croceiventrisEtAEKY, 1900a: 336
Polyrhachis nigriceps SMITH
Polyrhachis nigriceps SMITH, 1863: 17
Polyrhachis atalanta EMERY, 1898b: 243 [syno-
nymy by EMERY, 1925: 192]
Polyrhachis (Florencea) kirkae DONISTHORPE,
1937b: 624 [synonymy by HUNG, 1971: 44]
Florencea kirkae (DONISTHORPE); DONISTHORPE,
1940: 254 [synonymy by BROWN, 1973: 180]
Polyrhachis (Florencea) kiski DONISTHORPE;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 267 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis ochracea-group (new)
[fig. 27]
F: ochracea is a large species (TL: 8-9 mm) with an
immarginate and in sideview weakly convex thorax.
Long slender pairs of spines are present on pronotum,
propodeum and petiole. The head is semicircular in
s:deview, oval in frontal view. Scapes and tibiae are
round in transection, the genae are marginate. The
sculpture is moderately rugose and weakly shiny on
head, thorax and petiole, while the gaster is finely re-
ticulate and mat. Whitish long erect thin hairs and a
whitish appressed pubescence are abundant, the latter
especially on the flanks of the thorax. The body is
amber-coloured with blackish spines and tarsi. The
S]3ecies can be distinguished from the annata-group
by its abundant hairs and pubescence and its spines,
wlu'ch are not stout and do not look inflated.
This group consists only of Polyrhachis ochracea.
which was described after EMERY'S (1925) synthesis
of the genus.
F. ochracea is a rare species of the crown region of
the forests and builds nests between leaves, where the
additional walls are constructed of pure silk.
E'istribution: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
Polyrhachis ochracea KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis ochracea KARAWAJEW, 1927; 30
Polyrhachis ochraceae KARAWAJEW; CHAPMAN
& CAPCO, 1951: 294 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis sexspinosa-group
[fig. 28]
EMERY (1925) described the workers as: "petiole
long, anteriorly with an elevated angle in profile,
spines inserting distally, spines relatively short and
only little diverging; head long, distally narrowing;
sculpture rugose; large species" (own translation).
Additional data of this group are: Large slender spe-
cies (TL: 8-13 mm) with an immarginate thorax.
Long slender spines are present on prothorax, propo-
deum and petiole, only in P. calypso the petiolar
spines are curved hook-like. The head is elongately
oval in frontal view. The long and spider-like legs
and the antennae are round in transection, the genae
are immarginate. only the neck might wear a "frill".
The mat body is usually sculptured rugosely, the
shiny gaster is often only finely punctate. P. melpo-
mene in contrast has a striate body sculpture except
on the gaster. Erect hairs and appressed pubescence
are usually numerous. The body colour is black,
brownish or reddish.
These species are polydomous weaver ants of the
shrub and tree layer.
This group, which was established by EMERY (1925),
today comprises 17 species. P. melpomene, which was
placed by EMERY (1925) into the P. -dives-group, and
P. olybrius, which he could not associate, also belong
to this species-group. BOLTON (1975) and KOHOIT
(1987) (for the Philippines) revised this group.
Distribution: Australia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
New Guinea, New Caledonia, Philippines, Solomons,
Singapore, Thailand (new). This group has evolutio-
nary centers in New Guinea and in the Philippines.
Polyrhachis aureovestita DONISTHORPE
Polvrhachis aureovestitus DONISTHORPE, 1937a:
274
Polyrhachis auriovestibus DONISTHORPE; DONIS-
THORPE, 1947a: 592 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis bubastes SMITH
Polyrhachis bubastes SMITH, 1863: 15
Polyrhachis spinosa MAYR, 1867: 11 [synonymy
byBoLTON, 1975:6]
Polyrhachis variolosa EMERY, 1887a: 236 [syno-
nymy by BOLTON, 1975: 6]
Polyrhachis bubastes spinosa MAYR; EMERY
1898a: 230
Polyrhachis variolosa var. waigiouensis FOREL,
19 lib: 299 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1975: 6]
Polyrhachis variolosa var. curvispina STITZ,
1911: 379 [junior homonym of P. curvispina
FOREL, 1908: 8]
Polyrhachis variolosa var. arcispina SANTSCHI,
1916: 243 [replacement name for P. variolosa
var. curvispina STTTZ; synonymy by BOLTON
1975: 6]
Polyrhachis rugousissima DoNlSTHORPE, 1943c:
468 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1975: 6]
Polyrhachis hirta DONISTHORPE, 1949b: 418
[junior homonym of P. hirta VIEHMEYER
1914c: 59]
Polyrhachis kellyi HUNG, 1967b: 201
[replacement name for P. hirta DONISTHORPE,
1949b: 418; synonymy by BOLTON, 1975: 6]
Polyrhachis calypso FOREL
Polyrhachis spinosa calypso FOREL, 19 Ha: 394
Polyrhachis sexspinosa var. malaccana
VIEHMEYER, 1916a: 167 [synonymy by BOL-
TON, 1975: 7]
Polyrhachis capra KARAWAJEW, 1927: 27 [syno-
nymy by BOLTON, 1975: 7]
Polyrhachis clypso FOREL; CHAPMAN & CAPCO
195 1:288 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis exotica KOHOUT
Polyrhachis exotica KOHOUT, 1987: 170
Polyrhachis glabrinota CLARK
Polyrhachis glabrinotum CLARK, 1930: 13
Polyrhachis ignota KOHOUT
Polyrhachis ignota KOHOUT, 1987: 171
Polyrhachis magnifica MENOZZI
Polyrhachis sexspinosa magnifica MENOZZI
1926: 98
Polyrhachis magnifica MENOZZI; BOLTON 1 975
9
Polyrhachis melpomenc EMERY
Polyrhachis melpomene EMERY, 1897a: 592
Polyrhachis nofra BOLTON
Polyrhachis nofra BOLTON, 1975: 9
Polyrhachis olybrius FOREL
Polyrhachis olybrius FOREL, 1912a: 73
Polyrhachis osiris BOLTON
Polyrhachis osiris BOLTON, 1975: 10
Polyrhachis reclinata EMERY
Polyrhachis sexspinosa (LATREILLE, 1802: 126)
partim [sensu BOLTON, 1975: 12]
Polyrhachis reclinata EMERY, 1887a: 236 [syno-
nymy by BOLTON, 1975: 12 with P. sexspinosa
(LATREILLE, 1802: 126)]
Polyrhachis sexspinosa var. rectinota FOREL,
19 lib: 299 [nomen nudum, probably mis-
spelling for P. reclinata EMERY]
Polyrhachis sexspinosa var. reclinata EMERY;
CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 295
Polyrhachis reclinata EMERY; KOHOUT & TAY-
LOR, 1990:518
Polyrhachis rhea FOREL
Polyrhachis sexspinosa rhea FOREL, 191 lb: 299
Polyrhachis rhea FOREL; BOLTON, 1975: 1 1
Polyrhachis rugifrons SMITH
Polyrhachis rugifrons SMITH, 1860a: 70
Polyrhachis sexspinosa rugifrons SMITH: VlEH-
"MEYER, 1913: 153
Polyrhachis rugifrons SMITH; EMERY, 1925: 191
Polyrhachis scabra KOHOUT
Polyrhachis scabra KOHOirr, 1987: 175
Polyrhachis sexspinosa (LATREILLE)
Formica sex-spinosasex- LATREILLE, 1802: 126
[incorrect original spelling]
Formica argentata FABRICIUS, 1804: 413 [syno-
nymy by ROGER, 1863: 6]
Polyrhachis sexspinosa (LATREILLE); SMITH,
1858: 59
Polyrhachis argentatus (FABRICIUS); SMITH
1858: 73
Polyrhachis irritabilis SMITH, 1859: 141 [syno-
nymy by ROGER, 1863: 6]
Polyrhachis sexspinosa var. esuriens EMERY,
1897a: 591 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1975: 12]
Polyrhachis sexspinosa var. rectinota FOREL,
191 Ib: 299 [nomen nudum, probably mis-
spelling for P. sexspinosa var. reclinata EME-
RY, see above at P. reclinata EMERY]
Polyrhachis sexspinosa var. sericea KARAWAJEW,
1927: 26 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1975: 12]
Polyrhachis barnardi CLARK, 1928b: 39
[synonymy by KOHOUT & TAYLOR, 1990: 519]
Polyrhachis arcuspinosa DoNlSTHORPE, 194 la:
140 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1975: 12]
Polyrhachis arcuspinosa \vaigeuensis
DONISTHORPE, 1943c: 467 [synonymy by BOL-
TON, 1975: 12]
Polyrhachis juxtaspinosa DONISTHORPE, 1949b:
417 [synonymy by BOLTON, 1975: 12]
Polyrhachis tschu FOREL
Polyrhachis tschu FOREL, 1879: 122
Polyrhachis sexspinosa var. tschu FOREL; FOREL,
1909c: 232
Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) sexspinosa var. tschu
FOREL; EMERY, 1925: 191
Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) tschu FOREL; CHAP-
MAN &CAPCO, 1951: 282
Polyrhachis tschu FOREL; BOLTON, 1975: 13
Polyrhachis viehmeyeri-group
[fig. 29]
This group was established by EMERY (1925) for P.
hirta and P. viehmeyeri. He described the workers as:
"body elongated; back flat, laterally with obtuse
borders; petiole as in the sexspinosa group (petiole
long, anteriorly with an elevated angle in profile,
spiines inserting distally, spines relatively short and
only little diverging), but shorter (and shorter than in
the armata-group). Head truncate posteriorly; eyes
near the posterior end of the head" (own translation).
The group was revised by KOHOUT (1990) and char-
acterized by the combination of the following 11
characters: all dorsal surfaces of the body with bristle-
like hairs, which are distinctly shorter than the
maximum diameter of the eye; dorsa of head,
mesosoma and petiole with characteristic vermicu-
late-rugose sculpruration; mesosomal dorsum bluntly
marginate on each side along its entire length; prono-
tum and propodeum each armed with a pair of spines;
pionotal spines flattened dorsally, with anterior and
lateral margins acute, their length, direction and
degree of elevation usually highly variable within
species; pronotal and propodeal dorsa almost flat,
mesonotal dorsum transversely convex with rounded
lateral margins; node of petiole with more or less flat
dorsum, bearing a pair of widely separated, diverging
spines, and without intercalary spines or teeth; eyes
strongly convex, almost hemispherical, with numer-
ous short, erect hairs; mandibles very finely longitudi-
nally striate; clypeus with anterior margin medially
truncated, posterior margin usually deeply impressed;
antennal carinae rather flat, widely separated. A new
species was described by KOHOUT (1994b).
The group comprises today ten species.
Distribution: Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Solo-
mons, Tibet
Polyrhachis bamaga KOHOUT
Polyrhachis barnaga KOHOUT, 1990: 500
Polyrhachis davydovi KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis davydovi KARAWAJEW, 1927: 24
Polyrhachis eremita KOHOUT
Polyrhachis ereinita KOHOirr, 1990: 502
Polyrhachis greensladei KOHOUT
Polyrhachis greensladei ; KOHOUT, 1990: 503
Polyrhachis hirta VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis hirta VlEHMEYER, 1914c: 59
Polyrhachis lama KOHOUT
folyrhachis lama KOHOLT. 1994b: 137
Polyrhachis loweryi KOHOUT
Polyrhachis loweryi KOHOLT. 1990: 505
Polyrhachis rustica KOHOUT
Polyrhachis rustica KOHOUT, 1990: 505
Polyrhachis stigmatifera KOHOUT
Polyrhachis stigma tifera KOHOUT, 1990: 507
Polyrhachis viehmeyeri EMERY
Polyrhachis viehmeyeri EMERY, 192 la: 19
Species which cannot be associated
with a species-group
Polyrhachis lugens MAYR
Polyrhachis lugens MAYR, 1867: 31 [placed by
EMERY, 1925: 195 in the P. dives-group]
Di stribution: Indonesia (Borneo)
Polyrhachis punctata KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis punctataKARAWAJEW, 1927: 36
Distribution: Indonesia (Java)
Polyrhachis regularis MAYR
Polyrhachis regularis MAYR, 1867: 63 [described
on a female; also not associated by EMERY,
1925: 197]
Distribution: Indonesia (Java)
Polyrhachis strictifrons EMERY
Polyrhachis strictifrons EMERY, 1898b: 242 [de-
scribed on a female; placed by EMERY, 1925:
196 in the P. dives-group]
Distribution: Indonesia (Sulawesi)
Polyrhachis syloicola (JERDON)
Formica syloicola JERDON, 1851: 126 [also not
associated by EMERY, 1925: 197]
Formica sylvicola JERDON; JERDON, 1854: 108;
ROGER, 1863: 6; SMITH, 1871: 310; CHAPMAN
& CAPCO. 1951: 298 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis silvicola (JERDON); SMITH, 1857: 59;
DALLA TORRE, 1893: 269 [misspelling]
Distribution: India (Hindustan)
Subgenus Myrmothrinax FOREL
[fig. 30]
Polyrhachis (Myrmothrinax) FOREL, 1915a: 107.
Type-species: Polyrhachis thrinax ROGER,
1863: 152, by original designation.
Polyrhachis (Myrmotrinax) FOREL; SANTSCHI,
1928a: 133 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis (Evelynd) DONISTHORPE, 1937a: 273
[synonymy by HUNG, 1967a: 402]
[Polyrhachis thrinax-group sensu HUNG, 1967b:
201]
WHEELER (1911) had included the whole "cohors
Polyrhachides camponotiformes" into his subgenus
Campomyrma. FOREL (1915) introduced the new sub-
genus Myrmothrinax for EMERY'S (1896) "manipulus
thrinax" of this "cohors". The first description of this
"manipulus", subgenus resp., was given by EMERY
(1925): "worker: body slender; thorax marginate; pro-
notum with shoulders, which generally bear a tooth or
very short spine; the spiiies or teeth of the propodeum
are more or less elevated; petiole relatively small with
three straight spines, the median being the longest, in
P. unicuspis only one spine is developed ; basal
segment of gaster as in the subgenus Campomyrma
(not very large, covering not more than half of the
gaster); female: similar to the worker in spination,
thorax and petiole" (own translation).
The thorax is marginate, the genae are immarginate.
The species are large arboreal weaver ants with the
center of speciation in the Indomalayan region.
The subgenus comprises 20 species, which are not
devided into species-groups so far.
Distribution: Australia, Bismarck-Archipelago, Bur-
ma, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Gui-
nea, Philippines, Solomons, Singapore, Sri Lanka,
Thailand (new), Vietnam
List of species:
Polyrhachis abnormis DONISTHORPE
Pblyrhachis abnormis DONISTHORPE, 1948c: 141
Polyrhachis atossa FOREL
Polyrhachis constructor SMITH. 1858: 68 [junior
primary homonym of P. constructor SMITH.
1857: 60]
Polyrhachis constructor var. atossa FOREL,
1913g: 134
Polyrhachis aequicuspis WHEELER, 1919: 127
[replacement name for P. constructor SMITH;
incorrect procedure]
Polyrhachis atossa FOREL; EMERY. 1925: 183
[choosing of the next available name]
Polyrhachis atassa var. aequicuspis WHEELER;
DONISTHORPE, 1932b: 445 [incorrect combina-
tion; misspelling]
Polyrhachls cheesmanae DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) cheesmanae DONIS-
THORPE, 1937a: 273
Polyrhachis (Evelyna) cheesmanae DONISTHOR-
PE; CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951: 267 [CHAPMAN
& CAPCO confused the species with P. (Evely-
na) cheesmanae DONISTHORPE, 1943: 459,
which now belongs to the subgenus Campo-
myrma and bears the replacement name P. ho-
race/HuNG, 1967b:201]
Polyrhachis clarkei DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis clarkei DONISTHORPE, 1949a: 502
Polyrhachis tlahlii dahlii FOREL
Polyrhachis dahlii ; FOREL, 1901b: 30
Polyrhachis dahli FOREL; FOREL, 1909b: 406
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis dahalii r FOREL; SANTSCHI, 1920b:
569 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis dahlii cincta VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis dahli var. cincta VlEHMEYER, 1913:
149 [incorrect original spelling: fossil]
Polyrhachis dahlii unisculpta VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis dahli var. unisculpta VlEHMEYER,
1914c: 48 [incorrect original spelling]
Polyrhachis delicata CRAWLEY
Polyrhachis delicata CRAWLEY, 1915: 238
Polyrhachis queenslandica EMERY. 1895b: 356
partim [sensu CRAWLEY, 1921: 96]
Polyrhachis lysistrata SANTSCHI, 1920b: 569
[synonymy by KOHOIT, 1994a: 135]
Polyrhachis delicata CRAWLEY; KOHOIT, 1994a:
135
Polyrhachis frauenfeldi frauenfeldi MAYR
Polyrhachis frauenfeldi MAYR, 1862: 687
Polyrhachis frauenfeldi i MAYR; ROGER, 1863:
215 [incorrect subsequent spelling]
Polyrhachis frauenfeldi sanguinea FOREL
Polyrhachis frauenfeldi sanguinea FOREL, 191 la:
393
Polyrhachis neptunus SMITH
Polyrhachis neptunus SMITH, 1865: 69
Polyrhachis queenslandica EMERY
Polyrhachis queenslandica EMERY, 1895b: 356
Polyrhachis saigonensis FOREL
Polyrhachis thrinax r. saigonensis FOREL. 1886b:
199
Polyrhachis saigonensis FOREL; FOREL, 1893a:
28
Polyrhachis trinax saigonensis FOREL; ASHMEAD,
i905a: 958 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis trinax sayonensis FOREL; BROWN,
1906: 690 [misspelling]
Polvrhachis saigonensis FOREL; EMERY, 1925:
183
Polyrhachis sparaxes SMITH
Polyrhachis sparaxes SMITH, 1863: 16
Polyrhachis ternatae KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis ternatae KARAWAJEW, 1933: 105
Polyrhachis textor textor SMITH
Polyrhachis textor SMITH, 1857: 60
Polyrhachis durvillei DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis d'un'illei DONISTHORPE, 1938a: 147
[incorrect original spelling]
Polyrhachis textor aequalis FOREL
Polyrhachis textor var. aequalis FOREL. 1910d:
Polyrhachis eudora SMITH
Polyrhachis eudora SMITH, 1860b: 99
Polyrhachis endora SMITH; CHAPMAN & CAPCO,
1951: 301 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis textor brunneogaster
DONISTHORPE
Polyrhachis textor var. brunneogaster
DONISTHORPE, 1937b: 623
Polyrhachis textor charpiUioni FOREL
Polyrhachis textor var. charpiUioni FOREL
191 la: 392
Polyrhachis textor hero FOREL
Polyrhachis textor r. hero FOREL, 1913g: 135
Polyrhachis thrinax thrinax ROGER
Polyrhachis thrinax ROGER, 1863: 152
Polyrhachis schrinax ROGER; ROTHNEY, 1889:
352 [misspelling]
Polyrhachis trinax ROGER; BROWN, 1906: 690
[misspelling]
Polyrhachis thrinax var. mucronis DON1STHORPE,
1942b: 460 [synonymy by BROWN, 1959: 164]
Polyrhachis thrinax castanea STITZ
Polyrhachis thrinax var. castanea STITZ 1923"
136
Polyrhachis thrinax var. castanella SANTSCHI,
1928a: 140 [injustified installation of a re-
placement name for P. thrinax var. castanea
STITZ, because the name would be preoccupied
by Camponotus castanea STITZ, 1923: 128]
Polyrhachis thrinax inconstans
VlEHMEYER
Polyrhachis thrinax inconstans VlEHMEYER
1916a: 164
Polyrhachis (Myrmotrinax) trinax var. inconstans
VIEHMEYER; SANTSCHI, 1928a: 133 [mis-
spelling]
Polyrhachis thrinax javanica MAYR
Polvrhachis thrinax var. javanica MAYR 1 867"
52
Polyrhachis thrinax javana MAYR; FOREL,
1893a: 19; EMERY, 1893c: 269 [nomen nu-
dum, according to CRAWLEY, 1923: 31 a mis-
spelling for P. thrinax \ai.javanica MAYR]
Polvrhachis trinax javana MAYR; BROWN 1906
690
Polyrhachis thrinax lancearia FOREL
Polyrhachis thrinax var. lancearius FOREL
1893a:19 + 29
Polyrhachis thrinax lucida EMERY
Polyrhachis thrinax lucidula EMERY, 1893c: 269
[junior homonym of P. hippomanes lucidula
EMERY, 1893b: 255]
Polyrhachis thrinax lucida EMERY, 1894a: 74
[replacement name for P. thrinax lucidula
EMERY]
Polyrhachis thrinax overbecki [nom. nov.J
Polyrhachis thrinax var. nigripes VIEHMEYER,
1916a: 164 [junior homonym of P. bicolorvar.
nigripes EMERY, 1897a: 592]
Perivatio nominis: VIEHMEYER described the
subspecies from a series of ants collected by H.
OVERBECK in Singapore]
Polyrhachis triaena WHEELER
Polyrhachis triaena WHEELER, 1919: 127
Polyrhachis tricuspis ANDRE
Polyrhachis tricuspis ANDRE, 1887: 284
Polyrhachis trispinosa SMITH
Polyrhachis trispinosus SMITH. 1861: 40
Polyrhachis unicuspis EMERY
Polyrhachis unicuspis EMERY, 1898b: 240
Subgenus Polyrhachis [fig. 31]
Polyrhachis (Polyrhachis) SMITH, 1857: 58.
Type-species: Formica bihamata DRURY,
1773: 73, by subsequent designation of
WHEELER. 1911: 859.
The subgenus was established by WHEELER (191 1) for
EMERY'S (1896) "cohors Polyrhachidcs hamatae".
EMERY (1925) described it as follows: "worker: tho-
rax marginate (lamellidens-gTOup) or not (bihamata-
group): propodeal shoulders elongated into strong and
more or less hooked spines; mesonotum generally
with a pair of backwards bent spines, which are in P.
lamellidens a prolongation of the elevated border of
that segment; propodeum in the bihamata-group with
very short spine-like teeth, in the laniellidens-group
these are prolonged into plate-like appendices as in P.
clypeata and the other members of the subgenus
Campomyrrna; the mesonotal spines correspond to the
elevated angles of the borders of that segment, de-
scribed in the subgenus \fyrmatopa\ petiole armed
with a pair of very long and strong spines, curved
outwards like a fishing-hook; female: pronotum
nearly unarmed or with straight spines; without
mesonotal spines; scale very high, with a pair of
robust spines, wich are diverging, but are not formed
like a fishing-hook. HUNG (1970) gave 5 characters
for the subgenus: pro- and mesonotal spines present
in the workers (unique in the genus); petiole colum-
nar, surmounted by two long, hook-shaped spines
(i:his type of petiole is found in P. furcata, but here
the rest of the characters differ widely); median ocel-
lus present in the workers of P. bellicosa, P. biha-
mata and P. ypsilon, workers of the first from New
Ciuinea even have two lateral ocelli; in contrary to
many other species-groups, the petiole of females is
not much alike that of the workers, but is reduced to
about one-third in length, and the spines are tubercu-
late rather than hook-shaped" (own translation).
Cienae and thorax are immarginate. The species are
nesting in the ground or are arboreal, some in very
large colonies with more than 10000 workers. These
l;irge non weaving species have their center of specia-
tion in the Indomalayan and Papuan region.
The subgenus comprises nine species. It was revised
by HUNG (1970). KOHOUT (1988) added several new
species from New Guinea. Already EMERY (1925:
182) distinguished the P. lamellidens-group (with P.
craddocki and P. lamellidens) and the P. bihamata-
group (see above).
Distribution: Australia, Bismarck-Archipelago. Bur-
ma, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia. Japan, Ko-
r:a, Laos, Malaysia, New Guinea, Oceania, Philippi-
res. Singapore, Sri Lanka. Taiwan, Thailand
Polyrhachis lamellidens-group
According to EMERY (1925) the workers of this group
are characterized by: "thorax marginate: borders of
riesonotum elevated and prolongued into a pair of
backwards curved spines; propodeum with plate-like
appendages" (own translation).
Polyrhachis craddocki BlNGHAM
Polyrhachis craddocki BlNGHAM, 1903: 403
Polyrhachis craddocki i BlNGHAM; HUNG. 1970:
3 1 [incorrect subsequent spelling]
Polyrhachis lamellidens SMITH
Polyrhachis lamellidens SMITH, 1874: 403
Polyrhachis lamelliden SMITH; CHAPMAN & CAP-
CO, 1951: 304 {misspelling)
Polyrhachis bihamata-group
EMERY (1925) characterized the workers as: "thorax
immarginate; mesonotum with a pair of spines, which
are curved backwards; propodeum with very small
spine-like teeth" (own translation).
Polyrhachis bellicosa SMITH
Polyrhachis bellicosus SMITH, 1859: 142
Polyrhachis bihamata var. bellicosus SMITH;
MAYR, 1862: 677
Polyrhachis bellicosa var. crude/is EMERY,
1887a: 238 [synonymy by HUNG, 1970: 5]
Polyrhachis bellicosa SMITH: DALLA TORRE.
1893: 259
Polyrhachis bihamata (DRURY)
Formica bihamata DRURY, 1773: 73
FonnicaaJffmisLtGuiLLOV, 1842: 314 [syno-
nymy by MAYR, 1872: 139]
Polyrhachis bihamata (DRURY); SMITH, 1857: 59
Polvrhachis affinis (LE GuiLLOU); MAYR. 1863a:
443
Polyrhachis ypsi Ion EMERY. 1887a: 239 partim
[sensu DALLA TORRE, 1893:271]
Polyrhachis bihamata var. perplexa SANTSCHI,
1925: 92 [synonymy by HUNG. 1970: 16]
Polyrhachis bihamata var. minor KARAWAJEW.
1927: 12 [junior homonym of P. armata var.
^ minor FOREL, 1886a: 241; synonymy by HlTs'G,
1970: 16]
Polyrhachis bihamata var. tonsilis SANTSCHI.
1928a: 133 [synonymy by HUNG. 1970: 16]
Polyrhachis erosispina EMERY
Polyrhachis bellicosa SMYTH, 1859: 142 partim
[sensu HUNG, 1970: 5]
Polyrhachis bellicosa var. erosispina EMERY,
l900b: 713
Polyrhachis erosispina EMERY; KOHOUT, 1988b:
419
Polyrhachis mindanaensis EMERY
Polyrhachis vpsilon var. mindanaensis EMERY
1923:62
Polvrhachis mindanaensi EMERY HUNG 1970-
20
Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) alphenus SMITH; EME
RY, 1925: 197 [not associated with a species-
group]
Distribution: Indonesia (Batchian)
Polyrhachis montana HUNG
Polyrhachis montana HUNG, 1970: 23
Polyrhachis taylori KOHOUT
Polyrhachis taylori KOHOUT, 1988b: 422
Polyrhachis ypsilon EMERY
^ormica bihamata DRURY, 1773: 73 partim [sen-
su SMITH, 1858: 58]
Polyrhachis ypsilon EMERY, 1887a: 239
Polyrhachis ypsilon var. victoris SANTSCHI.
1925: 93 [synonymy by HUNG, 1970: 19]
Polyrhachis ypsilon aber. synacantha SANTSCHI,
1933: 2 [synonymy by HUNG, 1970: 19]
Polyrhachis ypsilon var. vecticortis SANTSCHI:
CHAPMAN & CAPCO. 1951: 304 [misspelling
for P. ypsilon var. victoris SANTSCHI]
Incertae sedis
Of these species only females were described. At the
present stage of knowledge, they cannot be associated
with anyone of the subgenera.
Polyrhachis agesilas FOREL
Polyrhachis agesilas FoREL, 1913g: 137 [EMERY.
1925: 209 also did not associate this species]
Polyrhachis aegesilas FOREL; CHAPMAN & CAP-
CO. 1951: 304 [misspelling]
Distribution: Indonesia (Java)
Polyrhachis alexamlri KARAWAJEW
Polyrhachis alexandri ; KARAWAJEW. 1906: 375
Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) alexandri KARAWA-
JEW: EMERY. 1925: 192 [association with the
P. annata-group]
Distribution: Indonesia (Java)
Polyrhachis alphenus SMITH
Polyrhachis alphenus SMITH. 1860b: 100
Polyrhachis castaneiventris SMITH
Polyrhachis castaneiventris SMITH, 1858: 67
Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) castaneiventris SMITH;
EMERY, 1925: 197 [not associated with a spe-
cies-group]
Distribution: Indonesia (Borneo)
Polyrhachis constructor SMITH
Polyrhachis constructor SMITH. 1857: 60 [EME-
RY. 1925: 209 also did not associate this spe-
cies]
Distribution: Indonesia (Borneo)
Excluded species
Camponotus (Orthonotomyrmex) selene
selene (EMERY)
Polyrhachis selene EMERY, 1889: 518
Camponotus selene (EMERY); EMERY. 1896b
763
Camponotus (Myrmorhachis) selene (EMERY);
FOREL. 1912d: 92
Camponotus (Mynnacantha) selene (EMERY):
EMERY. 1920: 258
Camponotus (Orthonotomyrmex) selene (EME-
RY): EMERY. 1925: 125
Camponotus (Orthonotomyrmex) selene
ohtusata (EMERY)
Polyrhachis selene obtusata EMERY. 1895a: 480
Camponotus (Orthonotomyrmex) selene obtusata
(EMERY): EMERY. 1925: 125
Diacamma rugosum (LE GUILLOU)
Ponera rugosum LE GUILLOU. 1842: 318
Diacamma rugosum geometricum var. anceps
EMERY. 1897c: 155 [name not available]
Polyrhachis bispinosa Matsumura in Kuroiwa,
1908: 2 [synonymy by Yasumatsu. 1940: 67
with Diacamma rugosum geometricum var.
anceps EMERY]
Dolichoderus bispinosus (OLIVIER)
Formica bispinosa OLIVIER, 1792: 502
Polyrhachis arboricola NORTON, 1868b: 4 [syno-
nymy by EMERY, 1912:9 with Dolichoderus
(Monads) bispinsus (OLIVIER); synonymy by
KEMPF, 1959: 240 with Monads bispinosa
(OLIVIER)]
Dolichoderus bispinosus (OLIVIER); FoREL,
1878b: 386
Dolichoderus (Monads) bispinosus (OLIVIER);
EMERY, 1912: 9
Monads bispinosa (OLIVIER); KEMPF, 1959: 240
Dolichoderus bispinosus (OLIVIER); SHATTUCK,
1992: 77 [stat. rev., see there for the history of
that genus, but this species is not mentioned in
the study]
Dolichoderus cuspidatus (SMITH)
Polyrhachis cuspidatus SMITH. 1857: 63
Dolichoderus cuspidatus (SMITH); MAYR, 1870:
955
Dolichoderus rugosus (SMITH)
Polyrhachis rugosus SMITH, 1858: 74
Hypoclinea rugosus (SMITH); MAYR. 1872: 144
Dolichoderus rugosus (SMITH); MAYR, 1886: 357
Dolichoderus scabridus ROGER
Dolichoderus scabri dus ROGER, 1862: 244
Polyrhachis foveolatus LOWNE. 1865: 334
[synonymy by MAYR. 1868b: 61 with Hypocli-
nea sp., by MAYR, 1870: 953 + 955 with Hy-
poclinea scabrida (ROGER)]
Hypoclinea scabrida (ROGER); MAYR. 1870: 953
' + 955
Dolichoderus spmicolhs (LATREILLE)
Formica spinicolle LATREILLE. 1817: 99
Polvrhachis spinicollis (LATREILLE); SMITH.
1858: 74
Polvrhachis bispinosus SMITH. 1858: 74 [syn-
onymy by DALLA TORRE. 1893: 161 with Doli-
choderus spinicollis (LATREILLE)]
Monads spinicollis (LATREILLE) [ROGER. 1862:
233 remarked: "Dieses (neue) Genus umfaJJt
einige Arten. die bisher zu Polyrhachis ge-
rechnet wurden...", but did not list species]
Hypoclinea bispinosus (SMITH); MAYR, 1863a:
424
Dolichoderus spinicollis (LATREILLE); DALLA
TORRE, 1893: 161
Dolichoderus (Monads) spinicollis (LATREILLE);
EMERY. 1912: 10
Dolichoderus spinicollis (LATREILLE); SHAT-
TUCK, 1992: 77
Echinopla serrata (SMITH) [comb, rev.]
Polyrhachis serratus SMITH, 1859: 140
Echinopla serrata (SMITH); DONISTHORPE,
1932b: 453
Polyrhachis serrata SMITH; CHAPMAN & CAPCO.
1951:257
Echinopla striata SMITH
Echinopla striata SMITH, 1857: 80
Polyrhachis adculatus SMITH, 1858: 70
[synonymy by EMERY, 1900b: 721; synonymy
only assumed by CHAPMAN & CAPCO, 1951:
284]
Gnamptogenys strigata (NORTON)
Polyrhachis strigata NORTON, 1868b: 4
Gnamptogenvs strigata (NORTON); KEMPF. 1972:
111 + 115
Phasmomyrmex (Myrmorhachis)
paradoxa (ANDRE)
Polyrhachis paradoxa ANDRE. 1892: 46
Camponotiis polyrhachioides EMERY, 1898a: 227
[replacement name for Polyrhachis paradoxa
ANDRE without argumentation]
Camponotus (Myrmorhachis) polyrhachioides
EMERY; EMERY. 1912: 92 [synonymy by EME-
RY, 1925: 58]
Camponotus (Myrmacantha) polyrhachioides
EMERY; EMERY. 1920: 258 [synonymy by
EMERY. 1925: 58]
Phasmomyrwex (Myrmorhachis) paradoxa (AN-
DRE); EMERY. 1925: 58
Nomina nuda
Myrma hystr'ix BlLLBERG
Mvnna hvstrix BiLLBERG. 1820: 104
Polyrhachis setulosus SMITH
Polyrhachis setulosus SMITH; RADOSZKOVSKY.
1881: 197 [nomen nudum. declaration by
WHEELER, 1922: 992]
Acknowledgements
I think Prof. Dr. ULRICH MASCHWITZ (Johann Wolf-
gang Goethe-Universitat. Frankfurt am Main) and
BARRY BOLTON (The Natural History Museum, Lon-
don! for many helpful discussions. Prof. Dr. RUDOLF
ABRAHAM (Zoologisches Museum der Universitat.
Hamburg), Dr. KEES VAN ACHTERBERG (Rijksmuse-
um van Naruurlijke Histoire, Leiden), Dr. CLAUDE
BESJCHET (Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve),
Dr. M. BRANCUCCI (Naturhistorisches Museum, Ba-
sel), Dr. JANINE CASEVITZ-WEULLERSSE (Museum
National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris), Dr. ERICH DIL-
LER (Zoologische Staatssammhing, Munchen), Hofrat
Dr. MAX FISCHER (Naturhistorisches Museum,
Wiei), Dr. GARY F. HEVEL (National Museum of Na-
tural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington),
Prof Dr. KIEW BONG HEANG (University of Malaya!
Kuala Lumpur), Dr. JENS-PETER KOPELKE (For-
schungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main).
Dr. FRANK KOCH (Humboldt Universitat. Berlin). RU-
DOLF J. KOHOUT (Queensland Museum, Brisbane),
Dr. BANPOT NAPOMPETH (National Biological Con-
trol Research Center. Bangkok), Dr. TILL OSTEN
(Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde. Stuttgart), Dr.
BORGE PETERSEN (Zoologisk Museum, Kobenhavn),
Dr. SIRINEE POONEHAISRI (Entomology Museum of
the Kasert Serat University. Bangkok). Prof. Dr.
MARIA M. PRINCIPI (Istituto di Entomologia "Guido
Grandi". Bologna), Dr. WOJCIECH J. PULAWSKI (Ca-
lifornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco), Dr.
VALTER RAINERI (Museo Civico di Storia Naturale,
Geneva), Prof. Dr. DAVID SPENCER-SMITH (Hope De-
partment of Entomology, Oxford). Prof. Dr. ROBERT
W. TAYLOR (Australian National Insect Collection.
Canberra), Dr. THO Yow PONG (Forest Research
Institute. Kepong. Malaysia), and Prof. EDWARD O.
WILSON (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har-
vard University. Boston) have kindly loaned speci-
mens: of Polyrhachis. I wish to thank also Dr. CEDRIC
A. COLLINGWOOD for many interesting informations
abou: the distribution of several species and the "Her-
mann-Willkomm-Stiftung" and the "Vereinigung der
Freunde und Fb'rderer der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-
Univ:rsitat Frankfurt am Main" for their kind fi-
nanc al support of research trips to Australia and the
United States. Field work in Malaysia was supported
by the "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft". Many
thanks to RUDIGER KLEIN for proofreading the Eng-
lish manuscript.
Bibliography of the genus
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(No attempt was made, to include all general text-
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ptera: Formicidae) in a Ghanaian cocoa farm.
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AL-ALI. A. S. 1977. Phytophagous and entomopha-
gous insects and mites of Iraq. University of
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ANDERSEN. A. N. 1982. Seed removal by ants in the
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Fig. 1: Polyrhachis (Aulacomyrma) sp. Fig. 2: Polyrhachis (Campomyrma)
Fig. 3: Polyrhachis (Chariomyrma) sp. Fig. 4: Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma)
debilis johnsoni Mann, 1919
Fig. 5: Polyrhachis (Hagiomyrma)
denliculata Karawajew, 1927
Fig. 6: Polyrhachis (Hedomyrma)
turneri Forel, 1895b
Fig. 7: Polyrhachis (Hemicptica) sp. Fig. 8: Polyrhachis (Afyrma)
inermis Smith, 1858
Fig. 9: Polyrhachis (Myrma)
nigropilosa Mayr, 1872
Fig 10 Polvrhachis (M^rmatopa)
ihang Forel 1879
Fig. 11: Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla)
[arachne- grou p]
hodgsoni Forel, 1902a
Fig. 12: Pofyrhachis (Myrmhopla)
[armata- group]
armata (Le Guillou, 1841)
J f-
**--+
'"*'.-
i
r
'"**&*!
V
1.:';.
\
Fig. 13: Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla)
[armata-group]
plate Forel, 1911a
Fig. 14: Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla)
[armata-group]
tibialis parsis Emery, 1900b
v
Ip '-
4~!
Fig. 15: Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla)
[bicolor-group]
bicolor aurinasis Forel, 1901a
Fig. 16: Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla)
[cephalotes-gTQup]
cephalotes Emery, 1893a
^ H
I
-
~
' ^-' V. J .
-.^^^^^-.-..
Fig. 17: Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla)
[cleophanes-group]
cleophanes Smith, 1861b
Fig. 18: Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla)
[cryptoceroides-group]
cryptoceroides Emery, 1887a
Fig. 19: Polyrhachis (Myrmhopld)
[daphne-g,mup]
daphne Wheeler, 1919
Fig. 21: Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla)
\flavoflagellata-gmup]
Jlavoflagellata Karawajew, 1927
Fig. 22: Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla)
\jurcata-gTQu p]
furcata Smith, 1858
Fig 23 Polvrhachis (Myrmhopla)
[hector group]
hector Smith, 1857
Fig. 24: Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla)
[mucronata-gioup]
aspasia Forel, 1911d
Index
abdominalis 11; 54; 55
abnormis 61
abntpta 6; 21; 28; 31
abrupta-group 7; 30
acantha 47; 48; 52
Acantholepis 8
acasta 47; 48
acheron 34
achilles 54; 55
aciculata 1 7
aciculatus 1 7; 66
acosta 48
aculeata 31
acutinota 1 7
addax 48
aegesilas 65
aegra 1 9
aenescens 30; 3 1
aequalis 62
aequicitspis 61
aerea \ 9
aerope 31
aeschvle 27
*r
affinis 52; 64
Afghanistan 52
Africa 4; 8; 25; 30; 31
ages Has 65
a/or 55
a/a/a 44
alatisquamis 38
albertisi 22
albertisii 22
aiexandri 65
a lex i si 31; 36
a/m/-group 30
alluaudi 30; 3 1
alluaudii 31
aloseana 38
alphenus 65
alpheus 43; 47
amanus 56
amboinae 44
a/w/HOH 5; 6; 18; 24; 25; 26
ammoi /-group 25
ammonoeides 25
andrei 30: 31
^
andromache 30; 31; 32; 34
andromeda 34
Angola 31
anguliceps 28
angusta 25
angustata 25
angttstior 40
annae 26
antennata 1 7
anteplana 31
antinorii 41
antoniae 43
appendiculata 1 7; 20
arachne 4; 10; 46
<mrc/i/ie-group 10; 46; 47; 52; 95; 97
arboricola 66
architecta 35
arcispina 59
arcuata 1 6; 17; 19; 43
arena fa-group 7; 17
arcuatns 1 7
arcnspinosa 60
argentata 36; 59
argetitatus 36; 59
argent ea 36; 48
argent eo \ 7
argenteosignata \ 7
argenteus 47; 48
argentosa 26
arniata 5; 6; 45; 46; 47; 54; 64; 95; 97
arouito-group 7; 9; 10; 46; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 58;
60; 65; 95; 97; 98
anioldi 30; 32
arthuri mulleri 55
arturi-niuelleri 55
aritana 1 7
anwnsis 23
Asia 4; 3 1
asomaningi 30; 32
aspasia 55; 56; 95; 99
assanwnsis 40
atalanta 6; 36; 58
atassa 61
atossa 61
a/ra 32
cftrocastanea 49
atrociliata 39
atropos 27
atrovinms 56
aurata 49
attrea 17; 18; 19; 20; 2 1
aureovestita 58
aureovestitus 58
aurichalceus 42
auriformis 1 7
**
aurinasis 49; 95; 98
auriovestibus 58
aitrita 17; 18
Australia 4; 13; 16; 17; 22; 25; 26: 30; 31; 43; 46; 58;
60; 61; 64; 67
australiae 31; 32
austral is 22
baduri 24
bakeri 32
balli 42
bamaga 60
bang 56
banghaasi 56
Bangladesh 3 1 ; 46; 47; 54
bankensis 54
barnardi 60
barretti 27
basirufa 47
batesi 56
beauforti 18
beccarii 32
Wor/ 18
bellendenensis 20
&<?/// 52; 95; 99
be Hi cosa 64
bellicosus 64
benguelensis 39
bequaerti 34
/co/or 4; 21; 27; 49; 52; 63; 95; 98
frico/or-group 10; 49; 95; 98
bidentata 32
bihamata 5; 12; 52; 63; 64; 65; 95; 101
bihamata-group 7; 63; 64; 95; 101
biloba 14
binghami 11; 55
binghamii 55
6;>o/ 32
Bismarck-Archipelago 12; 13; 17; 22; 25; 31; 46; 47;
56; 61; 64
bismarckensis 33; 57
bispinosa 65; 66
bispinosus 66
boettcheri 56
boettschen 56
bouvieri 43
brachvacantha 49
**
^rora 30; 32
breviorspinosa 38
Brunei 46; 47; 54
brunneipes 35
bruntteogasfer 62
bruta 36; 37
brvanti 35
r
bubalus 47
bubastes 59
hngnioni 10; 2 9
3unna 13; 22; 31; 46; 47; 49; 52; 53; 54; 56; 61; 64
burmanensis 22
vusirii 24
ousiris 24
caecileae 47
caeciliae 47
caffrorum 39
cafrorum 39
calabarica 36; 37
caligata 48
calliope 27
calypso 58; 59
Cambodia 46; 47
Cameroon 31
campbelli 28
Camponotus 7; 8; 12; 13; 14; 63; 65; 66
Camponotus (Karavaievia) 8
Camponotus (Mymiodirhachis) heathi 8
Camponotus castanea 63
Camponotus emeryi 8; 14
Camponotus indicus 14
Camponotus polyrhach ioides 6 6
capra 59
carbonana 32
carbonahus 32
cannata 5; 8; 30; 32; 39
carinatus 32; 39
castanea 63
castaneiven tris 6 5
castanella 63
cfl /aw /aco /V/^<7 1 9
cater M lacoides 1 9
Cataulacns 45; 50
caulomma 1 8
cedarensis 15; 16
celebensis 24
cephalotes 10; 50; 52; 95; 98
cephaiotes-group 9; 10; 46; 50; 95; 98
ceramvnsis 32
cevlonemis 24; 56
* j
ceylonica 56
chalclias 25
chalvbaea 55
^
chalybea 11; 55
chalybeus 55
chang 44
chaonia 31
charaxa 43
charaxus 43
charpillioni 63
chart i fox 43
cheesmanae 5; 15,62
China 13; 22; 31; 43; 47;
chlonzans 1 3
chrysophanes 48
chrysothorax 28
^
cincta 62
cingula 1 8
circumdata 27
circumflexa \ 9
clariseta 34
clarkei 62
56, 64
cleopatra 27
cleophanes 50; 95; 98
cleophan es-group 1 ; 4 7; 5 ; 9 5 ; 9 8
clio 27
clipeata 14
clot ho 27
clypeata 6; 13; 14; 42; 63
clypeata-femorata-group 1 3
clypea ta-group 7
clypeatus 1 4
c/jetffws-rou 13
clypso 59
cnemidata 44
coemlescens 1 8
cohors Polyrhachides arciferae 6; 16; 25; 26; 45
cohors Polyrhachides camponoti formes 5; 6; 61
cohors Polyrhachides carinatae 6; 2 1 ; 30
cohors Polyrhachides hamatae 6; 63
comata 2 1 ; 4 9
completa 48
compressicornis 32
concava 30; 32
conclusa 38
concolor 49
conduensis 42
conflnis 54
congener 24
Congo 31
congolensis 34
connectens 31
conophthalma 37
conops 32; 33
conradti 35
consimilis 25; 27
constricta \ 8
constmctor 43; 61; 65
con tern ta 1 8
continents 1 7
continua 19; 33
convena 33
co/jvf.ra 19; 33
coniuta 30; 33
corona ta 22
corporaali 24
costuiata 1 8
craddocki 64
craddockii 64
crassa 42
crassispina 33
crassispinosa 33
era ssi squama 48
crawlevana 21
*
crawlevella 21
crawleyi 25
creusa 13; 14
croceiventris 58; 95; 100
crudelis 64
cruesa 1 3
cryptocera 51
cryptoceroides 6; 10; 45; 50; 51; 95; 98
cryptoceroides-group 7; 9; 10; 45; 46; 50; 51; 98
Cryptocerus \ 6
cubaensis 30; 33; 34; 40; 4 1
cupreata 27
cupreopubescens 36; 37
cwrta 30; 33
curvispina 1 1; 55; 59
cuspidata 32
cuspidatus, see also Dolichoderus 66
cyaneiventris 33
cyanens 33
cyaniventris 33
cyaniventrus 33
cybele 31
cyrtomyrmoides 56
cvn/5 18
d'urvillei 62
daemeli 26; 27
daemelii 27
dahalii 62
f/aA// 62
dahlii 62
^ap//?/t- 10; 51; 95; 99
daphne-group 10; 46; 47; 5 1; 99
davdovi 60
cfiw 22; 95; 96
decellei 30; 33
decemdentata 30; 33; 34
decemdentata-group 1
decemdentate 34
decipiens 32; 38
defensa 47
defenstts 47
degener 26
delicata 62
demangei 22
democles 52
Dendromvrniex 8
^
denselineata 17
dentata 22
dttnticiilata 25; 95; 96
dentinasis \ 5
dentnlata 41
depilis 20
derecyna 43
derecvnns 43
Diacamma rugosum 65
Diacamma rugoswn geometricwn var
//a/<a 34
diaphanta 48
diaphantits 48
dichroa 23; 48
dichrous 23
dido 36
diotima 52
discrepans 54
d is tin eta 56
distinguenda \ 4
dive 52
dives 4; 47; 48; 51; 52; 95; 99
rf/wj-group 7; 10; 27; 46; 48; 49; 50; 51; 54; 56; 58;
61; 95; 99
divina 39
divinoides 39
doddi 22
dohrni 5; 13
dolichacephala 27
dolichocephala 5; 27
Dolichoderus 8; 42; 44; 66
Dolichoderus (Irenea) 42; 44
Dolichoderus (Monads) bispinosus 66
Dolichoderus (Monads) bispinsus 66
Dolichoderus (Monads) spinicollis 66
Dolichoderus bispinosus 66
Dolichoderus cuspidatus 66
Dolichoderus rugosus 66
Dolichoderus scabridus 66
Dolichoderus spinicollis 66
doiomedes 43
donisthorpei 38
dorsiruga 34
dorsorugosa 34
duodentata 35
durbanensis 30; 34
durvillei 62
Echinopla 8
Echinopla serrata 66
Echinopla striata 66
edentula 42
edwardi 43
edwardsi 43
elegans 28
fi/ii 43
emervana 22
mt
emmae 56
endora 62
epinotalis 36
equia 14
equina 14
equinus 14
era to 26; 27
e recta 49
eremita 60
erosispina 64
esarata 30
escherichi 1 8
esuriens 60
etfiif/i 11; 53
eucharis 27
en elides 52
eudora 62
euryala 22; 23
euryalus 22; 23
e urynota 1 8
euryslus 23
eurythus 37
euryttts 37
euterpe 27
exarata 5; 13
exasperata 54
exasperatus 54
excel lens 5; 13
excisa 1 4
excitata 44
exercita 13; 14
exflavicortiis 49
ex/er 27
exophthalma 40
exotica 59
*;cw/ 18
exulans 52
yf/ici 35; 36
femorata 5; 6; 13;
y*?/w orator-group 7
femoratus 14
fergusoni 38
femandensis 34
fervens 5; 27
//on/ 1 7
?5ja 30; 34
14
Jissus 34
flavibasis 1 4
Jlavicornis 43; 49
flavipes 34
flavoflagellata 1 1; 53; 95; 99
flavo-flagellata 53
flavoflagellata-group 9; 10; 1 1; 46; 53; 95; 99
follicula 56
foreli 30; 34
Forelophilus 8
Fo/w/oi 5; 8; 12; 13; 14; 17; 18; 19; 21; 24; 25; 30;
32; 34; 35; 36; 38; 40; 45; 47; 55; 59; 61; 63; 64;
65; 66
Formica affinis 64
Formica ammon 1 8; 24; 25
Formica arcuata 1 7
Formica argentata 59
Formica armata 45; 47
Form ica b ihama ta 1 2 ; 6 3 ; 64 ; 6 5
Formica bispinosa 66
Formica carinata 5; 8; 32
Formica exercita 13; 14
Formica grisea 40
Formica hastata 34
Forw ica h exacan tha 1 4
Formica indijicans 35
Formica latreillii 1 9
Formica ligniperda 8
Formica militaris 12; 30; 36
Formica nastata 34
Formica rastellata 2 1 ; 24
formica relucens 38
Formica ntbiginosa 55
Formica ruiginosa 55
Formica sericata 40
Formica spinicolle 66
Formica syloicola 6 1
^ormica sylvicola 6 1
fonricata 23
fortis 47
Fourmi mi Ufa ire 36
foveolatus 66
fracta 39
frauenfeldi 62
frauenfeldii 62
froggatti IS
fmhsroferi 43
rulistoferi 43
fruhstorferi 43
ulakora 24
fulgens 18
umata 49
urcata 1 1; 46; 53; 54; 64; 95; 99
wrctffri-rou 10; 1 1; 46; 47; 53; 95; 99
urcatus 53
urcula 43
'i/sca 38
juscipvs \ 4
?o6 18; 19; 20; 21
Gabon 31
gagates 22; 30; 34
gagatoides 39
gallicola 40
gamaii 34
gama/7-group 30
garni i 34
gem mat a 27
geminatus 21
geometrica 1 3
geometricus 1 3
gerstackeh 33
gerstaeckeri 33
gersteckeri 33
gestroi 47; 54
Ghana 31
gibba 23
gibbosa 31
glabra 40
glabrinota 59
glabrinotum 59
globularia 23
glykera 56
Gnamptogenys binghami 53
Gnamptogenys strigata 66
goramensis 23
goromensis 23
gracilior 1 1; 44; 53; 54
gracilis 44
grand is 23
gravis 14
greensladei 60
gribodoi 1 4
grisescens 52
griseus 40
Gruppe 5; 6; 28
guerini 5; 6; 16;
guerinii \ 8
gustavi 34
17; 18; 19; 20; 21
Aaa5/ 56
holiday i \ 4
halidayi-gTQUp 7; 13
halmaheirae 31
hamulata 41
harms! 40
hastata 34
hastatus 34
hauxwelli 13; 14
hebes \ 9
A<?c/or 12; 31; 32; 54; 55; 95; 99
/factor-group 10; 1 1; 46; 47; 54; 55; 95; 99
hecuba \ 3
heinlethi 19
heinleihii 16; 19
heinleti 1 9
Hemioptica, see also Polvrhachis (Hemioptica)
7; 9; 10; 12; 28; 29; 30; 31; 38; 95; 97
hemiopticoides 34
/jtvcr 27
h arm i one 27; 28
//ero 63
hestia 14
hexacanma 14; 15; 16
hexacanthus 14
hexicantha 16
Himalaya 8
*
hippomanes 56: 57; 63
hi ram 39
hirsuta 15; 19
hirsute la 19; 33
//7rT/ 59; 60; 95; 100
hodgsom 4; 10; 46; 95; 97
Hong Kong 3 1 ; 64
//oo^n 19; 20
Hoplomyrmus 5; 12; 15; 39
Hoplomyrmus mi cans 1 5
Hoplomyrmus schistaceus 12, 39
Hoplomyrmus schistazeits 39
horacei 15; 62
//ow/ 34
hortensis 56
horiulana 35
//O5t'/ 35
/ictf/to 16; 19; 20; 21
hostilis-foup 7; 17
humerosa 28
Jwng. ; 28
Hypoclinea 66
Hypoclinea bispinosus 66
Hypoclinea ntgosus 66
Hypoclinea scabrida 66
jerdonii 10; 50; 51
jianghuaensis 47
johnsoni 22; 95; 96
7 wn/ 23
juxtaspinosa 60
ignota 59
illaudata 4; 34; 35
iilaudatus 34
imatongica 41
imbeilis 42
inclusa 1 9
/>i con spicua \ 5
/>i CON 5/7/cwflf-group 1 3
inconstans 63
indefinite 34
India 13; 17; 22; 29; 31; 46; 47; 49; 51; 52; 53; 54; 56;
58; 61; 64
indica 8; 14
indificans 35
indigens 39
Indochina 1 3; 22; 3 1 ; 43; 52; 6 1
indotilis 27
Indonalayan Region 45; 61; 64
Indonesia 12; 13; 17; 22; 25; 26; 29; 31; 42; 43; 46;
47; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 56; 58; 60; 61; 64; 65
inerntis 35; 95; 97
insularis 1 5
intermedia 35
intricata 19
inusitata 30; 35
iperpitnctata 36
iperstriata 36
Iran 52
Iraq 52
Irenes, see also Polyrhachis (Jrenea)
irritabilis 60
i sab el la e 33
isacantha 35
Israel 46; 52
i than a 31; 34; 35
ithonius 35
ithonus 35
Ivorv Coast 31
42; 44
jacks on i ana 1 5
Jacob soni 43
yaw f // (>/ ogcw fer 5 7
Japan 46; 52; 64
japensis 57
yovar.a 23; 39; 41; 63
javar.ensis 41
javatiiana 39
javar.ica 63
jerdoni 51
Aa/p/ 1 9
karawaiewi
karawajewi
fa?//i 59
1 9
1 9
Kenya 31
keratifera 56; 95; 100
fern 48
kershawi 27
khepra 30; 35
fo'rJtae 5; 45; 58
/HS/ 58
to/i/i 42
Korea 64
/fl6t'//a 35
laboriosa 4; 30; 35
/a^ono5a-group 7; 30
laboriosus 35
lachesis 25
laciniata 16; 19
lacteipennis 4; 5 1; 52
lactiepennis 52
/a<?/a 36
laevigata 56
laevigatus 56
laevior 22; 23
laevisima 23
laevissima 23; 48
laevissimus 23
/a A?; a 60
lame I li den 64
lamellidens 64
lame I Helens-group 7: 63; 64
laminata 50
lancearia 63
lancearius 63
lamtginosa 30; 35; 36
Laos 13; 22; 46; 56; 64
Li7.S 77/5 /M /I^/ W O5//5 2 1
tea 19
latharis 30; 36
latifrons 1 7
latinota 1 9
latispina 30; 36
latispinosa 35
latona 34; 36
latmllei 17; 18; 19; 20
to/raV/i'/ 17; 18; 19; 20
laurae 44
leae 15; 16
leonidas 23
leopoldi 20
lestoni 30; 36
levigata 56
levior 22; 23
levissima 23
leviuscula 44
Liberia 31
lilianae 44
limbata 20
limitis 30; 36
/iVtae 23
litigiosa 38
local is 36
lombokensis 42; 44; 45
longipes 15; 49
longispina 1 7
longispinosa 1 7
/on'tfi 20
lovteryi 60
iownei 20
lucens 52
lucida 63
luddiventris \ 4
luddula 56; 63
luctuosa 23
lugens 61
Ivcidas 36
^r
ivcides 36
^
Ivdiae 25
*
lyrifera 33
/us/ strata 62
machaon 28
mackayi 23
macropus 1 5
maculata 1 5
maeandhfera 25
magnified 59:95; 100
major 24
malaccana 59
malaensis 5; 26; 28
Malaysia 1 3; 1 7; 22; 29; 3 1 ; 43; 46; 47; 49; 50; 5 1 ; 52;
53; 54; 56; 58; 61; 64; 67
maligna 54
mali gnus 55
manipulus, see also species concerned 5; 7; 13; 16; 25;
26; 30; 42; 45; 61
marginata 20
marginatus 20
Marocco 52
maynei 33
mavrei 34; 35
^ T
mayri 34; 35
*
mavrii 34
^
maytimbensis 38
meandrifera 25
mediopilosa 39
medusa 30; 36
medusae 36
melpomene 58; 59
menelas 52
menozzi 44
menozzii 44
mentor 20
merops 39; 41
metalla 25
mete I la 25
micans 15
Middle East 8
militaris 5; 8; 12; 30; 36; 37; 39
m////ari5-group 7; 30
militaris- lucens 30
militaris-relucens-groiip 30
mindanaensis 65
minor 47; 64
mitrata 55; 57
mjobergi 28
mjobergi 28
modes fa 57
modvstus 57
moiligliami 1 7
moeschi 57
moeschiella 47
moesta 57
monacha 54
Monads bispinosa 66
Monads spinicollis 66
mondoi 23
monista 37
mo / 5 fa-group 30
montana 65
moorei 42
Mosambique 31
mucronata 28; 33; 57
6; 10; 47; 52; 55; 95; 99; 100
mucronatus 57
mucronis 63
mndleri 4; 11; 55
miillcri 55
mult ice I la 45
murina 37
musculus 41
nnitata 11; 55
mutants !>!>
mutiliae 52
mutillae 52
\lvrma hvstrix 66
^
\tyrma, see also species concerned
\fyrmicaria 10; 51
mvstica 50; 51
^ '
30
Natal 31
natalensis 38
Nepal 52
neptunus 62
nesiotis 32
New Caledonia 17; 46; 58
New Guinea 4; 12; 13; 16; 17; 22; 25; 26; 31; 43; 46;
49; 52; 56; 5 8; 60; 61; 64
New Hebrides 17; 31
nidificans 35
niger 37
nigra 37
nigrescens 20
nigriceps 58
r. igricepj-group 7; 10; 57; 95; 100
Kigriconris 48
r.i gripes 49; 63
nigriseta 34
nigrita 30; 37
nigronitens 1 8
vigropilosa 37; 95; 97
ritens 20; 28
ritida 57
nitidissima 40
iiitidiventris 40
mtidus 57
rkomoensis 36; 37
noesaensis 41
nofra 59
nomo 24
AIOJC 22
nudata 57
nitdatus 57
numeria 37
obesior 35
obliqua 35
oblisa 54
obscura 20
obsidiana 22; 34
obsoleta 52
obtusa 20
obtusata 65
obtusi squama 14
obtusus 20
Oceania 4; 13; 17; 22; 26; 31;
ochracea 10; 58; 95; 100
ochraceae 58
43; 64
10 46; 58; 95; 100
ciliata 39
ecophylla 7; 8
edacantha 57
edipus 1 1; 54; 55
wdocantha 51
ilena 3 7
lie nits 37
ilvbrius 59
P
Oman 52
jmymyntiex 44
omvrniex 42; 44
^ '
opalexcens 20
on en ta Us 48
ornata 5; 6; 26; 28
orpheus 57
orsyllus 31; 35; 41
o^ae 44
051/75 59
o//e/i 30; 37
overbecki 63
pagana 24
pagans 24
pahangana 54
Pakistan 52
pallescens 20
pallipes 1 3
pandarus 47
paprika 32
Papuan Region 45; 64
papitana 19; 38
parabiotica 30; 37
paracamponota 37
paradoxa 66
parallela \ 8
paromalus 57
/jrr5ij 48; 95; 98
parvicella 44
patiens 1 5
pauperata 35
paxilla 25
pax f I Ins 25
pectita 48
pel Ufa 47
pen elope 26
peregrina 47
peregrines 47
perplexa 64
persona ta 47
pert hens is 1 5
phaenogaster 42
phalerata 44
Phasmonivrniex 8
^
Phasmomyrniex (\fymiorhachis) paradoxa 66
phidias 30; 37
philippinensis 37
Philippines 17; 22; 31; 43; 46; 47; 49; 51; 52; 53; 54
56; 5 8; 61; 64
phipsoni 54
phryne 1 5
phyllophila 54; 55
phyllophilus 54
pi liven tris 44
pilosa 23; 24
piphsoni 54
/aro 47; 95; 98
platynota 57
platyomma 30; 37
playnota 57
110
plebeia 39
pleurata 36
poll uta 37
polymnia 1 5
Polyrachis \ 2
Polyrhachis (Anoplomyrma) 5; 30; 37
Polyrhachis (Aulacomyrma) 5; 9; 12; 13; 30; 32; 45'
50; 5 1; 95; 96
Polyrhachis (Aulocomyrma) 12; 5 1
Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) 5; 6; 7; 9; 13; 14; 30; 32;
42; 43; 61; 62; 63; 95; 96
Polyrhachis (Cephalomymia) 5; 45; 53
Polyrhachis (Chariomyrma) 5; 6; 7; 9; 16; 19; 21' 25
26; 28; 45; 51; 57; 95; 96
Polyrhachis (Cyrtomvrma) 5; 6; 7; 9; 10; 21; 30; 31;
32; 42; 44; 45; 95; 96
Polyrhachis (Dolichorhachis) 5; 26; 27; 28
Polyrhachis (Evelyna) 5; 13; 15; 61; 62
Polyrhachis (Florencea) 5; 45; 58
Polyrhachis (Hagwmyrma) 5; 6; 9; 16; 2 1; 24; 25; 26;
45; 46; 54; 95; 96
Polyrhachis (Hedomvmia) 5; 6; 9; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28;
45; 46; 50; 57; 95; 96
Polyrhachis (Henuoptica) 5; 6; 7; 9; 10; 12; 28; 29;
30; 31; 38; 95; 97
Polyrhachis (Irenea) 42; 44
Polyrhachis (Johnid) 5; 12; 13
Polyrhachis (Morleyidris} 5; 26; 28
Polyrhachis (Myrma) 5; 6; 7; 9; 12; 14; 21; 29; 30; 31;
32; 35; 37; 38; 40; 42; 43; 66; 95; 97
Polyrhachis (Mymiahopla) 45
^olyrhachis (Myrmatopa) 5; 6; 7; 9; 42; 43; 45 56'
60; 64; 95; 97
"olyrhachis (Myrmhopla) 4; 5; 6; 7; 9; 10; 11; 26; 27;
35; 45; 48; 51; 54; 60; 65; 95; 97; 98; 99; 100
f j
olyrhachis (Myrmoopla) 45
olyrhachis (Myrniothrinax) 5; 6; 9' 13' 15 61 95
100
olyrhachis (Polyrhachis) 7; 9; 63
^olyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) 5; 30; 31; 33; 35
36; 37; 38; 40; 42 '
* ^olvrhacis \ 2
mf
?olvrhcahis 12
**
, ^olyrrachis 1 2
, ^olyrrhach is 1 2
Sonera rugosum 65
porcata 5; 12; 13
jressa 11:55
presses 55
procera 33
j irometheus 1 5
proximo 37
proximo 35
proximomavri 35
*
pruinosa 37; 40
pruinosula 40
psei4adonyma 43
Pseudonotoncus 8
pseudonynia 43
j ^
pseudothrinax 9; 16
pub esc ens 38
pubiventris 21
punctata 61
punctillata 6; 38; 40
punctinota \ 8
punctiventris 20
pyrgops 38
pyrrhus 1 6
quadricuspis 1 6
queenslandica 62
quinquedentata 1 5
radicicola 18
ralumensis 24
rastata 1 4
rastellata 5; 6; 21; 22; 23; 24; 30; 39; 41
rastellatus 24
rastrata 14
reclinata 59; 60
rectinota 59; 60
rectispina 52
regesa 30; 38
regularis 61
relucens 5; 6; 21; 30; 31; 32; 34; 35; 38
re/M<?tfrts-group 7; 31
reluscens 32; 35
r<?re 20
rest i tit ta 38
reiiculata 1 7
retrorsa 57
reversa
revocata 33
/woj'/i 6; 21; 30; 38; 42
rt'vo/ //-group 30
revoilii 38
r/u'a 59
ridlevi 57
^
ritsemai 41
ritzemae 41
ritzemai 41
rixosa 38
rixosus 38
robust i or 48
romanovi 48
;*O55/ 44
rotwnana 20
rotundiceps 20
rotundinota 21
rowlandi 20
rubigastica 57
rt4bigastrica 57
rubiginosa 55
rubricomis 49
n//fl 15
ruficapra 53
ruficornis 44
rufifemur 28
rufipalpis 30; 38
rufipes 11; 53; 54
ntfiventris 43; 47
rufofemorata 31; 38; 39
rufofemoratus 38
rugifrons 59
ntgosus, see also Dolichoderus
ntgomissima 59
rugulosa 39
rugidosus 39
rupicapra 52
rustica 60
66
saevissima 47; 48
saevissimus 47
saigonensis 62
salomo 39
sangninea 62
sankisiana 36; 37
santschi 28; 35
Santschiella 8
santschii 28; 35; 36
sappho 55
Saudi Arabia 31; 52
savonensis 62
*
scabra 59
scapulata 20
5; 42; 43; 44; 95; 97
sc/jowg-group 7; 42; 43
schencki 26
schencki i 25; 26
schenki 25
schenkii 26
schistacea 30, 34; 36; 39
schistazea 39
schistazeus 39
schizospina 5; 12; 13
yc/j laginha ufen i 1 7
ye// /ag/w -haitfcn i 1 8
sch In e ten 30; 39
schluteri 39
schluten 39
schliitteri 39
sc hoopoe 20
schotttedeni 37
schrinax 63
sclrweidlandi 1 6
scltwiedlandi 1 6
yj5fl 10; 12; 28; 29
sculpta 16
sculpturata 39; 40
sculpturatus 39
scutnlata 20
scittulatus 20
selecta 37
selene, see also Components 8; 65
semiattrata 26
semiinermis 24
semi-inermis 24
semiobscura 26
semipolita 14; 16
semintfipes 37
semintfofemorata 39
semitestacea 32
sempronia 1 5
senilis 20; 2 1
sericata 40
sericatus 40
sericea 60
sericeopubescens 40
serrata t see also Echinopla 5; 66
serratus. see also Echinopla 66
setulosus 66
sexspinosa 59; 60
sex-spinosa 59
sexspinosa-group 7; 10; 46; 50; 52; 57; 58; 95; 100
si amen sis 40
sibangensis 36
sidnica 15; 16
sidnica aggregat 1 5
Sierra Leone 25; 3 1
signata \ 7
sihatica 35
silvicola 61
similis 40
simillima 44
simpla 33
simplex 4; 33; 52
Singapore 13; 17; 22; 31; 43; 46; 47; 49; 54; 58; 61;
63; 64
simensis 52
smithi 50
smvthiesi 38
r
smythiesii 38
sokolova 26
solamo 39
solivaga 44
solmsi 44; 45
Solomons 17; 22; 26; 31; 43; 46; 47; 58; 60; 61
Somalia 31
sophiae 1 9
sophocles 53
spa raxes 62
spengeii 1 6
spinicola 30; 40
spinicollis, see also Dolicho<}ents 66
spinifer 33
spin if era 33
spiniger 52
spinigera 52
spinosa 59
spitteleri 30; 40
splendens 21
spretula 41
Sri Lanka 1 3; 22; 29; 3 1 ; 46; 47; 5 1 ; 52; 54; 56; 6 1 ; 64
ssibangensis 36
stibangentis 36
stigmatifera 60
stitzi 33
striata 40; 66
striativentris 36
striato-rugosa 41
striatontgosa 40; 4 1
striaton4gosus 41
striatus 40
strictifrons 61
strigata, see also Gnamptogenys
strigifrons 18
striolato-rugosa 33
striolatorugosa 33
stylifera 5; 11; 45; 53
subaenescens 21
subcarinata 41
subcyanea 18; 21
subcyanes 21
subfossa 49
subfossoides 50
subnitens 1 5
subpiiosa 40
subplana 39
subtridens 45
sulcata 30; 40
sulcativentris 27
swnatrensis 3 1 ; 40; 4 1
Sydney ens is 1 6
sydnica \ 6
syloicola 61
synacantha 65
Syria 46
66
Taiwan 31; 46; 52; 64
tambourin ensis 1 6
taums 43
taylori 65
templi 1 6
tenella 54
tenuistriata 34
teniatae 62
terpsi chore 28
fcrjtf 27
textor 62; 63
Thailand 13; 22; 3 1; 46; 47; 49; 52; 53; 54; 58, 61; 64
//low 28
r/ifl/ia 15
thompsoni 48
2/jrina.Y 5; 6; 13; 61; 62; 63; 95;
f/troiar-group 61
thusuelda 26
Tibet 60
A'6/a/i5 47; 48; 95; 98
timorensis 48
tobias 57
tonsilis 64
100
tomcellianus 22
torta 43
to\vns\>illei 24
tragos 1 1; 53; 54
transient 30; 4 1
Transvaal 31
trans\>ersaria 36; 37
trapezoidea 26
triaena 63
tricttspis 63
/riwa 5; 26; 28
trinax 62; 63
tripellis 20
trispinosa 63
trispinosus 63
fn'5frj 55; 57
tritschleri 40
trophimus 21
tec/iff 60
tubericeps 53
tub if era 26
tubifex 11; 55
turma, see also species concerned
tanieri 28; 95; 96
tyrannica 41
tyrannicus 41
5; 21; 28; 30
ugandensis 34
ugiensis 24
ulvsses 45
^
uncinata 46
unicolor 41
unicuspis 61; 63
unisculpta 62
uremia 21
vr/ga 32
valews 27
van color 43
vaholosa 59
vecticortis 65
vt?/mj 1 1; 55
verrniculosa 21
verticalis 21
vestita 41
vestitus 41
vibidia 50
vicina 52
vie tons 65
viehmeveri 45; 60
'
vie/im&ven-group 7; 10; 46; 52; 60; 95; 100
Vietnam 46; 47; 49; 53; 54; 61
vigilans 41
villipes 41
villosa 21
vindex 41
violaceonigra 28
viscosa 30; 4 1
viscosa-decemdentata-group 30
viscosa-group 7; 30
viscosus 41
vitalisi 24
volkarti 30; 42
W
wagneri 24
\vaigeuensis 60
waigiouensis 59
wallacei 5; 42; 43; 45
wa//ace/'-group 7; 42; 43
warburgi 45
wartburgi 45
weberi 54
\veissi 30; 42
wellmani 30; 42
weyeri 49
wheeleri 46; 49
wilmsi 33
wo//? 42
wroiiglitom 50; 5 1
113
wroughtonii 10; 50; 51
Xanthippe 53
xiphias 26
yarrabahensis 45
Yemen 31; 52
yerbwyi 42
yorkana 24
ypsilon 64; 65
X-
-Y
Zimbabwe 31
zimmerae 1 6
zimmeri 1 6
zopyra 42
zopynis 42
zopynis-group 7; 30
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