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THE 

MODERN   PART 

GF    AM 

Univerfal  Hiftory, 

FROM    TBI 

Earlieft  Account  of  Tims. 


Moo.  Hut.  Vol.  I?. 


THE 


MOD  E.R-.N  ...PAR  T 

•  ••  •  ••  ••  .       •»•    •    •  •    • 

•  •  •  • 

UniverfM Miftoiy, 

FROM    THE 

Earlieft  Account   of  Time. 

Compiled  from 

Original  Writers. 

By  the  Authors  of  the  Antient  Pa  rt. 
VOL.   IV. 


LONDON: 

Printed  for S.  Rich  ardson.T.  Osborne, C. Hitch, 
A.  Millar,  John  Ritington,  S.  Crowdek,. 
P. Dat e y  and  B.  Law,  T.  Longm  a m, and  C. Wars. 

M.DCC.LIx7" 


>       •  •    •  • 
»  •••  ••• 


••  •  •     •»  ••• . 
-J 


m*im*^m**^*~** 


ADVERTISEMENT 

TO    THE 

RE  A  D   E   R, 

Relating  to  this  Fourth  Volume. 

WE  have  feen,  in  the  courfe of  the  pre- 
ceding volume,  a  feries  of  eleven  Abaf- 
Jine  khalifs  from  AI  Kayem>  the  a6th 
of  that  dynafty  -f-,  to  the  total  extinction  of  the 
khalifat,  gradually  {tripped  of  all  their  fecular  au-  . 
ifeority  and  power,  and  reduced  to  a  mere  religi- 
tosand  ecclefiaftical  fway,  by  a  fucceffion  of  oel- 
'vkian  monarchs,  the  defendants  of  the  famed 
TogrolBegb  *,  who,  under  the  bare  title  of  Emir 
AlOmrd,  which  that  unfortunate  khalif  beftowed 
ipon  him,  governed  all  civil  and  military  affairs 
wth  an  abfolute  and  defpotic  power,  affuming  the 
Bjrai  title  of  foltan  only  over  their  Seljuk  fubjefe, 
ad  their  other  conquefts :  fo  that,  in  order  tofet 
brth  the  furprifing  decline,  as  well  as  the  once 
njazing  extent  and  power,  of  the  khalifat,  we 
lave  been  under  the  neceffity  of  anticipating,  in  a 
[eat  meafure,  the  Seljukian  hiftory,  which  was 
efigned  for  this  volume  j  without  which  that  of 
te  khalifs  mull  have  appeared  maimed  and  un- 
tried to  any  curious  reader. 

t  Vol.  iii.  p*  %ojt  &  fcq.  •  Ibid,  p.  241,  ** 

Being 


vi  Adveftifement  to  the  Reader. 

-S&N<3  now-tfi^efcrecome  fe  ^v«  a  particular. 
account  of  that  celebrated  dynafty,  the  fame  rea- 
fo^s  wiM  of  equine  t^lfge  ps  tOTCcupi^Utr,  (ho'  in 
th*  mbft  fhCciftft  toanher  thefubjea^will  admit  of, , 
the  fame  monarchs  reigns,  conqueiis,  and  tranf-.i 
aftions,   in  order  t£  tfcrtderthfeir  hiftory,  which] 
makes  no  lefs  a  figure  in  the  Oriental  one,  asj 
full,  cteyr,  and.  combat,  as^/fhe  footer,  viich\ 
we  Jiatf*giveH  %£  the^kkalifat,  ^fpeciaUy  as  botk 
of  them  have  been  fo  ftrangely  mutilated  an<L 
<|%uked  by.'th?  Greet  writers  i  but  of  ^bi*  w^ 
fhall  fay  the  lefs  here,  having  prefixed  at  T 
threflioLd  of  the  Seljukian  hiftory  an  account 
them,  as  well  as  of  thofe  others,  whether  Tuf/ 
or  lArab)  of  whom  we  have  made  ufe  in  thd 
courfe  of  it  *.    And  that,  joined  to  what  we  haw 
faid  a1x>Ve,  will,  we  hope,  fufficiently  account  to 
our  readers,  not  only  for  every  fuch  unavoidabj 
repetition,  but  likewife  for  every  contraft  and  \t 
iConfiftency  they  may  have  occafion  to  remar 
between  thofe  writers.     It  being,  indeed,  nes 
to  impoffible  it  fhould  happen  otherwife,  confi- 
Bering  the  vaft  difference  of  their  religions 
interefts :  one  fet  of  them  zealous  Mobammedai 
die  other  Heathen ;  the  former  full  of  gall 
tfefentment  againft  thofe  monarchs  who  had 
prived  their  khalifs  of  all  their  fecular  power, 
raifed  their  own  to  that  envied  height  upon 
yuins  of  theirs.     The  other  no  lefs  jealous  of 
glory  of  their  own  natural  princes,  reprefentin 
their  every  aftion,  motive,  and  fuccefsful  ftep  I 
agrandilement,  in  the  moft  advantageous  liglj 
and  glbffing  over  every  thing  that  caft  the  led 
tarnifh  upon  it. 

*  &jc  hereafter*  p*  76,  &  feq* 


I       Aikertifement  to  the  Reader.  vii 

To  give  one  inftance  for  all  of  the  different 
rcprcfentations  of  thofe  writers;  When  the  haugh- 
ty khalifa/  Kayem  [after  having  been  reftored  to 
his  dignity,  and  reconducted  to  his  capital,  and 
to  his  very  palace,  with  the  greateft  marks  of 
honour  and  refpedt  by  the  generous  Togrul 
Btgb]  f  was  obferved  to  hefitate  fo  long  whether 
|e  (bould  condefcend  to  grant  him  his  daughter 
io  marriage ;  it  was  natural  for  the  Mo/Jem  hxftori- 
ttstoreprefent  his  behaviour  as  a  mark  of  his  ftre- 
poous  and  laudable  zeal  for  the  Mohammedan  re- 
Ifcion,  whilft  the  Seljuks  looked  upon  it  a»  a  piece 
of  ill-timed  pride  and  black  ingratitude  to  fo 
■oble  a  prince  and  benefactor.  We  have  en- 
roared  to  account  for  thefc  and  other  mate- 
variations  as  often  as  the  nature  of  the  fub- 
would  permit  it ;  the  reft  we  have  chofen  to 
to  our  reader's  judgment ;  only  defiling 
toinfert  with  his  pen  the  few  following 
*  #>ns. 


ERRATA. 

I197.  £01*31.  Jnfitad  of  taking,  r*a/ haying  exa&ed  (aa 

otth).  And  ibid.  32.  In/lead  qfto,  read  from. 

^109. 31.  In/lead  of  his  own,  read  his  vazir'a  (piety). 

-119.  — —  30.  After  altho',  read  that  dignity  had  been 

enjoyed  by  the  (Khalifs). 

no. x  1  •  For  depart  from,  read  retire  to. 

159. 17.  For  Gypfies,  read  plaiftcrers,  or  workers  in 

fine  aad  mortar. 


f  Set  vol.  iiL  p.  246,  &  fcq. 


Modern  Hiftory: 

being  a   . 

CONTINUATION 

OF    THE 

Univerfal  Hiftory. 

B  O  O  K     X 

General  Hiftory  of  the  Turks,  and  the 
empires  founded  by  them  in  Tartary 
and  the  Lower  Alia. 


C  H  A  P.    I. 

The  origin,  country,  and  different  tribes  or 
branches,  of  the  TurJcifli  nation ;  with  an 
account  of  their  affairs  till  the  dejiruBion  $ 
their  empire  in  Tartary. 

SECT,    I, 
The  origin  of  the  Turks. 

A  LTHOUGH  the  origin  of  the  Turks  hath  been  Origin  of 
A\  already  treated  of  elfewhere  *,  yet  feveral  matters  /ivTurkn 
*>  ^  relating  thereto  were  left  unhandled,  becaufe  they 
feemed  more  proper  for  this  place,  where  we  are  to  fpeak 
particularly  of  that  warlike  nation ;  whofe  empire,  fliifting 
gradually  from  eaft  to  weft,  under  different  dynafties,  hath 
continued  for  above  2,000  years,  and  {till  fubfifts  under  the 
Otbman  family,  with  no  (mail  luftre. 

TURK is  a  name  known  in  all  languages ;  and  the  Arabs 
hare  out  of  it  farmed  the  plural  Atrikt  that  is,  Turks  K 

•  Vol.  v.  u.  344.  note  E.  xx.  p.  i  &  fcq.  *  P'Hbrbi- 

lot.  Bibl.  oricnulc,  p.  897.  Art*  Turk. 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol.  IV.  B  There 


2      '  General  Hiftfy  of  thl  Turks.     •       ,  B.  I 

The>e  arc  three  traditions  or  accounts  concerning  the  origin 
of  thefe  people ;  one  given  by  themfclves,  the  other  by  the  P*r- 
JianrtxA  Arabs ,  and  the  third  by  the  Cbvncfe$.  The  reader  has 
already,  in  the  places  before  referred  to,  been  made  acquainted 
with  that  related  by  the  Turki/b  hiftorians ;  which  is,  that 
they  derive  themfelves  from  one  Turk,  whom  they  affirm  to 
be  the  fan  of  Tafis,  or  Jafet :  we  (hall,  in  this  place,  lay  be- 
fore him  the  tradition  of  the  Perftahs,  Arabs,  and  Chbn*fest 
According  as  delivered  by  their  hiftorians,  accompanied  with  remarks ; 
to  the       wherein  we  (hall  examine  their  refpe&ive  authority,  and  ftiew 
Turks,     which  tradition  deferves  moft  credit,  purfuant  te  a  rule  which 
we  have  always  obferved  throughout  this  work  :  for  it  is  the 
duty  of  an  iwftorian  to  examine  the  memoirs  he  makes  ufe 
of,  arid  give  his  opinion  of  their  fidelity ;  not  out  of  often- 
tation,  to  (hew  his  (kill  in  critical  learning,  but  purely  for  the 
fake  of  truth,  and 'to  diftinguifh  the  fptirious  from  the  genuine. 
There  are  authors,  who,  by  their  filence  on  this  important 
head,  rniflead  their  readers  for  (ear  of  difgufting  them  ;  aotf 
facrifice  their  own  credit,  to  feve  that  of  fables. 
According      According  to  thtPerfian  hiflorians,  the  Turks  are  defcend- 
to  the  Per-  ed  from  Tur,  third  fon  olFrayhdun  (A),  the  feventh  king  of  Per- 
iians.       j\a  .  or>  according  to  others,  fixth  king  of  the  firft  race  of 
Jcmgs-eaHed  Pijhddd,  contemporary  with  Abraham  *.    Frayh- 
*  dun  having  divided  his  dominions  among  his  three  fons,  May 

Jbarek,  or  the  Eqftern  Countries  (B),  fell  to  the  (hare  of  Tur% 
who  went  and  built  the  city  Tfirdn,  in  Turkejldn,  not  far 
eaft  from  the.  Cafpian  fea.  Tur  having  joined  his  fecond  bro- 
ther Salm  (who  had  MogarJb,  or  the  Weft  Countries  J,  againft 
his  eldefl  brol-her  Ireje  (C),  and  (lain  him  by  treachery,  Manu- 
cher  (D),  Ireje's  fon,  (lew  him ;  whereby,  upon  Fray  kauri's  death, 

*  Anc,  hift.  Vol.  v.  p.  328.  341,  &  feq. 

(A)  By  fome written  Aphridun  ter  peculiar  to  it.     To  prevent 
GrAfiidim,  Pbridun  and  Friduny  confufion  therefore,  we  never 
Pberidun  and  Feridun  j  but  we  ufes  £.  before  e  or  i  inftead  of  j9 
never  ufe  pb  for  /  in  oriental  which  is  the  proper  letter, 
words.    N  (D)  It  mav  be, written  alio 

(B)  Thefe  are  to  be  under-     Manujcr  or  Manujeher,  not  Ma- 
1   flood  more  properly  of  the  coun-     nugery  for  the  reafon  afiigned  in 

tries  to  the  North'  of*  the  river  note  C  ;  much  \ckManugjer',hj 
JiJbuKorAmu,  containing  all  that  joining  g  andy,  co  make  a  dou- 
part  of  Afia  which  goes  at  pre-  We  character ;  which  is  not  only 
lent  by  the  name  of  Tartdry.  unneceflary ,  btlt  highly  impro- 

(C)  Some  write  /flgr,4>QtJin<»   -per9  as  it  may  miflead  one    tb 
properly ;  for,  in  oriental  names,     read  Manttg-jer. 

the  fame  eharatter  ought  not. to  Obferve  alfo  that  we  always 
be  ufed  for  two  different  founds,  ufe  eh  as  in  c%arm%  never  as  Jtb 
wtafo  one  of  them  has  a  charac-    in  cbro?richr       r : . ,  .      .  1 

7  which 


Cu.  Their  Qri$*i  5 

which  happened  foon  after,  Turdn  or  Turkefitan  fell  under  his 
dominion0. 

In  the  fiftieth  year  dfManucber  or  Manujer**  reign,  Afra-  Exffohsof 
fab,  ion  of  Pafbangh,  king  of  Turkefil&n,  rebels  in  that  coun-  Afrafiab. 
try,  under  pretence  of  revenging  TurH  death,  from  whotfi  he 
vas  defcended ;  beats  Manucher,  and  obliges  him  to  appoint  the 
lifer  Jib&n  or  Amu  the  boundary  betwixt  Perfia  and  TurkeJlAn. 
Nauder  (E)  facceeding  his  father  Manucher,  Afrafiab  invades 
him  with  400,000  men,  and  never  gave  over,  till  he  had  taken 
tod  put  him  to  death  ;  fubduing  all  Perfia,  which,  with  Tur* 
btjdn,  became  fubjeft  to  his  father  Pafbangh  d, 

But  the  cruelties  of  Afrafiab  foon  obliged  the  Perfidns,  to  He  eo*- 
throw  06  the  Turkifb  yoke ;  and  he  quitted  Perfia,  after  ht  otters  Pet*  * 
had  been  poflefled  of  it  twelve  years  (F).   Yet,  in  the  reign  df  wu 
K&yhAdd,  the  eleventh  king  of  Perfia,  Afrafiab  invades  that 
kingdom  again,  but  is  beaten  by  Roft&m,  the  famous  Perfina 
dampion ;  who,  in  the  reign  of  Kaykaws,.the  twelfth  king,  co- 
temporary  with  Solomon,  routed  him4  fecond  time,  purfued  him 
is  far  as  Tur  An,  the  capital  of  Turkefidn,  and  plundered  it  of 
vaft  treafures.    Kaykhofraw,  the  thirteenth  king  of  Perfidy  ferjt 
as  army  of  30,000  men  to  invade  Turkefidn,  but  they  were 
defeated ;  and  their  general,  Gudarz,  being  befieged  by  the 
Turks  in  the  mountain  of  Damawand,  in  the  province  of  Ma* 
zander  fat  had  been  loft,  MRoftdm  had  not  come  to  his  relief. 
The  fame  of  that  fiege  brought  two  kings,  neighbour! 
of  the  Turks,  to  their  affiftance  ;  the  one  called  Hhakhon  or 
Kb&kban,  the  feme  as  Khaan,  a  title  of  the  Mogol  kings ;  and 
the  other  Sbangol;  the  former  of  whom  was  flain.    Gudarz 
afterwards  beat  four  armies  of  the  Turks,  took  an  hundred 
thonfand  of  them  prifoners,  and,  fome  time  after,  Afrafiab 
himfelf  was  taken  and  flain  e. 

This  is  the  acccount  of  the  original  of  the  Turks,  given 
by  Msrfond  (G),  a  famous  Perfian  hiftorian,  which  differs 

greatly 

'Mixkond.  ap.  Texeira,  hift.  Perfia,  p.  33.  D'  Herbelot. 
Bibl.  oricntale,  p.  895.  Art.  lour.  See  anc.  hilt.  vol.  v.  p.  328, 
Heq.  a  Mirkond.  ubi  fupr.  p.  40.     Ant.  hift,  ubi  fup.  p. 

349.         e  Mirkond.  ubi  fupr.  p.  45  &  feq.  52,56  &  feqq* 

(E)  Written  by  fome  Nader.  (G)  Mtrkbond,  or  Mirkbar 
This  is  a  confequence  of  not  in-  'vend,  as  the  Per  fans  pronounce 
faring  the  vowel  points  ;  and  of  it,  is  an  abbreviation  of  the  true 
taking  the  Arabic  Wanu  or  double  name  of  this  author  ;  which  ia 
»,  fometimes  for  a  vowel.  Mohammed  Ebn  Amir  Kbowdnd 

(F)  He  is  reckoned  the  9th  Sbdby  or  Kb  am  and  Shdb.  He 
fcagof  Perfia,  of  the  Pijhddd  wrote  a  general  hiftory  of  the 
tat,  and  third  from  fraydun  or  world,  in  Perfian,  from  the  cre- 
ttri&t*  tion  to  the  year  875  of  the  HeJ* 

B  2  number 


General  Hiftery  of  the  Turks.  B. !. 

'greatly  from  that  penned  by  FaMaIlaA(H),wiherPerfian,vrho 
_   yn^thehiftoryof  theM^Zrand7V^ 

GhaZ&n  Khdn,  one  of  Jenghtz  Khan's  fucceflbrs  in  Perfia.   . 

It  is  eaficr  to  account  how  the  Perfian  hiftorians'came  to 
differ  fo  much,  than  to  reconcile  them  :  for  thofe  who  wrote 
before  the  Turks  obtained  the  dominion  in  their  country, 
framed  their  hiftory  to  aggrandize  their  own  nation,  and 
depreciate  the  Turks,  whom  they  hated,  for  the  injuries  re- 
ceived from  them  ;  whereas  thofe  who  wrote  under  the 
Tar&/i  monarchies,  through  fear  or  flattery,  conformed  them- 
felves  to  the  traditions  of  their  mafters  ;  or,  not  thinking  it 
for  their  honour  to  adopt  the  old  Perfian  account,  framed  an* 
other,  more  agreeable  to  their  humour ;  from  whence  natu- 
rally arofe  the  contradi&ions  we  meet  with. 

Nor  is  the  Perfian  ftory  perhaps  more  true  than  that  of 
the  Turks ;  at  kaft  it  is,  on  many  accounts,  liable  to  excep- 
tion; particularly  as  to  the  chronology  of  thofe  firft  kings} 
and  the  length  of  their  reigns. 

It  is  bbfervable,  that  the  account  above  given  of  Afrafiab, 
makes  his  life  of  an  incredible  length.  The  hiftorian,  being 
aware  of  this,  remarks,  on  the  occafion,  that  he  waged  war  with 
fo  many  princes,  that  he  muft  have  lived  three  or  four  hundred 
years.  Hence  fome  authors  make  Afrafiab  or  Farfiab  (I)  (which 
Signifies  conqueror  of  Perfia ) ,a  title  common  to  thofe  kings  of 
Turkefidn,  who  obtained  fo  many  vi&ories  over  the  Per/tans 

r«by  and  of  Chrift.1471,'  con-  extracts  of  the  reigns  of  kings, 

filling  of  feven  thick  volumes  in  furniihed  by  D'Herbelot,  in  hit 

folio,  cofle&ed  from  a  great  oriental  di&ionary,  fufficiently 

number  of  hiftories,  general  and  particular  and  accurate.   How* 

particular^!).'  ever,  for  want  of  better,  we 

There  is.  a  Perfian  abridge-  have  made  ufe  of  them,  and 

men*  of  the  whole    work  of  the  tranflation  of  Texeira    by 

Mirkbowd^  by  his  fon  Gayyatb  Stephens,  which  is  alfo  very  in- 

Addln,  firnamed  Khond  Amir-,  corredlly  printed, 

whom    D'Herbelot    confounds  (H)  Called  alfo  Kbojab  Ra- 

With  his  father  (2).     He  alfo  Jbid;  from  whom  chiefly  Abulg- 

^wrdte'a  hiftory  of  the  Mogols  bdzs  Kbdn,  cited*  lower  down^ 

*nd  Tdrtars,  Jenghiz  Kban  *pd  extracted  his  hiftory.     An  ac* 

his  children,  which  was  pub-  count  is  given  of  Falildlab,  and 

lifted  about  the  year  1 508  (3).  his  collection,  in  fed.  Hi. 

Ttxeira,*  Portuguese  travel-  (I)  Called  alfo  Arjasb :  he 
ler  and  geographer,  publiflied  kept  his  court  at  a  city  in  Tur- 
in abftrad*  or  Mtrkomts  hiftory ;  hjtan,  called  Heft  Khan,  or  Heft 
,f>ut  it  is  'too,  concife,  and,  in  Kboven.  See  D'Herbefot.  Art. 
many  places,  cbnfufed,  as  well  Heft  Khan. 
asdefc&ive.   N^r  are  the  larger 

(I)  WHerl*!.  p.  (582.  JH.  Mirctnd,  &  p.  709.  Art.  Raomdbat  at  W«.   De  t'4 
Croix  Wfl.  of  Gongbh,  Can.  p.  430.  -446.-  e%)  $et  Herb.  >.  994.  Art. 

Khudtmir,  ( j)  Dt  la  Croix,  ubi  fupr,  p.  42  a. 

in 


C.  i.  '     •  fh&r.  Origin.  '5 

lo  antkrit  times:  acid,  for  the  fame  reafon,  others  compare 
his  reign  to  a  very  dark  night  which  covered  Perfia. 

However  that  be,  all  the  Turkijb  families,  which  have  made 
tootle  in  the  world,  claim  to  be  descended  from  this  great 
conqueror.  Sclj&k,  founder  of  the  Selj&k  monarchy,  would 
have  it  believed,  that  he  was  the  thirty-fourth  of  his  defend- 
ants, in  a  right  male  line ;  and  the  Qthman  monarchs,  who 
pretend  to  be  related  to  the  Seijikks  by  the  family  of  Qgtkt 
Kbdfi,  aflume  in  their  titles  that  of  Afrafiab,  as  well  to  de- 
note their  nobility  as  valour ;  efpecially  as  they  have,  in  lat- 
ter times,  obtained  great  victories  over  the  Per/tans  f. 

AFRAS1AB  mult  have  been  eight  or  nine  generations  R*»*rh 
hter  than  Og&z  Khdn,  who,  according  to  thcTurkifb hiftorians, «*  Afra- 
was  cotemporary  with  Kay~uinarrazf  iirft  Perfian  king  effilb# 
the  Pifhddd  race ;  and  conquered  Perfia  during  the  minority 
of  his  fucceflbr  Hvfbeng,  at  what  time  the  great  lords  were 
at  variance  among  themfelves  S.     But  as  none  of  the  early 
Perfian  hiftorians  make  mention  of  thefe  great  conquefts,    ;  *    .   • 
feme  of  the  latter  are  apt  to  think  that  they  might  have  been  .     . 

effefted  in  the  interval  between  the  death  of  Kay-umarraz, 
and  the  reign  of  Hufheng,  a  fpace  of  two  hundred  years ; 
during  which  time,  we  are  told,  the  hiftorians  have  not  taken 
notice  of  any  tranfa&ions  h. 

However  this  may  be,  according  to  the  extraft  we  have  from 
Mtrkbond,  .a  modern  author,  -he  mentions  no  fuch  interreg- 
num :  he  only  fays,  that  when  Kay-umarraz  died,  his  grand- 
Ion  Hufbenz  was  a  minor ;  and  that,  as  foon  as  he  came  of 
age,  he  atoended  the  throne  '.  Now,  though  we  fhouid 
confider  the  throne  to  be  vacant  during  his  minority,  yet  wc 
cannot  rationally  fuppofe  that  it  lafted  two  hundred  years. 

One  would  iipagine  that  Abulghaz  Khan,  .who  .undertook Kkantf 
profefledly  to  write  a  genealogical  hiftory  of  the  Turks,  could  Turkef- ' 
not  have  avoided  {peaking  of  the  Khans  of  Turkman,  and***** 
particularly  of  Afrafiab:  To  far  from  that,  he  'treats  of  no 
deTcents  from  Og&z,  but  thofe  relating  to  the  Moguls  and 
Tartars  ;  and  never  fo  much  as  mentions  Afrafiab,   except 
once,  on  occaiion  of  Ilek,  Khan  of  Baldfag&n,  %who,  he  telk 
us,  was  descended  from  Afrafiab  Kh&n  k/ without  faying  any 
thing  more  of  this  hero,  or  his  race.  », 

Bu  t  tcf  return  to  the  origip  of  the  Turks*    If  th$  authors,  Turkifh] 
who  have  come  to  our  hands,  had  given  us  the  genealogy/ f*^-  j 
of  Sslj&k,  it  might  have  been  of  ufe  in  fettling  this'  point.  &*** 

f  D'Hirb.  p.  895.  Art.  TourajB.4  p,  66.  Art.  Afrafiab.  &  p. 
800.  Art.  Selgiouk.  *  ^BiacHAzi  Khan  hift.  Turks.  &c^  / 

p.  19..    D'Herb.  p.  683,  Art.  Ogou*  Khan.  *  D'HWb. 

tfhi  fnpr.  «  Mirkond.  ap.  Texeir.  p.  1.3.  -  k  Seel    , 

Air  lchazj  Khan,  hift  Turks,  &c.  p.  44. 

B  3  *    However, 


6  -General  Hijiory  of  the  Turks.  B.L 

ffewerar,  if  we  may  judge  by  that  of  0*m<wi  or  Otkmdny 
founder  of  the  Otkma*  empire,  their  pretences  to  antiquity 
(eem  rery  fnfpieious :  for,  in  three  lifts  of  that  prince's  an- 
ceftors, two  given  by  Leonclavius,  one  in  his  hi/lory  of  the 
Sottns  I,  the  other  in  his  Mujfulman  hiftory  m,  and  the  third 
by  Prince  Cantemir,  in  his  hiftory  of  the  growth  and  decay  ef 
the  Othman  empire  ",  all  taken  from  the  Turkijb  hiftorians 
themfelves  (K) ;  though,  in  all  of  them,  I  lay,  we  meet  with 
the  name  of  Og&z>  yet  none  of  them  mates  mention  of  either 
Afrafiah  or  Turk  (L) ;  Bulkhas  (M)  being  put  inftoad  of  the 
latter,  in  one  of  them,  which  alone  runs  fo  high  as  Japhet. 
The  lift  found  in  the  htflory  of  the  Soltans,  which  was  tranf- 
lated  from  the  Twkijb,  ends  at  Lekrek,  who  is  but  the;  fifth 
-\  in  the  other  given  in  the  htflory  of  the  Mujfubnans.  And 
though  both  genealogies  are  faid  to  afcend  from  fon  to  fa- 
ther, yetOthman's  anceftors  by  one  are  fifty-feven,  and  by 
•  the  other  only  feventeen,  to  Lekrek. 
tieryjufti*.  PriHce  Cantemif%  lift  wants  three  anceftors,  found  in  the 
f# w.  former,  with  which  it  beft  agrees,  and  ends  at  Takva,  called  . 
in  the  other  Diptakoy  (N) ;  only  adding,  that  "he  was  of  the 
houfe  of  Jafet.  But  although  this  author  reprefents  his  lift 
as  the  beft  and  moft  correft  of  any  which  are  to  be  found 
in  the  Turkijb  hiftorians,  yet  he  obferves,  that  his  author, 
Saadi  Efendi,  does  not  venture  to  warrant  it  as  certain.  In 
{hort,  the  whole  hiftory  of  the  origin  and  defcent  of  th$ 
Turks  carries  the  marks  of  fittion  :  for,  although  we  fhould 
admit  that  there  might  have  been  fuch  perfons  as  Afro/tab % 
Oguzy  and  Turk,  among  the  anceftors  of  the  Turks,  yet  ifris 
flaanifeft,  that  both  the  times  and  a&ions  afcribed  to  thofe 
heroes  muft  be  falfc  (O),  as  well  as  the  tradition  of  Turk  be? 
Jfig  the  fon  (P)  pf  Jafet ;  fince  he  is  not  to  be  foundln  the 
■'*/'■'  genealogy 

1  ?.  i.  *  P.  90.  8  Pref.  p.  14. 

1  (K)  We  (hall  infert  them  here- .  mtr  s  lift,  is  named  UlijtKb&ny 

after,  in  the  Othman  hiftory.  from  whom  OguK  Khan  was  the 

(L)  This  omiffion  may  ppf-  third  in  defcent. 
fibly  be  owing  to  the  averfion        (O)   See  what  is  remarked 

whicl}  the  Otbmans  have  to  be  with  regard  to  the  Turkijb  chro- 

called T«"b,  as  will  be  obferved  nology,  in  the  pi  eface  to  Abulg- 

when  w«  CQmc*o  giv*  thejr  hi-  hazi  Khans  hiftory,  p.  7.    AliQ 

ftory.  t)ie  new  collection  of  voyages 

(M)  Unlefs  Bulkhas,  or  Abu  I  and  travels,  4 to.  vol.  iv.  p.  41  3. 

JCbdi,  may  flapd  for  the  father  and  Univ.  Hid.  vol-  xx.  p.  44. 

bf  the  Kabs  or  XZaa,  who  are  "   (P)  His  right  of  primpgeni* 

the  wandering  Turks  or  T%r\*  tare  is  alfo  difputed*  for  Tome. 

*Sns.  '  hiftorians  give  it  toG&xWfwhom 

(N)  Son  of  Bulkhas*  and  fa-  pthers  make    the  feco'nd  fon. 

iher  gf  Lejtrtk,  iyhp,  ia  Cants-  Jlowcver,  the   oriental  Turks 

-      -  "  '*     -  maintaiDJ, 


I  guabtm c*.thal;,Mtriarch,  given by  Mofis,  which  both  thp 
SriftHjx  and  TUbhammedans  follow.  *   .  u     .v 

The  troth  may  poffiblybe,  that  the  Soltlos  of  other  the. 
&SM*or  Offtf  forniiies,  firft7Wj0fovereigns  mPerfm.who 
were  Bbhmndf**,  having  had,  by  tradition,  one  r«r*  for 
their  common  aaceftor,  or  feigning  him  to  be  fuch,  then-  hi-™ 
ftorians,  to  honour  them,  by  carrying  his  origin  as  high  as  they/  . 
could,'  made  him  the  fon  of  Jafett  whofepoftemy,  accord- 
ing to  Mohammedans,  as  well  as  Jevn  and  Chrtfiians   peopled 
the  north  parts  of  Jjifi.    The  Othmdn  Turks,  who  fucceeded   < 
thzScS&ks,  bought  they  could  not  do  better  than  clann  or 

!  acknowkge  the  fame  original ;  and  the  fucceflors  oijenghiz 
Khan  in  Perfia,  the  two  Bukharias  and  Karazm,  being  Ttfo- 
hmmsdans,  confented  to  be  branches  of  Turks,  that  they 
miffhthavc  the  foa  of.  fo  great  a  patriarch  as  7f  rt  at  the 

•  head  of  their  anceftors. '  It  muft  farther  be  confidered,  that 
thev  who  were  the  firft  hiftoriographers  to  this  laft  race,  be- 
httPerfiant,  toqk.care.to  make  their  hiftory  tally  with  that 
of  former  writers  of  their  nation,  who  made  all  the  inhabit-. 

:  ants  of  Tartary',  from  one  end  to  the  other,  to  be  fprung 

[  from  the  fame  common  flock.  But  it  is  hardly  to  be  prefumed 
that  the  Meeds,"  and  other  tribes  of  the  eaft,  who  continued 

<  ia  their  old  religion,  acknowleged  themfelves  to  be  defcended 
from  Turk,  though  they  were  poflibly  a  branch  of  the  Turkifb 

j  nation;,  thorny"  they  always  hated  for  their  inroads,  and 
had  lately /conquered.  '  • 

According  to  thsChinefi  hiftorians,  the  Runs  and  Turks  Origin  of 
are  the  feme  peopk ;  who,  .a*  different  times,  went  under  tb,  Turks 

!  thofcdiffbrent  names.     They  give  them  the appellations ;  of/™ .«£ 

!  Hione-n&  and  7»-tf-tffc.th«lX  «***  and  Turh  " the  toftli  t!. 

■  is  that  which  they  had  before  the  Chriflian  atra ;  the  fecond,  */•"«»• 
that  whici  a  remnant  of  thofe  Huns,  re-eftablifhed  in  Tartary, 
aflumed  afterwards ;  sfnd  fay,  that  they  dwelt  .•  in  theneigh- 

i  bonrhood  of  the  great  defart,.  extending  from  the  country 
of  Karea  itt  the  eaft,  to  that  of  the  Getes,  in  the  weft  ;  which  •  . 

I  oart  at  Tartary  was  their .  habitation  from.  a}l  antiquity  P  •  .. 

That  Mawton,  fon  of  the  laft  Cblnefe  monarch,  of  the  firft 
family,  or  the  Hya.xTAt,  was  {he  firft  Tanju,  or  emperor  of 

•  Ven-hven:tum-kaw,     Kam-mo,    Ye-tum  ch!  van  fan  tunv     . 
pew  fwi  fH,    as  cited  by  Quigues  fur  torigm  Jes  Huns  fcf  dts        .       # 
Yufks.  '  P  Ven-hyen-tam  3»au,    Kam-mo. 

maintain,  .that  Turk  wat   the    count  the  founaer  of  their  na, 

ddeft,    whom  they  call  Jafet    tion  (4). 

Oglan,  d»fonof7«/r/,'aadac-  » 

(4)  Su  D'BcrMit.  At.  Tiri.  f  ,89$.  ' ;  :"  ' 

B4  "     '"         thefe 


i  General  Hifiory  of  t&  forks.  B.fc 

thcfe  Huns;  and  the  fame  with  the  famous  Ogiz  Kh&n,  foi 
renowned  anions  the  prefent  7i<rAj  and  Tartars,  and  ac- 
knowleged  for  the  founder*  of  their  empire  :  that,  in  'the 
reign  of  one  of  his  fucceflbrs,  they  came  to  be  divided  under 
two  diftintt  Tanjus ;  one  branch  was  called  the  northern,  the 
other  the  fouthern  -Huns ;  but  the  Perfian  hiftorians  diftin- 
guifhed  them  by  the  names  of  Tartars  and  sMogols  t  that 
the  northern  Huns,  being  deftroyed  by  the  Chintfes,  removed 
weftward ;  and  parted,  at  leaft  part  of  them,  into  Europe, 
That  the  fouthern  Huns,  after  this,  became  beft  known  ty 
the  name  of  Turks ;  about  .which  time  they  were  fubducd 
by  the  Jut/en,  eaftern  Tartfrs  ;  and  at  length,  being  greatly 
reduced,  they  retired  into  the  mountain  of  Erzanahn,  where 
they  forged  iron  for  their  conquerors  :  that  they  after- 
wards overthrew  them  in  their  turn,  and  eftabliflied  a  new 
empire  under  th*  name  of  Turks,  as  will  be  more  fully  re* 
lilted  lower  down  9. 

•  In  this  account  we  difcover  two  very  material  fatts,  hi- 
therto unknown  to  the  hiftorUns  of  Europe,  and  perhaps  to 
thofe  of  the  weft  of  AJiai  namely,  firft,  the  original  of  the 
Huns,  about  v#uch  Jfomandds,  apd  other  writers,  have  related 
fuch  ridiculous  fables'  :  fecon&ly,  that  the  Huns  and  Turks 
are  the  fame  people,  under  different  names \  which  latter 
feems  not  to  have  been  given  them  till  about  the  year  jqo, 
as  noted  before ;  at  what  time  they  became  known  by  it  in 
Europe. 

l  See  fe&,  iv.  *  Sec  anc ,  hift.  vol.  six,  p.  304,  &  fcq, 

SECT,    n, 

4  general  defcription  of  Great  Tartary,  with  an  ae« 
count  of  the  Turkifli  tribes  or  nations  inhabiting  i$% 
according  to  the  Arab  authors* 

Great    ,  TJEFQJIE  we  treat  of  the  fevend  benches  of  the  7Ur*- 
Tartary.  JP>  ijb  nation  inhzbx&xig^GreatTartary,  it  will  be  neceflary 

previoufly  to  infertibme  general  account  of  that  vafV  region  ; 

tfiat  the  reader  may  be  better  able  to  form  a  notion  in  what 

part  of  it  the  feveral  tribes  formerly  were,  .or  at  prefent  are, 

fjtuated, 
towmh         TAR  TART,  of  rzxherTatary,  in  its  greateftextpnt,  is  fituate 
and  ex*    between  fifty-feven  and  one  hundred  and  fixty  degrees  of  Ion* 
tent,        gitucta  (A)  ;*and  between  the  thirty-feventh  and  fifty-fifth  de* 

(A)  Reckoning  from  the  weft    ris,  and  feveoteen  degrees  thirty*  • 
end  of  the  ifle  of  fern,  fuppofed    five  minutes  Weft  of  Londvi,     " 
to  b?  twenty  degrees  w<?ft  of  Pa* 


C.  i.  Dtferipth*  of  Great  Tfarttry:  $ 

grees  of  latitude  :  being  bounded  on  the  north  by  Siberia,  or 
that  part  of  North  Afia  which  belongs  to  Rujfia ;  on  the  * 
well,  by  the  rivers  Don  (B),  tjie  Welga,  and  Kama,  which  fepa- 
rac  it  from  Ruffia ;  on  the  fouth,  by  the  Euxine  and  Caftiah 
fas,  Karazm,  the  two  Bukharias,  China,  and  Atom  /  and 
oo  the  eaft,  by  the  oriental  or  Tartarian  ocean.  From  this 
account  it  appears,  that  Tartary,  or  Great  Tartar?,  as  we 
tafl  it,  is  a  vaft  region,  fituate  ahnoft  in  the  middle  of  Afia, 
sod  extending  the  whole  length  of  it,  in  that  part  from  weft 
to  eaft,  the  (pact  of  one  hundred  and  four  degrees  in  longi- 
tude, or  four  thoufand  one  hundred  and  forty-five  geographical 
miles :  but  its  breadth  is  not  proportionable ;  being  not  tbove 
tune  hundred  and  fitfty  miles  where  broadeft,  and,  where  nar- 
rowed,' three  hundred  and  thirty. 

This  vaft  region  is  divided  into  two  great  parts ;  the  onejy^j^ 
called  the  Weftern,  the  other  the  Eaftern  Tartary  .-which 
hft  is  fcarce  one-fourth  part  fo  large  as  the'  former  ;  begin- 
ning at  about  the  one  hundred  and  thirty-ninth  degree  of  lon- 
gitude, and  ending  at  the  ode  hundred  and  fixty-fiirft.  Hence  ' 
ft  contains  only  twenty-two  degrees  of  longitude,  or  is  but 
nine  hundred  geographical  miles  from  weft  to  eift,  though 
eight  hundred  fend  eighty  broad,  from  fouth  to  north.  But 
with  this  part  of  Tartary  we  have  nothing  to  do  at  prefente 
for  although  fome  oriental  authors  wtfuld  derive  all  the  inha- 
bitants of  Tartary  in  general  from  the  lame  ftock,  making 
the  people  of  Katay,  under  which  denomination  they  feem  to 
oomprile  all  the  inhabi&nts  of  Eaftern  Tartary  (of  whom 
they  had  fcaree-any  knowlege  af  all),  to  be  descended  from 
Turk,  the  fon  of  Jafef\  yet/Mfi^he  genealogy  of  thofe  tribes 
given  by  Abtflgh&z't  KMn,  and  doubtlefs  in  that  of  Fadlal* 
kb  (C),  from' whom  chiefly  he  extracted  his  hiftory,  we  meet 
with  none  but  what  are  to  be  found  in  Weftern  Tartary  t  for 
which  reafon  we  flxall  confine  our  description,  in  this  place, 
to  that  part  only.    . 

Ik  this  vaft    region  of  Weftern  Tartary,   (containing  in  Weftern 
extent  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  degrees  of  longitude  Tartary. 
out  of  one  hundred  and  fixty-one),  although  the  lands  be- 
longing -  to  every  nation   or    tribe  are  marked  out,   and 
wtU  k*owh  to  the  inhabitants ;  yet  as  there  are  few  or  no 

(B)  The  limits  might  be  car-        (C)  We  cannot  be  pofitive 

rial  weftward,  beyond  the  Dni*  at  to  this  point,  becanfe  De  la 

ifar  or  Jfrrijlbeaet.i  but,  thefe  Creix,  in  his  hiftory  of  Gingbi* 

Ewere  rather  conquered  of  Khan,  taken  chiefly  from  FaMal- 

aees,  than  originally  inha-  lab,  has  mentioned  only  the  Mo-  ■ 

h«ed    by   Turkifi    or   Tartar  gol  tribes.  . 


tribes. 


cities, 


pti&f  Jfcwas,  or  village*,  to  direft  ftraagers,  their  faural 
jpfuaiions^r  pofleffions  are  beft  dtfUnguiibsd  and  afcertaipeci 
t^r  tjie  natural  marks  or  boundaries,  fucb  as  mountains,  ri* 
vers,  lakes,  and.  the  like,  with  wfcich  Wejiern%  Tartary  abounds*. 
Ityt  it  will  be  fufficient  for  our  prefent  purpofc  to  mention 
qobf  the  moft  remarkable  of  them* 
'  Chief         .  T#e  principal  mountains,  or  rather  chains  of  mountain^ 

w*emtatm,fqnnd  in  this  part  of  Gnat  Tartary,  may  be  divided  intq 
t^rge  clafles  c  firft,  thofe.  which  run  along  the  northern  bor- 
ders pf  it;  and  though  perhaps  not  always  contiguous,^  of 
the  fame  denomination,  go  under  the  general  name  of  Vlug 
T4gW  ,I>0g9  that  is,  th4  great  mountain :-  fecondly,  tholo 
which.. mjtke  the  foutljern  bounds,  and  are  called  Ki^ 
chuk  Tag,  or  the  lefler  mountain :  the  third  great  chain  & 
called  mount  Alt  ay,  lying  nearly  in  the  puddle,  between  the?* 
Cafpian  fea  and  Eafiern  Tartary,  and  extending  between. the 
other  twes  in  about  the  one  hundred  and  tenth  .degree  c£  iwt 
gitude. 

endie-      .   The  chief  delarts  or  plains  are,  firft,.  thole  of:  Kipjak  or. 

farts.  Kafcckak  in  the  weft,  extending  many  days  journey,  oa  th* 
oorth  and  north-eaft  of  the  Cafjpian  fea.  Thefe  are  geneijsJ- 
ly  fertile  lands.  Secondly,  thofe  ftretching  eaftward  from, 
Kipj&k  to  mount  Altay.  Thirdly,  tfcat  called  t\it  great  Koki. 
or  fandy  defart,  by  th$  M$gols,  zn&Sharmo  by  the  Chinefes^ 
It  is  divided  by  ridges  of  hills  into  three  or  four  parts,  and 
extends  eaftward  from  mount  Alt+y  to  Eaftern  Tartary. 

Rivers.         The  principal  tivcftof  We/lernTartary,bcCvte$ the DnUf>err 

Tbt  Ja'ik.  Q<m,  and  Wo\gay  ar<  ^&,Jajk  or  Talk  agd  T^**  both  defcendi 
ipg  from  the  Ulug  Tag,  and  falling  into  the  Cafpian  fea,  on 

fbc  Ili»  tt&  north  fide*  The  river  Ili  or  Kbonghis,  which  rifes,oot  of 
the  Kichuk  Tig,  on  the  borders  of  Little  Bukharia,  about  the 
ope  hundred  and  fourth  degree  of  longitude,  and  runs  north* 
weft  into  the  lake  Palkafi  .(D) :  on  this  river  the  Khan  of 

tfhelrtiih.  the  Eluths  or  Kalmyks  ufually  refides.    The  river  Irtt/b,Irtisp 
^ov\Er<his,  which  rifes  in  mount  Aitay,  and  runs  weftward, 
inclining  to  the  north,  between  two  branches  of  it,  into  th$» 
lafce  Say/an  (£) ;  'firpra. whence  Wiring  again,  it  paflcs  north** 

Tb*  Obi.  w^ft>  through  part  of  Siberia, '  and  fails  into  the  Obi,  which 
h$3  its  fource  out .  of  the  feme  mountains,  about  one  degree 
to  the  north  of  that  of  the  Irtijb :  and  feven  or  eight  degree* 

<D>  It  is  about  forty  mites  Honbotu  Nbr,  ninety  mites  long 

l*ng,  and  thirty  broad,  in*lati-  from  weft  *oeaft,   and  forty 

tnde  forty-eriht  degrees,  longi-  broad  ;  in  latitude  fortfAfetfea 

tarfe    ninety-feven,    reckoning  degrees'  thirty  minutes,  fongi*- 

from  the  ifle  of  Ferro.  •  .  tudc  one  hundred  and  four  de— 

.(E)  Sajatt  or  Jfan,  called  alfo  grees,  ••       < 


C.i.     ,    DtfitiptiMifGrtitTimrr-  « 

10  the  north-eaft  .rifts  tl»  Kem9  or  Jemfea>  'which  runs  Kcnu 
weflwardfar  the fpsce  of  feren  or  eight  degrees,  and  then, 
tuming  northward,  eaters  Siberia.  \ 

Tab  nest  river  of  note  is  the  river  SeBnga,  which  riles  SetfegtV 
cot  of  the  lake  KofogtL  or  HvtuJttCt  {¥),  not  far  from  die 
four ce  of  the  fenifea  takes*  {weep  fouthward  round  by  the 
oft,  and  fells  northward  Into  the  lake  Baykdl,  in  Siberia, 
about  thirty  leagues  north-weft  of   the  city  SeHngbinficy, 
which  (hinds  upon  it.    into  the  Sehnga  runs  the  Orion,  Orkon 
coming  from  the  feAth-weft ;  and  into'  the  Orkon  the  foAi, am/Tula.^ 
ztfing  eaftward  in  Mount.  Kentey ;  two  rivere  very  famous 
in  the  hiftory  of  Jefngbizc  Khdh.    Out  of  the  fame  xaaaor 
tain(G),  and  not  far  from  the  fource  of  th^?«4z,  rife  two  other 
rivers,  ftill  more  famous  than  the  former ;  firft,  the  Qhcn,  Qadii  4* 
called  alio  by  the  Mogpls,  SaghaHan  Uia,  or  the  dragon  river,  Sagha* «•? 
and  by  the  Ruffians  Am&r ;  whkh  running  north-eaftwatfd,  !*•»• 
and  then  taking  a  large  fweep  by  the  fbuth,  rolls  along"  the 
bounds  of  Eqftern  Tartary,  and  falls  into  the  Eaftem  ocean, 
in  about  the  53d  degree  of  latitude,  and  159th  of  longitude,  ''; 

On  its  bank  ftand  two  cities;  Nerchinjkoy,  ovNipdfnv^'%  '         'j 
frontier  of  the  Ruffians,   almoft  due  north  of  Pe-km*   in 
China ;  and  Saghalian  Uta,  poflefled  by  the  Cbinefes. 

The  fecond  river  is  the  Kerlon,  or  Kerulon ;  which  run*  Kerlon  *r 
sing  north-eaftward,  falls  into  the  lake  Kulon,  or  Da/ay  (H),  Argun, 
and,  paffing  out  again,  under  the  name  of  Ergona,  or  Argun, 
joins  the  Saghalian  Via,  about  one  hundred  and  feventy  miles 
beyond  Nerchinjkoy.    To  thefe  let  us  add  the  river  Knlka,  Kalka. 
from  whence,  tho'  finall,  the  Kclka-Moguls,  or  Mongols,  take 
their  name.    It  rifes  in  the  mountains,  feparating  the  Eqftern 
from  the  Wefiern  Tartary  \  and,  running  weftward,  falls  tnt* 
the  lake  Pttir,  and  then  into  that  of  Kulon,  before  fpoken  of. 

Having  mentioned  the  principal  lakes  of  JVeftern  Tartary,  takes. 
in  oar  account -of  the  rivers,  we  fhall  take  notice  only  of  two 
more;  firft,  the  Kdmijb,  about  four  hundred  and  eighty-four 
miles  long,  and  near  as  many  broad  (I):  The  fecond,  If. 
fid\  a  lake  of  fmall  extent  (K),  but  renowned  among  the 
inhabitants  in  the  weft  of  Tartary,  for  being  the  place  where 
Turk,   their  great  anceftor,   fixed  his  residence,   or  royal 

As  to  the  political  State  of  Weftern  Tartary,  we  fhall  only  Mogol 
fry  in  general,  that  it  is  intirely  poflefled  by  the  Mogol  tribes,  nations. 

(F)  Or  Kbutuktu,  70  miles  fouth-weft  to  nprth-eaft,  and 
long  from  fouth  to  north,  and  27  broad,  In  lat.  48*  30  long, 
IS  broad.  In  lat.  52°. long.  1 1 8.  135. 

(G)  It  lies  in  about  iz6de-  (I)  In  lat.  500.  long.  $f 
mesoflpng.  and  48  oflat.  ^o' 

\H)  Sixty  jpjlcsjong  froin       (K)  Lat.46».  loi)g.  940  30'. 


** 


Elat&t  or 


General  H&cry  of  the  Turks. 


B.1 


f&Kat 


Proper 
Mogolf, 
$r  Mon* 
goli. 


Turkilh 
nations, 


according 
to    the 
Arabs. 


under  feveraj  Khdns,  whofe  dominions  are  named  after  the 
people,  or  their  prince  who  rules  over  them  #.  The  firft  and 
chid*  of  thefe  Mogol  nations  are  the  Eluths,  nicknamed  Kal~ 
m&ks  by  the  Mohammedan  Tartars.  Thefe  are  divided  under 
two  Khdns.  The  firft  are  called  Ayuki  Eluths,  from  their 
Khdn  Ayuki,  who  has  the  weftern  partx)f  Tartary,  bounded 
by  the  river  Ja'ik,  containing  moft  of  that  country  which  was 
formerly  called  Kipjdk,  or  Kapckdk,  and  extending  about  10 
degrees  eaftward  from  the  river  Ja'ik,  in  the  7  2d  degree  of 
longitude.  The  fecond  are  called  DJbngari  or  Kontaijbi 
Eluths,  from  trie  title  of  their  prince,  filled  Kontaijb,  whofe 
•dominion  extends  from  72  degrees  of  longitude  as  far  as  the 
end  of  mount  Alt  ay  t  in  about  the  io2d  degree. 

The  fecond  nation  or  branch  of  theMogols  are  the  Kdlka, 
Khalkha,  or  Hdlba  Mogols :  their  country  extends  from  mount 
Altay  eaftward  to  the  fource  of  the  river  Kdlka,  whence  they 
derive  their  name,  in  the  borders  of  Eaftern  Tartary,  and 
139th  degree  of  longitude.  >  The  third  branch  are  the  Mo- 
gols or  Mongols,  properly  fo  called ;  whofe  territories  lie  to 
the  fouth  of  that  of  the  Kalkas,  between  them  and  the  gnat 
.wall  of  China ;  to  which  empire  both  nations  are  fubjed. 

Besides  thefe  Khdns  (who  with  their  fubje&s  are  idolaters, 
of  the  religion  of  Tibet,  or  the  Dalay  Lama)  there  are  two 
others  in  Great  Tartary,  who  poflefs  that  part  of  it  called 
Turkeftdn,  fituate  to  the  north  of  Great  Bukharia  and  Ka* , 
razm,  between  thofe  countries  and  the  dominions  of  the 
Eluths ; ,  of  which  we  (hall  fpeak  more  particularly  in  a  fubfe* 
quent  fe&ion,  and  now  return  to  our  fubjeft,  for  explaining 
which,  this  fhort  difcription  of  Tartary,  with  the  help  of 
jnaps,  may  fuffice. 

It  is  generally  agreed  by  the  oriental  hiftorians,.  that  the 
inhabitants  of  Great  Tartary  are  originally  Turks,  or  fo 
many  branches  of  the  fame  nation :  but  thofe  who  wrote  of 
Turkijh  affairs,  and  even  the  Turks  themfelves  wljo  inhabited 
Perfia  before  the  time  of  Jenghiz  Khdn,  feem  to  have  had 
.but  a  (lender  knowlege  of  the  feveral  tribes  of  people  into 
which  their  nation  was  faid  to  be  divided.  The  Arab  author 
pf  the  book  mifcalled  The  geography  of  the  Nubian,  who. 
wrote  about  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century,  fays,  the 
Turks  were  branched  into  many  different  kinds  pf  people;  as 
the  Tobbat  (L),  Taghazgbaz  (M),  Kharkirs,  Kaymaks,  Kha* 

*  See  anc.  hift  vol.  xx.  p.  1,  &  feq. 


(L)  Thefe  were  probably  a  co- 
fony  from  Tibet  or  Tobbot,  as  the 
JgunoxFigun  feem  to  have  been. 


(M)    Mifcalled   Begbarghart\ 
hi  the  Latin  tranflation.  j 

azfcp 


C.i.  %  iTurkifli  Tribes:  *j 

zalfcs  (N),  ffofarens,  Mahometans,  Torkhojb,  OSko/b,  KhefL 
jWx(O),  Khalaj{P)t  Olghars,  and  Afefarr  ( QJw 

This  geographer  affords  us  little  more  concerning  thofe 
different  people  than  their  names* ;  but  defcribes  the  coun- 
tries inhabited  by  fome  of  them :  from  whence  we  (hall  ex* 
toft  fo  much  as  may  be  proper  to  lay  before  our  readers. 

The  country  of  Tobbat  (Tibet ),  with  part  of  India,  bor*  Tobbot. 
den  on  the  \teft  on  Mdwdra'lnahr  (or  Great  BukhariaJ, 
sod  on  the  eaft  on  Sin  (or  China).  The  chief  cities  are 
TMat  zndShih,  Wakhan,  Sakita,  Berwan,  Ug,  Majag,  Ra- 
majag,  and  Danekhu.  The  country  of  Wakhan  and  Sakita 
bordfer  on'  thofe  of  Wakhajb  and  Jil,  in  MaivaraHnahr*  Wok* 
Am  abounds  with  rich  mines  of  the,  fineft  gold  and  (ilver.  .. 
In  it  is  a  lake  called  Berwan,  forty  leagues  in  length,  and 
twenty-four  in  breadth. 

The  land  of  the  Taghazghaz,  whp  are  governed  b  by  a  Taghas- 
Kbakm,  is  bounded  on  the  eaft  by  Kharkir,  on  the  fouth  by  ghac.     - 
Sm,  ahd  on  the  north  by  the  people  of  Kaymak.    It  contains 
four  dties ;  Kakhan  or  Tantabeet  Mafd,  Jormok,  and  Ba» 
khfan.    Kakhan,  the  capital,  has  twelve  iron  gates,  and  U 
Gated  on  a  great  river,  that  runs  eaftward :  'tis  two  months 
journey  from  Berfajan  the  higher,  in  the  country  of  FarghA* 
Md[R),  and  twelve  fouth-eaft  from  Bakhwan.    In  themoun-  . 
tains  near  this  laft  city  are  found  the  mufk  goats.    There  is 
among  the  Taghazghaz  Turks  a  nation  who  adore  the  fire  c. 
.  The  inhabitants  of  Khdrkir  border  on  the  fea  of  Sin,  and  KharBr. 
poflefs  four   populous  cities,  all  lying  within  the  compafs 
rf  four  days  journey.    The  country  is  large  and  fertile, 
sbounding  with  water.     Some  of  its  rivers  defcend  from  the 
country  of  Sin ;  the  greateft  of  them,  called  Menhar,  is  very 
rapid  ;  running  between  rocks,  and  driving  mills  for  grind* 
kg  rice  and  wheat.    On  its  banks  grow  aloes  trees  and 
c^twn  duke.    In  its  ftream  is  found  a  fifli  called  Jbatrun; 
Which,  being  eaten,  affefts  the  feminal  veflels.    It  is  faid, 
that  k  has  not  many  bones ;  that  the  flefti  is  divided  into 
taints,  and  does  not  imell  like  other  fifh.    The  city  where  the 
king  refides  is  moft  ftrongly  fortified,  with  walls,  ditches,. 
aod  Goanterfcraps,  and  is  three  ftages  from  the  fea ;  where 

1  Geogr.  Nabienfis,  p.  145.      b  P.  144.    Tis  faid  to  extend 
to  the  flask  Oriental  ocean.       c  Geogr.  Nab.  p.  141— 145. 

(N)  Or rather perhaps Khaz*        (P)  The  Kalatz. 
djt  hereafter  mentioned.  ( QJ  The  Bdgarians,  QtJTpU 

(O)  -Thefe  moft  be  the  Kaf-  'garians.  "      .      • 

Br,  written. alfo  Kofiaks,  and        (R)  Which  belongs  to  Atf* 
tsfj&k  i  alio  Kaftbik,  and  Kip*    <wara%ln*hr. 

,  *    »         *     ■  ' 

*  2  there 


j  4  General  Hijitfy  *f  the  Turks.  B.  % 

that  is  a  large  peninfula,  called  that  of  the  Hyacinth,  from 
the  precious  ftones  of  the  fame  name,  which  are  found  there 
ia  abundance*. 
Kaymak.  -    Thb  knd  of  the  people  of  Kaymak  has,  on  the  fouth, 
Taghazghaz,  on  thefouth-weft  Khazalf,  where  it  jeans  with 
Tobfot,  on  the  weft  Khalakh,  and  on  the  eaft  the  fea  of  dark- 
nefe;  wherein  are  iflands,  to  which  the  merchants  pals  oft 
horfeback,  and  lie  every  night  on  trees*    The  king  of  Kay* 
mak  is  equal  to  the  greateft  monarchs  for  power  and  gran- ' 
dure ;  the  inhabitants  are  very  numerous,  and  worfhip  the 
fire.    It  contains  fixteen  cities;   the. principal  whereof  are 
4fiwr$  Buragh,  Siftant  Mannon,  Moft&nah,  Khakan(§);  the 
regal  feat,  Benjar,  Dholan,  and  ffanawes  j  to  thefe  may  be 
added  Koran  Hiya. 
Xmr  The  great  river  Ghammas,  rifing  in  the  mountains  of 

Gham-  Benjar,  runs  eaftward  to  the  city  Aftur$  on  its  fouth  bank, 
nan-  fut  ftages  diftant,  through  the  defart;  thence  to  Si/tan,  on 
the  north  fide,  twelve  ftages ;  it-  proceeds  forwards  to  the 
regal  city  KhaUm,  which  ftands  on  the  fouth  fide :  then  it 
tarns  northwards  to  Mofianah,  on  its  weft  bank,  four  ftages 
diftant.  From  this  city  it  advances  eaftward  till  it  falls  into 
the  fea,  one  ftage  diftant.  Along  all  the  coaft  of  Kaymak  is 
found  gold,  when  the  fea  rages ;  and  the  country  produces 
plenty  of  muflc ;  but  not  fo  good  as  that  of  Tobbti,  which 
is  the  beft  of  all6. 

From  Karon  Hiya,  the  firft  city  of  Kaymak,  to  Khakah, 
or  the  royal  city,  are  twenty-four  ftages,  from  weft  to  eafh 
From  Khakdn  to  Buragh  four  ftages,  fouth-weftward ;  and 
eighteen  ftages,  through  the  defart  of  the  Turks  of  Kba* 
lakh,  to  Taran  (T).  From  Taran  to  Benjar  are  thirty-fix 
ftages :  thus,  to  Kafra  forty-five  miles ;  to  Damorrtah,  crofting 
a  mountain  in  the  way,  four  ftages*;  to  Khaykbam  caftte 
twenty  ftages,  eaftward  ;  and  to  Benjar  four  ftages. 
Xhazalja.  The  country  of  Khazalja  has  feveral  cities  in  it;  among 
which  are  Berfajan  the  higher,  Nawaketh,  Rudhan,  TaUui, 
and  Berfajan  the  lower.  From  Atas  (in  Farghana)  to  Ber* 
fajan  the  higher  are  fix  ftages,  through  the  country  of  the 
Turks  :  to  Naivahth,  in  the  entrance  of  Khazalja,  almoft 
ten  ftages.  From  Atrakana  to  Karanttia,  the  firft  city  of 
Kaymak,  ten  ftages,  through  the  defarts.  From  Tar&n  w 
Berfajan  the  lower,  confiding  of  towns  and  fields,  thirty* 
nine  miles,    from  Berfajan  the  lower  to  the.  higher  thus} 

*  Ibid.  p.  145  &  feq.  e  Geogr.  Nub.  p.  213  &  fcq. 

"  "($}  Khakan,  with  this  author,    every  country  of  the  Turks. 
is  the  name  of  the  chief  city  of    *  (T)  Perhaps  rather  Tarttk. 

Gift 


<J.t  Tfcrkifli  SWfcA  *$ 

ftti,  to  Jyss  Caftle  fix  miles ;  to  Kukfawb  twelve  miles ;  tb 
Kuhn  Gkayatown  fifteen  miles;  to  Btrak  town  fifteen  miles: 
it  fends  on  a  mountain,  from  whence  the  river  Barak  de- 
fends, and,  running  weftward,  through  the  territories  of 
Jykn,  falls  into  the  river  Aljbah  (the  Sibun  or  Sir):  to  Afi- 
ra  fifteen  miles ;  to  fthui'  Burekt  town  twenty-four  miles"; 
to  Jerk  town  twelve  miles ;  to  the  city  of  Khakan  twelve 
flutes ;  to  Kebab  thirty-fix  miles ;  to  Berfajan  the  higher  near 
ten  ftages,  with  the  Karavxm f . 

•  The  Arabian  geographer  fays  little  or  nothing  of  the  other  The  Odk- 
turtijb  nations,  and  their  countries,  except  the  Odbkes  smdko*. 
Okbarkns ;  of  whom  almoft  every  thing  he  relates  may  be 
finpefted  of  fable.    We  (hall,  however,  give  the  reader  a 
(site  of  what  he  has  colle&ed  on  the  occaiion.    The  country 
of  the  Odhfos  has  on  the  weft  the  land  of  Al  Aazaz ;  on 
the  eaft  nations,  and  their  generations.    In  the  fouth  part 
is  the  lake  Tahama,  250  miles  in  compafs,  whofe  water 
b  exceeding  green,  but  fweet.    Four  ftages  eaft  of  the  lake 
is  the  mountain  Jorda,  or  Bald;  which  is  fo  flippery  that   . 
to  get  to  the  city  at  top  they  were  forced  to  dig  into  the 
bowels  of  the  hill,  and  to  afcend  by  the  help  of  ladders. 
The  north  fide  of  the  country  is  covered  by  the  great  moun- 
tain Taraan,  extending  for  eighteen  ftages  from  weft  or  eaft. 
Tjiis  tribe  of  Turks  are  reported  to  have  broad  faces* 
great  heads,  thick  of  hair,  and  flaming  eyes.     They  have  a 
peculiar  language,  and  worihip  the  fire.    However,  fome  of 
them  are  pretended  to  be  Mo/Urns  or  believers  *• 

Eight  days  journey  from  the  caftle  of  Jordah  aforefaid  is  Mountain 
the  mountain  of  Kokaiya,  which  is  inaccefiibly  fteep,  and  al-  Kokaiya* 
ways  covered  with  fnow  and  thick  clouds.     It  extends  thence 
to  the  north  of  BoJgar,  and  furrounds  the  country  of  Yajuj 
and  Majuj,  which  is  •  full  of  cities,  cultivated  lands,  and  ex- 
ceeding populous  k. 

As  thefe  are  die  famous  nations  of  Cog  and  Magog,  after  Gog  anJt 
whom  fo  much  enquiry  has  been  made  in  Europe,  to  little  purpofe  Magog. 
hitherto,  it  may  not  be  amifs  to  give  the  reader  fome  account 
ef  them,  and  their  country,  from  the  Arabian  authors,  who 
lend  to  be  acquainted  with  both  f .  As  a  convincing  proof; 
this,  they  inform  us,  that  the  people  of  Tajuj  are  of  a 
fiie ;  but  thofe  of  Majttj  not  above  three  fpans  high : 
they  are  covered  with  a  fort  of  thick  down,  and  have 
round  hanging  ears  !. 
BtJT  let  us  hear  the  report  of  an  eye-witnefs,  reputable 
|by  his  office,  Salam  the  interpreter ;  who  was  fent  by  np 

f  Geogr.  Nob.  p.  21 1.*  *  Ibid.  p.  247  &  feq.  »  Ibid. 
1  248.  276.        -f  See  anc,  hid.  vol.  xx.  p.  2  j. '  *  Geogr. 

Mb.  p.  249. 

left 


16  General  Hiftcry  of  the  Turks.  B.t 

lcf$  a  perfonage  than  Mohammed  Amtn  Billab,  fixth  Khalifah 

of  the  Abbas  family  (U),  in  order  to  difcover  the  mountain  of 

Kokaiyay  with  the  bank  of  Tajtg  and  Majig,  of  which  fuch 

ftrange  things  had  come  to  his  ears. 

Salam'/        SALAM,  who  had  with  him  fifty  men,  and  provifionsfbr 

joumey      a  whole  year,  leaving  Sarra  Manray  (X),  where  the  Khali- 

tbitber.    fobs  then  refided,  took  his  way  by  Taflis  (Y),   having  had 

letters  from  his  matter  to  the  king  of  Armenia,  who  gave 

him  others  to  the  king  of  Al  Sarir  (Z).     This  king  fent  thee? 

to  him  of  Lan  (A),  and  he  palled  them  on  to  the  lord  FiU 

Shah,  who  gave  them  five  guides.    Having,  in  twenty-feven 

days,  reached  the  bounds  of  the  regions  oiBefejert  (B),  they 

came  to  a  black  long  (linking  land,  in  which  they  travelled 

ten  days,  ufing  perfumes,  to  keep  -off  the  noxious  (mells. 

They  travelled  a  month  farther,  through  a  de&rt  country, 

*         where  they  faw  the  ruins  of  many  cities,  deftroyed  by  the 

people  pf  Yajtij  and  Majuj.    In  fix  days  more  they  arrived  at 

the  caftles  near  the  mountain  Kokaiya ;  in  the  opening  of 

which  appears  the  bank.    Thofe  in  the  caftles  fpoke  Per/ion 

and  Arabich.    There  is  alfo  a  dtj  there,  whofe  king  is  called 

Khakan  Odhkos ;  and  the  inhabitants,  who  are  Mojlems,  have 

temples  and  academies. 

tmrfrifing     From  that  city  they  went  to  fee  the  bank,  two  ftages 

bmk.       diftant.    Cere  they  found  a  mountain,  with  a  ditch  cut  in  it 

one  hundred  and  fifty  cubits  wide,  and  within  the  chanel  &a 

iron  gate,  fifty  cubits  high,  fupported-by  great  buttrefles,  with 

an  iron  bulwark,  crowned  with  iron  turrets,  reaching  to  the 

top  of  the  mountain,  which  is  as  high  as  one  can  weU  fee. 

The  reader,  by  the  hejghth  of  the  gate,  may  judge  of  the 

(U)  He  began  his  reign  in  the  coorfe  of  this  journey  is  if 

the  year  193  of  the  Hejrab,  of  manrfeftly  northward,  'tit  ua- 

Cbrjft  808  ;   and  enjoyed  the  accountable  how  Bayer  (houtf 

Khalifat  five  years.  fuppofe  Lan  to  be  Labiian  ia 

(X)  A  city  on  theeaft  fide  of  Gbilan;  and  Befejerd,  Be/a  or 

-    -        the  Tigris,  64  miles  or  ftages  to  Phafa  (the  old  Pafagarda),  t» 

the  north  of  Baghdad;  now  in  the  foutt-eaft  of  Perfefolis ;  as 

ruins.  if  the  country  of  Yajuj  and  Ma^ 

(Y)  Taflis,  or  Teflis,  is  at  pre-  jvj,  in  Tartary,  lay  to  the  fouth- 

lent  the  capital  of  Georgia.  eaft  of  Sarra  Manray,  inftead 

(Z)  Or  of  Sbtmvam,  a  pro-  of  thenorth-eaft ;  or  that  to  gal 

ymceofPerfia,  on  the  Cajpian  to  Befa,  inftead  of  going  direct 

fea.  ]y  fouth-eaAward,  the  way  wn 

(A)  Or  Allan.  firft  to  travel  twice  as  far  norrl 

(B)  Rather  perhaps  Bejkhnt,  to  Taflis,  and  then  torn  back 
or  Bajkir,  a  people  of  Kifjdk,  again  fouth-eaftward,  to  read 


bordering  on  the  Ruffian  domi-    that  city, 
rtions.   lHowever  that  be,  as 


fia 


Ci.  TurkHh  Trfos.  ftp 

fa  of  the  valves,  lintels,  and  threshold  of  the  gate,  with 
that  of  the  bolts,  lock,  and  key,  which  are  defcribed.  What 
b  mod  curious  of  all,  the  governor  of  the  caftles  before- 
mentioned  takes  horfe  every  Friday,  with  ten  others,  and, 
coming  to  the  gate,  ftrikef  the  bolt  three  times  with  a  ham- 
mer, weighing  five  pounds,  and  then  liflening,  hears  a  mur* 
maring  noife  within;  from  whence  they  conclude,  that  the 
T*jijj  and  Majq  are  confined  within  bounds.  Salam  was 
told,  that  they  often  appeared  on  the  turrets  of  the  bulwark; 
and  that  a  high  wind  had  once  blown  three  of  them  over ; 
who,  being  meafured,  were  found  to  be  each  but  three  fpans 
high  (C);  Salam  returned  by  the  cities  Lokman,  Aaraban,  Ber* 
fifan,  and  Taraz,  to  Samarkand,  after  having  fpent  twenty- 
tight  months  in  the  journey. 

The  Olghars  poflefs  inacceffible  mountains,  on  which  are^O!- 
garifoned  cables ;  where  the  kings  fortify  themfelves,  and  ghars. 
lay  up  their  proviltons.  The  chief  of  thefe,  and  capital  of 
Qlgbaria,  is  named  Hiyam.  At  the  fouth  foot  of  the  htU,  oar 
which  it  ftands,  runs  the  large  river  Rudba  (D),  eaftward  f 
and  feven  days  journey  down  the  ftream  is  another  city,  called 
Ja/an.     There  are  in  this  country  feveral  other  cities. 

Northward  of  the  city  Hiyam  is  the  great  mountain  Mfntain 
Moregar,  which  is  covered  with  fnow,  and  divides  Olgharia  Moregar, 
from  Besjert  (E),  In  a  river,  defcending  from  »r  fouthward, 
is  found  much  gold,  and  Lapis  Lazuli*,  and  in  the  woods, 
along  its  banks,  are  caught  the  Alnebr,  monftrous  beads, 
which  are  "carried  into  all  parts  of  Armenia  and  Greece  y 
whofe  (kin  is  very  beautiful,  and  furs  furpafs  all  others  in 
goodnefs  :  but  the  yellow  fox-fkins,  being  fcarce,  are  reierved 
for  the  ufe  of  the  kings  of  thofe  regions. 

On  the  fide  of  the  above-mentioned  river  ftands  a  high 
mountain,  out  of  which  gufh  a  thoufand  fprings,  jhat  floW 
into  the  river  Margha.  On  the  top  of  it  ftand  Nuja  and 
Badegha,  one  day's  journey  afnnder ;  and  on  its'fkirts  Daran- 
da  and  Darku,  three  ftages  diftant  from  each  other ;  and  the 
faft,  whidi  lies  moft  eaftward,  ten  from  Jajan.  The  lake 
of  Karazm  is  fix  ftages  diftant  to  the  fouth  \ 

k  Geogr.Nub.  p.  245. 

(C)  There  are  found  among        (DT  This  Teems  to  be  derived 

the  orientals  many.fuch  tradi-  from  Rudh,  the  Perfian  word 

tions  as  thefe,  of  a  long  (land-  for  a  river. 
"gt  grounded  on  the  like  tefti-        (E)  Perhaps  rather  Bejhhert 

mony  ;  which  are  as  firmly  be-  or  Bajkbert ;  that  is,  the  coun« 

lieved  by  the  unthinking  multi-  try  of  the  Bajkirs* 
tade  as  10  many  articles  of  faith. 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol.  IV.  C  Be- 


it 

G»z«W 

Walak 

Ttttta. 


G*)wr<i/  Hijtory  of  tBi'Tutlu. 


B.i 


country. 


River 
A  trior 
Wolga. 


Khozar 

kingtUm. 


Remarks 
•ntbe 
foregoing 
account. 


Beyond  the  mountain  Moregar,  fouthwafd,  dwells  a  na- 
tion of  wandering  Gaz  Turks,  called  Khandket,  who  deftroyed 
the  land  of  Samarik,  or  #W<zA  7i/ri,r,  which  is  divided  front 
that  of  Khanaket  by  the  fame  mountain*  To  Samarik  be* 
longs  the  city  Lokbmdn,  feated  on  the  mountain  Sunia,  out 
of  which  rifes  the  river  Lokhman,  on  whole  weft  fide  ftands 
Danbaha,  a  beautiful  city ;  from  whence  boats  go  up  the 
ftream,  as  far  as  a  great  lake,  and  thence  to  the  city  Jermdn  K 

With  regard  to  the  country  of  Bolgar,  it  is  only  obferved, 
that  there  is  in  it  a  city  called  Babun,  built  on  the  top  of  a 
hill9  and  ftrongly  fortified  :  that,  to  the  north,  lies  the  moun- 
tain  Kokaiya ;  beyond  which  are  found  no  dwellings,  nor  any 
living  creature,  by  reafoivof  the  intenfe  cold  :  and,  laftly,  that 
the  land  is  waftied  **  by  the  Atel  (F).  This  river  con'fifts  of 
two  branches,  the  eaftern  flowing  out  of  Kharkir,  between 
Kaymak  and  Olgar,  runs  weftward,  till  ft  comes  to  Bolgar: 
there  it  divides  into  two  arms  (G),  one  of  which  turns  to  the 
eaft,  and  paffing  through  the  countries  of  Rus  (H),  Bolgar, 
and  Bertas,  at  length  falls  into  the  fea  of  Khozar  (I) :  the 
other  flows  weftward,  to  the  fea  of  Nites  (K). 

The  city  of  Atel  (L),  twenty  ftages  from  the  borders  of 
Bertas,  is  the  capital  of  Khozar,  and  divided  into  two  parts 
by  the  river,  very  populous,  and  three  miles  long.  v  The  king 
of  Khozar  refides  in  the  eaft  part ;  the  merchants  and  com- 
monalty in  the  other.  The  Khozars  are  Chriftiatu,  Moham- 
medans, and  Pagans  :  but  there  is  no  contention  among  them 
about  religion  •. 

To  this  account  of  the  Arab  geographer  we  may  add,  fronv 
Others,  "that  the  Khozars  were  descended  from  Kfazdr,  the 
youngeft  brother  of  Turk;  that  their  king  was  ftiled  Khakan  i 
that  they  made  a  great  figure  in  the  feventh  century ;  and  that 
the  capital  of  the  country  was  called  Balanjar :  befides  which, 
two  other  cities  are  mentioned,  viz.  Siyakowefh  and  Saray  °. 

From  this  account  of  the  Turktfb  nations,  and  the  coun- 
tries they  inhabit,  the  reader  may  perceive  how  little  Tartary 
was  known  to  the  Arabs ;  as  well  as  what  a  knack  they  have 
at  invention.  They  have  mentioned  rivers,  lakes,  and  moun- 
tains, which,  in  all  probability,  never  were  in  being ;  nor 

1  Geogr.  Nub*  p.  266.  ■  Ibid.  p.  276.  ■  Ibid, 

p.  243,  &  fefl.  »  D'Herb.  p.  1003.  Art.  Khozar. 


(F)  Atel  or  Edeh  the  Wolga. 

(G)  The  author  bete  mud 
BizktxkeDonOTTaaw,*  branch 
of  the  fTolga. 

(HJ  Qi%fia. 

4 


(I)  That  is,  the  Cajjnan  fea. 
(K)  Or  the  Euxitte. 
(L)  This  feems  to  be  the  pre* 
fern  AfirMan. 


are 


C.i.  TbrfcUlb  Trihei.  19 

ate  their  names,  to  be  found  in  later  writers :  they  have 
placed  large  and  rich  cities,  where  pever  any-thing  but  defarts 
exifted;  and,  in  many  particulars,  had  recourfe  to  fiftion. 
In  fhort,  if  we  except  the  names  of  nations,  which  might 
have  been  formerly  in  ufe,  and  of  a  few  places  which  are  ftill 
known,  the  whole  feems  to  be  romance.  Neither  ire  we  fure> 
from  what  our  author  has  written,  that  all  the  nations  whom 
he  mentions  were  branches  of  the  Turks  ■:  in  all  probability' 
they  were  only  fo  In  the  opinion  of  the  Arabs  ;  it  being 
cuftomary  to  call  the  different  people,  under  one  power  or 
dominion,  by  the  fame  name ;  or  to  give  the  name  of  the 
people  who  are  neareft,  to  all  the  reft  who  are  beyond  them, 
either  for  want  of  knowing  better,  or  to  avoid  prolixity  in 
{peaking  of  them* 

SECT,    IIL 

An  octownl  of  the  Turkifli  trihes  or  nations*  *s  delU 
vtrcd  by  tht  Turkilh  and  Tartarian  bijlotians. 

THE  oriental  authors  who  wrote  in  and  after  the  time  of  Turkifli 
-■■    the  Seljuk  Solidns  reigning  In  the  weft  of  Afia,  feem  xobift9****** 
have  been  a  great  deal  better  acquainted  with  the  Turkijb  na* 
tions  than  the  Arabs,  although  fome  of  them  extend  their 
branches  much  too  far  ;  including,  under  that  denomination, 
not  only  the  Mogols>  Tartars,  and  Igurs  or  Vigurs,  but  alfo 
the  inhabitants  of  Kitay  or  Katay  *,  which  contained  the 
northern  provinces  of  China,  and  great  part  of  Tartary,  to 
the  north  and  north-weft  of  it.     Others,   as  Mirkhond  onAaecording 
Arabfbah  (A),  more  diftinftly  inform  us,  that  the  pofterity/*  Mirk- 
of  Turk  was  divided  into  four  great  tribes,   named  Erlat,^011^* 
Jalayr,  Kawjin,  and  Berks  or  Perlas  \  which  were  again 
fubdivided  by  Oguz  Khan  into  twertty-four  others,  of  which 
the  principal  are  the  Mdgols,  the  Turks  properly  fo  called, 
Ae  Igurs,  the  Kangbelis  (B),  the  Kipchaks,  the  Katelaks  (C),' 

*  D'Herbelot.  Bib!,  orient,  p.  897.  Art.  Turk. 
k  A&AB6BAH.  hifl.  Trim.    1.  i.    J 4.      D'Hbrb.  p.  898.  Art, 
Turk.  p.  685.  Art.  Ogour  Khan. 

(A)  ArabS bob,  zTurkiJkKi-  has  been  publilhed  in  French, 

ftorian,  who  wrote  the  life  of  tranflated  by  VatUr. 
TiMur-bck>  or  Tamerlan,  in  ele-         (B)  Oi  Kan k lis. 
gant  Arabic  ; .  but  gives   that         (C)  Or  Kaxlaks ;  but  Kartih 

prince  a  very  bad  character;  va  Abu  Ighazi  Khan.  The  reader, 

probably  on  account  of  the  vie-  in  peruling  this  account  of  the 

tories  obtained  by  him  over  the  Turkifi?  tribes,  may  confult  vol. 

Tmris,  and  the  ravages  he  made  xx.  p.  23,  &  feq. 


in  their  country.    This  hiitory 


C  %  and 


J 


to  General  Hiftory  of  the  Turks.  B.  I. 

and  the  Tamgaj  (D).    Thefe  twenty-four  tribes  were  likewife 
divided  into  the  right  and  left  wing,  called  by  the  Mogols 
Jivangar  and  Berangar,  which,  by  their  fundamental  laws, 
were  never  to  mix  or  marry  one  with  the  other  c. 
Abulgha- .    This  fcrap  which  D'Herbelot  has  given  us  from  the  ori- 
*i  KhanV  ental  hiftorians,  was  all  to  be  met  with  on  the  fubjeft,  till 
hiftory,      fa  hiftory  of  Abttlgh&zi  Khdn  of  Karazm  (E)  appeared  of 
late,  one  of  whofe  chief  defigns  was  to  treat  particularly  of 
the  tribes  of  the  Turkijh  nation,  and  mark  the  defcent  of 
,  each.     As  this  book  is  one  of  the  chief  funds  which  afford 

^olUad  materXa^s  *or  ^  hiftory  of  the  Turks  and  Tartars,  it  will  be 
proper  to  inform  the  reader  on  what  authority  it  is  ground- 
ed. .  Gbazdn  or.. Kazan  Khan,  fixth  fucceflbr  of  Halaku, 
grandfon  of  Jenghfz  Khdn,  who  fubdued  Perfia,  being  der 
firous  to  prefervfe  the  memory  of  the  Mogol  tribes,  as  well  as 
the  great  exploits  of  his  anceftors,  fent  one  Puldd,  or  Fuldd, 
a  ittbleman  (killed  in  the  Mogol  language,  into  Tartary,  in 
order  to  colleft  materials  for  that  purpofe.  At  his  return  the 
Khdn  put  his  memoirs  into  the  hands  of  his  grand  Wazir  or 
Vifier  Fadlallahy  that  he  might  compofe  a  regular  hiftory 
from  them ;  and  ordered  Puldd  to  affift  him  in  the  work, 

c  D'Hers.  ubi  fupr. 

(D)  Tamgaj,  or  Thamgaj,  or  ceflbrs  in  the  feveral  part*  of 

*     Tamgaz,  is  by  all  the  oriental  au-  Tartary ;  and  the  ninth  treats  of 

thors  reckoned  a  tribe  of  Turks,  the  Khans  of  Kbarazm,  to  the 

which  he  takes  to  be  the  Gdz,  death  of  the  author,  who  was  fo- 

defcended  from  Gd z,  tenth  fon  vereign  of  that  country,  which 

of  Jefet ;  and  from  them  came  lies  on  the  eaft  fide  of  the  Caf- 

the  Turkmans.       But  Abulfeda  pian  fea.     The  Khan  dying  ia 

fays,  the  country1  of  Tamgaj  is  1663,    before  the   hiftory  was 

that  of  Katay.     See  D^Herbelot,  quite  finished,  his  fon  and  fuc- 

Bibl.  orient.    Art.  Gaz,  Tarn  ceffor,  Anujba  Mehemet  Khan, 

gage%  and  Thamgage.  completed  it  .two  years  after. 

.  (?)  It  is  written  in  the  Mo-  Befides  the  hiftory   of  Khojak 

gol  or  Turkijh  language,  and  ua-  Rapid,   as  he  calls  Fadlallah, 

der  the  tide  of  Sbajari  Turii,  and  eighteen  others  which  *Ke 

that  is,  a  genealogical  hiftory  of  does  not  name,  he  made  ufe  of 

theTurks.  it  is  divided  into  nine  particular  memoirs  relating  to 

parts  :    the  two    firft  treat  of  feveral  Mogol  tribes  (1). 

the  Khins  and  tribes  defcend-  Abulghdzi   KJ)dn\   hiftory, 

ed  from  Turk,  the  fon  of  Jafet,  which  was  procured  by  Strab- 

to  the  time  of  Jenghiz  Khdn  :  lenberg,  while  prifoner  in  Sibe- 

the  third  relates  the  life  and  ac-  ria,    has  been  tran dated   into 

tionsof  that  conqueror:  the  five  Ruffian,   German,   French,    and 

next  thofe  of  his  fons  and  fne-  Englijb. 

(1)  See  Ahu!gh*x{  Kbani  bifiory,  f .  30,  and  68.     Alfn  flieQ.wy.  &  frav. 
4f».  W.  iv.  p.  437. 

which* 


C  t.  'Turkifh  Tribe*  21 

which  confifts  of  three  folio  volumes  (F),  and  was  finiftect 
is  the  year  of  the  Hejrah  702,  and  of  Chrift  1302.  It  was 
from  this  hiftory  chiefly  that  Abtflghazi  Khin  extra&ed  his, 
excepting  as  to  that  part  which  relates  to  the  Uzbeks  of  Great 
Bukharia  and  Karazm. 

-According  to  this  author,  the  feveral  different  nations  orTurkift 
tribes  of  people,  called  Aymaks,  may  be  diftinguifhed  into  ^ibes. 
two  forts  ;  thofe  defcended  from  the  Mogols  or  Mongols,  and 
thofe  not  defcended  from  them.  Whence  many  of  thefe  lat- 
ter are  derived,  does  not  appear- from  Abu'lghazi  Khan's  hi- 
ftory d ;  but  they  mull  be  either  Mogols  or  Tartars,  who  had 
loft  the  memory  of  their  origin ;  or  elfe  tribes  fprung  from, 
the  Khans  preceding  Alanza ;  for  all  the  Aymaks,  it  fecms, 
are  derived  from  the  Khans. 

With  refpeft  to  the  tribes  not  defcended  from  the  Mo- 
gols, the  original  of  fome  has  been  already  mentioned  c ;  as 
the  Kankli,  Kijyaks,  Karliks,  Kalach,  and  Vigurs :  of  thefe 
five,  which  derive  their  name  from  Oguz  Khan,  the  laft  only, 
we  are  told,  fprung  from  Mogul  Khan. 

1.  The  KankH  dwelt,    for  fome  time,  jointly  with  they^Kan- 
Twrkmans,  in  the  fandy  defarts :  but  when  thefe  laft  began  kli. 

to  live  in  towns,  the  former  went  to  inhabit  about  the  ri- 
vers Ijfikul  and  Talajb  (G),  where  they  have  remained  for. a 
long  time.  Jenghiz  Khan  put  to  the  fword  ten  thoufand-  of 
them,  whom  he  found  there ;  the  reft,  to  the  number  of  fifty 
or  fixty  thoufand,  had  before  become  fubje&s  to  Solt&n  Mo- 
hammed Karazm  Shah,  whofe  mother  was  of  this  tribe. 

2.  The  Kifyaks  (H)  have  always  inhabited  the  banks  of  72*  Kip- 
the  Don,  Wolga,  and  Jaik.  jaks. 

3.  The  Karliks  have  conftantly  dwelt  in  the  mountains  ofTZtKar* 
the  Mogols  country,  living  on  the  produce  ©f  their  lands,  liks. 
This  tribe  elected  their  Khan,  and  might  have  amounted  to 
twenty  thoufand  families  in  the  time  of  Jenghfz.Khan.    This 
conqueror  having  fent  an  envoy  to  perfuade  them  to  fubmit, 
Arjidn,  their  Khan,  carried  him  a  pretty  daughter,  bcfides 

d  See  p.  31.  e  See  vol.  xx.  p.  23,  8c  feq, 

(F)  The  firft  volume  is  in  the        (H)  Called  alfo  Kafjah  and 

French  king's  library,  and  was  Kafchaks.     Thefe  are  fuppofed 

tranflatcd  by  De  la  Croix  the  fon,  to  be  the  fame  with  the  Kofizis, 

but  not  publifhed.  who  inhabit  the  fame  pans  : 

4G)    The  French   tranflator  and  both  may  be  the  remains  of 

fay*  they  are  now  called  Teiiz  the  Kboxan  or  Khazari,  wh© 

and  lit :  but  he  feems  to  have  had  an  empire  to  the  north  of 

keen  miftaken,  at  leaft  with  re-  the  Ca/pian fea,  in  the' time.tlf 

gard  to  the  laft.  the  Greek  emperor  Jujfiman. 

9  C  3  very 


%x  Central  Hijtory  of  the  Txxks.  B*V 

very  magnificent  prefents.      The  receiver,  in  return,  gavq 
him  a  relation  in  marriage :  but,  when  he  was  gone,  (aid, 
the  name  ArJldnSirak  (I)  Tuited  him  better  than  that  of  Arjldn 
Khan.    The  Moguls  ufe  the  term  Sirak^  fignifying  a  poor^ 
fpirited  man,  when  they  fpeak  of  the  Tajiks  (K),  who  are* 
a  very  fimple  people  f . 
Tht  Kal-      4.  KAL-ACH  fignifies  hungry,  for  the  reafon  already  men-* 
Aph.        $oned  g.     There  are,  at  prefent,  feveral  numerous  branches 
of  this  tribe,  not  only  in  the  country  of  Mawara'hiahr,  or 
Great  Bukharia%  but  alfo  the  Perfian  provinces  of  Khorafan. 
and  Irak  K 
The  Ta,        5.  The  Takrins.     Bugay  Zinanz,  Khan  of  this  tribe,  be* 
krws^/    Ing  invited  by  Jenghiz  Khan  to  fubmit,  he  fent,  among  other 
r\C^       prefents,  a  daughter,  who  appeared  fo  beautiful  in  the  eyes 
^*      atUgaday,  or  OSlay  Khany  that,  after  his  father's  death,  he 
married  her,  and  loved  her  above  all  his  other  wives. 
The  Kerg-     6.  The  tribe  of  the  Kerghis,  which  was  but  thin  at  firft* 
bia.  increafed  confiderably  in  time,  by  the  acceflion  of  Moguls,  and 

other  families  who  joined  them,  for  fake  of  the  agreeable 
country  which  they  inhabited.  Urus  Inal,  their  prince,  unable 
to  refift  Jtnghiz  Khan9  who  fuinmoned  him,  by  two  ambaf- 
fadors,  to  fabmit,  fent  that  great  monarch  magnificent  pre* 
(ents,  and,  among  the  reft,  a  bird  called  Shungar  (L).  The 
fkar,  or  lkran  Murany  now  called  Jenifea,  glides  along  the 
borders  of  the  KergUs  (M),  and  falls  into  the  Azokh  Jeng- 
hiz, or  bitter  fea.  Near  its  mouth,  our  author  tells  us, 
there  is  a  great  town,  called  Alakbzin,  which  fignifies  pied  (N) ; 
which  name  it  took,  becaufe  the  inhabitants  thereof,  and  the 

c  Atu'LCHAZi  KhaiTs  hiitory  of  the  Turks,  $p.  p.  14.  31,  &c 
feq.  t  See  before,  vol.  xx%  p.  31.  h  Abu'lgkazi 

Khan,&c.  p.  18. 

(I)   This   maft  fignify4  the  (M)  At  prefect,  by  %i7£wt 

freaking  lion  x  map,  they  are  placed  near  the 

(K)  Tajiks  are  the  trading  borders  of  Ru/fia,  and  tfcelW 

people  or  inhabitants  of  con-  Tag. 

qucrcd  countries :  the  Tartars  (N)    Strahlenberg    mentions. 

ofKaraxm  give  thePerfians  that  the  ruins  of  a  town  called  Alak 

Hick-name  in  contempt  or  aver-  Sin  of  Chin,  which  fignifies  the 

(on,  being  their  enemies,  and  chequered  tribe ;   but  places   it 

pi  a  different  fed  in  religion.  without  the  great  wall  of  Chi' 

(L)  Or  Sbo&kar  \   a  bird  of  na  (a), 
prey,  found  in.  the  plains  of 
Xartary* 

•    (*)  &*  *"  *#•  gW*  *&•  *f  #«  «*■**  ***  <aft  Par"  *f  &**&  ***  4fi*% 

tfependent 


Civ  Tnrkifli  Tri bes.  *j. 

dependent  towns,  have  none  but  pied  hories  (O) :  thefeliorfet 

at  very  nil ;  a  colt  of  a  year  old  being  as  large  as  a  horfe  of 

three  any- where  die.     There  are  likewife  rich  Giver  mines  in 

its  neighbourhood.  The  ftory  goes  further,;  that  the  favourite 

widow  of  TauU  Khan,  (cm  of  Jenghiz  Khan,  to  whofe  fhare 

the  Kergbis  fell,  fent  three  officers,  with  a  thouiand  men, 

op  the  titer,  by  water,  to  di&over  this  country.    After  a 

long  flay,  they  returned,  with  only  three  hundred  of  their 

company;  the  Deft  being  loft,  as  they  pretended,  by  the  bad* 

nets  of  the  air.     Thefe  gentlemen  confirmed,  as  truth,  all 

which  had  been  reported  of  the  place;  and  even  declared,  that 

they  had  loaded  their  veflels  with  fdver,  but  were  obliged  to 

throw  it  all  over-board,  for  want  of  hands  to  get  it  up  againft 

theftream. 

7^  The  tribe  of  Ur-mantats,  fo  called,  from  their  living f^  Ur. 
in  places  moft  remote,  and  full  of  fbrefts,  are  neighbours  tomankats, 
the  Kergbis, .  on  the  Ikdr  Muran,  and  fubmitted,  at  the  fame 
tine,  to  Jenghiz  Khan.    There  is  another  tribe  who  bear  the 
fame  name,  and  follow  the  fame  courfe  of  life,  but  they  are 
Mogols  K 

8.  The  tribe  of  Tatars,  or  Tattars,  (by  the  weftern  nations  The  Ta- 
of  Europe  called  Tartar*)*  one  of  the  moft  ancient  and  famous  tars, 
of  the  Turki/b  nation,  oeing  defended  from  Tatar  Khan  (P), 
confifted  formerly  of  above  feventy  thoufand  families,  and 
had  only  one  Khan,  who  was  very  potent :  but  coming  af- 
terwards to  be  divided  into  feveral  branches,  its  power,  by 
degrees,  declined.  The  principal  i>ranch  fettled  in  the  coun- 
try of  Biurnaver,  near  the  borders  of  Kitay,  to  which  it 
was  brought  in  fubjeftioa  :  but,  in  fome  time  revolting,  the 
emperor  of  Kitay  forced  them,  by  arms,  to  return  to  their 
duty:  and  this' happened  often  to  be  the  cafe  with  them. 
Another  branch  went  and  inhabited  the  river  Ikdr,  or  Ikrdrt 
Muran  ±  above-mentioned.  Caubil  informs  us,  from  the 
Ctnnefe  annals,  that,  in  the  time  of  Jenghiz  Khan,  they  were 
fettled  along  the  rivers  Kerulon,  and  Onon  or  Amur ;  and  were 

'  Abu'lchazi  Khan,  p.  36,  39.  *  Ibid.  Hiftory  of  the 

Turks,  Sec.  p.  36,  &  feq.  and  39. 

(O)  The  Ruffians  have  a  tra-  fiory  of  JengbiK  Khan,  fays,  the 

dition  like  this,  of  a  pied  peo-  Tartars  are  the  fame  called  $u 

pie,  fomewhere  in  Siberia,  cal-  Moguls,  or  the  Moguls  of  the  *wa~ 

fed  by  them  Fefiraya  Orja,  or  fers ;  and  that  mey  took  the 

the  pied  tribe.     See  hiftory  of  name  Tatar  from  a  river  of  that 

faTuris,  &c.  p.  648.  name,  in  the  country  ofSu  Mo- 

(P)  See  anc.  hi(L  bookxx.  gul.    Yet,  in  another  place,  h$ 

ff  Z6f    Ds  la  Croix,  in  his  hi-  derives  it  from  Tatar  Khan*        J 

C  4  tributary] 


V 


i4  General  ttijttry  $f  tU r  Turks.  B.L 

tributary  tw  the  emperor  of  the  Kin,  who  feigned  in  Kkay  K 
From  this  tribe  all  the  reft,  and  the  country  they  inhabited* 
look  their  name,  among  the  nations'  of  the  fouthern^aand 
(A  Europe  **. 
TbeVi-        $>.  The  Virats  (QJ.     This  tribe  inhabit  the  banks  of  the 
rats,  and  Sekir  Mutin,  or  eight  rivers,  which  fail  into  the  Ikar,  or 
branches.   Jkran  Muran,  that  is,  the  Jenifea,  on  the'eaft  fide  (R).    Af- 
ter maintaining  the  war  a  confiderable  while  againft  Jenghtz 
Khan,   their  Khan  Tokta-begbi,  with  his  two  fons,  Inalzi 
and  Tauranzi,  were  obliged  to  fnbmit.     Several  tribes  have 
fprung  from  them.     i.  The  JTorga-uts,  fo  called,  becaufe 
they  dwelt  beyond  the  country  of  Salika,  which  lies  beyond 
that  of  the  Moguls :  but,  at  prefent,  they  are  under  Ayuki 
Khan,  and  make  the  whole  or  part  of  the  fecond  branch  of 
the  Eluths  or  Aluths,  called  Eluths- Ayuki,  or  Terga-uti  n. 
S.  The  Kuris.     3.  The  Ufil&s.    4.  The  Tumati,  who  dwell 
In  the  country  of  Barku-ckin-tugum  (S) :  their  Khan,  Tattda 
Sukar  Khan,  was  obliged  to  fubmit  to  Jenghtz  Khan.     5. 
The  Boygazins.     6.  The  Himsuzins.     Thefe  two  la#  tribes 
dwell  near  the  Kerghis,  and  are  very  peaceable.    .  7.  The 
Telanguts.     8.  The  Ofdf-uts.     9.  The  Kufutmahs.     Thefe 
'  three  laft  have  been  always  famous  for  their  (kill  in  phyfic 
and  magic,  as  Well  as  hunting  and  flfhing;  which  carried 
them  to  dwell  near  forefts  and  rivers  <\ 

STRAHLENBERG  relates,  that  theKahnuk  nation,  properly 
called  Ehtths,  call  themfelves  Avirat,  and  Virat ,  or  Dorbon  Virat^ 
that  is,  the  four  Avirat  tribes,  which  ire  Torga^oth,  Ko/hi* 
vtb,  Kayoht,  Dfongar  and  Dorb»oth,  which  two  laft  make  but 
one  tribe.  He  likewife  obferves,  that  the  terminations  otb, 
ath,  arid  ant h  (or  at  arid  ot  P,  as  others  write  them),  in 
thofe  and  the  like  words,  are  the  fame :  that  the  Mongolt 
call  the  above-mentioned  four  tribes  not  only  Avir^dt,  bat 

tSouciET.  obf.  math.  &c.  p.  186.    Gaubii.  hill,  de  Jenghtz 

.    Khin,  p.  3.  ■  Abu'lghazi  Khan,  p.  38.  B  See  new 

collect,  trav.  p,  401.  a ;  and  Souciet's  obf.  math.  p.  148,  160, 

&feq.  °  Abu'lchazi  Khan,  p.  40.  *  Abu'l^hazi 

Khan  writes  «>,as  Torga-iits, 

vQJ  Perhaps  the  Bur/its  or  ran,  Zagan  Muran,  ±nd  Kbaja 

Brats,  ftill   inhabiting  therea-  Muran.     Murdn  ftgnifies  a  ri- 

fcouts.  vcr. 

'     {R)  Abu  Igbdxi  Khan  fiytd),  (S)  Perhaps  the  plain  of  Bar- 

,  ■    ^          r  ifhe  Moguls  call  them  Kek  Mu-  gu,  mentioned  by  Marco  Fob, 

ynn,  On  Muran,  Kara  UJfun,  Se-  was  in  this  country. 


Htifan,  Ifiran  Muran,  Abar.  Mu- 

{3)  Gentfil.  bifi.  p.  41, 


*lfr 


C.ti  Turkifli  SHfe*  j£ 

4fe  fif-W*,  aad  <AnMM  (T) :  and  that  thde  if*  defoe^d* 
aacs  of  the  fame  people,  whom  the  later  Greek  writers  call 
Auari  %  and  Atari  i  but  Jornandes,  more  nearly  >Jvin^: 
of  both  which  words  D'fierbtlofs  Jvairat*  is  a  kind  of  com* 
pound  o.  But  as  oar  author  makes  the  4vari  or  Vary  and 
Irani  or  Kbum>  the  fame  with  the  Igurs  or  Un-igurs,  howHim. 
can  they  be  Kalmyks  or  Eluths,  who  are  a  very  different  peo- 
ple from  the  *%«rj  ?  We  have  already  {hewn  how  very 
ascertain  it  is  to  trace  the  origin  of  people  by  the  names 
found  in  hiftorians  of  foreign  countries:  and,  to  {peak  the 
truth,  Mr.  Stra&lmksrg,  though  very  happy  in  many  of  hi$ 
ceofeftures,  yet  was  fo  Wgoited  to  this  method,  that  he  takes 
the  finalkft  refemblance  in  the  same  as  a  certain  proof  of 
bis  point;  and  often  {trains  matters  beyond  meaiure,  cq 
make  things  anfwer  his  purpoie, 

10.  The  Naymans  is  a  very  antient  tribe,  and  very72*Nay* 
rich  (U)  :  they  dwelt  in  the  country  of  the  Moguls,  called  uian* 
K&rakum,  or  black  fond  (W) ;  but  did  not  ufe  agriculture. 
Thar  Khan,  in  the  time  of  Jtugktz  Khan,  was  called  Toy-, 
yon,  who,  with  his  Ion  KucUuk,  was  (lain  by  that  conqueror* 
GaubU  informs  us,  that  the  Naymans  were  contiguous  to  the 
Moguls,  near  the  city  of  Holm,  or  Kara-hyran%  to  the  north 
of  the  great  fandy  defart.  At  prefent  they  are  fettled  near 
the  Bird  Murart,  to  the  north-caft  of  Pfkin  w. 

ii.  The  Kara-its  (X),  that  is,  /worthy,  {6  called  fromr&Kai* 
the  fwarthy  complexion  of  feven  brothers,  from  whom  they  its. 
fpnug.     KorzakurKhfa,  furnamed  Bufiruk,  fon  of  Margus* 
&-Kbdny  was  the  father  of  TayreJ  Khan,  to  whom  the  em- 

*  Menande*  c.  7.  r  Dc  reb.  Get.  p.  597. 

'  Bibl.  orient,  p.  14&.  Q  Steahl.  hid.  gcogr.  defer,  pref. 

p.  6,  &  feq.  w  See  SauciiT,  as  before,  p.  1 85  i  alfo  the 

map  of  Tartary  fubjed  to  China. 

(T)  Hence  perhaps  the  name  their  capital  JJfedon  is  called  by 

*£  Rlmtits  qv  Jhaks.  the  moderns  SMir  (4),    Be- 

(U)   For  this  reaibo,  along  Edes,  Sukkir  is  now  known  to 

with  the  name,  Strablenberg  fqpJ  be  $u-ebe*w  in  China*  at  a  great 

pole*  the  Napnam  or  Noymans,  dhtance  from  the  country  of  the 

are  the  ASmc/,  afterwards  called  Naymans. 


ri9  of  Pliny :  but  it  is  fur-  ( W)  A  name  given  to  barren 

prifing  that  Dt  ha  Croix,  without  fandy  defarts. 

any  apparent  grooncls,  fiiould  (X)  Written  Ktrit,  and  Jfo7# 

affian,  that  theft  Naymans  are  by  %urofcatu. 
Jfe  #£*»  Syt&tans,  and  that 

ft}  *****  ?«¥** m**tr$,  6,7f  .     . 

f  eror 


a3.  General  Hifcory  of  tfoTmte.  B.E 

Hs  joined  the  conqueror  alio,  when  he  vent  to  attack  JWfe- 
Bammed  Karazm  Shah. 
Aniltarn-     In  regard  many  of  the  Vigirs  were  flailed  in  the  Turkijb 
**&  language,  and  expert  in  writing,  Jenghtz  Khan  made  ufe  of 

them  in  all  his  expeditions,  as  fecretartes  to  the  chancery : 
in  which  quality  alfo  his  defceodants,  who  reigned  in  M&- 
wara'lnbar  and  Perjia,  employed  them  for  a  long  time  *. 
On  this  occafion  it  may  be  obferved,  that  the  Vigurs  or  Oy- 
gurs  were  the  only  people  inhabiting  Great  Tartary,  who  had 
the  ufe  of  chara&ers,  which  were  the  fame  with  thofe  now 
found  iaTihet,  where  they  are  called  charafters  oiTangut  c„ 
The  Ur-  The  Ur-mankats.  They  lead  much  the  fame  courfe  of 
mankats.  life  with  their  namefakes  before-mentioned  ;  and  are  defend- 
ed from  Oguz  Khan  2  which  is  all  that  is  faid  of  them  d. 

It  has  been  already  remarked,   that  the  defendants  of 
Kay  an  took  the  £urname  of  Kay  at  i  and  thofe  of  Nagos  that 
of  Durlagan,  or  NagoJUr :   whence,  in  a  fhort  time,   they 
came  to  iofe  their  true  names.     The  bribes  mentioned  as 
fprung  from  them,  are  thirty-eight  in  number  ;  thirty  derive 
their  pedigree  from  Kay  an,  and  five  froin  Nagos. 
Njrkha*r     The    tribes  defcended  from  Kayan  are  the   following. 
^iron       \.  From  the  three  fons  of  Alanhu  (I)  fprung  a  numerous 
***        J  tribe,  in  the  Mogul  language  furnamed  Nirkha;  that  is,  a 
J  j>ure  family ;  in  memory  that  the  founders  of  it  were  begot- 
'    ten  without  any  commerce  with  man,  as  hath  been  before 
related :  elfewhere  it  is  faid  they  took  the  furaame  of  Ni- 
.  ran  e.  r 

The  Kun-   •  2#  ,xhe  Kunkurats,  ox  KankraU  (K).     Thefe  are  fprung 
karats.      from  Kunhurat,    a  foa  0f   Zurluk  Mergan9  who  descend- 
ed from  Kayan  (L).    .  They  dwelt  "along  the  .river  Kaiaf- 

fid 

b  Abu't,chazi  Khan,  p.  13,  &  feq«  31,  &  feq.  &  46. 
«  Gaubil  in  Souciet.  obf.  math.  p.  146.  d  Abu'lghazi 

Kka.n,  p.  38.  e  Ibid.  p.  46,  and  58. 

(I)   The  hiftory  of  Alanku,  circumftances,  that  this  Zurluh 

and  her  three  fons,  has  beeri  al-  Mergan  lived  many  ages  befbr* 

ready  related,   anc   hift.  vol.  dlanku,  and  poffibiy,  during  the   I 

xx.  p.  37.  alfo  an  account  given  time  the  Moguls  remained  ftmul 

of  their  defendants  to  Jenghix^  op  in  the  mountain  of  lr£anaidC% 

Khan :  moft  of  whom  are  men*  fince  the  tribe  of  Kurlas  deri/e 

tioncd  hereafter ,  on  occafion  of  themfelves  from  him,  and  !&*•-. 

die  Mf>gul  tribes  being  derived  tizcna  Khan,  of  the  Moguls,  at 

from  them.      Some  write  Alan-  the  time  of  their  famous  faliy 

iawA.  from  thence,  was  a  defendant 

(K)  Kon\oraU2X^Kongorats.  oiKurlat.     Mention  is  made  of 

(£,}  It  appears,  from  feveral  Zurluh  McKgans  two  brothers, 


) 


C  r.  Turkifli  lfo'to.  4$ 

fii  (M),   in  the  time  of  Jenghfz  Khan  ,•    to  whom  their 
Khan  Turk-iB,  who  was  his  relation,  went  over  f . 

3.  The  Burkuts ;  and,  4.   The  Kurla-utt.     Thefe  two  7^  Bur- 
tribes  formerly  inhabited  'along  with  the  Kunkurats,  who  arekut*« 
related  to  them: 

5.  The  Ankarab;  anfl,  6",  The  Ataknuis ;  are  defcendedTA*  An- 
fiom  the  two  foils  of  Kabay  Shira,  brother  of  Zurktk  .flf*r-karah, 
gan.    Ulun,  called  alfo  Ulun  Iga,  and  Ulun  Kufin,  the  mo- 
ther of  Jengbh  Kb&n,  was  of  the  latter  tribe. 

7-  The  Kara-nuts.     Thefe  are  fprung  from  Karanut ,  The  Kara- 
eldeft  fon  of  Bujyuday,  third  brother  of  Zwr/a*  Mergan  8.      nuts. 

8.  The  Kurlas,  one  of  the  moft  eminent  tribes  among  T^rKur^ 
the  Moguls,  are  fprung  from  Kurlas,  fon  of  Meyfir4R,  fon  las* 
of  Konaklot,  fon  of  Bujyuday,  youngeft  brother  of  Zurluk 
Mergan.  Bertizena,  Khinof  the  Moguls,,  when  they  fallied 
out  of  the  mountain  Irgana  Kon,  was  a-defcendant  of  Kur*  I 
las.  This  tribe  is  divided  into  many  branches,  who  have  ' 
the  furnarne  of  Niron.  i .  The  Kataguns,  defcended  from 
Bokum  Katagum,  the  eldeft  of  Alanhfs  three  fons.  2.-  The 
Zabuts,  from  Bcftln  Zalzi,  fecand  fon  of  Alanhu.  3.  The 
Bayzuts,  from  Bajffikar  and  Hurmalankum,  fons  of  Kaydu 
Khan.  4.  The  Zipzuts,  from  Zapzin,  Baydu  Khan's  third 
fen.  5.  The  Irighents,  from  Zapzin  alfok.  6.  TkeZenas, 
furnamed  Nagos,  bat  different  from  the  Nago/ler:  they 
fprung  froxh.  Kauduzena  and  Olekinzena,  fons  of  Hurmalan* 
km.  7.  The  Butakins,  from  But  akin,  eldeft  fon  of  Tumana 
Khan,  grandfon  of  Kaydu  Kh&n.  8.  The  Urutbs,  from 
(/hitf,  fecond  fon  of  Tumana  fChan  K  p.  The  Mankats, 
from  Mankat,  Twnana'%  third  fon :  thefe  are  nick-named 
ifara  Kalpaks  by  the  Ruffians,  and  po/Iefs  at  prefent  the  weft- 
era  half  of  Turkeftan,  with  the  city  of  that  name.  But  #y- 
ritiow's  map  makes  the  Jfcri  Kalpaks  and  Mangats  diftinft 
tribes.  10.  iBadurghins,  from  Samkarttm,  thjrd  fon  of  7a- 
mana  JH&oa.  11.  The  Budats,  from  Bat  kilt  i,  Tumana's  fourth 
fim  k.     12.  The  2?wr/*f  or  Berks  (N),  from  Zedemzi-burlas% 

1      f  Abu'lchazi  Khan,  p.  48,  52,  &  75.  *  Ibid.  p.  48*  '. 

L  C2,  &  feq.  *  Ibid.  p.  48,  55.  l  Ibid.  p.  59. 

IJ  Ibid.  p.  59,  567,  575. 

■Utff  Shira  and  Bufyuday,  hit  of  his  ear,  without  touching  the 

not  of  his  father :  he  was  fuch  jewel  at  which  it  hung. 

an  excellent  archer,  that,  being  .    (M)  Now  Orkhon,  according 

to  light  on  horfeback  with  Ka-  to  BentinRs  notes  on  dbulgbaxi 

bq  Shira,  and  feeing  him  thro*  Khan. 

fear  bend  down  on  one  fide  for        (N)   Written  Perlas  by  the 

fhelter,  in  pitv,  would  not  kill  Verfians and  Turks. 
kin,  btttftruck  the  pendent  out 

\7  fon 


30  r  General  Hift9ry  oftbt  Turks;  ft.  i; 

fon  of  Kazuli,  Tumana't  fixth  fon.    Of  this  tribe  was  the 
great  Timur-beigh,  or  Tamerlan.      13.  The  Kay  urns,  from. 
Udur-bayan,  feventh  fon  of  Tumana  Khan,     14.  The  Vilotf* 
from  Balzar,  Tumana'*  eighth  fon,  called  Oglan,  or  the  lame9 
becaufe  he  halted.     1 5.  The  Bajjuts,  or  Tefjuts,  from  Olzin* 
gan,  ninth  fon  of  Tumana  K     16.  The  Kayats  are  defcended 
from  the  fix  fons  of  Kabul  Khan;  in  whom,  being  ftrong  men, 
and  great  warriors,  was  revived  the  name  of  Kay  at,  which 
had  been  in  a  manner  unknown  for  above  three  thoufand 
^  years.     17.  The  Borzugan  Kayats  fprung  from  the  five- fons 
of  Tejfughi  Bahadur  Khan,   of  whom  Temujin,   afterwards 
Jenghiz  Khan,  was  the  ddeft.     They  wore  all  of  a  fair  coax* 
plexion,  inclining  to  yellow,  with  a  red  circle  between  die 
black  and  white  of  their  eyes  ;  which  kind  of  eyes  the  Mo* 
guls  call  Borzugan,  from  whence  their  defcendants  had  that 
name10. 
TbeTiz\-       p.  The  Ilzigans.     This  tribe  is  defcended  from  Iizigar^ 
gans.       brother  of  Kurlas,  fon  of  Meyjir-K,  before-mentioned. 
WrDur-       IO,  The  Durtnans,  that  is,  four,  in  the  Moguls  language 
*****       (O),  derive  their  origin  from  the  four  eldeft  tons  of  Bizin 
Kay  an  Khan ;  who,  refenting  the  election  of  Kipzi  Mergan 
Khan,  though  it  was  made  purfuant  to  the  will  of  their  fa- 
ther, left  the  country :  but  their  defcendants,  in  procefs  c£ 
time,  came  and  dwelt  in  the  dominions  of  Kipzi  Mergan* 
From  thefe  are  defcended  two  tribes.     1 .  The  Bartons,  from 
one  of  that  name.     2.  The  Sukut,  from  the  fon  of  a  Dur- 
man,  by  a  fhe-flave :  this  flave  coming  before  her  time,  through 
the  abufe  received  from  his  wife,  went  and  hid  the  infant 
among  fhrubs,  called,  in  their  language,  Yulgun ;  but,  by  the 
Moguls,  Sukut  (P) :    the  father  finding  it  here  next  morning, 
from  thence  gave  it  the  name  of  Sukut  n. 

The  tribes  of  the  Nagojler,  or  Durlagans,  defcended  frpm 
Nagos,  are  five. 
The  Ba-  1 .  The  Bayuts  are  divided  into  feveral  branches,  the  moft 
yuts.  confiderable  of  which  are  the  Sadaghin  Bayuts,  and  the  Ma* 
krim  Bayuts,  fo  named  from  the  rivers  Sadaghin  and  Ma- 
krim,  on  the  banks  whereof  they  inhabit ;  being  neighbours 
to  the  Virats. 

\  Abu'lchazi  K#av,  p.  60.        m  Ibid.  p.  61.  *  Ibid* 

p.  49,  &  feq. 

(O)  Bat,  in  the  language  of        (P)  Hence  it  looks  as  if  the 
the  Eluths  or  Kalmuks,  Dirb  is    Durmans  had  a  language  of  their. 
four,  according  to  StrahUnbcrg*    own,  different  from  the  Mogul. 
table  of  diale&s. 

a.  The 


2.  The  Jahyrt  (QJ  are  a  very  ardent  tribe :  they  were 
fixraerly  fcattered  over  a  great  extent  of  country,  and  had 
many  princes ;  till,  the  Kit  ay  arts  having  declared  war  againffc 
them,  they  were  obliged  to  tome  clofer  together,  in  order 
to  be  in  a  capacity  to  affifl  one  another.  Their  families 
were  fo  numerous,  that  they  fpread  over  feventy  different 
provinces  (R),  which  they  called  in  their  language  Kuront 
and  the  greater  part  of  them  dwelt  in  a  quarter  of  the  Mo* 
pds  called  Unum.  But  the  emperor  of  Kitty  having  de* 
feated,  and  carried  away,  a  great  number  of  them  (S),  the 
reft  Bed,  and  were  reduced  to  five  on  roots. 

This  happened  in  the  reign  of  Dutumin  Khan  (T),  father  y^r  $m 
of  Kaydu  Khan  ;  who  going  to  be  married  in  another  CQun~j?refu 
try,  left  his  fecond  brother,  Mtttuhm,  to  take  care  of  the 
houfe,  and  his  feven  other  brothers.  Thefe  repairing  one 
day  to  a  very  level  fpot  of  ground,  near  their  habitation, 
where  they  tried  to  perform  their  exercifes  arid  tournaments, 
they  found  the  Jalayrs  digging  for  roots,  which  rendered 
the  place  unfit  for  their  diversions.  They  immediately  inform- 
ed Mutuhm  hereof,  who  haftened  thither  with  a  ftrong  force, 
and  put  the  Jalayrs  to  flight :  but  the  latter  returning  to  the 
charge,  after  great  lofs,  at  length  overcame  Mutuhm,  killed 
him,  and  his  feven  brethren :  not  content  with  this,  they, 
ruined  their  habitations,  and  put  to  the  fword  as  many  of 
their  fubje&s  as  fell  into  their  hands. 

KATD  U  Khan,  being  informed  of  this- misfortune,  return-  ffo  Kay- 
ed  home  forthwith,  and  fent  to  demand  of  the  Jalayrs  theduja-    * 
reafonwhy  they  had  killed  his  brothers.     The  Jalayrs y  ter-layr*,. 
rified  at  the  meflage,  fent  five  of 'the  chief  perfons  concerned, 
with  their  wives  and  children,  to  the  Khan,  to  be  difpofed 
of  as  he  thought  fit :  but  he  was  content  to  keep  them  as 
his  flaves ;  which  proved  of  good  account  to  him  :  for  they 
took  the  furname  of  their  mailer,  ferving  him  an4  his  pofle-v 
riry  faithfully,  to  the  fourth  generation  %  infomuch  that  fome 
of  his  defcendants  had  ten,  twelve,  and  even  twenty,  families 
of  diem,  for  their  portion.    In  the  reign  of  Jenghiz  Khan 
the  other  Jalayrs  took  the  name  of  their  captive  brethren  °. 

°  Abu'lohazi  Khan,  p.  53,  &  feq. 

(QJ   Or  Chalayn  ;    in  the  at  prefent,  the  Chalayrs  inhabit: 
tnnfladons  Salaghirs,  doubdefs  Karchin  (or  Kara-chin)  fignifies 
by  a  wrong  reading.  the  black  trite. 
'  (R)  Or  diftria*.  (T)  Grandfather  of  Jenghix 
(S)  Perhaps  into  Karchin,  to  Khan,  in  the  feventh  genera- 
te north  of  Pt-chrli  j  whsrs,  tioa. 

Besides 


£3  General  ttiftoty  rf  tie  Turk*.  '         B.I. 

Besides  the  Mogul  tribes  before-mentioned,  there  are  nine 
Others :  but  it  is  uncertain  whether  they  are  fprung  from 
Kayxm  or  Nayos. 
The  Mar-  *•  T«e  Markatt.  Toktu-beghi  Khtm>  of  this  tribe,  wa* 
Juts.  always  at  variance  with  Jinghtz  Khin.  One  time,  in  the  ab- 
fenee  of  that  hero,  he  carried  away  his  wives  and  fubjefts, 
With  all  that  fell  into  his  hands.  Another  time,  lying  in  am* 
bulh  far  Jenghiz  Khan,  he  made  him  prifoner  while  he  was 
taking  a  walk ;  and  it  coft  his  fubjefts  a  large  fum  of  money 
to  ranfom  him* 
WrUm-  2.  The  Umma*uts,  formerly  called  Vrtna-uts.  From  them 
ma-uts.  are  derived  four  tribes,  i.  The  Kunakhmars,  fprong  from 
a  perfbft  of  that  name.  Menglik,  fumamed  Izka,  or  the  dr- 
itmtt,  for  his  piety  and  virtue,  was  of  this  tribe,  and  married 
the  Widow  Ulun-iga  (U),-  mother  of  Ternujm,  or  Jenghiz  Khan, 
who  was  then  but  thirteen  yeare  of  age.  Some  years  after 
Vang  Khdn  (W),  of  the  Kara-its,  fent  a  letter  to  him,  pro- 
pofing  to  kill  Temujin,  and  divide  his  poffeffions  between 
them.  This  was  to  be  done  at  the  time  of  a  vifit  Vang  Khan 
was  to  make  to  Menglik.  Soon  after  he  gave  Tenwjin  an  in- 
flation, under  pretence  of  treating  about  a  marriage  between 
his  daughter  and  the  other's  eldeft  fon.  Temujin,  who  fre- 
quently vifited  him,  as  having  been  an  intimate  of  his  father's, 
immediately  fet  forward,  with  only  two  domefticks  :  but 
meeting  on  the  road  with  his  father-in-law,  who  informed  hin 
T  A  A  °^  Vang  Khan's  treachery,  he  returned,  and  fo  efcaped  the 
JEMrw»cA»£nrea  2  Tfce  fec6n^  branch  of  the  Utitma-uts  is  the  drlats; 
.  fprung  from  Arlat,  feeond  fon  of  Menglik  Izka,  by  his  firft 
wife.  3.  The  Kalklts,  from  Kalkit,  third  fon  of  Menglik ; 
to  named  becaufe  he  could  not  fpeak  plain.  From  the  KaU 
kits  are  derived,  4.  The  Kijbliks,  from  one  Kijhlik<  This' 
man,  who,  with  his  brother  Baydu,  kept  the  horfes  of  a 
great  lord  belonging  to  Vang  Khan's  court,  going  to  his  ma- 
iler's with  a  feveral-days  gathering  of  mares  milk,  overheard 
Ktm  bid  his  wife  get  ready  his  arms/ for  that  the  Khan  intend-' 
ed  to  invade  Temujin  unawares ;  and  being  fprung  from  the* 
Moguls,  as  foon  as  they  had  delivered  in  the  milk,  they  went 
and  discovered  the  plot  ;  for  which  fervice  Jenghiz  Khan 
made  them  and  their  defcendants,  for  nine  generations,  Tar- 
kan(X\;  which  frees  them  from  all  forts  of  tax^s. 

'  (U)  Otherwife  called  XJlun-  writers.  In  the  tranflation^r** 

kusdn.  Khan. 

(W)  Or  Wang  Khan,  the  fa-         (X)  OrTerkan,  as  written  by 

ftous  Uwg  Khdn  of  the  European  D*  la  Croix. 

3.  The 


C  r.  turkilh  Tribes.  gg 

3.  The  Vjfbms:  4.  The  Suldus :  and  5.  The  OUUns.  The  Vi- 
Of  whom  nothing  more  is  mentioned,  than  that  they  arc  (hum, 
branches  of  the  Moguls  P. 

This  is  the  account  of  the  tribes  or  branches  of  the  Turk- 
ifb  nation,  given  by  Abiilgbazi  Khan. ;  which,  though  the  moil 
exteniive  of  any  which  has  yet  come  to  our  hands,  is,  after  all, 
Tory  fuperficial :  nor  indeed  could  it  well  be  otherwife,  fince 
it  does  not  appear,  that  any  of  the  inhabitants  of  Tartary  had 
written  records,  or  even  made  ufe  of  letters,  except  the  IgArs 
or  Vigirr,  before  the  time  of  Jenghiz  Khan :  and  their  #oral 
traditions  muft  needs,  from  the  nature  of  the  thing  itfelf, 
have  been  very  imperfeft,  as  well  as  liable  to  much  uncer- 
tainty, and  even  corruption. 

However    that  be,  Abu'lgh&zi  Khan,  and  the  authors Difagree- 
whom  he  made  ufe  of,  differ  much  from  thofe  quoted  by  matt  tf 
D'Herbeloty  and  apparendy  go  upon  a  different  plan  (Y).  Yotautboru 
he  fpeaks  neither  of  Turk's  pofterity  being  divided  into  four 
tribes,  nor  of  any  fubdivifion  into  four  others  by  Ogtz,  con- 
formable to  Mirkond,  and  the  earlier  Per/tan  hiftorians.    In 
all  probability  we  fliould  difcover  a  ftUl  greater  (filagree- 
ment,   had  D'HerMot  but  given  us  the  names  of  all   the 
Turki/b  tribes  from  that  author,  or  his  fon  Kond  Amtr,  who 
tvrote  a  particular  hlftory  of  the  Mojgol  tribes,  Jenghiz  Khan 
and  his  lucceflbrs  \ 

What  in  Abu'lghtei  Khan  feems  moft  Angular  is,  that  hetf0  tribe 
mentions  no  particular  tribe  properly  Called  Turks,  as  the  called   < 
Ptrfian  hiftorians  have  done.     Whether  he  omitted  them,  Turks, 
in  confequence  of  nothing  being  faid  about  them  in  the  au- 
thors he  made  his  extracts  from  (Z) ;  or  as  intending  to  treat 
chiefly  of  the  Moguls,  which  feems  indeed  to  have  been  his 
main  defign;  or  laftly,  becaufe  there  is  at  prefent  no  tribefww** 
in  all  Tartary  ejtffting  under  the  name  of  Turks 9  that  people  Tartary. 
having  long  flnce  patted  into  other  countries,  or  been  de- 
firoyedby  wars;  we  cannot  determine.     But  let  whatever 

>  Abv'lohazi  Khan,  p.  47,  *  feq.  and  p.  73.  *  See     * 

before,  p.  4,  note  G. 

(Y)  Their  hiftory  undoubted-  ftory  of  JenghixKhan,  publi&ed 

If  was  calculated  to  do  honour  by  De  la  Cr$ix,  which,  though 

to  the  Mpgols  i  as  that  given  by  extracted  chiefly  from  Fedlallab,    \ 

the   authors    before- mentioned  the  principal  author  made  ufe 

was  to  do  honour  to  theSel-  ofhy  Abu  IgbixiKbAn*  mentions 

jmh.  fcarce  any  tribes  beftdes  thofe 

(Z)  We  can  form  no  judg-  which  are  Mogoh. 
ment  on  this  point  from  the  hi- 

Mo».Hist.Voi..1V.  p  will 


34  General  Hijhry  of  tfd  Turks:  -B& 

will  have  been  the  reafon,  it  is  certain;  that  there  wk  formerly 
•a  particular  tribe  or  nation  among  the  inhabitants  cizTprtary 
named  Turks ;  for  they  are  mentioned  both  by  :the  Roman 
and  Cbinefe,  as  well  as  the  Arab  and  Perjian  hiftoriate  al- 
ready cited.  This  will  appear  more  evident  ftill  from  their 
hiftory,  delivered  in  the  following  feftion.  .  _-    .„- 

SECT.     IV. 

The  affairs  of  the  Turks  with  the  nations  bordering 
on  Tartary,  and  among  tbemfehes*  from  their  fitft 
appear ancc,  till  the  time  of  Jenghiz  Khan: ...:.. 

Particular  TT  may  well  be  queftioned,  whether  all  the  different  iriBes 
tribe  of  .  ■*•  of  people  inhabiting  Tartary  are  branches  of  Turks  \  bqt 
it  feems  probable  that  there  was  a  particular  nation  among 
the  antient  Scythians  who  went,  by  that  name  ;  fince'tfe 
.Turd,  perhaps  better  written  Turki,  are  mentioned  by  Porn* 
ponius  Mela  the  geographer  »,  and  Pliny  b ;  who  place  than 
among  the  nations  dwelling  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  ri- 
ver Tanais,  and  the  Palus  Martis* 
oriental  How  the  Turks  fbould  be  known  To  early  to  the  Romans f 
Turks  an("  not  *P  ^e  Greeks*  who  lay  much  nearer  to  them,  may 
feem  a  little  ft  range;  for  they  are  not  mentioned  by  Pioh- 
my  (A),  nor  any  writer  of  that  nation,  who  has  come  to  our 
hands*  before  the  middle  of  the  fixth  century.  Then*  in- 
deed, they  (peak  of  tkem  for  the  firft  time ;  but,  far  from 
placing  them  in  the  weft  of  Afia ,  they  give  them  a  fitruation 
in  the  fartheft  eaft  :.  yet  it  muft.  be  contefled,  that  the  name 
of  oriental  Turks,  by  which  they  call  them,  fhould  feem  to 
be  conferred  on  them,  with  a  view  to  diftinguifti  them  from 
other  Turks,  known  to  them  in  the  weft.  However  "this  be, 
it  is  furprtzing  that  Khalkokondilas,  who,  in  his  hiftory  of 
the  fall  of  the  Greek  empire,  treats  of  the  name  and-  -origin 
of  the  Turks,  fliould  fay  nothing  of  thefe  eaftern  Turfa,  men- 
tioned by  preceding  hiftorians  :  but'  indeed  he  feems.  to  be 
quite  a  ftranger  to  the  Seljuks,  or  any  kind  of  Turks,  though 
living  near  the  northern  borders  of  the  empire  (B),  bfefore  the 
time  of  the  Oguzians  or  OtMndns. 

•  De  fitu  orbis,  1.     .  cap.  ult.  b  Hift.  nat.  1.  VL  c.  7. 

(A)  For  the  Tufci  caiTt  be  (B)  In  Hungary, . in  and  be- 
faid  to  be  the  Turks,  without  fore  the  time  of  Conftantine  &9t: 
draining  matters  beyond  rea-    pbyrogenitus.  '"-"     ^.  • 

fon.  -  .■    •      •• 

The 


C.  I.  Tbik  ffajp  ////Jf^tzKhaa:  £g 

The  Bizan f  i/i^Juftorians  tclTus,  *  that  thefe  mortal  Turks.  Their  fiti- 
were  <Jie  (acne  formerly  called  Sak*(C):    thk£°f^^foeU«ri>"» 
beyond   the   Sogdians  (D)  ;#  and  were  divided'  iritfc    eight 
tribes  (E) :  that  they  had  OTwtly.increafed:  in  power  wifhin 
a  few  years,,  fo  as  to  border  on  the  Roman  eihpfre:    that 
their  king,  yarned  Difajmles,  tent  ambafladors*  in  the  fourth 
year  of  Juftin  the  younger'(F) ;  and  that  they  brought  with . 
them  iron,  to  fell,  tp  make  it  believed,  that  there  .were  mines  in 
their  country:  'that '  Difabules  encamped  near  the  mountairf according 
Ek  tak  :  that  this  name  fignifies  the  mountain  of  got& ;  and  *1  ^e 
was  given  to  it  on  account  of  the  abundance  of  fruits  and^rce* 
catde  which  were  on  it :  that  it  flood  in  the  moft  eaftern  part 
of  his  dominions  :'.  that  to  the  fouth  of  it  was  a  place  Called. 
Tolas,  and  four  hundred  ftadia.to  the  wdft  a  :plain/ catted 
Ikar\  -  •"  .     :.    -•    '      •-        . 

Whether*. this  Talas  was  the  fame  mentioned  by'lhter 
travellers'1,  or  the  plain  of  Ikar  had  any  relation  to  the  river      #-    .— 
Jkaror  Ikran*,  now  called  Jcnifed,  we  (hall  not  pretend  to        .  -  it 
(ay :  but  'tis  certain  this  account  agrees  very  well  with  what 
is  related  by  a  curious  miflionary,  from  the  Chinefe  hiftory,  &*d  Chi- 
which  begins  to  fpeak  of  the  Turks,  whom  they  call  Tu-quc,  ne*f  Wm 
in  the  year  '545  ;  at  which  timfe  they  were  ah  iu/,onfiderable'*ri'ww* 
people,*  who- dwelt  to  the  north-weft  of  Turf  an  (G);  in  Little 
Bviharia ;  and,  not  long  before,  their  employment  was  to 
Work  iron,  near  a  mountain  called  Kin  (H)  (that  is,  goLt)': 
but,  in  a  few  years,  they  grew  very  powerful ;  fubduing  .the 
whole  country  between  the  Ca/pian  fea  and  the  river  Lyau, 

•  Menander,.  cap.  6.  to  the  14th.  Simocatta,  1.  vii.  c. 
8.  ap.  new  cofleft.  of  voy.  and  trav.-  Vol.  iv.  p.  537.  '••-  diRv- 
Btuquis,  in  new  colKdl.  voy.  andtrav.  vol.  iv.  p.  556.  e  See 
Abu'lchazi  Khan  s  hift.  p.  39.  ,. 

(C)l  According  to  this  ac-  (P)  By  the  Sogdians  are  to  be 
count,  the  name  of  Turks  was  underftood  the  inhabitants  of 
but  newly  ipung  up.  What  the  country  about  Samarkand, 
was  their  -orm^r  name  muft  be  caifed  Sogd;  or,  in  a  larger 
wry  uncertain.  .TJhe  anticnt  fenfe,  all  Mawaralnabr,  or 
hhtoria  as  were  not  always  geo-  Great  Bukharia. 
graphers,  and  guefod  in  this  ,<\  (E)  By  the  Kagansor  Khans 
cafe  as  the  .modems,  do,  who  .  letter -to.the  emperfor  Mauritius, 
are  oftcner  in  the  wrong  than  in  <  their  nnniber  was<t>idy  ieves. 

;  A©  right.     Befidea,-  fcow  fhould  ^     (F)  Which  wa*  in.  569.^ 
ika  Greeks  know  mubii  of  peo-  •      fG>  Named  perhaprfrom  the 

•  pte  who  lived  atiucfe  adjftande,    -Turks 

i  tmd  with  whom  adfc  inmcouiie  '..(H)  Or  Tu -kirn.  •  JCik.aX  Chi* 
Aad.  been- beokenv  off  for  fame  tu/t  fignifies  gold :  poflibly  that 
ages?       k     m   t.*'.  .;  .       „    .     .  called  Ixganakon  b)c  the  T-urW 

1         .  D  2  ia 


j|  General  Hiftory  of  the  Turks :  B.  L 

in  (he  province  of  Lyau-tong.  They  were  divided  into 
Tu-que  of  the  north,  and  Tu-que  of  the  weft ;  and  had  great 
wars  either  among  thcmfelves,  or  with  the  Chinefe,  to  whom 
they  were  very  formidable f .  Whether  they  made  any  con- 
quefts  in  China  itfelf,  does  not  as  yet  appear ;  but  we  are 
told,  that  the  founders  of  tfte  dynafties  of  the  latter  Tang 
and  Han  in  that  empire  were  of  thefe  Tu-que  * ;  the  former 
commencing  in  the  year  923,  the  latter  in  947,  of  the  Chrif- 
tian  sera.  , 

Besides  the  great  conformity  between  the  Raman  and 

Chinefe  hiftory,  relating  to  the  rife  of  the  Turki/b  power,  it 

is  worth  obferving,  that  they  both  confirm  a  very  remarkahle 

circumftance  in  the  hiftory  of  the  Mogols,  and  almoft  prove 

them  to  be  die  fame  people  with  the  Turks ;  namely,  their 

Set  up      working  in  iron,  near  a  mountain  called  Kin.    This  moun- 

,fW"         tain  is  probably  the  fame  with  that  of.  Irganakon,  Erkana, 

^niarthi    °*  Arkenekom  (I),  fituated  in  the  extreme  north  parts  of  the 

Mogols  country ;  where,  we  ^re  told,  a  foundery  was  erected 

by  the  chiefs  of  the  Kayat  (K)  tribes,  thence  called  the  At* 

kenekom  fmiths  h  (L).    And  hence  the  fable  related  by  jfhtl 

ghizi,   Khan  of  the  Mogols,    making  a  way  through  thai' 

mountain,  9y  melting  the  iron  mines  ',  doubtlefs  had  its  rife.  ' 

mountain       Whether  the  mountain  Kin,  which  in  Chinefe  figni&s 

Kin.        gold,  be  the  fame  with  that  called  Ek  tak,  or  Ak  tak  (M),  I 

will  not  pretend  to  fay,  the  fituation  of  this  laft  not  being 

fufficiently  fixed  by  the  Byzantine  writers :  neither  does  the 

name  figmfy  the  fame  as  Kin ;  for  although  thofe  hiflorians 

explain  it  gold,  yet  in  reality  Altin  tik  or  ft^'fignifies  die 

mountain  of  gold,  in  the  Mogol  or  Turki/b  language;  Ek  tak 

r  Gaubil.  hxft.  Jenghiz  Khan,  p.  2.    New  collection  of  tra- 
vels,  410.  vol.  iv.  p.  433.  «  Gaubil.  p.  11.  in  the  notes,' 

k  Di  la  Croix,  hift.  Jeng.  p.  6.  l  See  ancient  hiftory,? 

vol.  xx   p. 

(I)  D'Htrbtkt  writes  Erie-  wire  in  his  time  unaemtaimtd 

Mtkun.  with.    Jbu'lghaxiKhdn,  in  Ml 

(K)  Kayat  fignifot*  aftmtb.  hiftory,  p.  28.  pretends  tike  Sum 

(L)  Dt  la  Cr§i*  (from  whom,  was  appointed  in  memory  m 

In  his  life  of  JengbixKba**  p.  6.  their  famoas  fally  oat  of  Irg+ 

we  have  this  circumftance),  tells  9ak*n~ 
us  of  an  annual  feaft  obferved        (Wt)  Perhaps  Artag  3  to 

by  thtMvgoh,  in  memory  of  this  eaft  of  whith  the  Megols  &% 

foundery ;  or  rather,  perhaps*  batwten  it  and  the  mourn 

of  their  having  fodnd  oat  th£  JUrtmg.    %t£>Jbulgb&xx  JQ> 

way  of  working  iron,  which,  hiftory,  p.  10 ;  and  G*/ius 

Spirits  informs  os,,M*  Turk*  Hon*  arc,  N*+tp.  946. 


Ci?        Tbeir  affairs  tilt  Jer^htzKiAn:  ^ 

or  Ak-tak,  the  -white  mountain,    perhaps  it  went  by  both, 
names,  and  the  Greeks  brought  home  only  the  latter. 

In  effeft,  if  we  may  be  able  to  judge,  from  the  imperfeft 
account  that  is  left  us,  of  the  roads  which  the  ambailadors 
took  to  and  from  the  Turki/b  camp  or  court,  the  mountain 
Rktai,  in  cafe  it  be  the  fame  with  that  of  Kin,  muft  be  ra- 
ttier to  the  weft  than  eaft  of  it. 

That  oar  reader  may  the  better  judge  of  this,  we  JhaII 
by  before  him  what  little  we  find  concerning  thofe  roads. 

With  regard  to  the  route  taken  by  Zemark,  the  GrRRw&inM 
anhaflador  from  the  Romans  to  the  Turks,  we  are  only 
told,,  that  he  was  font  back  with  Maniakf  prince  of  the  Scg* 
dms ;  and  that,  being  arrived  in  his  country,  he.  travelled  from 
thence  to  mount  Ek  tak,  and  returned  to  ConftantinopU  thro* 
the  country  of  the  Kliatorians,  and  town  of  KoaRtes.  The 
ambailadors  fent  to  Toxander,  fon  of  Dif abides,  took  a  dif- 
ferent courfe :  they  failed  from  CortfiantinopU  to  Sinope,  on 
the  north  coaft  of  AJia  Minor,  and  thence  eroded  over  the 
Euxine  fea  to  Kherfona,  in  the  Kherfonejus :  they  proceeded 
through  the  country  of  the  Opturians,  and  other  fandy  terri- 
tories, and  the  fouth  frontiers  of  Taurica .-  then,  palling  over 
marihy  places,  full  of  reeds,  they  came  to  the  country  of  Ak  *°*  *o*ki 
Aga  (N) ;  fo  named  from  a  lady,  who  formerly  commanded  C9mUt3m 
the  Scythians,  and  received  that  power  from  Anongeus,  prince 
cf  the  Utragurians.  Laftly,  they  arrived  at  the  places  where 
the  trophies  of  Toxander  were  fet  up  k. 

This  is  all  we  meet  with  relating  to  the  roads  into  the 
country  of  the  Turks,  taken  by  the  Roman  ambailadors :  nor 
k  there  any  thing  (aid  of  that  road  which  the  ambailadors  of 
Djfahdes  took  in  their  way  to  Conjtantirwple;  further  than 
that,  after  travelling. over  a  vail  extent  of  country,  and 
mountains  covered  with  (how,  they  entered  (0)  into  the  Caf- 
fian  ftraits. 

Our  author  Is  fomewhat  more  particular  in  his  account Kliat  am* 
tf  the  road  taken  by  the  ambailadors  of  the  Kliats.    After  a  bafaders, 
inarch  they  arrived  at  a  marihy  .traft  of  land,  of  great 
1 :  here  one  of  the  ambailadors  taking  the  ihorteft  but 

k  Menard,  c.  13. 19. 

;  (N)  Ak  Aga  fignifies,  Afc  <whitt  dia  and  Partbia  by  Ptolemy,  and 

a  day's  journey  from  Rages  by 

))  One  would  have  ima-  Arrian ;  which  Rages  or  Ravau, 

\  that  they  pafled  fouth-  in  all  probability,  is  the  fame 

between  the  Euxine  and  with  Ray  or  Rey>  once  the  capi- 

v  feas  ;   but  the  Cafaian  tal  of  Perfian  lrak%  about  eighty 

are  placed  between  Mr-  miles  fouth -eaft  of  Kaswfn. 

D  3  moft 


i* 


'XSemra!  Wfttfiy  of  the  ttlrfe  i 


B.I. 


Travels 

into 

Greece. 


Turks 

embaffy 


}o  tie 

Romans 


mbft  defert  road,'  the  other  advanced  along  the1  morafs  for 
twelve  davs  together  ;  tKenj'cWtinuiri^his  journey  owerhiife, 
at  length  came"  to  the  titkrKIfik  (P) ;  and  nefctlto  the'rvter 
Dark  (<£j. '  Prom  thehce,  ttavdling  alon? another  lake,  they 
arrived' at  Anila  (&),'  an'd'the  toxtntry  of  the'  Hkngars.*  Pro- 
ceeding- through  a  dry1  defart  country,  alongf-feveral  great 
lftkes,  they  c^me  to  a  ijiorafs,  into  which  the  river  Kofon  dif- 
charges  'itfelf.'  Then  they  entered  the  country  of/the  '/SAns ; 
but  were  afraid  of  the  Horomqfhs ;  and,  being'  advifed  not  to 
go  into  the  territories  of  the  Mindimrins  (becaufe  the  P'er- 
Jians  lay  in  'ambufh,  ,  in  Sivania,  to  iAtercept  them),  they 
turned  off  to  the  right,  and, 'ftriking  through  thtbarina  (S), 
or  two  gates,  a  pafs,  arrived  in  Af>Jilia(T) :  thence  they  proceed- 
ed to  Reiaurion  (U),  and  the  Euxine  fea  ;  -afterward,  eroding 
the  Phafts  (X),  they  cajoae  to  'Trabizond,  and  fo  to  Con/Ian- 
tinople1.  }      "   • ' 

We  are  beholden  to  Menander  for  thefe. notices;  which, 
though  fhort,  deferve  to  be  preferred,  as  being  almoft  the 
only  account  we  find  of  travels  into  Tart  dry  for  many  cen- 
turies together. 

But  to  return  to  the  affairs  of  the  oriental  Turks.  Dtp- 
abides  having,  at  the  requeft  of  the  Sogdians  (Y),  whom, 
with  the  Nephtalites  (Z),  he  had  newly  conquered,  fent 
two  embaffies  to  the  Perjians,  to  folicit  a  trade  for  filk;, 
the  Perjians  were  not  content  with  rejecting  the  alliance  of 
the  Turks,  on  account  of  their  inconftancy  and  breach  of 
faith,  as  they  alleged ;  but,  to  give  them  an  averfion  to  the 
country,  poifoned  their  ambafladors :  from  whence  began  the* 
enmity  between  thofe  two  nations.  *  It  was  on  this  occafion 
that  Difabtdes  fent  ambaflaidors  to  the  emperor  Juftin,  as  be- 
fore-mentioned ;  who  concluding  a  treaty  of  peace,  the  Turks 
became  the  friends  2nd  allies  of  the  Romans ;  with  whom 
they  never  had  any  dealings  before.  Much  abotit  the  fame 
.  time  the  Kliats  (A)  alfo,  who'  were  fubjeft  to  Difabules,  and 

1  Menand.  c.  6. 


(P)  This  may  be  the  Tern. 

(QJ  Which  feems  to  be  the 
Jaii,  or  Ta'ik.      , 

(R)  Doubdefs  the  Wolga\ 
called  alfo  Atil%  or  Edel;  or  elfe 
fome  town  upon  it. 

(S)  Ddrajn  fignifies,  in  Jra- 
tic,  the  two  gates. 

(T)  Apfilia,  fomewhere  in 
Miugrelia- 


(U)  Retaurion,  a  town,  or  ca- 
ftle,  belonging  to  the  Romans.    . 

(X)  Nowffl/,  or  Rion^ 

(Y)  The  Sogdians  were  the 
people  about  Samarkand,  whid 
Hands  in  a  valley  called  Sogf. 

(Z)  Called,  byProeopius*Fp& 
ta/ites,  of  whom  hereafter . 

(A)  Perhaps  the  fame  wid 
OhcKalatz.  ' 

inhabited 


fcfolbirtd*m^ar^  the  borders  of  *  the  Roman  empire,  fent  am- 
bafladorsib  Jxftim   -Thecouiffiy  of  the  Turks  was  then  <ft- 
▼tye4  llEb  foargovenunsats,'  alt-tinder  the  command  of  Dija- 
kdesV  feveraL  nations,  and,, among  the  reft,  the  Avares  (B) 
and  Hutig&rs  (C),  were,  fbbjeft  to  them  :  but  20,000  of  the 
former  had  revolted,  and  .patted  into,  Europe m. 
•  TUB  imbaffadors  engaged  Juftin  to  make  war  upon  the  Per-  Tbe  Per- 
juror, offering  to  ravage Ttfa&x  at  the  fame  time :  and,  at  the  fians  /«- 
tod  of  his  fourth  year  (O),  the  emperor  fent  Zetwrk  on  an  *yaded. 
erabafly  to  Difabules :  who,  profefling  much  fri$ndftiip,  feaft* 
ed  the  ambaffadors  under  a  tent,  fpread  with -carpets,  of  fe- 
vcral  colours,  but  plain  manufacture ;  where  they  eat  and    * 
drank  all  day.     At  this  entertainment  there  was  no  wine; 
for  no  grapes  were  found  in  their  country;  but  they  had 
other  liquor,  which  was  fweet  and  agreeable.    Next  day  they 
were  treated  in  another  tent,  whofe  furniture  was  rich  and 
elegant.  ' 

Sook  after,  Difabules,  fetting  forward  on  his  march  againft 
the  Per/Uns,  took  Zemark' with  him,  and  fome  of  his  retinue ; 
bat  left  the  reft  in  the  country  of  ih$.Kliatorians\E).  He 
alfo  gare  the  ambaflador  a  concubine  of  his,,  who  was  one  of 
thofe  called  Cerkbifes  » (F)'. 

In  the  fecohd  year  of  the  emperor  Tiberius  (G),  Valentine  Roman 
was  Xeat  on  an  embafly  to  Difabules,  in  company  with  600  tmbajfies. 
Turks,  who  came  to  Conftantinople,  with  feveral  ambafladors : 
but  Difabules  dying  foon  after  Valentine's  arrival,  he  was  the  » 

next  day  admitted  to  audience  by  his  fon  Tcxander;  who 
charged  the  Romans  with  artifice,  and  breach  of  .faith,  for  con- 
federating with  the  Varkanites,  or  Avares,  who  were  in  re- 
•bejlion  againft  him.  After  tjus,  he  gave  the  ambaflador  to 
underftand,  that  he  had  fubdued  the  Alains  and  Utrigorians ; 
and  that  Ananceas  (H)  was  then  actually  encamped  before 
Bofpborus  (I),  with  an  army  of  Turks.  In  fhort,  the  Greek 
hiftorian  complains,  .that  he  treated  the  ambaflador  very  ill  °. 

mP  *  Menand.  c.  6,  7,  15-         n  Ibid.  c.  x.  .13.         °  Ibid.  c.  19. 

(B)  Evagrius  fays,  the  Abari         (F)  Doubtlefs  either  Chirhaf- 

wcre  driven  out  of  their  coun-  Ram,  or  Wegkis. 
try  by  the  Turks.  (G)  That  is,  in  580. 

(CJ. Perhaps  Un-igurs.  (FI)  Perhaps  the  fame  with 

(D)  The  fourth  of  his  reign,  Axang*us. 

An.  Chr.  569 ;  and  fecond  of  (J  t  A  city  of  the  Romans,  in 
the  fifty  years  truCe  with  Kbof-  the  Taunca  Kherfonrfus  of  the 
far/,  I  prefiime.  *       :".        old \  P antic  ophwf ;    and,   if  Itill 

(E)  Or  K'iats,   before-meh-   "exffting  in-  rhe  Krim,  is  either 
tioncd.  -'      '"       Ten!  Ma,  ot  Kerch. 

K  D  4  Tins 


4D  General Hijt^ry  cfthi TuA$:  At 

C0„qutfts  This  account  we  have  from  Menandtr.  The  art*  flew* 
</*/**  we  bear  of  the  Turks  is  from  Smokatta\  w%6  informs  ns# 
Turks,  that  the  Kagan  (K)  of  his  time  (whom  he  juries  ndtfr  fo  fa* 
mous  among  the  oriental  7i*£r,  lent  am  ambaflador  to  the- 
emperor  Mauritius,  in  the  beginning  of  the  fummer  (L),  with 
a  letter,  fpeaking  in  high  terms  of  hss  victories :  the  fopcr* 
fcription  ran  thus ;  The  Kagan,  tie  great  lord  of  f even  na~ 
tions,  and  mafter  of /even  climates  of  the  world,  to  the  long 
tf  the  Romans. v  In  effedt,  continues  Shnokatta,  this  Kagan 
had  conquered  the  Ahtetians,  or  Nephtatites,  and  feized  their 
dominions :  after  which,  being  elated  with  his  fuccefe,  he 
joined  Stembijkador,  and  fubdued  theJvares.  Next  he 
marched  againft  the  Ogprites  (M),  and  conquered  them  (N)» % 
killing  300,000,  and  put  to  death  their  king  Kolk. 
Their  civil  This  viftory  was  followed  by  a  aval  war  among  the  Turks, 
wars.  One  of  his  relations,  named  Turon,  having  revolted,  he  was 
pbliged  to  implore  the  aid  of  Sparzugun,  Khunaxolus%  and 
Tuldik ;  with  which  he  defeated  the  tyrant,  in  the  plain  of 
Ikar.  After  he  had  thus  fettled  his  affairs,  he  fent  the  above- 
mentioned  embafly  to  the  emperor  Mauritius,  to  acquaint 
him  with  his  good  fuccefs.  The  Kagan,  farther  to  keep 
things  in  a  fettled  pofture,  made  alliance  with  the  inhabitants  . 
of  Taugafta  (O),  whole  prince  was  called  Tayjan  '. 

These  are  all  the  tranfalHons  which  the  Romans  had  with 
the  Turks,  till  the  time  of  the  Selj&ks.  Let  us  now  turn  our 
eyes  towards  the  Higher  JJia,  and  fee  what  they  were  doing 
onjthatfide. 
The  ling  ,  We  have  already  given  an  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
c/Tcrua,  Turks,  from  an  extraft  lately  made  from  the  annals  of  China, 
and  published  by  Mr.  Guigucs,  under  the  title  of  The  origin 

»  SlMOKATf  a,  L  vii.  c.  7,  8. 

(K)  Khan,  Kaan%  or  Kohan,  Hvnni , when ce  thofe  people  have   , 

as  the  pre  fent  Mongols  wdE/ut  fa  taken  the  fame  names.    Simv- 

pronounceit.  katta,  book  Vii.  ch.  7. 

(L)  In  the  year  600.  (N)  Simokatta  feems  to  co«. 

(M)  Thefc  Ogarites,  or  Ogors,  found  the  conquefls  o&Difahuln 

feem  to  be  the  Oygurs,  or  Vigkrs,  with  thofe  of  the  Khan  of  his 

oft  mentioned  before:  they  were  own  time. 
„  become  powerful  by  their  nam-        (O)  A  famous  city  of  the 

bers,  and  dexterity  at  their  wea«  Turks >  near  Scgrfana,  according 

pons  :  they  inhabited  the  banks  to  Califim,  c.  30.     Sogdianax\% 

of  the  river  Til,  called  by  the  the  fame,  at  prefcnt,  with  the 

Turks  the  black  river  (Kara-fit,  province  of  Samarkand,  in  Great 

or  Kara-mure*).     The  ancient  Skiharfa,  or  perhaps  with  Great 

princes  who  commanded  them,  Bukharia  itfelf. 


were  called  Far,  and  Khuni,  or 


«r 


C  n         fbtbr  afairs  tUl  Jtfi&iz  KMto.  4t 

j the  Huns  and  Turks;  who,  from  thence,  qppar  to  have 
been  the  lame  people,  under  different  names.  We  fhall  in 
this  place  give  die  fubftance  of  that  memoire  at  large,  as  it 
may  help  *o  fupply  and  explain  ntany  imperfeft  and  obfcure 
paf&ges  in  the  hiftory  which  follows  of  thofe  people,  taken 
tnan  the  oriental  hiftorians* 

The  Huns  were  a  considerable  nation  of  Great  Tartary ;  namej  a^ 
and  had  the  dominion  there  more  than  200  years  before  the  Turks, 
Christian  sera.  They  inhabited  formerly  *  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  great  defart,  extending  from  the  country  of  Ko* 
rw,  on  the  eaft,  to  that  of  the  Getes  (P),  on  the  weft* 
The  CMnefe  hiftorian*  give  them  two  different  names,  Hyong- 
nv  and  7a  At  a* ;  that  is,  Huns  and  Turks.  The  firft  is  that 
which  they  had  before  the  time  of  Chrift  :  the  fecond,  that 
which  a  remnant  of  thefe  Huns,  re-eftablUhed  in  Tartary, 
aflhmed  afterwards. 

These  Huns  or  Turks  T  dwelt  in  tents,  placed  in  carts,  Way  of 
and  removed  from  place  to  place,  for  the  conveniency  of  living.  * 
pafture  to  feed  their  cattle ;  which  fupplied  them  with  both 
food  and  cloathing.  They  defpifed  old  people,  and  only  fet 
a  value  on  the  young,  as  more  proper  for  war,  which  was 
their  fole  occupation.  Their  riches  confifted  in  fheep  and 
cattle ;  but,  chiefly  in  the  number  of  flaves,  taken  in  war. 
The  flnzlls  of  their  enemies  fepned  for  cups  to  drink  out  of  in 
their  principal  ceremonies.  Once  every  year  they  aflembled  at 
Jhe  imperial  camp,  and  facrificed  to  their  anceftors,  heaven, 
the  earth,  and  fpirits.  Every  morning  the  emperor  adored 
die  rifing  fun,  and  in  the  evening  the  moon.  The  left  hand 
was  the  poft  of  honour  with  thele  people,  as  ;t  is  at  prefent  ' 

with  the  Turks :  and  in  all  their  encampments  the  emperofs 
tent  was  placed  fronting  the  north.  At  his  death,  they  put 
into  the  coffin  with  Jiis  body  his  richeft  habits ;  and  conveyed 
Mm  to  his  fepulchre,  attended  by  all  thofe  of  his  family,  and 
his  officers.  For  the  fpace  of  one  month,  they  attended  on  him 
in  the  fame  manner  as  when  he  was  alive  :  and  the  men  of 
valour  engaged  in  tilting,  like  our  knights  formerly,  in  their  . 
tournaments. 

*  Ven  hyen  turn  kaa ;  Kam-mo,  or  Kang-mu.  Ye  tut*  chi  van 
ha  tarn  pow  fwi  (ha.        r  Ye  turn  chi.    Ven  hyen  turn  kaa. 

[(P)  Or  Jetab,  as  the  orien-    by  the  Chimfe  Sbamo,  and  by 
tab  write  it ;  the  defart  which    the  Mongols,  who  inhabit  it,  Ka- 
Mr.  Guigues  calls  the  defart  of    ti;  a  word  which  fignifies  a  de- 
Cbina,  is  that  vaft  defart  to  the    fait  J., 
north  of  the  Cbine/i  wall,  called 

Thus 


4+  General  Hifiory  of  the  turiu  :         B.I. 

der  to  tranfmit  to  pofterity  the  memory  of  this  vi&ory,  he 
caufed  an  infcription  to  be\cut  on  *  mountain  in  Turke/idn, 
indicating  the  time  when  it  happened  (Y).    . 

The  Perjian  hiftorians  r  afcribe  this  defeat  of  the  Buns  to 
Tur,  the  fon  of  Feridun  :  but  it  is  eafy  to  fee,  lays  our  au- 
thor, that  they  were  led^into  this  error  by  the  ixmilitude  of 
the  names  Tew  and  Tur  (Z) :  withal,  bong,  fond  of  their 
antient  heroes,  they  laid  hold  of  this  occafion  to  advance  their 
i  fame. 

Of  the  Huns,  thus  vanquished  *,  fome  remained  in  Tar* 
tary,  and  mingled  with  the  tribes  who  had  been  brought  from 
the  fartheft  parts  of  the  eaft,  to  re-people  this  country.  But 
the  major  part  of  them  continued  to  advance  towards  the  weft, 
through  the  regions  to  the  north  of  Samarkand,  till  they 
reached  the  Cajpian  (ea,  and  parts  about  Afirakan.  Here, 
where  the  Chinefe  hiftorians  lofe  fight  of  them,  ours  begin  to 
have  them  in  view;  and,  conducting  them  into  Europe,  over  the 
Paius  Maoris,  after  pointing  out  their  various  migrations,  feat 
them  ill  Pannonia,  as  hath  been  already  mentioned. 

,  The  fouthern  Huns,  who  *  remained  in  their  antient 
country,  preferved  their  power,  till  fuch  time  as  a  tribe  of 
the  oriental  Tartars,  named  Juijen,  intirely  fubdued  them, 
and  brought  almoft  the  whole  extent  of  Tartary  under  their 
dominion.  The  title  borne  by  their  kings  was  thaj  of  Kban, 
or  Khakan,  which  was  fubftituted  in  the  place  of  Tanju. 
The  Huns,  thus  driven  out,  went  and  eftabliihed  feveral  prin- 
cipalities in  the  northern  China ;  which  were  deftroyed  one 
after  the  other.  One  of  them,  whofe  princes  defcended  from 
the  emperor  of  the  Huns,  was  defeated  by  Tay»vu-ti,  em- 
peror of  the  northern  China,  Upon  this  misfortune,  the 
whole  family,  together  with  the  Huns,  retired  into  a.moun- 
fuhdued  fy  tain  of  Tartary,  named  Erkena-Kom.  Thefc  people,  at  that 
tbt  JmjfD'time  mod  known  by  the  name  of  Turks,  were  employed,  ac- 
cording to  the  Chinefe,  as  well  as  Mohammedan  hiftorians  b  ,  in 
forging  iron  works,  for  the  fervice  of  the  Khans  of  the  Jm* 
jcn  Tartars  ;  and  continued  in  this  manner  to  fupport  them- 

7  Mirkohd.     D'Herbelot.         *    Ven    hyen  turn   kau. 
Kanvmo.  *  Huhanihu.    Katn-mo.    Chinfha.  U-tay.  (hu\ 

*  Kara  mo.    Swi  (hu.     Beidawi.    Mirkond.   Tara-fhu. 


f  bey  ad- 
vance 
nuift* 

tvard. 


Southern 

Huns 


(Y)  [Mr.  Gulgucs  would  have 
done  well  to  mention  when  this 
was,  or  in  what  year  of  Hyau 
Ho-ti%  emperor  of  thtHan,  this 
defeat  happened]. 

(Z)  [In  the  French,  Teou  and 


Tour.  This  conjecture  feems  too  . 
forced.  Befides,  the  Perjian  hi- 
fterians  refer  the  reigns  of  Tur 
and  Feridun,  or  Frnydbun,  to  the 
ages  long  before  the  Chrtftia*. 
xra]. 

(elves 


C.  i.  Tbtir  affairs  till  Jenghfe  Kh&n.  45 

ftjres  for  a  certain  number  of  years ;  that  is,  till  the  Juijentame 
to  be  attacked  by  the  nations  inhabiting  to  the  weft  of  them. 

TU-MWEN  (A)  Khin,  at  that  time  chief  of  the  Irkena* 
Km  Turks,  marched  out  of  the  mountain,   at  the  head  of 
thofe  people,  and  defeated  the  enemy.     Tu-mwen,  making  aW#  Jul* 
merit  of  this  fervice  which  he  had  done  the  Kh&k&n  or  em- jen  by  the 
peror  of  the  Juijen,  imagined  he  wa4  intitled  to  demand  his  Turks* 
daughter  in  marriage.    The  Khdkdn,  far  from  being  of  the 
lame  opinion,  reje&ed  the  propofkl  with  difdain  ;  faying,  thatx 
it  did  not  become  a  jl&ve  to  ajpire  to  fuch  an  alliance  wit  A  bis 
fovereign*.   Twmwen,  incenfed  at  fo  contemptuous  a  repulfe, 
immediately  revolted  againft  his  prince ;  and,  having  (lain  the 
Jtdjen  envoy,  entered  into  a  confederacy  vMiVen*ti,  emperor 
of  the  northern  China.  Next  year  he  marched  againft  the  Juijen, 
defeated  them,  and  flew  their  KhAn ;  after  which  he  affumed 
that  title,  and  caufed  himfelf  to  be  called  Tu-mwen  Ilkhan. 

In  this  manner  was  eftablilhed  a  powerful  dominion  in  Tar- 
tary,  at  that  time  called  the  empire  of  the  Turks.  To  pre- 
ferve  the  memory  of  the  origin  of  this  family,  they  ufed  to 
affemble  every  year,  and,  with  much  ceremony,  beat  a  piece  Empire  of 
of  hot  iron  upon  an  anvil :  a  cuftom  which  continued  to '£* Turks* 
the  time  of  JengMz  Khdn  *,  who  defcended  from  this  Tu- 
mwen  Khan ;  and  'tis  from  hence  that  fome  of  our  hiftoriahs 
have  represented  this  prince  as  the  fon  of  a  blackfinith. 

The  Juijen,  thus  driven  out  of  their  country  by  the    . 
Turks  %  in  all  probability  pafled  into  Europe ;  where,  b&ng 
known  by  the  name  pf  the  falfe  Avares,  or  Abares,  they 
mixed  with  (he  Huns  of  the  north,  who  had  been  fettled  Hanga- 
there  a  long  time  before :  and  thefe  two  people  uniting  toge-rians 
ther  formed  the  nation  of  the  Hungarians ;  that  is  to  fay,w£/w*. 
Hun-Ikorians :.  which  laft  name  is  that  which  the  Juijen  went 
by  in  "Great  Tartary.     . 

This  is  the  true  original  of  the  fecond  Huns,  or  Turks,  in 
Turkefidn,  according  to  the  Chinefe  hiftorians.    But,  not  con* 
teat  with  a  beginning  which  had  not  fomething  extraordinary 
in  it,  they  affirm f,  that  a  nation  of  Tartars,  being  at  war,  Fable  of 
was  fo  intirely  defeated  by  their  enemies,  that  only  one  childftfr'Zena^ 
efcaped  the  daughter,  whofe  arms  and  legs,  however,  they  cut 

c  Kam-mo.      4  La  Croix  hid.  de  Jeoghiz  Khin,       *  Kam- 
too  Nicephorus  Cat.     .    f  Ven  byen  turn  (hau. 

(A)  [By  the  Mohammedan  hi-    outof  Irganakonjinier  Bertizena 
tonans  written  Tumana  Khdn.    KJ:dn,  nineteen  generations  be* 


Abu /ghazi  Khdn  makes  him  the  fore  ;  and,  by  hii  reckoning, 
fifth  anccftor  ofjtntbiz  Khan  ;  .above  2  00  years.  See  anc.  hift. 
and  J»ots  the  fally  of  tkc  Msgols    vol.  ii.p.   35 — 49]. 


of^ 


46  General Hijiory  of  the  Turks:  B. h 

^  *■  » 

off,  and  then  threw  him  into  a  lake :  that  a  fhc- wolf r  torched 
with  die  misfortunes  of  the  boy,  drew  him.out  of  the  dan- 
ger he  was  in,  and  provided  for  his  fupport :  that  the  child, 
out  of  gratitude,  married  ,this  wolf;  and,  returning  with  her 
into  the  mountains  to  the  north-weft  of  the  Jgurs  country,  flie 
.;'  there  brdiight  forth  twelve  children;  whole  descendants  took 

*    ,  the  name  of  Jjfena. 

bow  ex-  \     The  account  which  is  given  (by  the  weftern  hiftorians),  of 
flained.     Tu-miven  Ilkhdn  s,  will  explain  the  above  fable, .    This  prince, 
named  Tiimana  by  the  Pcrftan  hiftorians,  was  the  fon  of  Bif- 
Jikcr,  fon  of  Kaydu,  defcended  from  Buzeqjir,  fon  of  queen 
Jldnkawa.     This  queen  of  the  Mogols  or  Turks ,  then  inhfr- 
biting  the  mountains  of  Tartary,  and  before  the  re-eftablifh- 
ment  of  their  empire,  being  left  a  widow,  with  two  children, 
according  to  the  account  both  of  .Mohammedan  and  Cbinefe 
writers,  took  the  government  of  her  fmall  ftate,  during  the 
minority  of  her  fons,  and  conftantly  refufed  to  marry  again, 
ftowever,  her  firm  attachment  to  viduity  did  not  hinder  her 
from,  being  the  mother  of  three  other  children,  one  of  whom 
w;;*3  named  Biizenjir.      The  grandfon  of  Buzenjir,    called 
Dutumin,  had  nine  children,  eight  of  whom  perifhed  on  a 
certain  occafion  h :    and  .our"  author  is  perfuaded,    that  the 
above-mentioned  fable  had  an  eye  to  this  maftacre. 
Tribe  of        The  ninth  fon  of  DuUimin,  who  efcaped,  was  Kaydu,  the 
the  Zenas  father  of  BiJ/lkar,  and  another  called'  Hurmalankum,  whofe 
er  wolves, children  bore  the  name  of  wolves  ;.on  which  the  fable  is  ap- 
parently founded  :  but  then  this  hiftory  does  npt  refpett  the 
Turks  in  general,  but  only  the  particular  hond  of  them  called 
Zends  (B),  or  Ajfenas,  as  the  Chinefe  pronounce  it,  defcend- 
ed from  Hurmalaykum. 
trftern         TG-MWEN  Ilkbari,   after  he  had  fubdued  the   Juijen, 
end  attacked  and  defeated  fevcral  other  people  of  Tartary.     His 

li'eftcrn     fons>    imitating  their   father's  example,  *  formed  an  empire, 
Turks,      which  extended  from  the  Cafpian  fea  to  Korea.     But  as-ib 
vaft  a  region  could  '  not  long  remain  under  the  dominion  of 
.  -  .     one  .prince,    thefe  Turks  divided  into  two   branches  },   the 
eaftern  and  the  weftern,  who  had  each  their  particular  Khan. 
Whey-ke,      Th.e  empire  of  the  latter  extended  as  far  as  the  Sihun  *, , 
tTurks,   "  and  more  than  once  became  formidable  to  the  kings  of  Per* 
fta,  -  particularly  Hormuzd,  or  Hormifdas,  -fon  of  Kofru  Arwjb-  \ 

%  Hift.  gen.  des  Tartarus:  "   Mirkond   hid.  de  Jenghiz  Khan.  ; 
Hift.  des  Monguls.    Ywen  (hu.     Kanvmo.    -.-     *  See  before,! 
Tp.  38.     m   ^Kamfhu.   Kam-mo.   Anc.  hift  vol.  xx.         k  Ferdufi. 

(B>  Ztntr,  in.  Turkijb,  fignifies  a*u.olf)  as  hath  been  obferved 
•  before;  • 

,       .     j  '  .-..•, friwfe. 


Jfrpte*.:  But*  iaprocei$  of  time*  this  empire'of  xjie-yjjcftem 
Jjugr  -w^  .deftroyed  by.  oih«G  v7i4rfo.  ,of ._,  ^he.  hpcd,  named 
9ftqfi£e>  wJbpiound^U.new^ominipa.i^  d^/amfc. country^ 
and  £om  th^fe  JVhey-k'fTurk^,.  w  the,  opinion.. 9^ our.au thor, 
.  wcxe.  defceaded  jhe  .four;  famous  Seljuk(Lyn$A\e$  of.  Ir<m%  &  from 
Perfia  at  large,  Kcrmar\y  Rum,  or . ^4* ??p?C>r??^  Syria,  wham  the 
•jeigainftriq.^/^^  and  Dffnafcusr        .  \     ^  -  T  • '  Seljuks. 

As  /"oj  jthe  oriental  -T^rta,  who  inhabitedfai  the,  father  end 


,.  .      ,  .  i-quar^ 

by  the  Nyu-ckc  Tartars  m,  who  tyre  the  ^ifewi  A^t/ci  fC)  pf 
,  the  M*hammedci\  writers^  and  called  by.  tis4  at  Rrefapt  fllan- 
\  thews.     This  nation  having  ruined,  the  empire  of  the-  khitia,  .  r       . 
Ibme.of  the  latter  pailed  into  Per/ia,  and  thexe  eftablifliod *l  /^^Tjr: 
<  dyoafty.  known  to  the  Mohammedan  authors  by  .the 'name  of  *,«  *  - 

Kara  Kbat,ayans.  ...  -u;.  .  • 

..  .The  Turks,  after  the  deftrucYion  of  their  empire,  as  above 
related,  formed  themfelves  into  fmall  principalities ;  and  every  Broken  /*- 
Jwd  had  #V  particular  Khan.,  The  Kera^ts^  ox  Kara-its,,  to  tribes. 
Lone  of  thefe  Turkijb  tribes  D,  were,  in  the  twelfth  .century 
.goverDgdvby  a  prince  named  %uli  Khan,  otherwifc;,  called  Onk 
JCban.?,  whom  the  Arab  writers  ftile  K^ng  jobn,  and  European 
gtmvellers  Prefter  John. 

THK-poffierity  of  Tu-nvwen  Ilkhan  dwindle^  infenfibly,  ancl  i 

was  on  the  -point  of  being  extinguimed,,  or  at  Ieaft  of  never 
making  any  confiderable  figure  aga}n  in  Tartary,  when  the  -  \  • '  ' 
famous '  Jenghiz  Khan  appeared  ?. 

Tjirs  is  the  original  of.  the  Turks,  according  to  the  Chlnefe 
.hiftoriaas ;.  but  compared,   in  certain  periods,  with  the  zQrSomere- 
|  .founts  given  by  the  weftern  Jfiati'c  writers.    In  this  compa-  maris  0* 
mm,  however,  Mr.  Quigues  does  not  fuffieiently  diirjnguiih 
^.yhat  is  tajcen  from  the  authors  of  each  kind,  either  in  th£ 
"text,  or  by  the  references:  neither  docs  he  affign  dates  to  ajl 
tire  principal  fafts.    When  he  fays  Dibakkdwi  Khan  is  the  em- 
feror  Tn,  and  'that  Mau  ton  Tanjou  is  Ogttz  .Kfan,  it  does  not 
appear  whether  thofe  are  the  words  of  the  Chinrfe  annals;  ott^/orfS0' 
only  conjectures  of  his  own.     Suppoftng  them  to  be  the  Chi-&or,:&  ex~ 
mefe  account,  there  wiH  be  found  a  great  difagreement  be- trac " 

.  *  Sum-flm.  Kam^mo.  Venhyantumfhau.  .  C1  Abu*lfaraj. 
•Beidawi.  n,Ywen  Qxvl  \  °  Abu'lfap.^j.  p  Guigu-es 
-erig.  des  Huns-iSc  Turks. 

•  .  (Q  [And  the  Kin  Tartars  of    ncfe,  appellative  for  gout,  as  hath 

file  Chiwefe  hiftorians  :  Altun  be-   .bi^n  iurculy  ^jnaiUri  ]. 

ing  the  Turkijb,  and  Kin  the  Cb*i-  •    '  *  ^ 


4S  General  Hiftory of  /^Tufks :  Kl 

tweeait  and  the  Tartar  relation :  for  0#te  Khan  tHU  be  the 
nineteenth  in  defoent'from  DMakiwi,  or  7tf,  according  to  the 
former,  and  but  the  fifth  according  to  the  latter.  By  dig 
latter  alfo  Tu-mwen  is  only  the  fifth  anceftor  of  Jenghtz  Khtn : 
but  the  Cbinefe  annals  fet  him  at  the  head  of  the  Irganahm 
{ally,  inftead  ofBertizena,  nineteen  generations  before.  If  Mr. 
Guiguis  had  been  more  copious  and  diftinft  in  his  extraft,  H 
would  have  fupplied  many  defefts,  and  cleared  up  many  ob- 
fcuritieS  in  the  hiftory  of  the  Turks t  which,  for  want  there- 
of, we  meet  with  in  die  Mohammedan  hiftorians,  from  whom 
we  are  now  going  to  give  an  account  of  their  affairs,  till  the' 
SeljUks  founded  their  empire  in  Iran. 

MIRKOND,    the  Perfian  hiftorian,   informs  us,  that, 
when  Kefre  Aniijbirmin,  the  famous  Khofroes  (D)  of  the  Greek 
hiftorians,  came  to  the  throne,  which  was  about  the  year 
Subdutt     531,  he  was  poflefled  of  Mawara'hahr  (E),-to  which  he 
the  Ab-     added* other  countries  ;  and,  among  the  reft,  that  of  Abtela  \ 
tela.  the  country  of  Abtela,  which  fignifies,  in  Perfian,  water 

of  gold,  takes  its  name  from  a  people  fo  called ;  who,  fome 
time  before,  had  conquered  it.  The  Greeks,  corrupting  the 
word,  called  them  Nephtalites  (F),  Eutalites,  and,  more  near- 
ly, Ephtalites.  They  were  denominated,  by  the  Arabs,  Hey* 
atelah.  According  to  Procopius,  the  Ephtalites  were  thofe 
called  the  white  Huns :  they  feem  to  have  been  matters,  far 
a  time,  of  all  Maivara*lnahr,  or  Great  Bvkharia ;  to  which 
m  Abul/eda  gives  the  name  of  Hayatelah  r.  Dr.  Hyde  obferves, 
Their  Jo-  tjiat  ffeyfoeie/,  was  the  tide  of  the  king  of  Katl&n  •,  a  pro- 
numow.  y\nce  jn  tne  eaftern  part  of  Mawara'lnahr :  and  Eutychius  in- 
forms us,  that  Gq/bnawaz,  king  of  Abtelah,  who  railed  Firuz 
to  the  throne  of  Perfia,  about  the  year  465,  was  king  of 
Balkh  %  and  part  of  Khorafan  ;  which  (hews,  that  the  domi- 
nion of  the  Abtela  had  once  been  ve  ry  extenfive  (G) ;  though 
we  may  fuppofe  their  power  to  have  been  much  reduced,  at 
the  time  when  Arwjhirwdn  conquered  them. 

*  Mirkond.  ap.   Tcixeiram,  p.  163.       .     r  Abvlf.  defer. 
Chowarazm,  p.  29.  *  Hyde  in  Peritfol.  itin.  mund.p.  156. 

*  Kutych.  annal.  vol.  ii.  p.  in. 


(D)  Son  ofKabades.  TheP*r-  (G*  D%Herbeht  fays  they  \ 

fiam  write  Khofranu  and  Kobad.  the  antient  LidoScjtb*,  and  in- 

(£)  Which  name  anfwers  to  habited  the  countries  of  Ka*da> 

Tranfoxana.  bar9Tibet,  and  Barantola*  a  part 

( F)  Hence  fome  European  au-  of  Tibet ;  from  whence  he  iup- 

thors  have  fuppofed  thofe  coun-  pofes  the  name  to  be  derived, 

tries  to  have   been  peopled  by  Bibl.  orient,  art.   Hiatbela  and 

Jews,  particularly  of  tne  tribe  Noujbtrwdn,  p.  421,680. 


of  Naphthali. 


But 


L 1.  TBetr  afraHrs  till  Jenghiz  Khta ;  49 

But  while  this  prince  w?.s  bufy  in  extending  his  domi* 
bioos,  they  were  invaded  by  Khakan  Ghini,  king  of  Tatar  or 
Tartary,  with  a  mighty  army,  who  took  from  him  Samar^ 
kand,  Bokhara,  and  feverai  other  cities  in  Mawara*  Inahr, 
which  he  afterwards  was  forced  to  quit  upon  the  fuccefles  of 
his  grandfon  Hormoz  *. 

D'HERBELOT  reports,  from  Mirkond,  that  Anujhirwart 
having  repulfed  the  Hiyatelah  beyond  the  mountain  Paraj>a+ 
fni/us  (H),  in  his  twelfth  year,  marched  againft  the  Khakan 
of  the  oriental  Turks,  who  then  reigned  in  the  Tranfoxane 
provinces,  and  obliged  him  to  fue  for  peace,  as  alfo  to  yield 
him  one  of  his  daughters  in  marriage  w.  Eutychius  relates 
this  tranfa&ion  with  fome  variation  :  he  tells  us,  that  the  . 
Perfian  monarch,  refolving  to  revenge  on  the  Hiyatelah  the 
injory  done  his  grandfather  Firuz,  firft  makes  an  alliance 
with  the  great  Khakan  of  the  Turks,  and  acquaints  him  with 
his  defign ;  that  then  marching  againft  the  enemy,  he  over- 
threw them,  and  killed  their  king  ;  ,by  this  means  the  coun- 
try of  Balkk,  and  the  adjacent  parts  or  Khorafan,  were  deli* 
vered  up  to  him  :•  after  which  he  encamped  in  Fafgdna  (I)* 
and  married  the  Khafan's  daughter  *. 

The  reader,  from  what  has  been  faid,  may  fee  thatA^tf- 
kan  is  a  general  name  given  by  the  Perfian  hiftorians  to  the 
princes  of  the  Turks,  called  alfo  emperors  of  Tartary,  of  whom 
we  find  mention  from  the  time  of  Bahranv-jaur,  fon  of  Tazde* 
jerd  I.  king  of  Perfia,  who  began  his  reign  about  the  year 
of  Chrift  417  y,  as  a  people  different,  at  lead  with  regard  to 
their  original  country,  from  the  anticnt  Turks,  or  inhabitants 
of  Turkejian,  fituate  to  the  north  of  Perfia,  with  whom  the 

0  MirkOnd.  ap.  Texelr.  p.  163,  w  D'Hermlot.  bibl# 

orient    p.  680.  art.  Noufhirwan.  *  Eutych.  annal.  vol. 

it  p.  188.  r  Ibid.  p.  83. 

(H)  This  can't  be  the  name  than  in  giving  the  antient  names 

given  by  Mirkond-,  nor  can  we  for  the  modern ;  or  thofe  of  their 

determine  what  mountains  D'  own  fancy,  inftead  of  the  name* 

Herbelot  intends  thereby*     We  found  in  the  writers  they  copy 

prefame  he  means  thofe  divide*  from  :  what  is  ilill  worfe,  they 

!ng  either  the  country  of  2WM,  Commonly  omit  inferring,  by1 

or  Kborafdn,  from  India.     Au-  way  of  note,  the  names  uied  in 

thors,  often  endeavouring  to  ex-  the  original ;  which  often  puts 

plain,   become  moie  obfeure  ;  it  Out  of  the  power  of  others  to 

and,  out   of  an   affectation  of  correct  their  mi  flakes, 
(hewing  their  (kill  in  geography,  (\)    A  province  of  Marwa- 

betray  their  want  of  it..    There  ralnahr,  or  Great  Bukharia,  be- 

is    no    point    in    which    they  yond  the,  river  Sihun   or '  Sir, 

have  committed  more  errors,  Herb.  Hormoz.  457. 

fcoD.HisT.ypl.IV.  E  Perfians* 


6o  Gmral  Hijtory  $f  she  Tories.  B.  I 

Perjians,  according  to  their  hiftory,  had  wars  (K),  in  the 
earlieft  tiroes  of  their  monarchy.  The  former  are  called  ori- 
ental Turks,  by  way  of  diftin<ftkra ;  and  the  gentile  name  of 
Chin  is  added  to  the  title  of  Khakdn,  in  all  probability  to 
denote  their  coming  from  the  eaftern  parts  of  Tartary  to- 
wards China :  although  it  muft  be  obierved,  that  Chin  is  a 
general  name,  fometimes  ufed  by  the  orientals,  to  compre- 
hend both  thofe  regions  r. 
Stand  tM"  HORMOZ  (L),  facceeded  his  father  Anufbirwan,  about 
wafian.  fa  vcar  j86,  and  was  not  bng  after  invaded  by  the  Creek 
emperor  (M) ;  of  which  Shabajhah,  his  couiin-german,  fon 
of  the  Khakdn,  whofe  daughter  Nufbtnvan  had  married,  take- 
ing  the  advantage,  partes  the  Jihun,  or  Ami,  with  300,000 
men  (N),  and  fubdues  Khorafdn.  .  Perfia  being  in  this  diltrefs, 
Bahrdrn  Cbubin,  the  bcaveft  man  of  his  time,  was  fent  for  to 
oppofe  the  enemy  (O) ;  who  taking  with  him  but  12,000 
experienced  foldiers,  made  a  great  (laughter  of  them,  flew 
their  king,  and  took  his  fon  prifoner,  befides  an  immenfe 
booty :  but  afterwards  being  defeated  in  his  attempts  agaipft 
Khofraw  Parvfz,  the  fon  and  fucceflbr  of  Hormcz,  he  fled  in- 
to Turkijidn,  where,  he  fared  the  Khakdn  Chini  \ 
fbijwer-  From  that  time  the  Turks  feem  to  have  remained  quiet, 
run  Pcrfia.  till  the  year  654,  being  the  nineteenth  of  the  reign  of  Taz- 
dejerd,  laft  king  of  Perfia ;  at  which  time  vaft  multitudes 
of  them  (P)  from  Turin,  or  Turkeftdn,  pa/Ted  the  river  Sihun, 
or  Sir,  and  laid  wade  the  countries  to  the  fouth  of  it.  At 
the  fame  juncture  the  Arabs  invaded  his  dominions  on  the 
other  fide ;  and  he  dying  nejet  year,  the  whole,"  by  degrees, 
fell  a  prey  to  the  latter.  At  length,  in  716,  the  Arabs  drove 
the  Turks  out  of  Karazm  and  Mawara'/nahr. 

However,  from  that  time  they  fwarmed  all  over  the  do- 
minions of  the  Khalifah,  and,  by  degrees,  got  the  pofle/fion 
of  them :  for  being  a  handfome  people,  and  famous  for  their 

z  SeeTEXEiRA*shift.  p.  105.        »  Mirkond.  ap.  Texcir.  p'.^ 
18.6.    Eutych.  annal.  vol.  ii.  p.  200. 

(K)  Thefe  were  the  Jutjen,  hiftorians,    Hormixdas  invaded 

whofe  princes  had  the  titfe  of  firlt,  in  587.    See  ant.  hift.  vol. 

JKban,  or  Khakdn.    See  p.  44.  xvii.  p.  8. 

( L)  He  is  alfo  called  HormoxJ,         (N )  Texeira  has  400,0004 
whence  the  Greek  Hormixdas  ;         (O)  Texeira  ftill  calls  them 

alfo  Tajedar,  or  the  crown-car*  Tartars. 

ncr ;  becaufe  he  wore  the  Taje        (P)    This  is  the  firft  time 

t>n  all  occafions.  Mirkond  calls  them  Turks,  ac- 

(M)    This     was   Mauritius,  cording  to  Texeira*  abftracl. 


whom,  according  to  the  Greek 


courage. 


C  t.  Their  affairs  till  Jenghfc  Khto;  $t  - 

courage,  the  Khalifahs,  and,  after  their  example,  feverll  of . 
the  princes,  who,  in  time,  threw  off  their  yoke,  caufed  great 
numbers  of  yonng  Turkifb  flftves  to  be  bought,  and  educated 
in  their  courts.  -  Out  of  thefe  they  formed  troops  of  militia, 
who  often  rebelled,  and  depofed  the  Khalifah  himfelf.  la 
efleft,  at  length  their  commanders  became  maftefs*  not  only 
of  the  Khalifat,  and  perfibns  of  the  Khalifahs  b,  Whofe  guards 
they  were ;  but  alfo  of  great  dominions,  which  they  erected 
in  Khoraf&n,  KaraZm,  Egypt,  and  India  itfelf  %  as  hath  been 
already  fet  'forth  at  large. 

Bur  to  return  to  the  affairs  of  the  Turks  at  home.  In 
the  year  894  Ifmael  al  Sammani>  who,  throwing  off  his  fub~  , 

jeftion  to  the  Khalifah,  fet  up  for  king  of  Mawara'lnah? 
and  Kborafdn^  marched  into  Turkeftan;  and,  defeating  the 
Khan,  took  him  prifoner,  with  20,006  men,  befides  a  vaft 
treafore.  Some  time  before  his  death,  which  happened  in 
909,  he  made  another  expedition  thither,  fubduing  feveral  . 
provinces d. 

The  Turks  feem  to  have  kept  within  their  bounds  till  tixt  Invited  by 
reign  of  Nub  Ebi  Manfury  fixth  king  of  the  race  of  the  Sam-  rebels. 
nuari>,  who  afcended  the  throne  in   the  year  of  the  Htjrab       . 
365  (QJ,  and  of  Chrifl  97  j.    This  prince,  being  poflefled  of  HeJrah 
all  Mawar&'ln&kr  and  Khorafan,  gave  the  government  of  two     *  $' 
considerable  diftrifts  to  two  brothers,  Abuali  and Fd'ekb< 
Thefe,  at  length,  quarrelling  together,  the  latter  nrft,  and 
then  the  former,  rebelled,  and  invited  Kara  Khdn  (R)  of  Tur- 
kefian  to  invade  the  dominions  of  Nub  (S)>     The  Khan  Joins 
them  ;  and,  routing  the  army  of  N&h,  takes  Samarkand  and 
Bokhara*  while  Nth  made  hafte  to  mufter  another.    Kara 
Kkony  felling  tick,  was  advifed  by  his  phyficians  to  return 
to  Turkeftan  5  which  he  attempted  to  do,  but  died  by  the 
tray. 

Howhtor,  the  rebel  brothers  Dill  held  out,  and  raifed 
great  forces ;  being  affifted  by  the  neighbouring  princes  :  at 
what  time  Sabektekin,  a  famous  general  of  Nuh\  having  re* 

*  See  D'HERBKLOt.  p.  898,  &  feq>  Art.  Tot*.  c  See 

before,  voL  ii.  and  iiiv         *  MUkond.  ap>  Texeir.  p.  197,  2o6> 
*J7*  *39-    ;  ,      '  * 

(QJ  D\Hirbe!ot,  by  miftake,        f k)    So  VHerbelot.  Tixeir* 

puts    this  event  twenty  years  calls  him  Boira  Khan* 
lower :  and  tho'  Texeira  does        (S)  Thefe  troubles,  accord - 

not  date  all  his  fads,  yet  he  ing  to  D'Herbe/ot,  began  about 

feems  more  correal  in  his  njjm-  the  year  371  rf •  the  r/4grrafr,  of 

besa.  Cbrifitfi, 

£  a  turned' 


5*'  General  Hlfiery  of  the  Turk*.  .B.L 

turned  with  laulrds  from  India,  the  king,  by  his  afliftince> 
marched  againft,  and,  after  a  doubtful  battle,  routed  them  e. 

After  this  battle,  Nuh,  at  the  requeft  of  Subektekin,  made 
his  fon  Mahmud  general  of  his  forces,  and  went  to  Bokhara  \ 
Sabcktekin  to  Gaznm  (T),  a  territory  in  Khorafan,  and  Mah- 
mud to  Nifbabur ;  whence  Abuali  and  Faekh,  who  had  retired 
thither,  fled;  but,  raifing  forces,  they  drove. out  Mahmud: 
however,  the  latter,  rallying  his  troops,  and  tocbg  joined  by 
his  father  Sabektektn,  routed  the  brothers  in  their  turn. 
Abuali,  upon  this,  fubmittcd  to  Nuhy  but  Faekh  retired  to 
nek  Khan,  who  fucceeded  Bokra  Khan  in  Turkefian,  and  was 
perfuaded  by  him  to  make  war  on  Nuh. 
IlekKhan  NUH,  being  informed  of  what  was  in 'agitation,  ordered 
with-  Sabektektn  to  attend  him,  and  Mahmud,  with  his  troops,  be- 
dr&ws.  twecn  Keflj  and  NefAf,  near  Samarkand.;  but  an  accommo- 
dation being  agreed  on,  whereby  Faekh  was  to  have  the  go- 
vernment of  Samarkand,  an  intire  end  was  put  to  thefe  trou- 
bles in  995 ;  and  Nuh  died  in  peace  two  years  after,  having 
reigned  twenty-two  years,  leaving  his  fon  AbiClkares  Manfur, 
a  youth,  to  fucceed  him  at  Bokhara,  in  the  dominion  of  Ma* 
ivara'luahr  and  Khorafdn.  ... 

JRe  enters       On  t^e  death  of  Nuh,  Hek  Khan  invades  AbuHbares  ;  and, 
Mawa-     being  joined  by  Faekh,  governor  of  Samarkand,  attacks* Bo- 
ra'lnahr.   khara :  from  whence  AbuUhares  flies,  but  foon  after  returns 
again,  on  affiirances  of  fidelity  given  by  Faekh,  whom  he 
"  makes  his  general,  and  Baktazun  governor  of  Khorafan  f, 
'MAHMUD  Gazni  (U),  fon  of  Sabektekin,  whofe  go-. 
verment  Khorafm,  was  complaining  of  this  injury,  AbuUtmret 
gives  him  Balkh,  Termed  and  Herat  in  Keu  thereof :  -but  Mah- 
mud, not  being  content  with  the  exchange,  marches  to  Nifba- 
Mr;  from  whence  the  king  fled ;  yet,  fearing  to  be  deemed  a 
rebel,  turns  off,  without  feeing  that  city.     Baktuzun  marches 
to  the  king's  relief;    and,  meeting  him  on  his  return,  un- 
q.     ,     .  der   fome    pretence  confpires    with  Faekh,    and   puts    out 
It'horaf^ri'i8  eyes,  after  he  had  reigned  one  year  and  fcven  months. 
n'They  enthrone  Abdalm&lck,  the  eighth  king;  i>ut  Mahmud 
marching  againft  the  traitors, "  they  fled  different  ways ;  Fa'Skh 
carrying  the  new  king  to  Bokhara.     Thus  Mahmiid  became 
foflefled  of  all  Khorafdn.     The  traitors,  gathering  forces, 

«  Mirkond.  ap.  Teveiram,  p.  255,  tt  feq.      D^Hirbelot. 
p.  679.   Art.  Noah  ben  Manfour.  *  Mirk o Kb.  obi  fup. 

p.  259,  &Teq. 

:-(T)  Of  which  the  city  Gax-  (U)   Or  <***»«•/,  fo  called 

tyh  or  Gazna,  is  the  capital.  from  the  city  Gaxnah,  where  hi* 

•  •  ~ :- :  father  refided* 

t  march 


C.  i.  Tbttr  affaln  Ml  Jcnghlz  Khao.  53 

narch  agaihfrhkn ;  bat  FaUth  dying;  the  expedition  came  to    ."- 
nothing.  "  i    -    "*    ' 

'Mean  time  ttek  Khan,  taking  advantage  of  thefe  troubles, Takes 
advance  to  Bokhara,  uncter  pretence  of  afiifting  Abdalm&lck.  Bokhara. 
The  young'king,  giving  credit  tp  his  words,  fent  the  beft  com- 
maiidefs  heliad  to  return  him  thanks,  whom  the  Khan  fe-. 
cured.     AbdahnJUek,  in  a  fright,  hid  himfelf,  with  an  intent 
to  efcape;  but  H*k  Khan  having  taken  the  city,  and  ftrift 
fearth  beiftg  made,  Abdalmdiik  was  found,  and  fent  to  ty1  „  . 
hand  (X),  where  he  died  in  confinement.  This  happened  in  WeJrab 
the  year  999.  /^* 

Hfs  Aibje&s  proclaimed  king  a  younger  brother  of  his;  but  Jf'2*'  th\ 
he  enjoyed  not-  the  dignity  long.     Uek  Khan,  being  thus  pcf-™*' 
fefled  of  Bokhara,  feizes  the  blind  king   Abu'lhdres  Man- 
far,  his  two  brothers,    and  two  uncles,  with  others  of  the  -  • 
royal  family,  who  were  all  confiried  apart,  and  attended  by  '*•" 
his  women  fteves.     She  who  attended  Abu  Ibrahim  Montcfer, 
taking  a  liking  to  him,  procured  his  efcape  by  means  of  her  veil. 
Being  at  liberty,  he  went  to  Karazm,  where  crouds  xofort- 
ing  to  him,  he  fent  a  numerous  army  to  Bokhara,  which  de-  Defeated 
feated  IUk  Khan's  forces,  and  took  their  peneral  prifoner.  twice,  . 
Marching  foward,  he  routed  another  of  his .  armies,   com-    , ,  * 
manded-by  Takin  Khan,  governor,  of  Samarkand. 

MOMTESER,  after  this,  returned  to  Bokhara  ;  but  lick 
K&mfoon  marching  againft  him,  he  fled ;  and  pafling  thejfihun,       . 
came  to  Nifbabdr,  in  the  year  1000  :  about  the  beginning  of  HcJrah 
the  next  yeat,  by  the  affiftance  of  the  Turkm&ns;  he  marched     $***-  • 
into  Mavuira'lrtahr,  where  lick  Khan  met  him  with  a  great  2?r  Map- 
army  ;  but  as  they  Jay  encamped  near  each  other,  the  Turk-  tcfer.   , 
mku  one -night,   by  fnrprize,  fell  upon  the  Khan's  camp,' 
and  killing  many  men,  put  the  reft  to  flight :  after  which 
they -returned  -to  their  hords,   with  the  better  part  of  the 
plunder*    Mttottfirr,  finding  himfelf  deferted  by  the  Turkmans, 
eroded  the  Jihttn,  which  was  then  frozen,  upon  the  ice.    Mean 
time  \hc  Turkmans,  repenting  that  they  had  lpft  him  any  part 
of  the  booty,  returned  to  take  it  away ;  but  coming  to  the 
river  by  day,  found  it  thawed,  and  were  thus  baulked,  as 
not  being  able  to  purfue  him.     Mmtefer,  after  this,  got^'^' 
feme  victories  mKhorafan  \  but  finding  he  could  not  ftay  in^'** 
that  province,  repafled  the  JMn,  with  his  followers :  and 
though  he  loft  moft  of  his  men,  in  a  conflict  with  the  Skena, 
or  governor  of  Bokhira,  yet,  with  the  reft,  he  aflaulted  that 
city  by  night,  and  took  it.     Upon  this  Uek  Khan  haftened 
thither  ;  but  being  met  in  the  territory  of  Samarkand  by  Man* 

(X)  D'HerbiUt writes  Dixgbcnd. 

E  3  ttfir, 


Si <  General  Hijtoty  *f  the  Turks.  B.L 

Hejrab  ufer,  was  there  overthrown ;  with  whofe  plunder  the  viftor's 
39+-    army  was  enriched.     This  was  in  1003. 

II,  EK  Khan j  after  this  defeat,  having  reemked  his  force*, 
'parched  again  towards  Montefer,  and  found  him,  when  thofe 
who  had  aflifted  him  were  gone.  What  *waa  worfe,  one  of 
his  generals  going  over  to  the  enemy,  with  4000  men,  he, 
defpairing  of  fuccefs,  fled.  Finding  no  poflibility  of  crofllng 
the  Jihuny  he  came  to  Bokhara,  with  very  far  follower* ;  and 
though  the  governor  promifed  to  affift  him,  yet-  knowing  that 
he  was  purlued  by  Ilek  KIxin'%  general,  to  whom  moft  of  his 
men  had  gone  over  in  difguft,  he  left  the  city  ;  and  getting 
%  •  into  Khorafan,  hid  himfelf  in '•a  poor  houfe ;  which  bring 
Hejrah   forced  in  the  night  by  one  who  was  in  fearch.of  him,  he  was 

395*     there  killed,  in  1004  *. 

Mahmud      y^IS  ^  ^  fate  0f  the  dynafty  of  the  Samfnini  fa- 

JiUMdt  tbe  gjjiy  -m  p^fa  wWch  properly  cn(jed  in  Nub  Ebn  Manfur, 

in  whofe  reign  fprung  up  the  Cdzni  monarchy,  under  Mah- 

tnjidG&zni  before-mentioned ;  the  foundation  of  which  was 

kid  by  his  father  Sabektckin.    This  Sabektektn  was  a  Turk 

by  nation,  and  originally  (lave  to  Alptektn,  another  Tutk,  who 

Gazni       ^S  8enm*  to  ^ih  Ebn  Manfur ;  on  whofe  death  Sabck- 

wunarebs.  *'^n  fuccceded  in  that  poft ;  and,  by  his  conqnefts  in  India, 

'  and  authority  with  the  foldiery,  became  equal  in  power  to  the 

Jung  himfelf.    D'Herbelot  tells  us,  that  he  defeated  Kara  Khan 

of  Turkeftan  in  feveral  battles  (though  Texeira  fpeaks  of  but 

one,  which  he  had  with  Ilek  Khan  J ;  and  that,  at  his  return 

Hejrah   from  the  expedition,   he  died  at  BMh,  in  the  year  997  •; 

387.     which  U  the  fame  year  in  which  Nuh  Ebn  Manfur  died. 

Howeyeti  that  be,  his  fon  Mahmud,   who.  fucceeded  to 

his  father's  power  and  authority,  being  dUgufted,  as  hath 

been  before-mentioned,  at  his  government  of  Khorafm  being 

given  to  another,  \>y  Abu'lhares,  fucceffor  of  ISflAhEbnJWan- 

fur9  fubdued  the  whole  province  to  himlelf;  and:  having  in- 

•    tirely  pacified  the  troubles  which  reigned  there,  as  hath  been 

Hejrah   before  fet  forth,   in  the  year  998,  went  from  Giznah  to 

389.     Bdlkb,  where  the  KhaHfah  Kdder  fent  him  a  rich  veft,  by  way 

of  inveftiture  in  his  new  dominions  :  4nd  thus  the  monarchy 

pafled  from  the  Jlfamni&ni  to. the  Guzni  b. 

h'vaiedby     Soon  after,  Mahmud  concluded  a  perpetual  peace  with  Ilek 

JJekKhin  Khan;  s^nd,  to  make  it  the  firmer,  took  one  of  his  daugh- 

tfejralj    ters  in  marriage.     In  1003  the  governor  of  Sifldn9  or  Seje- 

393  •    jlan.f  having  revolted,  he  has  recourfe  fqr  affiftspice  to  Ilek  Khan  \ 

.  *  Mirkond.  uhi  fupr.  p.  267,  »70,.&  feq.    m     h  D'Hirbel. 
p.  679,  732,  533.    Art.  Nouh  ben  Manfour,  Sebektekin,  and 

Jtfahmciuc}. 

whq, 


C 1.  Their  of  airs  till  Jenghlz  Kh&ti. 

who,  in  1005,  taking  advantage  of  MahnSd  bong  engaged 


55 

Hejrah 
356. 


in  the  war  of  India,  fends  two  generals  to  invade  KhoraJSn ; 
but  Mabmid  returning  on  the  news,  they  foon  were  obliged 
to  retreat.  lick  Khan,  upon  this,  applies  for  fuccour  to  Ka* 
der  Khan,  of  Ketau  Kotan  (Y) ;  who,  joining  him  with  50,000 
horfe,  gathered  in  Ketau  Kotan,  Turkeftan,  and  Mawara'U 
nahr,  tbey  parted  the  Ji/nin. 

MA H MUD,  on  this  news,  haftens  to  BUkh,  with  a  vo-Who  is 
Me  army  of  Turks  (Z),  CavnU,  and  other  people,  to  meet  *wr- 
the  enemy.    They  came  to  a  battle ;  and  Mahm&ts  forces  *brvwu. 
giving  ground,  he,  almoft  in  defpair,  rufhed  into  the  thickeft 
of  the  enemy,  and  cuttihg  his  way  through  them,  came  up  to 
lick  Kh&a ;  whom  his  elephant,  unhorfmg  him,  tofled  up  in  the 
air.    His  men,  at  this,  refuming  their  courage,  put  the  ene- 
my to  flight.     This  battle  happened  in  1006  (A),  and  proved 
one  of  the  moll  bloody  which  was  fought  in  that  age  '. 

ILE  K  Khan,  after  this  lofs,  retired  into  Mawara'htahr; 

1  Texxeira,  p.  278.    D'Herbel.  p.  554. 


(Y)  *Tis  hard  to  fay  what 
country  this  is  :  inTexeira  there 
is  added,  dOubtlcfs  by  himfelf, 
ivbicb  nue  call  Katay.  *'f  is  true, 
the  empire  of  Kit  ay  or  Ka- 
tay might  have  extended,  at 
this  lime,  under  the  Kit  an,  as 
far  westward  as  Kajbgar\  and 
this  Kadcr  Khan  been  the  go- 
vernor, or  one  fet  up  there  for 
himfelf:  or  the  country  here 
mentioned  might  have  been  j&- 
tan  or  Ho  to*,  a  noted  city  and 
province  to  the  fouth  call  of 
K&Jhgar ;  which  formerly  had 
kings  of  its  own,  but  then  feems 
to  have  been  under  the  Kit  an 
hereafter  mentioned. 

(Z)  Thefe  Turks  were  either 
fucii  as  be  and  his  father,  who 
were  Turks,  always  command- 
red;  or  elfe  Seijuk  Turks,  who, 
many  years  before,  had  fettled 
in  Mawaralnabr.  But  neither 
PHerbeUt  nor  Texeira  are  ex- 
plicit enough  on  this  point. 

(A)  Three  other  authors, 
made  ufe  of  by  D%Herbelot,  place 


this  event  in  Hejrah  410,  or  101 Q 
of  Cbrifi,  and  vary  much  from 
the  account  of  Mir  fond.  Thefe 
authors  call  llek  Khin  king  of  the 
oriental  Turks,  and  all  the  coun- 
try beyond  the  7*£«*.  They  add, 
that,  dying  in  his  own  country, 
in  403  (toxz),  he  was  fucceed* 
ed  by  his  fon  JKader  Khin ;  who, 
being  joined  by  Arjlan  Kbdn, 
king  of Turke/la*n,they  pafled  the 
Jibun,  and  advanced  to  B&ikb  ; 
but  that,  being  met  by  Mai- 
mud,  mounted  on  a  white  ele- 
phant, they  were  driven  back  to 
that  river,  wherein  moft  of  them 
pcriflied.  The  Sol  tan,  c  roiling 
the  Jibun,  quite  ruined  the  ene- 
mies country,  and  then  returned 
in  410,  1019,  above-mentioned 
(i).  According  to  this  account, 
there  were  two  great  monarchies 
of  the  Turks  exifting  in  Tartary 
at  the  fame  time,  llek  Khan, 
who,  in  the  other  account,  is 
called  king  ofTurkefian,  is  here 
made  king  of  the  oriental  Turks, 
and  /Coder  Khan  to  be  his  fon. 


I 


(1)  D'HtrU.  f.  554,  &  fa-  An.  Matmuut. 
E4 


had 


5« 


Rife  of  the 
Seljuk  dy 
nafties. 


Hejrah 

4*6. 


Central  Hiftcry  of  the  Turks? 


B.I. 


Hejrah 
4*9" 


Turks 
tmpirf 


hroken  in 
Tartary. 


where  underftanding  that  his  brother  Tog&n  (B)  Khan ,  who 
had  been-  with  hirft  in  that  fight,  had  fent  to  make  his  apo- 
logy to  Mahmud,  he  marched  againft  him ;  but  Mahmdd  in- 
terpofing,  they  were  reconciled  k. 

During  thefe  invafions  by  Bek  Khan,  great  numbers  of 
Turks  took  the  opportunity  of  palling  out  of  Turkeft&n  into 
Mawaralnahr.     Among  the  reft  was  Seljiik,  who,  with  his 
family  and  followers,  fettled  about  Samarkand  and  Bokhira% 
where,  by  degrees,  they  acquired  large  pofleflions  :'  at  length, 
in   1034,  being  the  fifth  year  of  the  reign  of  Soltan  (C) 
Maffud,  fon  and  fucceflbr  of  Mahmiid  Gazni,  the  grandfons 
of  Seljiik,  Mohammed  and  Daivd  (D),  called  afterwards  Togrul- 
beg  and  Jaffar-beg)  pafling  the  Jih&n  or  And,  and  fat  down 
about  Ncfti  and  Abiwerd,  or  Baward,  in  Khorafdn,  where 
they  began  fome  commotions  :  but,  on  the  return  of  Majfud, 
who  was  then  in  India,  they  fat  (till,  and  fent  an  envoy  to 
him,  offering  to  become  his  fubjefts.     Majfud  rejected  their 
mefTage  with  contempt :  yet,  contrary  to  the  advice  of  his 
council,  fet  out  again  for  his  Indian  conquefts,  before  the 
affairs  of  the  Turks  were  fettled.     They,  in  his  abfence,  be- 
gan to  make  their  inroads  through  Khorafdn,  with  fo  much 
fuccefs,  that,  in  two  years,  they  conquered  almolt  all  that 
province,  with  l  Per/tan  Irak  (E) ;    founding,  in  1037,  the 
fecond  great  monarchy  of  the  Turks,  in  the  fouth  of  Ajia  : 
which,   in  time,   fpread  over  all  Perfia,  and  the  countries 
weftward,  as  far  as  the  Archipelago  :  whereof  we  (hall  give 
the  reader  "an  account  in  the  next  chapter. 
'  Having  brought  down  the  foreign  hiflory  of  the  Turks, 
from  their  firft  appearance  out  of  Tartary,  to  this  period,  we 
ought  now  to  return  to  their  domeftic  affairs,  and  fee  what 
they  were  doing  in  Tartary  among  themfelves,  or  with  their 
kindred  nations,  during  that  interval.     But  here  we  are   at 
a  greater  lofs  than  before  :  for  the  memory  of  tranfactions, 
which  arc  not  committed  to  writing,  can  never  poffibly  be 
lifting ;  and  oral  records  are  foon  defaced.      In  (hort,  we 
fcarce  know  £nj  thing  of  their  domeftic  affairs  during  that 
long  interval.     We  can  only  collect,  in  general,  from  certain 
cjreumftances,  that  their  dominion,  which  once  extended  over 

k  Texetra,  p.  281.  ^'Hirbelot.   p.*  800,  &  feq. 

Art.  Selgiouk.     Texeira,  p.  292,  &  feq. 


(B)  Or  Dogan  Khan. 

(C)  His  father  Mahn.ul  was 
the  firft  who  took  the  tide  of 
goitan, 


(D)  2>*W,  or  Baud,  is  the 
fame  with  David. 

(E)  That  is,  the  Perfan  Irfr* 
There  is  another  call'd  xk$  Ara- 
bian Irak* 


C.  i .  tbdt  affairs  Itil  Jcngiuz.Kimn.  &y 

ail  Tartary,  in  pfocefsof  time  became  divided  among  fetefal 
Khans ;  and  their  .power  being  thus  broken,  gave  other  na* 
dons  an  opportunity  of  depriving  them  of  the  greater  part  of   •  .      - 
what  they  formerly  poflefled.  •  r  •  - 

We  learn  from  the  Chinefe  hiftdry,  that,  at.  the  beginning  That  of  the 
of  the  tenth  centnry,  the  Kitan  or  Lyati,  who  founded  the**^"* 
empire  of  Kitay  or  Katay   (which  comprized  the  northern  ^ltan* 
provinces  of  China,  with  the  adjoining  part  of  Tartary>  thence 
called  Kara  Kitay),  fubdued  aU  the  conntrie*  sweftward  from- 
Korea,  as  far  as  Kdjhgar  m.     And  th&P^rfian  authors  inform 
us,  that;  in  the  year  1017,  300,000  Tartars  and  yf\logols\  Hejnah  I' 
comprized  under  the  name*  of  Turks,  in*bingirDm_the  borders     4-°8, 
of  China,  ravaged  the  country  from  the  oriental  ocean,  as  far 
as  Bala/agun,  then  the  capital  of  what  is  more  properly  cal- 
led Turkeftan  :  but  that  Togan,  or  Dog an  Khan, who*,  at  that 
time  reigned  there  (F),    not  only  presented  their  progrefs 
any  farther  weftward,  but,  obliging  them  to  retreat,  purfued  , 

them  for  three  months  together,  and  JuUedmore  than  200,000  ~    * 
•fthem". 

These,  which  .are  here  called  Tartars  xnd  Mogols,  werera/fo/ ka- 
doubtlefs  no  other  than  the  Kitan,  or  tbofefrom  Ketan  Ab-rakitay- 
tan  before-mentioned  ?\  who,  under.  Kader  Khan,  or  his  fuc»ans. 
ceflbr,  aimed  to  have  extended  their  dominions*  which  al- 
ready reached  from  Kitay  to  KSJbgar,  as  far. weftward  as  the 
Gafpian  fea.     Not  but  a  great  part  of  their  army 'might  have 
confifted  of  Mogols  and  Tartars ;  thefe  people  probably,  at 
.  that  time,  having  beep  fubjed  to  the  Kitan,  as  we  know 
they  were  not  long  after. 

The  Kkdn  having,  in  1 1 24,  been  difpoflefled  by  the  Kin,Thtlrfa- 
another  nation  (G)  of  eaftern  Tartary  retired  weftward,  and  *£**»'•     . 
founded  the  empire  of  the  weftward  Lyaii7  near  Kq/bgarP. 
The  hiftorians  of  the  weft  of  Afia  call  thefe  Lya&  or  Kit  an;4 
who,  after  this  event,  became  better  known  to  them,  Karaki- 
tayans  ;    and  fay  they  fetded  in  the  parts  about  /mil  (H)," 
mixing  themfelves  with  the  -Turks  9 ;    who,   at    that  time, 
were  divided  into  many  nations,  uuder  different  chiefs.  The 

m  Gaubil.  hid.  de  Gentch.  p.  11.        n  D'Herbel.  p.  899. 
Art.  Turk.  *  See  before,  p.  55;  p  Gaubil.  ibid.- 

p.  127.  9  Mjrkonp.  ap.  Horn.  arc.  Noae,  p.  287,  &  feq. 

Abtj'lghazi  Khan's  hift.  pi  44.  « 

(F)  He  was  brother  to  Ilek    led  Mancbews,  now  reigning  in 
Khan,  as  hath  been  before- men-     China. 

tioned,  and  probably  fucceeded         (H)  Called  alfo  Jmi/zr\d  An* 
him.  mil,  to  the  weft  of  Almalik,  in 

(G)  The  fame  with  thofe  cal-    Utile  Bukbdria. 

Kitan 


£g,  Gourd Hiftory  of  the  Turks.  B.T. 

Kit&n  found  feme  tribes  about  Turfan,  and  others  on  the 

borders  of  Great  Bukh&ria,  \yhom  they  defeated. 

The  Turk-     These  fcem  to  have  been  independent  tribes,  which  own- 

sih  empire  td  no  fubjeftion  to  the  Khan  of  Turkefton ;  who,  though 

pofleifed  of  but  a  part  of  the  dominions  of  his  anceftors,  ftiH 

preferved  a  (hew  of  grandeur.    But,  in  a  ftiort  time  after, 

his  power  began  greatly  to  decline ;  infomuch  that  Ilek  Khan, 

who  reigned  at  Balafdgun,  about  the  middle  of  the  twelfth 

.    century,  to  defend  himfelf  againft  the  Kankli,  Karliks,  and 

tea/a  in     Kipjdkst  refigned  his  dominions  to  the  king  of  the  wcftern 

Tartary.   gitfa,  or  Karakatayam r,  before-mentioned s :  and  thus  Tur* 

keflan,  which  for  fo  many  ages  had  been  poflefled  by  Khans 

of  its  own,  fell  under  the  dominion  of  a  foreign  prince :  for 

although  fame  oriental  hiftorians  pretend  to  derive  even  the 

Kitayans  fjom  Turk,  the  fuppofed  fon  of  •  Jafet ;  yet  their 

language  and  manners,  as  well  as  remote  fituation,  ihew  them 

to  be  people  of  a  different  origin. 

The  whole     As  foon  as  this  prince  was  fetded  in  his  new  dominions, 

fojfejfedly  according  to  AbtZlghtod  Khan,  he  aflumed  the  title  of  Kavar 

Khan*  that  is,  great  lord.     But  Mirkond  writes  K&r  Khan  (I), 

and  fays  it  was  the  tide  of  the  kings  of  Karakitay  S  adding, 

'  that  after  he  had  vanquished  the  Kankli,  he  purfued  his  good 

'    fortune,  and  conquered,  in  the  year  1141  (K),  the  cities  of 

KA/bgar,  Khoten,  Bijhba%g%  and  Turkefton  „•  and  thus  all  Tar- 

taryf  between  mount  Jit  ay  and  the  Caftian  fea,  became  again 

united  under  one  fovereign,  who  was  the  greateft  prince  who 

had  reigned  in  northern  Afia  for  many  ages,  before  the  time*. 

of  Jenghtz  Khan. 

tie  Kara-      In  all  probability  all  the  Turkijb  tribes,  and  even  thofe 

kiuyaas.  fettled  about  Turfdn,  bad  fubmitted  to  Kur  Khan  ;  fince  we 

find  the  Vigurs  or  Igurs,  their  neighbours  to  the  eaft,  were 

under  his  protection;  and  fo  continued  till  the  year  X2L2, 

when  flaying  his  tax-gatherer,   they  went  over  to  Jenghiz 

Khan*. 

*  See  an  account  of  them  before,  p.  57.  •  Abu'lgha* 

zi  Khan,  p.  44.      Mirkokd.  ap.  Horn.  arc.  Noac,  p.   288. 
«  Mirkond.  ap.  Horn.  arc.  Ne^,  p.  287.  tt  A&v'lcha- 

zi  Khan,  p.  87.     Gaubil.  hid.  Jeng.  p.  13. 

(I)  Which,  in  Horn/us,  is  faid  khan*  he  fays  it  fignifics  the/on* 

to  fignify  king  of  kings.     Altho*  in-law  and  kin/man    of  kings 

this  teems  to  be  inferted  as  the  and  princes.      See  D'Herb.  p. 

explanation  of  Mirkond*  we  (hall  878.  Art.  Timeur. 

not  give  it  as  his ;  fince,  in  his  (K)  Abulghaxi  Khan  places 

account  of  Timur,  or  Tamerlane,  thefe  events  in  the  year  1 1 77, 

who  a/Turned  the  title  of  Kur-  p.  44.                "    n 

To 


To  check  this  graraingjttwer,  Sanjar,  fixth  Soltan  of  the 
Sdjuk  Turks,  befare«mentioned,  being  at  Samarkand  about 
the  year  1145,  w  prevailed  on  to  attack  K&rkhin  (L)9 
kiog  of  Karakatay  \  but  he  was  defeated,  and  all  his  Harem 
(oryomen)  taken  v. 

In  U72yTaka/h  (defended  from  Sahektekln*,  tbcTtirkf/b 
founder  of  the  Gtem  monarchy),  third  Soltan  of  Karazm  (a 
new  dominion,  'which  fpruag  up  in  the  time  of  the  Seljuks), 
applying  to  the  king  of  Karakitay  for  aid  againft,  his  brother 
Sottm  Sbih,  he  fent  Keramara,  his  fon-in4aw,  with  a  powv  , 
erful  army,  which  recovered  the  crown  for  him  r. 

The  Karaxfn  Shahs  were  tributary  <M)  to  the  Kvrkhans  ; 
but,  on  the  death  c£TakaJhy  ocTtkuJb,  his  fon,  Mohammed 
refilled  to  pay  the  tribute;  and  raifirig  great  forces,  in  the 
year  1200,  firft  reduced  Bokhara,  and  the  other  cities  of  Ma* 
waralnahr  (which  ted  become  independent  under  princes  of 
their  own) ;  then,  Birching  into  the  dominions  of  Karakatay 
Kurkh&n,  overthrew  his  army,  commanded  by  Tbtniku  Taraz, 
a  faaous  commander  >  After  this,  he  took  Orrar,  at  that  time 
the  capital  of  all  Turkeft&n,  and  returned  home.  Some  years 
after,  the  Karakitayant,  emeting  Mawafd' faahr,  laid  fiege  to 
Umarhant  :■  but  hearing,  at  the  fame1  time,  both  of  the  ap- 
proach of  Mohammed,  and  the  revolt  of  Kuchhk  the  Nay- 
m&n>  againft  KirkSan  his  father-in-law,  they  raifed  the  fiege, 
and  returned  to  TurKeftan  \, , . 

This  account  of  the  Karakiiayans  reigning  in  TurkeftantHiJ}<mmu 
we  have  made  up  the  beft  we  could,  from  the  few  imperfe&d^iw.  i. 
memoirs  we  meet  with  ■extracted  from  Mirkond ;  according 
to  which,  there  were  two  KArkhans  who  reigned  in  Turkeftan, 
before  the  invafion  of  Jenghh  Khan ;  the  firft  called  Curjajb, 
to  whom,  by  the  courfeof  the  hiftory,  Hek  KhSn  muft  have 
reiigned  his  dominion  ;  the  other  Kuyang,  to  whom  Kuchluk 
retired.     But  Jbtflgh&zi  Khan  makes  only  one  Khan  of  the  Abu*l- 
two,  and  differs  in  the  date  of  his  reign,  and  other  circum-ghazi 
fiances.     He  tells  us,  that  the  Khan  of  Jurjvt  (N)  having  Khan's 
conquered  Karakitay,  its  prince,  called  Nvfi  Tayghir  Hi,  wasom**/* 

*  D'Herbelot,  p.  736.  Art.  Sangiar.  *  Ibid.  Art.  Mo* 

foamed  Khouarazm  Shah.  r  J  bid.  p.  826.  Art.  Soltan  Shah, 
*  Ibid.  p.  609.  Art.  Mohammed  Khoaaraxm  Shah.  p.  610.  Horn* 
arc.  Noct,  p.  268. 

(L)  Named  Gurjajb.  (N)  Perhaps  King  hya,  in  the 

(M)  IXHerbdot  mentions  no-    povince  of  Sben-fi  in  China,  then 

thing  of  this  tribute  in  the  life    the  capital  of  an  empire  called 

ether  of  Takajb  or  his  fon  Mp-    Hya. 

tumid,extpL&c&ftQmMirtond* 

obliged 


ft  G^erUWftoryoftbe^}^^         %.Y. 

s  obliged,  in  thfc  year  i  i  77,  to  retire  r«n8rig  the  Ktrgbti;  and 
thence  to  a  town  of  Kitay  (O),  called-TmiY?  tnat,  ttv6  years 
after,  IUk  Kh&n,  ft  defcendant  of  Aftlfmlt -Kbtn9rwWm&d 

.  mt  Baiafagun  (P),  bdflg  oppofed  by  \ki  rieighbbtirs  the  tan* 
klisy  who  had  fpoiled  all  his  cultivated  lands, -far  {SH&'ifi  hit 
affiffaince,  refigned'the  fovereignty  of  that  city  to  thhlKaraki- 
tayan  prince  (Q_)rwHo  immediately  attained  the  name  of  Ka* 
var  Khan  (R),  or  thef  great  lord;  after  which  he  eonqnered 
the  towns  of  Andijon,' 7*q/bkan*9  and  yTttrkeftan,HT$&:  made 
Samarkand  tributary.  After  he  was  returned  home,  *he  fent 
jfris,  one  of  h«  generals,  With'  *  numerous  army,  toward* 
Urghenj  (S) ;  who  obliged  PigkiJb'{T)f  Khan  of  that  city,  to, 
^ntyhis  mailer  a  tribute  of  2o,obo  gold  dinars.  -  Hbwever, 
Soltin  Mohammed,  hiS'fucceflbr,  refefing  to  do  ivhat  *his  fe- 
ther  had  done, prepared  for  wart  3$nt  :thoiigh  he -bad  ga» 
tbered  all  the  forces,  of  his  dottrfnfons,- ^fcich-  extended-  as  fer 
zs.RAm  (U),.yet  he  was  defeated  by  Kavar'KMk,  knd  obliged 

.  (0)*adierofj&rvr<b>^,and  year  ujy-j  which  «  tdPmake 
filbjeft  to  Kitay.  .  ,  1  .  »;; ;;. ; ,  him . begin  his  reign  in  JtirkcJUm 
<  -(P  It*  ciwj  E*gl\flx  tra&fl*fi<m  ..eigfet  years  before  b'n  fttedccef- 
JaJafagu*;  }i  wa&.t^e  $a.pital     far ;    tq:  whom,  ac{Q{$tig«a 


ql.furAeftar,  about  11,40  lailes  .Mirlonits  apcountv  Ut^^hdn  re- 
to  the  north-eaft  of  TWa/,.  on. .  figued  in  1 141 ;  -whereas  Jdtulk 
the  river  Sir.  '  '  gha^i  Khan  places  that  c venting 

(Q^i  It  is  hard  to  fay  which  of  1 1  ij.  We  frequently  meet'wjtii  \ 
'.  the  two  accounts  is,  m  the  main)  *  fiich  iireconcncable  drfagfee-  j 
the  moft  exaft ;  but  both  arfr"  mentsin  theextiattsma^'froinf 
erroneous,  as  well  as  defetliv*;  the  oriental  hiftoriahs':  Whethti*i 
\r  certain  particulars.  .  Abu  In  theonginak  are  molt  eoafflteaff \ 
gba%i  Khan  teems  to  make  we  J^aew-nc* ;  but  poflibiy  thri  I 
$*ufi.  taygbir  lit  the  founder  difficulties  might  be  cleared  up*  i 
?f  the  dynafty  of  the  weftera  from  the  hi  (lory  of  the  weilero 
Karakitayam  j  whereas  there  Lyau'ox  Kit  an,  which,  we  arc; 
were  feveral  kings  of  that  race  told,  is  given  at  large  in  theC&'y 
.(1),  which  began  in  1124,  as.  nefk  annais  (3).  j 

hath  been  related  above.  On  (R)  :A  miftake,  perhaps,  in* 
the  other  hand,  Mirktmd  gives  the  reading;  for  Kurkhan  :  for 
Kuyangy  his  fecond  Kurkhan,  a  the  fame  letters  may  admit  of 
xeign  of  eighty-one  years,  if  we  both  readings. 
j»zy  depend  on  the  extract  (2).  (S>  Or  Orhtni,  the  capita^ 
$9:  that,  on  a  fuppofitum  that  it . .  ofKarastm*  \ 

ended  in  1 214,  by  the  conqueft         (T)  A  miftake,  perhaps,  £on 
of  Kuchluk,  whom   that  author     Tekefo*  or  Takajb.  l 

9*kes  Kuyang\  facceftbr,  the         (U)  Or  Anatolia. 
beginning  of  it  will  fall  in  the 

*  (1)  Gauhil.  bill.  Jeng.  p.  »}.  ^f  J2>  (%)  Ihtt^  arc^Nfi^^  zSlJ 

(iJ  Gauhil^  v&ifupra.  '     - 

V  to 


C.i       ttei/^ir*iiUJen$JizKh*n.  €i 

toftyfot  ftdter.  to  tljc  Kanklis,  till,  he  could  find  means  to 
obtain-a  peace  \ 

In  the  year  1209,  Kuchluk,  the  fon  of  Tiyjum  (X)  AfttfftKaraki- 
of  the  Naymans>  having  been  defeated  by  Jenghlz  Kbdn,  and  tayanm- 
his  father  flain,  fled  for  {belter  to  Karakitay  Kurkbdn,  who/"*> 
recarcd  him  honourably,  and  gave  him  his  daughter  in  mar* 
rage b :  which  favours,  not  long  after,  he  repaid  -with  kh 
gratitude.    Upon  his  revolt,  he  fent  ambaffadors  to  conclude 
*  peace  with  Soltan  Mohammed,  whom  he  left  at  liberty  to 
cake  Kajbgar  and  Khotan,  in  cafe  he  could  conquer  them  be* 
fare  him.     Kuchluk  attacked  his  father-in4aw  firft,  and  pre* 
vaited  for  a  while,  but  was  at  length  defeated.     Soltan  Mo-  „    ,  . 
bammed,  on  his  fide,  entered  K&rkh&n*%  dominions,  and  would  a  ^ 
hare  made  great  progrefs,  but  for  the  revolt  of  one  of  his  * 
generals  with  part  of  his  troops.     This  accident,  which  hap* 
pened  in  the  midft  ota  battle,  put  the  Soltan  in  no  finall 
dinger;  fo  that  at  length  he  was  forced,  in  the  habit  of  a 
Tartar,  to  cut  his  way  through  the  enemy  to  join  his  army. 
After  whkh  he  founded  a  Eetreat ;  and,  by  flow  marches,  re* 
tamed  to  Karaxm  c. 

As  for  Kuchluk f  he  ftill  continued  his  rebellion,  and  at  length  Quite 
^ipfived*  his  father-in-law  of  more  than  half  of  his  domini- tw- 
ins.   But  his  ingratitude  did  not  remain  long  unpunUhed  \tbrmm* 
fcr,  in  12 16,  JenghizKhan  fent  one  of  his  mod  experienced 
(CDerak.agaittfl  him;  and,  although  he  advanced  with  an 
amy,  foperior  to  the  Mogols,  yet  he  was  overthrown ;  and* 
hing  with  fome  troops,  was  at  lafl  overtaken  near  Badag* 
fm  in  Great  Bukharia,  and  put  to  death  d.     After  this  the 
dbgol  forces  over-ran  Turkefian,  flaughtering  all  who  oppofed 
ton.    And  thus  an  end  was  put  to  the  very  name,  as  well 
11  dominion,  of  the  Turks  in  Tartary. 

SECT.     V. 

ttaraffer  of  the  Turks  before  the  time  of  Jenghfz 
'  Khan ;    and  whether  they  were  the  defendants  of 

the  antient  Scythians,  or  the  prefent  inhabitants  of 

Tartary  are  defcended  from  them. 

A  FT  E  R  what  has  been  faid  of  the  early  Turks  and  their  Cuftmm 
P"  affairs,  it  might  be  proper  to  give  fome  account  of  the*/  tba 
Banners  and  cuftoms  of  thofe  people :  but  our  memoirs  are 

\  »  See  Abu'lchazi  Khan,  p,  44,  &  feq.  b  Ibid.  p.  8;, 

U.  «  D*Herbei,ot.  p.  610.  Art.  Mohammed  Khouarazin 

ftik  d  Abv>ghazi  Kha^  p.  94. 

(X)  Others  mteTayokKM** 

very 


6%  General  Hfflary  of  the  Turks.   \         J.l> 

very  defe&ive  in  fach  particulars,     Th*  By  tontine  hifttirta&i 
already  cited,  take  notice  of  very  few  things  concerning  them, 
and  that  only  occasionally :  as,  that  the  Roman  ambafladbrs 
found  their  king,   Difabules,  under  a  tent,  attended  by  a 
coach  (or  waggon)  with  two  wheels  * :   that  it  was  their 
mncient      cuftom  to  (have  the  beard  in  token  of  grief ;  and  that  Taxan* 
Turks,     j^  required  this  ceremony  of  the  Roman  ambafladors  upon 
the  death  of  his  father  b  :  that,  during  the  funeral,  he  or* 
dered  four  Huns  to  be  brought  out  of  prlfon,  and  (lain  upon 
the  tomb,  with  the  hories  of  the  deceafed  prince  c :  that  they 
pay  public  figns  of  refpeft  to  the  fire  and  water,  afld  chstot 
,  hymns  in  honour  of  the  earth :  that,  however,  they  adore  ooiy 

one  God,  creator  of*  the  viiible  world,  and  facrifice  to  him 
hbrfes,  bulls,  and  fheep :  laftly, '  that  their  priefts  can  fofle- 
tel  future  events  d. 
purity  Br  the  report  of  jRubruquius  the  monk,  and  others,  who 

Tana-      travelled  into  Tartary  in  the  thirteenth  century,  as  well  as 
nan.         of  the  orientals,  who  wrote  the  hiftory  of  Jenghtz  'Khan,  it 
appears  that  the  fame  cuftoms  were  common  to  the  Mogdsj 
and  other  inhabitants  of  Zartary,  in  the  time  of  that  con- 
queror. 
Badcb**       The  Greek  hiftorians,  from  whence  we  took  thefe  notice*, 
ra&er  by   fay  nothing  as  to  the  character  of  the  Turks  :  but  that  defect 
may  be  eafily  fupplied  from  the  Arab  and  Perftan  authors, 
with  whom  the  word  Turk  partes  ufually  for  a  highwayman 
or  robber.     Hafez,  a  Perfxan  poet,  who  lived  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  fpeaking  of  fome  evil,  fays,  that  it  takes  from  air 
hearts  all  patience  and  repofe,  with  as  much  violence  as  the 
N  Turks  or  beggars  do  the  vicluals  from  a  well-furnijbed  table* 

What  is  more  furprifing,  we  meet  with  a  diftich  in  the  Turfc 
ijh  language  to  this  purpofe:  although  a  Turk  or  Tartatf 
Jhould  excel  in  all  the  fciences,  yet  the  barbarian  would  Jiill  bi 

Arabs  androote(*  *n  *'x  nature*     **  may  ^  ^^  *n  *c  h&ory  o£  th* 

Perfians.   KhaMfchs,  of  the  family  of  Abbas,  to  what  a  degree  the  blood 

of  the  Turks  was  thought  unworthy  to  be  mixed  with  theirs; 

when  it  was  propofed  to  give  a  princefs  of  that  houfe  in  mat* 

riage  to  Togrul  Beg,  firft  Soltan  of  the  SeljM  race. 

But  that  thefe  things  were,  in  great  meafure  at  leaft,  ow- 
ing to  prejudice,  appears  from  a  proverb  which  the  PerfioM 
have,  importing,  that  no  perfon  need  ever  fcruple  to  kill  4 
Turk,  even  though  he  was  a  Dotlor  of  the  Mohammedan  Arufj 
The  Arabs  and  Perfians  bore  a  hatred  to  the  Turks,  for  the 
injuries  received  from  them,  for  (everal  ages  together,  not 

*Menahd*r.  c.  13.     See  alfp  before,  p.  44.  b  Ibid.  CJ 

19.  c  id.  ibid.  d  Sim^aTta,  L  vji,  c.  8« 

a  onl] 


C.i.        Their  affairs  till  JengMz  Jthfyi;  $3 

poij  i>7  their  frequent  invafions  from  Tartary,  but  alio  by  JPby  bated 
the  difturbances  they  railed  in  their  dominions.  To  explain  by  them* 
this,  it  muft  be  obferved,  that  Al  MbtaJJem,  eighth  Khailfah 
of  the  Abbas  race,  Shehdb  addin,  Saltan  t>f  the  race  of  Gaur, 
AlMttek  al  Saleh,  Solum  of  the  family  of  Ayyob  in  Egypt, 
aad  feveral  other  princes  of  Afia,  caufed  a  great  number  of 
yonng  Turkijb  flaves,  the  handfomeft  who  could  be  procured, 
to  be  bought,  and  educated  in  their  courts  (A) ;  thefe  being 
formed'  into  troops  of  militia,  as  hath  been  already  mention- 
ed ',  not  only  often  rebelled,  and  depofed  the  Khalifah,  but, 
involving  the  country  in  cruel  war,  committed  unheard  of 
outrages  on  the  inhabitants  g.  * 

This  is  the  true  foundation  of  the  great  animofity  which  Tete/eem* 
the  Arabs  and  Perfians  bore  the  Turks  ;  who,  it  muft  beic-edfer 
bowleged,  always  were  a  moft  turbulent  and  infolent  race 
of  mortals,  as  they  ftill  are,  where  they  had  power  ;  though 
hamuli  enough  where  they  had  none.    However,  they  were 
not  altogether  fo  defpicable  and  brutifh  as  their  enemies  re- 
i  prefent  them.     The  good  air  and  mien  of  thofe  young  flaves  their  baud* 
\  abope-mentioned  pleafed  the  eyes  of  the  Perfians  ;  infomuch^***^* 
that  the  poet  Hafez  himfelf,  who  had  paifed  fo  fevere  a  re- 
flexion on  them,  would  have  the  word  Turk  to  fignify  a  hand- 
Jmt  man :  and  was  charmed  with  one  of  them  to  fuch  a 
Agree,  that,  in  his  Divan,  he  cries  out,  If  I  could  but  gain 
the  good-will  of  this  Turk  of  the  city  o/'Shiraz,  I  would  give, 
&r  the  fmallejl  of  his  favours,  the  cities  of  Samarkand  and 
Bokhara  b. 

Authors  divide  the  Turks  into  two  kinds,  with  refpe&OWgiW^. 
to  their  way  of  living,   fome  dwelling  in  towns  and  fixed  tinted 
habitations,  others  in  the  fields,    and  leading  a  wandering 
tfc,  like  the  Bedtvtn  Arabs :  thefe  are  called,  by  the  Turks, 
fucbgunji  Atraky  and  Konar  Kocher ;  which  implies  a  roving 
"  of  life,  and  without  fixed  dwellings  *.     From  thefe  the 
\rhnans,  and  even  the  founder  of  the  Othman  family  (B), 
led.    In  efFeft,  the  Turks  originally,  like  all  the  other 
inhabiting  Tartary  >  lived  in  the  fields/  under  tents,  a  twanarirm 
without  any  houfes,  but  fuch  as  were  carried  on  carts.  ingUft% 
'  appears  plainly  enough  from  the  manner  in  which  the 

7 See  before,  p.  ci.  %  D*H,erb¥L.  p.  898,  &feq.  Art.  » 

'ark.  *  Id.  ibid.  *  D'Herb.sl.  p.  898,  Art.  Turk. 

imwiR.  hift.  Othm.  pref.  p.  12. 

(A)  Much  in  the  fame  man-  as  well  as  Seljuks,  have  been 
nsthejanisutries,  at  prefent  ftigmatized  with  the  name  of 
Bug  the  Turks.  Turkm&nt,    by  the  Arabs   and 

(B)  And  hence  the  Otbmans,  Pirfians.  « 

Roman 


64  General' Hift&ty  of  the  Turks;  B.t 

Roman  ambafladors  found  their  king  Difabules  encamped,  iit 
•  the  fixth  century,  with  tents  and  carts,  juft  as  the  ftfogols, 
Elutbs  or  Kalmyks,  and  Turkmans,  encamp  at  prefent.  And 
we  prefume  it  will  be  very  difficult  to  prove,  'that  ever  th£ 
Turks  lived  in  towns,  or  fixed  habitations,  till  fuch  time  as 
they  had  conquered  them  (C)  from  their  neighbours  in  the 
fouth.' 

Thus  we  have,  from  the  imperfeft  memoirs  which  are  in 

our  pofleffion,  given  the  beft  account  we  could  of  the  origin 

of  the  Turks,  of  the  tribes  into  which  their  nation  is  divided 

by  the  oriental  authors,  and  of  their  affairs  from  the  fixth 

century,  when  they  became  confiderable,  till  the  time  of 

Jenghtz  Khan.    But,  before  we  quit  the  fubjeft,  it  will  be 

D  r^nd   •neccu^ry  to  examine  *&to  three  particulars ;  i.  Whether  the 

ants  of  "tb  ^ur^s  are  defcended  from  the  antient  Scythians,  mentioned 

antient      ^7  ^e  Greek  and  Roman  authors.     2.  Whether  all  the  inha- 

Scythi-     bitants  of  Tartary  are  either  originally  Turks,  or  fprung 

ana.      .   from  one  and  the  fame  root.     3,  Whether  Turkeftdn  always 

had  the  fame  fituation  and  extent  that  it  has  at  prefent. 

First,  Whether  the  Turks,  or,  if  you  will,  all  the  pre- 
fent inhabitants  of  Tartary,  are  defcended  from  the  antient 
Scythians.  If,  by  Scythians,  is  to  be  underftood  not  thofc 
properly  fo  called,  but  all  the  different  nations  mentioned  by 
Herodotus,  Pliny,  Ptolomy,  and  other  authors,  which,  under 
that  cojnmon  name,  inhabited  that  vaft  region  :  it  may,  with- 
out hefitation,  be  anfwered,  that  the  prefent  inhabitants  are 
the  defendants  of  the  antient;  or  rather  of  fuch  of  them  as 
remained  in  Tartary,  over  and  above  thofe  which  might  have 
been  deftroyed,  or  migrated  into  other  regions  :  for  not  only 
there  is  a  great  conformity  in  the  perfons,  manners,  arid  cu- 
ftoms  of  both,  but  no  other  nation  or  nations  can  be  affign- 
ed,  from  whence  the  prefent  pofleflbrs  of  Tartary  could  pro- 
.  ceed.  To  the  fouth  of  them  live  people,  fuch  as  the  Psr- 
Jians,  Indians,  Tibetians,  and  Chinefe,  who  always  dwelt  in 
cities,  or  fixed  habitations  j  and,  confequently,  could  nevef 
be  tempted  to  change  their  country  and  way  of  living  for 
thofe  of  the  Scythians,  unlefs  compelled  by  force  (D),  of 
which  we  meet  with  no  inflances  in  hiftory. 
But  from      Indeed,  if  we  defcend  to  particular  nations  or  tribes,  and 


nvhat 
tribe, 


(C)  Thus  the  Mankdts  and  Little Bukbaria  axi&Tibetj  where 

Kaffats  never  dwelt  in  cities,  till  the  Khan,  at  certain  times,  re- 

theyfettledin-7«>vfy?<i»:yet  ftill  fides. 

in  fummer  encamp  in  fields.  So  (D)  •  As  the  Vigurs,  who  feeufc 
t\\e  ElutbsoxKaJmuks  never  lived  to  be  Tibetians,  might  bare- 
in  towns,  till  they  conquered  been.  •  • 

want 


!    C.f.      ,    Tbtir  affairs  till  Jehghfe  KhafiJ  $$ 

tract  to  know  whether  the  Turks  are  fprung  from  thg  j*/<i$r- 

gets,  the  Ndymins  from  the  ^<&n  Scythians,  or  would 

tnce  the  migrations  of  the  &zA*,  Huns,  Sarmatians,  or  other 

farms  from  that  immenfe  and  prolifick  hive,  the  attempt 

will  prove  a  fruitlefs  labour.    This  will  plainly  appear,  if  it 

be  only  confidered,  l .  that  moil  of  the  names  of  the  Scythian  < 

aatkus,  which  we  find  in  the  authors  above-mentioned,  did 

lot  properly 'belong  to  them,  but  were  given  them  )>y  the 

Creeks.    Even  the  general  name  of'  Scythians  was  unknown 

to  the  Scythians f  who,  we  are  told  by  Herodotus,  called  them-* 

fcbes  Skofot.    Again ;  thofe  names  which  cannot  be  affirmed 

tohave  been  corrupted,  or  impofed  by  the  Creeks,  were  fuch, 

perhaps,  as  were  given  to  them  by  other  nations  (E).    Thus  % 

the  people,  whom  they  called  Scythians,  were  named  by  the 

Perfians  Saga  or  Salut,  as  we  learn  from  Mela  and  Pliny  % 

yet  the  Greeks  confidered  the  Saka  as  a  particular  nation  of 

tribe  of  Scythians.    Hence  the  Creeks  confounded  the  feveral 

nations  together,  gave  one  nation  the  name  of  another,  and 

often  the  fame  nation  feveral  different  names,  as  hath  been 

already  hinted. 

2.  Another  reafon  which  makes  it  very  difficult,  if  not 
almoft  impoffible,  to  difcover  what  nations  or  tribes  the  an- 
dent  names  found  in  authors  belong  to*  or  to  trace  the  fe- 
deral removals  of  thofe  tribes,  is ;  that  it  fecms  to  have  been 
always  cuftomary  with  the  inhabitants  of  Tartary,  as  it  is  at 
prefent,  to  change  their  names  on  various  occafions,  as  on 
removing  their  flotation,  dividing  into  different  branches, 
being  brought  in  fubje&ion  by  other  tribes,  or  in  compliment 
to  the  reigning  prince,' if  much  beloved  by  them,  or  which 
feme  inftanceS  have  been  already  produced  k,  and  mere  will 
be  given,  when  we  come  to  the  hiftory  of  the  Tartars.  •    • 

As  to  the  fecond  queftion,  whether  all  the  inhabitants  <& Inhabit- 
Tartary  are  either  originally  Turks ^  or  fprtmg  from  one  and**/,  ^ 
the  lame  root,  our  opinion  is  in  the  negative  :  for  there  is  no  Tartary  j 
probability  that  people,  fo  extremely  different  in  their  makew*  all 
and  features,  as  moft  of  the  Mohammedan  Tartars,  and  theTurks* 
Eliths  or  Kabn&ki  are*  fhould  proceed  from  the  fame  ftock, 

*  See  before,  p*  *),  8c  feq* 

(E)  Tlus  is  commonly  done  Elutbs,  Kalmih  :  and  {heffe,  in 

at  {Rtfent  from  various  motives,  the  returh,   same  the  others, 

ThtTwris  call  the  Poles  Lib,  Ha/akPuruk.  So  the  y/r^  call 

nxm  a  king  or  general  Of  the  the  Per/urns*  Jjem,  that  Is,  bar- 

t4es.    The  Useiek  Tartars,  by  burtons:  as  the  Greeks  formerly 

way  of-  nick-name,  call   the  did  all  foreign  nations. 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol.  IV*  F  any 


66  General  Hiftory  of  the  Turks:  B.I. 

any  more  than  frefh  and  fait  -water  rtiould  proceed  from  the 
fame  fountain.     It  is  true,  all  the  inhabitants  of  Wefitrn  Tar- 
tary (for  thofe  of  the  Eafiern  are  out  of  the  cafe),  fpeak  the 
fame  language,  or  at  leaft  diale&s  of  it :  but  might'  not  this 
happen  through  conftant  Xntercourfe,  or  one  power  prevail- 
ing over  the  reft,  as  that  of  the  Turks  did  in  the  fixth  cen- 
tury, and  that  of  the  Mogols  in  the  twelfth  ?  the  conquered 
people  generally  fpeak  the  language  'of  the  conquerors,  as  "well 
as  their  own,  which,  by  degrees,  becomes  extinft,  as  that  of 
the  Kopts  almoft  already  is  in  Egypt,  where  the  Arabic  pre- 
vails ;  the  Celtic  in  Gaul,  where  the  French  takes  place ;  and 
in  England  the  Britijb,  which  has  been  fuperfeded  by  the 
•  Englifh. 
/bough  all     However,  it  muft  be  allowed,  that  the  identity  or  affi- 
jpeak         nity  of  languages  would  go  for  almoft  a  certain  proof  of  the 
the  fame    identity  of  nations,  as  to  origin,  did  they  agree  in  the  other 
language,  circumftances  before-mentioned  ;  and  might  alfo  be  admitted 
as  a  tolerably  fnre  rule  in  tracing  the  migrations  of  people : 
becaufe  the  migrating  nation  cannot  receive  their  language 
from  people  of  a  different  language  among  whom  they  live ; 
and  therefore  muft  be  a-kin  to  the  unmigrating  nation,  whofe 
language  happens  to  be  the  fame  with  theirs.     Thus   the 
language  which  the  Othm&n  Turks  fpeak,  though  mixed  with 
Per/Ian,  Arabic,  and  even  Greek  words,  tlemonftrates   that 
they  came  from  Tartary,  or  are  defcended  from  fome  of  the 
inhabitants  of  that  region,  known  by  the  name  of  Turks  ;  al- 
though it  may  not  be  eafy  to  afcertain  the  particular  tribe  or 
'  tribes  from  which  they  draw  their  original. 

We  come  now  to  the  third  queftion,  whether  Turkeftan 
always  had  the  fame  fituation  and  extent  which  it  has  at 
prefent.  '  To  this  we  anfwer  likewife  in  the  negative ;  and 
make  no  fern  pie  to  affirm,  that  it  hath  often  changed  its  fitu- 
ation as  well  as  bounds ;  which  we  fhall  endeavour  to  de- 
monftrate  in  the  next  feftion. 

SECT.     VI. 

Of  the  original  country  inhabited  by  the  Turks,  with 
a  defer iption  of  the  prefent  Turkeftan. 

Names  of  *TT  appears,  from  the  account  already  given,  .both  by  the 
Turkcf-  X  Roman  and  Chinefe  hiftorians,  that  the  country  poflefled  by 
tan*  *  the  Turks,  at  their  firft  becoming  known  in  the  world,  was 
about  the  middle  of  all  Tartary,  towards  mount  Altay,  which 
divides  that  great  region,  as^it  were,  into  two  parts:  and 
that,  in  a  few  years,  they,  from -a  very  'inconfiderahte  begins 
ning,  extended  their  dominion  from  the  river  Lyau  in  the 


C.  I.  Ihtir  original  country^.  67 

oil,  as  far  weftward  as  Ob&fiqffian  fea.  Thus  almoft  rj\e 
whole  of  Great  Tartary  (A),  becoming  fubjeft  to  the  Turks, 
might  have  taken  the  name  of  Turkeftan,  or  country  of  the 
Turks }  at  leaft  the  oriental  writers  give  that  name  to  all  the 
.countries  lying  north  of  the  river  Sihun  or  Sir,  the  Jaxartes 
d  the  indents. 

The  name  of  Turin  they  extend  ftill  farther,  making  it and*Yt+ 
to  include  all  the  countries  to  the  north  of  the  Jihun  or  ran. 
Amuy  that  is  Tartary  and  Maward'lnahr,  now  called  Great  x 

Bukh&ria  a  ;  and  thus  they  feem  to  make  their  own  hero  Tur 
pmends  for  the  lofs  fufbdned  by  the  Tartarian  hero  Turk* 
who  has  ingrofled  all  the  inhabitants  of  Tartary  as  his  de- 
fendants. But  the  fault  lay  in  the  framers  of  the  antient 
Perfian  hiftory,  who,  by  leaving  the  final  k  out  of  Tur'i 
came,  gave  their  rivals  th?  Turks  an  opportunity,  by  the  ad- 
dition of  that  letter,  to  form  one  more  fuitable  to  the  perfon 
Who  was  to  represent  their  great  anceftor. 

It  may  be  prefumed,  if  the  name  of  Turkeftan  ever  pre-  Extend 
vailed  over  all  Tartary  f  that  it  continued  in  ufe  fo  long  only  enter  Tar* 
as  the  dominion  of  the  Turks  was  intire :   but  that  when  tarX :. 
their  pow'er  was  broken,  and  they  became  divided   under 
many  fbvereigns,  Turkeftan  alfo  became  divided  into  fo  many 
different  parts,   dnd  loft  the  name,  which  feemed  to  havg 
fettled  in  the  weftern  part  of  Tartary,  to  the  north  of  Per* 
fa  and  Great  Bukhdria ;  where  probably  the  defendants  of 
their  firli  Khan,  Difabules  \  fixed  their  feat.  '  From  thefe 
quarters  it  was,  that  they  made  continual  war  upon  the  Per-  - 
fians  and  Jrdhs,  for  feveral  ages  together;  and  here  they 
maintained  their  dominion  longeft,  and  with  greateft  luftre. 

This,  &t  leaft,  we  know  from  hiftory ;  that,  foon  after  Ceafts  in 
die  time  of  Toxander,  in  the  feventh  century,  the  Turks  fell  the  tad*. 
at  war  among  themfelves,  which  probably  ended  in  a  par- 
tition of  the  dominions*;  and,  in  the  feventh,  eighth,  and 
ninth  centuries,  we  find  the  country  of  the  Turks  actually 
divided  among  feveral  Kakhans,  or  kings,  fonte  of  whom  had 
Very  large  territories,  called  tyy  different  names,  or  thofe  of 
the  tribes  under  their  fubjeftion,  as  hath  been  already  fet 
forth  c  in-  a  foregoing  fection.  However,  it  muft  be  ob- 
fcrved,  that  all  thofe  territories  extending  over  almoft  the 
yhole  of  Wejletn  Tattary^   are  reprefented  as  parts  of  the 

*  D'HJlrbel.  p.  899.  Art.  Turk.  b  Sde  before,  p.  37, 

Jfcfeq.       *  See  alfo  p.  43  &  46.       •  See  before,  p.  56,  &  feq. 

(A)  .All  bat  what  is,  by  us,  called  E a/tern  Tartary,  to  the  eaft 
ftf  Z^o*  Sng.      * 

F  a  Betid 


6%  General  Hiftory  ef  the  Turks :  B.  I. 

Belad  Al  Atrak,  which  is  the  Arabic  word  anfweriag  to  tht 
Perfian  Turkeftan,  that  is,  the  country  of  the  Turks. 
Settles  in       It  may  be  prefumed,  that  the  nations  who  were  not  im- 
tbe  <weft.  mediately  fubjeft  to  the  fucceflbrs  of  Difabules,  were,  in 
time,  conquered  or  brought  in  fubje&ion  by  fome  other  na- 
tion or  nations,  more  to  the  eaft  or  fouth :  and  thus  the 
name  of  Turkeftan  came  to  ceafe,  or  be  difufed,  in  all  but  the 
weftern  parts  of  that  empire,  where  the  Turks  ftill  preferred 
their  power  :  on  which  account  it  always  retained  the  name 
of  Turkeftan  with  the  Perjians. 
Revives        However,  from  time  to  time,  .the  Turks  in  this  weftern 
in  the  eaft.  region,  at  different  times,  feem  to  have  recovered  or  extend- 
ed their  dominion  eaftward,  as  they  found  opportunity,  from 
their  own  ihcreafe  of  ftrength,^r  the  weaknefs  of  their 
neighbours,  whom  they  had  to  deal  with.     Thus,  in  the 
time  of  Ebn  Said  al  Magrehi,  the  geographer  d,  K&jbgar,  in 
Little  Bukhdria,  was  the  capital  of  Turkeftan  :  as  it  teems  to 
have  been  alfo  in  996,  under  Ilek  Khan,     At  leaft  Turkeftan 
muft,  at  that  time,  have  been  divided  into  two  diftinft  do- 
minions, the  weftern  and  the  eaftern  :  of  which  laft,  accord- 
ing to  fome  authors  %  Ilek  Khan  was  the  fovereign  lord,  while 
Arflan  Khan  reigned  over  the  former, 
Extends         Eastern  Turkeftan,  if  we  may  fo  call  it,  that  is,  tte 
over         countries  eaft  of  Kafbgar,  foon  after  fell  into  the  hands  of 
Tartary.   the  Karakitayans ;  and  from  thence  had  the  name  of  Kara- 
kitay  given  to  it  by  the  Perjian  hiftorians.     But  at  length, 
about  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century,  both  the  eaftern 
and  weftern  Turkeftan  were  united  again  under  one  prince, 
in  confequence  of  the  furrender  made  by  Ilek  Khan  of  Bala* 
fagun  to  Karakitay  Kurkh&n,  or  Kavar  Khan  f :  nor  did  the 
weftern  Turkeftan,  upon  that  revolution,  take  the  name  of 
Karakitay,  but  ftill  retained  its  own,  at  leaft  with  the  Per- 
jians. 
Again  con-     But  things  did  not  long  continue  in  this  ftate :  for,  at 
tratfed.     the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century,  Kuchluk  the  Naym&n, 
rebelling  againft  his  father-in-law  Kurkh&n,  wrefted  from  hhn 
the  eaftern  Turkeftan  ;  and  thus  once  more  caufed  a  divifion 
of  the  empire.     Some  fay  both  parts  were  united  again  in  the 
perfon  of  Kuchluk  himfelf,  who  fucceeded  Kurkh&n.    Be  that 
as  it  -mil,  in  a  very  few  years  after,  Jenghlz  Khan  the  great; 
having  over-run  the  whole  weftern  Tartary  with  his  Mogols, 
all  Turkeftan  became  a  province  of  his  immenfe  empire.    Sincp 

4  ABu'LFEDAtabL  Chowarafmiae,  &c.  in  edit.  Hudfon,  p.  53. 
•  Sec  before,  p.  5 a.  f  See  before,  p.  58. 

which 


C.  i.  Defcription  of  Turkeftan;  69 

which  time  we  have  heard  Ao  more  of  eaftern  Turkeftan,  or 
oriental  Turks. 

However,  the  part  of  Tartary  to  the  north  of  PerJiaRemmnsim 
and  Great  Bukbdria,  Aill  retained  the  name  of  Turkeftan  ••  the  weft. 
and,  in  the  partition  which  Jenghiz  Khan  made  of  his  em- 
pire among  his  four  fons,  fell  to  the  (hare  of  Jagatay  (B), 
who  was  die  fecond.  But,  in  procefs  of  time,  thefe  new 
monarchies'  being  fplit  into  lefler  ftates  by  inteftine  factions, 
and  the  defcendants  of  one  brother  invading  thofe  of  ano- 
ther, Turkeftan  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Uzbeks ',  and,  at  laft, 
into  thofe  of  the  Kaff&ts  and  Mankdts ;  who  were  formerly 
the  fubjefts  of  Juji,  eldeft  fon  of  Jengbiz  Khan,  and  at  pre- 
fent is  poflefled  by  them :  the  Kaff&ts  having  the  eaftern 
part,  and  the  Mankdts  (better  known  in  Europe  by  the  nick- 
name of  Kara  Kdlpaks),  the  weftern  part,  under  their  refpec- 
tive  Khans  ;  who,  with  their  fybjetts,  are  Mohammedans. 

From  what  has  been  faid  on  this  fubjeft,  it  appears  that  Why  ft 
Turkeftdn  had  not  always  the  fame  fituation  and  extent ;  bxxtfubjea 
varying  both,  from  time  to  time,  is  found  fometimes  in  one 
part  of  Tartary,  fometimes  in  another ;  juft  as  the  Turks f 
who,  like  the  other  tribes,  lived  for  the  moft  part  in  the 
fields,  were  able  to  ftand  their  ground,  or  obliged  to  give  way 
to  fuperior  force.     Thus  countries,  which  have  neither  cities, 
nor  any  fixed  habitations,  may  J>e  fiud  to  be  of  an  itinerant t0 '***&* 
nature,  and  follow  their  inhabitants  wherever  they  removed 
However*  tht  Turks,  who  inhabited  to  the  north  of  either  Great 
BMdria  or  Perfia,  had  generally  towns  along  the  Sir  in 
their  poffeflion,  as  the  Mankdts  and  Kaffdts  have  at  prefent : 
and  as  it  wasfrom  the  fame  quarter  thfX  thofe  countries  were, 
from  time  to  time,   invaded  by  them,   it  always  retained, 
among  the  Per/tans,  the  name  of  Turkeftdn :  with  the  de- 
fcription of  which  we  fhall  dofe  this  introduction  to  the  hi- 
ftory  of  the  Turks. 

The  prefent  Turkeftdn  is  fituate  betweed  42  and  jo  or  51  Prefent 
dfegrees  of  latitude,  and  between  73  and  90  degrees  of  lon«?  Turkef- 
gitude;  reckoning  from  Ferro,  one  of  the  Canary  ifles.     ltl***'J*tc< 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Ardi  Tdg,  or  mountains  of 
eagles,  which  are  no  better  than  hills  in  thofe  quarters ;  on 
theeaft,  by  the  dominions  of  the  grand  Khan  of  theEluths 
vKoknvks}  oq  the  fouth,  by  the  river  Sir,  which  feparates 
it  from  Kdrazm  and  Great  Bukhdria  (C)  ;  and  on  the  weft  by 

(B)    See    jyHerhelot.    Art.     Khdn.     See  AbVlgb&tti  KbarCi 

Otwgbiz  Khan,  and  Qiagathay.     hiftory  oftheT«nb,p.  207.  ^63*- 

;.  Bat  perhaps  part  of  it  was  in        (C)   But  Mr.  Strahlenbcr£% 

&e  lot  of  Juji,   and  given  by    map  extends  it  much  to   die 

&*jtu  to  his   brother  Sheybani    fouth  of  the  Sir. 

F  3  the 


75  Dtftripticn  of  Turkeftyn,  B.  % 

the  Cafpian  fea,  and*  river  Tern.    It  may  be  about  660  miles 

in  length  from  weft  to  eaft,  and  540  in  breadth  from  foutb 

%p  north. 

tfatural        The  country  confifb  generally  of  vaft  extended  plains, 

J****'        which  are  very  fruitful  ;   and  has  but  a  few  moun^ins, 

excepting  thofe  before-mentioned.    It  is  watered  by  fome 

rivers  $  nich  as  the  Tarjtz,  or  Talftfb,  which  fells  into  die 

§ir ;  the  Tutugay,  which  falls  into  the  Talafb ;  the  Karafk\ 

and  others  of  lefs  note.     They  all  defcend  from  the  north, 

,    fbd  fall,  for  the  moft  part,  into  the  Sir ;  bat  authors  differ 

as  to  the   particular   places  where  they  enter  that  river  *, 

Here  likewife  one  meets  with  feveral  lakes.     Among  the  reft, 

one  called  Kam\Jb  Nor,  that  is,  the  lake  «f  reeds,  is  40  or 

50  miles  long,  and  30  broad.     That  of  IJfikol,  where  Turk, 

the  fon  of  Jafety  is  faid  to  have  fettled,  is  very  near  the 

eaftern  border  of  Turkeftan,  if  not  within  it. 

Principal      When  Turkeftan  was  in  its  flourifhing  ftatfe,  under  its  own 

(jtfo.        fovereigns,  and  even  till  the  irruption  of  Jenghiz  Khan,  it 

abounded  with  ftrong  and  populous  cities.     However,  thefe, 

pr  moft  of  them,  probably,  were  not  built  by  the  Turks,  who 

lived  moftiy  in  the  fields,  but  by  the  old  inhabitants  of  die 

.  country,  or  the  Arabs,  from  whom  they  tobk  them.     Thefe 

we're  fitu'ate  chiefly  on  the  rivers  in  the  fouthern  parts  ;  efp£» 

dally  on  the  great  river  Sir ;  which  was  its  natural  common 

boundary  on  the  fide  of  MawaraTnahr,  or  Great  BukbJbia. 

The  chief  of  thefe  were  Jeng/nkant,  Jmd,  Taffi,  Sabr&n,  Sa- 

gandky    Uzkeniy   Otrar,   Tarfa,  Esfijab^  OJhanikat,  Tonkatx 

BattfdgHn,  Benkat,  T&fbhint,  ShakroMya,  &c. 

Royal  Four  of  the  above-mentioned  cities  were,  at  different  pe- 

jeats.    v    jiods^  the  capitals  of  Turkeftan ;  namely,  Yenghikanty  or  ATa- 

riyat  dl  fidtdah,  in  the  time  of  al  Berjendx  the  geographer. 

Balajfigfa,  or  Kamb&lik,  enjoyed  that  honour  from  1017  to 

1177,  and  Otrar  was  the  metropolis  in  1 200 ;  whence  Saltan 

Mohammed  Kurdzm  Shtih  took  it  from  Karakitay  K&rkhan, 

king  pf  Tutkeftan. 

Mant  pf  the  abpve-mentioned  cities  ftill  exift,  ndtwith* 

.    {landing  thedeftruftioh  made  of  them  by  the  Mdgds,  node* 

fenghtz  Khan  :  but  we  are  better  acquainted  with  the  ftateof 

thenuat  that  time,  than  at  prefent ;  being  furnifhed  with  very 

few  modern  accounts  relating  to  this  part  of  Jfta* 

*  See  the  kfiaps  of  De  i/IstE,  Strahlenbbrg,  D'ahville, 
and  the  author  of  the  new  colled.  voy<  and  trav.  vol.  iv.  p. 

*77- 

fENGHI 


C  L  Dtfeription  if  Turkcftan.  ;j 

TENGHIkant  (E),  orAlKariyat  aljadidah,  as  the  Arabs Ycngi 
called  it,  both  names  Signifying  the  new  city  or  fortrefs,  was  kant. 
iituate,  according  to  the  Arab  geographers,   near  the  river 
alSbi/b(¥),  which  fells  into  the  lake  of  Kara/in.     This  we 
lake  to  be  the  Aral  Nor,  or  lake  of  Eagles,  in  that  country. 
It  was  ten  days  journey  [of  the  KdrawJbui]  from  Karafm,    • 
:twenty  from  Farab  (or  Otr&r),  and  twenty-five  from  Bok-  - 
jtira  \    fund  or  Jand  wa6  a  little  city,  not  far  from  thence.  Jund,  or 
It  is  near  the  month  of  the  Sihun,  and  has  produced  feveraj  Jand. 
famous  men.     Mirkond  relates,  that  it  was  from  this  and 
j  fbme  other  cities  thereabout  that  the  Scythian  ambafladors 
!  vent  to  meet  Alexander,  and  reproached  him  for  his  ambi- 
tion and  rapine.     On  the  approach  of  the  Mogols  under  Tu/ii9 
(on  of  Jenghiz  Khan,  in  1219,    Soltdn  Mohammed  Karazm 
Sbab,  to  vrhori  it  was  then  fubjeft,  (eat  5000  men  to  gari- 
foo  it.    However,  Kutluk  Khan,  the  governor,  fled  :  but  the 
inhabitants,  depending  on  the  ftrength  of  the  walls,  and  its 
towers*  which  was  very  great,  they  flood  on  their  defence, 
sod  might  have  held  oat  a  long  fiege,  if  it  had  not  been 
farprifed  by  ftratagem,  without  bloodshed.     On  this  account 
their  lives  were  fpared ;  but  they  loft  all  their  effefts '. 

TASSI,  Sabran,  and  Sagan&k  or  Sign&k,  are  often  men- Yafli,  Sa- 
tioned  in  Shams  odditis  life  of  Ttmur  Bek.     The  laft  was  a  bran,  Sa- 
huge  and  Arong  city  at  the  time  of  Jenghiz  Khan's  invafion.  garak. 
Soltdn  Mohammed  fent  20,000  men  to  defend  it.     It  was  the 
firft  place  the  Mogols  befieged  ;  who,  in,  their  approach,  fent 
an  envoy  to  fummon  the  inhabitants  ti?  furrender,  with  a 
promifc  of  good  treatment ;  but  they,  inftead  of  liftening  to 
his  propofel,  tore  him  in  pieces;  which  fo  exafperated  Tvfhi 
Khan,  who  commanded  at  the  fiege,  that  he  never  ccafed  af- 
feulting  the  place  till  he  had  taken  it ;  and  then,  to  revenge 
the  murder,  caufed  10,000  of  them  to  be  put  to  the  fword. 
The  terror  of  this  execution  made  Uzkend,  or   Urkend,  fur* 
render  k. 

OTRAR,  called  by  the  Arabs  Far  Ah,  was,  according  toOtr&r,  or 
Abujfcda,  fituate  on  the  river  Al  Sh&fh  (G),  in  the  neighbour-  Farab. 

h  Abu*lfeda  defer.  Chowar.   p.  56.  *  Abu'lf.  obi 

fupr.  57.     De  la  Croix  hift.  Jenghiz  Khan,  p.  172,  177,  &feq.    ' 
k  Abu'lchazi  Khan,  p.  113.     De  la  Croix,  p.  174. 

(E)  This  word  hant,  which  near  its  mouth,  in  the  lake  pf 
fivnifies  town  or  city,  is  written  Knrazm.  Some  maps,  which 
alto  hunt  and  kent\  and  fome-  make  that  river  fall  into  the 
times  ends  with  a  dy  as  the  pro-  Cafpian  fea,  place  it  between 
nunciation- varies  from  time  to  that  fea  and  the  lake. 

time,  or  in  different  places.  (G)  The  fame  with  tYitSihun, 

(F)  Sibil/?,  or  Sir,  probably    or  Sir. 

F  4    .  hood 


ft  Defcription  of  Turkeftin.  B.L 

hood  of  Balafdgun  1 1  but  Sharif  addin  removes  it  two  pa- 
raf&ngs,  or  Perjian  leagues,  from  the  north  bank  bf  the  £t* . 
hurt  or  Sir.  We  underftand,  from  the  fame  author,  that  a 
league  to  the  eaft  of  it  is  the  river  Arj%  with  a  bridge  ova- 
it  ;  likewife,  that  it  is  fix  Karawan  ftages  from  Ta/bhtnt,  and 
fcventy-iix  parafangs  from  Samarkand  m.  De  la  Croix  {daces 
Otrar  in  the  moil  wcftern  extremity  of  Turkeftin ;  and  bounds 
Its  territories  on  the  eaft  with  that  of  Al  SMh  or  Ta/hkant. 
It  was  a  city  of  great  trade  between  the  Turks  and  Moham- 
medans when  4jxe  Mogols  invaded  the  dominions  of  Saban 
Mohammed". 
Its  famous  As  this  was  a  place  of  great  importance,  the  Saltan  left 
jiep.  do ,009  men  with  Gayer  Khan,  the  governor*  to  defend  it^ 
vhp,  on  the  march  of  Oktay  and  Jagatay,  two  of  Jenghiz 
Khdn's  fons,  with  200,000  men,  to  attack  it,  fliut  himfelf 
up  in  the  town,  and  vigoroufly  fecured  it  for  five  months : 
but,  as  the  place  could  not  hold  out  much  longer,  one  of 
his  generals  advifed  him  to  Capitulate  in  time.  The  governor, 
being  confcious  that  he  had  been  the  fole  occafion  of  the  war, 
j-ejefted  the  propofal.  Hereupon  the  general  retired,  in  the 
night,  with  his  10,000  men,  into  the  camp  of  the  Mogols  \ 
who,  detefting  his  treachery,  flew  them  all,  and  entered  the 
pity  by  the  gate  which  they  had  marched  out  of. 
Cover*  GAYER  Khdn,  finding  the  town  taken,  retired  with 
pors  2Q,oqo  men  into  the  caftle ;  which,  being  too  little  for  fi> 
ir0?f7?  great  a  number,  he  endeavoured  to  free  himfelf  by  continual 
fellies.  This  extremely  incommoded  the  enemy  for  foma 
time :  but  the  princes,  redoubling  their  efforts,  took  it  at 
Jaft,  fword  in  hand,  and  cut  all  the  garifon  to  pieces.  Tfce 
governor,  perceiving  all  was  loft,  retired  into  his  apartment, 
with  two  men ;  who  being  at  length  killed,  and  arrows  fail- 
ing, Gayer  defended  himfelf  for  fome  time  with  great  ftones, 
which  his  wife  fupplied  him  with.  At  laft  he  was  taken,  and 
"{hut  up  in  a  dole  prifon,  loaded  with  chains,  where  he  was 
foon  after  put  to  death  by  Jenghiz  Kkdn's  orders0. 
Timftr  D*HERBELOT  fays  Otrar  was  taken  by  Sdtdn  Mobam- 
fathers,  tned  at  fuch  time  as  it  was  the  capital  of  Turkejlan ;  and  that 
this  a&ion  drew  on  his  back  the  Mogols,  who  retook  it  in 
1219  p  ;  but  he  miftakes  the  caufe  of  the  war.  De  la  Croix 
fays,  the  caftle  was  rafed  ;  but  that  the  city  walls  were  re- 
built q.     Tvn&rBek  or  Tamerlan  died  in  this  city,  on  his  way 

1  Abu'lp.  ubi  fupr.  p.  64.  m  Sharif  Addon's  life  of 

Timor  Befc,  j>.  382,  390,  39c,  397.  «  Hift.  Jengh.  p. 

'45>  l5%-  °  Hift.  Jengh.  ubi  fupr.    AbuYghazi  Khan, 

p.  in,,  &  feq.  p  D*Herb.  bity.  orient,  art.  Otrar,  p.  697. 

i  Hift.  Jengk  p.  17Q,  *  faj.  - 

2  towards 


G.J.  Dtfcription  of  Turkeften.  7j 

towards  KHay  or  Qimi ;  which  he  intended  to  conquer ;  but 
at  prefent  it  is  a  place  of  no  great  note. 

TARAZ  (H)  was  a  dty  where  the  Turks  and  Mohammedans  Tariz. 
met  to  trade*    It  produced  many  learned  men.    It  was  near 
lo  Erfjab  as*!  Jekel,  and.  four  parafangs  from  Sbalj.    Thefe 
two  latter  were  cities  of  the  Turks \    Taraz  ftands  on  the 
river  Arjy  about  70  miles  to  the  north-eaft  of  Otrar. 

ESFIJAB  was  reckoned  a  large  city;  though  not  fo  bigEsfijab. 
by  two  parts  in  three  as  BtniM.  It  bad  a  caftle  formerly ; 
but  it  was  not  (landing  in  the  time  of  Abulfeda.  Both  die 
.city  and  fuburbs  were  inclofed :  the  former  with  a  double 
vail;  the  latter  with  a  Angle  wall,  three  parafangs  in  com- 
pais.  The  inhabitants  were  accommodated  with  delightful 
gardens  in  the  adjacent  plain,  which  is  well  watered :  and 
from  them  to  the  neareft  mountains  is  a  fpace  of  three  para- 
Jangs  *.  Esfijab  ftands  upon  the  north  bank  of  the  Sir,  or 
near  it. 

BALASAGUN  (I);  according  to  Abulfeda ,  was  adtyBalafa- 
beyond  the  river  Sihun,  in  the  borders  of  the  Turk's  dotni-gfru 
Dions.     In  one  place  he  makes  it  to  be  near  Kajhgar ;  and 
war  Far&b,  or  Otrar,  in  smother e ;  which  is  a  fort  of  con-     •  • 
tradt&ioQ ;  thofe  two  places  lying  at  a  great  diftance  afunder. 
By  the  pofitkm  given  it  in  his  tables  (K)  it  was  about  feventy- 
fee  leagues  north-eaftward  of  the  latter.    AbtHghazi  Kim 
obferves,  that  it  was  called  by  the  Mogols  Kbatnbdlig,  or  good 
toon.    It  was  the  capital  of  Turkejian  for  a  long  time;  but 
atprefent  (bents  not  to  be  in  being". 

BENKAT  is  a  great  place  of  trade,  belonging  to  Al  BcMx. 
Stifb,  or  Ta/hkuntt  being  a  league  in  length.    The  fortrefs 
is  without  the  city ;  but  the  lame  wall  ferves  both.    Its  di- 
flrift  or  liberties  are  inclofed  with  a  wall,  as  are  its  gardens 
and  out-buildings.   It  is  well  fupplied  with  running  waters  *. 

AL  SMASH  was  formerly  a  magnificent  city,  fubjc£t  to  Al  Shift, 
Samarkand,  near  the  Sibun ;  from  whence  the  water  flowed  w  Tafli- 
to  every  honfe.    It  is  four  ftages  from  Kbqena\  and  five  from  ^unl' 
Fargina  or  Anduiand*.    It  is  at  prefent  called  Tafbkunf1 ; 

*  Abulf.  ubifupr.  p.  69,  71.  •  Abulfeda  defer.  Cho- 
war.  p.  68.  '  A  bulk,  ubi  fupr.  p.  64,  74.  u  Abu'lch. 
sift.  Turks,  p.  44,  471.  x  Abulf.  ubi  fupr.  p.  66. 

1  Abulf.  ubi  fupr.  p.  33, 65,  66,  72.         *  Hift.  TimQr  Bek, 
f4o6. 

(H)  Perhaps  the  fame  called        (I)   Tis  fometimes  written 
farm  in  the  Geo  jr.  Nubienfis :    Yaldfdgwt,    as    in    Abulghd%i 
tie  nun  and  %t  being  tften  writ-    Kbdm\  hiftory . 
ten  nearly  alike.  (£)  Lat.  47  degrees. 

but 


y^  Ijeftriptiim  *f  Twjfcfl&i.  B.l 

bat  mttch  reduced  from  its  former  fpkador,  having  been  aftm 

deftroyed  and  rebuilt;  yet  is  the  winter  refidente  of -the 

-  •  Khan  of  the  Kaffifs)  who  poflfefles  the  eaft  part  pf  Turkefiin  \ 

t   Ynjbi  took  this  place  from  Sottan  Nhhaittmed  in  t2i£;  tat 

tiet  without  much  ef&fion  of  blood  bf  and  afterward  put  a 

great  number  of  the  inhabitants  to  the  fwordV       -  - . 

Pcna-  F?  NA  RUNT  (L)  was  a  ftrong  <fcy,  on  the  eaftern  task 

kunt,        of  the  Sir,  in  the  time  of  Jenghiz  Khan.    That  prince  fent 

l»wShah-  50,000  men  again!)  it,-  under  two  generals  :  and  though  Sol- 

rakhiya.  tin  Mohammed  had  detached  thither  i  0,000  men,  yet  it  vm 

taken,  after  a  fiege  of  three  days.    AJl-thfe  garifon  were  (>ut  to 

the  fword,  and  the  inhabitants  carried  into  flaveryd.     It  was 

fe  ruined  on  this  occafion,  that  there  remained  no  vefttgta 

rf  it  t31  JJ92,  when  Tim&r  Beg  ordered  it  to  be  rebuilt, 

and  ipeopled  :  and,  as  that  conqueror  gave  k  to  his  fon  Mirza 

'iSMSrtM,  *it  was*  from  him  called  Shohrokhiya  (M).     So  ift 

are  informed  by  the  author  of  Timbres  Kfe  e.   At  prefect  it  is  a 

imferaHe  place,  of  about  200  cabirts, -dependent  on  TAfb- 

-fatift ;  from  whence  it  lies  about  fateen  leagues  to  thecaft f, 

-or  Tather  perhaps  to  thefoiith. 

Tunkat,  '    TUNKAT,  orTonkdt,  is  a  city  and  mart  of  the  ptoTMte 

§r  Ton-    of  SAk.     Before  the  time  of  Jenghiz  Khan  it  was  incloftfl 

-  kit.         "with  a  wall,  in  which -were  many  gates.    It  ftood  on  a^iter; 

from  whence  water  flowed  into  the  town,  and  through  Us 

territories.     It  had  a  caftle  for  its  defence,  and  was  adorned 

with  the  palace  of  a  prince.    While  it  was  m  the  hands  of  the 

Arabs  and  Perjiansxt  had  a  wall,  extending  from  the  tnftiaV 

tain  Sh&b&leg  to  the  end  of  the  valley  of  Al  Sh&Jh,  bu3t  to 

hinder  the  irruptions  of  the  Turks.    This  city  was  the  nw* 

fcry  of  many  learned  men  *,  and  called  Bar  al  ilm ;  that  is, 

the  fxilAce  of  the  feientes ;  on  account  of  the  academy  of  art!1 

and  fciences,  which  was  formed  there.    It  was  a  place  lb 

fitted  for  pleafure,  that  it  became  a  faying,  that  God  never 

*  Abii'lo.  p.  569.  h  De  la  Croi*  hift.  Jengh.p.  ijy. 

;c  Abo'lc.  p.  Uf.  d  Db  la  Croix  hift.  Jengh.  p.  if*. 

Abu'lg.  hift.  Turks,  p.  114.  *  Hift.  Timur  Bek,  p.  37$, 

-£  Abu'lg.  p.  569.        ?    *  Abvlf.  ufeji  fnpr.  p.  67,  ya. 

(L)  ByMffgMzi&amwAt-  rifle,  in  bis  Uft  map  of  Pafc 

ten  Famakant,  and  by  He  la  makes  ;t  .tl)e:faroe  with  $b*t» 

Croix,  hift.  Jengh.  p.  1 72,  Fer  rukbiya,     Strahlenbcrg,.  i*  Jft 

naket.  map  of  Tartar? ,  gives  the  this* 

*(M)  De  la  Croix,  in  his  hift.  to  on£  place.     Arahjh&b,  ia  hit 

of  Ji-n^bi^Khdn,  p.  172,  cob-  hiftory  of  Timur,    l.-i.   $  lit 

founds  Fenaket,  as  he  writes  the  {peaks  of  Sbabroibta  as  qui*** 

naine,  with  Tonidt ;  and  as  De  new  city. 

7 


t  i  tkfriftion  of  TurkelRfa.  75 

Mtatntre  ikTicious  dwcfting  than  Toakat\  fcnghiz  Khdh 
tifitd  a  gefieral  diet  fiefre  in  the  year  1224  ;  which  was  fo  nu- 
nertms,  that  its  plain,  though  feven  leagues  in  length,  was 
fans  able  to  contain  the  number  of  people  who  were  afleiH- 
bled  on  that  occaiion !. 

To  the  dties  before  defcribed  Ms  neceflary  to  add  that  of  Gty 
7urkefian>  which  we  omitted  to  mention  among  the  towns  of  Turk- 
thifl  country ;  hecatife  we  find  no  antient  place  of  that  namec^n- 
lb  the  ortefltd  anthers  ;  though  poffibly  it  then  exifted  undet 
fahe  pther  denomination,  being  mentioned  often  by  Abtil- 
;  giizi  Khan,  in  theearlieft  tidies  of  his  hiftory;     It  fbmds  on 
a  river  that  comes  from  the  north-eaft,  and  falls,  into  the  Sir 
a  little  below  the  town  (N) :  though  built  of  brick,  is  yet  a 
very  pitiful  place,  and  remarkable  for  nothing  but  ah  agree* 
able  fituadon :  however,  in  this  condition  It  enjoys  the  h> 
floor  of  being  the  capital  of  Tttrkeft&n,  and  is  the  refidencfc 
of  the  Khan  of  the  MayMts,  who  poflefles  the  weftern  part 
of  this  country  k. 

1  De  le  Croix  hift.  Jengh.  p.  182,  8c  teq.  *  Ibid.  p. 

;  156.         k  Abu'lch.  p.  56$. 

(N)  The  maps  of  t>e  FIJlc  and  StrabUnberg  place  it  about  tj 
1  pales  difbuit/ 

i 

CHAP.    IL 

The  hiftory  of  the  Seljiikians  of  Iran,  or  Perfia> 
At  large  1  and  of  Kerman. 

S  E  C  T.    I. 
Tbi  authority  on  which  the  Scljftk  hiftory  is  grounded. 

BESIDES  the  empires  which  the  Turks  eftabllfhed  inSeljukim 
Tartary,  their  native  country,  they  founded  four  g&xdynefties. 
monarchies  in  the  fouth  of  AJia.  The  three  firft  were 
"poflefled  by  the  princes  of  the  fame  family,  called  Seljuk, 
lad  Turks,  of  the  feme  tribe  or  tribes.  The  fourth,  by 
kbces  of  the  family  of  Othman,  or  Ozman  (A),  with  their 're- 
V&ve  followers.  Of  thefe  we  propofe  to  give  the  hiftory 
Ifcftrder;  and  are  fnffidently  funrifhed  with  materials  for  fet- 
Ihg  the  Othmtn  affairs  in  a  very  good  light.  We  could  with, 
£r  the  reader's  fake,  that  we  were*but  half  as  well  provided 

(A)  Otbman  is  the  Jral  pro-   JUm,  which  is  moitly  followed 
JPfciationi  Ozman,   the  Per-    by  \bz  Turks. 


j6  Gtneral  Hiftory  of  the  Seljftks,  fi.  I. 

to  treat  of  the  Seljuk  dynafties.  The  misfortune  is,  that,  al* 
though  many  Perfian  and  Arab  authors  have  penned  their 
hiftory  at  large,  but  few  copies  in  the  original  language  have 
as  yefappeared  in  this  part  of  Europe;  and  none  of  them  been 
tranflated  into  any  European  tongue. 
Oriental  'Tis  true  fhat  two  or  three  oriental  historians  have  been 
biftorians.  rendered  into  Latin,  which  fpeak  of  the  Seljuk  affairs ;  as 
Abtil-faraj  (B),  Ebn  Amid,  called  Al  Makin  (C),  and  the  Let* 
tarikb{D)  of  Amir  Tahia ;  but  although  thefe  furniih  us  with 

the 


(B)  Theworkof  GregoryAbul- 
faraj,  near  the  Euphrates,  is  in- 
titled,  a  compendious  hiftory  of 
dynafties,  or  lucceflions.  It  is 
written  by  way  of  annals,  and 
takes  in  the  tranfa&ions  df  the 
moil  remarkable  kingdoms, 
from  the  beginning;  of  the  world 
to  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury. He  is  remarkable  for 
giving  a  good  account  of  the 
Mogol  affairs  under  Jenghiz 
Khan,  and  his  fuccefibrs,  to 
that  time.  He  likewife  has  in- 
ferted  many  remarkable  parti- 
culars relating  to  the  Seljuk  dy- 
nafties ;  efpecially  that  of  Rum, 
or  Natalia,  which  he  had  an 
opportunity  of  knowing,  as 
having  been  a  phyfician  ofMa- 
latia,  a  city  of  that  country 
near  the  Euphrates.  His  hi- 
ftory, in  Arabic,  with  a  Latin 
nanflation,  was  publifhed  by 
Dr.  Edward  Pocock,  that  great 
mafter  in  the  oriental  learning, 
as  well  as  languages. 
-  (C)  George,  the  fon  of  Abul- 
yafer  al  Amid,  compiled  a  hi- 
story out  of  feveral  authors, 
particularly  Abu  Jaffar  Al  Ta- 
imri,  and  Kemal  oddin  Armuni. 
The  firft  a  very  copious  au- 
thor ( i').  It  begins  at  the  crea- 
tion, and  reaches  down  to'  the 
year  of  Chrift  1 1 27.    The  lat- 


he 
loft 


ter  part,  ftiled  Tarikb  AlMofa 
lemin,  or  the  hiftory  of  the  Mof 
letns,  was  publifhed  by  Erpe 
nius  (but  from  a  very  faultj 
copy),  both  in  folio  and  o&avq 
in  1625.  The  former  has  join 
ed  with  it  a  Latin  tranflation 
which  is  alfo  publifhed  feparate 
ly  in  quarto,  under  the  title  0 
Hiftoria  Saracenica.  He 
for  his  learning  called  Al  SbeyM 
al  Kdis  al  Makin  ;  that  is,  th 
prime  do  51  or  y  folidly  learned 
flence  his  translator  ftiles 
Al  Makin :  but  all  others  qui 
him  by  the  name  of  Ebn  Ami 
or  the  fon  of  Amid,  who  w; 
fecretary  for  45  years  to 
council  of  war  under  the  Sol 
of  Egyft,  of  the  family  of  Jyul 
or  Job  1  and,  on  his  father5 
death,  fucceded  him 
employment  (2). 

(D)  The  Lebtarikb,  or  1 
Al  Tawarik,  is  written  in  P, 
fan  by  the  Amir  Tahia  Ebn  A 
eTollatifof  Kax*vin,  in  the  ye 
1 541  (3).  This  is  a  very  bri 
hiftory  of  the  Mohammedan  mo 
narchies  and  thofe  preceding 
Mohammed.  It  was  tranflated 
into  Latin  by  M.  Golmin,  a 
Frenchman  ;  but  part  of  the  CO** 
j>y,  at  the  beginning  and  cad* 
is  loft  1  the  remainder  was  pub- 
lifhed by  Mr.  De  Tbewexot,  m. 


in 


(1)  See  the  author's  p-eamhU.  (i\  Vil,  Wft.  Saracen,  fag.  uh*    Bydb 

it  reiig.  vttt  Per/or,     FridetitXi  life  of  Mahomet.  }.  t86.  (3)   He}*  94?. 

his 


C  2.  And  its  authority.  jy 

{he  origin  of  thofe  monarchies,  and  a  fucceffion  of  their 

idogs,  with  many  fafts,  and  their  dates,  not  to  be  met  with 

inourweftern  writers;  yet  they  are  all  too  general  to  give 

fbch  a  light  into  the  hiftory  of  them,  as  might  be  fufficient 

to  frosty  the  curious.     The  two  firft  authors  likewife,  being 

digefted  in  the  form  of  annals,  the  Seljuk  hiftory  is  given 

nixed  with  that  of  other  ftates,  and  not  in  one  continued 

fries,  as  it  is  in  the  Lebtarfkh  :  but  then  this  latter,1  beiides 

its  great  concifenefs,  treats  only  of  the  firft  Seljuk  monarchy, 

ud  AlMakin  of  no  more  than  the  fix  firft  princes  of  that  line. 

These  defefts  indeed  are  fomewhat  fupplied  by  D'Her* 

belot;  who  has  made  an  extraft  of  the  hiftory  of  the  refpec- 

o>e  kings  of  each  dynafty  from  Mtrkond,  often  mentioned 

|  before,  and  other  Perfian  hiftqrians.    But  Texeira,  who  has 

I  given  an  abftralt  of  Mtrkond,  fo  far  as  relates  to  the  hiftory 

|  of  Perjia,  lays  very  little  of  the  Seljuks,  except  Ttgril  Bek, 

or  of  their  affairs,  and  that  very  imperfe&ly,  as  well  as  in 

conhilion.    Perhaps  he  grew  tired  towards  the  end  of  his 

work,  or  was  afraid  of  welling  it  too  much;  for  we  pre- 

'fcme  his  author  Mtrkond  has  handled  matters  in  a  more  ex- 

aft  and  particular  manner. 

;    As  for  the  Creek  or  Byzantine  hiftorians  (both  thofe  who  The  wef- 
i  wrote  by  way  of  annals,  or  fuch  as  penned  the  lives  of  parti-  em  <wr£- 
;cnlar  emperors),  they  give  fuch  imperfect,  confufed,  and  er-  ten 
frooeoas  accounts  of  all  tranfa&ions  which  happened  without 
fte  bounds  of  the  Roman  empire,  that  fcarce  any  thing  true, 
of  moment,  is  to  be  expefted  from  them.     This  may  ap- 
from  the  hiftories  of  the  Arabs,  the  Khalifahs,  and  other 
rfian  monarchies,  as  well  as  that  of  the  Seljuks ;  compiled 
of  them  by  Curio,  Lonicerus,  Bizarus,  Leunclavius,  and 
authors.     Thefe  our  Knowles  made  ufe  of  in  his  volu- 

work;  which,  confequendy,  muft  be  like  the  origi-  verj  de- 

a  confufed  imperfeft  mafs,  fall  of  chafms  and  intrica-yfeArvr;' 

nor  to  be  depended  on,  either  as  to  the  fa&s,  dates  of 

i,  or  even  names  of  places  and  perfons  :  in  which  they 

fo  much,  that  it  would  be  utterly  impoffible  for  any 

to  reconcile  them  (£),  or  make  any  good  ufe  of  their 

materials,  . 

peoDection  of  voyages  and  one  of  the  copies,  which  were 

Nds.    It  is  obfervabie,  that  made  ufe  of  by  thofe  two  gen* 

bemads  given  from  the  Leb*  tie  men,  neither  of  whom  can 

MV  by  Mr.  WHtrbelot,  who  be  fuppofed    capable    of   ex* 

fa  makes  ufe  of  it,  fome-  pounding  their  author  fo  ill. 

Ms  differ  widely,  and  even  (£)  The  reader  may  find  a 

ttndi&  the  text  of  Golmin :  remarkable  inftance  of  this  ia 

R  the  fault  muft  needs  be  in  the  learned  and  judicious  Lam- 

f  davits, 


y8  General  Hiftory  df  the  Seljtiks,  ftt 

jnatefials,  without  the  affiftance  of  the  oriental  authors  19 
direft  his  fteps. 

Our  readers  will  eafily  perceive  this,  by  only  (lightly  com: 
paring  the  account,  which  we  fhali  give  him,  of  the  Sdjfy 
dynafties,  with  that  furnifhed  by  any  of  the  above-memiopgj. 
authors :  fQr  although  Leunclavius  ha>th  gone  far  beyond  thg 
reft,  with  regard  to  the  hiftory  of  the  Otbman  Turks,  as  be? 
ing  taken  in  part  from  the  Turkifb  hiftorians  ;  yet  what  little 
he  hath  coUe&ed  in  relation  to  the  Scljuks  is  almoft  wholly 
drawn  from  European  authors,  having  had  no  oriental  Writerf 
to  help  'him  out. 
jttofufe.       However,  it  is  not  to  be  thought,  by  what  has  bee* 
faid,  that  the  Byzantine  and  otlier  weftern  hiftorians  are  of 
no  ufe  in  writing  the  hiftory  of  the  Turks  :  on  the  contra]* 
as  the  latter  Greek  emperors  had  wars  with  the  Seljtiks  tt 
Well   as  the  Otbmpns,  fo  thofe  wars,  related  fometimes,  £ 
detail,    fometimes  very  fuperfkially,    make  a  part  of  thejt 
hiftory ;  and  hence  it  is  that  we  fometimes  meet  with  traofc 
a&ions  not  to  be  found  in  the  oriental  authors.  Whi<5h  fhewsy 
that  to  write  the  hiftory  of  a  nation  with  any  completenefi* 
it  is  abfolutely  neceflary  to  confult  the  hiftories  of  thofe  na- 
tions with  whom  it  hath  had  hoftilities*  or  other  concerns, 
Turkifli    '    Besides,  although  in  relating  the  affairs  of  the  Turks,  f0 
biflorians.  ought  in  reafon  to  give  preference  to  Turkifb  authors,  a* 
every  nation  muft  be  needs  be  beft  acquainted  with  thek 
own  tranfaftions,   yet  we  are  not  to  expeft  abfolute  pa* 
fe&ion  and  exaftnefs  from  them :  for  they  fometimes  didfif 
in  the  account  they  give  of  the  origin  of  th^ir  monarchies,  d 
well  as  in  the  actions  and  reigns  of  their  princes,  with  refpefl 
to  their  beginning  and  length  :  but  this  is  no  more  than  wn 
happens  to  the  hiftorians  of  all  other  nations ;  for  often  thl 
rife  of  the  ftates  being  attended  with  various  changes,  befog 
they  come  to  be  fettled,  and  their  founders  obfcure  or  incari 
liderable^perfons,  it  is  therefore  difficult  fometimes  to  fix  tig 
Remarks    origin  of  either.     Befides,  the  memory  of  many  traflfa&ioqj 
§n  them,    and  events  is  loft  or  obfcured  in  the  confufion  introduce 
in  countries  by  wars  and  revolutions;  efpeeially,  if  they  I 

tlcwius,  who,    examining  into  the  Armenian  (1),  of  the   fift 

the  original  of  the  Seljiks,  as  kings  of  that  race,  in  favour^ 

delivered  by  feveral  authors,  all  the  falfe  account  given  .by  O 

difagreeing  among  themfelves ; '  drentu,   and  other  Greek  wd 

was  fo  preplexed  in  his  judg-  ters  (2),  as  we  fhall  haVe  ocflj 

went,  as  to  reject  the  true  lift  fion  to  ihew  hereafter.    • 
given  by  Ayton,  or  Hay  ton,  the 

hfi.  Muful  Turk.  I.  u  f.  71.  tdit.  W.tcbtl.  15Q1.        . 


0.  i»  till  ttxy  entmd  Ptrfe;  7$ 

*f  any  long  continuance.    However,  as  fome  hiftorlans  art 
4vre  exaft  as  well  as  particular  tHan  others,  and  it  being 
misfortune,  as  yet,  to  have  only  extracts  from  the  orien* 
and  thofe  not  from  any  hiftorian  who  has  written  ex- 
[y  on  the  fubjeft,  it  is  therefore  presumed,  that  the  reader,     . 
:-ever  he  meets  with  any  fuch  imperfections  in  the  fol- 
hiftory,  will  rather  impute  them  to  thefe  lafl  than  to 
^  firft-mentioned  caufes. 
"This  we  judge  to  be  doing  no  more  than  what  is  yaS&cs^^xtrmBi 
to  the  authors  from  whence  the  extracts  before  us  axzfromtkeM: 

in  order  to  prevent  our  reader's  taking  Up  any  hafty 

dices  againft  the  oriental  writers  in  general,  from  the 

:s  which  he  may  difcover  in  the  few  fcanty  materials 

of  which  we  are  obliged  to  £ompofe  the  hiftory  of  the  / 

"  ,  for  want  of  more  copious  memoirs.    And  indeed 

is  the  more  reafon  for  this  apology  in  their  favour, 

the  extracts,  in  queftion  differ  in  certain  particulars,, 

among  the  reft,  in  thofe  relating  to  the  origin  of  the  Scl- 

,  and  the  eftablifhment  of  their  monarchies. ' 

SECT,    n, 

origin  of  the  Seljfikians,  and  their  entrance  into 
Perfia. 

LJUK,  or  Saljuk,  the  founder  of  the  SeljUk  dynafty  of  Scljuk  hit 
Iran,    or  Perfia   at  large,    according   to   the  Lebtarikh%defccntt 
ived  his  origin  from  Afrafiah,  often  before  mentioned », 
was  the  thirty-fourth  defcendant  from  that  prince,  in  a 
male  line. 

But  Mirkondy  in  his  account  of  the  genealogy  of  Jcnghiz 
"r,  fays,  that  Seljuk  was  oi^Mogol  race,   and  defcended 

Bojiin  Salji,  fon  of  Jlank&wa  b. 

Mr.  GuigueSy  in  his  memoir  concerning  the  origin  of  the 

u  and  Turks,  extracted  from  the  Chinefe  hiftorians,  feems 

►think,  that  the  Seljuks  were  derived  from  a  ftock  different 

both   the  former.     He  relates,  that  the  children  of 

fen  llkhen,  or  Tumeria  Khan ;  who,  defcended  from  Bu- 

jir,  the  fon  of  Jlankdwa,  imitating  the  example  of  their 

",  formed  an  empire,  which  extended  from  the  Caffrian 

to  Korea :  that  this  empire,  being  too  large  to  continue 

[long  intire,  at  length  became  divided  into  two ;  the  eafterti 

^tnd  the  upeftern;  -each  of  which  bad  its  own  Khan  :   that 

;  :*  Seep.  3,  &  feq.  b  See  before.  D'Herbelqt,  p.* 

fei. 

!  •  •  -  the- 


$6  General  Hi/lory  cf  the  Seljftks,  B.  L 

the  empire  of  the  weftern  Turks,  which  extended  as  far  as  , 
the  river  Sih&n,  or  Sir,  was  often  formidable  to  the  lungs  of 
Perjia  j  particularly  Hormozd9  fon  df  JE^a  JnufHrwan,  with 
whom  they  had  confiderable  wars :  that,  in  procefe  of  time, 
other  Turks,  of  the  hbrd  of  Whey-ke,  deftroyed  the  empire 
of  the  weftern  Turks,  and  founded  a  new  empire  of  their 
own  :  and  'tis  from  thefe  Whey-ke,  that,  in  the  opinion  of  Mir. 
•  Cuigues,  the  four  Seljuk  dynamics,  which  reigned  in  the 
fouthern  JJia,  were  defcended. 

According  to  this  hypothefis,  the  Seljuk  tribe  could  nor 
be  defcended  from  either  Afrajiab  Khan,  or  Jlankawa.     But 
as  this  is  only  a  conjecture  of  Mr.  Cuigues,  and  he  has  pro- 
duced no  arguments  to  fupport  it,  we  (hall  leave  it,  and  re* 
,  turn  to  the  account  given  by  Mtrkond.    This  author  informs 
us  more  particularly  as  to  the  family  of  Seljuk,  that  he  wa» 
the  fon  of  Dekak,  chief  officer  of  Bigu,  prince  of  thofe  Turkifb 
tribes  which  inhabited  the  plain  of  Khoz&r  (A),  or  KificMk, 
to  the  north  of  the  Ca/pian  fea.   Dekak  was  fo  renowned,  among 
,    thofe  of  his  nation,  for  his  extraordinary  wifdom  and  valour, 
that  they  gave  him  the  furname  of  Tazialig,  which  fignifies 
ajlrong  bow,  and  hard  to  manage.    After  his  death,  the  Jong 
took  care  to  educate  Seljuk,  who  was  very  young ;  and,   not* 
doubting  but  the  fon  of  fuch  a  father  would  make  a  v4S% 
brave  man,  furnamed  him  Bajfajbi;  that  is;  Chief,  or  Ca±- 
tain.   As  he  advanced  in  years, .  the  Soltan  heaped  favours  on  j 
him :  but,  forgetting  his  duty  to  fo  good  a  prince,  he  one 
day  prefumed  to  enter  the  fecret  apartment  of  the  palace,  and 
would  needs  fee  his  women  and  children. 
and  fur-        BIGU,  being  informed  of  this  infolence,  was  refolved  to 
tune.         punifti  him  feverely  for  it.     But  Seljuk,  getting  fome  know* 
lege  of  his  defign,  thought  it  beft  to  avoid  his  anger,  by: 
efcaping  in  time.   Accordingly,  having  gathered  all  his  friends  \ 
and  people,  who  were  attached  to  his  family,  he  retired,  witf 
his  effetts ;  and  (croffing  the  Sihun,  or  Sir),  drew  toward* 3 
Samarkand  (B).     Belli  Khan,  governor  of  that  city  (G), 
reliihing  fuch  neighbours,  refolved  to  oblige  them  to 
at  a  diftance :  but  Seljuk,  having  augmented  his  forces,  got«j 
the  better  of  him  in  feveral  engagements.    In  one  efpectsllf  \ 

(A)  On  this  occafion  D'Her-  375,  and  of  Chrifl  985,  *Q»j 
htlot  obferves,  that  thefe  Kip-  cording  to  the  Ltbtari&i  whidlfr/ 
chdk  Turks  are  Khorarians,  fays,  the  motive  of  their  expf-  a 
jvhom  the  Greek  and  Latin  hi-  dition  was  to  feck  paftnre.  ~ 
ftorians,  who  fpeak  of  the  wars  (C)  Tis  not  faid  for  whom  g* 
of  the  emperor  Heraclius  and  but  at  this  time  Mawarttinkmr 
Kbofroes,  call  Ararians.  teems  to  have  been  under  tte 

(B)  This  wzs  in  the  Hcjrah  Kbftn  of  Turhfiin.               .      . 


be  obtained  a  tonfidetable  advantage,  by  means  of  ail  am- 
brigade;  which  was  fo  weU  conduced,  that  he  acquired  a 
great  reputation  throughout  the  country.  This  fuccefs  laid 
wfi*  foundation  of  nis  greatnefs,  and  emboldened  him  tb 
pefent  himfcif  before  Bokhara  ;  where  he  was  very  \veU  r$- 

JOflivpK t 

MIkKOND  mentions  nothing  of  the  death  of  Selj&il**m 
vWuch  we  learn  from  two  other  aifthors,  Ebn  Amid  and  -  £fci  Tnrktf- 
f hobnob  *(I>) ;  who  differ  foniQwhat  in  their*  account  of  him       • 
hothirom  that  hiftorian,  and  from  one  another.  Ebn  Amid  rc- 
kes,  ^hat  Dahnk,  Seftuk's  ftiher*  being  aXviic  as  well  asitout 
Jtaaii,  was  always  cohfuked-.by  the  king  of  the  Turks,  and  cat- 
tied  tf ith  him  in  Ids  wars  :  that  he  Was  the  &cA  of  his  fami- 
ly who  embraced  Mtbamrhidifin :  that  his  fori  Sdjtik,  being 
Jjf  age,  wh&n  he  (Bed,  the  king  made  him  general  of  all  Ha 
'Andes:  but  that)  afterwards,  apprehending  danger  from  hit 
xrafty  dHpofition,  he  refolved  to  kill  hiiri  {  which  coming  to  the 
knqwkge  of  Sd&uky  he  fled  to  Harm  Sahab  Odda-wia,  king 
tiGhdbia,,  anddefired  aid  of  him,  to  go  and  conquer  th* 
JDonntry.trf  the  iqfidel  Turks  :  that  Harm  furhifhed  him  with 
Jjrainatyis  army/  to  execute  his  defign  ;  but  that,  in  a  battle  , 

.%ih.diofc  mfideb,  Setfuk  was  flaih,  when  he  Was  107  years. 
**±    '  ' 

According  to  Ebn  Shohitab,  Seljuk's  father  wa$  named  Stttfo 
bokfr,  <xr'  Dobnak,  which,  in  Turkijb,  fignifies  a  hammer  •  about  ^ 
dut  at  prefent  is  pronounced  Tohmk.     Seljuk  Was  chief  of  BoW»r** 
tme  of  thp  pfiqeipal  families  of  Turkejldn ;  and,  as  he  was 
always  followed  by  a  great  number  t>f  relations,  and  others, 
■wko  were  m  his*  inteffcft,  the  king  grew  jealous  of  the  great 
Whopty  which  he  had  acquired,  and  obliged  him  to  depart 
&  dominions. 

, "  StLJUK  upbn  this  retired  into  the  countries  of  the 
M&finmtdanSy  where  he  embraced  their  religion.  His  firft 
^tjjement  was, at  a  place  called  Joud,  "which  depended  on  the 
$fj  of  Bokjxtra,  in  Mawara'Inahr.  From  Whence  he  con- 
$flpally  made  incuxfions  upon  the  infidel  part  of  the  Turks  j 

*  D'Hkrbelot  Bibl.  orient,  p.  600,  art.  Selgiuki* 
f:pi*,AM*D  Hift.^Saracen.  p.  351. 

.(!>)  The  furname  qf  Mubi-  the  author  of  feveral  works  j 

miiin  &*,l  <walid  Mohammed,  among  the  red,  of  a  very  exalt 

Jbjvas.  a  gttsit  jdoftor,  of  the  htftory  from  the  creation  to  the 

jfr&sf.Hajofah,  and  high  (jhan-  year  806;    that  is,    of.  (Thrift 

\\mtotf. the  Arabian  Irak.  iHe  1403.      D'litrltlot,  pag.  79a*  V > 

<#d  in  the  year  of.  the  Btjrah  Art.  Schhr.ab.  '  ' V 

W3;   of  Chrift    1478.     fie  Ts 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol*  IV.  G  whom 


*fc  Genital  Hifiory  of  the  Setyiks,         .  B.  I. 

-  whom  he  harrafled  during  the  whole  courfe  of  hb  life  :  in 
the  length  whereof.  Ebn  Shonah  agrees  with  Ebn  Amid  \  but 
mentions  nothing  about  his  death. 

His  fins. '      The  Perfian  hiftorians  unanimoufly  agtee,  that  Sc/jtik  (E) 

•  had  four  fons ;  but  (Jiffer  a. little  as  to  their. names;  which, 
according  to  the  Lebtarikh,  were  Mika'el,  Ifrael,  Mujfa,  and 
Turns  :  but  Mirkond  calls  the  laft  Bigu,  and  not  Tunas.  Ebn 
Shohnab  gives  him  only  three  foas ;  whom  he  names  Aifr 
Arjlan,  Mika'el,  and  Mujfa  (F).     While  Ebn  Amid  feeins  to 

-  allow  him  only  one ;  that  is,  Mika'el ;  from  whom  the 
founders  of  the  Seljuk  monarchy  are  unanimoufly  acknow- 
leged  to  have  been  defended  e.     The  fons  of  Seljuk  became 

•  very  powerful  in  friends,  and  rich  in  lands  as  well  as  flocks  *, 
,  especially  Mika'el;  than  whom,  great  numbers  of  Turks  ac- 

•  knowleged  no  other  fuperior  :   and,  when  Soltan  Mahmud 
.  Ebn  Sabektekin  palled  the  JibAn,  with  forces,  to  the  aiEftance 

of  Warar  Khan  (G),  king  of  Mawara'lnabr,  Mika'el  went  to 
.  falute  that  prince;  who,  admiring  his  courage,  and  the  great 
fubmiflion  which  his  family  paid  him,  intreated  .him  to  re* 
main  about  his  perfon,  and,  at  his  return,  to  accept  of  the 
government  of  Kboraf&n,  in  order  to  defend  it  againft  the 
invafion  of  enemies.  On  Mikaeps  declining  the  Saltan's 
offer,  Mahmud,  enraged,  fent  him  in  chains  to  prifon,  and, 
returning  to  Khorajan,  (Ml  kept  him  in  durance.  However, 
the  foldiers  and  family  of  Mika'el  followed  the  Soltan,  and 
fettled  in  the  plain  of  Khorafm.     This  is  Altabari's  account 

*  D'Herbblot,  ubi  fupr.  p.  801.  f  Lebtarikh. 

(£)  It  is  Seljuk,  who  is  to  mius  had  a  fon,  called  MwM*- 

:  be  underftood  by  Haythons  Sa-  let ;  and  that  MtterTs  brother 

dock  (i),   and  not  Tangrolipix,  had  two  fons,  KutluMufes  (Kb- 

Or  Togrol  Bek9    as  Leunclavius  tul  Mijh), .  and  Abimelekb  \  of 

writes  (2) ;  for  Haytbon  makes  whom  more  hereafter. 
Sadok  the    father   of  Dogrifa        (G)  Other  "hiftorians,  as  hath  •■ 

(which  ftands  for  Dogri  Shah,  been  before  fet  forth,  (peak  of ; 

or  Dogri/ Shah) ;  who  ib  evident  •  Mahmud  as  undertaking  this  ear-  ■ 

]y  Togrol  Beg.  pedition  on   his  own   account 

(F)   Cedrenus    makes   Mikeil  againft  Kara  Khan  of  Turkeftam* ; 

the  father  of  Tdnjrrolipix  (as  he  or  of  Karakitay.     If  fo.  War*?  \ 

writes  Togrol  Bekj;  Habramius-  Khan    muft  be  a  miftake    for 

Alim,    AfpamSallarius    (fo   he  Kara  Khan;  and  bringing  aid 

calls  Alp  ArJIan) ;  and  a  third  to  him,    a    miftranflation     far 

fon,  whom  he  does  not  name,  bringing   forces  againit   him  ; 

He  adds,  that  this  laft  left  a  which  is  not  unlikely  to  be  the 

fon,  called  Afan  (or  Uaffan),  cafe,  confidering  how  faulty  * 

•furnaroed  the  Deaf:  that  Habra-  copy  Erpenius  made  ufe  of. 

(1)  Baitb.  de  Tarrant,  cap,  xv.  p.  377.  edit.  Gryn.  101.  u\  ffM* 

Mu(uk  Turk.  i.  i.  p.  71.   edit.  Wubtl,   1^1.       J  W  "**" 


C.  i.  tttt  they  feuled*  in  Perfla.  «  ;$j 

cf  the  manner  in  which  the  Seljukians  firft  entered  Pigfo  *. 
Bat  other  authors  reprefent  the  occafion  very  differently. 

M1RKOND  relates,  that  fflikael  deceafed  very  young  5 
and  Ehn  Shthnah  fays  exprefly^  that  he  died  in  Mawara'lnabr\ 
in  the  war  ifrhich  he  waged  with  the  infidels ;  and  that,  for 
this  reafon,  he  is  dignified  in  the  genealogy  of  the  SeljMaru 
with  the  title  of  Shedid,  or  Shad/d;  that  is,  martyr.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Lebtarikh,  and  M*rkond,  Mika'el  left  two  fons,  Heirs  of 
Mohammed  and  Dawd,  who  were  afterwards  called  TogrolScfybk* 
Beg  and  Jaffar  Beg  (H) :  but  Ebn  Shohnah  adds  to  thefe  a 
third,  whom  he  places  before  the  other  two,  as  if  the  eldeft, 
called  Tebegu ;  but  poflibly  this  is  Begu,  whom  he  has  omitted 
among  the  fons  of  Seljuk,  and  reckoned  to  Mikael.  How- 
ever that  be,  We  are  told  by  Mirkond,  that  Seljuk  took  great 
care  to  educate  his  two  grandfons  ;  and,  by  his  will,  left  them 
fole  heirs  to  all  his  effefts  and  growing  ftate;  The  young 
princes,  having  arrived  at  the  age  fit  to  bear  arms,  were  ^ 
mailers  of  fo  much  addrefs  and  conduct,  as  well  as  valour, 
that  in  a  fhort  fpace  they  greatly  enlarged  their  fmall  .territo- 
ries, by  the  defeat  of  feveral  princes  of  Mawar&lnahr ;  who 
became  their  vaflals.  The  news'  of  thefe  victories  coming  to  ' 
the  ears  of  jyiahmud  (firft  Soltin  of  the  Gaznah  family,  who 
reigned  in  Khorafan),  he  fent  to  defire  them  to  fend  fome 
trofty  perfon  to  him,  in  order  to  treat  about  an  affair  of  im- 
portance. 

ISRAEL,  the  uncle  of  the  young  princes,  offered  to  re-IfraeT/ 
pair  to  the  Soltan ;  who  received  him  with  great  civility  and"**"*- 
honour  :.  but  ope  day,  being  defirous  to  know  what  number  oiture* 
troops  he  was  able  to  furnifh  him  with,  in  cafe  of  need; 
lfrdel  replied,  that  if  the  Soltan  would  fhoQt  one  of  the  two 
arrows,  which  he  held  in  his  hand,  into  their  camp,  40,000 
horfe  would  immediately  fet  out,  for  his  fervice  :  that  if  he 
fliot  the  other  into  the  Ordu  of  Bilkhan  (I),  he  might  corn- 
Hand  50,000 ;  and  the  Soltan  aiking,  how  many  could  be 
had,  if  there  was  very  preffing  occafion,  Ifrael  told  him,  that 
if  he  would  fend  his  bow  into  Turkeftan,  200,000  Turks  would 
Mfee  forth  to  his  affiftance.   This  difcourfe  fo  alarmed  Mahmud, 
that,  to  prevent  danger,  he  feized  Ifrael,  and  fecured  him  in  a 
ttffle;  where  he  died.     Thiscaftle  is  named  Kale?ijar(K)f  end  death* 

1  the  author  of  the  Nighiariftdn ;  who  fays,  he  was  confined 
re  feven  years.  The  fame  writer  fpeaks  of  the  Seljukians  with 

t  Ebn  Amid,  p.  332. 

(H)    Jbulfaraj    calls  him         (I)  The  author  of  the  Night- 
,  jagri  Beg.    Thefe  rather  were    ariflan  calls  this  place  Biljan.  • 
,  their  firft  names.  (K)  A  caftle  in  Kborajan.    • 

G  2  great 


r4  Gteral  Bjttty  of  ti»$il]bk$;  tl 

£reat  iSmtefnpt ;  and  fays,  they  were  defcended  from  the  a*, 
ticnt  "fttrfon&ns.  As  a  proof  of  this,  he  alleges  the  reproaches 
?wfrich  Majjud,  third  Saltan  of  the  Gazni  rice,  and  AfUm. 
4ted,  Saltan  of  the  Karaz7trians,  made  them,  on  account  rf 
tfefe  brfenefs  of  their  original h.  However,  the  Setjtiks  kxftal 
Vpon  that  imputation  as  a  great  dishonour  to  them,  aod 
treated  .it  "with  the  utmoft  contempt. 
?2»Sfcl-  ftisroRiAMs  differ  about  the  time  when  the  Seljukiatt 
jfikiaw  ififft  pafled  the  JiMn,  to  enter  into  Perfta.  Some  fay,  it  was 
ki-the  retgn  of  Mahmud,  the  firft  Soltan  of  the  Gazni  race, 
and  by  his  permiffion ;  others,  in  that  of  his  fan  M&ffud.  Of 
the  firil  fehtiment  are  JbM-faraj,  the  Lebtarikh,  and  A 
Meikm. 

THfc  Lcbtartkh  relates,  that,  on  their  having  ctemandel 
leave  to  crofs  the  river,  Arftdn  Jazeb,  "governor  of  the  city 
Tus  (L),  in  Khorafafty  was  of  Opinion,  that  their  requeftAcraW 
fe>t  be  granted,  left  thefe  four  families  of  the  childftttf  df 
£*//&,  which  were  already  pretty  numerous,  fliould  ctartr 
others  'to  them  ;  but  that  Mahmud,  who  confided  too  much 
in 'his  own  power,  rejected  the  governor's  counfel  5  and,  hot 
ohly  granted  their  demand,  but  dlfo  permitted  tfoem  to  ietdf 
Jn  rhe  neighbourhood  of  Ndffa  and  Bawerd  (M);  Vtois  ©0* 
terty:irtcreefed  fo  much  in  a  (hart  time,  vby  tte  continual  poft 
ftge  of  Tufks,  ^ho  joined  them  (as  the  governor  Jmscb  hrf 
forefeen),  that  the  inhabitants  of  Khorafdn  began  to*. be  fe( 
'fair  of  them,  and  refolved  to  get  rid  of  thofe  new  gtaefajj 
Vhom  they  looked  on  as  datagerous  neighbours  (N).  J 

h  Mirkond  ap.  JDUejb.  p.  800.  Art.  Selgiuki.  ! 

<  fL)  It  is  alfo  Called  Mafibad,  fettts    them    quite    otherwift) 

or,  The  flace  of  the  Martyr  d9  There  vie  are  told,  that  Tcgrd 

ffdm  the  tomb  of  hum  Riza,  Btk  and  JefarBck,  had  fom* 

who  was  murdered  there;  and  thing  To  royal  in  their  afpec^ 

is  a  great  place  of  pilgrimage.  that    the    people  of  Khoraflk 

(M)  The  firft  is  called  alfo  were  extremely  fond  of  them] 

Miyjcrd,  and  the  latter  Nefa,  and  had  recourfe  to  (hem,  M 

<Jr  LittU  Damaftus,  about  1 20  decide  their  differences  :    thj 

miles  from  the  river  Jibuti  or  this  was  the  caufe  of  MabmtJk 

Jhnu,   and    from    each    other,  hatred  to  them  :  that  the  Sim 

*They  '-are  often  mentioned  in  juks  having   beaten  an  rarrIM 

Abulgbazi  Khan's  hiitory  of  the  fent  againft  them,  Mab/rued-prm 

%*rts,  by  the  names  of  Iburdu  pared  to  be  ^revenged ;  b|it  c|J 

and  Nafaj;  and,  when  he  wrote,  troubles   in  India  calling    hid 

belonged  to   the  kingdom  'of  thuher,  he  left  the  conduct  o 

Karaxm^  .  the  war  to  AJbi,    governor  O 

(N)    This  Account  h  taken  Kbora/dn ;    who  was  adio    4q 

from    D'Hcrbctofs    extract,  p.  fenced.  i 

Soo ;  but  Grtmin*  copy  repre- 


c.t;        mfyjHtUbifrtf*  H 

SBN  AMW  Hffpees,  in  the  makv  with  tfia  UktarikLf*/' the 
ftteJt$o$>  that  Malmid  before  he  <Jkd  repented  much  of Jlh&n- 
kaviqg  fuffered  the  Seijukians  to  .remain  in  his  domioiops  ^ 
faring  (hey  might  feiw  them  after  his  death  K 

ABWl-FARAJ  goes  further.  AU1  on  this  head.  Jfe 
writes,  that  in  the  year  42Q,  while  T^ro/  Ay,  with  his  hro-  A  D. 
tfcr*  ttevxl  and  ifcfga,  were  ftill  in  Maimara%lnQhr%  the  Gaz  102^. 
Turks  (0),  under  ^ryftw  (P)f  fqa  of  Sf (jui,  ravaged  Khorqfin  :: 
that,  however,  r^  Qddawh  Mahmud  drove  them  opt  of 
that  province :  but  that  the  enemy,  carrying  vith  them  about 
2000  tents,  went  to  Isfahan.  Tcgrol  Begf  with  his  brothers 
Dwdznd  Biga,  the  fans  of  Mikdel  ( QJ,  were  then  iri  ifcfa*. 
XM&lmhr.  Sqm$  of  the  C4z>  after  being  expelled  Khora* 
jk,  ftaped  their  way  into  the  fcrpvince  of  Adtrhijfa,  wfyer* 
they  took  the  city  of  Maraga,  burnt  the  temple,  and  n*ade 
t  great  (Btughter  of  the  people ;  among  whom  ^vere  many 
ImAs  (R).  After  this  fome  went  to  Ray,  others  to  Han\4- 
tin  and  Maufel,  which  they  alfo  tqojt k. 

Some  hiftprians  have  .written,  that  Soltan  tyahmud  gave  Under  Sol> 
itSdjukians  liberty  to  crofs  the  Jihual  »Q  order  to,  feize  the'*"  Mat 

"  riches  whkh  they  had  amaffed,  by  the  plunder  of  tfic/^d. 
Wriucs  in  Mawara'lnabr. 

But,  in  opposition  to  all  this,  ■  Mir fcn4  affirms,  that  the 
Ujik  Turkst  who  had  already  made  a  gre*t  aoife  in  Pefja, 
p&A  the  Jihm%  or  Amuy  not  in  the  reign  pf  Mabtnyd;  bVit 
if  bis  fon  Majfuij  in  the  year  434>  ui*4£F  *h*  eppduft  of  A,  IX. 
Togrol Beg  and  Jaffar  2fcg-;  who,  fettling  themfclves  abopt  lo3'« 
Ike  cities  before-mentioned,  foon  after  begpn  tq  make,  uiqir«» 
ftv  iftto  the  neighbouring  provinces  \ 

*    «  *■ 

SECT    III. 

tranfafliohssn  Perfia,  and  founding  of  their  J&yfc 
monarchy  there* 

)UT  the  rime  that  the  &#«*  JTfcrJk  entered  /Vryk;  th$S'*tf  *f 
*  provinces  of  JChcrafSn,  Saileftan,  Gazncth,  Perjian  IrvK  ?cvii** 
Jorjaziy  and  part  of  India,  were  under  Irlajfud^ 

M  Amid,  p.  333.      k  AbxjVfajiaj  Jiift.  dypaJL.  p,"z2Z* 
JEHB,  p.  562,  &  80  f,  art.  Selgiuk  and  Maffoud. 

!|f0}  The  Gaz  Turks  are  pro-        (  QJ   Spn  of  Sfljut,  fan,  of 
ty  lurkmtms.      They    gave    21?i^. 

tumtoGaxarid.  <R),  Of  t^ie  f/^  Ba^h 

?)  This   m.uft  he  the  rfty    ttibe.     Aaptb^f  cojpy   ijias  ^f 
e'lQf  Eba  S boh  nab.  Harayyab* 

G  3  third 


16  General  Hi/lory  of the  Seljtiks,  B.I.4 

third  Soltan  of  the  Gazni  race.  The  reft  of  Perfia  (A)  was 
in  the  hands  of  Ab&lganjar,  by  others  called  Kalrjar,  one 
of  the  princes  of  the  family  of  Buy  ah,  or  Bowyah  ;  who  had 
reigned  in  Pars  (or  Proper  Perfia),  and  Kerman,  both  the 
Perfian  and  Arabian  Irdks,  Mazanderdn,  and  Jorjan,  Diyar- 
bekr  (or  part  of  Mefopotamia),  and  in  Baghdad :  to  the  ju- 
rifdiftion  of  which  city,  the  dominions  of  the  Khalfah,  once 
fo  very  extenfive,  were  now  almoft  wholly  confined. 
mt  this  As  to  the  provinces  of  Mawardtnahr  and  Khorafan,  it  is 

junQure,    fomewhat  dubious  what  power  they  belonged  to.    From  fome 
circumftances  in  the  hiftory  of  the  Gazni  Soltans,  they  fhould 
be  in  the  pofleffion  of  Majfud,  third  Soltan  of  that  race  * :  by 
other  circumftances,  Maward'lnahr,  or  at  leaft  a  good  portion 
of  it,  feems*  to  have  been  in  fubjeftion  partly  to  the  Khan  of. 
Turkefidn,  and  partly  to  feveral  princes  of  its  own k.     Ebn 
Armd,  as  hath  been  related,  makes  it  fubjett  to  its  own  mo- 
narch.    Poffibly  all  thofe  different  princes  might  have  had  a 
(hare  in  it';  and  the  confufion  which  the  country  muft  have 
been  in,  from  fo  many  contending  powers,  doubdefs  favoured 
greatly  the  quiet  entrance  of  the  Seljiiks  into  that  province: 
but  it  is  not  probable  they  had  conquered  the  Whole  before 
they  entered  Perfia,  as  Mirkond,  in  his  genealogy  of  Jenghiz 
Khan,  aflerts ;  not  only  becaufe  he  elfewhere  brings  proof  to 
the  contrary,  as  hath  been  fhewn,  but  becaufe  fuch  a  fuppo- 
fition  is  quite  inconfiftent  with   the  fubmiflion  which   the 
fame  author  tells  us  they  offered  to  MaJJud,  on  their  arrival  in 
Khorafan. 
Raifefim     According  tQ  this  hiftorian,  as  foon  as  they  had   fat 
common     down  about  Neffa  and  Bawerd,  they  fent  an  exprefs  to  that 
/;h'-;  h  Soltan  (who  afcended  the  throne  in  421,)  to  demand  a  place 
Hejrah  ^  fettiement .    offering  to  fwear  obedience  and  fidelity  to  "| 
A**D     k™'     But  Maffud  receivfed  the  ambaiTadqr  very  ill ;    and,  J 
'  0  "    among  other  difobliging  things,  laid,  that  he  never  heard  of  \ 
the  Seljuk/am/7v,  although  he  was  him/elf  a  Turk  by  defcent,    ' 
and  therefore  ought  to  be  id  ell  acquainted  with  all  the  illuftrious 
houfes  of  that  nation.     When  the  Seljukians  were  informed  1 
with  what  contempt  the  Soltan  had  treated  both  their  am* 
baflador  and  family,  they  prepared  iqv  war c ;  and,  according 
to  Mirkond,  as  related  by  Texeira,  whilft  Majfid  was  fub* 

duing  the  provinces  of  Jorjan  and  Tabreftm,   in  the  year    , 

«   ' 

•  Texeir.  hift.  Per.  p.  292.  b  See  before,  p.  5&£feq.   j 

*  D'Hbkb.-  p.  801,  art.  Sdgiujc.  j 

{A)  AsPdrs,  or  Proper  Perjta,     bijan,   with   Arabian   Irak,     of 
ftr*i*i  Khvze/lan,  and  4mr-    which  Baghdad  was  the  capital, 

4*«% 


C.ti  till  they  fettled  in  Perfuu  .-■>  87, 

426,  made  fame  commotions  in  Khorajan ;  but  {at  flill  upon 
his  return  (B). 

Although  their  affairs  were  not  fettled,  yet  the  Soltia  Defeat 
would  go  into  India,  .againft  the  advice  of  his  generals.     InSoitan 
his  abfence  they  made  incurfions  throughout  the  country,  Mafi&d: 
from  Khorajan  to  Par j  (or  Proper  PerJiaJ,  with  fo  much  fuc- 
cds  that  they  obliged  Alia  oddawlat  Ebn  Kakuya  and  Abu) 3- 
lah  to  quit  their  governments  of  Rey  and  IJpahan,  which  the 
&$?«fcr  feized,  with  other  parts  of  Perjia.    This  was  about 
428 :  by  which  time  Majfud  returned  from  his  Indian  expe- 
!  ditbn  to  Gaznah ;  and,  two  years  after,  fet  out  again  for  Hcjrah 
Jorjan.    In  his  way,  being  informed,  that  Nur  Takkin,  go-     428. 
wnor  of  Balkh,  opprefled  them,  he  moved  towards  him,   A.  D. 
though  "in  a  hard  froft;    but,  when  advanced  about  half  I03^* 
way,  turned  back  againft  Da-wd  Seljuk,  who  was  marching 
with  coniiderable  forces  to  affift  Nur  Takkin ;  and,  though 
this  latter  fell  on  his  rear,  and  took  molt  of  his  baggage,  yet 
he  held  on  his  way  till  he  met  David;  by  whom  being  over- 
thrown, he  fled  to  Gaznah  ;  where  he  put  to  death  many  of 
[the  Turks  who  ferved  under  him  (C) ;  becaufe  they  had  mif- 
tehwed  in  the  tattle d. 

\    TEXEIRA  feems  to  have  omitted  the  mod  remarkable  Take 
jdrcumftance,  relating  to  the  eftablifhment  of  the  Scljtik  mo-Tu(h  and 
JBarchy.    Ebn  Amid,  is  more  particular.     This  author  writes,  MifcaMr*1 

£lMaJfud,  furnamed  Abufayd  (foon  after  Mahm&ds  death),' 
t  an  army  againft  the  Seljuk  Turks ;  who  were  defeated, 
ifid  fome  of  them  taken  prifoners.  Not  long  after  this,  Mikaef 
tab  Seljuk  dying  (D),  his  foldiers  put  themfelyes  under  the' 
pMnmand  of  his  fon  Mohammed  AbutMib,   furnamed  Togritf 
$eg\  who,  attacking  Majfud's  army,  routed  it,  and  purmed 
thai  to  Tus  :  which  he  befieged,  and  took.     This  is  the  firft 
kky  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Seljukians ,;,  who  aflem- 
Jbi  there,  and  fortified  it.     After  this  they  fubdued  Ni/bd-, 

Meanwhile  Majfud  fled  into  India,  where  he  (laid  ^Conquer 
hag  time :  fo  that  Khorajan  being  deferted  by  him,  the  *S^Khora- 
1  fan. 

!  *  Texiir.  p.  292,  8c  feq.     D'Herb.  p.  562,  art.  Mofibud. 

i  (B)  In  tixeEngliJh  ofTexeira,  (D)  From  what  has  been  faid 
1*7  are  always  written  Satin-  before  about  MikaeTs  death,  it 
W*t  or  Salinouij,  infteadof  Sal*  fhould  feem  that  he  is  named 
k  or  rather  Saljvkians ;  and'  here  (and  perhaps  in  the  former 
J$karBeky  inftead  otJaftarBek.  place)  by  Ebn  Amid,  or  the  an- 
!  (C)  Great  part  of  his  forces,  thors  he  copied  from,  inftead 
m  almoft  all  his  chief  officers,  of  IJraeL 
■ere  TwrJu. 

G  4  jtks 


it  General  mjt&ry  of  tliWfiY^  B.t: 

Hejrah  jiii  mkik  4fe  of  tfc*  Opp'Of ttmlty,  aw*  «A^Q<9W  if.    jtijfc 

439-    fM.  upon  advice  of  thist  returned  from   India  ;   but  t&f 

A-l>.    Sel)uklansx  advancing  to  meet  him,  fftit  fcfita  t6  ffi(ht  (6): 

io58<     yponwM^h  tft  Khaltfah  jttyM  B&trtrtitdl  re&romtafiS 

to  them'  the  defence  of  thifc  country  of  tfcfe  Mtfiahi  (t). 

MaJIM,  incenfed  h^reat,  matched4  agajtfft  thfem  *   bn£  tfley 

made  hiiri.  turn  Kfe  back  a  feeoftd  time.    And  tifcf$  thdf  dn-. 

plre  was  eftablifhed  in  the  year  of  the  Itejrdh  436,  of  ChM 

1639 c. 

jfrrtv       .,£*#  ^^ /.*>  Wis  to  mkntlon  either  whSn  JtyBJMr 

founded     was  taken,  or  that  Togrul  Bek  afefendeo!  the  thfofte  there ; 

both  which  happened  by  the  general  coftfent  of  fiiftorfe&ti f, 

ih  the  year  429,  fronTwhente  they  date  the  beginning  of  hS 

reign.,  _and  the  Sefjuk  monarchy. 

,  AccbkriiNq  to  Mfrkond  (G),  as  delivered  by  I?lt&bi&t , j 

as  foon  as  Togrpl  Beg  was  ackndwteged  for  king  .in  Hit  StJ; 

A.  D.    rif  MJBaMr,  in  the  year  429,  he  fen,t  his  brcrttter  #gfar  | 

%0S7'    Bek  to  fubdue  the  city  and  county  of  Herfi,  or  #m\  In  tKS 

fame  province  of  Khorafan :  which  fconqnert  beim*  foon  pcr- 

-  formed,  hfe  placed  one  of  his  ufcclS  there,  tq  govern  ft,    til, 

the  mean  time  he  marched  himfeff  to  Meru  (H),  and,  having' 

fhtir ,       tkken.it,  he  made  it  his  royal  feat.    AlFt£r  this  he  jJut  Khara- 

rtyoljiat.fjn  under  new  regulations;  ind,  by  that  means,  fupprefled 

the.  (jifprders  which  had  reigned  thfcte  for  a  long  Qihe. 

^HE  fame  year,  which  was  429,  fcoltin  MaJflU  Guznk 
^mbled  ail, his  forces  t6  drive  the  Seljikidns  otft  aF  hfo 
4pminiohs:  but  the  two  brothers,  having  alfo  coifedte^1 
their  troops,  after  an  exceeding  blbodjr  battle  galnted  fo  com? 
pletfc  a  v*6l6ryf  that  MaJJud  found  lie  had  tta  farther  bofine^ 
\Si'Kh6raJan.    '  •  -.•■■  -* 

•  fein  AMib,  p.  332,  &  feq.  f  A*'.trL-fr4&Al  bift.  djr* 

Ifltft.  p.  225.    L^btarikh,  p.  42',  and  in  D'Hsib.  p.  too* 

.(fc)  According  to  Abul-far*}  in  his.  place:  and  the  rather* 

M<0ud,  marching,  from' .Grata  fince  Konddmirt  being  only  ail 

to  dalkby  drove'  the  Seljuks  out  abridgment  of  Mir  fond,  caJuioC 

of  Khorafd^  the  year  after  they  be  fuppofed  to  differ  from  h»m.  * 
had  taken  Arj^££«#«(i).  (fy  There  are  two  cities  of 

w  IF)   That  is,   believers,  qr  this  name  in  Khvrafim ; 


Mohammedans ,  .  130  miles  nortfi:eaft  of  iUrrft^ 

.  (G)  P7/*r<Mtf  llldeedquqtes  the  othpr  140  noYth  of  it"  fcr 

Kontbmr  -u  bat  as  h$  confounds  wards  the  river  Jibuti  [or  JftmJL 

the  two  author  tog^er,  as  hath  This  I  a  ft,  called  Meru  or  hf*r& 

b^Q  obf^rved  before  (2),    we  Shabjdtt,  Is  the  place  mentipoc^ 

make  no  fcraple  to  put  Mirfond  in  the  text. 

(1)  Abt?l-f*r<  p.  $26.  (^  p^.  4,  8^,  o.  • 

i  Having 


mitPC  rotated  WMat  the  orient**  Hftpria**  dafoer  GfrEmmnus 
ctmfrg  tfafe  fewmhtioft  of,  the  Scfjwt  n^ohafeby,  fet  us.  £**«*««, 
what  die  £swrik  have  faid  opoa  the ,  fame  fobjeft.    Two 
of  «b*fri,  Gedrtm)  and  ti'tttphtrui  Brjenftus  are  mare  parti* 
iteUr  tfeftt  thefeft*  anl  fpteJc nearly  aiiket   In  the  yea*  iojo^ 

1  ^jfirt*f^(i)(foH<tf^  . 

0*,  the  lftoihl/lnidns>  and  Oritdhs),  *aa  engaged  0J1  en%  ' 
JWfc  #itK  the  Indian**  add  on  the  other  with  the  B<d>ylvruatts9 
hi  feftt  art  etnbaffy  to  the  pHnce  of  7ttr£>  (L),  for  300* 
Jixffitf  tefe.  The  Jfcnl^  charmed  With  the  ptWents  toade  on 
ffetft  otcafibrf,  readily  difpatcbed  the  mm,  under  the  6dndnft 
rf  Tdgrdfyi*  Mnhdltt  (M),  foh  of  JMafetft  Aud  the  Hither* 
Is  be  flattered  himfeif,  that,  at  their  retturm  ^hen  tti*  &n*4 
ttie*  of  the  Saracens  were  defeated,  they  xriigtit  eafdy  fetid 
1  *htt*bcaittes  *hich  guarded  the  bridge  over  the  fltdxht  (N)> 
ind  aped  a  pttffige  for  hte  Turks  into  /V*^i4*  which  he  pro-» 
pott  to  torkjueh  ♦ 

i     With  thefe  fbttqtatt  MukhwAet  inarched  againft  Piff*fi*Of  their 
rhti  (O),  pHnfcfe  of  the  Btibyiotoijb  Araks\  and  eafil?  touted  original* 
Ijiffl ;  the  Artibs  ftdt  beittg  abfe  to  withftarid  the  force  of  the 
i  Ttoiijb  bows.    Thfe  efcpeditldn  being  Shifted,  the  Tarfo  dfi* 
fired  leave  to  return  home ;  and  that  the  guard  of  the  fttt  x 
bridge  might  be  committed  td  thehi  t  but  Mukhumct  infilled 
on  their  following  him  into  jfaft* ;  and,  oil  their  refufaiv 
jhi-eatened  td  cdmpd  them  (P).     The  Turks,  thfroqgh  far* 
!*Wldifew  fato  the  defatt  df  KaWotoitie?  ( O) ;  frokn  wftenct 
they  made  ihcttrfions  on  the  Sara&ia  and  Pw^frthr.    .Mere- 
lupoh  MuMmtoti  ferit  againft  them  an  army  of  lo,ooo  &en* 
■ander  ten  of  his  bell  commanders ;  who  pitched  their  camp 
at  the  entrance  of  the  defart.     Tagrolipix,  being  ihfornted  of 
£his,  made  two  great  marches,  and,  coming  upon  them  in  the 
night,  defeated  them  :  on  which  occafidh  he  got  abundance 
of  arms,  horfes,  and  riches  :  then,  iffuing  out  of  the  defitrt, 

(I)  This  muft   be   Mabmud,  him  Pi/ares.     This  is  Bafajiri, 

t|fe  firft  (Sohaa  of  the  Gaznt  prince  oilrakArdbi,  or  BulelK 

rftee.'       '  (mifnamed  by  Kno*wks  and  o>- 

(K)  Sambrkel  fome  copies.  thtnKajrf  of  £<?£/£»),  whom  not 

(£)  M^atoing  Turkman.  Mabtimd  Ga%nu  but  TogrolBek, 

(M)  tiiafbofus  Bryen  makes  had  to  do  with,   and  that  not 

Mk&nGet  a  dfftitiA  perfbn  from  till  the.  1 7th  year  of  his  reign. 

Tosgrtlipixj  or  TogrblBck.  (P)  There  was  fame  dilpute: 

(N)  This  is  ifoc  the  Araxes,  of  this  kind  between  them  af.d 

ymAtns,'mArTntwa,ts&\%h\{-  Majfudy   fon   and   focceflbr  of  s 

tartans  hitherto  have  imagined;  tilabmZd. 

bat  the  Jibuti  or  Anm.  {  QL ) .  Or  Karaboqith,  as  Ni* 

4O)    NicipbYrus  Brycu   calif  cepfonuBrjen. 

and 


9° 


by  the 

Greek 

writers. 


Remarks 

me  them. 


At-SefjtiriV  Irari.    \  B.t/ 

and  encamping  in  die  open  country;  his  army,  by  the  accef- 
fion  of  difafie&ed  people,  Haves,,  robbers,  and  the  like,  i&r 
creafed  at  length  to  50,000  men. 

MUKHUMET,  imputing  the  late  difgrace  to  the  mif- 
conduft  of  his  generals,  ordered  them  to  be  deprive^  of 
their  fight;  and  threatened  to  expofe,  in  womens  cloathsf 
the  foldiers  who  fled  (R).  After  this;  raifing  ah  army 
of  Saracens y  Perjians,  Kaviri,  and  Arabs,  $0,000  ftrong, 
and  having  with  him  100  elephants,  bearing  towers,  he 
marched  to  Afpakhan  (S)  ;  where  Tagrolipix;  haftened  to 
meet  him.  The  conflift,  for  a  time,  was  bloody  and  doubt- 
ful ;  but,  while  Mukhvmet  rode  about  to  animate  his  troops, 
he  fell  from  his  horfe,  and  broke  his  neck  (T).  Whereupon 
his  army,  fubmitting  to  Tagrolipix,  proclaimed  him  king  of 
Perfia.  The  new  monarch  immediately  fent  to  open  the  paf- 
fage  over  the!  Jraxis\  and,  giving  free  permiffion  to  all 
Turks  to  enter  Perfia,  vaft  numbers  laid  hold  of  the  oppor- 
tunity; and  thus  became  lords  of  the  country,  giving  the' 
title  of  Soltin,  which  fignifies  emperor,  or  king  of  kings  (U),; 
to  Tagrolipix ;  who  divided  the  provinces,  and,  bellowing, 
all  offices  in  the  magiftracy  and  government  among  his  Turks y 
reduced  the  natives  to  a  very  miserable  condition.  , 

The  reader,  from  the  foregoing  fpecimen,  may  fee- what 
little  accuracy  he  is  to  expeft  from  the  Byzantine  hiftorians, 
with  regard  to  the  affairs  of  other  nations  ;  and  what  little 
they*  have  further  written  concerning  the  transitions  of  this* 
Soltin,  and  one  or  two  of  his  fucceflbrs,  excepting  fuch  a* 
the  Romans  themfelves  had  a  (hare  in,  i6  no  lefs  confuted  and  r 
erroneous.  Let  us  now  refume  the  hiftory  of  the  Seljuh* 
from  the  eaftern  writers. 


Dptafy 
flf  Iran. 


SEC   T.      IV. 

The  reign  of  Togrol  Bek. 

THE  defendants  of  SeljAk  are,  in  Arabic,  called  Seljuki-, 

■*•   yttn,  or  Sclajekah,  and,  in  Perfian,  Seljukiyan ;    which. 

is  made  Englifb  by  the  addition  only  of  an  s,  at  the  end  of 

it.    The  Angular  of  both  is  Seljuki ;  which,  with  the  particle 


(R)  Something  of  this  nature 
is  related  oiMajfud,  who  put  to 
death  feveral  of  his  Turkijh  offi- 
cers and  foldiers,  for  not  doing 
their  duty  again  It  the  Seljuks. 

■  (S)  lfphahdn,  or  Sfaban,  ca- 
pital  of  Pcrfa. 


a  (T)  Mahmud  neither  fought- 
battle  with  Togrol  Bek,  nor- 

died  a  violent  death. 

(U)  It  is  equivalent  only  to- 

the  title  of  king  j  and  was  firft 

siftumed  by  MabmuJGazni.  See. 

thac  article  in  IXHerbclou 

A 


C£  Firjt  SQltfa,  Togrol  Bek.  91 

M,  or  the,  before  it,  fignifies  any  perfon  of  the  family  or 
nccof&£#(A). 

The  oriental  authors  divide,  the  Selj&kians  into  three  dy- 
naftks  or  races  of  princes,  reigning  in  the  (both  of  Afia,  and 
which  were  contemporary,  not  fucceflive ;  namely,  thofe  of 
bitty  or  Perfia  at  large  ;  thofe  of  Kerman,  a  province  of 
Perfia;  and  thofe  of  Mm%  or  Afia  minor ;  of  which  we  pro- 
pofe  to  treat  in  order,    And,  firft,  of  the  StijAkians  of  Iran. 

The  author  of  the  Nigbiariftan  gives  to  the  dynafty  qiltfdur*- 
Ir&n  fourteen  princes ;  fixes  its  commencement  at  the  year  of'"** 
ibeHejrah  429,  of  Chrift  1037;  and  terminates  its  duration, 
which  he  makes  161  years, .  in  the  year  593,  of  Chrift  1 196* 
This  is  conformable  to  Mirkond  (B),   and  the  Lebtarikh  *    . 
only  the  latter  puts  the^nd  of  this  dynafty  in  590  :  But  Katifr, 
or  Kyatib  Zadeh,  furnamed  Haji  Khcifah,  in  his  work,  inti- 
tuled, Taiwtm  alTavarik,  fays,  that  this  fucceffion  confifted 
!  of  fifteen  Sokans-;  who  began  to  reign  in  53a,  and  ended  in 
590  \  giving  them  an  exiftence  of  no  more  than  1 58  years \ 
I  Ebn  Amid  again  places  the  .commencement  of  the  Seljik  mo*   . 
j  withy  in  430  of  the  Hejrah  ;  and,  in  a  matter  of  fome 
I  uncertainty,  'tis  hard  to  fay  which  computation  is  moft  ex- 
|  aft :  however,  as  we  are  obliged  to  make  ufe  of  one,  we 
;  choofc  to  be  regulated  by  that  of  Mirkond,  and  the  Night* 
\  mftan.  ' 

TOGROL  Bek,  or  Beg,  firft  Soltan  of  this  dynafty,  is  the  1 .  Seltan, 
j  perfon  whom  Cedrenus,  and  the  other  Byzantine  writers,  call  Togrol 
I  TagroHpix,  or  Tangrolipix,  by  &  corruption  of  the  name,  no  Bek. 
\  Ids  extraordinary  than  common  with  the  Greeks,  who  have, 
in  all  ages,  fo  disfigured  moft  of  the  words  which  they  bor-  1 

rowed  from  other  languages,  that  'tis  fcarce  poffible  to  tell     - 
what  to  make  of  them.   .  His  Mohammedan  name  was  Abu 
\  Taleh  Mohammed  ;  and  his  furname,  or  tide,  given  him  by 
J  the  Khallfah,  Rokn  Oddtn  (C) ;  the  pillar  of  the  faith  and 
1  religion  b. 

Although ' 

»  D'Herb.  p.  800,  art.  Selgiftk.'  *  D'Hbrb.  p.  1027, 

I  art.ThogrulBeg. 

I     (A)  We  fometimea,  after  our        (B)  D'Herbelot  has  Korrdamir; 

!  aathors,  ufe  the  word  Al  &/-  but  we  have  already  obferved, 

jab*,  but  render  it  the  Seljukian,  p.  4.  note  O.  that  he  confounds 

-- —  the  Siljuk-y   but  in  the  the  father  and  fon  together.  We 


phiral  fay,  the  Seljuks,  and  8el-    always  make  the  change  found 
jttaas,  indifferently,  as  oar  Ian-    in  the  text, 
fcuage  admits  of  either.    The        (C)  This  laft  word  may  be 
word  may  be  alfo  written  ei-    written  Adiin,  compounded  of 
*er  Seljuk  or  SaljuL  at,  the,  and  din,  faith,  or  reli- 

pen : 


j 


defeat* 
UlMA, 

43'- 
A.  D. 

JOJJ. 


0Mtpt€tJ 

Perfia|i 
Irak. 


Hejrah 

A.  IX 
1041. 


Maffud 
rdered* 


.  Al  t  Hoo»gh  the  Sdfuks  had  gptsim  p&flMSaai;  of  ahnoft  all 
Khorafan,  yet  Mqffud,  a  brave  prince,  refolded  to  do  hisrnt* 
noft  yy  recover  it,  Accofdiftgty,  ia  the  year  431,  keying 
railed  a  oonfiderabfa  *tav>  ha  marobed  agaiaft  ftgrel  Bak% 
and  put  him  to  flight ;  fetuing  a  good  number  of  Ms  mot 
*od  taking  others  prifoaera,  with  their  arms.  Neat  yen 
Togrol  Btk  returned  to  N\fbabnr  \  from  whence  Majfid  fled 
to  Gatna :  and>  alter  -this,  the  Sdj&kians  became  mafteis 
©f  all  Khoraf&n  \  on  which  occaikm  an  incredible  multitude 
pf  people  were  (lain.    Thus  writes  if**  Amid c. 

But  the  Ubtarikh  relates,  that  he  returned  thither  after 
fighting  a  battle  with  the  Sdjuks,  in  the  plain  of  Zondcht\ 
near  Msrtf,   wherein  he  was  defeated.     Tts  added,  that 
thefe  fucceflea  were  flowed  by  the  patent  of  inveiHture  (D) 
font  to  the  wo  brothers,  Togrd  Bek  and  Jofor  Bsk,  by  the 
Khalifah  Kaytm  U  *ttd  by  the  reduclsoo  of  the  provinces  of 
Jofjfa  arid  Tabr^ftin9  n  the  year  433  %  which  Tegrol  BA 
undertook,  and  then  jnade  hknfclf  matter  of  all  the  Perfiam 
Irsk  f  1  for,  in  454)  EhraMm  Nedl  Al  SdjM  (E),   took  ; 
H&rtkidtn.    He  was  followed  by  Togrot  Bck>  who  fuhdued  | 
Rey  (F).     Then*  dividing  the  provinces  between  them,  Jaf*  \ 
far  B*g  had  for  his  ihare  Kborafin,  and  7«£n?/  ^  the  Pert  \ 
Jut*  trdkt  with  the  other  provinces  which  he  fubduad  ;  fix*  j 
ing  his  feat  at  (G)  Hamadin  *.  .  | 

MA&SUD,  after  his  retreat  to  Gatsna%  feeras  to  here 
ftufed  frelh  forces ;  the  command  of  which  he  gave  to  hie  ibej 
Maeiu^  whom  he  fcnt  towards  /M/W,  to  defend  that  frontier  h* 
Theft  carrying  his  blind  brother  Mobammtd  with  him,  h# 
marched  again  into  the  iwfiw  ;  where  he  continued  till  the 
Winter  following*  and  made  great  progrefs :  but  being 
obliged  to  advance  towards  the  city  of  Bjlkb,  to  defend  him* 
fetf  againft  the  Stfyubims,  who  every  day  iucreaied  in  powerA 
Iks  be  was  about  to  pafs  the  river  Sunt,  which  is  the  Indusx 
Tujtf  EbnPuftekkin^  one  of  his  generals^,  depofed,  an[<i  after^ 


! 


;  «  P.  33;.  *i  Lebtarikh,  p.  4a-  ■•  Azvl*.  p.  2*6. 

1  ITHkrb.  p.  1027.  *  Lebtarikh.     B'Haaa.  £.  loaj* 

h  D'Herb.  p.  562,  art,  Maudud. 


art.  Sdgiuk 


gimi ;  the  A  being  liquidated  in- 
fo the  j/. 

'  -(J>J  Or  patent  of  Soit&n,  a* 
'm'EFHrrbefat. 

^E)  Tbat  is,  xhfi  SrJjMa*. 

\f)  As'  it  was  ftfcdticd  by 


hrm  in  the  time  ofMaJ/ud,  20&, 
he  mtrft  have  loft  it  again  fce-* 
fore  he  could  take  it  die  fecoqA 
time.  ^ 

( G )  'faoljrily  ,in  KSjJmUfs  copft 
Gtiunadqti* 

wapde. 


I  A:  Firfi  B&B*,  Togvol  B*k;  $$ 

wiri  Jtrarderad  him  in  «he  fame  year  433  (l)) ;  Ivben  h* 
lad  reigned  thirteen  years  with  great  magnificence,  and  the 
iweof  all  the  learned  nfen  of  hw  age,  of  whpm  he  was  very 
fed.  • 

M/t£&VD  kk  fen,  who  >was  then  at  ftt/M,  fucceeded  Karazm 
ton  in  the  kingdoms  of  M*vxxr&ln*br,  Khordf&n,  and  h^fubdiud. 
£i,  foikr  ae  had  b«#n,  <*mquei>ed :  %«t  the  &$£*  fwfr, 
the  Awdrfa  ttafettcwoaeB,  refuting  to  ftdcnmvkge  him, 


be  feat  aa'iri^^apM*  t4»era*ln435,  which  being  met  byHej.  435V 
WJtJlfa,  fon  *f  Jtffar&itk,  With  a  confidence  force,  *\vas    A.  D. 
tratluttwn.    On   the  Gfher  fide,  great  numbers  of  Turk*     J<H3- 
hmUagotft  iff  Tkrkift&n  into  the  territories  of  Gaumafer  and 
:  &ndakSr, to  phmderyweFe  rooted  byMaeSfid's  garHbns l.  &j 
this  one  the  power  of  the  Stljtikians  was  fo'well  eftatilifliedj 
In  itat  large  protfidte*  that,  after  the  Sdltaa's  death,  they 
farad  it  no  difficult  matter  to  join  to  their  other  coaquefts 
the  province  of  Balkh,  with  all  the  country  of  Karaqm  *. 

E»fe  feme  year  a.  detachment  of  1 650  GAz  (I)  horie,-  tmdef  Turbmfat 
lonr^TOiamaniers,  Kukias,  Abu  AH  Elm  Dahhait^  Haft  tfrad,  invafiu** 
and  AH  Ittanftr,  made  an  irruption  into  the  country  of 
AmiiQQ,  and  Mkyafarktn  (L),  then  pofleffed  by  prince 
;  Mtiitfr  %bn  Marwart.  From  thence  they  went  to  Najtbin, 
I  *kere  ttey  cot  down  the  trees :  and  having  flayed. for  fome 
!  foe,  proceeded  -XO'Mufol,  whofe  lord,  Kttrwfo  Ebn  Moktadir; 
;  bought  his  peace  of  them  with  money.  But  after  deftroy- 
fc^-tfee other citks  of  J2fyr*r***rand  Afjazfrah  (M),  they're- 
jfeiUiodco  Hft&l,  and  took  it,  billing,  en  (laving,  and  phm- 
ifalagthe  inhabitants.  When  they  had  been  here  for  fomc 
[fae>  «lhe  AiMhs  aflembled'on  all  fides  %  and  befieging  them, 
:  at  kngth  drove  them  out  of  the  eky.  They  afterwards  de* 
faed  them  in  -fevei&l  battles,  and  killed -many :  the  reft  fled 

J       >  T*»ira,  p.  194,  &  fcq.  k  JD'HtitB.  ubi  fiipr. 

(H)  Tcxeira  has  431  /0r acq?  they  were  rfiifeducd  hy  thetfitf.. 
•f  G&n/f,  but  faultily.                 .  JUimt s,  under  |*4u*n  t be  2wnfi/ 

(I)  by  Gdz  Turks are^praper-  and  7~u»;&*4«j  united  and Jtfvgd* 

lyto  be  under ftood  Turkmans,  as  their  natural  princes, 
tfhefe,  with  the  9W/,  fwarmed         (K)  Tfce  .fcune  with  i?tf«r- 

h  Perfia,  having  been  employ-  beMK  t 

tfUs  fdldiers,  nOt  only  by  the         (L)  A^city,  two  days  jo&tney 

&t»Soltans,  who  were  them-  to  the  north  of  Diyarbekr  city  : ' 

Abes  .originally  Twrij^butrby  i*.  i&iteAnmntMariyrvpip/if.' 
wthe;pwncesof  the-A^^  fa-         (M)  "that  is,  Mf/cfutajwa,- 

•By,  who  reigwed  1v1.Tebrtft.4n,  or  gather,  tlje^ct  fovth  *>f '  tfce 

trfan  Irak,  Pars,   or  proper  province  joilB^aKbdw. 
fifa,  and  at  Baghdad,  befor© 

7  to 


94  '?*'  Seljfiks  0/  IrJrL  ,B/T. 

to  Mayqferktri ;  and  making  what  plunder  they  could,  re- 
tired into  Aderbijan  k. 
Affairs  of     The  fame  year  435,  Jalil  Addawlat,  king  of  Baghdad, 
Perfia.      dying   without  children,    after   feventeien  years  reign,  hk 
nephew  Abu  Kalanjar  (N),  fon  of   SoltAn  Adddwtdt;  hies 
ceeded  him  in  the  poft  of  Amir  at  ovurah,  that  is,  gene? 
raliflimo  of  the  troops  of  the  Khalifat :  and  finding  Togrd  \ 
Bek  grow  powerful  in  Perfia,  made  an  alliance  with  him  ia 
A.  D.    439,  by  marrying  his  fon  to  the  Soltan's  niece,  the  daughter  \ 
1047.    of  Dawd  at  Saljuki :  but  the  following  year  died,  having  1 
reigned  four ;  and  was  fucceeded  by  the  fecond  of  his  (am  | 
fons,  Khofraw  Fer&z,  who  happened  to  be  at  Shirdt,  and 
Hej.  441.  there  affumed  the  name  of  Malek  Rakim.     Maed&dOazni  re- ! 
A.  D.    f0iving  to  recover  Khorafan,  if  poffible,  out  of  the  hands  of 
»°49-    the  Seljuks,  began  his  march  againft  them  with  a  powerful ; 
army ;  but  d\  ing  by  the  way  of  the  cholick,  his  great  prepa* 
rations  came  to  nothing  '.  • ! 

Ifpahan        In  the  year  442,  Togrd  Bek,  marching  to  Ifpabdn,  took  k 
taken.       by  force;  and,  four  years  after  (446),  entering  Adherbijam 
Hej.  442.  wjth  his  troops,  reduced  it  under  his  obedience  m. 
A:  D-        MALEK  Rabim,  king  of  Baghdad,  fucceeded  his  father 
°5°"     Abu'lGanjar  (or  Kalanjar)  in  440,  1^48,  as  hath  been  fai4* 
but  being  attacked  by  Abu  Manfur  Fulad  Sotun,  Us  eldeft 
brother,  and  deferted  by  his  Turkijb  troops,  he  retired  ttt 
Ahwdz  (in  Khuzejidn),  and  thence  to  Wafet  (on  the  Dijlat  or 
Tigris) ,;  where  the  war  was  continued,  .with  various  fuccefs, 
Hej.  447.  till  447  :  when  being  informed  that  Togrol  Bek,  at  riie  infti- 
A.  D.    gation  of  Abu  Manfur,  had  poflefled  himfelf  of  Sbirdz,  and 
lo55*    moft  of  Pars,  he  raifed  all  the  forces  he  could,  and  recovered 
it :  then  returned  to  Wafet. 
Other pla-     ABU  Manfur  having,    by   the. defeat  and  death  of  his 
eesfubmit.  brother  Abufayd,  fecured  himfelf  in  the  throne  of  Pars  (O), 
died  in  a  cattle,  where  he  was  imprifoned  by  tVazfr  ^Fazet 
Hajfan,  or  Huya,  who  affumed  the  title  of  king.     Malek  Ma- 
verd,  a  Seljuk  commander,  who  was  then  in  the  province  of 
Kerman,  being  informed  of  this,  marched  againft  Fazel  Httya^ 
and  he  fled  to  another  calld  Olb  Arflan  (P),  whofe  lands  he 

*  *  Ebn  Amid.  p.  333.  *  D'Herb.  p.  240,  art.  Caim  Beam- 
rillah.  Texeir.  p.  296.  258.  Abulf.  p.  226.  m  Abulf. 
p.  226. 

(N)  InTexeira^bu'lganjar;         (P)  This  doubdefs  was  OA 
in  Abtflfaraj.Kalijar.    ,  or  Alp  Arflan,  Togrol  BeVs  ne- 


(O)  Or  proper  Per/a,  called    phew  and  fucceflbr. 
Fdrs  by  the  Arabs,  of  which  Sin* 
rax  is  the  capital. 


farmed, 


C.  2.  Firjt  &Ud»,  Togrol  Bek.  9$ 

.farmed ;  and  growing  very  rich  by  that  means,  revolted  from 

.him :  but  foon  after  was  taken,  with  a  fon  of  his  called  Ne- 

,ihi  alMolky  and  imprifoned  in  the  fortrefs  of  Strahar,  where 

,,d*ydied.    This  was  .in  the  year  448. 

^   ABU  ali Kay  Kbcfraiv,  who  had  fucceeded  his  father  Abu'l 

'Canjar,  voluntarily,  fubmitted  to  Olb  Ar/lan,  who  gave  h!m 

Tjfdanjun  and  Aktak  (Q.J  to  live  on,  treating  him  with  much 

[iJwwur  (R).    \   .         :  . 

:;    About  this  time  Dawd  the  Seljuk,  Called. alfo  JafarBei, 

Jbother  of  Togrol  Bek,  who  commanded  in  /Chora/an,  made  war 

.apgn  FerokzM  Ebn Maffud,  eighth  Soltan  of  the  Gazni.  race 

J(S);  but  the  Soltan  defeated  him;  and  then  marching  into 

\jtkrafdn,  overthrew  the  king  of  Turkeftan's  (T)  general,  who 

i  came  to  meet  him.    At'laft  Olb  Arjldn,  advancing  againft  him, 

joooted  his  forces.    Ferokzad,  having  reigned  fix  years,  dieo, 

.aod  left  the  prown  of  Khorafan  and  Mawara'lnahr  (U)  to  his 

bother  Ibrahim  Ebn  MaJfud,vtho  concluded  a  peace  with  the 

lurks,  and  then  marched  into  India,  to  make  farther  con- 

!4juefts\ 

j"   The  diffractions  which  had  long ;  fubfifted  at  BaghdM,^iWa\  , 

jjooafioned  by  the  Turkt/b  militia,  ftill  continued  to  tfffli&rdM, 

\  that  city ;   when  great  feuds  arofe  between  Ra'is  al  Ruffa, 

NlTazir  or  Vizier  to  the  JChalifah  Kayim  Beamrillah,  ana  a 

tfwrk  called  Rujl&n  Abu'l  Harith  Mutafftr,  furnamed  Bafafi- 

ii  (W).    This  Bafaf.ri  was  originally  a  flave  to  Baboo*  ddaiy- 

n  Tex.  p.  298,  &  feq. 

;<  iQ^). Two  cities  in  the^ro-  too  much  hafte  in  that  author 

;  vincc  of  Pan,  to  the  north- weft,  making  his  extra&s  from  jlfj>- 

tASbirdz.  kond. 

['   (ft)  This  prince  lived  forty  •    (U)  Tho*  he  feems  to  have 

;  Tears  after  his   brother,  dying  had  very  little  (hare  of  either 

I  m  487 ;  and  in  him  ended  the  province,'  excepting  the  country 

j  family  of  Buyab  in  Pan.    Tex.  of  Gatcnab,  and  the  parts  eaft- 

lj.301.  ward  of  it. 

.  (S)  He  fucceeded  his  brother        ( W )  So  named  from  the  city 

!  Aial  Rajhid,  Or  Abdal  Rabim,  Bafa,  or  Pa/a,  in  Pars,  Or  pro* 

!  who  was  murdered  in  445,  or  ycTPerJiajtheahtientPafiigardai 

;  ,053>  by  Togrol  or  Tokxel  Bek,  and  not  from  Bajkfir,  as  AbuU 

'one  of  his  favourites.  faraj  writes,  p.  226.  of  which 

(T)  In  Texeira  he  is  called  name  we  meet  with  no  city; 

genera!  of  Salinquab,  king  of  In  the  Lebtarikb  of  Qobntn  he 

i*rke/ldn,  by  whom  moil  be :  on-  is  called   prince  of  the  Dila* 

;  derftood  Togrol  Bek,  and  0#  ^r-  «//«  ;  probably  a  miftakefer 

fjfefeicl  to  be  his  fon;  which  an  Amir  of.  commander  of  the 

!  ^accuracies  may  be  owing  to  Dilamite  troops ;  meaning  thofe 

of 


$6  Tie  Sdjtiks  tf  Mri?  ft-l 

%fc'0fl&  of  JSpft  agd  Baghdad;  but,  by  debtee*,  r6fc  to  be 

fe/c^  the  principal  commanders  of  flfalek  Rahhn,  then  ktoj 
Baghdad.     Being  pbliged*  on  account  of  this  quarrel,  *fc 
"he  pil  t  himself  under  the  protection  of  Al  M* 
„,.„.,,  „  .  ,..,^fah  of  JG^/f ;  Who  fuppIyJng  him  tvith  troops, 
Jthefe  ^ec^ine  very  powerful  In  Jrdk  drabi,  and  at  length  got 
Khali/ah*  'pofleffion  of  the  country,  "which  riexavaged  as  far  as  ^ie  4m J 
j^ial-city ;  ^fo  that  he  grew  a  ,  terror  both  to  the  y/rafo  vA 
*J*WMVSj>    JH?  was  alr/eady  prayed  fpr  in  the  pulpits  of  thai 
'  ^9vu£e  :  a.n4  as  **  Kadtraji  hatf  been  deprived  of  afla* 

$pr$y,by  the  Buyqh  or  fi&ip  princes,  in  whofe  hands  lie 
$ffi>  :fQ>  PY  tfp$  .rebellion  cf  Bafafiri,  nothing  remained  to 
#^4f,'whofuc^^  but  the  naked, title  if 

Togrol    N.^i/thprs  ^lacethefc  events  in  the  year  447  ;  but  they 

Bek  /*-    ^m^ft).  have  had  a,  beginning  fome  y^ars,  earlier  (X).    Ho** 

S'-'"       JpS^  i^at.fee»  #lt  )8  cartain  that  the  >Khalifah,  befog  informal 

jt  T^         ^afafir%  <k%ne#  the  fame  year  to'  feize  on  theimperfll 

l(L*l^  9$$^  <\vr^te  *°  Togrol Bek>  who  was  then  in  tfye  diftiift^ 

"V*  fffl&^PW!^  hirii  ,to,come  to  his  afljftance. 

\fy$JSJjFl\Vzs  at  WafetiX)y  whence -feme  of  his  fofa 
Uifb  .dating,  came  to  Baghd&$\  and,  having  plunderajj 
J(Uf'pJt  $s  .palace.  '  ' 

fpGROL  BEK  arrived  at  that  capital  in  the  tngnth 
Rflmadbdriy  bringing  with  him  eighteen  elephants ;  at  wl 
time  Bafajirij  Who  was  at  Rahaba,  on  the  Euphrates,  wn 
to  Moftanfirbillah,  lord  of  Egypt  (1),  had  prayers  put  upii 
his  name,  and  furnifhed  him  ^ith  money*. 

*  Tex.  p.  299.  D'Herb.  p.  140,  art.  CaimcBtmr.  J5bi| 
Amid.  p.  336.  '  Abulp.  p.  2*6. 

&lheoBuy*bJk\Qg3  of  fagkttd*        (X)  JhuJ-faraj  remarks*  p*i 

called  Qi/amitis;  *s  bjs^ng  pri-  aajS.  :that  Bafafiri.  took  ^tat! 

vuurily  ;fn>#i  \Oibm%  >Dqi*m*  or  Ambon  a  city  6(  2r#f*j>jitJP 

JSUyiu&r.qr jB*iimon+vi  city  in  Et^ira^s/iti  the  year  of  tfce.S0J-j 

the  province  of  GbeyJrtnt,orKJ?i-  rah  441,  or  of  C£rr^    1649.21 

fa,  intPtxfia  ( l ) . .  £eWes,  there  Jwhence ,  >ve  prcfunje,  that  the] 

w*3  z.£qyah race  pfrkiivgf  in  7a-  jorigin,  of  tbeie  troubles  may  fc 

$aufld**Q&  (forjdnt^}\^ Djaie-  dated  at  Jeail  ,fo  high. 
p*kh,  Jlt$l(VtQ#b^  Qr .  Deyhmites.         tY)  A  city  on  the  Tigris.  JS* 

QJearita&ys>  fchatZV**»  is  acity  before,'  p.  94. 
o£iheqwovwBiae  tt.Jit/ht.An  Ghfc        fa)  .He,,w^s  the  JttialiM  < 

inr r '.tisja©t in  hi^^^afGbi/anf  lEgyft,  \ whofe  ^power ,  e"f ^pAj 

iafettedp .  588.  but;wq.findthe  (fvpr j^vat Country, ^jtni^tiau 

n^tu)taini>ry«wjpa^eeailiidc  c.oaftoif^rZwry. 

Al 


G  ft.  Phrfi  Sdltdn,  Togrol  Bek*  97 

As  foon  as  Togrol  Bek  arrived  at  Baghdad,  he  feized  iWofci 
£zA»Byforwhbm  prayers  were  no  longer  faid  (A).  Thus  end- 
6d  the  dominion  of  the  Buyians, ,  which  had  continued  127 
years ;  and  that  of  the  Seljuks  began  in  the  fame  city,  where 
Togrol  Bek  took  up  his  lodging,  in  the  imperial  caftle.     Next 
year  the  KhalMah  married  Kadtja,  the  filler  of  Togrol  Bek,  Hej.  448 
who  gave  her  a  portion  of  100,000  crowns  in  gold  :  and  To-    ^.  D. 
grot  Bek,  having  flayed  between  three  and  four  months  at.    l0&. 
Baghdad,  marched  froifi  thence  towards  Mufil,  carrying  with     , 
him  battering  rams,  and  other  engines  of  war  (B).     He  went 
.aUb  and  befieged  Takrit,  at  what  time  the  cities  of  Kuf  a 9 
Wafet,    and  Aynottamri,   falling  off  from    their  allegiance, 
caufed  prayers  to  be  made  in  the  name  of  Mojianfir  Billah, 
Khalifah  of  Egypt. 

In  449  the  Khalifah  Kayim  Beamrillab  honoured  Togrol  Bek  Buyian 
Vith  tije  imperial  vefl,  and  crowned  him  king  of  Baghdad,  dynafiy 
.Be  likewife  adorned  him  with  the  collar  and  bracelets,  a$-fuffr*Jed* 
pointed  him  ruler  over  his  court,  and  money  to  be  coined  in 
iiis  name  p. 

Thus  the  Soltajrat  of  Baghdad,  of  port  of  Amir  al  ome* 
rah  of  the.  Khalifahs,  palled  from  the  houfe  of  the  Buyahs  to 
■that  of  the  Seljuks  q :  and  thus  his  power  was  thoroughly  efta- 
.bltfhed  :  nor  was  there  any  perfon  left,  in  both  the  Irdks  and 
Khar  a/an,  who  gave  him  the  leaft  oppofition. 
Thb  year  following  Togrol  Bet  marched  to  Mufol,  and  from  Revolt  of 

1  thence  to  Nafihin,  with  a  defign  to  fubdue  thdfe  places.   There  Ibrahim. 

'  Went  with  him  his  brother  Ibrahim,  whom  Bafafiri,  by  his  **«!•  45°* 
emuTaries,  ftirred.up  to  revolt;  giving  him  hopes  of  obtain-  ,        3 
iqg  the  kingdom,  and  promifing  aififtance.     Ibrahim,  upon  .I0S°* 

*  this,  taking  an  oath  of  fidelity  to  the  foldiers,  departs  with 
a  great  army  to  Rey,  and  rebelled  r. 
K0NDAM1R,  or  Mrkond,  as  reported  by  D'Herbelot^ 

.teprefents  this  affair  two  very  different  ways.     In  one  place 

lie  fays  that  Ibrahim,  furnamed  Nidi,  Togrol  Bek's  brother,  feized 
the  chy  of  Hamadan ;  and  while  the  Soltan  was  on  his  march 

*Ebn  Amis.  p.  336,  &  fcq.  *  *  D'Herb.  p.  1027,  art. 

Tbogrul.  r  Ebjj  Amid,  p.  337,  &  feq. 

i 

(A)  Togrol  Bek,  or  Beg,  was  which  we  find  was  taken  the 
(frayed  for  in  the  pulpits  inftead  fame  year  by  Bafafiri :  but  that, 
;-rf  him.    Abulfaraj,  p.  226.         onTogroJBeFs approach, he aban- 

(B)  Our  author  does  not  tell  doned  it.  Mirkond,  ap.  D'Her- 
wwhat  his  defign  was;  but  pro-  helot,  p.  24O,  art.  Cairn  B 'earn- 
bablyitwasto  befiege  that  city,    ril/ah. 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol. IV.  H  to 


^8  TlfcrSeljfiks  of  Iran:  BX 

to  drive  him  thence,  Bafafiri,  taking  the  opportunity,  made 
himfelf  mailer  of  Baghdad  E. 
Togrol         In  another  place  the  fame  author  relates,  that  Ibrahim,  the 
Bck'j  bro.  Soltan's  maternal  uncle;  revolted,  and  unexpectedly  advanced 
tber*    .     ggainft  him  from  the  Arabian  Irak,  where  he  was  governor,  ; 
with  an  army,  as  far  as  Hamadan  (C),  in  Perfxan  Irak,  where  | 
Togrol  Beg  then  refided  c.  .  •  j 

The  Pcrjian  hiftorian  alfo  dates  this  tranfaftion,  if  it  be  j 
the  fame  with  the  former,  three  jears  later  in  this  place  than  i 
in  the  other  (D).     Whether  this  difference  be  owing  to  the  j 
difagreement  among  authors,  from  whom  Kondamir  copied, 
or  to  the  negligence  of  D'Herbeht,  in  extra&ing  from  him-; 
or  whether  they  be  two  diftintt  events,  differing  with  re- 
fpeft  to  perfons,  time,  and  a&ion,  we  muft  leave  the  reader 
to  judge,  on  reading  a  fubfequent  note,  relating  to  Ibrahim  % 
death. 
Bafafirw       BASAS IR I  entered  Baghdad  on  the  8th  of  Dhu'lhajjak, 
eruelty.      with  the  name  of  the  Egyptian  Khalifah  (E)  inferibed  on  he 
ftandards ;  and  on  the  13th  prayers  were  put  up  in  the  ca- 
thedral church  in  his  name.     Then  ordering  a  bridge  to  be 
laid  acrofs  the  Tigris,  he  pafled  over  to  the  "eaftern  fide  of 
the  city,  called  Rufafah  {F),  where  the  fame  ceremony  was 
performed.     After  this,  feizing  Ebn  Mojlem,  the  Khalifah V 
Wazir  or  Vizier,  he  ordered  him  to  be  drefled  in  a  woolles 
gown,  with  a  high  red  bonnet,  and  a  leathern  collar  about 
his  neck  ;  and,  in  this  manner,  to  be  led  through  the  ftreett 
of  Baghdad,  tied  upon  a  camel,  with  a  man  laihing  him  atf 
the  way  behind :  then  being  fowed  up  in  a  frefti  bull's  hidej 
with  the  horns  placed  over  his  head,  lie  was  hung  up  ofl 
hook§,  and  beaten  till  he  died. 
The  Kha-      As  for  the  Khalifah,  he  went  to  the  camp,  where  a  tent 
lifah  im~   was  fet  up  for  him  on  the  eaft  fide  of  the  city.     Mean  time 
prifined,'    the  mob  pillaged   the  imperial  palace  of  things  to  an  ia* 
menfe  value.     On  Friday,  the  4th  of  Dhu*lhajjah,  there  wtt 
neither  fermon  nor  prayers  in  the  temple  of  the  Khatf&hj 
while,  in  all  other  churches,  the  harangue  was  made  in  the 

•  Kondamir  ap.  D'Herb.  p,  240,  art.  Cairn.  *  JbiA 

p.  1027,  art.  Thogrulbck.  . 

(C)  The  Amatba  of  the  Jews,  (E)  Vi%.  Prince  Mabefi Aht 
znd  E&barana  of  the  Greets;  er-  tamim,  Moftanfir  BiHab,  Amif 
roneoufiy  thought  to  be  Tauris    Almumenin. 

by  mod  authors.  (F)  Becaufe  the-ftreets  were 

(D)  That  is,  in  the  year  oF    paved  with  ftones.     GoL   not: 
^  the  Hejrab  454,  and  of  Cbrifi    inAIfragan,  J>+  122. 


1062* 


nam* 


C.i.  FbjtSoU&ni  TogrolBek.  59 

nine  <A  Mtftanfir  Billab,  lord  of  Egypt.    Thus  the  Jbweign*  - 
tyof  theKhaKfah  was  fupprefled  for  that  day. 

Ajftsr  this,  A*yf»i  Beamrillab  was  conveyed  to  H adit  ha 
(G) ;  and  being  put  in  fetters,  was  left  in  cuftody  with  the 
-  governor  of  the  towu. 

The  year  following  Bafyfiri  fending  for  the  great  chad*  tit).  4$t; 
cellor  Abu  Abdallah  Ebn  DamiyAn,   with  the  preachers  and     A.  D. 
princes  of  the  family  of  Hajbem,  required,  from  them  fecurity,     1059. 
and  an  oath  of  fidelity  to  Mofianftf  Billah,  lord  of  Egypt. 

The  fame  year,  451,  TogrolBek  marched  againft  his  bnv 
thesAraMm,  defeated,  and  having  taken  him  prifoner,  had  Ibrahim 
him  ftrangled  with  a  bow-ftring  (H).     He  likewife  put  to  deflated  t 
death  a  groat  number  of  Turkmans  f,  who  had  joined  with 
kirn. 

Hating  thus  ie-eftablifhed  his  power,  he  marched  to  Bag fn 
dfefagainft  Bafafiri,  and  font  the  Khalifah  his  compliments,  with 
5000  crowns  in  gold,  and  6,000  fuits  of  cloaths  for  his  wife. 
As  he  drew  nestr  the  city,  on  the  nth  of  Dhu'lkAdab,  Mah* 
rat,  lord  of  Haditha,  came  to  meet  him*  bringing  Kaybn 
Stamrtfah  (I)  with  him* 


(G)  There  are  two  Ha  Jit  hat, 
tae  on  the  Euphrates ;  the  other 
Icre  mentioned  (lands  on  the 
caft  fide  of  the  Dijldt  or  Tigris, 
near  the  great  Zdb,  fourteen 
farafangs,  or  Ferfian  leagues, 
Of  four  tnglijh  miles  each,  be- 
hm  Mufol;  from  whence  it  has 
tie  name  of  Haditha  al  hhfal. 
It  was,  for  a  time,  the  feat  of 
tkeKhalifahs.  Abu  Ifeda,  in  his 
defcriptkm  ef  Irak  al  Arab. 

(H)  Kondamir  differs  from 
.  iifnfelf,  as  in  the  beginning, 
'  fe  in  die  event  of  this  affair  (t ). 
hi  one  place  he  fays,  Togrol 
feadenp  matters  with  his 'bro- 
ther Ibrahim  Nial,  and  then  re- 
tarned  to  Baghdad,  from  whence 
tafafiri  was  fled  (2).  In  the 
sther  place  he  tells  us,  that  he 
-m*  afifled  fo  feafonsthly  by  his 
Uphew  Alp  Arftdn,  with  the 
faces  of  Khorafin,  that  his  nn- 
■  telbrabim  was  ea£ly  vanquifti- 

(l)  See  befire,  f.  79.  (i)  D'HerMot.  p.  141,  art,  Cairn  Beamrillab. 

t\)Um,p,  1027,  *rr,  Tbogtutfrg*  (4;  Idem  ibid. 


ed  ;  and  being  taken,  Was  put 
to  death  (3).  The  hiftoriait 
adds,  that,  after  this  iignal  vic- 
tory (as  he  calls  it),  logrolBek 
fent  Alp  Arfdn  back  to  Khora* 
fan,  and  made  himfelf  a,  fecond. 
journey  to  Baghdad  ;  at  what 
time  he  delivered  the  Khalifah 
from  the  perfecution  of  Bafaft- 
ri,  and  replaced  him  on  th* 
throne  a  fecond  time  (4).  Thia 
{hews  that  the  hiflory,  in  both 
places  before -mentioned,  relates 
to  the  fame  perfon  and  tranf ac- 
tion, tho1  differently  told,  and 
differently  dated. 

(1)  According  to  Mirkond,  as 
foon  as  TogrolBek  entered  Bagb* 
dad,  he  went  to  the  prifon,  and 
fet  the  Khalifah  at  liberty, 
Mirkond.  ubi  fupr.  But  this 
feems  to  be  a  miftake ;  for  he 
was  then  at  Hadithay  in  cu» 
ftody. 


H* 


A* 


ioo  The  Seljuks  of  Iran.  B.  I. 

WBagh.     As  foon  as  he  arrived  at  Baghdad,  his  foldiers  fell  to  pi* 
dad  pil-    laging  it  (K),  efpecially  that  part  called  Karkha ;.  and  having 
/aged.        collected  a  great  quantity  of  tents,  chariots,  and  other  move- 
ables, fent  them  ill  to  the  Khalifah,  with  his  Wazlr  AUdr 
mdlek  Al  Kanderi,  and  AJlad  Abubekr.     Then  a  tent  btiog 
fet  up,  the  Khalifah  entered  it ;   and,  after  two  day*  reft, 
on  the  25th  of  the  fame  month,  went  into  Baghdad,  from 
whence  he  had  been  abfent  a  whole  year,  'accompanied  byTo- 
grolBek,  who  held  the  bridle  of  his. mule  till  he  hadpaffed 
through  the  ftone  gate  u. 
TheKha-      MIRKOtfD  relates,  that  he  conduced  the  Khalifah  to 
Hf*b  re-  the  imperial  palace  on  foot,  fometimes  holding  the  ftirrup, 
jlored.       fometimes  the  bridle,  of  his  mule ;  and  that,  to  gratify  this 
refpett  of  Togrol,  he  gave  him  the  title  of  Rokn  oddin,  in  thefe 
words  ;   Erheb  ya  Rokn  oddtn  :  mount  on  horfeback,  you  tok 
are  the  moft  firm  pillar,  or  fupport,  of  the  religion.    After 
this,  the  Soltan  told  the  Khalifah,  that  if  Malek  alRahhn  had 
no  hand  in  the  late  tumult,  he  might  fafely  come  to  him. 
Malek,  trufting  to  Togrol Bek's  promife,  waited  on  him ;  but 
being  feized  and  imprifoned,    in  him  ended  the  dynafty  of 
of  the  Buyahs,  which  had  continued  127  years  ^. 
Bafafiri        Some  time  before  this,  Bafafirivrts  gone  to  Wafet ;  and  Jiaving 
fain,        gathered  a  large  quantity  of  corn,  fent  it  on  board  fome  barks : 
but  when  he  heard  what  had  happened  at  Baghdad,  he  ad- 
vanced to  Nomaniya  (L).    The  Soltan  fent  againft  him  parti 
of  his  army,  under  the  command  of  Hemarmakin,  and  other! 
generals ;  following  himfelf,  with  the  reft  of  his  forces,  in 
the  end  of  DhulkMah  (M).     Bafafiri  being  killed  in  the  bat*! 
tie,  his  head  was  brought  to  Togrol  Bek,  who  ordered  it  to  be ' 
carried  on  a  pike  through  the  ftreets  of  Baghdad.      Then 
proceeding  to  Wafet,  he  fet  matters  to  rights  there,  and  re- 
Hej.  452.  turned  to  Baghdad  in  the  year  452  ;  where  the  Khalifah  made 
A- 1>.    him  rich  prefents,  and  received  him  with  great  honour.    Af; 
1060.    ter  th;S)  he  went  t0  y^j/  (N)f  living  his  Wazu;  Abdohnalek 

■  Ebn  Amid,  p.  338,  &  feq.         w  D'Herb.  p.  240,  Sc  fcq» 
art.  Cairn  Bemr. 

(K)  Mirkand  fays,  this  was  (L)  A  city  between  Wafet  isk\ 

done  by  the  Soltan' 3  order,  be-  Baghdad.     D'Herbelot.  p.  674^  ] 

caafe  the  people  rofe  againft  the  (M)  The  laft  month  but  out 

Turks;  who  grew  very  infolent,  of  the  Mohammedan  year, 

foon  after  they  had  entered  the  (N)  So  the  Arabick :  the  Per*  j 

city.      Mir  fond,  ubi   fupr.    p.  fan  word  is  Kubtf an;  that  is,; 

549.  the  mountain  country,   the  fame1 

with  Perftan  Irak,  at  leaft  a  part. 

•* 


C  27  Ftrfi  SoUdny  Togrol  Bck.  101 

cl  Kanderi  as  his  lieutenant ;  and  having  fettled  that  conn* 
try  in  peace,  returned  to  Baghdad  the  feme  year  *. 

The  abovp-mentioned  battle  was  fought  between  Wafet  His  effeQs 
and  Kufah,  according  to  the  Lebtartkk  *  .•  but  Mirkond  relate*/"*^, 
that  Bafafiri  having  been  purfued  by  TogrulBek  as  far  as  the 
Jaft  of  thofe  two  cities,  and  being  accompanied  with  no  great 
force,  fome  of  his  foldiers  found  an  opportunity  to  kill  him, 
and  carried  his  head  to  the  Soltan  *.  They  likewife  feized 
all  the  effetts  which  he,  and  Nuroy  ddcrwlat  Dobays  (O),  who  ac- 
companied Bafafiri  in  his  retreat,  were  carrying  off:  but  Do- 
bays made  his  efcape ;  and  fubmitting  xoTogrol Bek  next  year, 
'  was  honourably  received  by  him  a. 

Having  related  matters  thus  far  from  the  hiftorians  of  the  W*Greck 
caft,  it  is  time  to  look  weftward,  and  fee  what  is  to  be  met  account. 
with  farther,  concerning  the  SeJjukian  Tprks,  in  the  Greek  au- 
thors ;  whofe  want^f  that  exaftnefs  found  in  the  orientals,  in  * 
marking  the  dates  of  a&ions,  makes  it  difficult  to  range  them 
1  in*  chronological  order,  or  deliver  them  from  the  confufion 
to  which  they  feem  placed.     We  are  told  by  Cedrenus,  and 
Nkephorus  Bryennius,  that,  after  Tagrolipix  found  himfelf 
fecure  in  the  throne  of  Perfia,  he  began  to  make  war  on  the 
neighbouring  princes ;  and  marching  againft  Pijpifirius  be-  • 
jore-mentioned,  after  defeating  him  in  feveral  battles,  flew 
Aim,  and  brought  the  country  of  the  Babylonians  (P)  in  fub- 
je&ion. 

He  then  fent  his  nephew  Kutlu  Mofes  (Q^)  againft  Karme-  Kutlu 
jet  (R),  king  of  the  Arabians :  but  being  overthrown,  heMofes 

'defeated* 
*Ebn  Amid.  p.  340.  rP;42.  *  D'Herb.'p.  240, 

art  Caim  Bemr.  *  Abu'lfaraj.  p.  226. 

(0)  He  was  an  Arab  prince,         (P)  That  is,  Arabian  Irak. 
bf  the  tribe  of  AfJ&d,  and  lord        (QJ  Called  alfo  Kutbi  Mu^ 

tfHtilab,  a  city  on  the  E  up  bra-  fes  by  the  Greeks;  a  corruption 

Us  i  fuppofed,  with  good  rea-  of  Kutlu  Mijh,  or  Kotolmjb. 
fen,  to  be    built  in    or    near        (R)  One  would  be  apt  to  take 

the  place  where  Babykn  flood,  this  for  Karmath,  prince  of  the 

b  425,  A.  D.  1633,  Bafafiri  fe&aries  from  him  called  Kara • 

lurched  from  Baghdad  to  ajfcft  meth,  or  Karametha ;  or  elfe  foi 

brother  AbuKawam  Thabet,.  fome  prince  of  that  fedt,  which 

owas  at  war  with  him     Do-  began  at  Kutha,  in  Irak  Arabia 

Jsjr  lived  eighty  years,   and  if  we  had  not  known  that  it  was 

«»|ojrcd  his  principality  fifty-  fupprefled  in  the  tenth  century* 

fero.    He  died"  in  474,  and  See  JXHepb.  art.  Carmatlu 
was  famous  for  his  virtue,  and 
*&$ofgoodnefs(i;). 

(1)  J&Wfaraj,  p,  i%s»  *37»  &  *5*» 

H  3  took 


toa  .    *tbe  Seljdks  pf  Irio,  -PI 

took  iheiter  in  Media  (S  j,  and  ftapped  sit  fyuu,  or  Baaftrai 
kan.     From  thence  he  fent  to  Stephen,  the  Roman  governor, 
to  deiire  a  paflage  (T) ;  and  being  denied*  routed  his  troops, 
and  took  him  prifoner.     Then  marching  to  Brifcium,  on  the 
bonders  of  Per/ia,  fold  him  there  for  a  flave.     When  he  re- 
turned to  Tagrotifiix,  after  excufinj*  his  ill  fuccefs  againft  the 
Arabs,  he-  advifed  him  to  invade  Media,  which  he  iaid  was 
.    inhabited  by  women  (U) :  but  that  prince,  highly  offended 
at  his  defeat,  would  not  hearken  to  him;  but  railing  new 
•     forces,  went  againft  the  Arabs  in  perfon,  and  was  l&ewif* 
put  to  the  worft. 
flies  from      At  his  return  he  marched  againft  Kutlu  Mujes,  who,  fear* 
'fagroU-  jag  the  Soltan's  difpleafure,  had  fled  with  his  followers;  mi 
P&i         taking  refuge  in  Pafar,  a  city  of  the  Khcrafmi^HS  (W),  re* 
vol  ted  from  him ;  while  he,  with  parr  of  his  army,  beiiege^ 
Pafar,  which,  being  ftrong,  held  out  long.    He  fent  anothfll 
part,  confifting  of  20,000  men,  under  the  command  of  AJfa 
(X),  furnamed  the  deaf,  his  brother's  {on,  to  fubdrje  Media.\ 
where  he  committed  dreadful  ravages  ;    but  being,  in  thf 
end,  drawn  into  an  ambufti  by  the  Roman  generals,  he  w^ 
cut  off,  with  his  whole  army. 
who  bums      TAGR0L1PIX,    no   way  difcauraged  at  this   misfoTf 
Artze.      tune,  fent  a  new  army  into  -ftfa&vncar  100,000  ftrong,  coo» 
manded  by  Abraham  Alim  (Y),  his  half-brother ;  who  liif 
wafte  the  country  without  oppofition,  the  Romans  (hutda# 
themfelves.  up  in  their  ftrong  holds ;  and  then  laid  fiege  to 
Artza  (Z),  a  place,  on  account  of  its  great  trade,  efteemtf 
.  the  moft  wealthy  in  thofe  parts ;  but  not  being  ablp  to  ma* 
fter  it,  they  reduced  it  to  afhes.     Of  the  inhabitants,  1 50,003 
and  upwards  are  laid  tq  have  peri&ed,  either  by  the  fwcwtL 
or  in  the  flames. 

•  (S)  It  (hould  rather  be  ^r-  the  year  when  this  affair  happetJ 

0e*ia,  t©  which  Baafprakan  or  ed  does  not  diftinftly  appear.   J 

Vafpurakan  belongs.    The  pro-  (U)  Alluding  to  the  weakpdfc 

vince  lies  betwixt  the  lake  of  and  effeminacy  of  the  Roma**.\ 

Wan  and  the  river  Arras,   Other  (W)' Thefe  are  the  iphahtes! 

circumftahces  fliew,  it  ought  to  ants  of  Karattm,  to  die  north  si 

J>e    Armenia,    or   Perfarmcnia,  Perfia,  and.  too  far  put  pfdlf 

which  might  have  been  joined  way.                           '       '       n 
to  Media,  or  Adh,rbijdn,  which  .       (X)  Perhaps  Ueffm* 

the  Turks  conquered  in  1050,  (Y)   This  mull  be  lirati^ 

fis  before  related.  Nia/. 

(T).  Thefe  Turks  are  faid  to  (Z.)  Artze  or  Arze,  near  f J* 

Jiave  been  firft"  known  to  the  tyhfiopelis  m  Armenia,  the  jw% 

Creeks  in  the  time  of  the  empe'-  fent  Arzen  aj  Rum>   or  Jnfr 


ror  Corjlantine  Monomacbus,  who 
began  his  reign  in  104$;  but 


jfBJU- 


Q.  i;  Ftrfi  Soltan,  Togrol  Bck.  ioj 

ABRAHAM,  after^this,  hearing  that  the  Romans  y  under  Roman 
the  command  of  Liparitesf  governor  of  Iberia,  had  taken  ti\zgt*tral 
field,  he  marched  againft  them.    The  two  armies  engaging'**'*- 
with  great  fury,  the  viftory  continued  long  doubtful,  but 
at  length  inclined  to  the  Romans. ;  although  their  general  was 
taken  prifoner,  which  hindered  them  to  purfue  the  flying 
«emy. 

Hereupon'  the  emperor  difpatched  embafladors,  with 
rich  prefents,  and  a  large  fum,  to  redeem  Liparites,  and 
jcoaclude  an  alliance  with  Tagrolipix,  who  generoufly  re- 
timed them,  with  the  money,  to  Liparites,  and  fet  him  at 
liberty  without  ranfom ;  only  requiring/him,  at  his  departure, 
IP  ©ore  to  bear  arms  againft  the  Turks. 

Not  long  after,  the  Soltan  fcnt  a  Sharif  (A),  a  perfon  d&Thecmftrt 
gptat  authority,  with  the  charafter  of  ambaflador,  to  Conjl an- invaded. 
impU\  wfco,  Wing  arrogantly  exhorted  the  emperor  to  fub- 
ML  to  hia  mailer,  and  acknowlege  himfelf  his  tributary,  was, 
%y  Mmomachus,  difmifled  with  fcorn,  and  driven  out  of  the  * 

TAG RO LIP IX,  offended  at  the  reception  of  Us  em- 
halTador,  while  the  emperor  w&s  engaged  in  a  war  with  the 
taizinaca  (B),  a  Scythian  nation,  entered  Iberia ;  and  hav- 
mg  kud  the  country  wafte,  as  far  as  Koyma,  returned  from 
tb&ce  into  Media,  and  laid  fiege  to  Mantzikhicrt  (C),  a  place 
lefcfided  by  a  numerous  garifon,  and  fortified  with  a  triple 
•rail,  and  deep  ditches.  However;  as  it  was  fituated  in  a 
ftlain  and  open  country,  he  hoped  to  be  mafter  of  it  in  a 
put  time  :  but,  after  he  had  continued  before  it  thirty  days, 
was  obliged  to  retire,  pretending  fome  urgent  affairs  had  cal- 
led him  home. 

Not  long  after,  difeord  arifing  between  the  SoMn  and  Abraham 
Abraham  Alim,  or  Halim,  whom  he  fought  to  deftroy,  Abra  Alim 
\m  fled  (D)  to  his  nephew  Knilu  Mufes,  and  joined  in  the$w*» 
"Ion.    The  Soltan,  meeting  them  not  far  from  Pafar  (E), 
:ed  them  in  battle;  and  Abraham  being  taken,  was  put 

(A)  A  Seripb,  in  Cedrenus:  The  fame  author,  in  another 
fignifies  ruble,  aiftl  de-  place,  calls  \\.  ^atzikicr.  Ce» 
being    of   Mohammed**    drenus  names  it  Mat&okiergba. 

i.  (D)   This  was  in  the  year 

(B)  The  iavafion  of  the  Pat-  1058,  which  falls  in  the  reign 
tm  was  in   (or  about)   the  of  Coriftantine  Ducas. 
ri'Of©.  (E)  This  mnft  be  Hamadan, 

(C) Maniztkhierta,  according    or  near  it;  and  the  aftibn  in 
Wm-ofaiatarK  in  B+af$rakan\     1059,  as  related  before  out  of 
jqore  properly  Vajpurakai*    the  oriental  biftoriansr 

H4  to 


t04  The  Seljuks  of  Iran.  B.L 

to  death.  Kutlu  Mufes,  with  his  coufin  Malek,  fon  of  Abra- 
ham, followed  by  6o<5o  men,  fled  to  the  borders  of  the  Ro* 
man. empire ;  from  whence  he  fent  for  prote&ion  to  the  em- 
peror Monomachus,  a  little  before  his  death,  which  happen- 
ed in  1054  (F).  But  while  he  waited  for  an  anfwer,  he 
marched  into  Perfarmenia,  as  far  as  the  city  Karfe  (G),  "which 
he  took,  though  not  the  caftle.  But  hearing  that  Tagrolipix 
•  was  advancing  towards  him,  he  fled  to  the  Arabs ',  who  were 
the  Solrin's  enemies. 
Iberia  The  Soltan  turning  into  Iberia,  laid  it  wafte,  fparing  nd- 

ravaged,   ther  fex  nor  age.     But  upon  the  approach  of  Michael  Acok* 
thus,  who  was  fent  againft  him  at  the  head  of  a  confiderabk 
army,  he  retired  to  Tauris  (H),  leaving  30,000  men  betted 
him  under  Samukh,  to  infeft  the  frontiers  of  the  empire; 
which  they  did  with  great  fuccefs,    the  borders  being  left' 
.  unguarded,  through  the  avarice  of  Monomachus,  who  about 
this  time  died.     The  Turks  prepared  to  invade  the  empire 
on  his  death,  but  were  prevented  by  the  care  of  Theodora 
his  fucceflbr.    iBut  being  encouraged  by  ttiQ  remiflhefs  of  Cm* 
Jiantine  Ducas,  who  afcended  the  throne  in  1059  (ij,  they 
extended  their  conqucfts  on  all  fides  b. 
JaffarBek     Thus  far  the  Byzantine  hiftorians.     Let  us  now  return: 
#[#/•  to  the  oriental  authors.     According  to  them,  in  453,  Jaffa** 

|iej.  45  3»  Beg,  Togrofs  brother,  died  in,  Khoraf&n,  and  left  for  his  fee- 
A*  ~m  ceffbr  his  fon  Alp  Arjldn  (K),  who  was  afterward  heir  alfo  t# 
'*  '•    his  uncle,  who  died  without  children6. 

b  CEDRfeNUS,  NtCEFH.   BrYBNN.   CUROFALAT.    LbONCUV. 

hid.  Mufulip.  p.  7$.  alfo  univ.  bill.  vol.  xvii.  p,  lai,  &c. 
*  D'H?rb>  p.  1027.     Lebtar.  p.  42,  * 

(F)  Others  fay  in  1057 ;  f°me        (H)  This  circumftance  (hew| 
i       in  1049  ;  fa  uncertain  is  the  lat*    that  he  was  then  mafter  ofM- 

ter  Greek  chronology.     But   if  herbijdn,  ox  Media,  which  haf-i 

Kutlu Mufes  fent  to  this  emperor  ing  been  fubdued  in  the  year  ol 

after  the  death*)  f  Ibrahim,  either  the  Hejrab  446,    or   of  Cbri/ 

Monomacbus    mufti  have    been  1054,  as  before  related,  doafc 

alive  in  1059,  or  the  oriental  left  the  invafion  of  the  Rtou* 

authors  date  that  event  too  ear*  Media,  or  rather   Perfarnm*% 

ly.     'Tis  probable  the  'Qreeki  and  the  fic^e  of  Mamtziiprti 

have  confounded  things  of  dif-  was  about  that  time, 

ferent  times  together,   in  this  (I)  Others  fay  1057, 

jnftance,  as  they  fcem  to  have  (K)  Written  alfo  Olb  Jr/fa 

done  in  many  others.  According  to  the  Lebtmnkb,  p* 

(G)  Perhaps  the  fame  now  42.  he  Succeeded  by  the  ap- 
palled Kars,  between  the  cities  pointmenf  of  his  uncje  Ttp4 
4i**r$m  and  Brriwh  £t A 

Tin 


C  *.  Ftrfi  Soltan,  Togrol  Bek.  105 

Thb  fimc  year  Togrol Bek  demanded  the  daughter  of  Kayitn  TogroH* 
BeamriUab  in  marriage  :  but  the'Khalifah  giving  him  a  d^m^rriage, 
nial,  it  occafioned  many  meflages  and  threatenings,  on  the 
part  of  Soltan ;  who  next  year,  1062,  forbad  the  Khalifah's 
officers  to  meddle  with  the  publick.  money  (L).  Hereupon 
taey  advifed  him  to  let  the  Soltan  have  the  princefs  ;  which 
Be  at  length  confented  to,  though  fore  againft  his  will  (M). 
Oa  this  compliance,  Togrol  Bek,  being  greatly  rejoiced*  revoked 
the -order  he  had  given  for  feizing  the  Khalifah's  treafures,  and 
lent  him  very  rich  prefents. 

In  455  the  Khalifah's  daughter  was  conducted  to  the  Sol- and  death. 
tan,  whxKreceived  her  with  great  demonftrations  of  joy,  andHej.  455. 
beftowed  gifts  on  all  thofc  who  accompanied  her:  but  fix    A.D. 
months  after,  in  the  fame  year,  Togrol  Bek  died  at  Ray,  or  Rey ,     1 1 63* 
the  capital  of  Irak  d  (N). 

The  author  of  the  Nighiarijl&n  is  fomewhat  more  parti- 
cular than  Ebn  Amid,  with  regard  to  the  marriage  of  the  Kha- 
lifah's daughter j  whom  he  calls  Setdah  (O).  He  tells  us,  that 
when  Amtd  al  Molk  Konderiy  TogroTs  Wazir  or  Vizier,  had, 
by  his  addrefs,  obtained  the  princefs  for  his  mafter,  he  con- 
ducted her  to  Tauris,  where  the  Soltii}  then  was  :  that  it 
was  in  this  city  where  the  marriage  was  concluded;  and  the 
contract  figned  :  but  that  the  nuptials  and  confummation  of 
the  marriage  were  to  be  performed  at  Rey,  then  the  capital  Orc*/fo»«/ 
of  Perjian  Irdk,  and  royal  feat  of  Togrol:  that  this  prince//, 
repaired  thither,  to  prepare  things  with  proper  magnificence ; 
but  that  the  feafon  being  exceffive  hot,  he  left  the  city,  to 
lake  the  air  of  Rudbar,  a  moft  delicious  place,  where  he  had 
*  very  beautiful  palace ;  and  that  here,  in  a  few  days,  he 

•  was  carried  off  by  a  bloody  flux  e  :  fo  that,  as  Khondamir 

d  Ebn  Amid,  p.  340,  &  feq.  e  D'Hbrb.  p.  1028,  art. 

Thogrul  Bek. 

•  (L)  His  Wazir  counfelled  daughter  in  return,  though* an 
Km,  by  degrees,  to  retrench  honour  too  great  for  a  Turk  to 
Ac  Khalifah's  revenues  ;  which    expect  ( 1 ). 

obliged  him  to  confent,  accord-         (N)  Called  alfo  Al  Jabdl  by 

1  ing  to  the  Nigbiarijian,  ap.  /)'  the  Arabs ;  and  by  the  Per/tans, 

Berb.  p.  1028.  Kitkeftan;  both  fignifying  the 

(M)  According  to  Kondamir^  piountain  country. 
in  D'Herbe/ot,    Kaylm  was  fo         (O)  Seidab  is  the  feminine  fcf 

lighly  obliged  to  Togrol  Bek,  for  Seid,  or  Seyd,  and  the  common 

rteftabliflring  him  the  fecond  term  for  the  wife  or  daughter  of 

time,  that  he  judged  he  could  a,  $e\d  or  lord. 
'  not  do  left  than  give  him  his 

[})  VBtrb,  j.  10*7,  *f t  ftfgriM. 

obfervej, 


to*  the  SdjAtcs  *f  IAn.  at 

obforves,  when  his  wife  arrived  at  Mty,  fh&  fraud  him  dead; 
»      and  fo  returned  as  ihe  came f . 

Authors  generally  agree,  that  this  great  prince  died  at 
Rejrf  in  the  year  of  the  Hejrak  455  (P),  and  at  the  age  of 
fcventy :  but  thcJUbtarikh  makes  his  reign  twenty-fix  yearsg, 
which  is  one  more  than  Ebn  Amid  gives  to  it  k. 
His  cha-  TOGROL  BEK  was  a  good-natured,  wife,  and  politick 
reSer.  prince;  exceedingly  feared  and  courted  by  the  provincal 
lords,  who  often  wrote  to  him  '«  According  to  the  Lebu* 
rikh,  he  was  the  beft  of  princes  :  he  faid  the  prayers,  with 
his  whole  family,  five  times  a  day ;  and  fafted  every  week  on 
the  fifth  and  fecond  days.  Whenever  he  was  difpofed  to 
erett  a  palace,  he  firft  built  a  temple  k.  As  he  had  oo  chil- 
dren, he  was  fucceeded  by  his  nephew  Alp  Arjldn. 

SECT     V. 

The  Reign  of  Alp  Arflan. 

THIS  prince  was  the  fon  of  Dalvd,  or  JaffarBeg  (A),  Ton 
of  Michael,  fon  of  Seljik  ;  and,  by  fucceeding  his  ua- 
Soltdn,      cje  Tegrol  2ek,  thus  united  in  his  perfon  the  two  kingdoms 
flA?  Af"    oiKhoraJan  (B)  and  Ir&k,  with  their  dependencies  :  fo  that, 
*  .*         in  the  year  of  the  Hejrah  455,  when  he  began  his  reign,  he 
A  t>  ** was  ^e  monarc^  °f  a^  ^e  countries  tying  between  the  ri- 
106*.     vers  J&&*  (C)  or  Ami,  and  the  Dijldt  or  Tigris  ;  that  is,  of 
all  Irdn  or  Perfia,  in  its  greateft  extent ;  ■  in  the  conqtreft  <rf 
which  he  had  a  confiderable  fhare. 

TOGROL  BEK\t(t him  in  full  power  at  Bagbd&d,  whert 
the  Khalifah  Kayim  lived  in  dependence  on  the  Selj&kians,  tiH 
the  fecond  /ear  dtMalck  Sbdh,  when  he  died  \ 

The  name  which  this  Soltan  took,  after  he  had  embraced 
fSs  names,  Mohammedifm,  was  Mohammed,  or  Abit  Shejah  Mohammed** 

f  D'HERtf.  p.  1027.  •  LlBTAHIKH,   p.  4a.  *  EsR 

Ami*,  p.  341.  J  Ibid.  p.  342.  w  Lcbtak.  p.  42. 

•  Kond.  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  241. 

(P.)  The  Lebtarikh  of  Go/mix  D'Hirh.  p.   101,  art.  Alf  Af 

feas  453,  and  that  of  TXHerbelot  Jldn. 

454;  the   1 8th  of  Ramadha/t*  (B)  According  to  JKamknkir, 

which  is  the  firfl  month  of  the  he  governed  there  as  Togrofs 

Mohammedan  year.  lieutenant-general,  for  t?n  years 

(A)    Jbulfaraj    calls    him  before  he  amended  the  throne. 

J>anud    (or  I)a<vi<l)    Jagrihg.  D'Herb.  p.  104,  art,  Aipjrfld*} 

D'Herbelot   fpeaks   of   authors  (C)  The  anqgAt  Qxtts, «&f  tkt 


who  make  Dnivd  and  Jaffar    Greeks. 
two  different  foiw  of  Michael^ 


for 


C.l  Secsai  Soltdn,  Alp  Arflan.  tey 

jar  he  was  before  called  ifrael)  and  that  of  Alf  ArJUn  Jp), 
winch  figmiks  in  Turki/b,  the  courageous  Ksn9  is  a  faniflme. 
Tke  Khalifah  KayimBeamritlak,  on  account  of  Ms  own  power 
aad  merit,  as  well  as  that  of  his  predeceffor,  gave  him  the 
tide  of  Azzaddtn,  or  Adbadoddin  (E),  which  fignifies,  the 
freteSer  of  the  religion. 

At  the  beginning  of  hie  reign  he  put  to  death  Kandarit  and  Wet- 
fermmed  Amid  al  MM  (?),  Waiir  to  TogrolBck,  for  abufes  »>'• 
committed  by  him  in  his  office,  during  his  uncle's  life ;  and 
laifed  to  that  employment  NadhAm  al  Melk  (G),  who  was  the 
greateft  man  of  his  time,  and  adminiftered  the  affiurs'  of  the 
kingdom,  in  the  reign  of  this  prince  and  his  fucceflbr,  with 
die  greateft  integrity  and  approbation,  V 

According  to  the  Vaffaiya  (H),  at  the  beginning  of  his  Kotol-    t 
fe$n,  Alj>  ArJUn  made  war  upon  KotolnAJh,  fon  of  Ifrael,  hisniiflirv- 
jCOtt&n-german,  who  rebelled  againft  him  in  the  province  of  ^J« 
Damegan  (I).     But  this  revolt  was  foon  quafhed,  by  an  un- 
expected accident :  for  Ketohntjb  advancing  at  the  head  of 
his  troops,  which  were  very  fine  ones,  to  give  the  Soltin  #//,</  fo 
battle,  his  horfe  of  a  fudden  fell  under  him,  and,  throwing  ara//m 
Us  rider,  broke  his  neck  ;  upon  which  his  army  fubmitted, 
jad  were  pardoned  c. 

*  Kond.  qbi  fupr.  p.  102,  art.  Alp  Arflan.    Lbbtae.  p.  42. 
«D'He».  p.  102. 


p)  AJp%  which  is  alfo  pro- 
fptraced  Utp  and  OIup,  Alb  and 
Q0,  fignifies,  in  the  language  of 
fte&urkmausta  brave  and  valiant 
tmmandtr.^  Hence  it  is  often 
found  in  the  names  of  engine nt 
fwh  or  Turkmans,  as  Alp  Tei- 
ft,  Kay  Aif.  The  Greeks  call 
lib  prince  jf/frajaJem,  and  Af~ 
ftauaHarius;  but  generally  J5r- 
£» ;  poffiWy  corrupting  the 
Twiijb  word  Ak  Han,  or  Ak 
Dpi,  wjiich  fignifies  the  white 
}ag\  a  name  given  yoflibly  for 
a  reafon  mentioned  in  a  future 
tate.  Dr.  Hyde  obftrves,  that 
Jfr  Arjfdn  anfwers  to  the  Per- 
film  Ardfifir.  ReHg.  vet,  Per/. 
p.  197. 

(E)  £ba  Amid  has  MUod* 
iawlatJ 
fc  {F)  At  Nifa,  Nefi,  or  'JTifa 


in  Kherafin%  according  to  the 
Lebtarikh. 

(G)  The  Per/tone  fay  Naxdm 
al  Molh  ;  pronouncing  the  Ara- 
bic dh  (ivhich  has  the  force  of 
thtEngliJb.  tbt  in  the  words  this% 
them,  &c.)  like  « ;  alfo  Nrzdnt. 

(H)  Written  by  Nezdm  al 
Mali,  the  famous  Waair  (or  Vi- 
zier) of  Alp  Arjldny  mentioned 
before  in  the  text ;  in  which  ho 
gives  princes  precepts  and  ex- 
amples for  governing  well.  D* 
Herb  slot.  p.  655. 

(I)  Or  Damawdn:  it  is  the 
capital  of  the  province  of  Kumes 
(the  Kamifene  of Ptolomy) ,  which 
from  thence  may  take  the  name 
of  Damegan.  It  lies  between 
Tebrefdn  and*  the  north -caf^ 
part  of  Perfian.  Irak,  called  Ki-K 

Thi* 


io8  .     The  Seljfiks  of  Iran;    -  B.L 

This  was  the  end  of  Kotlomljh>  or  Kotolmtjh,  according 
to  the  oriental  writers  ;  but  the  Grqek  hiftorians  reprefent  the 
iffue  of  his  rebellion  quite  otherwife :  they  tell  us,  that  this 
prince,  whom  they  call  Kutlu  Mofes,  or  Mufes>  having  re- 
belled in  the  time  of  Tangrolipix,  was  defeated  by  him,*  and 
fled  into  Arabia  d,  where  he  remained  till  Axan  (or  Alp  At* 
Jldn)y  came  to  the  crown  :  that  then,  returning.from  thence, 
at  the  head  of  confiderable  forces,  and  advancing  to  Re  (K),  he 
laid  claim  to  the.fovereignty :  but  that,  while  the  two  armies 
were  on  the  point  of  engaging,  the  Khalif  of  Babylon  of  a 
fudden  appeared,  and,  interpofmg  his  authority,  which  he 
Hill  retained  in  fpirituals,  brought  rhem  to  this  agreement, 
that  the  Soltan  fhould  hold  Perfia,  and  that  Kutlu  Mufes,  and 
his  children,  who  were  five  in.  number,  ftiould  pofiefs  all  the 
r     .        countries  which  they  ftiould  take  from  the  Roman  empire; 
*c€tKt      anc*  t'iat  ^e  &ouldaflift  t^iem  W^^  *ro(>Ps  for  that  purpofe; 
fal/h.         ^^  a^ter  t^s'  **  father,and  his  five  fons  entered  the  Ro- 
*         man  empire  with  their  forces  ;  and  that  Kutlu  Mofes  actually 
commanded  a  body  of  Turks,  which  came  to  the  afliftance 
of  Botaniates,  when  he  ufarped  the  empire' :  whereas,  ac- 
cording to  the  oriental  hiftorians,  who  could  hardly*  be  nrif« 
.    taken  in  a  tranfa&ion  that  concerned  one  of  their  own  princes, 
and  happened  among  themfelves,  Kotolmt/b  muft  have  been 
dead  eight  or  ten  years  before. 

This  fhews  with  what  caution  the  Greek  writers  ought 
to  be  read,  who  were  ignorant  both  of  the  name  and  per- 
fbn  of  the  prince,  who  had  putted  his  conquefts  within  a 
few  days  march  of  Conjtantinopie  itfelf ;  and  had,  even  by 
their  own  account,  been  for  fome  time  perfonaUy  prefent  i* 
their  emperor's  army,     But  to  return  to  the  eaftern  hifto- 
rians. 
Rebellion       The  war  with  Kotolmijb  was  no  fooner  finished,  than  Ka* 
^f  Arflan,  ra  Arjldn  raifed  new  difturbances  in  Pars  and  Kerm&n%    The 
Soltan,  to  fupprefs  this  rebel,  employed  Fadhloviek,  one  of 
his  moil  valiant  commanders,  who  defeated  him,   and  was 
rewarded  for  his  fervlce  with  the  government  of  Pars. 
*** ?*f  But  this  ambitious  governor,  as  foon  as  he  faw  theSol- 

Fadhlo-    t£n  on  hj9  march  to  Khorafdn,  refolved  to  make  himfelf  ab- 
¥ie*1,         folute  mafter  of  his  province.     In  order  to  effeft  this,  he  for-, 
tified  a  caftle/  iituated  ia  a  yery  advantageous  place,  where 

*  See  before,  p.  104.  *  Sk$  Ceqrenu$,  an4univ.  hift. 

vol.  xvii.  p.  134.. 

(K)  By  Re  is  here  probably  Irak ;  and  not  Ere,  or  Eres,  in  th$ 
to  be  ytiderftood  the  city  Rey  or  province  of  Sbimvdn,  as  Leun- 
Rty,  then  capital  of    Perfian    tfavius  fuppofes, 

ho 


C.2.  Second  SoUdny  Alp  Arflan*  109 

he  Ant  himfelf  up,  accompanied  with  very  good  troops,  and 
1  raft  deal  of  money,  which  he  had  amafled  by  a  thoufand . 
extortions  in  his  government.  Nezam  al  Molk  received  or*" 
-dors  from  his  prince,  to  attack  this  caftle,  and  bring  him  the 
traitor  alive  or  dead..'  All  who  had  a  knowlege  of  the  place 
ad vifed  againft  a  fiege,  becaufe  they  deemed  it  impregnable ; 
bat  the  Wazir,  refoiving  to  gratify  his  mailer,  invefted  the 
caftle  with  his  forces,,  and  went  himfelf  round  it  to  take  a 
view. 

During  this  tour,  he.  did  not  obferve  fo  much  as  one  Fvtrefi 
nan  of  the  beiieged  upon  the  ramparts;  which  indicating  reduced  if 
the  greateft  confidence  of  their  feeurity,  he  was  fo  chagrin'd, 
that,  but  for  fhame,  he  would  inftantly  have  raifed  the  fiege. 
However,  he  refolved  to  do  his  utmoft;  and  had  already 
gotten  together  provisions  and  (lores  for  a  whole  year's 
blockade:  when  one. morning,  at  break  of  day,  he  was  fur- 
prized  to  hear  them  beat  the  chamade,  and  that  the  governor 
defired  to  capitulate. 

The  joy  which  this  news  gave  him,  made  him  grant  them  an  odd 
honourable  conditions;  the  chief  of  which  were,  that  the  event. 
governor  fhould  remain  in  the  place,  doing  homage  to  the 
Saltan,  and  paying  him  a  certain  tribute  annually,  befides 
the  ufual  prefents.  When  matters  were  fettled,  the  Wazir, 
'.who  was  in  pain  to  know  whatcould  have  obliged  Fadhlovieh 
to  make  fuch  a  fudden  furrender,  was  informed  by  one  of  the 
befiegfed,  that  it  was  owing  to  the  fprings  and  cifterns,  which 
were  very  numerous  in  the  .place,  drying  up  all  at  once. 
This  the  Mohammedan  author  attributes  as  a  miracle,  wrought 
•by  providence,  in  regard  to.  the  juftice  of  the  Soltan's  caufe, 
♦aid  his  own  piety; 

.    Am  attempt  having  been  made  to  difpoflefs  the  Soltan  oiDe/art  9/ 
the  province  of  Kerman,  he  marched  thither  with  his  army;  Nubaa- 
aud,  being  obliged  to  pafs  through  the  great  defart  of  7V£-dijan. 
fauBjan,  which  feparates  that  province  from  Khorafan,  and 
is  deftitute  of  all  things  neceflary  to  fupport  an  army,  his" 
troops,,  who  had  entered.it  with  great  relu&ance,  perceiv- 
ing their  provifions  to  fail  daily,  began  to  murmur;  and  were 
•on  the  point  of  revolting,  when  they  came  to  an  old  ruined 
caftle,  which  feemed  to  be  the  retreat  of  owls  and  wild 
heafts :  but,  in  viewing  it,  they  found  corn  enough  to  top- 
ply  the  whole  army.     Yet  .this  plenty  of  viftuals  being  of 
nonfe  without  drink,  God,  to.  complete  the  miracle  (as  our 
aothor  will  have  it),  fent  fo  heavy  ?  rain,  that  every  body  had 
*  waterehough  to  ferve  his  occafions  f. 

f  Va$9aia>  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  103,  art.  Alp  Arflan. 

In 


i  to  ,    Tbt  St$flks  «f  trita  B,i 

Karazm       In  457,  the  Soken  marched  agahtft  KUxan,  %hd  tad  w- 

*v&Zr.       voltcd  ia  the  country  of  JCb$wdrmzm  (or  Kurm&n) ;  tad 

^  a  '  n  ^  b^nS  ranted  his  army,  cbnfifting  of  30,000  men,  very  fc*  of 

*       whom  efcaped  the  daughter,  he  gave  the  government  of  thfc 

I0°4'  .jtfovinco  to  Maick  Shah,  hi*  eldeft  fon.    In  his  retm  fart 

this  expedition  through  Khorafan,  he  paid  a  vifit  to  the  fr 

pulchre  of  ^A'  JWs*  (L),  the  eighth  Imam,  who  waa  butfat 

#t  Tbds  (ttatee  called  Mafhbad)>  where  there  is  comimattj 

a  great  refort  of  people,  who  go  thither  out  of  devotfefe 

jjMJf      AftSr  fee  had  performed  this  pilgrimage;  to  took  the 

•f  /£#       road  of  Rwhkcm,  where  he  encamped  with  his  army  ia  a  ttdt 

fates.       agreeable  place*    From  hence  he  difpatched  couriers  throojjk 

all  the  provinces  of  his  empire,  to  ftimmoa  the  goirerMt 

and  great  lords  to  a  general  affembly  a£  the  effaces.    Being 

all  met  together,  he  declared  his  fon  Maltk  SUhbst  his  ft* 

ceflbr,  and  only  heir  to  his  dominions.     This  done,  he<*» 

-dercd  his  fon  to  fit  on  a  throne  of  gold,  prepared  for  thft 

purpofe,  and  made  all  the  officers  of  the  empire  lake  *' 

oath  of  fidelity  to  him  (M). 

Immediately  after  this,  he  acquainted  all  the  dtfel 
and  generals  of  his  armies,  that  he  defigned  to  attempt  dfc< 
cooqueft  of  Tur kaftan,'  the  country  whence  he  drew  his  0* 
giaalj  and  where,  as  he  pretended,  his  anceftors  fon&tfty 
reigned  (N).  But  this  expedition  was  not  undertaken  A] 
feveral  years  after  g. 

Let  us  now  turn  ourfclves  weftward,  and  fee  what  Ac 

Turks  were-  doing  on  that  fide. 

T&fTurk*     Upon  the  death  oi  Conjlantine  Dueas,  which  happened  W 

invade     tthe  year  1065,  the  Turks,  underftanding  that  the  Reman  zm 

pire  was  governed  by  a  woman,  broke  with  great  violeafc 

into  Mesopotamia,  Ciluia,  mdCapfiadoaa,  destroying  aQ  with! 

fire  and  {word.     The  enaprefs  was  no  way  in  a  condrtiofl  tfrj 

Oppofe  them,  the  greater  part  of  the  army  having  been  dftj 

banded  m  her  hufband's  life-time;  and  the  troops  'wbn 

/A*  Rom-  vfC[t  flm  ^  foot  be^Qg  nndi&iplined,  and  altogether  anAj 

an  empire.  ^  £jnrTjcew    Eudodoy  therefore,  to  fecuttatonee  thoel&fifc 

eltoro.  ap.  D'Hbrb.  aft  Alp  Arflfe. 

■| 

(L)  So  thePtrfiMs ;  the^fc  to    be  done  juft   hefott  & 

pronounce  Mitfr**  founding  the  death.  . 
Jk  like  the  Englijb  tb,  in  tins,        (N)  Meaning,  we  prefunqj 

'    than,  EsV.  as  has  been  obferved  Jfrafiab,    and    his    fncccftrtj 

a  fe*  notes  before.  from  whom  the  Seljuis  derivfl 

this  their  pedigree,  as  has  been  b$* 


CM)  Ebn  Amid  relates 


fore  related,  p.  79. 

bom 


Ci.  Stctni  Sdtln,  Alp  Afflam  %ti 

bom  foreign,  and  herfetf  from  domeftic,  enemies,  married 
imutus  Diogenes,  who  was  thereupon  proclaingued  emperor. 
As  he  was  a  man  of  great  a&ivity,  and  experience  in  war, 
f  he  no  {boner  faw  himfelf  veiled  with  the  fovereigp  power, 
;  linn  taking  upon  him  the  command  of  the  army,  he  palled 
I  over  into  Afia  \  where,  on  his  arrival,  he  was  informed,  that 
I  the  Turks y  having  furprized  and  plundered  the  city  of  iVVf- 
tejare&y  were  retiring  with  a  rich  booty.    The  emperor -fol- 
lowing them,  at  the  head  of  a  chofen  body  of  light-armed 
troops,  came  up  with  them  the  third  day,  killed  a  gre^t 
amber  of  them,  and  recovered  the  fpoil.    He  then  purfued 
Ins  march  to  Haleb  (0),  which  he  retook,  together  with  Hie- 
rajulit,  where  he  built  a  ftrong  cattle  fc. 

The  oriental  hiftorians  place  this  Syrian  expedition  in  the  Romanus 
year  of  the  Hey  rah  462,  which  anfwers  to  that  of  Chrifi  defeats 
1069.     They  relate,  that  he  befieged  the  laft  city,  which  **>"*• 
they  call  Matnbej  (P),  for  fixteen  days,  but  do  not  fay  that 
Ik  took  it ;  only  that  afterwards  the  Meflems,  or  believers  (fo 
the  Mohammedans  call  themfelves),  advancing  with  an  army, 
he  defeated  them :   but  proviiions  failing  in  his  camp,  by 
.which  means  great  numbers  of  hts  foldiers  perifhed,  he  reh 
turned  to  Cmftantinopk. 

Ik  Us  way  back  he  defeated  a  numerous  body  of  Turks, 
who  attempted  to  cut  off  his  retreat ;  after  which  the  Turks 
tbndooed  feveral  cities  on  his  approach. 

In  463  AJp  Arjlfai  marched  to  AkhlM  (QJ,  with  40,000  Are  elmm. 
borfe,  to  aaeet  the  Romans,  who  had  a  vaft  army  *  but  theyA&w  **- 
|*w  defeated,  and  their  general,  who  was  a  nobleman,  btJ*?*^' 
fag  taken,  the  Solrin  ordered  his  nofe  to  be  cut  off '.  a'  r> 

This,  by  the  circumftances  of  the  hiftory,  muft  have  been       "    " 
fhilarctus,  who  had  been  left  to  guard  the  banks  of  the        7°" 


k  Ceprenvs;     Univ.  hiil.  vol.  xvri.  p.  1 50.  '  E»n  Amiu* 

34},  &  feq. 


"'(0)  Aleppo,  the  antient  Ber~  43.     Scbultens  index  teogr.'  ad 

fce«,  according  to  Cedrenus  and  vit.  Saledini,  art.  Manbesjum. 

Wkers.  (QJ  Called  alfo  KeUdt,  and 

(P)   The    ancient  Bambycet  KaUdt ;  a  city  on  the  north  fide 

[tailed    afterwards     Hierapolis.  of  the  lake  of  Wan,  three  days 

%  the  prefcnt  copies  of  PUny  journey  to  the  north  of  Bed/is, 

F»  feid  to  be  named  Magog  by  or  Bit/is.     It  was   formerly  a 

m  Syrians,  inftead  of  Mabog;  very  famous  place,  the  feat  of' 

Mich  is  a  corruption  of  Man*  many  princes,   and  capital    of 

fittoManbe,  and  that  of  Bum-  Armenia.     Cedrenus  and    Nice*- 

t,  or  rather  Pambe*  the  Perfean-  pbor us  Bryenni  us  write  Ki feat*    Jt 

tord  for  cotton.     See  Hyde,  in  was  then  in  the  hand*  of  the 

*t,  adPcritfol.  itm.  rnujtd.  p.  Turks. 

Euphrates 


112  The  Seljuks  of  Mn-  EL 

Euphrates  (R).  T*he  Byzantine  hiftorians  farther  relatt, 
j  that  the  Turks,  after  this  vi&ory,  advanced  into  Cilicia,  and, 
ifurprized  Ikonium,  the  principal  city  of  that  province  :  bat 
that  hearing  of  the  emperor's  approach,  they,  after  plunder- ' 
ing  it,  retired  in  hafte.  .  However,  the  Armenians  falling 
Upon  them  in  the  plains  of  Tar/us,  put  them  to  flight,  ana 
flripped  them  of  every  thing. 
Tbetmpe-  In  the  fpring  following,  the  emperor  marched  anew  into 
ror  Dio-  Afia,  at  the  head  of  a  considerable  army,  which  he  had  raifed 
tF&*  and  difciplined  during  the  winter.  But,  contrary  to  the  ad- 
vice of  Nicephorus  Bryennius,  who,  commanding  trie  left  wing 
of  his  army,  with  others,  would  have  had  him  wait  for  the 
Turks  in  Cappadocia9  he  marched  to  Mazekerta  (S) ;  and,  di- 
viding his  army  into  two  parts,  fent  one  of  them  to  Kkd 
(T),  a  fmall  town  belonging  to  the  Turks  :  between  whofl^ 
and  the  Romans  feveral  fkirmQhes  happened,  in  one  of  which,  j 
BaJilaciuSy  one  of  the  emperor's  chief  officers,  was  killed';  ti 
juft  reward  for  his  wrong  advice  and  falfe  intelligence.  At 
length  Romanus,  refolving  to  come  to  a  general  engagement 
marched  forwards  with  his  army,  in  three  bodies,  of  whicfc 
he  commanded  the  centre  k.  But  as  an  account  has  beett 
already  given  of  the  battle  from  the  Greek  hiftorians  l,  wt 
fhall  here  confine  ourfelves  to  what  the  oriental  authors  have 
related  on  that  occafion. 
Attacks  the  Ebn  Amid  informs  us  in  general,  that  the  Soltan  having 
Turks.  met  the  Roman  emperor  on  the  26th  of  the  month  DMSkMfy 
463,  in  a  place  called  Zahra,  gave  him  battle  on  a  Fridafc 
and  defeated  his  forces ;  of  which  an  incredible  number  weft! 
killed,  and  the  emperor  hirnfelf  taken  m.  But  the  beft  afr 
count  we  have  as  yet  from  the  oriental  authors,  of  this  re- 
markable battle,  is  that  given  by  Ab&lfaraj.  In  the  vear. 
above-mentioned  (fays  this  author),  Romanus  (U)  Diogba^ 
the  Roman  emperor,  marched  with  an  army  of  100,000  met 
XoMalhzkerd^S),  in  the  territory  of  Khalat.  The  SoltaaJ 
who  was  then  at  Khunaj,  in  the  province  of  Adherbijdn,  heal* 

*  Niceph.  Bryen.  in  Conft.  c.  v.  §  5.  1  Univ.  hifh  vol 

xvii.  p.  131,  &feq.  m  Ebn  Amid.  p.  343. 

(R)  The  lebtarikh  obferves,  (T)  Kelldt,  or  Akldt. 

that  Alp  Arjldn  was   the  firft  (U)  This  author  writes  X$*i 

^urkijb  Soltan  who  pafled  this  manus.   Kondamir,  and  the  other 

river :  but  it  does  not  appear  orientals,  Or  manus. 

when  be  did  it,  by  either  the  (X)  This  feems  to  bzMesd* 

eaftern  or  weftern  authors.  kerta,  near  Kleat,  mentioned  bff 

(S)  The  fame  with  Maldz-  Nic  Bryen.  in  the  hift.  of  X* 

jtrd*                                              *  manuty  cap.  5. 

2  «* 


C.l.  Seccnd  SoUdftj  Alp  Arflan.  115 

:  in;  of  thi^  made  hafte  to  meet  him,  though  able  to  draw 
!  together  no  more  than  15,000  horfe  (Y).  When  the  armies 
tore  in  fight,  he  fent  to  the  emperor  to  defire  peace ;  but 
[  Sus  anfirer  was,  that  he  would  make  none  with  .him,  unlefs 
r  fee  furiendered  up  the  city  Ray  (Z),  or  Rey.  The  Soltan, 
\  proroked  at  this,  on  Friday  afternoon  |Jut  up  prayers  to  God, 
[  .with  tears  in  his  eyes,  before  his  army,  who  wept  themfelves 
to  fa  their  monarch  weep. 

Before  he  engaged,  he  gave  thofe  leave  to  return  whoW*$«/- 
had  a  mind.     Then  calling  away  his  bow  and  arrows,  he  tans  bra* 
took  his  fword,   and  an  iron  fceptre,   grafping  his  horfe's*wj7» 
ta3  in  his  hand,  as  all  his  foldiers  did  after  him.     He  drefled 
I  himfelf  in  white  (A)  ;  and  flrewing  on  perfumes,  Jf  I  am 
\Jkan  *(B),  laid  he,  this  will  ferve  me  for  a  -winding  Jheet. 
\     After  a  bloody  batde  the  Greeks,  were  put  to  flight,  zndThe  emu* 
J  a  multitude  of  them  killed  :  their  emperor  was  taken  prifoner,'w  taint* 
J  by  a  (Save  named  ShM  (C) ;  and  being  difcovered  by  the 
I  ambai&dor,  Shadi,   lighting  off  his  horfe,   paid  him  reve- 
[jence,  and  then  brought  him  to  Alp  Ar/l&n.    The  Soltan, 
I  fatting  him  three  times  with  his  hand,  {aid,  Did  not  I /end 
to  you  with  propofals  of  peace >  and  you  would  not  hearken  to 


(Y)  According  to  Kondamtr 
he  had  no  more  than  1 2,000, 
and  the  Greeks  300,000.  Bat 
[we  prefer  the  account  of  Ebn 
Ami,  which  gives  room  to  be- 
lieve, that  he  had  near  40,000 : 
Ikcanfe,  from  the  relation  given 
frf the  battle  by  Nicepborus  Bry- 
«ttf'cr,  who  commanded  the  left 
iring  of  the  Roman  army,  the 
furls  feem  to  have  been  as  nu- 
merous as  the  Romans*  who,  be- 
fc*  the  battle,  were  divided  in- 
t&two  parts  ;  and  one  of  them 
J  fait  to  befiege  Kleat  or  Kalat. 
UtNicepb.  Bryen.  hift.  otCotifi. 
1  pvcaiy  &  Romanus  Diogenes ,  cap . 
5*6. 

I     IZ)  In  Per/tan  Irak,  and  then 
\  At  capital  of  his  dominions. 

J  A)  Perhaps  from  hence  cal- 
Jk  Han*  or  the  white  prince, 
i^DCording  to  the  Greek  hiflori - 
J  OS,  who  write  Jxan. 
;  (B)  Yet  Bryennius  fpeaks  as 
I  if  the  Sol  tan  did  not  expofe  him- 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol.IV, 


felf  to  danger  in  the  battle ;  but, 
leaving  the  whole  conduct  of  it 
to  Tarang,  an  eunuch,  one  of 
his  generals,  gave  his  orders  at 
a  diftance. 

(C)  According  to  Mirlond 
and  Kondamtr,  the  emperor  was 
taken  by  Javaber,  one  of  the 
Soltin's  generals,  who  was  fent 
kto  purfue  the  Romans.  On  this 
occaiion  hiftorians  relate,  that 
the  Soltan,  reviewing  his  troops 
before  the  battle,  had  &  mind 
to*  difmifs  one  of  his  foldiers, 
becaufe  he  feemed  to  be  very  ill 
made  :  but  an  officer  prevented 
it,  by  telling  his  majefty  he  was 
very  brave  ;  and  that  poffibly 
that  very  man,  whom  he  de- 
fpifed  fo  much,  might  take  the 
Greek  emperor  prifoner.  As  the 
officer  foretold,  fo  it  happened  j 
and  the  horfexnan,  inftead  of 
being  caftiiered,  was  advanced 
to  the  higheft  pofts  in  the  army. 

I  me? 


me  F  The  aapesor  rcplkd,  £0  pot  reproach  we,  and  A  wkti 

you  tfinkjti :  then  afked  (he  Soltaq,  fffl**  vmfdyou  has* 

done  tome,  if  I  bank  falle^  lHi<*  your-  bands.  2    IJbould  have 

infliBtifome  ivfomus  kind  of  punifbmeut  on  yw,  aufwcpd 

the  emperor*.    And  what,  &id  the  Saltan,  do  you  think  J 

fiall  da  to  you?    Sitber  put  ma  to  death*  reply'd  Romamu^ 

carry  me  through  your  domituous  for  afpeQacle  fa  every  b* 

dy,  or  elfe  ('what  is  beyond  my  hopes.}  fpare  met  QJifaymait 

The  Sol-     of  a  ranfinn,  and  appoint  me  your  deputy.    Tet.  this,  tqfcistk 

ton's  gem- way 9  fail  tke  Soltao,  that  I  intend  \o  deal  by  you.    Aocqrf- 

rofity.       ingly  he  fet  him  at  liberty,  on,  condition  of  paying  a  miliioa 

of  crowns  in  gold  (D),  and  ctifaiffing  all  the  Mohajnmdanjn- 

fcners  in  his  empire. 

When  mattery  were  thus  concluded,  the  Saltan  mack 
the  emperor  fit  ia  the  throne  with  him :  then  had  a  tent 
fet  up  for  him,  fending  him  10,000  pieces  of  gold,  for  his 
fubfifteace.  He  likewtie  fet  free  many  Roman  lords,  predat- 
ing them,  as  well  as  the  emperor,,  with  vefts,  by  way  of  ho- 
poor.  At  parting,  he  feat  aa  army  to  efcort  him  to  a  placs 
of  fefety,  aad  accompanied  bm  on  his  way  the  fpace  of  a 


Emperor's  When  Romanus  arrived  at  the  caftle  of  Dawkiya  (E),  and 
bard  fate,  was  tiold-  (hat  Michael  had  afcenjied  the  throne,  he  put  om 
religious  habit,  and  difpatebpd  a  courier  to  let  the  new  em- 
peror know  what  kind  of  peace  he  had  made  with  the  Spj- 
tan.  Then  collecting  aoo,ooo  crowns  in  gold,  he  fent  then  to 
the  Soltan  (F),  folemnly  protefting,  that  it  was  not  in  his 
power  to  do  more.  Ebn  Amid  adds,  that,  in  his  way  bad 
to  Conjtantinople,  the  king  of  Armenia  ordered  him  to  be 
feized,  and,  having  put  out  his  eyes  (G),  fent  advice  thereof 

(I»  $bnAm*dhy$i  1,500,000,  (F)  Alfo  a  precious  ftonc, 

befcfes  an  annual  tribute   of  worth  90,000  gold  crowns,  afr 

j6o,oob,  which  the  Lebtarikh*  cording  to  Ebn  Amid.     This  « 

fwells  to  ten  millions.     Konda-  poflibly  no  other  than  the  ricfc, 

nt'ir  relates,   that  the  emperor  pearl  called  the  Orphan^  which 

was  obliged,  by  the  treaty,  to  was  found  in  the  emperor's  tent, 

give  his  daughter  in  marriage  after  he  was  taken, 

to  the  Soltan's  fon;  and  that  (G)  The  way  of  putting  oot 

the  condition  wa*  pun&ually  the  eyes,  or  blinding,  with  the 

performed.  Greets  and  Afiatics ;  was  not  bj 

(E)  Niceph  Brymmus  calls  it  pulling  or  cutting  out  the  eyes, 

Dokia:  it  was  in  Armenia  minor ;  as  fome  have  imagined,  bat  by 

probably  towards  the  borders  of  drawing,  or  holding  a  red  hot 
Gltiia.                                       •  iron  before  them.  This  method 

i%  (till  in  ufe  in  Afa. 


C  2.  StcdUtet***  Alp  Arflarh  195. 

IV  the  Sbltam  •.     But  this  is  contrary  to  the-acobuht  of  tHc 
Creek?,  Which  halted*  already  given  in  another  place  o. 

Am*  this  great  viftsry,  A$Arft&ny  according  to  ttt&nf**j9tf 
htharikk)  marched  iiH6  GurjejHn>  or  Georgia ;  Which  having  Georgia, 
canqnered,  he  deprive*  the  great  lords  ot  their  liberty,  and 
chfcgedthenr  to  Wear  iron -rings  in*  their  ears,  as  a  mark  of 
Iter  ibriery  (H)  :  to  avoid  which  ignominy,  many  of  them 
tnroed  Mobamriedatts*  However,  the  country  was  not  fo 
thoroughly  fbbdned*  but  that  there  remained  a  great  number 
rf  ftrong  hoMs  in  the  mountains,  which  >  required  much  time 
to  reduce  ;  and  as  the  SoMn  was  called  away  by  other  af* 
fairs,  he  left  his  fen  Makk  Shah  to  continue  the  War. 

The  moft  famous  ficge  undertaken  by  this  prince,  who; /Www 
to  fidiflv  the  conqueft  which  his  father  began,  had  the  fovt-fiege. 
refflb  of  mount  Caaca/ks  to  firbdue,  was   that  of  a  placd 
called,  in  die  Perfian,  Miriam  Nifbm>  that  is,  tlx  place,  or 
imeMhtg*  cf  Mary;  os  account  of  a  monaftery  and  church 
dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  fituated  in  the  middle  of  tf 
kte.    Makk  Sh&h  chofc  for  the  attack  the  beft  of  his  troops, 
whoa*  he  put  into  boats,  with  ladders  and  grappling  irons 
far  fading,  the  walls  r  but  juft  when  they  were  going  to  make 
tnea/feult,  there  arofc  fo  furfioufia  ftorm  on  the  l^ke,  andDr*"afiJ 
tbefky  was  darkened  to  fueh  a  degree,  that  nothing  couldA™  *** 
be  done.     This  ftorm  tfas  followed  by  fo  violent  an  earth-  '*'*£ 
qnake,  tbar  both  the  befiegers  and  the  befieged,  theTitrfr  and**    e* 
ttotff^mfer,  expe&cJd  to  be  (wallowed  up  together/  How* 
e*er,  the  latter  foffered  mofr  by  it ;  for  pait  of.  their  walla 
falling"  into  the  lake,  when  the  dements  were  fettled  again, 
the  Turks,,  without  any  difficulty,  forced  the  place,  and  ruin- 
ed the  monaftery,  which  was  reforted*to  moft  of  any  mGeor* 
gk,  on  account  of  devotion  P. 

The  affairs  which  called  the  Saltan  away  from  GevrgiafTl*  Sitta* 
as  k  before  remarked,  were  his  preparations  for  the  conqueA/'"*' 
of  Turkman  :  hefetout,  at  length,  With  that  view,  in  the 
year  465  (I),  at  the  head  of  200,000  men,  towards  Maiva-Hty  46$. 
tfhukkr*    When  he  came  to  the  Jihun,  or  Atn4,  he  laid  a    A.D. 
bridge  owe*  thfc*  river,  for  the  paflage  of  hfc  army,  which    I072* 

■  Abu'lt.  p.  2*7,  St  feq.  °*Univ.  hift.  vol.  xvii.  p.  133. 

*  Vissaia,  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  103.  Art.  Alp  Arfl&n. 

(H)  According  to  the  Lehia*        (I)  Ebn  Amid  fays  he  (et  out 

rifb,  inHead  of  the  iron  ring  frbm  Baghdad  in  the  month  of 

wfcieh  was  the  mnrk*  of  flavery  Safar,  of  the  year  464.     H  iit 

before,  he  ordered  them  to  wear  Saracen,  p.  344. 


a  torfe-fiux  in  their  cars. 


la        v  feeing 


1,6  37*Scljuks*/Iran.  B.L 

being  fo  numerous,  took  up  twenty  days.     Here  flaying  tt> 
Berzem     take  in  certain  caftles,  he  firft  attacked  that  of  Berzem,  or 
caftle.        Barzam  (§),  in  which  Tufef  Kothual,  an  intrepid  Karazmian, 
commanded  (L),      This  governor  defended  the  .place  vigo- 
rously for  feveral  days ;  but  being  at  laft  taken  by  force,  the 
Soltan  ordered  him  to  be  brought  into  his  prefence,  and 
gave  him  very  injurious  language,  for  daring  to  hold  oat 
lb  long  againft  fuch  an  army  as  his.    Tufef,  who  rather  ex- 
pe&ed  that  the  Soltan  would  have  praifed  his  valour,  being 
provoked  at  fuch  outrageous  treatment,    anfwered  with  a 
great  deal  of  warmth,  and  at  laft  loft  all  refpett.     Wlier* 
upon  Alp  Arflan  ordered  his  hands  and  feet  to  be  bound  to 
four  pofts,  that  he  might  be  put  to  a  cruel  death. 
Is  fain,         TUSEF,  upon  hearing  his  fentence  pronounced,  took  oqt 
a  knife,  which  he  had  in  one  of  his  boots ;  and  threatening 
the  Soltan,  faid,  0  wicked  man,  is  this  the  treatment  winch 
*  Perf>fl  of  my  merit  deferves  P  and  advancing  at  the  feme 
time  to  ftrike  at  the  king,  the  guards  would  have  fallen  no- 
on] him  :  but  that  prince,  who  had  not  his  equal  eijherfor 
ftrength,  or  /hooting  with  the  bow,  hindered  them  from  flop- 
ping him  ;  and  let  fly  aq  arrow  (M)  at  Tufef,  which  miffed 
by  the  go-  him.     Tufef,  hereupon,  full  of  fury,  ran  at  the  Soltan  with 
verm,     all  his  force,  and  mortally,  wounded  him  (N) ;  after  which 
he  defended  himfelf  a  long  time  againft  that  prince's  guards, 
wounding  feveral  of  them,  till  one  of  the  pages  (O)  of  the 
Soltan  *s  chamber  felled  him  with  a  club  '.     Another  author 
relates,  that,  as  Tufef  fprang  forward,  the  Soltan  rofc,  in  or*, 
der  to  defcend  from  the  throne  ;  but  that,  his  foot  flipping, 
he  fell  on  his  face :  that  then  Tufef,  leaping  upon  him,  kept 
him  down  with  his  knee,  and  (tabbed  him  in  the  flank  :  that 
the  Soltan  rifing,  went  into  another  tent  j  and  one"  of  the 
pages  knocked  die  murderer  on  the  head' r. 
Hxsrefltc-      ALP  Arjlan  lived  for  fome  hours  after  this  misfortune: 
tiontb**-  when,  finding  himfelf  near  his  end,  he  faid  to  thofc  about 


upon* 


*  Ebn  ^mid.  P-   344-     Abu'lfar.  p.  228.    Kond.  ap.  D* 

Herb.  p.  103,  art.  Alp  Arflan.  '  Abu'lfaraj.  hift.  dy-, 
sail.  p.  228. 

(K)  In  thcZebtartih,  Barza.  (O)  The  Lebtarikh  fays  he 

(L)  Ebn  Amid  fays,  he  hid  would  have  efcaped,  if  Ganuab 

rebelled  againft  the  Soltan.  the  page  had  not  knocked  him 

(M)  Both  Ebn  Amid  and  the  on  the  head  with  a ftone.  AbuU  . 

Lebtarikh  fay  he  fhot  three  ar-  faraj  fays  it  was  done  with  a 

rows  at  hhn.  hammer. 

(N)  In  the  fide,  according  to 
Ebn  Amid* 

7  him, 


C.  2.'  Second  Soltdn,  Alp  Arften.  117 

him,  /  new  call  to  mind  two  pieces  of  advice  which  formerly 
were  given  tome  by  a  wife^  ofd  man,  my  mafler  :  thefrjl  was, 
Never  to  defpife  any  perfbn:  thefecond,  Never  to  have  too 
great  an  opinion  of  one's  felf :  neverthelefs  I  have  offended 
againfi,  theft  two  important  rules  thefe.two  loft  days  of  my 
life  :  for  yefterday  beholding  from  an  eminence  the  great  num- 
ber of  my  troops 9  Iitnagined  that  there  was  not  any -power 
pn earth  able  to  refifl  me;  nor  any  man  who  dared  to  attack 
me  (P)  :  and  to-day,  forbidding  my  guards  to  Jlop  that  man 
who  was  making  at  me  with  the  knife  in  his  hand,  I  believed 
I  had  both  flrength  and  JIM  enough  to  defend  my  felf  But  I 
now  perceive  that  no  force  nor  addrefs  can  with/land  dejliny  *. 

This  prince  reigned  nine  years  (O)  fix  months  and  twelve  &'*  <*g*% 
days,  and  lived  forty-four  years  and  three  months";  for  he 
was  born  in  421,  and  died  in  465  (R).  He  was  buried  at 
Maru  (S),  one  of  the  four  cities  of  Khorafdn,  with  this  epi- 
taph :  Allyout  who  have,  beheld  the  grandeur  of  Alp  Af(\£n 
raifed  to  the  very  heavens,  come  to  Maru,  and  you  wiU  fee 
him  buried  under  the  dujl. 

He  was  very  brave  and  Dberal;  juft,  patient,  witty,  znd*"d  cba*. 
iinccre;  conftant  in  prayer,  and  giving  alms  :  he  greatly  fear-™*"'* 
ed  God,  and  was  a  ftrenuous  advocate  for  Mohammedifm1 . 
His  ihape  and  mien  fo  very  engaging  (T),  that  h^  gained  the 
refpeft  and  affection  of  all  who  approached  him.  He  had 
very  long  whifkers,  and  wore  commonly  a  very  high  turban, 
made  in  form  of  a  crown.  His  power  was  fo  very  great  in 
Afia,  that  there  have  been  fcen  at  the  foot  of  his  throne,  no 
fewer  than  12,000  princes,  or  fons  of  princes,  paying  their 
court  to  him  «. 


'  Kohd.  ap.  D'Herb.  ubi  fupra. 
"Kond.  obi  fupr.  p.  104. 


*  Ebn  Amid.  p.  34^ 


(P)  Ebn  Amid,  who  reports 
this  paflkge  with  fome  final!  va- 
riation, makes  him  alfo  fay; 
that  he  never  undertook  any- 
thing, excepting  this  time,.whh- 
oot  imploring  the  divine  aflift- 
ance. 

(0)  The  Lsbtarikb,  by  fome 
jpiiUke,has  two  years. 

(R)  Ebn  Amid  fays,  it  was 


about  the  tenth  of  Rabiya  prior ; 
the  Lebtarikb,  about  the  end  of 
that  month. 

(S)  Some  write  Mar*wa :.  'tit 
,Maru  Sbabjdn,  mentioned  in  a 
former  note. 

(T)\TheLebtariibrp.+z.  fajrs, 
that  his  afpedl  and  huge  fize 
ftruck  people  with  fear. 


13 


SECT. 


uf 


&l 


SECT.     VI, 

The  Reign  *f  M*Jek  Sh& 

a^Soltln.  Ji/fALEK  Shah  fucceeded  his  father  Alp  Arjtdnx  accords] 

Malck      ■*'■*  ing  to  his  appointment  before  related,  although  he , 

Sh$h.       oot  his  eldeft  fon.     He  was  induced  to  declare  him  bis  fuoj 

ceflbr  by  the  counfel  of  his  Wazir  Nezam  al  MM.     Th 

name  and  furnames  of  this  Soltan  at  length  are  Moez-addtril 

Abu* If et ah  Makk  Shdh.    Inftead  of  Moez-addfn,  fome  put  7^1 

Ul-odd\n%  or  JaUl-oddawlat  • ;  others,  JaUloddin  b.  I 

ALP  Arftdn  was  no  foonex  dead,  than  he  was  acknow-^ 

leged  lawful  heir  and  fucceflbr  of  his  father*  at  th$  head 

Names  and  the  armies,  whigh  he  bad  commanded  (A).    The  Khaiifi 

fibs.         aUb  fcnt  bim  his  confirmation  of  the  title  and  power  of  SotJ 

tin  ;  adding  thereto  even  the  quality  of  Amir  al  Momenin^ 

'that  is,  a#nmafiderofthefaithfuly  which,  till  then,  theEt 

Kfahs  had  referved  to  themfelves,  without  conferring  it  < 

$ny  Mohammedan  prince  whatever. 

He  was  likewire  proclaimed  throughout  his  dominions  1 
the  name  of  JalAt-oddawlat  waoddin,  that  is,  the  glory 
the  Jtate  and  religion ,     It  was  on  account  of  this  tide  JalS 
that  the  reformation  of  the  Per/tan  calendar,  which  was  mad£l 
in  his  reign,  was  called  Tarfkh  Jalali,  that  is,  the  JaWean,\ 
kalendar  c,  of  which  an  account  will  be  given  hereafter. 
His  uncles      As  foon  as  Marubil,  Ion  of  Dawd,  or  Jaffar  Bek,  heard 
rebel.        of  Alp  Arjldn\  death,  he  fet  out  from  Ray,  in  order  to  oh 
tain  the  crown :  but  Malek  Shah  meeting  him  on  the  fourthJ 
day  of  Shahdn  (8),  near  Hamad  An,  his  forces  were  defeated*! 
and  himfelf  taken  prifoner  d.     Kaderd,  a  fon  of  Jaffar  Bek 
aftb,  another  of  his  uncles,  raifed  ftill  a  more  dangerous  re? 
bellion  againft  him.     Re  was  governor  of  the  province  of 
IfervMn  (C),  and  advanced  with  a  considerable  focpe  even  aa 
far  as  Ku*j,  or  Gurj.     The  Soltan  font  the  troops  of  Kbtra- 
finf  which  had  always  been  victorious  in  hi$  father's  ragn4 

*  6o  Ebw  Amid.  hift.  Srrrap.  p.  345.  k  As  the  author 

of  the  Lebtarik«.  *  Kond..  Mirk.  Nigh*arist.  ap.  D1 

Herb.  p.  542,  art..  Makk  Schai.  <  Ebh  Amiu.  p.  345. 

fA)  As  foon  as  he  afcended    that  this  aftton  feems,  to  have 


the  throne,  he  wen,t  to.  Manna, 
or  Maru,  and  there  buried  his 
father.    BbnAmid.  hill.  Saracen., 

P.  345- 

*   (B)  The  eighth  month,    Sq 


happened  the  fame  year. 

(C)  He  was  properly  Soltan 
of  Kerman  ;  being  the  founder 
of  the  Seljdk  dynaity  reigning  iii 
that  country:  by  fojpe  Karderd. 


C.  b;  Third  Sdtdn,  Malek  Shah.  119 

to  <$pofeJhim.    The  two  armies,  after  harraffing  each  other 
jhr  three  days  and  nights,  came  to  a  general  engagement ; 
which  proved  ore  of  the  moft  bloody  that  ever  happened  in 
Perfia.     At  length  the  vi<ftery  fell  to  Malek  Sk&h ;  and  Afa-Kaderd 
idira\  being  taken  prifoner,  was  fent  under  a  flrong'guard  to'****  tr*m 
a  eaftle  in  Khorafan.    On  this  fignal  fuccefs,  which  eftabliftxed^^* 
die  new  Saltan's  authority,  the  troops  grew  fo  infolent,  that 
jheir  principal  commanders  infilled  on  having  their  pay  dou- 
bled* threatening  otherwife  to  fet  Kaderdon  the  throne. 
.    MALEK  Sh&bt  perceiving  that  the  name  of  a  competitor  His  ispoi* 
yns  fufSrieat  to  give  occafion  to  his  troops  to  revolt,  hadA*^ 
Jfaderd  poifened  the  fame  night,  in  prifon.    Ne&t  morning, 
-when  the  officers  of  the  army  came  to  know  the  Soltan's  ari- 
fwer,  the  Wazlr*  who  probably  had  a  hand  in  what  was 
done,  told  them j  that  he  had  not  been  able  as  yet  to  prefeiit 
their  petition  to  the  Soltan,   becaufe  he  found  him  over- 
whelmed >rith  grief  the  night  before,  on  the  unexpected 
death  of  his  uncle,  who,  driven  to  defpair,  had  taken  poifon, 
jrfcjch  he  carried  in  one  of  his  rings,     'this  anfwer  flopped     > 
the  mouths  of  the  officers  and  the  whole  army  all  at  once  : 
lor  they  talked  no  more  of  the  augmentation  of  pay,  when 
!  they  found  the  perfon  was  dead  who  only  could  have  favoured    . 
thrir  mutiny  c. 

In  468,  Aksis,  the  Karaxmian  (D),  one  of  Matek  Shah's  AksU/ui- 
;  generals,  marched  \oDamafius  5  and,  befieging  it,  conftrajiied^syr,*a* 
the  inhabitants,  by  famine,  to  capitulate.    He  likewife  reduced  H^§  468» 
noft  part  of  Syria  (E),  and  caufcd  the  oration  to  be  made,  in       *  Jv 
the  name  of  Al  MoktMi,  khalifah  of  Bagdad  (F) :  although     ,0?S# 
•forward*  that  honour  reverted  to  the  Khalifans  of  Egypt f. 
Nat  year  he  marched  into  Egypt ;  which  fo  {lighted  Al   A.  D. 
MojlanJir.BiUa,  the  Khalifah,  that  he  refolved  to  fly,-  But    1076. 

e  Kowd.  &c.  ubi  fupr.  f  Aaulf.  p.  237, 

(D)  RhwAnU  calls  him  IJan  hiflory  afterwards,  which  puts 

ibnuoed  Aftis.  that  country  in  other  hands. 

(£)  According  to  Kendamiri  Betides,    we    are  told  by  the 

:  mUkSbab  feftt  his  Cftttfinfr-  fame  author,  that  Malek  Sba% 

lefmant  fon  of  Kofrimfi,  the  year  gave  JJia  miner  to  Soltymdn ;  and 

mie,  With  an  army  to  fub-  Sod,  from  other  quarters,  that 

bxd\  Syria  \  which  he  did,  hi  the  latter  did  not.  enter  Syria 

**ort  time,  as  far  at  Antiocb,  till  the  year  477  of  the  Hejrah. 

&*  a  confidence  city   (1).  .  (F)  He  fucceeded  Al  Kayim  f 

\  Batthi^b  rendered  improbable,.  Bimrillah,  who  died   the  year 

m  only  by  this  expedition  of  \jic£otq  ;  after  a  reign  of  forty- 

4tw%  or  Jisis,  but  alfo  by  tho  four  years  and  half. 

(*)  jyBsrkk  f«  $4*1  art-  M*M  Sbab. 

I  4  the 


•126  The  Scljuks  of  IrAn.4  B.t 

the  citizens  of  ^/  Kaherd  (or  Kayro)  and  Sawddn  advaucm 

againft  him,  defeated  his  troops,  though  much  fuperior  £ 

number.     In  his  way  back  to  Damaftus,  he  put  great  number* 

to  the  fsvord  at  Ramla  (G)  and  Jerufalem. 

Tatafli  MALEK  Shah,  fufpefting  that  ytfkr/j"  had  been  Oain  in  hk 

y&»/  /£/-    Egyptian  expedition,  wrote  to  his  brother  Taj  oddawlat  7#» 

ther.         tajb  (H),  in  470,  to  go  and  conquer  Syria.     When  T&jm? 

A.  D.    rjveci  at  Diydrbekr,  he  found  ^/Aj//,  lord  of  bama/hu,  vm 

lo77-    alive  :  who,  hearing  that  the  other  was  advancing  agahl 

him,  offered  to  pay  an  annual  tribute.     Malek  Shah,  accept* 

*    ing  thereof,  wrote  to  his  brother  to  depart  from  Manhej  (Pf, 

Me  did  fo,  and  went  from  thence  to  Halep,  then  poflefled  fy 

Sabak  aJ  Amin  Ebn  Mahmud  Ebn  Nafr  Ebn  Marias  :  but,"  not 

being  able  to  take  the  place,  returned  by  Harran  (K)  to  ZM- 

yarbehr ;  which  put  MoJUm  Ebn  Korais,  lord  of  Nafihin  and 

Senjdr,  upon  his  guard g.     .  ] 

Mawa-         In  471,  Malek  Shah  undertook  the  conqueft  of  the  countijj 

ri'lnahr    beyond  the  river  Jihun  or  Amu ;  whofe  Khan,  called  Soleymki 

conquered,  he  took  prifoner,  after  defeating  his  army ;  and  fent  him  guard 

*tej.  471  £d  to  Ifpdh&n,  then  the  capital  of  his  dominions.    In  this  wn; 

-A-  P-    Nezfan  al  Molk  (L)  gave  the  watermen,  who  had  ferried  die 

,078,    Soltan's  forces  over  the  Jih&n,  for  their  trouble,  an  aflignmem 

inftead  of  money,  on  the  revenues  of  the  city  of  Antiokh.   Thl 

men  having  made  their  complaint  to  Malek  Shah,  he  aflced  the 

Wafcir,  why  he  had  appointed  a  fund  at  fuch  a  diftance  fci 

paying  off  thofe  poor  people  ?  "  It  is  not,  replied  that  mi*! 

fter,  to  delay  the  payment,  but  to  make  pofterity  admire  H 

the  largenefs  and  extent  of  the  dominions  which  you  poffefii 

When  they  fhall  hear  of  money  received  at  Antiokh  for  pay* 

ment  of  Sailors  belonging  to  the  Cajpian  fea,  and  of  water* 

s  Eb4n  Amid,  p.  349. 

(G)    The  ^ntient  Ruma  in  we  make  no  doubt  but  Tatajb, 

%anadn.  Tetejfr,  or *totoJb  (for  it  maybe 

(H)  In  the  copies  of  Erpeni-  read  thofe  three  w^ys),  isdw 

us  and  Fatter  it  is  Ni/us,  in-  true  word. 
Head  of  Tatajh  ;    occasioned,        (I)   Named   Hicrapolis    aad 

doubtlefs,  by  the  wrong  point-  .  Bambyce  by  the  Greeks. 
Ing  of  the    letters ;    a  thing        (K)  The  antient  Haran  zs& 

very  common   with   the  Arab  Karne  in  Mefopetame. 
i             copifts.     The  three  letters,  of        (L)    Naxdm,  or  No%dmt  at 

which  the  name  confifts,   are  the  Perfiansf  but  Nedham,  No* 

pointed  three  different  ways  in  dbdm,  or  Noddm,  as  the  AnA$ 

Abulfaraj(i).    But, as thcGreek  pronounce  it.    It  fignifies,  *ru- 

writers  call  this  prince  Tut  us  r  ment  efibeftate. 

(t  )  *\  366  Of  376. 


;€.?.  third  Mito,  Malek  SHh:  •  ui 

ijoea  who  plied  on  the  Jihun."    This  fancy  pleafed  Jlfc/f* 

^WA  exceedingly ;  especially,  when  he  ftw  t&t  the  Wazjr    - 

vpaid  off  the  notes  immediately.  .  .  * 

That  fame  year  the  Soltan  married  Turkdn  or  TarkAfi  MUefe 

\Kbatun,  daughter  of  Tamgaj  Khan  (M),  Ton  of  Bagra  Kfrans  Shih'i 

,who,  in  479,  brought  him  a  fon,  called  SanjaV  (N),  fxQ8Liim*fr*af** 

•little  city  of  that  name  in  Khorafdn,  where  he  was  born  b; 

?     On  the  return  of  Ibrahim  Ebn  Maffid  (ninth  Soltan  qf 
\Xb*;Gaxnah  rate)  from- India,  where  he  had  made  confide*  .       -  * 

•table  cooqae&s,  MaUk  Shah  made  great  preparations  to  in,-    .;. 

.Fade  him  (0) :   but  was  prevailed  on  by  hi?  ambailadocs  to       , 
i-defkl,  and  make  an  alliance,  by  marrying  his  daughter  tp        i 

JH^ft/,  Ibrahim's  fon;  who  Succeeded  him  (P)  in  481  \     . 
In  472,  the  army  of  Mefr,  or  Egypt,  coining  to  befiegr  A4f»  1 
f.Dama/ius,  AfsU  fent  for  help  to  To/  oddavtlat ;  on  whofeA**. 

.approach  the  Egyptians  retired.     Hereupon  ^if/,  coming  to  Hej.  47 »♦ 

vifit  him,  was  feized,  and  flain,  by  his  order.     Then,  takiiy;    A-  **. 
,lhe  city,  he  became  mafter  of  all  hi*  riches  and  effefts. .  lo79-  , 
,  After  this,  the  iuhabitaots,  who  had  fled  into  ?erfta%  to  avoid         ' 

the  tyranny  of  Jfsis,  retorted,  to  enjoy  the  prpteftipn  of  the 

S*tjAiians{QJ. 
The  fame  year,  Sbarf  oddawlat  Ebn  Ma/Um  Ebn  KcrkUt  Affair*  <f? 

•lord  of  Mufol,  having  obtained  leave  of  IHakk  ShSh9  to  fub-  Halcp,     , 
4  due  HaJep9  on  condition,  of  paying  him  300,000  gold  crowns 
i- annually,  marched  againft  that  city ;  and,  after  beiieging  it 

for  fome  time,  it  was,  with  the  caftle,  delivered  up  tp  him; 
I  faying  to  Sabak  ai  Arr&n  20,000  crowns  every  year* 

• 
*  Kohd.  &c.  ap.  D'Hcrb.  p.  542.  }  Texeira,  hift, . 

fcrC  p.  302.    D'Herb.  p.  480,  art.  Ibrahim  Ben  Maflbud. 

(M)  Ebn  Amid,  p.  3C6.  calls  as  he  makes  him  reign  forty* 

lum  Tera&h,  king  of  the  Turfs,  two  years,  thofe  joined  to  445, 

fir  defendant  of  Afrafiab.  when  Abial  Rapid  was  flain# 

(N)  It  ought  to  beMabjnud;  amount  to  but  487  of  the  Hej- 

wkom  (he  wanted  to  be  her  huf-  rab%  or  of  Cbrift  1 094. 

feud's  fueceffpr.     For  Sanjdr  ( QJ  Moftafa  Haji  KbatifiA 

wa  by  pno$her  venter,  as  will  makes  a  fourth  dynafty  of  SeU 

appear  hereafter.  jukians,  which  began  this  year 

•>(0)  As  neither  of  onr  an-  in  Ha  J fp,  and  other  places  of 

4ors  mention  the  date  of  this  Syr/*,  founded  by  Tatajb  above* 

.JfttiadiQO,  we  choofe  to  refer  mentioned.  It  lailed  about  forty 

i  to  this  time,  when  we  find  years,  ending  in  the  year  511, 

Malei  Zbdb   marching  north-  on  the  death  of  Soltan  Mobam- 

fv&.  jned.       D"Htrb.    p.    Soi,   art, 

(P)  WKerbtht,  p.  480.  puts  Seljukian. 


fcU  d&th  in  492,  or  1098 :  but 


Next 


Shayzi**&&k  the  oaftle  of  Siay&r  (R)  from  the  4to«*,  wth  a* 

Hej.  473.  great  army ;  and  it  continued  in  die  jxrffeffio*  of  hi  fimihh 

*•£>•    tfflkwag  taken  by  MdkmtldM  Md  Nuroddhi  EbjtZika{S)i 

***>•    after  ad  earthquake,,  which  had  deftrdyed  the  place. 

bddavtlat,  Who  was  an  excellent  prince,  and  eminent  poet,1 
dyihg in 475,  his fen,  Ab4!l<MSthaf  al  Nafr,  farnamed 
4xU*vtda>  fncceeded  him,  at  Stoyz&r* 
MthlBo*  ' "  **t47f>  Md**  ■&*** <■«  Ws  geaferai  fo/tekdr  (T)  to  A 
#/•  Ta-    tf&,  as  his  fiefctetattt  there)  at  which  time  his  Waztr*« 
kaih.        Was  in  that  city*    The  &me  year,  his  brother  Takafb  (U)  **• 
Hej.  477.tbelled  againft  him  5    aiid,  having  taken  Mar-wa,   gaite 
A^«       armyleavfcto  plunder  it  for  three  days,  whik  he  aod 
*****    $8te&tes  by  with  the  *dmen>  and  drank  wine  in  the 
''    temple*"    in  the  month  of  Ramadh&n  (W).      Malek 
«Aarchlt%  againft  him,  he  retired  into  the  caftle  of  Brtj*fy 
Which  being  taken,  he  was  idiprifoned  elfewher  e. 
Soleyman     Ttra  feme  year,  £A*i/  odd*d>lat  Bin  Kornys,  lord  of  Jfc»  j 
Shift        fc£  arid  M$ft£  marched  to  attack  Antwkb,  then  in  poflef-j 
)fcwr.        Son  of  Siltym&b  Ebn  Kotoknijb  (X) ;  who  put  his  forces  t»i 
flight,  and  he  died  of  his  wounds.     Soltfa  Taj  «&fettdsfr| 
jfcj.  47|.  hearing  of  his  death,  marched  towards  HaUp  the  ne*t  year. 
A.  D.    accompanied  by  Qrtok,  the   Turkm&n,  whb  had  fabdoedh 
1085.    ffohvin  ( YY  and  H&bcla*   Both  thefe  agreeing  to  invade  S+>\ 
hym&n,  prince  of  AntiM,  they  fought  feveral  battles  witfe* 
him,  under  die  walls  of  ffak} ;  in  the  laft  of  which  J*AjM. 
mhn  was  flam,  and  hfc  forces  rooted/    %  this  meant  H*+t 
Up  XL)  fell  intp  the  hands  of  Taj  oddawlat,  who  became* 
mafter  of  all  Syria  *. 

The  Greek  hiftorians  fey,  that  the  Great  Sdtfa,  betog 
informed  of  the  fuccefs  of  Tutus  (A)  (as  they  call  Taj  «/- 
dawlatjy  and  feafifig  he  fliould  grcto  tew  powerful,  to 
firengthen  himfelf,  fent  to  propfcfe  ah  alliance  df  marriage 

k  ETbn  AmId,  p.  350,  &  feq, 

'  (R)  This  place,  which  is  fitu-  the  fame  name" :   Taj  ddda&bi 

ated  on  the  river  Ajfi,  or  Oftn-  being  called  Nifut  alfo. 
/yx,  is  the  fame  called  by  die  wri-        ( W)  Which  is  did*  £*»*. 
ters  of  the  holy  war  Cafaria.  (X)  Both  fhe  MSS.  of  &£*- 

(S)  Rather  Zengbi.  tins  and  Fatter  \atfe  PtoU*$. 

(T)  In  Patter  s  copy  Ahfia-        (Y]  Hal-man  is  a  eity  in  tM  . 

I*/4,  or  Extakar>  as  he  writes  k .  northern  bo*de*r  of  Arabian  Iraii 

(U)  It  is  jVir/jtt  iti  the  copies  near  that  of  Per  fan  Iriii. 
tAErtetiim  aid  f**#Vr;  doubt-        (Z)  It  fhould   feem  rath** 

lefs,  by  a  mi  flake  in  writing  or  Anfiokby  or  both  cities, 
pointing  the  letters.     For  he        (A)  Rather  Taq/&>  aettediflg 

eei*Id  ftot  have  two  brothers  of  to  AifJfaraj. 

between 


£.4.  rbirJScttd*,  Mdek  Sh&h;  l«3 

tomes  a  ion  of  to  and  a  daughter  of  Ac  afcperar  jlfe*» 
pJ:  Ae  faccefe  <rf  winch  ihatl  be  related,  ia  the  triftory 
Ifftbe^ttr  of  A0»r»  4»r  ^Ai  miikt. 

;    61483,  *e  3*tb**iyah  (»),  that  is,  Bathsnmns,  rrt  Bn-Rtfeoffy 
wmpt,  began  to  fubdne  *aftks  la  P«^wi  ZrJ*  and  Dilm.affaffins. 
fflrfirflthey  took  was  ia  this  k£  province,  and  catted  JfadMr.Hej.  483. 
fr4*M^*ojfc*«^,  afa^loA^^  A.D. 

fevered  to  /fa$w  £*«  JtyM,  for  120©  crowns,  by  the  #*■  lo9°* 
■nor,  who  aimed  Batartifl.  This  Haffkn  was  a  native  of 
Ijfarwt,  and  had  been  ftcretaiy  to  Mdolre^ak,  at  Harem. 
^kfeeraraeds  going  to  Egypt,  he  met  with  a  Batamjt,  who 
|nqgtit  ham  over  to  their  perfuafion ;  and,  by  confent  of  tile 
•topic,  made  him  grand  matter,  And  head  of  the  feft.  He 
kd  many  followers  j  and,  growing  considerable,  MalekBhfh 
pot  him  a  threatening  neflage,  requiring  his  obedience.  . 

The  ambafiador  being  brought  before  him,  he  fent  fot  Their  in- 
f  company  of  .his  people,  and  commanded  one  of  them,  *trefidi&j> 
fjong  man,  to  kill  himfeif  j  which  he  did,  without  Jiefita* 
lion.    He  ordered  another  to  throw  himfelf  headlong  froni 

t  top  of  tbecaftie;  which  he  performed  that  infant,  and 
ce  Us  neck.  After  this,  he  told  the  envoy,  that  he  had 
«o  other  aniwer  to  fend  the  Soltan,  than  that  he  had  70,000 
pea  at  his  command,  who  obeyed  him  in  the  manner  which 
he  had  ten.  The  8oltan  was  furprized  when  thefe  things 
lime  reported  to  him  $  and,  having  other  affairs  on  hte  hands, 

tthe  Batanifts  alone.     They  afterwards  took  feveral  other 
fcs;  and,  among  the  reft,  that  ofJlMtk  (C) ;  which  Was 
their  Aroogeft  hold,  and  royal  feat  *. 

These  bravoes  quickly  grew  famous  for  their  daring  mur* 
Was :  one  of  which  was  perpetrated  foon  after,  on  the  pen 
fen  ci  Ntzfim  alMolky  Wazir  to  Mdkk  Sh&h,  one  of  the 
anateft  perfonages  among  the  Mthammedans,  who  had  been 
lepded  a  little  while  before. 

The.  occaiion  of  thisWa2ir's  diigrace  is  fomewhat  dlf- D/£r</<* 
foody  related  by  authors;  though  all  agree,  that  it  vn&of  tbe 


1  Amu  Com*.  Aj.?x.  l.vi.  c.  8.       *  Ebm.  Awip,  p.  353. 

pyniefc  arc  the  followers  of  to  deftroy.    They  are  known 

lLfat$at*h  who  founded  Che  in  our  hiftories  chiefly  by  the 

ftltfy  palled  Tbg  ifmaelians  name  of  afiaJfias.    For  a  farther 

/  faba,  in  the  year  and  place  account  of  them,  and  their  fe- 

jaeptiooe^  m  th*  text.     The  veral  dynaftiet,  fee  l?Herbtlot% 

Bmhmdams  were  abfolotely  dp-  art,  Batbania,   Ifmbdiaus,   and 

Kfod  to  the  fervice  of  their  fi^e*  £«£*£.      . 

jrface;  by  whofe  order  they  (C).Or  4/  Afeurf  ;   whi<fr 

other  flew  themfelves,  or  any  feaifef  4Mtk% 

f^a  whom  they  fed  a  wad 

swing 


Ifiaar* 


104-  72'  Sdjtiks  of  Iran.  B.  1 

owing  to  fome  imprudent  or  unguarded  exprdSons  of  his,  ifc 
anfwer  to  the  Soittn's  mcflage  to  him,  concerning  the  infoJea* 
behaviour  of  one  or  more  ci  his  fons  j  of  whom  we  are 
.>      he  had  twelve.     /(ondamir  writes,  that  it  .was  brought 
by  the  Sol  tana;  who,  incenfed  againft  him,  for  oppofing 
defign  of  gating  her  youngeft  fon  (D)  declared  Malek  Si' 
fucceflbr,  accufed  him  of  abfolutely  difpofing  of  all 
in  the  government,  and  dividing  them  among  his  fons. 
Nezam         The  Soltan,  offended  that. he  fliould  aft  in  fuch  man 
ftlMolk.  without  confulting  him,  fbnt  to  tell  him,  that  if  he  did 
alter  his  conduct,  he  would  oblige  him  to  rejign  the  cap 
ink-Jiand;  which  were  the  marks  of  his  dignity  and  pow« 
Nezdm,  nettled  £t  this  menace,  anfwered,  that  the  cap  wi 
he  wore,  andthepqft  he  poffeffed,  werefo  united  to  the  crown  a* 
throne  by  the  eternal  decree  .of  providence,  that  tbofe  fm 
things  could  notfubfift  -without  each  other..   This  anfwer,  the/ 
bold,  will  admit  of  a  good  meaning  a  but  it  was  altered  \ 
the  meflenger,  who  was  in  the  Soltana's  intereft,  in  fuch 
manner,  that  Malek  Shdh,  exafperated  to  the  laft  degree,  <j 
prived  the  Wazir  of  his  employment  that  inftant,  and  gave 
Co  Taj  al  Molk  Kami,  chief  of  the  Soltana's  counsellors  • 
ft  commiffion  to  examine  into  the  mifmanagements  of  his 
deceflbr", 
tteeaufi       According  to  Ahmed  Ebn  Mohammed,   author  of 
if  it.         NighiariftAn,  the»caufe  of  the  Wazir's  .difgrace  was  his 
Mowiad  al  Molk,  who  had  been  made  fecretary  of  flan 
turning  out  Adib,  the  firft  clerk  in  the  office,  an  exceUetf 
writer,  though  put  in  by  the  Soltan's  order;  and  anfweriq 
when  Makk  Shah  fent  tp  have  him  reftored,  that  he 
Jworn  never  to  employ  that  man ;  and  believed  the  Solt&n 
not  have  him  be  guilty  of  perjury*     The  Soltan  replied, 
anger,  if  Mowiad  hasfworn  not  to  employ  Adib,  /  have 
no  fuch  oath  ;  much  lefs  have  Ifworn  to  continue  Mowiad 
his  employment :    and  at.  the  fame  time  ordered  Adib  to  be 
made  fecretary  in  his  room.      Mowiad  after  that,    having 
commenced  a  violent  profecution  againft  one  of  Malek  Sh$i 
chief  officers,  that  prince  fent  the  Wazir  word,  that  he  coS 
no  longer  bear  the  tnfolence  of  his  fins  ;   and  that,  unlefi  Oj 
jfop  was  put  to  it,  he  Jhould  be  obliged  to  take  the  govern* 
ment  of  the  Jlate  out  of  his  hands.     It  was  o&  this  occafioi 

*  Kond.  jip.  DUerb.  p.  543,  art.  Malek  Schah. 

(D)  Kondamir  calls  him  San-     fet  up,  'On  the  death  of  her  Iiut 
jar ;  but  it  mud  be  a  tnrflake    band, 
for  Mabmud,  whom  the  Soltana 

that 


C.  i.  Third  Soltan,  Malefc  Shah.*    •  i t% 

facN*zam  Al  Molk  made  the  anfwer  before  related,  which 
jiraght  on  his  fudden  remove0.  >> 

L  ABU'L-FARAJ  writes,  that  the  Waxir's  difgrace  was 
jfcecocfequence  of  a  very  infolent  anfwer  (E)  which  he  fent 
pe  Scltan ;  who  refented  the  ill  treatment   given  by  his 
wndfon  {fon  of  the  governor  of  MarwaJ-  to  one  of  his 
Hnripal  flaves  P. 

Whatever  the  caufe  was,  Nez&tn  alMolk,  after  his  re- #,/,<-/&£ 
love,  followed  the  court,  which  juft  at  that  time  fet  out finated. 
w  BaghdAd;  and,  being  gotten  as  far  as  Ndhaivdnd,  a  boy 
'  the  Batinifi  feft,  approaching  him  under  pretence  of  beg-" 
or  othefwife,  (tabbed  him  with  a  knife,  by  the  pro- 
irement  of  Taj  Ebn  Molk  Kami  (F),  who  fucceeded  him  in 
Wazlrfhip  ;  of  which  wound  he  died  foon  after,x  in  the 
485  ;    agid  93  years  (G).     His  corps  was  carried  back    A.  D. 
Ift&h&n,  where  it  was  buried  with  pomp.  togz. 

MIRKOND  writes,  that  Nezam  al  Molk  (H),  when  hot  Hit  cha- 
pel ve  years  old,  knew  all  the  Kortn ;  and,  when  very  young, ra£er. 
jquired  fo  great  a  knowlege  of  the  civil  law,  according  to 
principles  of  Shafey  (I),  that  he  gained  the  admiration  of 
Cry  body.  As  he  was  very  learned,  he  no  fooner  got  into 
NJtarity  than  he  took  men  of  letters  under  his  patronage  ; 
raiding  honfes  and  colleges  for  them  in  the  cities  of  Bagh- 
H  Bafrabj '  Herat,  and  Ifp&h&n.  But  the  moft  grand  mo 
jment  left  by  him  is  the  famous  college  of  Saghddd,  called, 
er  him,  Medraffat  annezamiyat  ;  which  hath  produced 
lie  of  the  moft  learned  men  of  their  time. 

As  an  inftance  to  what  a  high  pitch  of  dignity,  authority,  Honours 
i  efteem,  Nezam  al  Molk  was  rifen,  the  fame  author  relates  ;^M'<*  him 
it  when  Malck   Shah  went  to  Baghdad,   to  be  crowned 
t  the  Khalifah  Al  R&dhi,  to  render  the  ceremony  more  fo- 
he  fummoned  all  the  doftors  of  die  law,  and  other' 
Mrned  men,  within  the  Mohammedan  dominions,  to  be  pre* 
at  it.    Being  ailembled,  he  ordered  them  to  go  on  foot 

,»D*Hbrb.  p.  654,  art.  Nazham  AlMolk.    •        p  AbuYf. 
.  237. 

(E)  To  the  purpofe  of  that    after  he  had  ferved  the  Soitins 
■cady  recited,  but  more  bold,      thirty  years. 

(F)  According  to   the   Leb-         { H)  Nezam  al  Molk,  a)  the    • 
Urikb,  it  was  done  by  the  com-  Perfians,  and  Naxam  al  Molk, 
feud  of  Hajfan  Sab  ah,    who  as  the  Arabs  pronounce  it,  fig. 
•as  prince  of  the  affafTma,  as  nifies  the  ornament  of the  fi ate. 
lath  been  obferved  in  a  former        (I)    One  of  the  dodors,  or 
rate.  heads    of    the  principal  (e&s 

[G}  Abulfaraj  fays,  p.  77,     among  the  Mohammedans. 

from 


from  h&  pdtae  m  the  weftern  part  of  the  dtff  to-  pay  tW 

^  /£*      compliments  in  a  body  to  the  Khaiifah,  whole  imperial  pala 

jiAafifab.  was  kt  the  eafterft  part*    y*  *&#«,  being  informed,  thitth 

Warned  troop  waft  coming  to  faiute  him,  with  Nexam  dAk 

At  thafr.  head,  font  his  officers  to  meet  theab ;  and  ocderd 

that  the  Warir  alooe  (hould  advance  on  hofrfe-fcsck.    Whq 

they  appeared  before  the  Khalifah,  he  commanded  a  ftat  to<| 

placed  for  the  Wazir,  and  made  him  fit  down}  white  aft  df 

ether  doftors  flood,  on  his  right  and  left  :  but  what  ftillaoi 

.    farprtzod  them  w*sj  that  he  honoured  JNfezdb  with  aveft(IJ 

and-  conferred  on  him  the  title  of  horned*  jtxft>  and  durtm 

of  the  (hminions  of  Radhi,   Khalifah  of  the  Moflemr:  faj 

tffl  then,   thofe  fpirirual  monarchs  never  gave  any  tide  4 

dignity,  which  belonged  to  themfelves,  to  any  of  the*  wl 

nlfters.  i 

Hss  h&*>       The  liberality  whkh  this  great  man  excrcifcd,  fafttyij 

rality*       banted  his  other  rare  qualities :    for,  in  the  firft  prom 

which  MMek  Shdh  made  through  his  dominions,  he  diflq 

feuted  among  the  poor,  oat  of  his  awn  coders,  no  Iris  id 

380,000  crowns*.  I 

His  origin.     As  to  the  original  of  Nodham  or  Nezam  ai  Motk>  wbok 

mme  was  Hoffttn>  'tis  Grid,  he  was- the  ion  of  apeafanr,  i 

T&ft>  (or  Mq/hbid),  who  learned  the  Avobtir,  and  was  f 

tary  to  Bojje*,  lord  of  8Mb  :  but  that  prince  ufiiig  him  i 

he  fled  to  Jbgri  Beg-(L)  Bawd  at  Mawa ;  who  made  I 

preceptor  to  his  fon  Olb  Ar/Ukn.     His  way  was,  when 

great  men,  either  in  church  or  ftate,  came  to  vifit  him, 

rife,  and  then  fit  down  again  ;   but,  a  certain  poor  man  1 

learning- coming  one  day,,  he  rofe  to  meet  him,  and  phcL 

Wiwm  his  feat.     Being  afterwards  afked,.  why  he  made  tial 

difference  ?  he  anfwered,  that  the  great  folks ,  of  both  &ri| 

when  they  come,  praife  him -far  excellencies:  which  did  notm 

long  to  h'tm\  and  this  feeds  his  vanity  and  pride ;  -whereas  tm 

other  perfon  puts*  him*  in  ntmdr  of  his  faults^  and  whaPnm  M 

did  amifs;  which  made  him  humble,  and  refletl  on  many  f&\ 

ings-ht  was  fubjetl  to.    His  hard  fate  was  lamented*  by  mtif 

of  the  poets  of  that  time.  ! 

Malek  After  the  aflaflination  of  Nezhn  al  Molk,  Malek  SUk 

jShAhV      proceeded  to  Baghdad;  where  being  arrived,  he^weatahont*, 

death.        jng,  on  tfje  third  of  Shawal)  and;  eating  fome  of  the  flefc" 

of  the  game,  returned  fick.    A  vein  being  opened,  but  Ikdt 

blqod  came,  out ;  whkh  increafed  his  iUnefs  to  a  bnrnbf • 

*  Mirk.  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  543,  &  feq.  art;  Malek  ShAh, 

(K)  Called  Kaftan.  (L}Or,  as  othets,  f*f#  Btg. 

fevcri 


£»  <.  third  S*ltd*y  Malek  SWJu  Mj 

<favi  (b  tfat  he  died  about  the  middle  of  the  feme  month7. 
We  than  eighteen  dayf  after  Nezhfi  al  Molt,  opprefled 
ji  vqtations ' .  He  lived  thirty- feven  years  and  five  months  3 
yjdcb  b?  reigned  twenty,  and  fome  months  over *. 
r^B  Greek  hiftorians  relate,  that  this  Saltan,  whom  yet  Greeks, 
r  do  not  name,  was  aflailinated.  They  tell  us,  that  Tututcnmtfidfe* 
74  odd^iuJ^t  Tatafl),  his  brother,  having  flam  Atrtr 
mfa  (4s  above  related),  and  h*s  fon-in-law,  refolved  to 
w  the  Scjtau  alfo,  before  he  fhould  flrengthen  himfelf  by 
aHumoe  with  the  Roman  emperor  :  that,  for  this  purpole, 
t  hired  twelve  Kaftans,  being  certain  afTaflins,  fo  called  by 
;  Per/tans *  ^bo,  going  to  the  palace,  found  that  prince 
liquor,  and*  pretending  they  had  fomething  to  fay  to  him 
his  brother,  as  foon  as  the  guards  were  withdrawn^ 
d  him  with  their  poniards :  that  they  were  ail  put  to 
deaths ;  which,  on  fuch  occafions,  this  kind  of  people 
in  u,  'Tis  eafy  to  fee,  that  the.  murder  of  the  Wazlr  is 
applied  to  the  Soltan.  Poflibly  there  was  fucji  a  rumour 
fixfl;  and  that  prince's  death  happening  fo  near  the  time  of 
j  miniJter's,  might  favour  the  miftake. 

However  that  be*  Hamdallah  Mfjt&fi  has  committed  1  Blunder  of 
iter  blunder  than  this,    ge  tells  a  formal  ftory  here,  thatMefttifc 
Saltan,  in  his  fecond  progrefs  round  his  dominions,  fall- 
into  an  ambufcade  of  Greeks,  was  carried  to  the  emperor^ 
had  advanced  to  the  borders  with  a  powerful  army : 
not  being*  known  to  thofe  who  took  him,  NezAm  at,   * 
r,  on  notice  thereof,  immediately  feigned  an.  embaily  ta 
emperor  -,  who,  at  his  departure,  made  him  a  prefent  of 
prHbners*  as  he  expe&ed  1   that,  afterwards,   the  twa     % 
ies  coming  to  a  battle,  the  emperor  was  taken  prifoner  ;, 
prefcotlyrreftored  to  hie  liberty,  without,  ranfom  ;  laftly^ 
t  dying  foon  after,.  Malek  ShAh  fubdped.  part  of  his  do- 
!ms,  and  gave  the  government  thereof  to  his  coufittjoley- 
fon  of  Kololmijh  *.  *  Tis  plain,  that  the  emperor  here* 
ted  was  Romanus  Diogenes :  for  we  read  of  no  other 


1 


Creek  emperor  who  was  taken  by  the  Seljf&k  Sokans ;  and, 
toviieqnently,  the  author;  has  confounded  Malek  Sh&k  with 
lift  predeceffor  Alp  Arjl&n. 

Soltan  Malek  Sh&b,  as  to  his  perfbn,  was  very  hand- Malek 
fgjtt,  both  ia  fhape  and  features,  befidea  being  exceeding  Shah'/ 

ia  his  behaviour  V    To  give  his  dm  qjjaw&er  ;  hg^baraBerZ 


f  Abu'la  p.  23$*  &fe<£        .  *  D'Herb.  p.  544,  ubLfdp.. 
Im»  Amid,  p.  354*  u  Ann.  Comiibhi  in  Alec.  1.  *k 

IK  w  ilKMO.    MlSTVU.  TaHI**  GttVaiMUI.   ftp* 

Herb.  p.  543.  *  D'Hjub*  p.  444* 

3  Jfar 


tit  *  £fc*Seljuks  &f  Ifktu  ft.t 

was  an  excellent  prince,  wife,  liberal,  couragedus ;  had  fin 
*    parts ;  was  remarkable  for  his  fincerity  and  piety.    He  re- 
duced the  taxes,  and  put  a  flop  to  other  vexations  ;  repaired 
bridges,  high  roads,  and  canals ;  erefted  the  templeof  Bagh 
ddd,  called  the  Masjed  of  the  Soltdn ;  alfo  the  Hani/eon  col- 
lege (M),  near  the  chapel  of  the  prelate  AM  Hanifah,  in  tbd 
quarter  of  the  city  called  Refdfa,  and  endowed  it  nobly.     He 
likewise  built  markets  and  towns*    He  made  great  conquefts; 
reducing  under  his  power  all  the  country  from  the  borders 
Of  Turkejten  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  Tamman  (N).     He  made; 
the  roads  fecure,  and  every  thing  plenty  in  alt  places.    He 
was  a  terror  to  bad  men,  and  a  fupport  to  the  innocent,  the 
widow,  and  the  poor  ;  who  had  always  juftice  done  them  m 
his  courts  y. 
Travels         This  Soltan  took  great  delight  in  travelling ;  and  'tis  n> 
*nd  pit-     ported,  that  he  made  the  tour  of  his  dominions,  though  ft 
,gr image,    very  extenfive,   as  hath  been  related,    no  fewer  than  tea 
times  *.     HanidoUlah  MeJUjfi%  before  cited,  relates,  that  Mold 
Hej.  481.*^  made  the  pilgrimage  to  Mekka  in  481  (O),  with  an  i 
A.  D.    credible  expence :    for,  befides  aboliftiing  the  ufual  tribe 
MC88.    which  the  pilgrims  paid,  he  laid  out' very  great  fums  in  build*! 
ing  towns  in  the  defart ;  where  he  ordered  a  great  nu 
wells  and  citterns  to  be  made,   and  water  to  be  con?  w 
to  them  from  all  fides.     He  likewife  commanded  plenty  < 
provifions  to  be  carried,  for  fubfiflence  of  the  pilgrims  ; 
distributed  immenfe  fums  among  the  poor,  with  an  unparaP] 
leled  liberality  a. 
Tend  of        ^ut  -M^*  Sbdh's  greateft  paffion  was  for  hunting. 
hunting.    l^P*  47>000  horfes  for  his  ordinary  guard,  and  the  chace  ( 
in  which  he  fpent  a  good  deal  of  time.     'Tis  faid,  that  i 
every  beaft  which  he  killed  himfelf,  he  gave  a  piece  of  j 
to  the  poor :  and  it  happened  fometimes  that  he  flew  a  j 


y  Ebn  Amid,  p.  354. 
•  D'Herb.  p.  542. 


*  Kond.  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  54 


(M)  Kondamr  fays,  he  or- 
dered colleges,  hofpitals,  and 
,  houfes  of  pleafure,  to  be  built 
in  feveral  parts  of  his  domi- 
nions.    D'Heri.  p.  544. 

(N)  Tamman  is  the  country  we 
Call  Arabia  faelix.  KcndanUr 
fays,  his  dominions  extended 
from  AntidJtb  to  Urtend  (or  Uz- 
kend),  a  city  of  Turkiftdn.  Dy 
Beri.  p.  542. 


(O)  According  to  the 
tarikhy  he  performed  the 
grimage  in  Hejrah  479. 

(P)  According  to  the 
tarikby  he  kept  a  {lauding  arm] 
of  48,000  horfe  always  on  foot) 
who  had  lands  allotted  the 
for  their  maintenance,  thacthq 
might  not  fee  burthenfomc 
the  people. 

1  njanj. 


C.l  Third  $okdn>  Malek,  Shih*  1*9 

piny.  Id  fhort,  /l£i&Jt  Shdh  is  acknowleged  to  have  been 
0e  greateft  prince  among  the  Sefftkians ;  whether  we  confix 
lltr  his  conqucfts,  the  extent  of  his  dominions,  or  his  mag- 
rifioence,  liberality,  and  other  virtues. 

Hw  ambition  feems  to  have  be6n  very  moderate  :   for  htprrtinctt 
0pokd  of  great  part  of  his  dominions,  in  his  life-time,  among  ^r <ven. 
J  fis  relations  and  domefties.     He  gave  to  his  coufm  Soleymdn>  away 
im  of  Kotobnifb,  the  country  of  itfm,  or  What  he  had  taken 
from  the  Greek  emperor,  extending  from  the  'Euphrates  a 
great  vay  into  Afia  minor  ;  of  which  part  AzzerttH  was  then 
the  capital.    He  eftabliihed,  or  reftored,  Soltan  Shdh,  fon  ofyMalek 
IhuvikkKaderd,  before-mentioned,  in  Kerman,  or  the /Vr- Shah. 
Jm  Caramania ;  of  which  he  was  the  fecond  Sef/ik  Soltan. 
He  gave  part  of  Syria  to  his  brother  Tebs  ( QJ  ;  Karazm 
j  to  Tifbtekkin ;  the  country  of  Halep,  or  AUppo,  to  Ahfankori 
4hat  of  Mufol  to  ChagMrmiJb  (R) ;  and  Mardin  to  Katmtar. 
'  Some  of  the  above-mentioned  ftates  became  reunited  in 
fee  to  the  dominions  of  the  family  of  Molek  Shdh,   and 
fibers  remained  in  the  families  of  thofe  to  whom  he  gave 
femb. 

!    We  rouft  not  conclude  this  reign,  without  giving  fome  ac- Jalilean 
[loom  of  the  TawarikalJaWi,  or  the  Jalalean  kalendar,  already  kalendar, 
*"    ooned;  which  is  a  correction  of  the  Perftan  kalendar, 
made  by  order  of  Molek  Shdh,  and  afterwards  by  Soltan 
f-ddUfn  Mankberni,  fon  of  Mohammed  Karazrh  Shdh. 
The  Malekean  epocha  begins,  according  to  fome,  on  Sun* 
to  the  fifth  day  cfShebdn,  or  the  eighth  month,  in  the  year 
MtiteHejrah  464  (anfwering  to  that  of  Cbtift  tof\)  (S)j 
monfing  to  others,  on  Friday  the  tenth  of  Ramadhin  (ot 
[fciainth  month)  in  471  (or  of  Chriji  1078)  (T).     So  that 
is  a  difference  of  1097  days.     The  caufe  of  this  dif* 
t  was  unknown  to  our  author  Ulugh  Beg.    According 
the  fecond,  and  moft  received,  opinion,  the  year  which  id 
begins  on  that  day  in  which,  at  noon,  the  fun  enters  Aries f 
«nd  the  months  are  reckoned  from  the  paflage  of  the  fan  account 
throng!  the  feveral  figns :  however,  they  confift  of  no  mxttfit* 
Mtta  thirty  days  each  ;  but  five  are  added  to  the  laft  month, 
tad  a  day  intercalated  every  four  years.    But  when  the  in- 

b  IVHEfcB.    p.  544. 

JQJ  This  is,  doobtlefs,  a  (R)  Or  Jtfahnfi. 

Make  in  the  copy  for  Tatajh,  (S)  Beginning  Wcautfaay,  it 

kf  mifplacing   the   diacritical  of  September ■* 

puts.  Tata/b,  or  Tutus,  vs.the  .     (T)  Beginning  Saturday,  July 

Grub  write,  is  the  fame  with  rj. 
tjMmlat. 

Mod.Hiit,  VollV.  K  tercalatio* 


l3o  &>i  Seljtiks  of  Mn.  B. 

.  tercalation  comes  to  be  made  fix  or  feyen  times,  the  leap- 
is  put  off  to  the  fifth  year.  The  JalMean  year  confifts  o| 
365  days,  5  hours,  49.  15'.  o"\  48  ";  and  is  truly  tropi1 
cal,  mod  exattly  correfponding  with  the  motion  of  the  fun 
for  the  fixth,  and  fometimes  the  feventh,  leap-year  * 
transferred  to  the  fifth  year,  the  equinoxes  and  folftices  be 
come  conftantly  fixed  to  the  fame  days  of  the  month,  Thi 
form  of  the  year  was  contrived  that  the  Ncwr&z,  or  new 
year's-day,  might  always  fall  on  the  fame  day  c. 

c  Ultjc.  Beich.  epoch  celebr.   p.  38.    Bbveudci  infill 
chronol.  p.  45: 

SECT.    VII. 

¥be  reign  of  Barkiarok. 

4/A  Saltan  J\/fdLEK  Shah  left  four  fons,  Barkiarok,  Mohammed,  San 
Barkia-  ** ^  j&r,  and  Mahmdd;  which  laft  he  appointed  for  his  fuc 
rok  ceflbr,  though  but  five  years  (A)  and  ten  months  old.  This 

done  by  the  management  of  his  wife  Turk&n  Khatin,  and  th 

Wazlr  TajoHMolk-,   who,   concealing   the  Soltan's   death 

carried  his  corps  out  of  Baghddd;    and,    by  diftributin 

money,  got  the  army  to  take  the  oath  to  her  fon.    TheKha 

lifah  alfo  ordered  his  name  to  be  publiflied  in  the  pulpits 

and,  fending  him  the  enfigns  of  inveftiture,  he  was  cloatho 

with  the  Soltan's  Kaftan,  or  veft,    the  crown  put  on  1 

head,  and  the  fword  girt  to  his  fide.     On  this  occafion  it 

obferved,  that  never  prince  fo  young  behaved  with  bette 

grace ;  and  that,  after  the  Kalifah's  Wazlr,  who  performo 

the  ceremony,  had  made  him  his  mailer's  compliments,  * 

returned  thanks  for  the  favours  received  in  a  very  handfom 

manner.    As  foon  as  the  ceremony  was  over,  the  Saltan 

went  to  Nahrawan  and  encamped  \ 

proclaimed  '  While  Mahmud  was  crowned  at  Baghdad,  Abu9 1  Modbaf 

*t  Ifpa-  for  Kdjfem,  called  Barkiarok,  was  acknowleged  for  legal  foe 

tin*         ceflbr  at  Ifpah&n,  where  he  then  was :   with  whom  maa] 

joined,  as  being  the  eldeft  fon  of  Malek  Shah,  and  becaufi 

he  was  thought  more  capable  of  governing  the  ftate  than 

child  and  a  woman. 

Hereupon  Turkan  Khatin%  who  was  a  woman  of  _ 
fpirit  as  Well  as  understanding,  marched. thither;  from  Nahn 
vj&n,  with  fuch  diligence  that  (he  furprized  him  in  that  city, 
which  fhe  took :  but  fome  domeftics  of  the  late  Nez&m 

»  Abu'lf.  p.  239.    Ebn  Amid,  p.  355.  &feq. 

(A(  Abulfaraj  fays  but  four  years  old, 

2-;  •?:•/,  MA 


,C  2,  Fourth  Soltin%  Barkiarok.  13 1 

^M  found  means  for  him  to  efcape  out  of  his  mother-in-  Taken  \  but 
law's  hands,   and  retire  to  Shiraz ;   where  refided  Takafhe/capes. 
TMn,  who  had  been  niade  Atabek,   that    is,    lieutenant- 
^  general  of  P&rs,  or  Proper  Perjia,  by  Malek  Shih  K 
I     That  grateful  prince  not  only  gave  him  prote&ion,  but  Proclaim* 
jflondu&ed  him  to  Ray9  one  of  tlie  capitals  of  Irdk;  where  he^/a/Ray. 
ffadhhnacknowlegedthe  rightful  fucCeflbr*  At  the  fame  time 
^fae  Soltana  caufed  her  fdn  Mahm&d  to  be  crowned  at  Ifpdhin$ 
ftbe  other  Capital,  and  fent  troops  to  purfue  Barkiarok  :   but 
y  of  them  going  over  to  his  fide,  he  defeated  the  reft, 
ong  the  prifoners  taken  on  this  occafion  was  Tdjol  Molk 
mi;  who,  being  brought  to  the  Soltan,  the  friends  of 
predeceilbr  flew  him.     He  was  a  Perfian,  endowed  with 
y  virtues,  and  excellencies  of  every  kind:    but' all  his 
qualities  were  defaced  by  the  murder  of  Nadham  e. 
After  this  Barkiarok  marched  to  Ifpdhdn,  and  befieged  Mahmfid 
brother,  with  an  army  of  20,000  men.     Turk&n  KhatunS'Jig**- 
the  people  ready  to  revolt  from  her,  came  to  an  ac- 
ation  :  by  which  Mahmud  and  fhe.  were  left  in  pof-" 
m  of  Ifp&htbn,  and  its  dependencies,  on  condition  he  di- 
"  with  Barkiarok  the  treafure  of  his  father,  which  was  in 
city. 
The  Soltin,  having  received  for  his  fhare  500,000  dinars  f£s  tra» 
gold,  raifed  the  fiege,  and  turned  his  arm's  towards  ffa-  then  r*. 
where  one  of  his  uncles,  named  Ifmael>  commanded;  W. 
allured  by  the  Soltana,  with  hopes  of  marriage,  had 
le  war  upon  his  nephew.     The  two  armies,  which  were 

equal,  met,  in  486,  near  that  city;  where,  after  anHej.  486. 
tte  battle,  Ifmael  was  defeated ;  and,  being  taken  by    A.  D. 
enemy,  (lain  by  them.     The  fame  year  Takajh  Sh&h9  fon  •  1093. 
tf Jrflin  Shihy  another  of  Barkiarok*  s  uncles,  declared  war 
gaioft  him ;  and,  having  a  much  greater  force,  obliged  him  to 
aire  towards  Ifp&h&n,  where  he  was  very  kindly  received  by 
brother  Soltan  MahmM,  whofe  mother  was  then  dead. 
But  thofe  of  Mabm&£$  party,  judging  the  opportunity  of  Seized  i 
ncing  his  affairs  ought  not  to  be  flipped,  feized  his  bro-*"*  efcatett 
;  and,  'tis  faid,  orders  were  aftually  given  to  deprive* 
of  fight,  when  Mahmud,  being  taken  with  the  fmaJl 
died  in  a  few  days.     Hereupon  Barkiarok  was  fet  at 
ty,  and  foluted  emperor,  by  the  very  people  who  juft 
before  would  have  ruined  him.     Being  by  this  .unexpected 
itctident  feated  a  fecond  time  on  the  throne,  he  chofe  for  hisMowiad 
Wazir,  or  prime  minifter,  •  Mowiad  aJ  Moik  (fon  of  Nezdmmad'  W** 
I  ,  .    ',    .     -  zir. 

k  Kond.  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  185,  art.  Barkiarok.  *  Kond. 

ikifupr.  p.  188,     Abu'lf.  p.  239.  &  feq.  '.  •'■- 

K  %  at 


13* 


Crowned 
at  Bagh- 
did. 
Hej.487 

A.  D. 

1094. 


X* btl  un- 
cles Jlain. 

t 

Hej.  490. 

*  A.D. 

1096. 


Tatafti 


J-fe  Selj&ks  4/  Iran.  HI. 

xti  Molk),  mentioned  in  the  former  reign :  but,  in  a  littk 
time,  through  fome  diitruft,  the  Soltan  turned  him  out,  and 
put  his  brother  Takr  al  Mdk  in  his  place  4. 

In  487  Turk&n  KhatAn  died  (B),  and  Barkiarok  marchiqg 
to  Bagbddd,  had  his  name  mentioned  in  the  pulpits,  and  th* 
title  of  Rakno'Mn  given  to  him  by  the  Khallfah e :  he  alfo 
.  aflumed  that  of  Amir  at  Monuntn,  which  no  prince  befa 
Malek  Sh&b  had  been  honoured  with.    Having  fettled  his  a 
fairs,  he  applied  himfelf  intirely  to  war.     His  firft  expediti 
Was  againft  Tak&fb  his  coufin-german,  who  fome  time  1 
had  driven  him  to  the  extremes  above-mentioned ;  and, 
ter  feverai  battles  fought  between  them,  Takafb  was  at  1 
(lain  (C).     After  this  he  marched  into  Kborafdn,  where  \ 
JUn  Sb&h,  father  of  Tak&fk>  who  commanded  there,  had  i 
.  Aderable  troops :   but  he  was  delivered  from  his  enemy  1 
another  of  his  fons  (D),  who  committed  that  parricide,  i 
order  to  fdze  his  father's  government :  yet  was  difapp 
ed ;  for  Barkiarok,  being  thus  become  mailer  of  it,  gavcj 
to  his  brother  SanjAr,  and  returned  to  Ir&k  f . 

BARKIAROK  had  ftill  another  uncle  to  vanquifh 
fore  he  cduld  be  at  reft  ;  and  that  was  Taj  oddawlat  Tat^ 
fovereign  or  king  of  Damajhu,  and  moil  part  of  Syria\ 
This  afpiring  prince,  as  Toon  as  he  heard  of  his  brothec 
Malek  Shah's  death,  ordered  the  Kotbah  to  be  made  in  ."* 
name ;  and  fent  to  Moktadi,  to  defire  that  the  lame 
be  done  at  Baghdad;  but  the  Khallfah  refuiing,  he  ; 
to  Rahaba  (or  RabbaL  on  the  Euphrates,  and  took  it. 
upon  Kafrnar  oddawlat  (or  Ak  SankarJ  (E),  (whom 


<*  Kond.  ubi  fup.  p.  1 85,  188.  •  Ebn  Amid,  p.  3 

Abu'lf.  p.  240.  f  Kond.  ap.  D*Herb.  p.  185  &  544, 

Barkiarok  k  Malek  Schih. 


(B)  Ebn  Am\i  makes  her  die 
before  Mabmud:  faying,  that, 
on  her  death,  the  army  deferted 
from  him  to  Barkiarok ;  and 
Chat,  on  his  approach,  he  q\xk- 
Xc&BugbddJ. 

(C)  Abu  If  or aj,  p.  240,  fays, 
he  was  fmothered  under  water, 
and  one  of  his  fons  (lain  at  the 
fame  time.  He  alfo  makes  him 
Che  uncle  of  Barkiarok.  If  fo, 
he  muft  be  the  fame  T*kdjfo9 
who,  according  to  Ebn  Amid, 
rebelled  againlf  his  brother  Ma- 
le* Slab  ten  years  before,  as 


hath  been  related.  If  not,  Ajl 
bulfaraj  muft  have  afcribed  19 
the  fon  both  the  name  aa« 
death  which  ^belonged  to  tUJ 
father.  1 

(D)  According  to  Abulfarau 
Soltan  Arfldn  Argun  (as  he  cafljjl 
him)  was  (lain  \y  one  of  hft 
domeftics,  in  490,  to  free  mm* 
kind  from  his  irtjuftice.  ' 

(E)  This  muft  bte  the  fame 
with  Ik  Sankar,  or  Ak  Sawiar, 
hereafter^mentioned,  to  whom 
Malek  Shah  gave  the  city. 

sbii 


G*;  Fourth  SoUdny  Barkiarok.  153 

Skih  had  made  governor  of  Halep,  after  lie  had  taken  it  from    A.  D. 
tk  brother  Taj  oddawlat  J y  fubmitted  to  this  latter1.     But,     1093. 
«M#6,  going  over  to  Barkiarok* s  fide,  Taj  oddawlat  fought 
[j&eral  battles  with  him  ;  who  at  length  was  (lain. 
P\  Bt  this  means  Tatajb  becoming  lord  of  Halep,  he  pre-  vanquijh- 
d  to  march  into Irdk.  Accordingly,  in  488,  Barkiarok  met  «t  *»/ 
near  Ray ;  where  a  bloody  battle  was  fought,  in  which  hi&A**- 
"mis  uncle  was  (kin.     Taj  oddawlat,  before  the  engage*  ™jJ-  4M. 
had  fent  Tw/^  fan  of  0rfa*,  the  7urirro4it,  before-men-    A#  D* 
,  to  get  him  proclaimed  Soltan  at  Bagbddd;  but  Tufif,    I09S? 
j  of  his  matter's  death,  fled  back  to  Hakp  \     The 
hiftorians  petition  the  death  of  Tatajb,  or  Tutus,  as 
call  him.    They  fay,  that  Pufan,  who  had  been  fent  by 
Soltan  againft  Apd  Kafem  (or  Abu  I  Kajfem)  at  Nice)  as 
as  he  heard  of  his  mailer's  death,  marched  toward* 
*afibi,  againft  Tutus,  and  wasflain  in  battle :  That,  after 
Tutus  expefted  to  be  acknowleged  Soltan;  but,  being 
by  Barkiarok,  the  late  Sol  tan's  fon,   was  routed,  and 
'.    According  to  this  account  Puttn  ftiould  be  Kafinar 
vlat  Ak  Sanker,  or  Ik  Sanker. 
~$ARKIAROK,  whofe  reign  was  a  feries  of  rebellions,  Another 
00  fooner  freed  from  one,  but  another  arofe.     Mowiad,rtbcllion^ { 
the  time  of  his  being  turned  out  of  the  WazirQiip,  did 
atmpft  to  revenge  his  dHgrace,  by  fomenting  new  trou-  * 

He  began  by  fpiriting-up  Anzdr,  who  was  formerly 
to  Malek  Shah,  and  had  a  great  influence  in  the  pro- 
of Irdk.  He  enabled  him  to  fet  a  confiderable  arm/ 
foot ;  and  Anzdr  might  have  given  the  Soltan  much  trou- 
,  if  he  had  not  been  taken  off  by  an  affaffin,  in- the  chy 
Sawa ;  where  he  was  already  advanced  to  give  his  fove- 
battle,  Mawtad,  after  this,  applied  himfelf  to  Moham-  Mohan* 
brother  of  Barkiarok  (who  had  given  him  but  a  finall"?** rtm 
of  his  father's  dominions,  in  the  province  of  Adherbijan)> 
never  ceafed  urging  him  till  he  had  taken  up  arms  againft 
brother  k.  Mohammed  (furnamed  Gayatho'ddtnJ  and  San- 
jtr  were  Malek  Sbdh's  children,  by  the  fame  venter.  Mo* 
homed,  after  his  father's  death*  followed  the  intereft  of  hist 
fctther  Mahmid\  and,  after  the  battle,  whieh  the  latter 
tt,  obtained,  from  Barkiarok,  Hamkha  (F),  and  its  depend^ 
ends*  for  his  fupport :  to  which  place  he  retired '» 

Thu 

*  Ebb  Amid,  p.  356.  *  Ebn  Am>d,  p.  360.    Abu'lf. 

f.  241.        *  Ann.  Comnen.  in  Alex.  1.  6.  c.  11.        k  Koni>. 
tp.  D'Hcrb.  p.  186,  art  Barkiarok.         *Ebn  Amid„  p.  364. 

(F)  We  know  no  fuch  place.    According  to  Kendamr;  Mr 

K  1  banmef 


134  tfAf.Seljuks  of  Idn.  .r  B.X 

Barkia-         Thi£  prince  fet  forward  in  492  to  difpute  the  fovereigntj 

rokjlUs.  Vith  his  brother ;  and,  although  he  had  only  a  finall  armj 

H*}'  492at  firft,  yet  it  foon  became  formidable,  by  the  great  credit 

.3     and  influence  which  Mowiad  had  in  that  province.    At  thib 

9       time  the  lords  of  the  court,  being  incenfed  againft  Majorat 

al  Molk  Kiatni,  fuperintendant  of  the  finances,  by  whbfe  fen*; 

''•  gal  management  they  found  their  fakries  curtailed,  attacfccj 

his  houfe,  and  obliged  him  to  fly  for  refuge  to  the  Soltaft. 

The  Soltan  refilling  to  deliver  him  up  to  them,  they  toc£ 

the  palace  by  aflault ;  and,  cutting  Kiami  in  pieces,  woofcl 

have  treated  Barkiarok  in  the  fame  manner,  if  he  had  not 

efcaped  by  a  back-door  ;  abandoning  Irik  to  his  brother. 

JJpftedhy      MOHAMMED,    thus    jjoffeffed  of  a  great  dominie* 

Ayyajs,     without  ftriking  a  ftroke   (G),  made  Mowiad  al  Molk  \6k 

Wazir";    and  fent  an  ambaflador  to  Bagbddd,   to  get  hi» 

name  mentioned  in  the  Kotbab,  or  oration,  made  in  the  po$i 

Hej.  493.  pite  on  Fridays  :  but,  in  493,  Barkiarok,  repairing  thither, 

A.  D.    had  it  fupprefled.     Then,  aflembling  a  great  army,  marched 

1099*     to  meet  Mohammed :  who,  at  Mahdan9  defeated  him ;  BarB* 

'  arok  efcaping  with  only  fifty  horfe n.    Hereupon,  quitting  Ray't 

he  fled  to  Khdzeft&n  ;  where  Ayyaz,  formerly  (lave  to  MM 

SMh,  ruled  with  almoft  an  abfolute  fway  ° :  by  whofe  affift- 

ance  the  Soltan  found  himfelf  foonat  the  head  of  a  power* 

ful  army;  with  which,    in  494,  he  defeated  Mohammdti 

forces  in  feveral  engagements. 

defeats  bis      In  495  they  had  another  battle  :  but,  as  Barkiarok  hta 

brothers.    50,000  troops,  and  Mohammed  only  1 5,000,  the  latter  v*, 

Hci-  495*i>ut  to  flight.     Hereupon,  taking  his  way  to  Khorajfai,  ta 

A-  D.    feck  aid  of  king  Senjar,  he  flopped  at  Jorj&n.    Here  Senpt 

I  ' I01  •    coming  to  him  with  his  forces,  they  went  to  Dameg&n ;  what 

the  army  laid  wafle  the  country  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  the 

Inhabitants,  for  want  of  dogs  and  dead  animals,  eat  ouejm* 

other  p.     After  this,  marching  againft  Barkiarok,  they  wflr* 

put  to  flight ;  and  their  mother  being  made  captive,  was  ex* 

changed  for  the  prifoners  taken  before  by  Senjar. 

H^v  Ar\$.     Next  year  Soltan  Barkiarokbefiegcd  Mohammed in  Ifp&hJbi; 

A*  Dt    but  was  Obliged  foon  to  depart,  for  want  of  forage  and  pro* 


\LOi. 


m  Kond,  ubi  fupr.  p.  186,  &  feq.  n  Ebh  Amid,  p.  364* 

•  Kond.  ubifupr.  *  Apu'L*.  p.  243. 

bammed  refided   commonly  at         (G)  Ehn  Amid  fays,  Barki* 
Ganjeb,  a  city  of  Arran*  part    rok  fent  forces  againft  him ;  but 
of  Adberbijan,    near  the  river    that  they  went  over  to  him,  in- 
Kur,  and  the  borders  of  Geor-    Head  of  righting. 
gia. 

?  ifioQS, 


jC.f.  Fourth  Soltan  >  Barkiarok.  135 

|)*Ifims.    Mohammed  hereupon  raifed  troops,  and  met  his  . 
but,  being  defeated,  was  obliged  to  fly  into  Ar- 

It  is  obfervable,  that  the  Kotba  was  interchangeably  made 

i  Baghdad,  in  the  names  of  thofe  two  Soltans,  as  often  as 

f  had  the  advantage  one  of  the  other.    Of  fo  great  im- 

was  that  ceremony  thought  to  be  by  the  Mobatn- 

\  princes,  fo  long  as  the  race  of  the  Khalifahs  fubfifted  ; 

at  this  time,  they  were  no  more  than  Shadows  of 

at  they  had  been  formerly. 

Our  readers,  doubtlefs,  will  be  curious  to  know  what  bt-Tketrai- 
ct  Mowtad,  the  author  of  thefe  troubles.     We  fliall'*f  Mo«< 
fore  inform  them.    In  one  of  the  battles  above-men-™*1 

in  which  Barkiarok  had  the  advantage,  he  happened 
be  taken  prifoner :  but,  inftead  of  being  punifhed,  as  he  < 

he,  by  his  addrefs,  fo  gained  the  principal  lords  of 
1  court,  that  the  good-natured  Soltan, .  at  their  interceffion,  * 
donei  him,  and  afterwards  made  him  his  prime  Wazlr.  „^A  •  s 
rarer,  he  did  not  long  enjoy  that  poll :   for  one  day  Wa&r. 
rkiarok,  retiring  to  reft,  overheard  one  of  the  gentlemen 
his  bed-chamber,  who  thought  him  afleep,  faying  to  an- 
Theft  Seljukian  princes  are  of  a  nature  very  different 
that  of  moft  other  princes.     They  neither  know  how  to 
them/elves  feared,  nor  to  revenge  the  injuries  done  to         ' 
:  for  inftance,  added  he,  this  Mowtad,  who  has  been  the 
ife  of  Jo  many  evils,  is  promoted  by  the  Soltan  to  the  em* 
fit  of  Wazir,  as  a  reward  for  all  trcajbm. 
VBARK1AR0K,  touched  to  the  quick  with  thefe  reflec-p^  t9 
t  on  his  oonduft,  not  long  after,  lent  for  the  Wazir,  and  death. 
',  Mm  to  (it  down.     Then,  without  faying  any  thing 
with  one  ftroke  of  the  fcymitar,  which  he  held  in 
\  hand,  he  cut  Off  his  head,  with  fo  much  dexterity,  that 
^itmained  on  his  (houlders  till  the  body  fell.     This  done, 
\  faid  to  his  courtiers,  See  now  if  the  princes  of  my  houfe 
io  not  know  how  to  make  themfelves  feared,  and  take  venge- 
tnee  on  their  enemies. 

While  this  tragedy  was  afting  at  court,  the  armies  of  theTbe  empire 
Soltan  and  his  brother  often  fkirmifhed,  without  coming  to  divided. 
t general  engagement.     At  length,  in  498  (H),  a  treaty  wasHej.  498. 
concluded  ;  whereby  Mohammed  remained  mafter  of  the  pro-    A.  D. 
linces  of  Shim,  or  Syria  ;  Diydrbekr  al  Jazireh,  or  Mefopo-     1 104. 


*  Ebn  Amid,  p.  364,  &  feq, 

j  fays,  in  497. 
lits  Adberbijdn, 
Jrmema,  and  Georgia,   among 


(H)  Abu  If  or aj  fays,  in  497.    the  countries  yielded  to  Mo- 
He  likewife  omits  Adberbijdn,    hammed. 


K  4  UmU  1 


J 


famia;  Mufti,  Adherhijan,  Armenia*  and  Geerpa.  The 
reft  of  the  empire;  viz.  Pars,  Irik,  JCermdn%  Kboraffa^ 
Mawara'lnahr,  and  part  of  Bindowftdn,  were  to  be  pofieflfi| . 
by  Barkiarak  \  It  was  alfo  agreed,  that  Barkiarek  fhould  not ♦ 
go  to  meet  Mohammed  with  drums,  nor  be  named  in  the  pnl^ 
pits  along  with  him  in  the  countries  which  were  ceded  J 
hims. 

The  civil  wars,  which  for  (o  many  years  together  had  \ 
flitted  the  Seljikian  dominions,  being  thus  at  length  " 
«»  to  an  end,  by  a  partition  of  the  empire  between  the  f 

let  us  now  turn  our  ejes  towards  Syria,  and  fee  wh*t 
doing  there,  and  in  the  neighbouring  countries,  during  \ 
interval. 
Jfaxrs  of     As  foon  as  the  news  of  the  death  of  Taj  oddawkt, 
Syria.       °f  Syria  (who  was  flain  in  the  battle  againft  Barkiarok, 
hath  been  before  related),  came  to  the  ears  of  his  fon 
wan,  at  Dama/kus,  he  repaired  immediately  to  HaJep, 
took  pofleffion  of  it,  with  the  title  of  Taktfl  MM  ({#).    Hif  ^ 
*      brother  Dekdk  Shems  al  Molk  (I)  following  him  from  Di*  i 
yarhekr,  with  part  of  his  own  and  his  father's  army,  thee* 

Suht*8H  A*"* wit^  ^m-  ' Soon  *&***  receiving  letters  from  ^/dUM 
,4,  0/  Hadtm,   Taj  oddawlat's  lieutenant  of  the  caftle  of  Da*>\ 

He).  488,  *w/^,  he  flipped  away,  without  Redwdn'%  knowlege;  and*) 
A.  D.  though  body  purfued,  got  thither,  and  took  pofleffion  of  tiftx 
'  1094.  city.  Dekdk  made  Sdbtekkin  his  lieutenant,-*  to  govern  lytc 
ftate ;  but  foon  after  fet  in  his  place  Atabek  (K)  Tegtekktfa 
who  had  been  governor  before  both  of  it  and  Miyaferfat 
under  Taj  oddawiat,  and  preceptor  to  Dekdk  himfelf.  He ' 
was  taken  prifoner  at  the  batde  wherein  that  prince  loft  his 
life;  and,  efcaping  back,  was  received  with  great  honour* 
and  promoted  by  his  quondam  pupil,  as  hath  been  related }  - 1 
which  Sd&tekkin  (L)  refented  fo  highly,  that  JDaWiput  him  to  j 
death,  ■     -i 

Sons  of         In  489,  Dekdk  marching  with  his  troops  towards  the  fet 
Tataih,     coaft,  his  brother  ReaSvdn^  who  longed  to  recover  Damafiuu* 
tfej.  489.  haftened  with  4  gre*t  army,  to  furprize  it  in  his  abfence* 

lQQS<  »  £ond.  ubifupr.  p.  187.  *  Asv'Lr.  p.  $43. 

({i>  That  is,  the  glory  of  the  had  the  government  and  dt  - 

kingdom.  region  of  the  Seljukiam  princes* 

(I)  The  fun  of  the  kingdom,  They  grew  fo  powerful  at  lift 

(K)  In  the  copies  ro*de  ufe  as  to  found  four  races,  or  dj-  - 

v -\  ;©f  by  Erfenius  and  D'HerbeJot,  nafties,     in    Ir£k,    Adberbij£*k' 

;vK.  •''        Ahaifk:      Atabek  fignifies,    in  Pars,  Q\  Proper  Perfa,  and  Is* 

V;"*  Turiift,  father  of  the  prince.    A  rcfian. 

ti^e  given  tp  fcyeral  lords^  whq       (WB?fon\ewrittt»^A*«t 


a  *  Fourth  ;SoUS*,  Barkwrok.  13  f 

The  dozens  fhntaqg  the  gates  againft  him,  he  befieged  the 
{{ue;  but  tlek&k  .returning,  he  was  obliged  to  retire.  Up- 
[tt'tfalihe  wrote  to  Mq/ia  AB,  Khatffah  of  Egypt,  promifing 
have  his  name  published  in  the  pulpits  of  Halep,  provided 
iwWaM  him  to  take  Damajkus ;  which  Mafia  Alt  agree- 
lo,  the  Kotkah  was  accordingly  made  in  his  name :  but 
Jog  to  fend  him  troops,  he  foon  loft  that  honour  again  K 
l£TRIA  was  thus  fcarce  reduced  under  the  power  of  the  7^  am* 
va  Turks,  who  took  it  from  the  Arabs,  when  fhe  £oupdf*de. 
invaded  by  an  army  of  Franks  (L)  or  European*,  ga- 
from  the  fartheft  weft.  This  was  the  famous  crpfadet 
Imr  of  the  crofs,  more  commonly  called  the  holy  war; 
tiq  almoft  all  the  Chriftian  princes,  influenced  by  a  mad 
for  devotion,  excited  in  them  by  tjie  artifices  of  tho 
(more  with  a  view  to  carry  on  his  own  ambitious  de* 
(M),  than  to  ferve  the  interefts  of  religion,  which  was 
pretence),  entered  into  a  league  of  confederacy  .to  refcue 
fepuk&re  of  Chrift  at  Jtrujalem  from  the  Mohammedans f 
[  drive  them  out  of  the  Holy  Land. 

in  nrofecution  of  this  extravagant  undertaking,  which  may  Pranks    * 
be  termed  a  religious  frenzy,  or  piece  of  knight-errantry,  take  An* 
army  of  Franks,  with  king  Baldwin  at  the  head  of  them,  tiokh.     . 
~  Syria  in  the  year  491,  and  fitting  down  before  An-  Hej.  491: 
took  that  city.      We  (hall  fay  nothing  of  this  fiege    A.  D. 
the  Chriftian  writers,  an  account  thereof  having  been     l097* 
y  given  elfewhere  " ;  but  fhall,  for  the  moft  part,  con- 
ourfelves  to  what  we  find  related  in  the  oriental  Mftori- 
«*  concerning  this  war. 

As  foon  as  Kaw&m  oddavjalat  Kodbuka  (N),  who  was  mBkchi 
Mfffatamia,  heard  that  Antiokb  was  taken  by  the  Chriftians,  "P  thert^ 
is  railed  forces,  and,  coming  into  Syria,  laid  fiege  to  it, 
iritb  a  defign  to  recover  it.  There  were  then  in  the  city 
$re  Chriftian  princes ;  namely,  Bardawil,  or  Baldwin,  San- 
fti,  Gmafri,  Kwnes  the  prince  of  Roha  (O),  and  B&ymund 
prince  of  Antiokb  (P).     Thefe  falling  in  want  of  provifions, 

1  Ebm  Amid.  p.  360,  k  feq.      *  Univ.  hift.  vol.  xvii.  p.  149. 


(L)  Rather  Fraxji;  fo  the 
Ojieatak  call  the  Italians,  and 
Aott  the  Europeans  in  general. 

(II)  Pmrcboj  has  fct  forth 
Aofedefigns,  in  his  cdUeftion  of 
tmls,  vol.  ii.  p.  124$. 

(N)  The  weftern  hiftorians  of 
fccrafade  call  him  QorbanasM 
vAQ*rk%alb< 


(O)  The  Count  of  Roha  was 
taken  after  by  Jagartmjh,  and 
releafed  by  Al  Jdweli  Sakawa. 
AbiTJf.  p.  248. 

(P)  Thefe  are  Baldwin,  the 
count  of  St.  Giles,  Godfrey  of 
Bui  J*  n,  the  count  Q(EdeJ/a,  and 

feat 


fettt  to^Kodbuka,  offering  to  furrendcr  ifoA'&rwn,  on  condt* 
ttori.that  he  would  fuffer  them  to  depart1:  but  he  refaferit 
fiiying,  they  Jhould  efeapeno  otherwife  than  fy  making  their* 

Raife  the  way  with  the  /word.     While  they  were  in  this  diftrefe,  4 

$itg*.  '  mbnk  of  theirs  tells  them,  that  the  ftaff  of  St.  Peter,  ftrengtfr1 
ened  ynSk  iron*  at  the  end  (QJ,  was'burled  in  the  church  W 
the  priefts ;  and  that,  if  they  fotind  ft;  'tKey  (honld  overconrf 
their  enemies  ih  battle';  if  not,  they  fhould  attperiflu  After 
three  days  fefting  and  praying,  they  dug  and  foujid  the  ffafl< 
Enscpuraged  by  this  good  omen  of  viftory,  they  beg^n  for 
march '  out  of  the  city,  five  or  fix  at  a  time.  Kbdbuk£s  of- 
ficers advifed,  that  their  foldiers'  might  ftand  at  the  gates,  aiiff 
kill'  all  .who  came  forth ;  but  he  faid  it  was  better  to  kt 
them  all  come' out  firft,  and  then  to  put' them  to  thefwortf 
Wheh  they  were  all  come  out  to  the  laft'man,  they  format 
a  great"  army,' which  J>ut  the  Moflems  tov  flight.  The  HI 
\nrte>fled  was  SohrUtn  Ebn  Ortek.  Many  thousands  of  therf 
were  idlled :  and  the  Franks  feizing  their  <tamp,  got  prcm*}; 
fions,  riches,  horfes,  and  arms  *.  v 

?*i/Jeru-     Their  affairs  bdng  thus  reftored,   they  went  and  took. 

fakm.      Moarrvlnoman,  flaying  its  lords.     Thence  they  proceeded  to! 

Hej.  4$z.Ramla,  or  Rama,  and  took  it.  In  492,  perceiving  the  wcak- 
A.  D.  nefs  of  the  Egyptian  Turks,  they  went  and  befieged  Beytd 
1098.  Makdesf  that  is,  Jerufalem ;  where  Sokmdn  and  figazi,  font 
of  Qrtok  the  Turkman,  with  their  uncle  Sting,  were  (hut  up 
But  the  Franks  playing  above  fourfcore  engines  againft  tte 
place,  it  was  furrendered  upon  terms  ;  Sokmdn  and  his  fib 
lowers  having  leave  to  depart :  but  the  Egyptians  put  in  his 
room  ofte  Eftekaro'ddawlat.  Wherefore  the  Franks  having 
erefted  two  towers  againft  the  city,  they  took  it  on  the  norm 
fide  (R),  and  put  the  people  to  the  fword.  They  continued 
to  kill  the  Moflems  in  the  country  round  for  feveral  weeks 
together  :  they  affembled  all  the  Jews  into  their  temple,  and 
burned  them  in  it  (S) :  they  killed  more  than  70,000  Mof- 

*  Abu'lf.  p.  242. 

(QJ  The  weftern  hiftorians fay  (R)  De  la  Croix  afcribes.  the 

it  was  the  lance  which  pierced  lofs  of  Jerufalem*    and   other 

the  fide  of  Cbrijl.     But  Fulcher  places,  to  the  diforders  whicl 

Carnotenjis,  who  was  in  the  ex-  happened  on  the  death  of  JI&- 

pedition,  reprefents  it  as  a  cheat,  lek  Shah.      Hid.  Genghis  Kbek, 

He  fays,  many,  with  the  bifhop  p.  1 30. 

of  Podium,  fnfpe&ed  it;   and  (S)  The  hiftorians  of  the  well 

that  the  man  who  found4  it,  in  fay  10,000  Saracens  were  flaia 

pafling  through  the  fire  to  prove  in  it. 
his  integrity,  was  fo  burnt,  that 

lie  died  in  twelve  days  after.  lems 


G*.  Fourth  Sahdn>  Barl&tok.  I39 

fas  (T),  and  took  an  immenfe  treafure ;.  among  the  reft; 

ttaore  dull  140  filver  lamps,  weighing  each  3600  drachms  (U)  \  . 
4  fbrnape  weighing  forty  pound*'  (X)»;  and  attire  twdnty 
►  lamps  of  gold  r.  '    j     -      '  *"" 

.In  494  the  Franks  took  Hayfa  (Y)  by  aflkrlt,  and  Arfif  Farther 

•ty  compofition ;  making  themfelves  mafters  of  moft  afcthfc/fcw^S*  ♦ 
Maritime  places.    Next  year  they  befieged  Tripoli,  whofe  \ot&  **4f  •  494^ 
.Jakro'hnaleky  fon  of  Amar9  fending  to  Shamfi  ddawlat  De±    &'  *** 
"'li,  prince  of  Dama/ius,  and  Huffeyn  Henaho'ddawlat,  lord     1 10°* 
!f«f  /fenu,  they  fent   him  troops,    but  were,  routed  by  the 
pranks.    Thefe  victories  of  an  enemy  in  the  heart  of  Syrian 
jfdid  not  hinder  its  princes  from  purfuing  their  private  views1, 
;gUr  revenge.     Huffeyn,  who  had  hitherto  been  of  Fakrtfbnolk 
vXeawan's  party,    quitted  it  in  496,  to  go  over  to  DekM ; 
(Whereupon  Redwan  got  three  Batanifis  to  aflafiinate  him  in 
**he  great  Masjed,  or  temple.  .  i»  **  '  * 

When  this  news  was  brought  to  Atahek  Tegtekktn,  ftttTurkifli  *• 

named  Fahiro'ddtn,  zndDekdk,  they  marched  to  Hems,  which;  broils. 

with  the  caftle,  was  furrendered  to  them.  •.  This  happened 

jnft  at  the  time  when  the  Franks  arrived  tfdRuftAn  (Z),  with 

a  defign  to  attack  Hems  :  but  on  advice  that-firifal*  was  there\ 
"'Aey  returned.     The  year  following,  Sams  *t  Molk  DeW*He].  407. 

.dfed.  Some  fay  that  his  motheaywho  wa£  married  jDo  the  Aid     •    ^  * 
Jd  Tegtekktn,  fent  him  a  fervant  maid,  wfeo-ppMbned  him-,    "°*! 
.by  pricking  a  grape  with  an  invenomed  needle*  which  he 
.{ducked  and  eat.    However  that  be,  after  hist  death  Tegtek- 

ttn  made  hlmfelf  mailer  of  the  kingdom  of  Damafius,  and 

its  dependencies. 

In  497  the  Franks  took  Akka  (A).     Baldwin,  who  had  Take  Ak- 

made  himfelf  mailer  of  JerufaUm,  came  there  with  his  troops,  ka,  or 


r  Abu'lf,  p.  243.  Ebn  Amid.  p.  363. 

(T)Ahulfaraj  fays,  that  nam-         (X)  Or  fixty  marks. 
bcr  was  flain  vaAlAkfa,  or  the         (Y)  Called,  Cayphas,  by  the 

farther  Chapel  only.     The  ac-  crnfade  writers.     Jt  ftands    at 

mat  given  by  the  crufade  hi-  ,the  mouth  of  the  bay  ofAkka% 

Mans  themfelves  who   were  or  Ptolemais,  oh  the  fouth  fide, 
pfdent,  is  (hocking  to  human         (Z)  A  town  on  the  river  Afss\ 

jttore :    the  Qhriftian  foldiers  or  Orontes,  between  Hems  and 

thir&ed  after  Mohammedan  blood,  Ha  ma. 

aadfeemed  to  delight  in  murder         (A)  Called  by  the  crufaders 

#nd  cruelty.  Akra ;  the  ancient  Ptolemais. 

(U)    That    is,    thirty-feven 
nwjes  and  an  half. 

governor 


I4P  Vbi  Seljtiks  <jf  Iran.  &  I. 

governor  for  the  Khaiifah  of  Kaherab,  abandoning  it,  fled  fiift 

to  Damajkuj,  and  thence  to  Egypt  *. 
Barkiarok     iT  ^  time  now  to.  return  to  Per/ia,  whither  the  courfe  of 
*'•         our  hiftory  calls  us,  to  conclude  the  reign  of  Barkiarok. 

That  prince,  after  the  agreement  made  with  his  brother  Mo- 

Hq.~4Q%.  hammed,   in  498,   ad  before-mentioned,   advanced  towards 

.  A.  D.    BaghdAd,  to  vifit  his  great  benefaftor  Ayy&z,  who  had  a  fo- 

1 1 04.    Vereign  authority  in  that  city.     But  being  affli&ed  both  with 

*  confumption  and  the  piles  together,  he  died  by  the  way  at 
ypdhan,  in  the  thirty-fifth  year  of  his  age  (B)/  and  thirteenth 
pf  his  reign  ;  appointing  for  his  ftfcceflbr  his  fon  Matsk  ShSb% 
then  but  four  years  and  eight  months  (C)  old.  He  had  hint 
doathed  with  a  Kaftan,  or  veft,  and  appointed  Amyr  Ayykt 
his  Atahek,  at  governor,  in  the  prefence  of  his  great  officers, 
who  all  promifed  to  obey  his  commands  \ 

Jfpohts  a     The  firft  thing  which  was  done  in  favour  of  the  infant 
fwjfr*    prince,  was  to  get  the  Kotba  made  at  Baghdad  in  his  name; 
.  to  which  was  added  the  furname  of  Jalai-o'ddawlat,  that  is, 
the  ornament  of  the  Jtate. 

1    About  the  time  that  Barkiarok  was  on  his  way  towards 

Baghddd,   Soltan  Mohammed  marched   from  Adherbijdnt  to 

•j.  take Mufdirom  JagamAjh.    The  people  of  the  country,  oa 

/L.  v/'ti&  approach,  nife  in  their  prince's  defence,  and  killed  the 

iiocf    Soltan  a  great  many  men :  but  when  the  liege  had  laded 

•  three  months,  Jagarmfjb,  hearing  of  BarkiaroVs  death,  fent 
to  offer  obedience  to  Mohammed,  who  received  him  with  cm* 
braces  \ 


Tiflh 


SECT.     VIII.     . 

The  Reigns  ^Mohammed  and  Sanjar. 

A  F  T  E  R  this,  the  Soltan,  who  already  poflefled  one  part 
**  of  the  Seljukian  empire,  prepared  to  wreft  the  other 

Monam-  j)art  frQm  j^g  nephew  MaUk  Shih,  and  unite  it  to  his  own. 

***'  According  to  Ebn  AnAd,  he,  on  the  news  of  iris  bro- 
ther's death,  repaired  without  delay  to  Baghdad ;  where  Af* 
yadh,  or  AyyAz,  had  gathered  25,000  horfe  to  oppofe  him : 
but  that  an  accommodation  taking  place,  Mohammed  entered 
(hat  city,  and  took  poffeffion  of  the  Soltanat :  the  Khaiifah 

x  Ebn  Amid.  p.  364,  &  feq.  a  Kokd.  ubi  fupr.  p.  187. 

Abu'lf.  p.  244.    Een  Amid.  p.  366.  b  Abu'lf.  p.  244. 

(B)  He  was  bat  twenty-five        (C)  Eh  Amid  has  fbnrteefl 
years  old,  according  to  Konda-    years. 
mr  in  D'Herbtlot. 


Ct«     #       Fifth  Stltfa  Mohammed.  .  141 

MefiMher  Billah  prefentfng  him  with  the  A#V*k,  and  deli- 
vering into  his  hands  the  command  of  the  palace.    Yet  when 
lib  affairs  were  fettled,  he  feized  Jyyddb,  and  put  him  to  ' 
death*. 

The  author  or  authors  made  ufe  of  by  D'Herbelot,  gives  a  OppofesUs 
very  different  account  of  this  affair ;  viz.  that  Ayy&z  and  Se-  mipUw. 
ddaas,  the  tutors  of  the  young  prince,  having  aflembled  pow- 
erful forces  to  oppofe  Soltan  Mohammed,  the  two  armies  met 
m  501  :  but  that,  while  they  faced  each  other,  expecting  the  Hej.  50 u 
figmd  far  battle,  there  appeared  in  the  Iky  a  cloud,  in  form    A.  D. 
of  a  dragon,  which  caft  down  fo  much  fire  upon  the  troops    "07. 
of  Malek  Shah,  that  the  foldiers,  terrified  with  fo  ftrange  an 
i  event,  threw  down  their  arms,  and  begged  quarter  of  Mo* 
hammed;  who,  by  this  meaif?,  became  matter  of  the  perfons 
both  of  his  nephew  and  his  two  generals,  whom  he  fent  pri- 
k  foners  to  the  caftle  of  Lehed. 

I      After  tins  unexpected  vi&ory,  without  a  blow,  he  march-  Obtains 
;  ed  to  Baghdad,  where  he  obtained  the  tide  of  Gay M %  or  the  empire. 

htlogay&th'oddin  (A) ;  and  in  his  patents  was  dignified  with 
\  that  of  Amir  al  Momerdn,  or  commander  of  the  faithful )  by 
(  which,  in  efieft,  the  temporal  power  of  the  Khallfah  ovet 
\  the  Moflems  was  conferred  on  him. 

The  fame  year  the  Soltan  marched  againft  Sayfo'ddin  &A+ 
.  delta  (B),  prince  of  Bella,  who  was  (lain,  and  his  forces  rout* 
j  ed,  after  he  had  enjoyed  his  ftate  twenty-two  years,  and 
i  lived  fifty-fix. 

I      MOHAMtylED  having  finiflied  this  fmall  expedition,  re- A falfi 
J  turned  to  Baghdad.     During  his  flay  there,  he  was  informed,  frofhte 
I  that  one  Abmed,  furnamed  Atthqfb,  a  pretended  prophet,  r'*"x* 
\  Jad  not  only  gained  over  a  great  number  of  followers  by  his 
\  impoftures,  but  alfo  feized  the  fortrefs  of  Dizghodeh,  after 
corrupting  the  minds  of  the  garrifon  with  his  impious  te- 
nets.    This  important  place  had  been  built  by  Malek  Sbdh, 
near  Ifpahan,  to  awe  the  inhabitants,  who  were  very  fubjett 
to  revolt.      On  this  advice  the  Soltan  hafted  thither,  and 
formed  the  blockade  of  the  caftle,  which  was  fo  ftrong,  both 
by  fituation  and  art,  that  there  was  no  reducing  it  but  by 
famine. 
The  place  not  having  been  furniftied  with  provisions,  At-C*rrvptt 

thafb  foou  found  himfelf  obliged  to  fend  a  man  to  inform  *beWa- 

tur. 

1  Ebn  Amid.  p.  367. 

(A)  That  is,  the  propagator  of  (B)  Son  of  Dams  (Dobays), 
ike  religion :  he  is  called  alfo  fon  of  Alt,  fon  of  Yezid  al 
Gay&tboddin  Atiybejab  Mobam-    Jfadi. 

Saai 


X4?  .1  »*  Seljftks  of  Ir4n.  B.  I. 

Sadd  aJ  Moli,  fumamed  A-wji,  the  Soltan's  Wazir,  whom  he 
*  had  alfo  infefted  with  his  opinions,  that  he  could  not  hold 
out  above  two  or  three  days  longer.     The  Wazir  anfwered, 
that  he  only  defired  him  to  ftand  his  ground  eight  or  ten ' 
days  more,  for  that,  -within  fuch  time,  he  would  find  means 
to  rid  him  of  that  dog,  meaning  the  Soltan. 
.    This  prince,  who  was  of  a  very  fanguine  complexion, 
and  ufually  fell  into  great  diforders  occafioned  by  excefs  of 
,  blood,  was  accuftomed  to  lofe  fome  every  month.     Auji 
hereupon  went  to  the-  furgeon,  who,  for  the  reward  of  a 
thoufand  chekinfi,  and  a  purple  veft,  promifed  to  make  ufe 
of  a  poifoned  lancet  the  firfl  time  he  bled  the  Soltan. 
Histrea-    .    The  plot  happening  to  come  to  the  knojvlege  of  one  of 
fon  deu8-  the  grooms  of  die  prince's  chamber,  he  difcovered  it  to  hisj ' 
ed.  \nit,  and  (he  to  her  gallant,  who  communicated  it  to  the 

Soltan  himfelf.    As  foon  as  he  was  apprized  of  it,  he  pre- 
tended he  wanted  to  be  let  blood  ;  and  accordingly  the  fur-i 
geon  was  fent  for  ;  who,  having  bound  np  the  Soltan's  arm," 
took  out  the  fatal  inftrument :  but  while  he  was  going  to 
perform  the  operation,  Mohammed  caft  fo  terrible  a  look  it3 
him,  that  the  wretched  phlebotoraift,  being  feized  all  over- 
with  a  trembling,  which  made  the  lancet  drop  out  of  his 
hand,  fell  at  his  fovereign's  feet ;  and  confeffing  his  wicked 
defign,  declared  who  was  the  authbr  of  it.     The  Wazlr 
was  immediately  feized,  and  punched  as  he  deferved:  the 
furgeon  was  only  fentcnced  to  be  bled  with  the  fame  inftru*i 
ment  which  he  had  prepared  to  bleed  the  Soltan. 
The  rebel      The  rebels  finding  that  their  treafon  was  difcovered,  and* 
f  unified,    being  no  longer  able  to  refill,  furrendered  at  difcretion.    At* 
thajb  their  chief  was  conducted  to  Jfp&hdn,   tied  neck  and 
heels  upon  a  camel :  there,  after  the  prophet  had  been  ex- 
pofed  for  fome  days  as  a  laughing-flock  to  the  people,  he  was ' 
put  to  a  cruel  death  :  after  which  his  body  was  burned,  with 
a  great  number  of  his  difciples,  who  had  joined  in  the  re- 
volt.    It  is  reported,  that  this  impoftor,  who  was  well  verfed 
in  aftrplogy  and  geomancy,  finding  himfelf  hard  prefled  bf 
the  befiegers,  wrote  to  the  Soltan;  that  he  had  found  by  Us  } 
horofcope9  that,  in  a  few  days,  he  Jbould  be  furrounded  toiti  ' 
a  great  number  of  Jlars  in  the  midft  of  Ifpahan,  even  in  tit 
prefence  of  the  Soltdn  :  and  when  he  was  led  through  the 
city,  accompanied  with  great  crouds  of  fpeftators,   to  the 
place  of  execution,  being  afked  concerning  the  accomplilhment 
of  his  prediction,  he  anTwered,  that  nothing  could  be  a  clearer 
Verification  than  the  condition  he  then  was  in ;  but  that  he  fount 
the  great  number  ofJl*rs9  which  he  hoped  tofee7  were  not  to 

Jtrvty 


C.i.  Fifth  Soltdn^  Mohammed.  *4I 

fern,  as  be  had  believed,  to  do  him  honour,  but  to  cover  him 
vntk  Jbame  and  confujion. 

Soltan  Mohammed  having  fettled  his  dominions  in  peace,  Conqutfts 
marched  into  Hindowftdn,  and  made  confiderable  conquefts'**  Andia. 
jhere.  The  author  of  the  Tarikh  Gbuzideh  relates,  that  this 
{since,  who  was  very  zealous  for  religion,  having  found,,  ip 
coe  of  the  temples  which  he  had  demolished,  an  image  of 
Hone,  weighing  400  kintals,  he  ordered  it  to  be  removed, 
as  an  objeft  ot  idolatry.  The  Indians  offered  its  weight  in 
.precious  ftones,  and  other  things  for  its  ranfom  ;  but  M$haw 
Wfl/reje&irig  their  propofal,  laid  to  his  officers,  I  would  not 
hvc  it  reported  hereafter  that  Azar  (C)  was  a  maker  ofima- 
gesf  and  Mohammed  was  a  merchant  of  them..  At  the  fame 
lime  he  ordered  that  great  heap  of  flone  to  be  tranfported  to 
Jfitidn ;  where,  after  having  been  ftiewn  as  a  trophy  of  his 
lifiary,  it  was  condemned  to  ferve  for  the  threshold  of  the 
great  gate  belonging  to  the  (lately  college  which  he  erefted 
Acre,  and  which  contained  his  fepulchre  b. 

Authors  having  furnifhed  ,us  with  no  farther  tranfac-  JaweliV 
fions  of  this  Soltan's  reign,  in  the  eaft  part  of  his  empire,  \txfucctfs. 
Ds  look  weftward,  and  fee  what  is  doing  on  that  fide. 

In  500,  the  year  after  Jagarmlfb,  prince  of  Mufol,  hadHej.  cob; 
febmitted  to  Mohammed,  as  hath  been  before  related,  AIJa-  A.  D. 
vh&  Sakawwa,  lord  of  Roha,  or  Orfd,  marched  agairift  him    1106. 
with  1000  men  ;  and  rufhing  into  the  middle  of  his  troops, ' 
(hoogh  double  the  number,  put  them  to  flight;  none  re- 
gaining behind  but  Jagarmifb  himfelf,  who,  not  able  to 
Sde  for  a  paralitical  diforder,  was  carried  in  a  litter.     The 
lews  of  his  being  taken  coming  to  the  citizens,  they  gave  the 
Mmmand  to  his  fon  Zenghi.    Afterwards  Al  Jhweli,  befieging 
Kufdt  had  Jagarmifb  fhewed  to  the  people  daily  on  a  mule, 
Bflering  to  fet  him  at  liberty,  in  cafe  they  would  furrender 
tiedty  to  him.     On  their  non-compliance  he  imprifoned  him 
n  a  place  under-ground,  where  one  morning  they  found  him 
bad. 

Hereupon  his  fubjefts  wrote  to  Kile)  Arjlan,  fon  of  So-Solt&n 
hman,  fon  if  Kotolmtjh,  prince  of  Konlya  (D)  and  Akf&ra,  of-  Arflan 
fcing  to  deftver  the  city  to  him  ;  on  whofe  approach  Al  J  A-  drowned. 
jiwfl  broke  up  the  fiege.    Kilej  Arjlan,  after  honouring  Zenghi 
and  his  attendants  /with  Kaft&ns,  ordered  the  name  of  Sol- 

b  D'Herb.  p.  605,  &  feq.  art  Mohammed  ben  Malek  Shlh.   * 

!    (C)  So  they  call  Tenth,  the     Put-tirajb,  that  is,  the  cutter  or 

[■«r  of  Abraham.     The  Per-     carver  of  images. 

fm  give  him  the  furname  of        (D)  Ik  mum,  in  Afia  miner* 

tan 


144  ?*£*  Selj6ks  of  Iria-  Ml 

tan  Mohammed  to  be  fuj*prefled  in  tfre  pulpits,  and  hi*  owt 

mentioned  inftead  of  it.    This*  done,  he  marched  againft  Mt 

JAweli,  who  was  at  Roha  (E),  but  was  defeated  at  the 

KhaMr$  into  which  the  Soltan  entering,  defended 

with  his  bow  againft  the  enemy;   but  his  horfe  < 

him  out  of  his  depth,  he  was  drowned.     His  body  api 

ing  fome  days  after,  he  was  buried  at  Shemfania.     Al  Jot*? 

H«.  C02.  ''»  on  ^  fuccefe>  wcnt  back,  and  took  Mufol.     But,  1i 

A.D.     5°2>  MaiiMd,  fon  of  Alt&n  Tak&Jb'^F),  wkh   the  army  o| 

1 1 08.     Soltan  Mohammed,  recovered  it,  and  took  pofleffion  c. 

Franks         The  fame  year  the  Franks  took  Tripoli  by  capitulat* 

uk*  Tri-  after  a  fiege  of  feven  years  continuance ;  the  inhabitants 

P°ti»         ing  been  deftroyed  by  famine  and  the  fword.    It  was  a 

city,  full  of  Mohammedans  and  learned  men  d. 

Next  year  Tangri  al  Franji  (Tankred)  lord  of 

took  Tar/us  and  Adena,  in  the  borders  of  Syria,  and  Hefn 

Akrad  (G)  furrendered  to  him  e.     Others  fay,  the  forts 

Akad  and  Minattar  were  reduced :  but  that  Mejiafa 

Akkad  bought  their  peace,  by  agreeing  to  pay  tribute ; 

and  Bery-  foon  revolted.     The  Franks  likewife  fubdued  Bey  rut,  or  A* 

to*.         ,rytus,  after  a  long  /lege;  the  ambafladors  of  the  Egyptian 

Khalifah  making  a  vigorous  defence.     The  fame  year  die| 

r  Korqja,  prince  of  Hems,  and  was  fucceeded  by  his  fon  Sm 

Jam  fferohdn  *  • 

Sidon  In   504  the  Franks  took  Sayda,  or  Sidon,  and  RartEi^ 

taken.       -with  all  the  coaft  of  Syria.    At  the  beginning  of  the  ye* 

H2"f?4'  s°6'  Amir  MaUd^  Iord  of  Mufol>  encamped  near  Ri~ 
whofe  corn-fields  were  devoured  by  his  army.     From  tb 
41  lo*    he  removed  to  Sard}  (H),  where  they  did  the  fame  :  not  < 
thinking  of  the  Franks,  tHl  J&Jltn  (I),  lord  of  Tel  BAfber 
came  on  him  fuddenly,  while  the  horfes  were  difperfed 
the  pafturfes,  of  which  he  took  many,  and  killed  a 
number  of  his  men. 

Next  year,  the  Mojlems  uniting  their  forces,  invaded 
acquisitions  of  Jthe  Franks,  who  were  defeated  near  Tiberias* 

*  Abu'lf.  p.  244,  &  fecj.  d  Ebn  Amid.  p.  367. 

•  Abu'lf*  p.  245.  f  Ebn  Amid.  p.  367. 

(E)  Or  Or/a,  formerly   £-    journey  eaftward  of  Sir,  tm 
deja.  Harrdtt,  and  Roha,  OtOrf** 

(F)  Alias  Takin,  or  Tatkln.  (I)  Jotfeline. 

(G)  That  U,  the  caftle  of  the        (K)  A  very  ftrong  caffle,  w* 
Kurds.  days  journey  to  .the  north  or; 

(H)  A  final!  town,  a  day's    Halep,  or  Aleppo. 

AfTEl 


C.  2.  Fifth  Soltdn,  Mohamrfled.  145 

[.     AFTfitt  the  battle,  Ma'ud&d,  who  was  one  of.  the  allied  Franks 
r*  princes  (L),  gave  leave  to  his  troops  to  return  and  retrdhdefeated. 
Lthemfelves  till  the  fpring  following;   and  went  himfelf  to^ei-S°7' 
W&emzjkus,  to  fpend  the  feafon  with  Tegtakkin,  lord  of  that    A'  **- 
jtity :  but  one  day  as  he  was  going  into  the  Masjed,  a  Bata*    lllS* 
tf/t  approaching  him,  under  pretence  of  begging  alms,  ftab- 
Jed  him  four  times  with  a  knife,  of  which  wounds  he  died 
j^he  fame  day,  and  the  aflaffin  was  put  to  death  8. 
u    The  fame  year  died  Fabro'ddawlat  Redivdn,  fon  of  Tafod* 
dawlat  Tatajb,  prince  of  Halep,  and  was  fucce^ded  by  his 
£m  Tajo'ddawlat,  furnamed  Abras  :  who  being  flain  the  year 
SbUowing,  the  city  and  caftle  of  Halep  fell  into  the  hands  of 
fdM,  page  to  Tajorrus,  fon  of  Jatdla,  who  afterwards  re- 
figned  them  to  Soltdn  Shah,  fon  of  ReduJ&n.- 
In  J09.  Dhahero'ddtn  Atabek  Tegtakkin,  prince  of  Damaf-  Affairs  of 

went  to  BaghJ&d,  and  offered  his  fervice  to  Moftadir^y*)** 
illah,  and  Gayatho'ddtn  Mohammed,  who  received  him  with  Hej.  509. 

t  honour.     Next  year  he  returned ;  and  LuM,  prince  of    ^.  D. 
Jalep,  was  killed  near  Balis  (M),  ingoing  to  the  caftle  of     I!I5" 
vJeffar.    Thereupon  Abu  Mealv  Ebn  Malki,  fecretary  of  war, 
Jncceeded  in  the  command  of  the  fortrefs  of  Halep ;  which, 
:*the  year  following,  fell  into  the  hands  of  Amir  Bulgari  Ebn 
'  4rtk9  who  held  it  five  years  h. 

The  year  511  was  fatal  to  Soltdn  Gayatbo'ddin  Mohammed,  Death  of 
who  died  in  the  laft  month  of  it,  after  he  had  lived  thirty-fix  Moham- 
Fyears,  and  reigned  thirteen  (N).   "  When  he  perceived  death me^ 
[tpproaching,  he  fent  for  his  (on  MahmM  Abu' I  Kaffem,  butH*3,5,,« 
rteen  years  old,  whom  he  had  declared  his  fuccefTor,  kif- 
him,  and  wept :  then  ordered  him  to  go  and  fit  in  the  ' " 

throne :  but  the  young  prince  declined  it,  faying,  it  was  an 
Unlucky  day.  The  Soltan  anfwered,  You  fay  true ;  but  it  is 
to  your  father,  not  to  you,  'who  gain,  an  empire.  Then 
^mounting  the  throne,  he  was  there  adorned  with  the  crown 
bracelets1. 

*  Abu'lf.  p.  246.  *  Ebn  Amid.  p.  36S.  *  D'Hbub. 

ubi  fupr.  p.  607.    Ebn  Amid.  p.  368.     Aku'df.  p.  246. 

(L)  Ebn  Amid  fays,  he  was         (M)  A  town  on  the  Euphra* 

f  fent  againft  the  Franks  by  Soltdn  tesf  between  Hahp  and  Rakka. 

'  Udmnmed,  in  504 ;  and  that  he         (N)  According  to  the  Lebta- 

Was  killed  by  the  Batamfls,  near  rikh  he  was  born  in  474,  reigned 

Dtmajkus,  in   505.       But    we  1 3  years,  lived  24,  and  died  in 

cboofe  to  follow  Abiilfaraj  as  501.     But  thefe  two  laft  num- 

■  to  die  dates.  bers  mult  be  miftakes,  for  37 

and  511.  f 

Mod.  Hist.  Vo^.  IV,  L  Soltan 


i46  flfcSelJflksd/Irari;  B.I. 

His  eha-        Sol  TAN  Mohammed  was  eminent  for  gravity,  juftice,  and 
ta&cr.      clemency;  was  ftrong,  and  could  talk  well*.    He  left  in  the 
treafury  eleven  millions  of  gold,  befides  as  much  in  furni- 
ture, and  other  effefts.     Hiftorians  do  not  tell  us  what  me- 
thods he  made  ufe  of  to  fill  his  coffers  :  but  by  the  follow- 
ing ftory,  related  in  the  Nighiarifidn,  it  may  be  judged,  that 
that  they  were  not  more  equitable  than  thofe  which  other 
princes  have  employed  for  the  fame  purpofe. 
The  Wa-       DHIA  al  Molk,  fon  of  the  famous  Nezam  al  Molk,  aflaf- 
jfcrr  is        finated  in  the  reign  of  Malek  Sh&h,    apprehending  himfelf 
caught      injured  by  fome  ill  officers  of  Alao *ddawlat,  prince  of  Harm* 
dan,  who  aflumed  the  title  of  Said  or  Seid  (O),  which  word, 
fignifying  lord,  is  appropriated  to  the  race  of  Mohammed  y  to 
be  revenged  on  him,  told  the  Soltan,  that  if  he  would  per- 
mit him  to  call  Alao'ddawlat  to  an  account,  he  would  engage 
to  bring  500,000  crowns  of  gold  into  the  treafuryj     The 
Soltan  granted  his  requeft.     But  as  the  Said,  who  had  ma- 
ny friends  at  court,  was  quickly  informed  of  what  was  do- 
ing againft  him,  he  made  fuch  hafte,  that  he  was  at  IJpk* 
hcin  btfore  the  Wazir  knew  any- thing  of  the  matter :  and 

.    » .         finding  means  to  throw  himfelf  at  the  Soltan's  feet,  repre- 
t  n  bis  o*ivn  r         1     w     •   •   /?  •      1  u  • .   •       •    •         /        #    •         * 

raare        lenced,  the  tnjujlice  he  would  commit  in  giving  up  a  prince  cf 

the  houfe  of  his  prophet  into  the  hands  of  an  infidel  and  here* 
tic,  as  was  the  Wazir.  He  added,  that,  if  the  defire  of  ft 
much  money  was  what  had  induced  him  to  confent  to  his  «i- 
nijlers  injurious  propofal,  he  would  pay  down  800,000  crowns, 
which  were  300,000  more  than  the  malicious  Wazir  had  offer* 
ed,  provided  his  majefly  would  deliver  Dhia  al  Molk  into  his 
hands ;  with  leave  to  oblige  him  to  render  as  exatl  and  ri* 
gdrous  an  account  as  hejhould  require  of  him, 
Inflanci  f  This  propofal  being  accepted  of  (P),  the  Said  returned, 
fnnnefiy  along  with  a  perfon  who  was  commiffioned  to  receive  the 
money.  Being  arrived  at  Hamad&n,  the  officer,  who  expec- 
ted that  the  prince  would  lodge  him  in  his  palace,  and  do 
him  many  other  honours,  was  given  to  underftand,  that  he 
mud  repair  to  the  public  Karawanfaray ,  or  inn,  and  live  at 
his  own  expence,  till  the  fnm  could  be  raifed  ;  and  that 
then  notice  fhould  be  given  him  to  come  and  take  it  away. 
The  officer,  offended  at  this  treatment,  began  with  com- 
plaints;  and  finding  them  of  no  avail,  proceeded  to  menaces. 


Abu'lf.  p.  246.     Lebtarikh.  p.  43.     Ebn  Amid.  p.  $6$. 

)  Or  Seyd:  the  Spaniards  from     frequei 
ice  have  made  their  Cid.  Muley 

(F)  This  fort  of  tiaffick  was    rokko4 


(O)Or  Seyd:  the  Spaniards  from     frequently  praclifcd  by  the  late 
thence  have  made  their  Cid.  Muley  I/mail,  emperor  of  A/#- 


Bb< 


C.  2:  &xti  Stltdn,  Sanjif;  147 

But  the  S&id,  afluming  an  air  of  authority,  told  him,  Jf  you  and  noble 
do  not  be  eafy,  I  will  order  you  to  be  hanged  up  inftantlyi  be-Jpirit. 
fore  the  boufe  where  you  lodge ;  after  which  I  have  only  to 
add  100,000  crownf  more  to  the  fum  which  I  have  promifed 
the  Solt&n  ;  for  with  that  money  he  might  buy  a  thoufand 
fives,  the  Wbrfl  of  whom  would  be  better  than  you.  The  of- 
ficer, who  was  in  fact  one  of  theSoltan's  flaves,  hearing  the 
£aid  talk  in  that  manner,  thought  it  beft  to  bear  all  patient* 
ly,  and  waited  at  the  inn  forty  days  ;  in  which  time  Alao'd- 
davdai  raifed  the  fum  in  queftion*  without  either  borrowing 
taoney  on  intereft,  or  felling  any  of  his  effects. 

On  th$  cafll  being  paid  into  the  royal  treafury,  the  WsafaUnpamU 
was  delivered  into  the  hands  of  the  Said,  to  do  with  himl'lltdge* 
juft  as  he  fhould  think  fit :  but  that  prince  fet,  on  this  oc-wr^<7* 
eafion,  an  example  of  virtue,  the  moft  eminent  and  rare  to   • 
•  be  found  among  men ;  for,  inftead  of  taking  vengeance  on 
$k  enemy,  or  even  of  making  him  pay  the  fum  which  he 
hU  been  obliged  to  give  the  Sol'tan,  he  treated  him  with  fo 
much  honour  and  generality  (QJ,  xhatDhia  alMolk  became 
tis  beft  fiiend  *. 

After  the  ddath  6f  Mohammed  wis  kqoftn,  Sanjdr  (Jl),  Sixth  Sol* 
Ioq  of  Malek  ShAh,  who  had  governed  the  great  province  of  t*n,  San* 
Khorafkn  for  twenty  years,  under  the  two  preceding  reigns  j**- 
ef  his  brothers,  raifed  a  puiflant  army  ;  and  marched  (S)  in- 
to the  province  of  Per/tan  Irdk,  where  his  nepheto  Mahmud 
Mu'lkaffem,  furnamed  Mogaydtho'ddsn,  had  taken  the  title 
«f  Soltan  :  but  the  latter  being  defeated,  after  a  bloody  bat- 
ik fought  between  them,  he  retired  to  the  caftle  of  Saveh> 
a  place  of  great  ftreflgth  and  importance. 

MJItMUD,  finding' his  affairs  intirely  ruined,  was  obliged  DiviJet 
to  foe  for  peace  to  his  uncle,  and  tent  to  him  his  Wazir  Ke- the  empirt> 
matiddin  y//i,  a  very  eloquent  perfon,  who,  by  his  -  addrefs* 
brought  about  in  accommodation.     Hereupon  Makm&d went 
to  vifit  Sanjar ;  and  w^s  fo  well  received,  that  he.  obtained 
Of  Urn  the  inveftiture  of  the  province  of  lr$k  (T),  with  .the 

following 

*  NiohiAMsT.  afc.  D'Herb.'p.  606,  &  feq. 

(QJ  This  is  agreeable  to  a  gan  in  the  year  of  the  Hejrah, 

precept  of  the  Koran,  Do  good  to  5 1 3,  of  Chrift  1 1 1 9. 

mm  tvbo  does  you  harm.  (T)  In  Another  place  of  Di 

(R)  Pronounced  alfo  Sanjer,  Herbelot,  p.  537,  art.  Mahmud\ 

tad  Say&r.  it  is  faid  that  he  was.  made  6 an* 

(S)  According  to  Mvlfaraj,  jars  governor,  and  ljeutetotnt* 

*od  die  Lcbtarikb)  this  war  be  general,  in  both  ihclrdh  $  and 

La  Pl8S* 


1 48  rni  Seljftks  •/  Irafl.  -  B.  I. 

following  conditions :  that  the  name  of  Sanjar  (hould  always 
be  mentioned  in  the  public  prayers  before  that  of  Mahmud^ 
that  this  latter  (hould  not  have  the  fourth  veil,  or  curtain  (U), 
in  his  apartments  ;  that  the  trumpet  ftiould  not  found  whoa 
he  went  in  or  out  of  his  palace  ;  and  ladly*  that  he  fhould  re- 
tain the  officers  whom  his  uncle  had  eftabliihed  in  his  pro- 
vince. 
nnith  bh  MA H MUD,  according  to  Kondamir,  was  obliged  to  re- 
uepbew.  ceive  thefe  conditions  with  thanks,  and  refolved  to  fpend  his 
time  in  hunting,  without  meddling  with  any  affairs.  How- 
ever that  may  be,  this  feems,  from  the  courfe  of  the  hlftory, 
to  have  been  an  aftual  partition  of  empire,  which  took  place 
foon  after,  if  not  from  the  time,  when  the  agreement  was 
made ;  by  virtue  whereof  Mahmtid  and  his  defendants  were 
to  enjoy  the  (hare  allotted  to  him,  with  the  tide  of  Soltan, 
in  as  abfolute  a  manner  as  Sanjar  enjoyed  his.  Accordingly  , 
we  find  that  MahmMvns  fucceeded  in  his  dominions  by  four 
or  five  princes,  who  claimed  under  him,  during  the  reign  of  < 
Sanjar  *  in  Khorafan  :  nor  does  it  appear  that  he  gave  any  op- 
pofition  to  their  fucceffion ;  or  that  they  applied  to  him  for 
his  confent.  At  the  fame  time  it  muft  be  confefled,  that  the 
hiftories  and  extrafts  which  have  come  to  us  relating  to  thefe 
Soltans,  are  very  defe&ive ;  and,  to  add  to  the  misfortune; 
that  of  Ebn  Amid,  which  was  one  of  our  chief  funds,  defcends 
no  lower  than  the  reign  of  Soltan  Mohammed,  Sanjar9 s  prc~ 
deceflbrm. 
Death  qf  This  Soltan  is  called  n  Moazo'ddin  Abu'lbaretb,  and  M*> 
Kothb-  azd*ddtn  Borhan  (X).  The  firft  thing  remarkable  that  we 
o'ddin.  mcet  with  in  his  reign  is  the  death  of  Kothbo'ddin,  founder  of 
a  new  monarchy,  in  the  year  52 1 .  Mis  father  Buftekkin  was 
Have  to  Balkatekkin,  or  Malkatekktnr  who  was  one  of  Ma- 
Uk  Sbak's  principal  (laves,  and  poflefled  the  employment  of 
Te/btdar,  that  is,  great  buder,  or  cup-bearer ;  on  whofe 
death  the  Soltan  gave  it  to  Buftekkin :  and,  becaufe  the  revenues 
of  Karazm,  a  country  on  th£  eaft  fide  of  the  Cafpian  fea,  were 
annexed  to  that  office,  he  eafily  obtained  the  government  of 

•  Kond.  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  755»&feq.  art.  Sangiar.  »  De 

He^b.  art.  Seljukian.  *  Lebtar.  p.  43.      ' 

p.  1 85,  art.  Barkiarok,  the  title        (U)  Hung  before  the  door  of 

of  lieutenant-general 'is  given  him  a  room  for  (late. 
as  the  iigniftcation  of  Atabek.        (X)  This  is  the  fame  men- 

The  Lebtarikh  fays,  that  Sanjar  tiorted  by  R.  Benjamin,  the  lying 

reftored  to  him  Irak,  as  far  as  7fw9  in  his  travels,  who  calls 

the  borders  of  the  Roman  empire  him  Senigar  Sbdb,  (onofSbab 

and  Syria.  ( 1 ),  that  is,  Malek  Sbdb. 
(x)  Btnj%  TudeL  edit.  Qnft,  remp.  p.  87. 

that 


C.  2.  Sixth  Soltdny  Sanjar.  149 

that  province.    His  fon  Kothbo'ddtn  fucceeded  him  in  all  hisHej.  521. 
places.     As  he  was  a  man  of  fpirit  and  valour,  his  credit    A.  D. 
grew  fo  much  during  the  reigns  of  Barkiarok  and  Sanjar 9    I127- 
that  he  obtained  the  title  of  Karazm  Shah,  that  is,  king  dfirft  Ka- 
Kharazm,  which  defcended  to  all  his  pofterity,  in  that  great razm 
monarchy  of  which  he  was  the  founder,  and  which  proved  at  Shah, 
length  the  ruin  of  the  Seljukian  dynafty  of  Iran,  to  which 
they  owed  their  rife.      However  Kothbo'ddin,  though  very 
powerful,  never  departed  from  his  obedience  to  the  Solt&ns ; 
and,,  for  thirty  years,  he  did  his  duty  of  cup-bearer  at  court 
every  fecond  year,  being  relieved  every  other  year  by  his  foq 
Atsiz  °. 

In  the  year  524,  Sanjar  pafled  the  Jih&n,  .into  MawarffU  Revolters 
nahr,  to  reduce  Ahmed  ebn  Soleymdn,  governor  of  Samarkand 'Jubdued. 
who  refufed  to  pay  the  ufual  tribute.     Being  obliged  to  fur-HcJ-  5H* 
render  after  a  vigprous  fiege,  the  Soltan  fpared  his  life,  only    ^*  ^- 
depriving  him  of  the  government,  which  he  gave  to  one  of    1 1 2'* 
his  Oaves :  but  Ahmed,  finding  means  to  get  into  Sanjar'% 
favour,  was  in  a  litde  time  reftored.      After  this  Bahram 
Sh&h,,  Soltan  of  the  Gazni  family,  whofe  kingdom  extended 
firom  the  province  of  Gazna,  to  the  eaft  of  Khorafdn,  a  great 
way  into  Hindowft&n,  had  a  mind  alfo  to  fliake  off  the  yoke 

■*  of  the  Selj&kians.    Hereupon,  in  530,  the  Soltan  entered  htsHej.  $}• 
dominions  with  a  large  army  :  but  Bahr&m,  not  being  able    A.  D* 

;  to  refift  fo  great  a  force,  fent  ambafladors  to  pay  the  tribute,    1135. 

I  and  do  homage  for  his  crown,  by  which  iheans  he  diverted 

j  the  ftorm  p. 

j      Upon  the  death  of  Kothboddin  before-mentioned,  his  foq  At*  Atsiz  KiV 

[.  jfe,  called  alfo  Takajb,  fucceeded,  both  in  his  employments  and  razm 

'  the  title  of  Karazm  Shah,  though  no  more,  in  reality,  than  go*  Shah 
vernor  of  that  province,  like  his  father.  He  grew  in  great  cre- 
dit with  Sanjar  by  his  fervices,  efpecially  in  coming  up  feafona* 
bly  to  refcue  him  out  of  the  hands  of  an  ambufcade,  laid  for  him 
by  Ahmed,  governor  of  Samarkand,  before-mentioned.  But 
"afterwards  growing  out  of  favour  at  court,  he  got  leave  to 
retire  to  his  government,  where  the  people  were  inclined  to 
revolt.  The  Soltan,  at  his  departure,  faying  to  thofe  about 
him,  I  fee  the  back  of  a  man,  whofe  face  it  is  likely  I  neutr 
JbaU  fee  again.  They  advifed  to  have  him  arretted  :  but 
Sanjar  would  not  confent ;  alleging,  that  he  JhouU  violate 
the  acknowledgements  due  both  to  him  and  his  father  for  their 
fervices,  if  hejbould  do  any  thing  to,  of  end  him  on  a  barefuf 
fichm. 

•  D*Hsrb.  p.  1 76,  act.  Cothbeddln.        f  Kond.  ap.  D'tferbw 
?•  7$6,  an.  Sangiar. 

L3  ATSIZ 


15a  The  SeljAks  of  \An.  B.  I. 

rdcUwitb  .  ATSIZ  verified  the  Soltan's  prognostic  ;  for  he  no  foon- 
fuccefe.       er  arrived  in  Karatm,   than  he  put  himfelf  at   the   head 
of  the  rebels:   fo  that  Sanjar  was  obliged  to  reduce  by 
force  an  enemy,  whom  he  had  fuffered  to  efcape,  by  having 
-more  regard  to  the  maxims  of  amity  than  thofe  of  policy. 
However,  the  expedition  did  not  give  him  much  trouble ; 
Hej.  53 3 . for  advancing  in  533,  with  fuperior  forces,  he  put  the  rebel* 
A*  D.    to  flight :  and  II  Kilij,  fon  or  Atsiz,  being  taken,  was  put 
,!38,    to  death.      The  troubles  in  Karazm  being  thus  efreftually 
fuppreffed,  Sanjar  gave  the  government  of  it  to  his  nephew 
Soleym&n  Shah.  *  But  as  he  left  him  only  a  few  forces,  he  wa9' 
fqon  obliged  to  quit  it  to  Atstz  ;  who  advancing  with  a  con- 
fiderable  army,  re-entered  Karazm.   And  this  year  is  reckon- 
ed for  the  commencement  of  the  dyna*ft/of  the  Karazm  Shahs \ 
or  fovereigns  in  a  proper  fenfe q. 
'Another        Two  years  after,  Samarkand  rebelled  again^  in  oppofhjon  tq 
rebellion     the  governor  ;  who,  being  airlifted  with  the  palfey,  was  not 
no/bed.     ^fe  to  a(c^     y^g  Soltin  marched  againft  them  ;  and,  after 
A  L^  a  ^ie8e  °^        months,  the  city  furrendered  :  but  Sanjar  fpa- 
j*"  0"    red  the  inhabitants,  according  to  his  ufual  clemency;   and: 
•  '    difplacing  the  feeble  father,  gave  the  government  of  the  place 
to  his  fon. 
Tartarian     During  the  Saltan's  flay  at  Samarkand,  he  was  folicited 
by  fome  lords  of  his  court  to  bend  his  arms  againft  Gurjajb% 
king  afKaratatay  (Y) ;  alleging  the  glory  that  would  arife  from 
the  conqueft  of  a  country  deemed  in  a  manner  inacceffible. 
Sanjar,   prevailed  on  by  their  inftances,  marched  on  that 
fide  (Z) ;  but  Gurjajb  advancing  with  his  forces,  cut  in  pieces 
30,000  of  the  Soltan's  troops,  and  feized  his  camp,  where 
was  all  his  equipage/  and  Haram,  or  women ;  among  whom 
was  Tarkh&n  Khatyn,  his  principal  queen.     Sanjar,  in  this 
diftrefs,  picked  out  300  of  his  braveft  men,  and  made  his* 
way  through  the  middle  of  his  enemies,  in  order  to  reach 
Ttrmed  (A),  where  he  arrived  with  only  twelve  or  fifteen  fol- 
lowers. .   The  reft  of  his  fcattered  troops  repairing  thither  by 
tkjj1"^  he  pafled  with  them  into  Khoraf&n,  quite  afhamed 

«  Kond.  Lebtar.  &Nighiar.  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  1.46,  art.  Atsiz. 

.  (Y)  See  an  account  of  this  (Z)  The  Ltbtarikb  places  tkis 

country  before,  p.  $j.  65, &  feq.  expedition  in  the  year  536,  of* 

p%Herbeiitt  or  his  author  Konda-  Cbri/t  1 141,  and  fays,  the  con- 

mt9  fays,  it  is  catted  bUckKatay,  fequence  of  his  defeat  was  the 

hecaufe  of  the  thickn'efs  of  its  Jpfs  of  Ma<waralnabr. 

forefts,  ariddeepnefs  of  its'val-  (A)  A  city  on  the  Jih%mt  to 


war. 


lies,  which  render  it  dark  and    the  north  of  BdJkb. 
jloomy. 


of 


C.i:  Sixth  Soltan*  Sanjar.  \5i 

of  his  expedition ;  which  convinced  his  people  that  he  was 
not  invincible,  as  before  they  thought  him  to  be  r. 
ATSIZ  continuing  more  and  more  to .  encroach  on  the  Atsiz'/ 
L tin's  authority,  he  found  himfelf  obliged,  a  fecond  time,""""/' 
take  the  field  againft  him ;  and,  in  538,  having  reduced,***"^ 
al  pafles  and  ftrong  places  in  the  way,  came  and  befieged 
in  his  capital  city.     Atsiz  finding  himfelf  reduced  to  the     £'  &** 
extremity,  fent  very  rich  prefents  to  Sanjar,  intreating 
Ion,  which  was  granted  by  the  generous  Soltan  :  who,  on    ll^ 
taking  a  new  oat^  of  fidelity,  left  him  in  pofTeffion  of  his 
'ernment.    But  all  this  clemency  had  no  effeft  on  the  am-» 
rious  mind  of  Atsiz  \  Sanjar  receiving  advice,  from  feveral 
Lrts,  that  he  was  railing  forces,  and  paid  no  regard  to  his 
ders,  fent  Adibfaber,  one  of  his  great  lords,  to  inform  him* 
"of  the  cpnduft  of  Atsiz  ;  who,  on  his  arrival  in Karaztn, 
guards  over  him,  and  fent  aflaffins  to  Marti  to  kill  the  the  Sol- 
an.    But  AM  coming  to  the  knowlege  hereof,  gave  no-'*"V  && 
to  Sanjar;  fo  that  the  bravoes  were  difcovered,  and  put 
death.     Atsiz  concluding  that  the  intelligence  came  from 
t  lord,  had  him  thrown  headlong  frogi  the  top  of  his 

into  the  Jib&n,  or  AmA. 
In  542,  the  Soltan  undertook  once  more  to  punifh  xheSubmits  a? 
tjsafen  of  Atsiz  ;  and  invefted  Hazar  Ajb,  the  ftrongeft  placed/*. 
mXarazm,  where  Atsiz  (hut  himfelf  up;  and,  after  making  Hej.  ^42. 
a  vigorous  defence,  had  the  good  luck  to  efcape;  the  city    ^.  D, 
having  been  taken  at  length  by  ftorm.   Sanjar  followed  him     l  **?• 
tt>  the  city  of  Karazm,  which  he  might  foon  have  taken;  but^ 
whether  weary  of  the  fatigues  attending  the  camp,  or  through 
Us  averfion  to  (hed  blood,  he  liftened  to  proposals  of  peace, 
negotiated  by  a  Darwijb,  or  religious  man ;  by  whofe  ma- 
nagement Atsiz  was  obliged  only  to  repair  to  the  fide  of  the 
JMn9  oppofite  to  the  Soltan's  camp,  and  there  proftrating 
himfelf,  kifs  the  earth.     Atsiz  came  to  the  place  appointed  ; 
but,  without- alighting  off  his  horfe,  only  Itooped  forward, 
and  bowed  his  head  to  falute  the  Soltan ;  who,  for  all  this- 
arrogance,  fent  him  the  pardon  he  had  promifed :  after  which 
all  hoftilities  ceafecj  between  them,  till  the  time  of  the  death 
of  Atsiz*  which  happened  in  551,  the  year  before  that  of 
the  Soltan*.         . 

One  of  the  moA  remarkable  events  in  this  Saltan's  reign,  GaunW* 
h  the  fignal  viftory  which,  in  554,  he  obtained  over  Hujfeyn tributary. 
Jthanf&z,  Soltan  of  the  dynafty  or  Gaur,  a  country  lying  be-  Hej.  544. 
tween  that  of  Gazna  and  Khorajdn.     Hujfeyn  having  entered     A.  J). 


r  Kokq.  obifupr,  p.  756,  art.  Sangiar,  «  Ibid.  p.  146, 

Iffcq.  arc.  Atolz. 

L  4  this 


1 149. 


1 5  2  fb*  Selj^ks  of  Irin.  B.  I. 

this  laft  province  with  a  great  army,  in  order  to  conquer  it, 
Sanjar  marched  his  troops,  and,  defeating  them,  took  both 
him  and  AH  Chtteri,  his  general,  prifoners.     As  Alt  was  born 
in  the  dominions  of  Sanjar •,  and  had  formerly  been  loaded 
with  favours  by  him,  that  prince  put  him  to  death  for  his 
ingratitude ;   but  foon  after  fent  home  Huffeyn  to   govern 
Gaur  under  his  authority. 
Tbt  Saltan     In  548  the  Soltan  was'led,  againft:  his  inclination,  to  cha- 
taken  by    ftife  the  Turkmans,  who  refufed  to  pay  the  ufual  tribute  of 
the  Turk-ftieep(B) ;  when  his  army  was  defeated,  and  himfelf  taken  pri- 
mans.       foner  by  that  rabble,  to  the  great  diflionour  of  the  houfe  of 
Seljttk ;  which  was  fo  much  reverenced  by  all  the  Turki/b sta- 
tion (C).   Thefe  Turkmans ,  not  knowing  what  to  do  with  the 
perfon  of  fo  great  a  prince,  placed  him  in  the  day-time  on  a 
throne,  and  (hut  him  up  at  night  in  an  iron  cage.     He  fpent 
w  .  four  years  in  this  confinement ;  till  the  Soltana  Tarkhan  Kha* . 

A  I)*1  fa«,  who  governed  ifi  his  abfence,  happening  to  die  in  551, 
, ,  -5"    he  refolved  to  deliver  himfelf  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Turk- 
mans* 
Efcapes  by      To  bring  this  about,  he  employed  Amir  Ettas,  one  of  his 
jlratagem.  confidents,  who  carrying  on  a  correfpondence  with   Amir 
Ahmed  Kwnaj,  governor  of  Termed,  got  him  to  provide  boats 
ready  in  the  river,  againft  the  Soltan  pafled  by  in  hunting. 
This  ftratagem  fucceeded  to  Sanjar**  wifhes ;  and  the  go- 
vernor,   after   entertaining   him  magnificently  at  his  caftle, 
gathered  what  troops  he  could,  who  conducted  him  to  Ma- 
r#,  then  the  capital  of  Khoraf&n,  where  ,he  ufually  refided. 
But  the  Soltan  found  that  city,  and  all  the  country  through 
which  he  pafled,   in  fo  bad  a  condition,  on  account  of  the . 
incurfions  which  the  Turkmans  had  made  during  his  abfence, 

(B)  The  cauf-of  this  war  is  (C)  This  event,  in  the  arti- 
rcprefenrcd  fomewhat  different-  cle  of  AtsivL,  is  placed  in  the  be- 
ly  in  the  Lebtarikb  :  according  ginning  of  Sanjar*  reign ;  but 
to  this  author,  the  Cd%,  or  Turk-  on  whofe  authority  does  not  ap- 
mdns,  crofling  the  JiLun  towards  pear  :  for  though  D'Herbeiot 
the  end  ofSanjar's  reign,  fuffcr-  quotes  Kondamir,  it  is  along  with 
ed  great  mifery  :  yet  the  king  other  authors,  at  the  end  of  the 
refolved  to  march  againft  them,  whole  article,  and  not  at  the 
The  Gaz,  begged  peace  in  the  particular  fafts  or  paragraphs, 
moil  fuppliant  manner  ;  each  as  he  does  in  other  articles, 
family  ort, ring  a  piece  of  ft]  ver,  It  is  there  faid  that  Ataz  go- 
with  which  the  Sohan  was  con-  verned  the  ftate,  in  conj one- 
tent:  but  the  grandees  obftruft-  tion  with  Mahmud*  Sanjar  %  ne- 
ing  ihe  treaty,  the  Gdz  were  at-  phew,  during  the  Soltan**  cap- 

Cftckc4i  tivity- 


C.  2.  Sixth  SoU&n,  Sanjar.  153 

*hat  he  fell  into  a  deep  melancholy,  and  afterwards  into  a  He}.  552, 
diftemper  <D)  of  which  he  died  in  the  year  552  \  A-  D* 

According  to  the* Lebtartkb,  this  Soltan  lived  feventy*     J1*7',. 
i  two  years,  and  reigned  fixty-two,  in  which  muft  be  under-  Hu  death. 
i  tlood  to  be  included  the  twenty  years,  which,  the  fame  au- 
|  Aor  lays,  he  reigned  in  Khorafdn,  before  the  death  of  Mo- 
ihammed  his  predeceflbr. 

He  extended  his  empire  from  Katay  and  Kotan  (%),  to  th&Exttnfive 
cod  of  5yrii2  and  Egypt,  and  from  the  fea  of  Khozdr,  or  the  <&«**"»/. 
Ca/pian,  to  Yamman,  or  Arabia  fcelix. 

He  fought  nineteen  battles,  of  which  he  gained  feventeen : 
was  mnch  feared  by  all  5  famous  for  liberality  and  clemency 
■*>  his  fubjefts.    He  was  diligent  in  matters  of  government,  His  cba- 
bat  hated  kingly  pride  ;  wearing  a  coat  made  of  lkins  tt.   Yet  roOtr*. 
the  Karazm  Shdb's  ferving  the  office  of  cup-bearer  to  him,  is 
produced  as  an  argument  of  the  magnificence  with  which  he 

All  the  oriental  hiftorians  praife  this  prince  for  his  va-  Greatly 
kwr  and  jufHce,  magnanimity  and  goodnefs.  As  a  proof  of  beloved. 
[this,  they  write,  that  he  was  fo  well  beloved  by  his  fubjefts, 
that  they  continued  to  publifh  his  name  in  the  temples  for 
a  whole  year  after  his  death,  as  if  he  had  been  ftill  alive,  and 
.  on  the  throne.  They  gave  him  alfo  the  furname  of  Ejhander 
.Tbaniy  that  is,  Alexander  the  fecond :  and  his  name  of  San* 
iar  has  pafled  for  that  of  Alexander  among  his  pofterity  \ 

It  is  remarked  that  this  Soltan  eftabliflied  SaddEbn  Zen-  Atabek 
fbi  (E),  ^who  had  been  his  governor,  lieutenant-general  dtdynafties. 
all  his  dominions,  under  the  tide  of  Atabek ;  which  tide  fig- 
•ifying,  father  of  the  prince  (F),  and  given  to  the  tutors  or 
governors  of  the  SeljMtian  princes,  became  afterwards  a  tide 
of  dignity. 

1  Kond.  ubi  fopr.  p.  ^56,  8c  feq.  art  Sangiar.  ■  Lebta- 

rikh,  p.  43«  x  Kond.  ubi  fupr.  p.  757,  art.  Sangiar. 

(D)  According  to  the  Night-  Mo/baker,  firft  Atabek  of  Pars, 

arifiam  (1)  zndA&'lfaraj,  it  was  or  proper  Perfia,  in  543,  both 

,  tbecholic,  attended  with  a  loofe-  being  eftabiiihed  during  Sanjar* 

aefe  and  vomiting.  reign.    He  feems  to  have  been 

(X)  This  is  draining  things  the  firft ;  but  D'Herbelot  is  very 

loo  far;   for,  inftead  of  con-  confufed  on  this  head.     Seethe 

rring,    he  was  defeated  by  articles  Atabek,   Saad  ben  Me- 

Karakitajans,  as  before  re-  xaffer,  and  Salgar  Shah. 

lated.  (F)  Dr.  Pocock  renders  it,  ad- 

(B)  This  mnfl  have  been  Omad*  miniftrator    regni.      Abu'lfaraj. 

ii&n  Zenghi,  the  Ml  Atabek  of  hift.  dynaft,  p.  250.      So  does 

Wi,  in  521,  or  ModhafferJdSm  D'Herbelot  in  fome  places. 
(1)  VlUrb.f.  757.    MMf.  p,  »$g, 

A?TE& 


1 54  f&e  Seljuks  of  ten.  -  B.  L 

Afc»  ^        After  Sanjar's  death,  MahmAd,  his  fitter's  foo,  by  Jfe*! 

f^f  Se^     hammed  Khan,  defcended  from  Bagra  Kk&n,  fuccceded  k 

Juki,         Khoraf&n.     But  at  the  end  of  five  years,  one  of  his  lords  (G] 

revolted  from  him,  and,  after  feveral  battles,  fdzed  his 

minions,  and  deprived  him  of  fight.    The  Soltan  of  Kmta 

whofe  dynafty  rofe  during  the  reign  of  Sanjar,  taking 

vantage  of  thefe  divifions  in  Khorajan,  made  himfelf 

of  one  part  of  that  great  province,  while  the  other  remained 

in  pofleffion  of  the  rebels  (H).     So  that  the  Selj&kian  Soha**^ 

who  ftill  reigned  in  both  the  h&ks,  no  longer  had  any  footJ 

ing  in  Khoraf&n  y. 

txtfa&in       We  ffluft  now  turn  back  to  thefe  Soltans;  the  firft  of 

Khora-     whom,  Mogayatho'dMn  Mahmud  Ebn  Mohammed,  though  be-l 

&**•  ginning  his  reign  at  the  fame  time  with  his  uncle  SaxjarM 

and  dying  twenty-feven  years  before  him  (I),  is  yet  rcckoBejl 

his  fucceflor :  MahmM,  Sanjar's  fitter's  fon,  befroe-menttaaedjl 

not  being  put  in  the  lift  of  Soltans. 

SECT     IX. 
fbe  Reigns  of  Mahmud,  Togrol,  and  MafflM.   • 

Seventh     TT  hath  been  obferved  before,  in  the  reign  of  Sanjar,  tto* 

So/tan,      «**  Mahmud,  fon  of  his  brother  Mohammed,  furhamed  M& 

Mahmftd.  gayatho'ddtn  Jbu'IkaJfem,  by  the  agreement  made  between 

,     them  in  513  (A),  was  left  in  pofleffion  of  the  Perfutn  and 

Arabian  IrAks,  with  the  countries  weftward,  whereef,  tM* 

according  to  Kondamtr  he  was  only  Sanjar's  governor  ao# 

lieutenant-general,  yet  he  feems  to  hUve  afted  independent!^ 

-  of  him  :  nor  does  it  appear  that  his  uncle  exercifcd  any  povart 

within  his  dominions.     It  is  true,  none  of  the  authors  be^ 

fore  us  give  any  account  of  this  Soltan's  tran&ftions,  afterv 

y  Mirkond  ap.  D'Herh.  p.  537,  art  Mahmftd  Khan. 

(G)    The  Lehtarikh,   which  governor  under  Sanjar  \  but  that, 

calls  hitn  M^edabia,  fay*,  that  on  the  Sokan's  death,  he  waft 

he   had  been  one  of  Saajar*  proclaimed  by  the  peop'e  to* 

flaves.  hie  fine  qualities  ;  yet   in  the 

(H)  The  Lehtankh  fays,  the  femq  pag;e    (article  Mtfhammei 

Soltans  0/  GA»rhad  alfo  a  pare.  lKhan)\  makes  Mahtmd  the  fat 

(I)  Here  we  ra nil  take  notice  of 'this  Utter,  to  fooceed  him, 

ef  a  great  miftake  in  Kondamr,  twenty -fix  years  after. 
or  his  extr aL&ovD'Htrbe/at,  who,         (A)  Yet  the  beginamg  of  his 

in  the  article  of  Mahmud,  Con  of  neigfi  h  reckoned  from  ttie  death 


Noham»udy  p.  5  37.  fays,  he  re-     ef  his  father. 
(ivied  fourteen  years  in  IrJk%  as 


fc* 


g.  a;  Seventh  Sdtto,  MahmAd.  155 

U*  agreement  with  Sanjar.  D%Herbchfs  extrafts  from  Ken-  Defta  of 
0Mt3r,  and  other  oriental  authors,  end  there  ■.  Texeir*  was  **/£««♦ 
fochhafte  to  finifh  his  abftraft  of  Mtrkond,  that  he  would 
allow  himfelf  to  look  into  the  hiftory  of  the  Seljdkian. 
©r  even  to  know  their  names.  The  Lebtarlkh  only 
that  Mahm&d  married  two  of  Sanjar's  daughters,  ancj 
jht  two  battles  with  his  brother  Mafftid,  whom  he  de- 
ted  both  times.  In  fhort,  the  particulars  colle&ed  by 
iAfjfoflf,  relate  almoft  folely  to  the  affairs  of  Mefopotamia 
but  Syria;  which,  in  effe&,  are  all  the  materials  we  have 
towards  the  hiftory  of  this  Soltan's  reign. 

|F-  That  author  informs  us,  agreeable  to  the  account  given  DiaAff- 
|)F  the  weftern  hiftorians,  that,  in  the  year  512,  as  Baldwin,  Baldwin, 
of  Jerufakm,  was  fwimming  in  tht  Nile  at  Baffrays,  in  **jj*  $%** 
lJ   a  wound,  which  he  formerly  had  received,  opened  ;         ^ 

ipon  returning  to  Jerufalem>  he  there  died,  after  hav- 
recommended  th$  care  of  his  kingdom  to  At  Games  (B), 

In  514  the  Gorj,  or  Korj,  who  are  the  fame  with  the  Kh-Tbe  Gorj, 
tors,-  the  Kafjaks,  and  other  nations,  invading  the  Moha,m-or  ^ho- 
mdan  countries,  Al  Amtr  Jlgdzi,  lord  of  Mardtn,  Dobays;  fbn2**** 
fadeka,  lord  of  Hettah,  and  king  Togrpl  (C),  to  whom  bc- 
)Mged  Jrrdn  and  Naklyawdn,  advanced  to  meet  them  a*    A  jx 
ftr  as  Tefiis,  with  30,000  men.     The  armies  being  drawn  up    ,  f' ^ 
I*  battle,  there  came  forth  200  Kafjdks>  who,  as  the  Mojlems: 
|bought,  intended  to  furrender  themfelves :  inftead  of  that, 

attacked  their  front  To  vigoroufly  with  arrows,,  as  put/*«zW;/£« 
1  into  disorder ;  which  thofe  in  the  rear  taking  for  a  Scljuks. 

jhf,  fled  with  fuch  precipitation,  that  they  ftumbled  over 
another.     The  Gorj  purfuing  for  twelve  Perfian  leagues, 

r  moft  of  them,  and  took  4000  prifoners  :  but  king  To* 
|ro/,  flgazi,  and  Dobays,  efcaped.  The  Gorj  returning,  be- 
jieged  Teftts  ;  and,  after  harraffing  the  inhabitants,  ^ook  that 
icky  next  year  by  florm. 

In  51 5  Soleyman,  fon  of  Ugazit  being  juft  turned  of  twen-  J  fairs  cf 
1j,  rebelled  againft  his  father  ;  but  the  latter  coming  upon  Syria, 
Urn  unexpectedly,  feized  thofe  who  had  fet  him  on,  and  pu- 
flhed  them.    Among  the  reft  he  ordered  one  Nafr,  a  com* 
fttder  brought   up.  by  his  father  Ortok,  to  have  his  eyes 
jfeked  out,  and  tongue  cut  off.     He  condemned  another, 

•Bibl.  orient,  art.  Sangiar  8c  Mahmoud,  fils  de  Mohammed. 

•  (B)  For  tomes  >  {6  tbey  call    Jagartnifc  and  fet  free  byju-  , 

Account  of  Roha,  or  B4t//*h    wf//,  before-mentioned.  j 

Mp  had  been  taken  prifocer  by        (C)  A  brother  of  Mahmud.  t  ] 

whoqi  — * 


1 56  72*  Sdjuks  of  Iran.  B.  I; 

whom  he  had  made  governor  of  Halep,  firft  to  be  deprivdi 
of  fight,  and  then  to  have  his  hands  and  feet  chopped  oft 
which  occafioned  his  death. 

SOLEYMAN  was  brought  before  him  drunk;  but  he 
was  restrained  from  killing  him  by  natural  affection.  AftxC 
this  he  fled  to  Damafius  ;  and  Ilgdzi  made  Soleyman,  fon  of 
his  brother  Abdo'ljabbar,  governor  of  Halep,,  and  named  hdl 
Badroddawlat ;  after  which  he  returned  to  Mardins 
WMefo-  The  fame  year  the  Soltan  (D)  gave  Mayaferkin  to  the  Am* 
potamia.  Ilg&zi  ebn  Ortok  ;  and  the  cities  of  Mufol,  Me/opotamia,  antf 

Senjar,  to  the  Am:r  Kofaym  oddawlat  Ok/enkar  al  Borfaki. 
Hej.516.     NEXt  year  Ilgdzi  died  at  Mayaferkin  ;  on  which  his  ibtt 
.  A.  D.    Hafamoddin  Tamartafb  feized  the  caftle  of  Mardin,  'and  hij 

1122.  fon  Soleyman  Mayaferkin  ;  Badro'daawlat  Soleyman  continue 
A.  D.    ing  at  Halep.     But,  in  517,  BaLk,  fon  of  Bohr  am  ebnM 

1123.  ifoA,  finding  his  coufin  Soleyman  not  able  to  defend  hiscon&J 
try,  came  and  clofely  befieged  Halep,  whicli  was  at  laft  fi» 

A.D.    rendered  to  him.     Next  year  he  took  Manbej,  but  was 
/    1 1 24.    by  an  arrow  (£)  in  attacking  the  caftle.     Hereupon  his 
difperfed ;  and  Qkfenkar  alBorf&ki  took  Halep,  as  the  Fn 
did  Sir ,  or  Tyre, 

Okfenkar     Towards  the  end  of  the  year  520,  Okfenkarf  lord  of  M\ 

effaf-       fol,  was  afTaflinated  in  the  royal  temple  of  that  city  by  1 

Jinated.      Batanifts,  and  his  fon  Ezzo'ddtn  Majjud  took  pofleffion  wiu., 

A.  D.    out  oppofition.    The  hiftorian  wonders  how  Ezzo'ddin  (houU 

11269    be  informed  of  his  father's  death  by  the  lord  oiAntiokb  (F)J 

before  a  courier  brought  him  the  news  :  But  Ab&lfaraj  obi 

Terves,  that  it  was  fooner  known  to  the  Franks ;  by  the  caif 

they  took  to  learn  the  ftate  affairs  among  the  Mojlems  \       ' 

Ataibeks       Tjje  year  521  is  remarkable  for  being  the  fir  ft  of  the  dj* 

hafty  of  the  Atabeks  of  Irak,  founded  by  Omado'ddin  Zengm 

•  (G),  fon  of  Okfankar,  or  Akjankar,  who  was  eftablifhed  U 


#/Irak 
Hej.  521 


*•  D.    ^g  government  of  the  city  of  Baghdad,  by  Soltan  MabmUd 
ll27*    His  brother  EzzoMn  Mafjbd  dying  the  fame  year,  Qmadoi% 

\ 
*  Abu'lf.  p.  248,  8c  fcq.  i 

(D)  A  queftion  may  here  a-  (F)  Baldwin,  king  of  Jen* 
rife,  whether  Soltan  San} or,  or  fahm,  was  at  this  time  in  pot 
Soltan  Mahmud,  is  to  be  under-  fefllon  oSAntiokb,  though  he  it- 
food  ?  .  ftorcd  it  to  Boamondthe  younger 

(E)  Fulcher  Carnotenf.   fays,  the  fame  year. 

Balajt  was  flain  in  battle  againft         (G)   He  is,   by  the  hilton* 

?'ofceline ;  that   3000  man  were  ans  of  the  crufade,  called  &»- 

ain,  and  his  head  fent  to  if**  w  which  is  a  corruption  of 

tioik*  Zentbu 


C.  i.  Seventh  Sclt&n,  Mahmfid.  15^ 

dm  became  pbflefied  of  Mujbl,  and  its  dependencies.  Next 
,year  he  took  Halep,  with  its  caftle ;  and  the  year  following 
the  city  of  Hamah  c.  N 

.   In  524  Al  Amir  Beahk&millah  Abuali,  lord  of  Egypt  (H),  Egyptia* 
«as  aflaffinated  by  the  Bat&n\fts,  as  he  returned  from  taking  Khalifah 
;  a  walk:    The  fame  year  there,  were  feen  at  Baghdad  fcor-  <*Jfef- 
fkm  with  wings,  and  a  double  fling.  finated. 

|.   The  next  year  proved  fatal  to  Soltdn  Mahm&d,  who  died  The  Sol* 
jAHamaMn,  in  Sha-wal,  or  the  tenth  month,  having  lived  tan  diet. 
about  twenty-feven  years  (I),  and  reigned  thirteen  <*. 
He  was  a  handfome  perfonage,  and  very  generous ;  bnt  #w  cha» 
\  love  of  women,  and  hunting,  by  degrees,  impaired  his  ra&er. 

It  is  reported,  that  his  hunting-equipage  was  foHej.  525; 
at,  that  he  kept  400  greyhounds  and  blood-hounds,    A.  6. 
1  of  which  wore  a  collar  fet  with  jewels,*  and  a  covering     tl$9* 
'  with  gold  and  pearls.     He  laid  out  fo  much  in  this 
>  that  he  often  wanted  money  to  pay  his  troops,  and 
other  occafions  e.     Yet  he  did  not  fleece  his  fubje&s  to 
uit  his  coffers :  he  likewife  reftrained  his  favourites  from 
r  them  any  injury.    He  was  merciful,  good-natured,  and 
nt.    He  forbore  to  punifh  thofewho  fpoke  ill  of  him. 
prince  ever  fludied  the  art  of  reigning  more.  '  He  was 
"  "  in  grammar,  poetry,  and  chronology  (K) ;  was  very 
quent,  and  wrote  a  fine  hand  f. 


:  Abu'lf.  p.  250. 


D'Herb.  p.  141,  art.  Atabek, 
}Abu'lf.  p.25f.  e  Kond. ap.  D'Herb.  p.  537,  &  756, 

♦  Mahmod  &  Sanjar.     Lebtar.  p.  43.  f  Lebtar.  p.  43. 


(H)  He  was  the  tenth  Kha- 
°fEgJp*f  of  the  family  of 
tab.  They  are  called  lords 

Erfpt,  by  the  hiflorians  who 
within  the  dominions  of 

princes  fubject  to  the  Kha- 

fah  of  Baghdad,  becaufe  they 
stoowleged  no   other  Khali- 

(I)  Oar  authors  differ  here  : 
lEtrbelotj  who  quotes  Konda- 
fK  fays,  he  either  governed 
frtigned  alone  twenty-feven 
*»*:  the  Lebtankh,  that  he 

Pit  twenty-five  years,  yet 
s  birth  in  487,  which 
his  life  to  thirty- eight 


years  :  perhaps  itfhould  be  497, 
and  that  will  bring  it  to  twenty- 
eight.  The  numbers  in  this  au- 
thor are  very  incorrect  ;  and 
D'Hevbelot  feems  to  make  ufe 
of  them  fometimes,  without 
quoting'  him ;  and  even  to  Aib- 
ftitute  them  for  thofe  of  Kon- 
damir.  In  this  uncertainty  we 
muft  make  Abu  If ar a}  our  guide, 
fince  Ebn  Amidfote  failed  us. 

(K)  We  were  unwilling  to 
ftlly.  .fo  good,  a  character,  by 
inferting  in  the  text,  that  he 
made  a  collection  of  the  inter- 
prorations  of  dreams. 

MAHMUD 


Eighth         MAtiMUD  krft  for  his  fuceeffor  his  brother  TJgrf 

Saltan,      furnamed  Rokno'Mn  (L)  :  but  his  brother  Maffbd  dtfputi 

Togrol.    the  crown  with  him  ;  and  fcveral  battles  were  fought  betwd 

them,  in  the  fpace  of  three  or  font  years,  which  he  reigno 

According  to  Kondamir9  he  was  the  teeond  Soltan  of  a  bnun 

of  the  Seljukians  who  reigned  in  Ptrjian  and  Arabian  Irft 

which  confirms  our  remark,  that  the  agreement  made  h 

tween  Sarydr  and  Mabmud  contained  a  divifion  of  the  Si 

jukian  empire  of  IrAM,  or  Ptrfia  at  large.    However,  it  dc 

not  appear  that  oriental  hiftorians  confider  them  as  two 

jporate  monarchies,  but  as  one  and  the  feme ;  making  Mm 

mddy  the  predeceflor  of  Tegrd,  the  fuceefler  of  Sajqm 

though  both  died  fame  years  before  him,  as  hath  been  alrai 

obferved  f. 

Bis  reign       This  Soltan,  according  to  Abilforaj,  before  he  came 

Jbwt*       the  throne,  poffeffed  the  province  of  drrin  and  Natehjav 

(M).     But  the  authors  before  us  give  no  account  of  i 

tranfa&ionS  of  his  reign,  excepting  Abtfffaraj ;  wfaofe  n 

moirs,  as  in  the  preceding  reign,  are  confined  to  Mefoptfm 

fcnd  Syria. 

Hej.  *t6>     Tills  annalift  informs  us,  that,  in  the  year  526,  Sok 

A.  D.    Senjarwrotz  (N)  to  OmModdin  Ztnghi  (Atobtk  of  Ir4k  Ardk 

1 !  3 l  •    and  Dcbays  Ebn  Sadehah  (lord  of  Htttah),  commanding  th* 

rbiAtabtito  march  into  Irak,  againft  the  KhattfahXl  Mqftarjbtd.    A 

2hl    cordingly  they  went,  and  encamped  in  a  place  called  Mm 

riyah,  which  belongs  to  Dojayl  (O).     Thi  Khaiifab  Al  Mi 

Jtarfbidy  pafling  over  to  the  weft  fide  (of  the  Tigris),  pitch 

his  tents  in  Al  Abhafiya.     The  armies  met  in  Hadra  al  ii 

ramakeh  (P)  ;  when  Ztnghi  attacking  the  right  wing  of  d 

Khalrfal 

f  Kokd;  pk  1030,  art.  Thdgrul,  fit.  de Mohammed. 

(L)  According  to  the  Lebia-  that  of  Tigr*/,  then  the  Solos 

rM,    his  name    is  Roknoyddin  oflrdkmutl  have  been  dej 

Abii  I  Motafer  Togrol  Bek.     We  ent  on  him;  and  his  Tuo 

Arc  the  more  exad  in  giving  the  Majjud,  as  *ell  as  his  pre 

feveral  names,  becaufe  fome  au-  for  Mahmud,  mail  have 

thors  mention  only  one*  fome  every  thing  they  did  by  his 

another ;  u  hich  frequently  con-  ders  or  confent. 
founds  readers.  (O^  in  another  copy 

(M)  Commonly  called  Nakh-  It  is  the  country  along  the 

jwwdn,  Natbcbwwan,  and  Nakb-  gris,    for  fome.  fpafce,  to 

"  •  Jt<vd»9  in  Armenia.  '  north  of  Baghdad. 

(N)  if  the  name  of  Sanjar        (?)  The  villa  of  the  fimw 

be  not  put  here  fy  miHake  for  otBarSmakcb.    We  mention  « 

gretf 


C.f»    ^  Eighth  S*&«*>  Togrol.   iW*A&  Malftd.'  159 

where  was  %amdl  oddawlat  Akbal,    put  them  to 
at  the  fame  time  the  Khalifah,  fupported  by  Nafr  at  attacks  the 
(the  eunuch),  who  commanded  his  left  wing,  fell  on  Khali/ah* 
right  wing  of  Om&doddin  and  Dobays  ;  and,  after  a  (harp 
iQnfiift,  put  them  to  flight ;  killing  and  taking  many  of  their 
Jbn  g»     The  fame  year  the  Atabek  at  Shahid  recovered  Mo* 
Wrab  At  Nomdn,  in  Syria,  from  the  Franks  h. 
i  Ne-xt  year  the  Khalifah  fent  a  pretty  fliarp  meflage  to 
'—£*/,  by  Sheykh  Bahattddin  Abu'l  Fotuh  ;  who,  relying  on 
Khalifah 's  power,  and  his  own  character  as  legate,  added 
feral  reproaches,  of  his  own.     Hereupon  Zenghi,  arreting 
treated  him  *very  ill.     At  Moftarfbed,  incenfed  hereat, 
:ed  from  Baghdad  with  30,000  men ;  and,  approaching 
Jbl,   Zenghi  marched  oyt  of  the  city  with  part  of  his 
sees,  leaving  the  reft  under  the  command  of  his  deputy 
hsirJddin,  whom  the  Khalifah  befieged ;    and,   while  he<to^*--- 
efled  the  place  clofely  without,  a  gang  of  gypfies  within-^'  Ma- 
eed  to  betray  it  to  him  :  but  being  difcovered,  and  exc- 
ited, he  retired,  after  three  months  leaguer  to  little  pur- 
ofe;  and,  next  year,  a  peace  was  concluded  between  him 
»d  the  Atabek  ». 

Soltan  Togrol  died  at  JIamadAn,  in  the  lirfl:  month  of  Togrol 
e  year  529 ;  lived  twenty-five  years,  and  reigned  three,  dies. 
5  was  juft  and  valiant,  good-natured  and  liberal.     He  un-**eJ-  5*9- 
Erftood  the  art  of  governing,  and  did  nothing  unbecoming    A'  **• 
prince k.  "34- 

MASSUD{?),  furnamed  Gayatho'ddin  Abu'ffetah,  was  Ninth  Sol* 
Baghdad  when  his  brother  Togrol  died  :    and  while  his'f^Maf- 
iends  fent  a  courier  to  haften  him  up  to  Hamaddn,  then^» 

capital  of  the  Seljuhians  of  IrAk,  the  court  party  dif- 
Btched  another  to  Daiud,  fon  of  Togrol,  with  the  fame 
but  the  uncle  happening  to  get  the  ftart  of  the  nephew, 
iaffud  was  unanimously  faluted  Soltan  by  the  grandees,  and 
*W  no  more  thought  of1. 

He  was  fcarce  feated  on  the  throne,  before  he  found  him-  attach  the 
If  obliged  to  make  war  on  Al  Mojlarfbed,   twenty-ninth  Khalifah, 

*Abu*i-f«  p.  251.  b  Ebn  Amid.  p.  363.  !  Abu'lf. 

251.  k  KoND.ubi  fupr.  p.  103d.     Lebtar.  p.  44. 

&ONt>.  ubi  fupr.  p.  563,  art.  Maflbud. 

cities  and  the  faiall,  ac-  laft  a  being  die  Ayn,  which  is  a 

ig  to  on*  original  propo-  guttural,  but  melted  down  into 

that  the  geography  of  thefe  the  u,  fo  as  fcarce  to  be  heard 

tries  may  be  known  to  our  in  the  pronunciation  ;  or  ic  may 

lets,  be  faid  to  ferve  only  to  give  the 

IP)  Ma£&d,  or  Majfaudi  the  u  a  guttural  found. 

Khalifah 


ifo  The  Seljuks  of  Iran.  B.  1 

Khalifah  of  Baghdad,  of  the  family  of  Al  Abba's.  It  feons, 
that,  in  the  reiga  of  Togrol,  Dobays  Ebn  Sadekah,  vho  vni 
governor-general  of  Irak  Arabi  for  the  Khalifah,  plotted 
with  that  Soltan  to  furprizc  him  in  Baghdad.  But  Togrd 
felling  ill  of  ft  burning  fever,  hindered  the  execution .-  A 
Mqftarjbed's  army  alfo  got  the  better.  This  war  laftcd  tfll 
MaffM  came  to  the  crown  ;  when  the  Khalifah,  at  the  k»» 
fiance  of  fome  court  lords,  had  his  name  fupprefied  In  thej 
public  prayers,  and  even  deprived  him  of  the  title  of  Sot 
tdn.  ] 

mobois  AfASSUD,  being  informed  of  this  injury,   fet  out  W 

defeated,    ftantly  from  Ray,  where  he  refided,  at'  the  head  of  a  power] 
ful  army,  for  the  Arabian  IrBk ;  from  whence  the  Khali&l 
advanced,  accompanied  by  a  great  number  of  his  grandee* 
The  two  armies  came  to  a  battle  in  the  feventh  month  of  tfa 
year  529 ;  when  the  Khalifah's  left  wing  deferring  to  thl 
Soltan,  he  was  furrounded  and  taken,  while  his  right  wing 
after  a  flight  oppofition,  fled.     After  this  defeat,  BagbA 
opened  its  gates  to  Maflid,  without  oppofition.     The  Sdf 
tan  having  had  another  war  in  his  head,  carried  Mq/iar/ba 
with  him  into  the  province  of  Adherbijan.     Being  arrived  1 
Mar&gha,  the  Khalifah  was  confined  in  a  tent,  at  a  diftana 
from  the  army,  near  the  gate  of  that  city  :  where  meflengefl 
parted  between  him  and  the  Soltan,  relating  to  peace.    Al 
length  it  was  agreed,    that  Al  Mqfiar/bed,   befides  payiM 
yearly  400,000  crowns  in  gold,  fhould  remain  in  Bagbdm 
and  not  raife  any  other  troops  befides  his  ordinary  guards. 
mniaffaf-      After  this  agreement  that  prelate  was  fuffered  to  ride  ofl 
Jmated.      horfeback  with  the  covering  of  a  faddle  (QJ  carried  befall 
him,  in  token  of  honour.     In  fhort,  he  was  ready  to  retail 
to  Baghdad,  when  news  being  brought  that  an  ambaffiuta 
was  arrived  from  Soltan  Sanjar,  the  people  followed  Maflk 
to  meet  him,  and  among  the  reft  fome  of  thofe  who  had  tk 
care  of  the  Khalifah.  ^  Twenty-four  Batanifts  took  this  op- 
portunity to  get  into  his  tent,  and  murder  him,  by  siring 
him  above  twenty  wounds ;  then  cutting  off  his  note  aal 
ears,  left  him  naked,  where  he  remained  till  the  citizens  of] 
Marhgha  buried  him.     Many  believe,  with  good  rtafon,  fajs] 
Kondamtr,  that  MaJJud  was  at  the  bottom  of  this  murder*j 
and  talked  of  an  agreement  with  him,  on  the  terms  above- 
mentioned,  only  to  cover  his  defign. 
Dobays         Not  long  after  this,  as  Dobays  ebn  Sadekah  was  {looping, 
fain..       with  his  fingers  on  the  ground,  before  his  tent,  near  thedt?1 
of  Khuntj,  a  young  Armenian,  employed  by  the  Soltan,  ctfi 

»  (QJ  The  harnefs  of  a  horfc. 

3  of 


d.  Ninth  Soltan,  Mafl&d.  j6i 

•off  his  head :  For  Ma^SW  was  jealous  of  his  power,  and  had 
only  made  ufe  of  him  as  an  inftrument  to  oppofe  Al  Mo- 


The  year  following,  the  kings  and  lords  of  the  provinces  Thepro- 
^flanMing  at  Baghdad,  threw  off  their  bbedience  to  SolUn™"*"- 
^MMd.    On  this  Dawd  (or  David),  fon  of  Soltan  MahmM™1'; 
-^marched  from  Adherhijan,  followed  by  Omddo'ddtn  Zen~ntfc  tf°- 
stfh;  from  Mu/ol  to  BagUM,  where  he  was  prayed  for  in    n'     " 
*fce  pulpits  (S).     The  Soltan  on  this  news  haftens  to  that         • 
<ity,  and  befieges  it :   but  finding,  after  fifty  days  leaguer, 
jtflthat  he  could  do  nothing  againft  it,  refolved  to  return  to 
r&amadtnS  He  was  attually  on  the  road,  when  Tarentdy, 
(Word  of  Wafet,  arriving  with  a  great  number  of  Barks,   he 
Returned  to  the  fiege.     At  the  fame  time,  the  princes  who 
Mid  aflembled   at  Bagkdhd  falling  out  among   theinfelves, 
king  Dawd  returned  home,   ahd  the  reft  difperfed.     The 
khalifah  Al  Rafted,  with  a  few  followers,   paffed  over  to 
^enghi,  who  was  on  the  weft  fide  (of  the  river),  and  re* 
Btiied  with  him  to  Mufol. 

*   He*e0*on  Sdtan  MaffM,  entering  Baghdad,  fixed  hisMa«&d 
l£at  there :  then,  aflembling  the  judges,  witneifes,  and  ^ok^terld^ 
Pinned  in  the  laws,  he  laid  before  them  the  oath  which  ^/Bagnaaa* 
.Hifbed  had  made  to  him,  in  his  own  Jiand-writing :    /,  in 
Vtafiljbatt  affemble  forces,  march  out,  or  jut  to  the  /word 
tony  of  Soltin  MafsudV  adherents,  depofe  my f elf  from  the  em- 
ffire.  Accordingly  he  was,  by  their  fentence,  depofed ;  and  his  Depofesthe 
[name  fupprefled  every-where  in  the  pulpits,  before  he  hadKhalifah. 
taigncd  twelve  months.     Then  the  Soltan  called  another 
tfouncil,  *ho,  after  declaring  Al  Rdjbed ,  unworthy  of  the 
fflfcaEfat,  elefted'  Al  Moktqfi  Beamrillah,  fon  of  Al  Mqftadher    t 
'(br  Al  Mqftadhaher),  who  was  his  friend.     The  depofed 
Khalifah,  leaving  Mufol,  in  531,  went  to  Hamadht,  where Hej.  531  i 
ting  Dawd  then  Was ;  and  from  thence  toIfpahAn,  where  he   A  %• 
^^  1 1 36. 

\    "Kokd.  &EbnShohnah,  ap.DUerb.  p.  634,  art.Moftar- 
Jfched.     Abit'lf.  p.  25a. 

(R)  Kmdamir,  in  D'Herbelot,  occafioned  by  the  Soltan  fend- 

tails  him  the  fon  of  Mohammed,  ing  to  demand  of  Al  Raflnd  the 

for  all  this  difagpjement,  he  is  fum  which  his  father  had  pro* 

dovbtlefs  the  Dawd  who  is  faid  mifed  to  pay  yearly.     D'Herbi 

befcre  to  have  been  a  fon  of  TV-  p.  7 1  o,  art.  Rafched. 
jw/,  and  whom  a  court  party         (S)  And,  according  to  Kon- 

would  have  advanced,  in  oppo-  damir,  had  the  tide  of  Soltin 

£tkm  to  Majjld.    According  to  given  him  by  the  Khalttah, 
the  fame  author,  this  war  was 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol.IV.  M  was, 


1 6*  fbcSe\$U*flt*ti.  B.L 

was  (lain  by  fome  of  his  domeftics  (T),  at  nodn,  nrhJJe  he 

took  a  nap,  after  his  recovery  from  a  fit  of  fiektffs ;  hekg 

forty  years  of  age.    He  was  buried  at  Sbdbrefian,  TOtto* 

IJj>a%an\ 

A  good  mi-     MA&SUD,  underftaading  that  the  governor  of  Part  (<r 

ni/ltr        Proper  Perjia),  made  (brae  difficulty  to  acknowtage  Moktqji 

the  new  Khatifah,  he  fent  his  brother  Se§4k  SbAb,  wkh  tfe 

y/f  afeA  Karafankar,  to  bring  him  to  his  duty.     But  the  jfe*  , 

bck  had  no  fooner  made  one  day'?  march,  than  he  feat  d* 

Soltan  word,  he  would  proceed  no  farther,  unleft  he  fent  hi* 

Pir  Mohammed  Khtzeri,  his  prime  Wazir,  whofe.  death  i$ 

.  mAde  a  fa-  fought.     This  Wazir  managed  ftate  affairs  very  well;  Itf 

crifece.      difgufted  the  courtiers  fcy  too  firm  and  haughty  a  carriage 

MajJM  cotild  not  confent  at  firft  to  fo  unmfonaUe  a  i* 

mand ;  but,  as  Karafankar  had  all  his  forces  at  Ms  devp&W; 

he  was  obliged  at  laft  to  fend  him  the  Wazir's.feead. 

The  Atabek  being  fatisfied,  returned  to  his  duty  J  but  tift 

not  long  enjoy  the  fruit  of  his  revenge ;  for  he  died  a  fetf 

days  after  he  had  gotten  rid  of  his  enemy.     The.  StaM&n  ## 

his  command  to  fldightz,  with  the  almoft  ahfcfote  goterot 

ment  of  Atiherbijdn  (of  which  he  was  the  firft  A&bek(V}^ 

and  that  of  Kurdeftan.     He  likewife  gave  him  ux  nfcrriagehfe 

fifter-in-law,  who  had  been  promifed  formerly  to  Saltan  ft* 

groly  his  brother  and  predeceflbr.     Soon  after  this,  Abtih 

governor  of  the  city  Ray,  with  fome  other  confpirators,  rot, 

in  favour  of  Soleyman  Sh&h,  brother  of  Maffud,  and  fet  httj 

on  the  throne.     But  this  plot  was  foon  quaihed :  after  whisfc 

the  Soltan  remained  in  peaceable  pofleffion  till  his  death0.    • 

TbeAtabei     As  this  is  all  we  find  in  our  authors  relating  to  the  Wr 

.Zenghi     malnder  of  his  reign,  we  flsll  fupply  the  defeft  with  thfi 

anions  of  the  Atabeks  of  hrkk,  who  refided  at  Mufti,  or  Men 

fid,  and  are  called  lords  of  that  city,  and  of  Syria. 

Hej.  cj2. .    In  the  year  532,  the  Atabek  Om&djd&n  Zenghi  made  1 

A.  I>.    progrefs  into  Syria  ;  and,  on  his  arrival  at  Hamdb,  fent  to 

11 37-    Sbebabo'Mn,  lord  oE'DamaJhu,  defiring  that  he  might  many* 

bauWd  in  k*s  motner  Zamorrod  Kbat&n,  daughter  of  Al  Jafiwli ;  thf". 

marriage,  fame  lady  who  built  the  college  out  of  Domqfius,  near  the/ 

river  Baroda.     By  this  means  Herns,  and  its  caftle,  camejaltf 

his  pofleffion.     His  motive  to  the  marriage  was,  that  as  At 

affairs  of  Damajius  feemed  to  be  under  her  dire&ion,  he  was 

n  Abu'lf.  p.  253.  °Kond.  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  563,  art 

MaiToud. 

(T)  Kondamlr,  in  Z>W#rk£/t        (U)  This  dynafty  comment  . 
fays,  he  was  flain  by  the  Bata*    in  555,  and  ended  in  6*3. 

vifis. 

7  .ia 


C  a.  Ninth  Soltfn,  MfcflSd.  163 

'  to  fcopg  thereby  to  gain  the  country :  but,  when  he  found 
*>fciifi  If  dflappointed  in  his  expectations,  he  went  away,  and 
l*ft  her  behind. 

Next  year,  he  took  Baalbik  (X)  (in  Syria) ;  and,  the  year  takes  fe* . 
♦Bowng,  Shahrazur,  with  its  territory.    In  539,  he  refcued  w«///«. 
rgbl*  (orE&JhJ  out  of  the  hands  of  the  />aob  (Y).;  and£'-. 
pM  liege  to  the  ftrong  caftle  of  £*r  (Z) :  but  when  he  had  K'i •  539* 
fttar  taken  it,  an  exprefs  arriving,  with  an  account  that  Na-       '     * 
P^tfdtdfl,  his  deputy  in  Mvfot,  was  ilain,  he  departed.    How-        **• 
•>  the  Fratrti,  Searing  his  return,  fent  for  Nqmod&n  (A), 
of  Mirdtn,  add  delivered  it  up  to  him.     Next  year, 
j  he  was  befieging  the  caftle  of  Jabar  (B),  certain  flaves^MW  *J 
hfin(C),  in  the  night,  and  fled  to  the  caftle.     The  htJ*™" 
'  on  this,  rejoicing,  called  out  to  let  the  army  know 
commander  was  flain ;  accordingly,  entering  his  tent, 
found  him  breathing  his  laft.    He  was  more  than  fixty 
old  when  he  died ;  behaved  with  great  gravity  both 
his  army  and  his  fubje&s ;  and  was  perfectly  (killed 
die  art  of  governing.     The  city  of  Mufol  (D),  before  he. 
it,  was,  for  the  moft  part,  destroyed  ;  and  the  adjacent 
itry,  which  now  abounds  with  fruits  and  ordoriferous  - 
was  the  moft  barren  in  the  world. 
MURO  'D  D  IN  (E)  MahmM,  who  was  in  the  camp  when  Naro'd- 
ifef*  faher  was  (lain,  drawing  the  ring  off  his  finger,  went  ftrait  d*n  Mah- 
tp  Halep  ;  and,  taking  pofleflion  of  it,  remained  there;  while m^d. 
Ms  brother  Sayfo'd&n  Gazi,  battening  from  Sbahraz&r,  which  jje;   ..; 
bkI  been  aftigned  him,  entered  Mufol ;  and  thus  became  lord    a.  D. 
-*  that  city,  with  Al  Jazireh  (or  Mefopotarma).    He  died     114^. 
re,  after  he  had  reigned  three  years,  and  was  fucceeded 
his  brother  KotWdMn  MaUdud.     His  elder  brother,  NA- Settles  i* 
fdt&n  Mahm&d,  who  poflefled  Halep  and  Ham&b,  in  Syria,  Syria, 
tg  into  Al  Jazireh,  took  Senjdr,  without  any  oppofi- 

I    (X)  And  gave  the  command  who,  in  532,  took  the  caftle  of 

m  *  to  NajmSdtin  Jymb,  or  Job,  Al  Hetakh  horn,  the  laft  of  the 

father  of  the  famous  $a/a hoddin,  Mtrwdn  family . 
gSaladiti,  who  recovered  Syria         (B)  William  of  Tyre  calls  it 

Son  the  Cbriftians.     Abu  If.  p.  Calogenbar :  it  ftands  on  the  £*- 

a6}»  &  feq.  pbrates,  between  Bir  and  Rak» 

(f)  William  of  Tyre  fays,  it  kah. 
WW  by  mining ;  and  that  Jcf-        (C)  William  of  Tyr4  fays,  he 

ee&ne  foon  recovered,  bat  could  was  drunk  when  he  was  (lain. . 
ftOthold  it.  (D)  Maufel,  or  Moful,  as  'tis 

(Z)  Or  Al  Bir,  on  the  Ete-  varibufly  Written. 
jbratet.  Lat.  obferved,  370  10'.         (E)  He  is  called  Ncrandin* 

(A)  He  was  fucceflbr  to  Ha*  and  Nvroldiv,  by  rh*  hiftoriane 

ftmtd£ji  Tamartdfi  elm  llgazi,  of  the  crufade. 

M  Z  tion, 


i$&  Vbe  Scjjflks  tf  Iriii.  9        B.  I 

SECT.    X; 

S3*  rafgw  0/  Malck  Shih  J7-  Mohammed  Soleymin 
Shan,   Arflan,  and  Togrol,   in  whom  the  djnafy 

ended. 

Ttntb         TUIAltE K  Sh&b  II.  furnapned  MqgayahodMn  (A)  was,  *• 
Saltan,      "**■*  cording  to •  Kondamir,  the  fon  of  Mohammed,   fon  rf 
Malck      Makk  Shdh  I.     But  Abtflfaraj  and  the  Lebtarlkh  *  fay,  thu. 
Shah  II,   fa  was  ^  fon  of  Mahmud,  fon  of  Mohammed,  and,  confc 
qucntly,  great  grandfon  of  the  firft  7Jfa/*A  SWA,     He  fnc- 
ceeded  his  uncle  MajjUd :  but  bis  reign  was  of  no  long  coo- 
tin  uance,  as  having  been  wholly  unworthy  of  the  crown  j 
for  he  minded  nothing  but  indulging  his  appetite  (B),  and* 
left  affairs  intirely  tp  his  minifters, 
htUfoftj      Notwithstanding  his  incapacity,  he  grew  jealous  of 
the  authority  of  Kbajbek,  furnamed  Belingheri,  who  had  been 
in  great  efteem  with  Majfud,  and  palled  for  one  of  the  raoft 
valiant  men  of  his  time.     Malek  Sb&h  wanted  to  have  him  ar- 
retted :   but  as  the  whole  court  thought  fuch  a  proceeding 
pnjuft,  Haffan  Kandar%  who  was  one  of  khafbek%S'\x&  friendy 
^Kafcektref0ivcd  to  prevent  the  blow;  *nd,  und^r  pretence  of  jpnog 
the  Sojtan  a  grand  entertainment,  kept  him  three  days  in  a 
continual  debauch,  in  the  midft  of  which  he  feized  his  per* 
fon,  and  fhut  him  up  in  the  caftle  of  Hamaddn.    After  whfck 
they  fent  for  his  brother  Mohammed,  who  was  then  in  Kb* 
zeftan,   and  fet  him  in  his  place.     Some  time  after,  MM 
Sh&b,  finding  means  to  efcape  out  of  prifon,  fled  to  the  pro- 
vince from  whence  his  brother  had  been  called  to  the  throne;: 
•    where  he  remained  till  the  death  of  Mohammed,  in  the  ea4 
of  the  year  554  t  when,  haftening  to  Ifp&b&n,  he  rc-afceod- 
ed  the  throne ;  but  enjoyed  it  only  a  few  days,  dying  in  the  \ 
.    beginning  of  the  year  555,  at  the  age  of  thirty-two b.    Ao^ 
cording  tp  the  Lebtarikht   he  reigjied  the  firft  time  four 
months,  and  the  fecond  no  more  than  nine  days. 
KbaHfab       It  is  proper  to  take  notipe  here,  that  as  the  Khalifch 
Jkakts  off  Moktqfi  owed  his  elevation  to  the  credit  and  authority  of 
Maffud,  he  had  no  ftiare  in  the  government  of  his  ftate 
during  the  life  of  that  Solan  ;  but,  after  his  death,  he  re- 
fumed  the  authority,  and  quite  excluded  that  of  the  S& 

•  Abu'lf.  p.  247.  Tcbtar.  p.  44.         *  Kovd.  apud  £'Herb. 
P-  544»  art.  Malek  Shah,  fil.  de  Mohammed. 

(A)  The  JffcariM  fubiQins        (-)  Diverfipns  and  mafic: 
JWlfctab,  '     Wlartkbi 

jikiawi 


C:  il         Eleventh  Solid*,  Mohammed  II.  167 

jildans  ;  for  lie  would  not  allow  Malek  Sh&b  to  hive  *  any 
power  or  command  in  the  folt&nat  of  Baghddd;  but  remained  ,   ~  ..A. 
fide  matter  in  his  dominions,  which  comprehended  Babybnijb*  f   c  J 
.  1W*  (C),  and  Arabia  :  in  (hort,  it  was  under  this  Khalifah^'  t% 
that  the  power  of  the  Seijfkians,  who  had  been  mailers  of 
atf  the  forces  and  pofleffions  of  the  Khalifahs,  began  to  de- 
cline, and,  by  degrees,  became  extinft c.     On  this  occafion 
AbAlfaraj  tib&rves,  that  At  Moktafi  was  the  firft  who  reigned 
{&  Irik  Arabi  without  a  Sol  tan,  and  governed  his  armies, 
1  as  well  as  fubjefts,  according  to  his  own  will  (D),  fince  the 
time  that  the  Mamtuks,  or  flaves  (E),  firft  ufurped  power 
ewer  die  Khalifahs,  under  At  Mofianfir  d  (F). 

As  Khajbek^  who  Mtas  the  chief  inftrument  of  the  advance*  £/*tw*/£ 
jncat  of  Mohammed^   fumamed  Gayatho'd&n*  would  needs  Sohdn, 
f  have  the  intire  government  of  the  (late  at  his  own  difpofal ;  Moham- 
!  and  as  that  lord's  credit,  as  well  as  riches,  rendered  him mcd  *h 
\  powerful,  Mohammed  (acm  perceived  that  he  could  never  reign 
■with  authority,  fo  long  as  fuch  a  perfon  was  alive.     For  this 
I  rtafon  he  refolved  to  get  rid  of  him,  according  to  die  advice 
I  of  one  of  hisminifters;  who,  alluding  to  the  youth  of  the 
|.  priace,  and  age  of  Khajbek,  told  him,  that  no  new  branches 
flat  from  tht foot  ef  the  vine,  tilt  the  old  ones  were  cut  away. 

Upon  hit  death  (G)  the  Soltan  became  poflefled  of  all  the*/*)* 
wealth 'Which  he  had  amafled,  during  the  rime  that  he  hadKhf*bck- 
the  management  of  the  treafury.    It  is  remarked,  as  a  thing 
extraordinary,  that  he.  had  in  his  wardrobe  an  infinite  num- 
ber of  vetf  precious  moveables  (H),  among  which  were  1 3,000 
1  (arlet  and  purple  vefts. 

However,  the  death  of  Khajbek  had  like  to  have  been 
.'.tftt  ruin  of  Mohammed :  for  that  great  lord  had  made  pow-  4 

•fal  friends  atcourt,  who  were  rtfolved  to  revenge  it.  With 

9  D'HtK*.  p.  592,  art.  Moktafi.  *  Abu'lf.  p.  258. 

(C)'Called  alfo  Arabian  lrdk,  Khajbek  as  feizing  Malek  Shah 

containing  tbeantient  Kbaldea.  without  provocation,  and  fend- 

(D)  He  reigned  twenty -four  in%  for  Mohammed  only  with  de- 
y«»s;  dying  in Hejrah  555.  fign  to  deftroy  him:  but  that 

(E)  Meaning  the  Turks.  Mohammed,  feeing  into  his  vil- 
(P)  It  fhould  be  Al  Montaf-    lainy,  flew  both  him  and  his 

J*,irho  was  the  eleventh  Kha-  armour-bearer  two  days  after, 

Jfth  of  the  Abbas  family  ;  un-  as  they  came  into  his  pretence* 

der  whom  the  Turkijb  militia  and  call  out  their  heads  to  be- 

began  to  ufurp  authority  over  eaten  by  dogs.  Abu  If.  p.  247, 
faKhaiifahs.  .  (H)    The  TarUb   Khoxideh 

(G)    Ah?  If  or aj    reprefents  gives  a  lift  of  them  all. 

M  4  that 


t 


16$  The  SeJjftks  of  Iran.  B.L  I 

that  intent  the  Atabek  lldightz  (I),  and  Akfankor,  lord  of  i 
Mar4ghay  having  revolted,  depofed  Mohammed,  and  proclaim-  i 
FUetfor  ed  his  uncle  Soleymdn  Shah,  fon  of  Mohammed  I.  The  young 
/r*r-  unexperienced  Sol  tan  was  fo  frighted  at  this  news,  that  not  i 
knowing  whether  to  fight  or  accommodate  matters,  he  fled  to  j 
Jfpihdn,  while  Soleymdn  Shah  took  peaceable  poffeffion  of  his  i 
capital  HamadAn,  .  I 

Soleym&n     The  new  prince  might  have  preferred  the  crown  with  as  ] 
Sha^i  ad    much  eafe  as  he  obtained  it,  if  he  had  not  been  intirely  de*  i 
n/anced.     ftitute  of  counfel,  *uid  very  unhappy  in  his  conduft.     Among  J 
other  indifcrete  attions,  he  took  the  employment  of  the  great  \ 
chamberlain  from  Mohammed  Karazm  Shah  (K),  and  gave  it  i 
to  Alp  Argin  :  he  likewise  turned  out  his  Wazlr  Fakro'daU 
Kq/hi,  and  put  Abtflnejib  in  his  place,     Thefe  two  great  <£•< 
fleers,  to  revenge  their  difgrace,  plotted  to  reftore  Mohan-  i 
med:  but  as  that  could  not  be  done  without  depofing  Soiey- 
tndn  Shdh,  and  the  militia  feemed  to  be  attached  to.  him, 
they  contrived  a  ftratagem,  which  fucceeded  to  a  wonder. 
Flies  in  his    ^MOHAMMED  Karazm  Shah  tells  his  fitter,  who  was  I 
turn.         the  Soltan's  wife,  as  a  great  fecret,  that  there  was  a  plot  oa 
foot  to  bring  back  his  nephew,  and  that  her  hufband's  per<l 
fon  was  to  be  feized  that  very  night.     The  too  credulous 
and  fearful  Saltan,  without  flaying  to  enquire  the  leaft  into 
the  matter,  immediately  mounted  horfe,  with  a  £ew  of  his 
intimates ;  and  took  the  road  to  Mazanaerdni  a  province  oa J 
the  Cafpian  fea. 

Next  day  every  body  was  ftrangely  furprized  to  hear  of ; 
the  Soltan's  flight.     The  foldiers  immediately  mutinied,  and 
Moham-   running  to  the  palace,  plundered  it.     Mohammed  no  fooner 
med  rt-    received  advice  of  his  uncle's  flight,  which  was  fo  like  his*' 
turns.        own,  than  he  made  hafte  to  Hamaddn>  and  re-afcended  the 
vacant  throne. 

SO  LEY  MAN  Shah,  perjceiving  too  late  that  he  had  boa 
duped,  refolved  to  attempt  the  recovery  of  his  dominions, 
by  the  affiftance  of  his  friends.  The  Khalifah  Moktafi,  and 
the  Atabek  lldightz,  jrfned  their  troops  to  thofe  which  he 
Be/eats  his  gathered  in  Mazanderdn  :  but  being  met  by  his  nephew  <* 
uncle.  the  banks  of  the  river  ^4rras,  or  Araxes,  was  overthrown,  | 
and  obliged  to  rehire  to  Mufol.  Mohammed,  after  this  vic- 
tory, was  inclined  to  have  attached  the  Khalifah,  who  gave 
protection  to  his  uncle  :  but  confidering  that  he  had  another 

enemy,  his  brother  Majek  SMh,  to  fear,  he  was  obliged  to 

#  •  i%  . 

(I)  Who  became  afterwards    thor,  mud  be  miftaken  here? 
•    firfl  Atabek  of  Adberbtjdn.  for  it  cannot  pt  Mphamnud,  but 

.IK)  D'Bvrbeknm  his  au-    Atsix* 

.  i.i    ••  -      -■*,  "■-  • 

•  /.  Tr-rr'  .  »** 


C.  2.         Twelfth  Scltin,  Soleyman  SMh.  16 f< 

malp  op  matters  with  Moktafi,  who  gave  him  his  own  daugh- 
ter in  marriage. 

This  princefs,  named  Kerman  Khattbi,  fct  forward  with  zHis  death. 
fplendid  equipage,  and  the  Soltan  went  to  meet  her ;  but  an   . 
hoffic  fever  which  attended  him  put  an  end  to  his  life,  on  . 
the  road  to  Hamadan,  in  the  year  554  (L),   after  a  feven 
years  reign,  aged  no  more  than  thirty-two. 

This  Soltan. has  always  parted  for  a  mod  accomplished Uiscba* 
prince,  who  pofleiTed  all  the  virtues  military  and  civil.     &»>£"> 
was  a  great  patron  of  men  of  learning,  piety  and  merit :  in 
which,  fay  the  hiftorians,  he  was  the  very  reverie  of  his  bro- 
ther Maiek  Shah. 

•  It  is  faid  that  this  prince  quitted  life  with  much  reluc-  > 
lance ;  that,  before  he  expired,  he  ordered  his  troops,  his 
toort,  and  all  his  treafures,  to  pafs  before  him,  as  it  were 
in  review  ;  and  that,  after  he  had  considered  all  thefe  things, 
lie  faid,  How  is  it  poffible  that  a  power  as  great  as.  mine  it 
mot  able  to  lejfcn  the  weight  of  my  diforder  one  Jingle  grainf 
wr  to  prolong  my  life  but  for  a  moment  ?  • 

He  left  his  dominions  to  his  brother  Maiek  Shah,  who  {x>x- and  fucctf* 
wed  him  only  a  few  days,  as  hath  been  laid  before.   He./"**. 
was  fucoeeded  by  his  uncle  Soleymdn  Shah,  the  other  compe- 
titor of  Mohammed c. 

SOLEYMAN  Sh&b,  furnamed  Moazo'ddin  Kaffem  (M)9T<welflh 
was  the  fon  of  Soltan  Mohammed,  fon  of  Maiek  Shah  I.  Soltan, 
This  prince  being  at  Mu/ol  when  his  two  predeeeflhrs  died,  l®^1™1 
the  great  lords,  after  fome  debate  among  themfelves,  fent  for  5Mh> 
him,  and  placed  him  on  the  throne.     But  as  he  gave  himfelf 
op  intirely  to  voluptuoufnefs,  and  the  company  of  women, 
without  minding  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom,  they  feized  and 
imprifoned  him,  at  the  end  of  fix  months ;  advancing,  in  his 
room,  his  nephew  Arflan,  in  the  year  555.     Setting  afide**«i- 5S5* 
hb  bad  conduit,  for  which  he  was  depofed,  he  did  not  want        P' 
bant  good  qualities  :  he  was  very  familiar  with  thofe  about    *  *  ** 
him ;  and  excelled  as  to  his  behaviour,  perfon,  and  eloquence,  /,  fan 
He  died  in  the  fecond  month  of  the  year  556,  at  the  age  cfdefofed* 
forty-five  f.     This  is  all  the  accounr  we  have  of  Soleymdn's 
Mhort  reign,  and  taken  from  the  Lebtarikh ;  for  D'Herbelot 
lays  nothing  of  it.     As  for  Abfflfaraj,  he  does  not  mention 

*  Kohd.  Tarikh  Benak  iti,  Tarikh  Kkozedah,  apud  De 
Herb.  p.  608,  &  feq.  art.  Mohammed^fil.  de  Mohammed. 
'Lebtarikh,  p.  45. 

(L)  In  Dhfflbajjah  (which  is  (Mj  The  Lebtarikh  calls  him 
tklaft  month),  according  to  the  Soltan  Moaxodiin  Ahulbaretb 
IMtarikb.  SoUjmdnSbdb. 

the 


17*  &*  Sdjiflcs  of  Iran.*  EI. 

the  Softfaft  of  Per/tan  frdk,  after  the  death  of  Mohammed  ft. 

when  the  Khalifah  threw  off  the  SeljM  yoke,  and  refumed 

the  dominion  in  Irdk  Arabi. 

Thirteenth   -  ARSLAN  was  the  fon  of  Tbgrot,  'fdn  of  MohammeJ,  fat 

Soltan,      of  Mtfe*  AMft  I.  and  furnamed  AMI  Modhaffer  Zeyrwddht,  \ 

Aiflin,     aecording  to  Kondamlr ;  but  the  Lebtartkh  ftiles  him  Roknod^ 

dawlat.    He  is  commonly  called  by  hiftorians  Malek  Arflku 

He  was  proclaimed  Sok*n  in  Hamadan,  by  the  influence  of 

the  Atabek  Mgbiz  (N)  ?  bu  t  from  the  beginning  of  his  rrigft* 

Ktmar,  governor  of  IjftaMn,  and  Enbancj,  or  //urn/,  governor 

^^  -     of  Jfay,  revolted  agatnft  him  ;  letting  up  for  Soltan  one  rf 

•J22&.*  ^  coufins'  n*111^  Mohammed  Selj&k  Shah  ;  with  whom,  af '" 

the  head  of  a  great  army,  they  advanced  to  Hamadtn.    Arflen 

went  to  meet  them  as  fan  as  Kazvin,  where  he  got  the  vic»« 

tory ;  for  the  new  Soltan  was  killed  in  the  battle,  and  W 

two  fupporters  fled  to  Ray,  and  from  thence  to  MazandtrJn.  * 

ARSLAN  had  no  fooner  put  an  end  to  this  war,  bat  id 

found  himfelf  engaged  in  another ;  for  the  prince  of  the  Ak* 

khdz,  fituated  between  Georgia  and  Cherkaffia,  who  was  f 

ChrifKan,  entering  AdbcrbijAn,  ravaged  that  province  as  far 

Defiats     as  Kazvin.    The  Soltan,  turning  his  victorious  arms  on  thaf 

the  Ab-     fide,  defeated  him  near  the  ftrong  caftle  of  Kak,  which  he 

khaz.       had  taken  and  fortified ;  but,  being  afterwards  forced  by  the 

Selj&k  troops,  was  demolifhed. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  year  559,  SoltJtn  Arfl&n  mad* 
a  progrefs'to  IJj>&Mn  :  the  Atabek  Zenghi  Salgari,  who  com* 
manded  in  that  city,  went  out'  to  meet  him,  and  took  the?1 
oatti  of  allegiance.    The  Soltan  confirmed  him  in  his  govern- 
ment, of  which  he  extended  the  bounds  as  far  as  the  province 
of  Pars,  or  Pars. 
Enbancj        Enhanej  (O),  who  ftHl  flood  out  in  Mazanderan,  in  56? 
fubmiti.     made  alliance  with  the  Karazm  Shah,  by  whom  being  aiDffaf 
Hcj.  c6i~Mrith  a  great  body  of  troops,  he  entered  Perjian  Irak,  and" 
-*•  D-    ravaged  the  country  about  Abher  and  Kazvin  :  but  ArJUti%' 
,l6S*    accompanied  with  the  Atabek  ILSghiz,  coming  on  him  bf 
furprize,  obliged  him  to  fly  to  his  old  retreat.    Two  years- 
after,  the  fame  rebel,  invading  the  country  about  Ray,  it* 
feated  Mohammed,  the  fon  of  lldtghiz,  who  was  lent  againfr 
•  him.     Hereupon  lldtghiz  himfdf  marched  ;  and,  bang  comer 
to  that  city,  made  feveral  propofitions  to  Enbanej,  who  there* 
upon  agreed  to  go  with  him,  and  make  bis  fubmiflkra  to 

(N)  Firft  Atabek  of  A&erbi-    tin  Arpm  began  his,  vie  of  the 
j$*l  where  he  began  to  reign     Utjtabw. 
the  Gune  year  in  which  the  SoU        (O)  Or  Inartj. 

the 


€.£  TourUMh  Solid*  Togrel  II.  xjt 

theSolfcaa:  but  the- night  before  chit  ceremony  wjp  to$*He  is 
performed,  Enbanej  was  killed  io  his  lodgings.    The  Soka%/fer'** 
on  this  news,  gave  the  government  of  Ray  to  the  ion  of  lt&~ 
gbaz,  who  foon  after  married  the  only  daughter  c£-Enba-  . 
^f ;  the  fruit  of  which  was  Kuthk  (P),  furnamed  Enbanej, 
,  In  568  the  mother  of  the  Soltan,  a  princefe  of  great  Vxx~The$oIt£* 
\  jQRt  djed  in  the  houfe  of  lldighlz ;  and  this  great  man  £oU<B&. 
jawed  her  not  long  after.    The  Soltan  himfelf,  afflidted  at 
two  fuch   great  lodes,  fell  £ck  of  *  laagutthiqg  illnefs,  Hej.  571. 
jjhich  yet  held  him  till  the  year  S 71*  when  he  died ;  after    A-  "• 
ic  had  lived  about  forty  <hree  years,  and  reigned  about  fit    s  X7S* 

*en(QJ.    .  ' 

,  He  was  a  prince  not  only  valiant  and  generous,  but  stfoHhcba- 
jfttSent,  and  good-natured  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  he  wouhl^^rv 
pot  fuffer  any-body  to  be  fpoken  ill  of  in  his  pretence g ;  nor 
'ever  treated  any  of  his  docneftics  with  feverity  or  cpntempc  •   ' 
jhaag  eminent  for  nyxkfty  and  clemency.    He  never  denied 
pay-thing  to  a  man  of  good  addrefs  and  parts.    He  was  very    v  , 
lice  iirhia  diet  and  apparel ;  for  he  bad  very  rich  veils,  of 
avery  kind  and  colour,  wrought  with  gold,  fuch  as  no  king 
before  him  ever  wore*    His  conversation  was  familiar,  ana 
!  pfeftly  finccre  \  l 

TOGROL,  fon  of  Soltan  Arjlan,  called  alfo  Rohno'ddm  Fourteenth 
Kajfem  (R),  was  the  laft  Soltan  of  the  Seljuk  dynafty  of  Iran%j*l*«"* 
m  rather  Per/ion  Irak,  which  ended  in  him.    He  fucceeded,  Togrol 
,|0d  governed  his  dominions  happily  enough,  under  the  di- 
Jeftkm  of  his  maternal  uncle  the  valiant  Mohammed  (&),  fon 
itftheAtabek/%Aiz. 

At  the  beginning  of  his  reign  Badanjar  attacked  the  pro- 
fince  of  Adherbijdn ;  and  Mohammed,  fon  of  Soltan  Togrol  eba 
'  that  of  P  erf  tan  Irak :  but  Mohammed  ebn  lldigbiz, 


s  Koitd.  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  129,  art.  Arflan  ben  Thogrul, 
*Lebtar.  p.  45. 

(P)  He  is  .called  Kiligb,  in  (R)  He  is  named,  in  the  Let* 

pHerbeUt,  p.  836.  wh<>,  p.  277,  fariib,    Sol  tin   Mogajathoddin 

fit  Cot  inn,  gives  him  the  fur-  Togrol. 

ftmcof FakrSddin.  (S)  Abfflfaraj  calJs  him  the 

WL)  According  to  the  Nig-  Pahiavan Mohammed ebn  Ildegar* 

htmfian,    fifteen    years    eight  and  fays  he  was  lord  of  Al  Je- 

awntks  and  fifteen  days.     The  Ml,  or  Kuhejldn,  part  ofPerfian 

Idtanhh  of  Golnun  has  but  de-  7r«i ;  of  Jb^,  lfpdhdn,Adherhij*n* 

?co  years ;  yet  places  the  be-  zxidArrdn,  which  laft  is  part  of 

pining  and  end  of  hh  reign  4s  .  Armenia.  Jlbu  If.  p.  zj  2,  &  feq. 


mil*  text. 


vitk 


tjz  The  Seljftks  if  Iran.*  B.L 

•with  hW  brother  Kizil  Arjl&ti  (T),»  marching  againft  them 
at  the  head  <?f  a  great  army,  foon  obliged  them  to  foe  for 
peace,  x 

qrandcon- mZ  In  the  tenth  year  of  his  reign  diere  was  one  of  thofe  great 
junaion.    conjunclions  of  the  feven  planets,  which  very  rarely  happen* 
Hej.  581;  it  appeared  in  the  third  degree  of  libra  ;  which,  according 
A.  D.    ^  t£e  j-ujgg  0f  judicial  aftrology,  is  a  very  Airy  fign.    All  the 
11  5m    aftrologers  of  that  time,  and  among  \hc  reft  Anv&ri,  fav 
named  Jfaktm,  or  the  philofofher,  foretold,  from  this  pharao-  \ 
menon*  that  fuch  violent  winds  wonld  blow  the  foremen-, 
tioned  year,  and  fuch  dreadful  hurricanes  arife,  that  moft  </ 
,the  houfes  in  the  country  would  be  blowa  down,  and  the'* 
mountains  themfelves  fhaken.     Thefe  predictions  had  fndr 
,  an  effect  on  many  people,  that  they  provided  places  under*" 
ground,  to  retreat  from  fuch  horrible  calamities.  ■ 

Vanity  of      Notwitstanding  all  this,  to  the  utter  confufion  of. 
qftrtkg.   the  aftrologers,  there  did  not  blow,  during  the  whole  tin* 
afligned  by  them,   any  wind   to  hinder  the  farmers  frog' 
threftiing  and  winnowing  their  corn*1.     Yet  the  Lebtarikbi 
as  if  to  iave  the  credit  of  thefe  pretenders  to  foreknowleg^ : 
would  pcrfuade  us,  againft  the  teftimony  of  other  hiftorian^1 
that  they  from  thence  prognofticated  the  great  devaftations- 
which  attended  the  irruption  of  the  Moguls  under  JengUi^ 
Kh&n,  into  the  countries  of  Tifrdn  and  Irak  k,  twenty-nine  or 
thirty  years  after :  for  although  he  began  his  conquefh  it1 
the  eaft  of  Tartary  about  that  time,  viz.  in  599,   yet  he; 
did  not  move  weftward,  to  fubdue  provinces,  till  the  year 
614,  or  that  following.     Why  then  might  not  the  ph&no*1 
menon  in  queftion  have  related  rather  to  the  fall  of  the  Sd+ 
j6k  monarchy  of  Irak  ?   Was  it  too  fmall  an  event  for  fy 
great  a  congrefs  of  the  heavenly  bodies  ?  Or  could  the  aftro»] 
logers  fee  the  more  diftant  evil,  but  not  that  near  at  hand? 
The  lords       In  the  fame  year  581,  the  AttbtkMobammtd,  (on  of  JZI» 
son/fire ;   ghiz,  dying,  a  breach  began  between  the  -Soltan  and  KitST 
Arjlan  Atabek  (U),  brother  of  the  deceafed ;  for  this  ambi»* 
tious  lord,  taking  upon  him  to  difpofe  of  all  things  without; 
Togror*  orders,  gave  great  umbrage,  both  to  that  prince^ 
and  his  whole  court.     The  Atabek,  perceiving  the  Soltan  to,, 
be  difpleafed  with  him,  to  prevent  the  confequence,  marchci  1 

1  D'Hbrb.  p.  1028,  art.  Thogrul  ben  Arflan.  *  Lcbtar. 

p.  45. 

(T)  Ox  KzeUrJlan,  that  is,        (U)  Third  Atabek  of  AB*r* 
the  red  lion.  ■    He  is  called  elfe-     bijdn,  1 

where  Kilij  or  KeUj  Jrfdn^  and  * 

&kd  Ki%il  Arfidtu 

Of 


C.2.  Fourteenth  Soltan,  Togrol  II.  173 

;cf  a  fudden  with  a  great  army  towards  Hamddto, .  from 
)gba£tTogrol9  having  no  forces  to  oppofe  him,  retired..     Ai- 
zil Arflan entered  the  city  without^ refinance;  and,  after  he 
'bad  continued  there  for  fome  time,  content  with  having  given 
jhis-infult  to  the  Soltan,  withdrew  home  to  Adkerbij&n. 
\\  A*ter  his  return,  Togrol  re-entered  hi9  capital;  but  taRfiixe  the 
ufabek  did  not  let  him  remain  long  in  quiet :  for  drawing  &/?«*  ; 
Kraal  difconteiued  lords  of  Ir&k  to  his  party,  he  perfuaded 
tjjiem  to  fend  proper  perfons  to  let  the  Soltan  know  that  they  : 

'"were  ready  to  come  and  afk  his  pardon/  if  he  would  .have 
'{he  goodnefs  to  grant  it  them*.  Togrolz  well  pleafed  with 
koejr  fubmiffion,  appointed  a  day-  to  receive  itf  when  he  was 
Jto  play  at  mall  in  the  great  fquare  of  the  city.  The  lords 
j$/d  not  fail  to  appear  there  before .  him ;  but,  inftead  of  aflc- 
Jug  pardon,  feized  hisfcperfon,  and  4mprifoned  him  in  the 
^fcong  caftle  named  XaUt  alNaju,  or  the  cqftle  of  refuge. 
'  As  foon  as  thisJcheme  was  executed,  Kizil  Arflan  left  Ad-  divide  bis 
yon,  apd  caipe  to  Hamadan,  with  defign  to  tei  Sanjar9demnions. 
of  the  late  Soleyman  Shah,  on  the  throne.  But,  on  re- 
ceiving advice  from  Baghdad  that  the  Khalifah  ihould  fay,  the 
Jfabek  bad  a  good  pretence  to  become-  Soltan  himfelf,  he  re- 
hired to  afliune  that  .tide,  and  ordered  money  to  be  coined 
^his  own  name.  This  proceeding, changed  the  face  of  afr 
j&s:  for  Fakriddm  K&tluk  (X),  his  nephew,  and  feveral 
ddtor  great  lords,  who  thought  themfclves  his.  equals,'  enter* 
|ng  into  a  cdnfpiracy,  flew  him,  and  divided  Togrol's  domir 
f&ons  among  them. . 

',  At  this  juncture  the  Soltan  efcaped  from  his  confinement.  He  reco- 
the  intrigues  -of  Hojfamo'ddin,   general  of  his   troops ;  w*  them 
g  whom  there  were  many  attached  to  his  intereft.    As 
as  he  was  at  liberty,  he  raifed  an  army;  and  defeating 
rebels,  punifhed  them  as  they  deferved. 
Yet  did  not  this  put  an  end  to  their  treafons ;  for,  in  588,Kutl(ik 
%b%  widow  of  the  Atabek  Mohammed,  fon  of  IldightzS'bels : 
lived  in  the  Jfaram,  among  the  Sol  tan's,  women,  was    A-  **• 
iled  on  by  her  fon  Kutluk  Enbanej  to  poifon  the.  Soltan,     1 l92' 
that  prince  having  notice  thereof,  prevented  the  blow,  by 
'  g  her  take  the  dofe  which,  {he  had  prepared  for  him* 
this,  he  ordered  Kutluk  to  be  feiei;  and  would  have 
trcd  his  own  life,  if  he  had  riot  reftored  him  to  his  li- 
y;  which  was  the  caufe  of  all  the  evils  that  afterwards 
ttahim. 

,  "•  [X)  Surnamcd  Eubanej,  be-    Atabek   of  Adherlijan9  twenty 
fte  mentioned.    He  was  £fth    years  after. 

•  la 


pined  by        tu  flwrtj  this  ungrateful  wretch  was  no  fdriher  refeafetf 
Taltafh:cmt  of  prifori,  than  hefcftt  to  perfuttfe  7khz^,  fflthfcmg 
of  Karazm,  to  conquer  Perfian  JtMi    Takafb  came;  and, 
joining  his  forces,  went  and  took  the  caffie  of  ThttBrA  (TJrt 
but,  after  remaining  for  feme  time  about  Rtty,  retired  an  iHtf 
Soltys  approach,  leaving  Ta/ir;  to  take  care  of  his  ftew  eofh-* 
quefts  (Z).   But  next  year  7*grof  recovered  aB,  and      ~  " 
Tafaj,  "whom  be  t6ok  prifoner. 
loth  d$-       In  590  Afr&ul,  a&ing  in  concert  wj*  TiAqft 
feated.     -with  a  powerful  army  into  Perfian  /Wtt;  but  bring 
Hej.  S9°-by  75*™/,  was  obliged  to  fly  into  Katazt*  to  his  afSftancfe 
A.  D.    The-ftdAn,  after  this,  thinking  he  was  delivered  from  dl 
ll93-    his  enemies,  abandoned  hirhfelfto  women*  and  wine,  wj& 
/  boumflefsexdefs.    And  though  he  was  told,  ih^t  Takt/b^ti 

raifmg  a  formidable  army  to  invade  his  dominions,  yet  to 
toxtcated  with  his  {needs  and  delights,  he  continued  to  ft 
bauehes,  and  neghrflcd  affairs  to  fnch  a  degree,  that  tfre 
grandees  of  the  court  wrote  themfdves  to  Takajb,  to  nutt 
hafte,  affuring  him  that  he  might  eaflly  furprize  Togrotin  A 
midft  of  his  revels.  '■ 

Togrol     *   'Tetkafb,  followingtheir  advice,  made  fuch  expedition,  dtt 
/«»•       he  arrived  at  the  gates  of  Ray,  while  the  Sohan  was  ftffl  bu- 
ried in  Kquor.    However,  he  put  himfelf  at  the  head  of  Ui 
troops,  and  marched  towards  the  enemy,  repeating  certtii 
verfe*  out  of  the  Sh&h  Nameh  (A),  fpoken  by  feme  warrkij 
fcoaftinycf  what  he  would  do :  but  raffing  his  mace,  as  if  to* 
;   was  going  to  ftrike,  in  conformity  to  the  words  he  had 
flounced,  he  difcharged  fuch  a  blow  on  one  of  the  fore 
of  Ms  horfe,  that  the  beaft*  fell  under  him,  and  he  was  thi 
hhnfetf  by  the  fall.    Ktthk,  feeing  him  on  the  ground,  i) 
mediately  ran,  and,  with  one  blow  of  his  fcymhar,  put 
end  to  his  life,  and  the  power  of  the  Sefj&ks  in  Ir&k l 
Malice  9J       TAKASH,  not  content  with  thedownfal  of  this  prince^ 
Takalh,    whofe  dominions  he  joined  to  his  own,  fent  his  head  to  tfo1 
Khalifeh  at  BagbdAd,  and  had  his  body  faftened  to  a  gil"  u~ 
at  Ray  *.    It  is  furprizing,  that  neither  of  thefe  two 

•    *  D'Hehb.  obi  fupr.  p.  1029,  &  feq.  *  Lebtar.  p!4f 

Di  La  Gfeoix  hift.  de  Genghis,  p.  131.  j 

(Y)  Talrat,<x  Tabor  at,  near  containing  the  'hiftoiy  of  d* 

Hay.  antient  kings  of  Perfi*.   Itawp 

(Z)  This  affair,  is  fomewbat  Ms  of  60,000  diftichs;  whi«M 

differently    related    elfewhere.  '  the  author,- Fordufi,  was  thirtH 

8ee  &Heri.-j>.  834,  in.TacaJb.  years  in  compofing,  at  the  cmm 

(A)  That  is,  the  royal  book  :  mand  of  Mabm'd  Gaxni,  oftcftj 

it  is  a  famous  Perfian  poem,  mentioned  before.                 * 


£-«.  Fourteenth  Stlti*,  Tggp>l  II.  i75 

circumftances,  which  are  related  by.  the  Ltfcari kh^  are 

by  JXHerbelot,  in  eiiher'the  article  oiTogralbtfi 

*,  or  7tfki/&,  wherein  the  death  of  that  prince  is  fpokep 

and  yet,  if  we  miftake  not,  he  takes  notice  of  then*  iji 

other  place :  on  which  occaiion  he  obferves,  that  {epae 

Ptrfian  hiftorians  afcribe  the  ruin  of  the  Karaxmian  revenged 

not  many  years  after,  by  Jenghiz  Kk&n,  tinder  Sot fion  after* 

'Mohammed,  fon  and  fucceflbr  of  Takttfh,  as  a  judgment 

that  family,  for  their  ingratitude  to  the  Se{jdkians,  to 

they  owed  all  their  fortune. 
xording  to  Kondamir,  Solrin  Togrol  reigned  eighteen 
ten  months  and  a  half  n.     The  LebtarUthhM  twenty- 
years,  by  miftake  for  nineteen ;  as  appears  by  collating 
^year  of  his  death  with  that  of  his  predeceflbr,  marked  by 
lame  author.     What  children  he  left  (B)  does  not  apt* 

prince  had  a  great  many  noble  qualities ;  for  he  vmCharaBcr 
;  only  remarkable  for  his  courage,  which  made  them  comre/*Tho- 

him  to  Rqftam  and  Isfandiar (C),  but  alfo  for  his  witgrul; 
i  knowlege.     He  excelled  fo  much  in  poetry,  that  fome 
him  to  Anvari  and  Dhahir  °.     He  often  difputed 
[the  learned ;  had  a  majeftic  mien ;  and  was  very  hand- 
He  furpafled  all  the  Seljukians  in  goodnefs  and  juftice, 
as  in  managing  his  arms  both  on  foot  and  on  horfe- 
:'. 

HE  ScljukiAns  of  Irak  were,  for  the  general,  a  race  of  Of  the 
accompliihed  princes,   eminent  for  their  good-nature,  So/tans 
liberality,  juitice,  and  other  virtues,  both  civil  *&&**  g***ra!. 
They  owed  their  ruin  chiefly  to  their  too  great 
y,  and  indulgence  to  their  favourites;  particularly  in 
governors  with  fo  much  dignity  and  power,  as  the 
razm  Shahs  and  Atabefcs,  by  whom  their  own  was  at  length 
uthed. 

js  we  have  completed  the  hiftory  of  theiirft  and  prin-  Defers  *f 
I  Seljukian  dynafty,  compiled  aimoft  wholly  from  the  ori*  Greek 
1  hiftorians  :  on  which  occaflon  it  may  be  proper  to  ob- 
that,  of  the  fourteen  Soltans  whereof  this  monarch; 


1  D'HtitB.  ait.  Selgiukioun. 
yd.  *  Lebtar.  p.  45. 

(B)  We  only  find  an  account 
4f  fM  fen,  who,  on  the  irrup- 
tion of  the  Mogoh  into  Karaxm, 
ktae  year  1220,  was  put  to 
detth,  with  eleven  other  chil- 
&«•  of  fovereign  princes,  by 


0  Ibid.  p.  1028,  art.Tho* 


the  bloody  Turkan  Kbatun,  wi- 
dow of  Takafi,  who  had  fo  on-* 
worthily  treated  his  father.  De 
la  Croix  fcift.<  Gengh  p.  242. 

(C)  Two  Perftan  heroes  of 
antiquity. 

confifts,- 


;i7$  "  Tbe  SeljAks  <?/  Into.      .  El 

confifts,  none  but  the  two  firft  are  s mentioned  (under  theoop 
rupt  names  of  Tangrolipix  and  Axdn)  by  any  of  the  Byzqi 
ltine  hiftorians,  excepting  Anna  Comftena,  who  fpeaks  of  A 
two  next,  Mtf.W  flttiA  and  Barkiarok,  but  names  only  tfc 
latter ;  after  which  they  pafs  to  the  Seljttkian  princes,  wh 

*  fettled  in  Afta  minor  \  feeming  to  confound  the  two  dynaftifl 
together.  ~J 

mud  other       ATT  ON,  or  Hayion,  the  Armenian,  whofe  memoirs,! 

hiftorians  /conjun&ion  with  thofe  of  the  Greeks,  the  other  European  ' 
ftorians  have  hitherto  made  ufe  of,  does  much  the  fame 
He"  gives  fome  account  of  the  four  firft  Soltans  ;  after 
he  fays,  the  Turks  cut  to  pieces  the  brother  of  Barkiarok, 
attempted  to  afcend  the  throne ;  and  then  falling  out 
themfelves  about  the  choice- of  a  fucceflbr,  the  Georgian, 
Greater  Armenians  invaded,  t  and  drove  them  out  of,   P* 
That  hereupon  they  removed,  with  their  families*  into 
kingdom  oxTurky  [meaning  Jkoniuni]  ;  and   thus  in 
the  power  of  the  Soltan,  fo  that  he  became  the  moft 

•  of  all  the  Soltans  *. 
to  what        This  falfe  information,  or  defefl:  in'  the  before-mentii 
caufes        authors,    is  doubtlefs  owing  to  the  grants  made  by 

Sh&h  I.  of  the  countries  weft  of  Perjian  Irak ;  which 
becoming  in  a  manner  independent,  under  their  own 
the  Greeks  heard  no  more  of  the  great  Soltan,  as  they 
him,  of  Perfia,  or  of  his  commanding  in  Afia  minor ; 
therefore  concluded  the  empire  of  the.  eaftern  SeljAks 
an  end.     It  moft  likewife  be  confidered,  that,  by  this 
tion  of  the  provinces,  the  intercourfe  with  Perfia  was 
interrupted  ;  which  might  be  one  reafon  why  Hayton,  i 
living  in  the  very  midft  between  thofe  two 'monarchies  of 
Turks,  appears  to  be  fo  utterly  ignorant  of  the  affairs 
Perfia,   from  the  time  of  Barkiarok,   to  that  of .  Jntgi 
Khan, 
to  hi  To  this  caufe  may  be  added  his  want  of  reading, 

mfcrihtd.    being  of  a  different  language,  as  well  as  religion,  from 
Turks ;    which  might  have  hindered  him-  from  con 
with  his  neighbours,  or  confulting  their  hiftories.     It  is 
Abu'lfaraj,  as  having,  had  the  advantage  of  the  Arabic, 
more  erudition  than  his  countryman  Hay  ton,   carries  d< 
the  Irak  dynafty  through  a  iWeflion  of  eight  Soltans 
but  after  Irak  Arabi  comes  to  be  fevered  from  the  Seljuk  do*] 
minions,  by  the  Khalifah  Moktafi,  on  the  death  of 

*  Haith.  de  Tart  cap.  xv.  p.  378,  &  feq.  ap.  Grynxi, 

orb  dm. 


vC$>  &§  SelJAks  c/Kermki.  '  ifj 

I  pa?  II.  in  the  year  554;  as  if  that  dHbcmbermfent  tad  cat 
"«fftll  carrefpondence  Math  i***^*,  he  fpeaks  no  more  of  the 
*jboa*ding  Soltys  of  the  Selj&k  race. 


;,  C  H  A  P.    III. 

,  The  Stltans  of  the  ftcond  branchy  or  dynajly,  of 
F        the  Seljukians,  called  that  of  Kerman. 

*EKMAN,  the  country  from  whence  this  race  of  Sol- £ermiii 
tins  takes  its  denomination,  is  a  province  of  Iran,  or  monarchy* 
Perfia  at  large,   the  lame  with  ancient  Karamaniai 
k'has  on  the  weft  Pdrs,  or  proper  Perfia  ;  on  the  north  Se- 
ftki,  or  Siftdn ;  on  the  eaft  Mekrdn,  arid  on  the  fouth  the 
of  Harmuz  or  Orm&s.     The  principal  city  is  called 
tor,  or  Sirjan,  fituate  near  the  borders  of  Pars.     Be- 
which,  we  meet  with  feveral  others,  as  Tubefan,  Gab* 
Barsir,  at  Berdasir,  Maftih,  or  Mafrih,   Bemnasir,  or 
sin,  Bam,  Giroft,  or  Sirefi,  ijc.    To  which  may  be 
the  ports  of  Jaftes,  Mina,  and  Gomrttn,  or  Bandet 
;  with  the  iflands  of  Harmuz  and  Kejhom,  which  lie 
fthe  fomhern  part  of  it,  at  prefent  called  Mogqfdn. 
This  dynafty  takes  the  name  of  Kerman,  becaufe  it  was  fa  extent 
~inded  in  that  province  :  but  the  power  of  its  princes  was 
confined  within  the  bounds  of  that  fingle  country  f  for   " 
y  enlarged  their  dominions  not  only  by  the  acquifition  of 
firs,  on  the  weft,  but  of  the  countries  eaftward,  as  far  as 
r  river  Send,  or  Indus  a ;  comprizing,  as  it  fhould  feem,  the 
vince  of  Mekran,  or  Makran,  with  part  of  Sajejtdn,  and 
iefian,  and  pofEbly  fo  much  of  India  as  lay  between  thofe 
ivinces  and  the  Indus. 
All  the  oriental  hiftorians  agree,  that  this  dynafty  com-  „„</  j^^ 
meed  in  the  year  433  of  the  Hefrah,  and  ended  in  583,  tion. 
bfifting  1 50  years,  under  eleven  Soltans,  viz.  1 .  Kaderd. 
Saltan  ShAh.     3.  Turan  Shah.     4.  IrAn  Shah.     5.  Arjl&n 
4h.     6.  Mohammed.     7.  Togrol  Shdh.     8.  Arjlan  ShahU. 
:  Babar&m  Shah.     1  o.  Turin  Shah  II.     1 1 .  Mohammed  Shah. 
F^rtiom,  from  the  fcantinefs  of  the  extrafts  given  by  D'Her- 
fcf,  who  is  our  only  afliftant   as  to  the  hiftory  of  this 
fooch  of  the  Seljukians,  it  appears  that  the  orientals  them- 
fcbes  have  fpoken  very  little. 

Kaderd,  or  Katfherd,  the  firft,  and  founder  of  this  race  offirfl  SoU 
Soltans,  who,  from  him,  are,  by  way  of  diftinftion,  called  tan,  Ka- 
derd. 
»  Kowo.ap.  D'Herb.  p.  801,  art.  Selgiukian  Kermin. 

Mop.  Hist,  Vox-  IV.  N  Kaderdkns, 


•  Ml 


178  We  Seljtiks  of  Kerm&w  B 

Kaderdians,  was  the  fon  of  Dawd,  or  /<gfir  ifeA,  £bta  of  M< 
A.  D.    **#,  fon  of  Selj&L    In  the  year  433,  his  uncle  Togral  Bet, 
1041.    founder  of  the  dynafty  of  Iran,  made  him  governor  of  the 
province  of  Kermdn,  the  Perfian  Karamania  of  the  Greeks, 
where  he  became  fo  powerful,  that  he  aflumed  the  authority 
of  a  fovereign  prince,  And  added  to  his  new  dominion  the 
'  province  of  F&rs,  or  Pars  (A),  adjoining  to  it  on  the  weft* 
A.D.     g0  that,  in  the  year  455,  he  had  formed  a  coniiderable  ftet^ 
1063.    ^jth  which  he  might  have  been  fatisfied;  but  the  defire  of 
pOflefling  more,  which  generally  increafes  with  many  acqni- 
Hii  amhi-  fitiqns,  having  pufhed  him  on  to  attack  the  dominions  of  his 
tion fatal,  nephew  Malek  Shdh  I.  third  Soltan  of  the  Scljuks  of  Iran, 
A.D.    he  was  defeated  at  Gurj,  in  the  year  465  ;  and,  being  take^ 
1072.     prifoner,  was  confined  in  a  caflle  in  Khorafdn  ;  where,  not  long, 
after,  he  was  poifoned,  by  order  of  Malek  Shdh  b,  as  hatfc 
been  already  related c.     This  prince  reigned- thirty-two  yeary, 
and  left  for  his  fucceflbr  a  fon  named  Saltan  Shah.       '  [ 

Scan  J  Malek  Shdh,  on  the  death  of  his  uncle  Kaderd,  reflored  hit* 

Soltan,  dominions  to  his  coufin-german  Soltdn  Shdh,  fon  of  Kaderd^ 
Soitan  who  reigned  there  under  his  authority.  But  he  enjoyed  the£ 
Shah.  throne  no  more  than  two  years,  according  to  Kondai7i:r9  who. 
A.  D.  places  his  death  in  467  ;  although  the  Tarikh  Khozideh  gives* 
1074.  him  a  reign  of  twelve  years,  which  ends  in  477  d. 
third  TURAN  Shdh  ebn  Kaderd  fucceeded  his  brother  Soltam* 

Soltdn,      Shah,  under  the  authority  likewife  of  Malek  Shdh.     Hexeign^i 
Turan       ed  with  the  reputation  of  a  very  juft  and  wife  prince,  apply-! 
Shan.        jng  himfelf  folely  to  repair  the  ruins  made  in  his  dominion*. 
A.D.    by  the  former  wars.     He  died  in  the  year  489,  after  he  had'. 
lcyS'    reigned  thirteen  years ;  and  left  for  his  fucceflbr  his  fon, 
Fourth       :  IRAN  Shdh,  who  had  not  the  good  qualities  of  his  fa- 
Soltdn,      ther  :  befides,  his  cruelty  was  fo  great,  that  his  fubjefts,  &£ 
Iran  Shah,  longer  able  to  endure  it,  in  general  confpired  againft  and  flew' 
A.  D.    him,  in  the  year  494,  and  fifth  of  his  reign.     He  was.  fuc- 
1 100.     ceeded  by  Arfldn  Shdh,  fon  of  Kermdn  Shdh  ebn  Kaderd  e. 
Fifth  Sol-       ARSLAN  Shdh,  during  the  life  of  his  uncle'  Iran  Sbah> 
tan,  Ar-  kept  himfelf  concealed  in   a  fhoemaker's  (hop,    for  fear  of 
flan  Shah,  falling  into  his  hands  :   but  as  foon  as  he  heard  of  his  death, 
he  made  himfelf  known,  and  was  proclaimed  Soltan  the  fame 
year,  by  the  unanimous  confent  of  the  grandees  of  the  king- 
dom.    So  that  the  Seljukians  of  Pars,  his  relations,  who  had 

b  Kond.  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  225,  &feq.  *  P.  119. 

*  D'Herb.  p.  826,  art.  Solthan  Schah.  *Ibid.  p.  498,  art. 

Iran  Shah. 

(A)  The  Arafo  write  Fan,  the  ferftem  Part* 
7  gfrea 


<*.  $  Tit  Selj&ks  */  Kerm&n;  i  7§ 

{pro  much  traeaiinefs  to  his  predeceffors,  durft  not  attack 
him.  By  this  means  he  reigned  in  peace  for  forty-two  years, 
and  left  the  crdwn  to  his  fon  Mohammed f. 

Ifakammedy  furnamed  Mogdyatho  <£##*,  fucceeded  his  father $**tb  SoU 
Jrfldn  Shah,  in  the  year  536  ;  and,  the  better  to  fecure  him-'***  Mo- 
tif in  the  throne,*  put  out  the  eyes  of  all  his  brothers.    All  Jammed. 
;tfaat  Kondamir  relates  of  hhn  is,  that  he  was  much  addicted    £  S3^% ' 
to  judicial  aftrology,  and  was  very  fond  of  building.     He     f  * 
irigned  ^fourteen  years,  and  died  in  the  551ft  year  of  the    ad! 
Erjraht.     feobe  call  this  prince  Turin  Shah  \  ,  /-£* 

TOGROL  Shah,  furnamed  Mohio'ddin  (B),  fucceeded  his  wi* 
hither  Mohammed,  and  died  after  reigning  twelve  years.     Hadoltan, 
|fcft  three  fons,  Arjltoi  Shdb,  Bohardm  Sbdh,  and  Tar  an  Skuh,  Togrol     ' 
|iAo  made  war  on  each  other  for  twenty  years  together,  withShih. 
Mtematc  advantages;  fo  that  he  Who  gained  a  viftory  was*H*  1^3*" 
w±nowlcged  for  Soltan,  till  fuch  time  as  he  was  driven  out        P" 
[if  one  of  his  two  brothers  ».     Thefe  fucceeded  one  anotherj     l    7* 
te  fet  forth  in  the  lift  of  Soltdns,  ^t  the  beginning  of  this, 
adapter :  but  tUe  duration  of  their  reigns  is  fo  uncertain,  that 
[authors  have  marked  only  that  of  Turin  Sh&b,  to  ^hich  they 
fright  yfears.  0 

He  was  fucceeded  by  hi$  nephew  Mohammed  Shah,  foh  oi£l*ventb 
i  Us  brother  Bahardm,  or  Hehcrhn  ,Shdh,  who  was  the  eleventh  ^h*** 
■and  hft  Soltan  of  this  fecond  branch  of  Seljuklans  •  for  Mdlek  M^h*£? 
kJHwr,  a  defcendaht  of  A!i,  fon-in-lawof  the  prophet  AiVmodSh*h* 
wmmed,  having  conquered  Kerman  in  the  yeir  583,  this  dy-Hej.  58 j« 
|l*fty,  according  fo  Kondamir,  and  thtTarikh  Khor.ideh,  be-    A.  D. 
jbune  extinft.      But  the  reigns  of  the.  four  laft  Soltans  are    Il87». 
confounded  one  with  the  other,,  that  the  Tankh  al  Taiva- 
reckons  no  mote  than  nine  princes  in  this  Ktrm&n  fuc- 
fttffion  \ 

*  Konij.  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  130,  art.  Arflin  Sch£ht  fil.  Ac  Ker- 
fin  Schah*.  •  «  Ibid.  p. '609,  art.  Mohammed,  fils  d  A/din 

[fchab.  h  D'Herb.  p.  800.  '  Kond.  ubi  fupr.  pi 

)0;o,  art.  Thogral  Schah.  k  Ibid.  p.  54b,  &  800,  art.  Ma- 

[kk  Dinar,  &  Selgiukian  Kerman. 

I  .  " 

I  (B)  That  is,  the  rgflvrfr  of  religion* 


K  4  CHAP. 


i8q  21*Seljuk*</RAm,  B.h 

CHAP.     IV. 

Hijhry  of  the  third  dynafty  of  the.  Seljukians, 
called  that  of  Rum. 

SECT.     L 

Weir  domhtms,  conqueft,   efrablijbment,  and  fuc- 
c$ion. 

toetwmi-    t  I   \  HIS  dynafty  of  the  Selj&kians  takes  its  name  of  Rim 

nation tf       I*      from. their  having;  reigned  in  the  country  o£ Rioi^ 

Rujpi.       .    •»  *    that  is,  of  the  Romans v  or  rather  of  the.  Greekt^ 

.    whbfe  emperors,  being  the,  fucceflbrs  of  the  Roman  emperor^ 

'   preferved  the  title  of  emperors  of;  the  Romans,  although  thgj 

ted  changed  the  feat  of  their  empire  from  Rorpe  to  Conflati^ 

t\no$>U\  and  consequently  were  more  properly  or  tmm^fajf^ 

fovereigns  of  the  Creeks  ;  who  befidesy  at  this  time,  of  the-Wfe; 

nations  were  only  fubjeft  to  them ;  Italy,  and  the  weAaqu 

provinces)  having  been,  torn  off.  from  their  dominions  many' 

ages  before*  •  • 

Extent  of.     It.  is  not  to  be  prefumed,  from,  the  deoaminataoa . whklk 

dqtmm*.,  this  dynafty  or  race  of  Sol  tans  bears,  that  they  were  lords  on 

all  the  then  Roman  empire,  or  country  of  the  Romans.    No* ,: 

that,  was  a  glory  referved,  for  the  Othmin  or.  Ozmdn  Turhq 

who  rofe  out  pf  the  ruins,  of  thefe  SeljAkians-;  and  fuoceedc$} 

them  firft  in  their  dominions,  which  were  confined  for  the  ge^v 

neral  to  Afia  minor,  or  rather  a  part  of  it,  during. the  reigp^ 

of  all  the  Soltans  of  the  Seljdk  race,  excepting  two  or  thieQy 

of  them,  who  extended  their  conquefts  beyond  its  bounds* 

to  the  eaft  and  fouth,  which  yet  continued  as  part  of  the  J 

Rumean  monarchy,   but  little  longer  than  their  refpe&hfct 

lives. 

Arabs,  The  Arabs,  who  were  the  great  reigning  power  before* 

their  de*    the  Turks,  had  wrefted  from  the  Reman  emperors  all  thdfr* 

rf«r .         dominions  in  Africa  and  Afia,  excepting  Afia  minor ;  the  eaft- 

era  parts  of  which,  towards  the  Euphrates,  had  been  in  their 

hands  for  the  fpace  of  more  than  1 50  years  :  but,  for  fome 

time  before  the  appearance  of  the  SeljAkians,  the  emperor* 

had  recovered  from  them  moft  of  the  cities  they  were  po£» 

felled  of  within  that  province,  befides  fome  part  of  the  Greater 

Armenia ;  which,  however,  they  foon  loft  again ;  being  taken 

from  them  by  thofe  new  invaders. 

ASIA 


£V  €Tbdrc€onq«efi  snd  Settlement.  fffi 

ASIA  Minor,  Called  more  commonly  by" the  latter  Gfeeks  Afia  mi- 
jfi*fe&  (A),  that  is,  the  raft,  isa  large  peaiAfuia  in  the  weft-nof. 
§  an  part  of  Afia.    It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Euxine  &*****• 
fea  tn&Propontis, -on  the  weft  by  the  Archipelago,  on  the 
fcath  by  the  .flfofe crranean  fea  and  Syria,  on  the  eaft  by 
the  country  of  the  Lazi  or  JEvrft,  and  the  river  Euphrates. 
It  is  fituatecL  between  the  36th  and  43d  degrees  of  lati- 
tude, and  between  the  44th  and  56th  degrees  of  longitude, 
reckoning  from  Ferro ;  being  in  length,  from  weft  to  eaft, 
about  640  miles,  and  in  breadth,  from  fouth  to  north,  360 
feiles. 

At  the  time  when  the  SelfM  Turks  firft  invaded  Afia  mi- Province 
tor,  it  was  divided  much  in  the  fame  manner  as  iki  former 
fines,  into  twelve  large  provinces :  all  thefe,  excepting  four, 
Ire  maritime ;  and,  beginning  with  the  moft  eaftern,  lie  found 
.fie  peninfula  in  the  following  order  :  Pontus,  Paphlagonia^ 
,  and  Bithynia,  along  the  Euxiru  fea :  Myfia,  in  which^is  Edits  ; 
jbma  and  Caria  are  waftied  by  the  Archipelago :  Lycia  (con- 
*imBg  MyliaJ,  Pifidia  (including  PatriphiliaJ,  and  Cilicia, 
ty  the  Mediterranean.  The  four  inland  provinces  are  Lydia,  ' 
Phrygia  (containing  Lytaortia  and  Ifauria) ;  Cappadocia  (in- 
dttdiag  Armenia  minor  and  Cataonia) ;  ix&Galatia  :  the  three 
fcftrun  eaftward,  in  the  fame  parallel,  from  Ionia  to  the  ri- 
fer  Euphrates ;  and  the  fourth  lies  to  the  north  of  Phrygia 
tifed  pert  of  Cappadocia. 

From  the  account  which  has  been  given,  the  reader  may  their fitw* 
firm  an  idea  of  the  manner  in  which  the  provinces  are  fitu-'flfwr, 
tted,  in  refpeft  of  one  another :  but,  to  make  it  ftill  more 
tifcar,  it  may  be  proper  to  obferve,  that  Cappadocia,  which 
fittends  from  Phrygia,  eaftward,  to  the  Euphrates,  lies  be> 
Uteen  Pontus  on  the  north,  and  CiHcia,  with  part  of  Syria, 
4b  the  fouth  ;  Calatia  has  on  the  north  Paphlagonia  and  Hi- 
tfynia ;  Phrygia,  which  is  the  middle  province  of  all,  and 
iftofe  north-weft  corner  is  covered  by  a  (kirt  of  Bythinia,  19 
founded  on  the  weft  by  Myfia,  Lydia,  and  Caria ;  and  on  the 
fifth  by  Lycia,  Pifidia,  and  part  of  Cilicia. 

Of  thefe  provinces,  Pontus,  Phrygia,  and  Cappadocia,  zxtandme^ 
\fttj  large  ;  Paphlagonia,  Bithynia,  Myfia,  Pifidia,  Cilicia,  and«'*k 
f.  ftrirfia,  of  a  middle  foe  ;  Lydia,  Caria,  and  Lycia,  ftill  lefs ; 
|  JK  hnia  leaft  of  all.  It  is  not  neceflary  to  give  a  defcrip- 
I  Ahrf  thefe  provinces,  according  to  the  ftate  they  then  were 
[  h;  for  that  will  appear  fufficiently  from  the  hiftory  of  the 
I  fiAftns,  wherein  we  ftiall  have  frequent  occafion  to  (peak  of 
\  fie  principal  cities  and  places  iu  eaqh% 

(A)  AnA  corruptly,  by  the  Turb  awl  others,  Natolia. 

N$  Thers 


18^  neStf}ii\p+ofR&ml  frl 

Seljuldan  There  is  fcarce  any  piece  of  hiftory  among  Europeans  in 
kiftorJ  \  greater  confufion  than  this  of  the  Scljukian  Saltans  of  Rum\ 
or  any  which  defer  ves  more  to  be  fet  in  a  dear  light,  -09 
Recount  of  the  great  conne&ion  which  there  is  between  the 
affairs  of  thofe  Soltans,  and  thofe  of  the  latter  Roman  or  Greek 
emperors,  as  well  as  the  Othman  Turks,  their  fucceflbrs,  rein- 
ing at  prefent.  This  is  owing  to  the  imperfe&ion  of  the  Greet 
account  of  their  affairs,  full  of  chafms  and  errors ;  from 
whence  alone  Leunclavius,  KtvmUs,  ^nd  all  other  wetter* 
liters  hitherto,  have  compiled  thqr  hiftories  of  this  dynafry.  . 
fts  bad  It  may  be  prefumed,  that  the  defe&s  of  the  Greek  author? 

fiate,         might  be  fupplied,  and  their  errors .  oorrefted,  from  the  ori- 
ental, efpeciaily  thofe  of  Rum,  or  the  countries  fubjeft  to 
this  thirdl  branch  of  the  Seljukians,  if  any  of  them  yet  remain. 
But  the  misfortune  is,  that  very  few  particular  hiftories  of 
the  eaftern  monarchies  have  as  yet  come  to  our  hands;  am(. 
fewer  ftill  of  the  general  ones  been  tranflated. 
Want  of  %     With  relpeft  to  thefe  latter,  no  traoflation  has  been  pub- 
b'lfh        liftied  which  treats  of  the  Solmis  of  this  dynafty,  excepting- 
that  of  the  compendium  of  Abulfaraj,  who  fpeaks  only  or 
the  firft  eleven,  and  mentions  no  more  than  the  names  of1 
fome  of  them.     For  this  author,  digdfying  his  materials  by. 
way  of  annals,  gjves  no  complete  or  connected  account  of  any* 
of  them.  However,  fo  much  as  we  find  in  him  has  been  of  great 
ufe  to  us,  in  compiling  our  hiftory  of  this  third  branch  of 
the  Seljukims ;  nor  could  we  poffibly  have  cleared  up  the, 
chief  difficulties,  and  fettled  fome  of  the  molt  important  fa#s/: 
without  his  aififtance. 
frimtri'        As  to  the  extracts  from  the  oriental  authors  which  D*Her- 
fmtel  au-'  M0t  furnifhed,  they  are  very  inconfiderable ;  for  though  i» 
*farf*        the  artie'es,  under  the  names  of  the  refpe&ive  Soltans,  h^ 
cites  Kondamir,  ebn  Skonab,  and  other  Perjian  hiftorians,  and" 
has  given  a  table  of  thofe  princes,  from  one  or  more  of  them  ; 
yet  the  account  he  gives  of  the  firft  Soltan  is  copied  alxnoftt 
wholly  from  Ahilfaraj  :  as  if  the  other  authors  had  inferted* 
nothing  relating  to  them,  but  their  names ;  which,  in  fnc^«: 
cafe,  he  ought  to  have  acquainted  his  readers  with,  in  order 
to  account  tor  fo  ftra  ^e  an  imperfeftiqn,  spd  prevent  thek 
imputing  it  to  his  own  ne^lefh 
Greek  The  Byzantine  hiftorians  afford  no  fmall  fund  of  mate* 

WW    rials  :  but  then  they  relate  aimoft  intirely  to  fuch  princes  as 
they  hai  wars  or  other  tranfaftions  with;  and  extend  very*  * 
little  beyond  thofe  affairs,  in  vhich  thenifelves  were  concern* 
ed  :  fo  that  you  nekher  flu,d  in  them  a  regular  feries  of  th$ 
Soltans,  nor  often  the  true  names,  if  the  names  at  all,  even 


C.  <T  Tieir  Conquefi  and  Settlement.  183 

of  thofc  with  whom  they  had  to  do.  .  In  fhort,  they  have  their  dt. 
related  matters  very  iiriperfecUy,  often  erroneoufly,  and  m/*3s. 
great  confufion,  both  in  point  of  hiftory  and  chronology ; 
nor  have  the  orientals  been  free  from  the  fame  faults,  which 
W  fhail  point  oat  as  we  go  along.  However,  as  fcanty  as 
our  memoirs  are  on  every  fide,  yet  the  authors  pften  fupply 
the  defects  of  one  another  :  and  if,  from  the  oriental  writers, 
!  we  have  received  a  more  complete  fucceflion  of  the  Soltans, 
and  better  account  of  their  tranfa&ions  of  the  eaft,  yet  we 
flionld  be  at  almoft  an  entire  lofs  for  their  conquefts  in  the 
Weft,  but  for  the  Greek  hiftorians. 

It  has  been  already  remarked  fronl  thofe  writers,  in  theKotol* 
reign  of  Togrol  Bek,  firft  Soltan  of  the  Seljukian  dynafty  of nxi^  '*■ 
Iran,  that  the  Turks  penetrated  very  early  into  the  Roman™^* 
empire.    They  tell  us,  that  Tagrolipix  (B),  fo  they  call  7i- 
\ffol  Bekf  having  (lain  Pi/ares,  or  Bafa/iri,  and  fubdued  the' 
i  Babylonians,  that  is,  the  people  of  IrAk  Arabi,  named  alfo 
Babeliy  font  his  nephew  Kutlu  Mofes  (C)  againft  the  Ara* 
\Hans  ;  but,  being  defeated,  he  fled  intoitaw,  or  Baafprakan, 
faPerfarmenia,  and,  forcing  his  paflage  through  the  country, 
returned  into  Perfia ;  where,  for  fear  of  the  Solt-n,  who  was 
•  enraged  at  his  bad  fuccefs,  he  retired  to  the  city  of  Pafar, 
tad  rebelled  againft  him,  while  he  was  in  an  expedition  againft 
the  Arabs. 

TAG RQLIP IX  paving  finiflied  that  war,  marched  againft /&*Romaa 
Kutlu  Mufes ;  and  while  he  held  him  befieged  in  Pafar,  fent  «»/"*. 
part  of  his  army,  under  the  command  of  AJfan,  or  Hajfany  fur- 
uamed  the  deaf,  another  of  his  nephews,  to  fubdue  Perfar-  ♦ 
menia  ;    but  he  mifcarrying  in  that  defign,  the  Soltin  dif- 
Jttehed  his  half-brother  Abraham  Alitn,  or  Halim,  with  a 
.great  force,,  on  the  fame  expedition,  which  fucceeded  better 
Aan  the  former  :  for  Abraham  burned  Artze,  or  Arzerum, 
ftpd  took  the  Roman  general  prifoner.     Tagrolipix  generoufly 
gnre  the  general  his  liberty ;  and,  fome  time  after,  fent  aij 
ambaflador  to  fummon  the  emperor  Monomakhus  to  become 
iis  tributary*     The  emperor,  for  this  infult,  treating  theatpr 
Tfcflador  ill,  the  Soltan  invaded  Iberia,  at  a  time  when  the 
Mmans  were  at  war  with  the  Patzlnaka  Scytlftdiis,  which  hap? 
pened  in  the  year  of  Chriji  1050, 

1     Not  long  after,  difcord  arifing  between  the  Soltan  zn&Rebtk 
Abraham  Alim,  the  latter  fled  to  Kutlu  Mufes,  and  joined  in  againft 
\  the  rebellion :  but  the  Soltan  defeated  them  both  near  Pafar  1  °gr°l 
[  bpfore-meationed ;  and  Abraham  being  taken  prifoner,  was  ^ek. 

\B)  Or  Tangrolipixy  as  fome.      write :  Bryennius,  more  correttly * 
1     IC)  Or  fCtttlu  Mufti*  as  &me    Kutlumct,  for  Kutl*m/Jh. 

N4  pup 


1 84  MSfeijftlut/IGta.  EL 

put  to  death.   Kutbi  Mufes,  -with  Ms  coufin  Makk,  fcooi 

Abraham,  followed  by  6000  men,  fled  to  the  borders  of 

Roman  empire,  from  whence  he  fent  for  protection  to 

nomakhus,  *  little  before  his  death,  which  happened  in  105. 

but  inftead  of  waiting  for  an  anfwer,  he  marched  into  P< 

menia,  and  took  Kdrfe,  now  Kirs ;  when  hearing  that 

grolipix  was  advancing  towards  him,  he  fled  to  the  An 

who  were  the  Soltln's  enemies. 

Cmqutfts       Here  KutluMufes  remained  during  the  life  ofTagrvfyix 

and  death,  but  as  foon  as  Axon,  fo  the  Greeks  call  Alp  Arflan  (D), " 

•    afcended  the  throne,  he  returned  from  Arabia  with 

rabl?  forces ;  and  advancing  to  Re  (£),  laid  claim  to  the : 

vereignty.*    But  while  the  two  armies  were  on  the  point 

engaging,  the  Khalifah  Qf  Babylon  (F)  of  a  fudden  a[ 

and,  interpofing  his  authority,  which  he  ftili  retained  in 

rituals,  brought  the  contending  parties  to  this  agreement 

that  the  Soltan  ftiould  hold Perfia\  and  that  KutluMufes, 

his  children,  who  were  five  in  number,  though  not  parti 

larly  named,  fliould  poflefs  all  the  countries  which  they 

able  to  take  from  the  Roman  emperor;  and  that  Axon  ' 

aflift  them  with  troops  for  that  purpofe. 

according       The  Soltan  having,  in  performance  of  this  agreement,' 

to  the        furni(hed  Kutlu  Mufes  with  forces,  that  prince,  add  his  fhtf 

Greeks.    (onSf  invaded  the  Roman  empire ;  and,  in  the  reign  of  Jfr 

chael  Ducas  and  his  fucceflbr,  made  himfelf  maftex  of  aHPtrfi 

artnenia,  Lycaonia,  Cappadocia,  and  Bithynia 

According  to  Cedrenus  and  Zonaras,  who  have  been  foti 
-  lowed  by  all  the  weftern  hiftorians,  Kutlu  Mufes  lived  at  ka$ 
fixteen  ye^rs  after  that  battle ;  for  they  fay  that  he  aftuaHf 
commanded  a  body  of  troops  which  came  to.  the  affiflancq 
of  Botaniates,  when  he  ufurped  the  empire  *  in  the 
1078, 

fbeirer-        This  account,    given  by  the  Creeks,  of  the  conquefc 
torprwed,  made  in  Afia  minor  by  the  Seljuhtan  7iirks,  under  the  com* 

%  Cbdren.  Zonar.  &  univ.  hift.  vol.  xvii.  p.  134,  &  feq. 

(P>  Jtftowlet  boldly  denies  account  of  the  four  firft  Soltfss 

Axan  and  Jfpafalcm,  or  Ap  Ar~  to  be  falfe. 
Jlan,  to  be  the  fame  (|) ;  which         (E)  That  it  Rey,  or  Ray,  tko 

is  more  than  Le*nda<uiusy  whofc  northern  capital  of  Perfian Irak. 
plagiary  he  is,  would  venture  to         (F)  Thus  the  Greek  writers 

do  i  though  relying  too  much  confound  Babylon,  which  was 

on  the  authority  qfCedrenus,  he  on  the  Euphrates,  v/ithBagbdH 

looked  on  Hayton  the  Armenians  which  is  on  the  Tigris* 

(1)  jpHwktU  tip.  •ftbt  <Turks,i  f  9.  edit.  Jtica*b 

BW4 


.4*  their  :QtmU9jt*0d$4ttlmnt.  *g5 

of  KwtiuMtrfesf  it  muft  be  confeflfed,  contains  -feveral 

;  which  having  remarked  elfewhere  b,  we  (hall  notre- 

here.    It  will  be  fuffideot  for  our  f  urpofe  to  take  no- 

in  thb  place,  that  thofe  wrkers  were  miiinfonned  as 

thfr  event  of  that  battle;  which,  according  to  the  oriental 

was  fought  in  the  year  of  the  Hejrah  455,  and  He).  455. 
fatal  to  Kvth  Mufes,  who  was  lulled  by  a  fall  from    A.  D. 
horie,  as  he  was  going  to  engage  Alp  Arjldn,  againft  whom     io^2- 
rebelled,  in  the  province  of  Damagdn  c,  mPerfia. 
Now  this  bong  fuppofed  to  be  feft  (and  the  authority  of f mm g**i 
:oriaas  ought  to  be  allowed,  when  ipeaking  of  an  affair  **^0r'<f« 

concerned  themfelves,  and  happened  in  their  own 
mtry),  all  which  the  before-mentioned  Greek  authors  re* 
concerning  the  anions  of  Kutlu  Mufes  after  that;  battle, 
be  faMe:  and  this  feems,  in  good  meafure,  confirmed 
Nkepborus  Bryennius,  a  more  correft  hiftorian  than  the 
,  who  relates,  that  the  emperor  Michael  fent  an  amha£» 
jfeo  Soleyman,  ion  of  Kutuhnes  (G),  in  the  year  1074, 
_  his  affiftance  againft  Bot*niatesdi  which  implies  that 
father  was  then  dead.    And  this  may  explain  what  he 
afterwards ;  that,  in  1078,  the  lame  ufurperyfea?  to  ae- 
Juccawrs  of  Mafur  (H)  and  Soleymdn,  yS«i  <?f  Kutulmes, 
of  Nice  °,  that  is,  late  grince  of  Nice. 
The  Angle  remark  touching  the  death  of  Kotctmtfb  is  zHEnquirf 
L!-u  has  been  yet  tranfmitted  to  us  from  the  eaftern  writers  into 

ig  that  prince  (I),  corruptly  called  Kutlu  Mufes  by 
Greeks  ;  excepting  another,  which  feems  to  be  taken  from 
made  by  a  late  author,  who  informs  us,  that  he  efta- 
himfdf  in  Afia  minor,  about  the  year  of  the  Hejrah 
(of  Chrifi  1050) f ;  which  is  not  at  all  improbable; 
according  to  Cedrenus,  the  Greeks  became  acquainted 
ith  the  Turks  about  the  year  1040  ;  and  ten  years  was  time 
fident  for  making  coniiderable  conqueils  in  that  country.  ' 

However  that  be,  the  Greek  hiftory  feems  to  clafh  again '£*/*«* 
ith  the  oriental  in  this  article  :  for  if  Kotohntjh  had  fettled w^ 
fm&tf  in  Afia  minor  fo  early  as  the  year'  of  Chrifi  1050, 

*  See  before,  p.  108.  •  See  before,  p.  107.  *  Ni- 

Hfs.  Bkyen.  in  Mich.  Ducam,  c  15.  *  Id.  in  Botaniac 

1.  f  De  la  Croix  hift.  Genghis  Can.  p.  127. 


(G)  Which  it  nearer  the-true 
toe  Ksttlmi/b,  than  Kutlu  Mu- 

(H)  A  miftake,  we  prefume, 
[fr  )kfit,  ox  rather  Mafud, 


(I)  D'Herbelot  has  given  ui 
no  article  under  his  name,  in 
his  bibliotheque  orientalt;  and 
Abulfaraj  only  mentions  him 
and  hi&  ion 


ion  SoJtyme*. 


how 


lt6  tfk  Seljftks  of  Rum; 

how  can  it  be  imagined  that  he  fliould  repair  two  or 
years  after  to  the  borders  of  the  Roman  empire,  firing 
protection,  as  the  Greeks  relate  the  cafe?  for  thi*  fuj 
him  either  to  have  been  driven  out  of  his  new  pofleffions 
that  country,  almoft  as  foon  as  he  acquired'  them, 
we  hear  nothing  of  from  either  quarter ;  or  elfe  that  he 
not  as  yet  made  any  conquefts  there,  which  is  contrary  to  < 
authority  of  the  eaftern  hiftorians. 
Kotol-  It  would  be  in  vain  to  pretend  to  folve  the  above 

wStibfit*  ties,  till  we  are  fufficiently  furntfhed  with  memoirs  from 
*W  eaftern  writers,  relating  to  Kotohnifb.    In  the  mean  time  it  i 

be  obferved,  in  behalf  of  the  account  given  by  De  la  Croii 
which  we  only  fuppofe  to  have  been  taken  from  fome  one 
author  or  authors,  that  there  is  an  error  in  the  Greek  reiatu 
which  feems  to  leflen  its  authority.   For  the  application  ma 
by  that  Se'jukian  prince  to  Monomachus>  is  faid  to  have  b* 
Biade  after  the  battle  againft  Togrol  Bekf  wherein  Ibrahin 
his  coufm,   and   partner  in  the  rebellion,   was   taken 
ftrangled.    Now  this  could  not  poflihly  be  the  cafe  ; 
that  battle,  by  the  testimony  of  the  oriental  writers, 
fought  in  the  year  1059,  which  was  five  years  after  that  1 
perbr  s  death :  and  if  the  Byzantine  hiftorians  have  miftak 
in  one  circumftance,  they  might  in  another  ;  efpecially  wfa 
it  relates  to  an  event  which  happened  at  fo  great  a 
from  the  capital  of  the  empire. 
firAfii  On  a  preemption  therefore  that  Kotobmfb  had  eftabliil 

junor,      himfelf  in  Afia  minor  about  the  year  1050,  he  will  have 
kind  of  dominion  in  that  country  for  the  fpace  of  thirte 
years.     However,  it  is  not  this  prince,  but  his  fon  Soleymk 
who  was  the  firft  of  the  Seljukian  Sol  tans  of  Rum :  nor  < 
it  appear  that  Soleyman.,  who  did  not  begin  his  reign  till 
years  after  his  father's  death,  -  derived  any  tide  to  thofe 
ritories  from  him. 

But  before  we  enter  upon  the  hiftory  of  that  prince  and  I 
defcencknts,  it  will  be  proper  to  fettle  the  number  of  them^ 
with  the  beginnings  and  lengths  of  their*  refpe&ive  reigns  \ 
about  which  there  is  no  {mall  difagreement,  as  well  betwe 
the  oriental  authors  and  the  Grecian^  as  among  the  oriental] 
authors  themfeives. 
8oItsns  In  order  to  do  this  the  more  effe&ually,  and  to  the  fatif^J 

'4f  Ruin,  faction  of  our  readers,  we  lhall  infert  two  tables,  or  lifts,  \ 
of  the  Soltdns  of  the  Rum  dynafty  :  the  firft  according  to  the* ! 
Per/tan  authors,  as  communicated  by  D'fferbebt,  with  our'j 
remarks  thereon ;  the  fecond  as  rectified  by  the  afliftance  o^- 
other  orient;*!  authors,  compared  with  the  Greeks. 

'  Soltans, 


$.  4!             Their  Conquefi  and  Settlement 

i«r 

Saltans. 

Reign  began 

Yew* 

FirfitM, 

* 

##,    ^.Z>. 

reign'd. 

i*.  SoUymin     r  .       *         -         » 

480     1087 

20 

If.  Dawd,  or  JK/jy  Jr/Idn.           * 

500     1106 

18 

Y.frMajJtd    ..... 

19 

' 

^.  #i#  ^>y7J«  II.    - 

.. 

10 

' 

.•f.  Rokno'ddin  Soleyman       • 
*L  Jzza'Mn  Kilij  Jrflan 

Ly.  Gayatho  ddin  Kay.  Kbofraw     »• 

588     119s 

*4 

600  *  1203  " 

C" 

601     1204 

*■ 

-J.  Azzodlin  Kayka-ws       * 

6fl>9     1212 

I 

$.  Ala*  ddin  Kayhobad       . 

610     1213 

26 

p.  Gayatho  ddin  Kay  Kbofraw  II. 

634     1236 

8 

: 

20 

0.  Aiy  Khofraw        - 

664     1265 

18 

3.  GayatMddiri  Maffad      * 

682     1283 

C5 

4.  Kaykobdd                       .         ? 

687     1288 

P3  • 

Slain       ?         -         r         r 

700     1 300 

1 

[■•  This  table  U  taken  from  D'Ifer&eht,  who,  In  his  article  *whc*c* 
.  the  Sdjmhian  dynafty,  has  given  a  lift  of  the  SoMns,  with  taint. 
1  length  of  their  reigns  ;  and  we  h&ve  added  the  years  in 
1  they  afceaded  the  throne,  from  the  particular  articles 
I  in  his  bibliotbequey   under  their  refpeftive  names. 
\  figures  within  hooks,  refulting  from  the  other  numbers;     ' 
ire  been  inferted  by  us,  to  fill  up  the  vacancies ;  that  oirf 
'  rs  may  better  judge  of  its  real  imperfections. 
Those  which  occur  upon  the- face  of  the  table  are  two  Its  impet* 

material  ones,    Firft,  the  fum  of  the  years  which  all  the  fe3w* 
aces  reigned  amounts  only  to  189,  being  31  ftiort  of  the 
a  of  tfcp  dynafty  (reckoning  from  its  commencement 
»  480,  tp  m  conclufion.  in  700),  which  makes  '  220  years. 
1  fecond  apparent  defeft  h  in  the  interval  between  the  fe- 
J  and  fifth  Soltan  :  for,  as  that  interval  appears  to  be  88 
rs,  and  the  yw*  of  the  reigns  of  the  three  Soltans  with-^  fort*% 
\  that  period  make  but  47,  which  fall  43  ftiort ;  either  thofe 
muft  have  been  confiderably  longer  than  they  are  re- 
fented  by  the  table,  or  elfe  there  muft  be  an  omiiTion  be- 
Daviji  and  RoknodMn  of  one  or  two  princes,  whofe 

8*  as  are  neceflary  to  fill  up  the  vacancy.   Befides  thefe  great 
sfts,  you  find  that  the  number  of  years  reigned  do  not 
alwsys  taHy  with  the  years  when  the  reign  began :  thus  Rqkh* 
I  <?J&n>  the  fifth  Splt&n,  1$  made  tp'  reign  24  years ;  yet  the 
*£fian&  betwixt  the  beginning  of  his  reign  and  that  of  his 
fboceflbr  f$  b,u    22  years.     By  the  fame  rule  Gayatl>oddtn% 
faj  feventh,  ought  to  ^v$,8  yeajp  to  h$  feign  iaftead  of  6K 

wjbil? 


i9B  '  'Sfc'Saljttn  of^bm. 

while Alajd&n,  the  'ninth,  has  2  m^e.  given  Eim  than 
to  his  (hare. 
Difagree-      In  effeft,  D'Herbdot  aeknowleges  there  is  a  gre*t  <3 
***/         ence  between  Kondamir,  whom  he  feems  to  follow,  and 
imongtbe  author  of  the  MghiariJlAnf  as -to  the  length  of  tie 

though  he  only  mentions  two  instances,  which  regard  die 
cond  and  fourth  Soltans ;  -the  NigbiarjftAn  allowing  the 
but  four  years  to  his  reign,  and  giving  20  to  the  " 
which  widens  the  gap,  taken  notice  of  above,  between 
fecpnd  and  fifth  Sotetn,  by  four  years. 

With  regard  to  thischafm,  as  it  is  evident,  from  * 
has  been  faid,  that  there  is  fome  defect  in  the  numbers, 
D'Herbeht  gives  us  room  to  believe  there  may  be  a  Soil 
wanting  to  complete  the  lift  :  for  this  author  farther  infoc 
us,  that  Kondamir  and  the  Nigbiariftfa  differ  alfo  in  the 
fucceffion,  and  number,  of  die  Soltans. 
oriental  As  to  the  number  (which  is  the  -article  of  the  three 
bi/torians  prefent  moft  to  our  purpofe),  he  fays,  that  the  Nigbiar^ 
makes  thefe  Soltans  the  14th  and  15th,  whom  Konim 
reckons  the  13th  and  14th  *,  as  in  the  table.  Hence  ft* 
pears,  that,  according  to  tne  firft  author,  there  were  fiftt 
Soltans  in  the  dynafty  ofX£my  or  jSfia  miner. 

D'HERBELOT,  indeed,  has  not  told  us  either  the 
of  the  additional  Sokan,  nor  his  rank  in  the  fucceffion ;  tat 
with  regard  to  the  latter,  where  is  his  reign  more  likely  if 
come  in,  than  in  the  interval  or  chafm  before-mentioned 
Nay,  that  author  feems  to  point  out  the  very  place; 
though  in  the  table  he  reckons  Mafftid  the  third  Soltin, 
the  article  of  Majjud,  he  makes  him  the  fourth  (K). 
fairly  Now  this  being  fuppofed,  we  have  found  out  a  Soltio 

0at$d.       fupply  the  place  of  the  third;"  which,  by  his  fetting  ",J 
a  defcent  lower,  becomes  vacant.  And  there  is  die  more 
to  believe  that  there  ought  to  be  more  Soltans  than 
within  the  interval  in  queftion ;  becaufo,  ^ccordiflg  to 

a  DUsrb.  ubi  fop*  \ 

(K)  Accordingly,  JlaodSn,  Me,  is  only  the  fcrenth  in  W 

who  in  the  table  is  the  ninth,  in  article  under  his  name.    Bot|| 

the  article  of  CaikoUd  is  faid  muft  he  obferrod,  &&%&&* 

to  be  the  tenth.   It  is  true,  he  is  btht  not  only  made  ttfe  of  •**' 

not  uniform  in  this  refped ;  for  thors  who  difagreed  qn  thisUkj 

Gayatboddtn,  the  feventh  in  the  je&,   bat  alfo  that  \ji\MW+\ 

table,  is  made  the  fifth  or  fixth  tbeyue  is  very  incorre^ ;  ke  art 

in  the  article  :  in  like  manner  living  either  to  fit  the  work  fa 

Keytaws,  th*  eighth  in  the  U-  the  j>  rets*  or  xp  feje  it  printed. 


iB9 


Their  Gonqucft  and  SettUmm. 

fcgnnftififinj  that  interval  is  larger  by  twelve  years  than  what 

petaregpiog  table  makes  it. 

As  to  the  difagreement  which  D*Herbeht  fays  there  is 

the  oriental  hiftorians,  with  refpect  to  the  names  of 

Saltans  of  R4mf  he  has  furfcilhed  us  with  no  inftance 

but  wcihall  mention  fome  hereafter,  particularly  ia 

ihiftory  of  Azzo'ddtn,  oar  twelfth  Soltan;  and  perhaps 

authors  pot  his- name  m  the  fucceffion  inAead  of  Rokn- 

i%  as  we  ourfelvee  haye  done. 

thefe  remarks  on  the  foregoing  table,  the  reader  ftesReafin* 
;  grounds  for  the  alterations  which  are  made  in  that  which/or  tb* 
;  the  particular  proofs  in  fupport  of  which  will  be 
sd,  as- we  go  along,  ill  the  hiftory  of  the  Soltans.    It 
r,be  fufecieut  to  intimate  here,  that,  as  the  chafm  before* 
has  been  fuppljed  from  certain  occasional  remarks 
fjos  by  the  Byzantine  hiftorians  and  Abfflfaraj ;  fo,  in  fet« 
;tte  chronology,  we  have  been  chiefly  obliged  to  the  lait 
*r>  who  has  inferted  in  his, annals  the  deaths  of  three  or 
the-  Soltans :  which  ferve  as  (fo  many  fixed  points  to 
;» in-pur  enquiries,  and  juftify  our  diifenting  from  the: 
ity  of  other  oriental  writers* 


Soldo* 


SoUymdn,     - 

^—  Death         -        -    * 
Interregnum. 

-Dawd,  or  Kilij  ArfUn 

Say/an         - 

MaffSd 

Kilij  ArJl&nVL.       - 
:Gayatho*dd?n  Kay  Khofraw 

Rokno'ddin  Soleym&n 

KtfArJMnllL     - 

Kay  Khqfraw  reftored     - 

Azzoddm  Kaykawt 

Alaoddm  Kaykobad 
i  Gayathtfdam  Kdy  Khqfraw  II, 

Azztfddm     -        -         - 
» Kay  Khofraw 
Interregnum    - 

Gayatbo'Mn  Mafffd      - 
;  Kaykobad  - 

Slain      -        -        - 


Reign  h 

cgan 

Yeats  Second 

Hej.     . 

4.D. 

rogo-'d.'**'* 

'       4<*7     1 

1074 

11 

-       478     1 

1085 

8 

.      496     1 

1093 

14 

500     1 

1 106 

10 

tn6 

3* 

[15a 

40 

-      588     1 

1192 

6 

1198 

5 

600     1 

1203 

1 

601     i 

1204 

7 

-      608     i 

I2II 

8 

•      616     1 

1219 

18 

<*34     1 

[236 

8 

»      64a     1 

1244 

22 

•      664     : 

126  j 

18 
I 
4 

-      <»3     1 

1284 

•      687     1 

[288 

.  *3 

700     1 

1300 

The 


igo  ¥be  Seljuks  0/„R6rri. 

Vtfeffs  of     The  dates  of  the  rfeigns;  which  are  inferted  only  I 
Greek      ing  to  the  years  of  Chr\ft>  are  computed  the  beft  we  cob 
mutton     horn  the  little  light  given  by  the  Byzantine  hiftorians, 
feldom  mark  the  time  of  a&ions ;  which  is  an  almoft  in 
cufable  fault,  as1  it  gives  great  perplefcity  to  a  compiler, 
makes  it  very  difficult  to  conrieft  the  hiftory  of  the  Cr 
with  that  of  other  nations. 

-  It  has  been  already  obferved,  thaf  no  compiete  feries  < 
Soltans,  or  continued  account  of  their  tranfa&ions,  mu 
kfs  the  dates  of  diem,  is  to  be  gathered  from  thofe  writ 
LeunclavitiSy  milled  by  Cedrehus  and  Zonaras,  makes 
dynafties  of  Solt&ns :  one  at  Nice,  which  lafted  only  du 
fermdous  the  reigns  of  kuthi  Mufes  and  his  fon  Soleym&n  Sh&h,  as  i 
u  bijtory.  call  him :   the  other,  at  koniwn,  which  commences 
Alaoddxni  whom  he  makes  to  be  the  fon  of  one  Ka%  Kq 
but  of  a  different  family  from  that  of  Kuthi  Mifes,m 
newly  come  out  of  Perfia,  from  whence  he  was  expelled  1 
the  tartars h.    And  th6*  the  defeft  of  the  Soltans,  ~ 
Soleymdn  and  Alao'ddtn,  may  be  Supplied  in  fome 
from  other  Greek  hiftorians,  who  had  tetter  Opportunities  < 
being  acquainted  with  affairs  than  the  two  above-mentic 
yet,  with  regard  to  the  Soltans  who  fuccecded  Alaotddxny  j 
\       meet  with  fcarce  any  thing  befides  their  diftorted  names, 
cording  to  the  corrupt  cuftom  of  the  Grecians.     What  lie 
there  is  of  hiftory  is  very  erroneous,  and  delivered  in 
confufion.  - 

SECf.     ft 

Reign  of  Soltan-  Soleyman; 

firft  &'-  1I7H  ATE  VER  conqnefts  Kotolmijh  made  in  Lejfer  J 
tan Soley-  **  or  whatever  pover  and  authority  he  exercifed  tl 
man  during  his  life ;  yet.  the  Pcrjian  hiftorians,  who  make  his 

Soleyman  the  founder  of  this  Seljiikian  dynafty,  are  fo 
from  deriving  any  right  of  pofftflion  to  him  from  his  fatfo 
that  they  fpeak  as  if  the  Turks  had  no  dominions  in  j 
minor  for  him  to  reign  over,  till  they  Were  Conquered  by 
uncle.     Hamdallah  alMeft&fi,  author  of  the-7*rJt  Kbozl 
founds  the  fays,  that  Malek  SbM9  third  Soltan  of  the  Seljtikians  of  /rJ*i 
Monarchy,  (of  Perfia  at  large},  on  advice  that  the  Greek  emperor  (A) 
was  dead,  fent  Soleym&n,  fon  of  Kotobnijb,  to  make  war  oil j 

*  LeuncL.  hid.  Mufulm.  Turc.  p.  78,  &  feq, 
(A)  This  inuft  be  the  emperor  Diogenes,  who  died  in  1071. 

tin 


.  4»  Firft  StUart*  Sofeymam  151 

:  Gfttis.iti  Jfia  minor ;  and  that  this  prince,  having  made 

[  there,  fettled  hitnfelf  entirely  in  the  year  480-  *  Kon-  Hej.  480*- 
more  particularly  informs  us,  that  Malek  Sh&h  gave  to     A.  D. 
coufin  SoleymAn  the. country  of  Rum,  or  what  he  had     1087. 
1  from  the  Greek  emperor,  extending  from  the  Euphrates 
at  way  into  Jfia  minor,  of  which  part  Jrzerum  was  the 

It  is  not  faid  when  this  conqueft  or  grant  was  made  j  but  Conqueft  of 
ay  be  prefumed  to  have  been  done  three  or  four  years  Kum  j 
his  acceiBon  to  throne,  when  he  began  to  carry  his  arms 
irard  of  that  river  :  and  we  meet  with  a  paflage,  taken 
the  fame  hiftorian,  which  helps  to  countenance  this 

namely,  that  in  the  year  467,  Malek  Shah  fent  his  Hej.  467.' 
l  Scleymdn  into  Syria,  with  an  army  fufficient  to  reduce    A  D. 
province;  and  that,  in  a  Ihort  time,  *ie  fubdued  the     I074- 
"  i  country  as  far  as  Antiokh  %     It  is  true,  Syria  is   the 
atry  faid  in  this  paflage  to  be  conquered,  and  not  Afia 
but  that  might  have  happened. through  a  miftake  in. 
or  his  translator  D'Herbelot,  both  of  whom  are. 
fubjeft  to  fuch  failings  :  and  there  is  the  more  reafon: 
eve  fo  j  becaufe,  firft,  we  find  Soleym&n  in  that  very 
467,  or  oiChrift  1074,  adhially  at  the  head  of  the  Set- 
\  forces  about  Nice,  when  Botaniates  the  Roman  emperor 
:  to  him  for  fuccours  (*).     Secondly,  It  appears  from  two^heu 
'  oriental  authors,  of  equal  credit  with  Kondamir,  and,  *»*<&• 
-opinion,  more  accuracy,  that  the' conqueft  of  Syria 
\  not  undertaken  till  the  year  following,  viz.  468,  when  Hej.  468. 
sis,  or  Atkfis,yi2&  fent  by  the  fame  Soltan  to  conquer  that     A.  D. 
ovince ;  and  accordingly  did  conquer  it,  and  fettled  there d.     1075. 
r  do  the  fame  authors  fpeak  of  Soleymdns  entering  Syria  to 
ke  any  conqueft,  till  about  the  year  477,  when  he  took  Jn- 
i> from  the  Romans  or  Greeks  ;  which  was  the  only  city  he 
poflefled  in  Syria,  and  which  he  did  not  long  hold,  as 
I  be  related  hereafter. 

From  hence  we  think  it  highly  probable,  that  the  begin-  Firft  yea* 
of  Soleym&n's  reign  ought  to  be  placed  much  earlier^ 
1  the  year  480  of  the  Hejrah  ;  altho'  D'Hcrbdot  affirms 
t  all  the  oriential  hiftorians  unanimoufly  agree  to  fix  it  to 
year,  excepting  one,  who  puts  it  three  years  higher c. 

if**  D'Herbel.  p.  822.   art.  Soli  man  ben  Coutoulmifch. 
okd.  ap.  D'Herb.  p.  542,  art.  Malek.  Schah.  c  Kond. 

ifupra.  (*)  See  lower  down.  d  Vid.  Ebn  Amid. 

f3$o.  AbulV  p.  237. alfo  before,  p.  119.  c  D'Herb. 

*Soi.  art.  Selgiukian. 

But 


i£g  lfrSdjftks of  RArrt.  &| 

But  whether  the  firft  be  the  true  commencement  of  the  < 

nafty  or  not,  we  may  venture  to  affirm,  that  the  iatttri 

be  erroneous,  becauter  we  have  proof  that  Sofymtn' 

478,  which  was  two  years'  before :  and,  indeed,  frofflp  { 

difagreement  which  &Herbekt  confefles  there-  is  amosgJi 

hit  reigK.  oriental  authors,  concerning  the  number  a&d'retgos  of  f 

food.        Soltans,  as  well  as  from  hjs  giving  little  or  no  account,  ( 

thetn,  of  the  aftions  of  either  So/eymin  or  feveral  of  his! 

ceflbrs,  it  appears,  that  the  hiftorians  he  made  ufe  of  (\ 

feem  to  be  chiefly,  if  not  foldy  the  Perfian,  excepting , 

faraj),  had,  in  their  hands,  very  few  memoirs  relating  1 

Seljukian  princes  of  Mm,  atleaft  the  firft  of  them; 

might  have  happened  thro'  the  diftance  of  place  and  < 

of  affairs  during  thofe  times. 

Settled  by       However  that  be,  on  a  funpofition  that  SbleymAn] 

grant,       his  reign  in  the  year  467,  it  will  be  a-  farther  conf~ 

that  he  derived  nothing  in  fuceeffion  from  his  father, 

that  cafe,  died  nine  years  before  (and  twenty-two, 

to  the  account  which  puts  the  commencement  of  the  dy 

in  480) ;  whence  it  may  be  prefumed,  that  whatever 

tbries  Kotolmijb  might  have  been  poflefled  of  in  Afi&\ 

not  fuc-    at  his  death,  whether  by  ufurpation,  or  grant  from 

€effi6n.       bek,  they  fell  into  the  hands  of  his  nephew  Alp 

againft  whom  he  had  rebelled ;  nor  did  his  {on*  Sokymfa 

joy  any  part  of  them  during  the  life  of  that  Soltan, 

cording  to  the  oriental   hiftorians,    who  affirm,    that 

countries  which  he*  poflefled  wfcre  conqnereiTrom  thfe  R* 

and  given  to  him  by  Malek  Sh&h,  who  fucceeded  Alp 

in  the  year  of  the  He/rah  4 64, and  of  Cbrift  1072. 

Early  pro-     The  Greek  writers  are  not  acquainted  with  this  grai 

frefs         the  Soltan  who  made  it:  but  the  bed  of  them  agree 

well  with  the  account  of  this  conqueft,  and  the  comm 

ment  of  the  reign  of  Soleym&n,  as  delivered  by  the  orii 

authors  whom  we  follow  :  for  they  tell  us,  that,  foon 

the   death  of  the  emperor  Romanus  Diogenes,   the 

broke  into  the  territories  of  the  empire.     Michael  D\ 

A,  D.    ^is  fucceflbr,    being  .alarmed  at  this  irruption,  fent  aj 

1072.  them  Jfaac  Comnenus  ;  who,  after  gaining  a  few  advant 
was  defeated,  and  taken  prifoner  on  the  frontiers  of 

Hej.  466.  docia,  not  far.  from  Cafarea.     His  brother  Alexis,  on  his 
A.  D.    turn,  having  pafled  the  river  Sangarius,  was  attacked  b 

1073.  party  of  Turks,  who  had  already  made  incuriions  thro* 
thynia  as  far  as  Nice. 

if  the  Another  army  was  foon  difpatched  againft  them  m 

Turks,      the  command  of  John  Ducas,  the  emperor's  uncle,  and 

but,  while  he  ftrove  to  reduce  Urfel,  who  had  revolted, 


*""*  *  tn&k  tke  opportunity  to  purfue  their  cbnqu%fts."  tfc 
"was  afterwards  taken  by  Utfet;  and  both  of  them 
tXrtuk  (C)  (who  then  commanded  thf  Turkifb  forces)  at 
,near  the  abovc-ftientioned  river*  About  the  fame  time 
rtatoy  c*m«  from  Petfia  under  Tutak,  who  ravaged  the  *• 

about  Am&fia.    To  him  Hr^/,  after  being  difmifled 
M*vA,  applied  for  aififbnce*  but  Tufai  betrayed  him,  for 
of  money,  to  Alexis  Cofnnenus,  who  had  been '  apv 
1  general  m  AJia.    la  his  return,  Altxis  was  attacked 
•  ffcraUes  in  B'tthynm  by  a  party  of  Turks,  but  efcaped 
rfais  courage  and  addrefs.   About  the  feme  time  Ifaac  Com*   . 
us,  newly  made  governor  of  AntiMb  'was  flain  in  an  en^ 
it  with  ap*rty  of  Turks,  tohkh  had  made  an  irrapi 
i  into  Syria f.  : 

>*After  tins,  Several  peribns  afpirmg.  to  the  empire,  MickaefSoleymisi 
'  an  ambaflador  to  SoleyrhAh,  fon  of  Kutuhnes  (or  Kotd*aJfift* 
I),  defiring  his  aififtance  againft  Nkeptoms  Botanmtts;         n 
al  of  the  armies  of  the  eaft,  who  had  revolted ;  and         *7 
j  joined  by  Kbryfojhdes,  a  Turkijh  commander,  who  id    *°?4' 
jragn  of  Diogenes  had  taken  part  with  the  Romans,  had 
from  Pbrygia  into  Bitbynia,  with  a  defign  to  get 
tM?*.     Sokymkn,  being  gained  by  the  emperor,  fdzedNicepho- 
tfae  paflages,  and  watched  the  motions  of  Bctaniates  t™s  Bota- 
>  having  but  three  hundred  followers,  took  the  by-roads, niatcs* 
travelled  by  night  to  avoid  the  Turks,  and  reach  that 
before  they  knew  of  his  march  :  but  they,  getting  in* 
nee  of  it,  fent  a  party  of  horfe  to  harrafs  his  men* 
however,  he  repulfed ;  but,  fearing  to  be  furronnded, 
:  Kkryfojkules,  who  for  a  fmall  fain,  of  money  prevailed        _  ..  \ 
them  to  withdraw,   and  leave  the  way  to  Nice  open* 
her  came  near  to  that  city,  to  his  great  furprize  hft 
\  a  numerous  army  drawn  up  in  order  before  the  fub- 
uthofti  he  took  to  be*  enemies  j  bxay  to  his  greater  fbr- 
he  found  they  had  proclaimed  him  emperor  *. 
It  appears  from  this  paflage,'  that  SofeytnAn  was  in  AJta 
in  the  year  1074,  which  we  ftippofe  to  be  the.  firft  of 
t  rrign ;  and  the  abrupt  manner,  in  which  Nieepfarus,  Bry» 
>  here  fpeaks  of  him  for  the  firft  time,  gives  room  to 
that  he  had  been  in  the  country.  foWome  coniider- 
tlmfc  btefore,   which  farther  (upports  our  hypothefisi 
I  ^Wit  follows,  from  the  feme  author,  feems  to  confirm  it-ftill 

L    r  Niceph.  Brim,  in  Mich.  Due  am,  caf>.  1—8.         *  Idem 

flta.  cap.  i5. 

\  •       •  {€)  luTvrkifi,  OrtoL 

t' Mod.  Hist,  Vc4.  IV.  O  moti* 


194  ffbt  Scljtikt  cf  Riim.  B.1 

Phrygia  more.   Botamates,  being  in  pofleffion  of  the  empire,  nifia 

emd  Gala-  forces  to  oppofe  Nkcphorus  Bryennius,  who  afpired  to  tfc 

tia  .  throne ;  and  having  demanded  fuccour  of  Ma/ur(D)  and  S$ 

leym&n,  fons  of  Kut hones,  prince  of  Nice  in  Bithymoy  the 

A*  D.    fent  him  2000  men,  and  promifed  more.    Bat  after  he ' 

,07*«    by  the  conduft  of  Alexis  Cemneniis,  who*  fncceeded  i 

quaflied  the  rebellions  of  Bryennius  and  Bafilacws,  he 

likewife  that  of  Nicephorus  MeiiJJenus  to  fupprefs.  This  I 

during  the  two  former  rebellions  vcl  Europe,  fetting  np  k 

emperor,  had  gotten  together  fome  TurHJb  troops  ixl  J} 

minor,  with  which  he  overran  the  country ;  putting  all  d 

given  hj   towns  whkh  he  took  into  the  hands  of  the 'Turks.    By 

Melifle-    means,  in  a  little  time,  they  became  mailers  of  all  Pkryg 

mis.  and  Calatia :  in  fhort,  he  reduced  Nice  in  Bithynia, 

Aruck  terror  through  the  empire*.   And  thus,  probably, 

famous  city  came  to  be  poffeflcd  by  Soleym&n  (E),  who  afte 

wards  made  it  the  feat  of  his  new  empire. 

BOTANIATES,  greatly  alarmed  at  thefe  foccefle 

fent  an  army  againft  the  enemy  under  the  command  < 

John,  an  eunuch,  who  went  and  encamped  near  Fort  BaJ 

leum,  about  forty  ftadia  from  Nice;  and  marching  along 

.  lake  (F)  came  to  Fort  St.  George,  and  took  it.     It  was  the 

debated  if  they  fliould  befiege  that  city,  or  go  to  Doryleum  (( 

and  fight  the  Soltan  (H).    The  former  being  refolved  01 

th6y  fat  down  before  it ;  but  hearing  of  the  Soltan's  approac 

to  relieve  the  place,  the  eunuch  retired  for  fear,  while  ' 

Turks  purfued  and  harrafled  them  extremely  K 

•fnrkifti        We  are  informed  by  the  princefs  Anna  Comnena  {I), 

fojjejfions.  when  Botaniates  obtained  the  empire,  the  Turks  were 

of  the  countries  between  the  Euxine  fea  and  the  Hellefton 
bdtween  the  Egean  fea  and  fea  of  Syria,  and  between  tl 

.- ■*  Nic.  Ba yin*  Nic.  Botau.        4  Idem  ib.  cap.  1—4,  &  51 

.  (D)  Rdther  Mafitt ;    as  the    This  would   have    helped 
Creeks  write  Masud,  or  Majfud.      clear  up  fome  doubtful  point 


(B)  This   muft  have    hap-  But  fuch  perplexing  omil 

pened  between  the  years  1074  frequently  occur  in  the  Bjxm 

and  10781  perhaps  in  1076.  tine  Jiiftorians,  who  too  oftt 

-.  (F)   Doubtlefs  the  lake  of  attend  more  to  the  perfe&KXH 

Nice.  their  ftile    than   their   hiftor 

.    \G)  The  regal. feat  of  Soley-  However,  from  what  follow 

'wan  teems,  from  this  circum-  the  Soltan  here  meant  muft ' 

(lance,  to  have  l?een  at  Dory  Soleymdn. 
leum.  (1)  She  was  daughter  of  d 

(H)  The  author  fliould  have  emperor  Alexis  (who  fucceed 

told  us  who  the  Soltan  was,  Botamates^  and  wrote  his  lifci 
whether  Sohymdn  or  Katolnijb. 
: : ..  z               7  gul 


£.£  Ffrfi^oUan^  Soleyrrisfo.  195 

giilrs  *hkh  are  along  the  coafts  of  PamphiUa  and  <3//ri* .   As 
£5  bid  gained  the  empire  by  help   of  the  Turks,  fo  he 
iSeA  their  aid  to  overcome  Nicephorus  Bryennhis,  who  afyired 
to  the  throne k.     But  thofe  adventurers,  who  were  ready  to 
•Jrin  with  any  party  to  ferve  their  own  turns,  afterwards  af- 
Jtfled  his  competitors  Mdejfenus  and  Alexis  to  (dethrone  him* 
jtt  length  he  refigned  the  crown  to  Alexis,  in  1081.    Dur- 
pig  thefe  difputes,  the  Turks  made  ufe  of  their  opportunity, 
[took  Cyztcum,  and  ravaged  the  country  of  Anatolia '. 
j.*  At  the  time  when  Alexis  afcended  the  throne,  as  above- Nice  tit, 
Mentioned,  Soleym&n,*vtho  commanded  in  Anatolia,  had  fixed  royal  fear. 
lb  feat  at -Aft*  m  Bithyma7  and  daily  made  inroads  with  his    * 
murks  as  fkr  as  the  Bofphorus,  then  called  Damalis  (K);  but    A'**- 
mkxis,  by  ordering  armed  barks  to  fcour  the  coaft,  obliged    to8,#  * 
Mbm  foon  to  abandon  it.     Purfuing  his  advantage  by  land, 
Be -retook  Bofphorus,  Thynia,  and  Bithynia ;  whereupon  the 
[Saltan  fucd  for  £eace ;  which  was  granted  the  Turks,  on  con- 
that  they  kept  6n  the  banks  of  the  river  Draco,  without 
fwer  paffing  the  borders  of  Bithynia  *V 

But  while  Alexis  was  engaged  in  war  with  Robert  and 
|i*  fori  BoemonS  in  Ulyrium,   Apelkaffem  (L),  governor  of   ^ 
tSte  in  the  abfehce  of  Soleymdn,  ravaged  the  eaft,  with  the 
totfftof  Ptopontis,  andthefea. 

The  occafipn  of  Soleyman's  leaving  Nice  was  this :  one  Soleymfai 
retus,  an' Armenian,  wher  for  his  courage  and  condu&'f*"  An- 
been  made  grand  domeftrc  by  Diogenes,  was  fo  touched410'6*1*   . 
at  his  maH^r's  hard  fete,  that  he  refolved  to  be  revenged  ; 

*,  in  order  thereto;  feiied  Antiokh;  but  not  being  able  to 
in  quiet- for  the  continual  inroads  of  the  Turks,  he  em- 
Ifraced  Mohamme&fin.  He  had  a  fon,  who,  becaufe  he  could 
tot  divert  him  from  his  deiign,  rode  in  eight  days  to  Nice, 
Jftd  perfuaded  Amir  Soleymdn  (M)  to  come  and  take  Antiokh. 
Zieymbi,  leaving  Apelkaffem  to  govern  in  his  abfence,  fet 
Jpward,  and  rn  twelve  nights,  which  he  chofe  to  march  io 
%  prevent  difcovery,  arrived  at- that  city,  and  took  it  by  af- 
W;  at  the  lame  rime  that  Karajtice  reduced-  Sinope,  where  . 
.ktoastold  there  were  great  riches*1. 

1 :  The  precife  time  of  this  event  is  hot  to  be  collected  from.anJisflaiit* 
Ike  Greek  hifloriaxr;  althoy  Nve*know  it  muft  have  happened 

*  AnUi  Comnena  in  Alex;  l~i^c.  5.  ••''  Ibid.  1.  2. 

C  a.  5,  &  *..     J.    ■ ffi  Ibid.  1,  3.  c.  7.  .  *  Ibid.  I.  6.  c.  7. 

(K)  Or  S&utari.  *    Sokan,  which  is  equivalent  to 

(L)  Perhaps  a  corruption  of    King;  fomctimes  Amir*  which 

JUlXaJjem*  \    fignifics    only   a   fimple   com* 

(M)  Sometimes  he  is  called    mander  or  general  of  troops. 

O  z  between 


U$  .  fbi  Scljftks  cf  hm;  ».ia 

fretweea  the  years  1081  and  1084  :  for  we  are  informed  by 

£4n  zfo«</,  an  oriental  hiftorian,  that  Ant iokb  was  in  tig 

fcands  of  StUymfa*  {on  of  KotolmiJbr  in  the  year  of  d* 

J3ej.  477.  #«/r<iA  477.    This  is  mentioned  by  that  author,  00  occafa* 

A.  D.    of  the  death  of  Sborfo'ddawlot  cbn  forays,  'lord  df  ifajjk 

S084.    ^d  yi/a/o/,  who  advancing  with  troops  to  take  Jntiokh  from 

Soltymatiy  was  jfouted  in  battle  and  flain°.    We  are  ohlijfce£ 

to  the  tame  hirarian  far  the  exa&  tupe  of  SoIeymM's  deadk 

which  happened  in  tfae  year  following,    for  Saltan  7o;^  ( 

dawlat  (lord  of  Ddmsjbus),   hearing  of  tiharfo'dbnolafi 

Hcj.  478.  qaiifortuac,  marched  with  his  forces,  accompanied  by  Qrtik 

A  «       £•  Turkman,  to  attack  Soleymdn  prince  of  Atdiokh^  who 

*    (ought  feveral  battles  with  them  under  the  walls  of  £fatyt 

iukattk.  jq  the  laft  of  which,  he  was  Qainr  and  his  forces  rajtfedP.  fc 

This  event  is  confirmed  by  the  Greek  hiftoaait  Amf^ 

Conmena,  tho*  {he  differs  fomewhat  in  the  jp&aqer  of  bfc 

,  death.    She  feys,  that  7i*/tt£  (fo  the  Greeks  cajl  ttttq/k,  &i» 

named  Tajoddawlat)7  brother  of  the  great  Sokan  ^M),  wk| 

poflefled  Mefopotamia,  with  the  cities  of  Jtrufidem^  Itaktk 

fnd  B4gl>ddd{0),  J>aviog  a  great  defire  to  he  m*Jft$r  of  ^h* 

t^4f  advanced  with  his  forces  againft  SoleymAa;  who  bant 

and  fiu4iog  he  could  not  rally  his  ttQQpv  Fepctql 


himlelf:  but  the  officers  of  the  other  party  conijqg.tQ  tot 
him,  that  bis  uncle  Tutuft  feat  for  him,  W  ieiriog  10  trai 
hipielf  in  his  hands,  to  ayoid  being  fonflrainertj  drew  Jiq 
iword  and  ran  himfelf  through.  Hereupon  his  foidiers,  whfl 
bad  efcaped  from  the  battle,  joined  the  army-o£  7kiU$% 
ffece  you  have  the  death  of  S$leymAn  cfrcnpifeqtfally  *fi) 
tefted  by  two  cotemporary  hiftorians,  one  ^si^yUticw  .  «j 
Time 9/ his  SQLEYMAN,  dying  in  the  year  above?mention^d  % 
duub  Ebn  Amid,  will  have  eleven  years  to  his  reign.  But  d% 
time  of  his  death*  as  well  as  that  which  we  have  afTumedlof 
the  commencement  of  his  reign,  is  contradicted  by  other  hi*} 
torians  both  eaftarn  and  weffern.  B*Herbeht  allures  psy  tblft 
Kondamlr,  and  almoft  all  the  oriental  hiftorians  (at  kal| 
whom  he  had  confulted),  agree  to  place  the  death  of  this 
Soltan  in  the  year  500  of  the  Hejrab,  or  1 106  of  Cbriji\  , 
.  which  b  twenty-one  or  twenty-two  years  later ;  and  give 

him  a  reign  of  twenty  years,  in  coofequence  of  fixing  the  be* 

*  Ebn  Amid.  hift.  Saracen,  p.  35a.  *  Ibid-  p.  355^  i 

*  Ak».  Commen.  in  Alex.  1.  6.  c  7.  r  D'Hpa*.  p.  (tea* 

art.  Solimin  ben  Coutolmifch  &  p.  801.  art.  Selgiukian. 

fN)  He  was  the  brother  of       (O)vA  miftafce  perhaps  for  | 
l/laiek  Skab*   third  Soltan  of    Damojkus. 
Iran* 

ginning 


Cj  INTERREGNUM.  t$% 

ganiafrti  it'iir  480.     This  is  a  wide  difference,  4nd  th* 
more  irreconcilable^  as  Kondamtr  begins  his  reign  two  years 
tfbr  his  death,  as  related  by  £*«  ^b»V;  and  if  we  follovrw/^ 
the  computation  of  HamdJlah  al  Meftifiy  who  puts  ther'/*-"'i 
emmencsment  in  477  of  the  Hejrahf  that  date  will  indeed-  A.D. 
abode  with  the  years  of  SoUymdrfs  life,  but  will  afford*    i°*V 
tt*  only  about  one  year  of  reign,  if  we  fix  his  death  ac** 
cording  to  Ebn  Amid;  tho'  it  extends  the  lame'  to  twenty 
dree  by  the  fyftem  of  the  other  oriental  writers.   -  la 
Hart,,  Cedremu,  Zonaras,  and  other  weftern  historians,  con* 
firm  the  fupputation  of  Kondamry  &c.  agabft  Ebn  Amd% 
fcy  fpeaking  of  SoleymAn  (P)  as  making  conquefb,  and  fight* 
lag  battles,  many  years  after  the  year  108$  *.    The  Jrm* 
Mem  Chranicon,  in  particular,  recites  the  words  of  a  letter 
imt  by  Sokyman  in  the  year  1098  to  the  Saltan  oi  Kherafdn* 
,H>  defire  Juccours  againji  the  Franks,  who  had  taken  from  Mm* 
Kk  add  Romania  5  meaning  the  country  of  Mum,  or  AfiA 


But  nocwithifcmdri^  the  majority  isagainft  us  in  this  point,^'' *>/*^ 
Jtt  we  have  very  good  reafon  to  fafpeft  their  authority  in/«& 
prour  of  Ebn  Amid  xad  Anna  Gmnena,  if  it  be  only  confidered 
4at  the  hiftorians  whom  LPRerbekt  confulted,  feem  tr>  have- 
ham  racy  little  acquainted  with  the  affairs  of  the  Sefukians 
<f  Mm,  for  the  reafons  before  offered ;  and  that  all  which' 
he  has  produced  from  them,  relating  to  the  death  in  queftkm, 
M  a  naked  date,  without  any  concurrent  tircumftaiices  xatofixii* 
fitpport  it ;  whereas  Ebn  Amid,  and  Anna  Comnma,  not  only, 
idate  the  manner  of  Soieymdn's  death,  but  that  event  is  con- 
mfted  with  foreign  tranfa&lons ;   which  is  the  ftrbngeff 
«oof  that  the  date  of  it,  given  by  the  former  of  them,  muft 
fcexac"h     As  to  the  other  Greek  hjftorians,  after  what  hat' 
Ik&  fiu4,  it  is  enough  to  fey,  that  they  could  not  have  fo  ' 
gpod  sm  opportunity  of  being  rightly  informed  about;  fadr* 
as.a  prktcei*  of  the  imperial  family. 


INTERREGNUM, 


:* 


QOIEYMAN,  according  to  Kondamtr,  and  the&ther  Per- Vfurfathn 
**j*n  Kftorians  confuted  by  D'fferbekt,  left  for  f\itct(fbrbfgo'ver* 
Htfclimd  far Da.vid)  farn*med  KStjArJIM  (Q^),  who  »«. 


*  See  univ.  hiftf.  vol.  xvii.  p.  149,  &  feq. 
*»       (QJThatirt 

tht  lion* 

0  j  tended 


#  -  P)  They,  fall  hw  SoUman        (QJ  That  i*  t)ie  finrd  ^ 

Wjfc  ■  .  tht  lion*  "  v  ** 


1^3  The  Seljuks  of  RAm.'  %X 

fcended  the  throne  in  the  ^ear  500,  immediatdyiafi«r  h»  fa- 
ther's deceafe £.     But  it  appears,  from  the  hifiory.of  Asm 
Cwnnena,  that  the  fudden  and  violent  death  of  Soleym&n  wa$ 
attended  with  an  interregnum,  or  ufurpation  of  the  gover- 
nors in  the  dominions  of  Rihn;  and  that  KUizmfihm.  (a* 
.     /the  Greeks  corruptly  name  KUij  (R)  Arjl&n),  was  in  Pctjl* 
till  about  the  year  1093,  when  he  returned  to  Nice;  wh& 
will  make  a  vacancy  in  the  throne  of  nine  years, 
i  As  -there  has  been*  nothing  tranfinitted  to  us  from  the  eafl* 
relating  to  the  affairs  of  the  Selj&kuuv  in  R&m,  from  the  death 
of  Soleymdn  to  the  death  of  this  warlike  Soltan,  excepting  his 
laft  expedition,  in  which  he  died,  our  fole  recourfe  muft  be  ta 
the  Creek  hiftorians,   particularly  the  princefs  before-meo* 
tioned ;  who  has  given  a  pretty  full  account  of  the  proceed* 
ings  of  the  Turks  againft  ths  Roman  empire  during  th*t  pc*. 
riod. 
Apolkaf-    -When  the  news  of  Amir  Soleytnlns  death  reached  the 
fern  fiizesezrs  of  his  governors  in  AJia  minor,  they  divided  his  term 
£ty*4       tories  among  themfelves.     Apelkaffem  by  this  means  became 
•     lord  of  Nice,  famous  for  the  palace  of  the  Soltins.    He  had. 
before  given  Cappadocia  to  his  brother  Pulkas ;  but,  beinft. 
naturally  active,  he  thought  it  unbecoming  the  dignity  j 
Soltan  to  fit  idle,  and  made  incuriions  into  Bithyrda  as  far  aa 
the  Propontis.     The  emperor,    finding  he  could  not  to, 
brought  to  a  treaty,  fent  a  powerful  army,  under  the  com* 
9      Jnand  of  Taticius,  to  befiege  Nice,  which  encamped  at  %> 
place  twelve  ftades  diftant.  j 

The  night  following  a  peafant  brought  advice,  that  Pr*\ 
fUt,  fent  by  a  new  Soltan  called  Barkiarok,  approached  at  tha* 
head  of  50,000  men.     Taticius,  not  able  to  cope  with  fach. 
a  force,  retired  towards  Nikomedia.    Apelkaffem  purfued  and, 
attacked  him  at  Prenejle ;  but  the  French,  who  were  in  thu 
army,  headed  by  Taticius,  couching  their  lances  with  their-" 
ufual  alertnefs,  fell  on  them  lite  lightning,  and,  defeating 
them,  gave  Taticius  leifure  to  retire. 
ftfits  the      APELKASSEM,  with  a  defign  to  conquer  theiflanch^ 
emperor,    built  flups,  intending  to, take  the  <fcy ' pf  Qcio (S),  feated  c*> 
the  fea  fide  s  but  the  emperor  fent  and  burnt  them  in  the.  1 
harbour.    At  the  fame  time  Taticius  fell  on  the  Turks  *xAty%M 
kas,  called  alfo  CypariJJium ;  ?qd  after  ikirmUhing  with  them  1 
.    |or  fifteen  days,  at  length  routed  thcmv   The  emperor  on.  i 

_*  See  D'Herb.  ubi  fupra.  , 

(R)  This  word  may  be  pro*  (S)  Or  Ciurn,  in  the  bay  of  | 
fcoonced  Kilfc or  fitlj*  JEf//,  Qt  Mot^iarmifcriteA  ifettanta,*  , 
Kief.  port  of  Nice • 

:.      ■    .  -    1,  this 


C*  INTERREGNUM.  iq$ 

this  wrote  an  obliging  letter  to  Apelkajfem,  deflring  Mm  to 
defift  from  his  fruitless  attempts,  and  invited  him  to  come  tot 
CpiftanUnople.  That  prince,  underftanding  that  Profit*  had 
taken  many  lefler  towns,  and  intended  to  beiiege  Nice,  ac- 
cepted of  the  invitation,  and  was  received  with  extraordinary 
'-honours. 

The  politic  pnperor  took  the  opportunity,  while  Apel-  Who  *• 
iafem  was  at  Conftantintple,  to  build  a  fort  by  the  fea  fide  tow*fi  #*• 
•ftcure  Nikomedia,  the  capital  of  Bithynia  (T) ;  making  the 
Turks,  who  would  have  oppofed  that  defign,  believe  that  he 
;  had  their  Soltah's  order  for  it,  whom  all  the  while  he  amufed 
With  diverlions.    When  the  fortrefs  was  finished,  he  loaded 
kirn  with  prefents,  gave  him  the  title  of  Moft  Auguft,  con- 
cluded a  peace  with  him,  and  fent  him  home  by  tea.    The 
1  light  of  that  fabrick  in  his  paflage  gave  him  much  difplea- 
fcxe ;  bat  he  thought  it  better  to  diflemble  his  refentment  ' 
than  complain. 

PRO  SUM  foon  after  befieged  Nice ;  and,  having  attacked  Nice  bt- 
it  vigoroufly  for  three  months,  Apelkajfem  fent  fbr  fuccour  tofieged.- 
1  the  emperor,  who  fent  him  the  flower  of  his  troops,  but 
with  orders  to  aft  for  his  intereft ;  both  parties  being  in  effeft 
his  enemies.  The  Raman  troops,  having  taken  the  city  of 
St.  George,  were  admitted  into  Nice,  and  difplaid  their  ftan- 
dards :  hereupon  Profuk,  believing  the  emperor  had  entered! 
:  the  city,  raifed  the  fiege,  and  retired u. 

;     It  will  be  proper  to  obferve  in  this  place,  that  as  foon  as  Alexis,  by 
(jfce  great  Soltan  (U)  (who  reigned  in  Kboraff&n),  was  in-  artifice, 
'formed  of  the  fuccefs  of  Tutus  againft  Soleymdn{zs  has  been 
related  in  the  life  of  that  prince),  he  was  alarmed  ;  and  fear- 
ing he  might  grow'  too  powerful,  fent  a  Chaufti  (X)  to  the-* 
emperor  Alexis,  to  propofe  an  alliance  with  him  by  way  of 
carriage  ;  offering,  on  that  occafion;  to  withdraw  the  Turks 
Icttled  negr  the  fea-coafts ;  to  abandon  a  certain  number  of 
fcall  towns,  and  furnifh  him  with  troops,  in  cafe  of  need. 
f    The  emperor,  defirous  to  recover  the  places  without  the> 
Inarriage,  prevailed  on  the  chauih  to  turn  chriftian:  after 
fwfaich,  as  he  had  a  written  order  from  the  Soltan,  for  the 
Tnrii/b  garrifons  to  quit  all  the  maritime  places  as  foon  is  rowers 
Ae  marriage  was  agreed  on,  he  went  to  Sinope,  and  (hewing  w*»y  «- 
tfce  order  to  Karat ik  the  governor,  obliged  him  to  depart*'-' 

*  Ann.  Comnbn.  in  Alex.  1.  6.  c.  7.— 10. 

(T)  It  became  fo  after  Nice    the-  father  and  predeceflbr  .of 
Was  taken  by  the  Turk*.  Barkinrek. 

ill  J  This  was   Makk  Sbab,         (X)  Chans,  or  Chaujb,   is  a* 

\    meJTengtiy>i  ftate. 
0  4  without 


^oo  s'    lit  Sdjftks  tf  Rftrt.  £.£ 

without  taking  any  thing  away  ( Y),  .and  left  k  Ut  ths  huadji 

of  Dalajjwc*  for  the  emperor.    Having  by  the  like  artifiot 

gotten,  the  7«rAf  out  of  other  towns,  and  pnt  in  Roman  gVt 

rifons,  he  returned  to  Conjl<mtimpley  where  he  was  baptiza4f  - 

and  received  the  title  of  duke  of  Ankhiakis,  with  other  fliinj; 

rewards  *.  ;i 

Nice  fe-       The  Soltan  was  extremely  vexed  when  he  came  id  bca*f 

Jftgtda-    how  the  chau(h  had  ferved  hira.     Notwithftandtng  this,  faty 

gain;        feat  a  letter  to  the  emperor,  alluring  him,  that,  provided  fcftj 

gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  his  fon,  he  would  affift  bist^ 

with  troops  to  prevent  Apelkaffem's  incurfions,  and  take  Am* 

tiokh  (Z)  from  him :  At  the  lame  time  he  feat  Pufan  wid* 

forces  againft  Apelkaflrm,    The  emperor  wrote  an  anfwer* 

which,  without  granting  his  demand,  flattered  his  hopes,  an4 

fent  it  away.    Meaa  time  Pufan  attacked  Nice  feveral  times  ; 

but  be^ng  repulfed  by  means  of  the  emperor's  fuccours,  dre** 

Jtiliwei   off  to  Lopadion  (A),  on  the  river  Lampe.     As  foon  as  he 

f  Aton*    S006*  Jpcfajtfc™*  loading  fourteen  mules  with  gold,  fet  out 

timt :        Ptrfia  to  obtain  the  Rohan's  confirmattafTin  the  go 

but  the  Soltan,  who  was  then  at  Spate  (B),  refufing  to  i 
him,  ordered  him  to  go  back  to  Pufan  %  faying,  he 
confirm  whatever  the  other  agreed  to.   After  a  long  and 
lefs  felicitation  he  fet  out  to  return,  but  was  not  gotten 
before  he  was  met  by  200  men,  who,  by  the  Soltan's 
Itrangled  him.    The  ambaflador,  who  carried  the  ei 
letter,  proceeded  on  his  journey.;  but  hearing,  before  he 
to  Khqraffhif  that  the  Soltan  himfelf  was  aflaflinated  (C), 
returned  to  Conftantinople. 
jLtforedto     Ajfter  Apelkaffem  had  fet  oujt  for  Khoraff&nt  as 
related,  Putyas,  his  brother,  took  pofleffion  qf  Nice; 


*  Akn.  Com*.  1.  6.  c.  8. 


(Y)  The  Gtech  fay,  Karatik 
was  p^.flefled  by  the  devil,  for 
having  plundered  the  church 
of  the  thrice  pure  Mother  of 
God  wheo  he  took  the  city. 

(Z)  This  mutt  be  Antiokh  in 
Syria;  whence  it  appears,  not 
only  that  Antiokh  did  not  fall 
into  the  hands  of  Tufus  (or  7a- 
tajb),  on  the  defeat  of  So/eymdn; 
bu:  alfo  that  Apelkojfem  (or  Abu  I 
fCafiem)  was  in  pofiefiion  of  the 
greater  part  of  his  dominions. 


(A)  Now  called  Lob  at  t  Of 
Lup&d. 

(B)  Doubtlcfs  Ifpdb&t. 

(C)  This  was  MaUtSbebM 
appears  from  the  conrfe  of  \\*& 
as  well  as  the  miftaken  accowf 
of  his  death,  given  in  this  ptatt 
by  our  hiftoriajg,   as  we  bam 
elfewhere  obferved  (1);  althoVJ 
by  Tome  overfight,  in  ranging  h& 
materials,  thele  fafts  may  fecia 
to  belong  to  the  r«ign  olBattt  ■ 
arokby  his  fon  and  fucccflor.  .*' 


<i)  fc#  Ufkft,  {. 127. 


the 


C£  SetmtfSdkdn,  Kffij  Alfl£n,  *o* 

theempcrof,  by  krge  offers,  tempted  him  to  ddivtr  np:  "bot 
heftifl  put  htm  off,  under  pretence  of  expecting  the  return 
tf  h*  brother.    While  this  matter  was  in  agitation,  the  two 
ibof  qf  Am&r  SoleymAn,  cfcaping  on  the  death  of  the  mur- 
dered Soltan,  by  whom  they  were  detained  in  prifon,  arrive^ 
uNk*\  where  they  were  received  by  tbofe  who  had  mob  the  fort  $ 
power  with  the  people,  and  acknowleged  by  PuJka*,  who  de*SoJby-, 
lrared  up  the  city  into  their  hands.     From  this  revolution  orm*n- 
itftoration  (which,  according  to  the  courfe  of  the  Greek  his- 
tory, happened  about  the  year  1093),  we  date  the  cxwmmcc-' 
aeat  of  the  reign  of  KiHj  Jrjlan  L  « 

SECT.    HI. 

J  Reign  of  Soittn  Kilij  Arflan  I. 

i    , 

'MICE  having  thus,  after  an  ufurpation  erf"  fereral  years,  fo^s^ 
*  *   been  reftored  to  the  heirs  of  Soleymajt ;  KiRj*  or  Kit}  tan  Kih) r- 

•  ArRtn  the  eldeft,  whom  the  Greeks  call  Khliziqftlan,  or  Arflan  I. 

i  KMziaftlan,  aflumed  the  reins  of  government.    His  firft  care 
was  to  repeople  the  city,  by  calling  home  the  wives  and  chil-    A.  D. 
drcn  of  the  old  inhabitants,  as  he  defigned  to  honour  it  with    ,094* 

I  the  ordinary  refidence  of  the  Soltans.    Then.  difplacingPu/* 

>  to,  he  made  Mahomet  (A)  governor ;  after  which  he  marched 
towards  Melicene.  What  was  the  occafion  of  his  departure, 
what  part  of  his  dominions  he  went  to,  or  what  he  did  for . 
fane  time  after,  we  are  indrely  ftrangers  to;  the  Greek 
writers,  to  whom  we  are  obliged  for  all  this  Sokan's  hiftory, 
excepting  the  laft  tranfadtion  of  his  reign,  treating  no  farther 
of  the  Turki/b  affairs  than  as  they  concerned  themfelves :  for 
this  reafon  the  reader  will  not  be  furprized  if  he  meets  fire* 
quendy  with  chafins  in  the  hiftory,  and  fometimes  the  mat- 
ters abruptly  introduced.  . 

The  emperor  Alexis,  having  been  informed  that  ElkAn9ZWkn 
prince  of  the  Satrapas  (B),  had  taken  Apoloniade  and  Cyzicum,  taken  pHJ 
maritime  cities,  and  ravaged  the  fea  coaft ;  fent  Eupherbenejener* 
who  befieged  Apoloniade,  and  reduced  the  exopolis,  or  out- 
town.   The  Turks  defended  the  citadel  vigoroufly  till  fuccourg 
amved ;  00  which  the  Romaic  general  withdrew,  and  put  his. 
men  on  board  the  fhips :  But  Elk&n  having  feized  the  mouth 
of  the  rivgr  and  the  bridge,  they  were  forced  to  re-land,  and 

(A)  Perhaps  the  name  of  the        (B)  Or  Turki/h   governors; 
Sohin*s  brother,  whicl*  is  not    perhaps  a,  BeglerUg. 
aydfy  mention^- 


feftf  7fe  ScJjuks  of  Rftm.  &  I» 

rooft  of.  them  cut  off  in  battle.     After  this,  Opus, 
fent  againft  him,  took  Cyzicum  and  Poemanenon  by  aflairttg 
their  befieging  Apobniade,  forced  Elkdn  to  furrender ;  who^ 
being  fent  to  the  emperor,  was  very  kindly  received, 
turned  christian  \ 
H/>  ^/        While  Ahxis  w*  ingaged  in  war  with  the  A 
Tzakas.    <tw»j  (C),  he  received  advice  that  the  fon  of  Apelkajfem,  : 
vernor  of  Nice  (called  Satrap*  by  the  old,  and  Amira^  by 
modern  Perfians  (D),  was  inclined  to  befiege  Nikomedia, 
the  fame  time  Tzakas,  a  7i/rA,  reforving  to  fet  np  a  naval 
employed  a  native  of  Smyrna  for  that  purpofe;  who  ha1 
buUt  him  feveral  veflels,  and  forty  barks,  he  went  and 
Clazomene  and  Pbocea  Without  much  refiflunce ;  then 
a  threatening  meflage  to  Jlopius,  governor  of  Mitylene,  he 
but  Tzakas,  finding  the  inhabitants  of  Metymne%  a  city  of 
ifle  feated  very  high,  prepared  to  receive  him,  he  pafled  oa 
the  ifland  of  Kbit,  which  he  took  by  force, 
1&  defeats     The  emperor,  on  thig  news,  fent  a  fleet  againft  hiisj 
which  was  defeated :  then  he  fent  another  under  Confti 
Delaffenus,  his  relation ;  who,  defirous  to  retake  Khio 
Tzakas  was  abfent,  made  a  breach  in  the  wall,  which  obi 
the  Turks  to  implore  mercy :  but  while  the  general 
taking  poflefRoo,  to  prevent  the  foldiers  from  patting 
to  the  fword,  the  befieged  repaired  the  breach  in  the 
Tzakas  arrived  from  Smyrna  at  the  fame  juncture  on  the 
fide- of  the  ifle,  and  marched  at  the  head  of  8ooo»  men, 
lowed  along  the  coaft  by  his  fleet ;  then,  going  on  board, 
encountered  the  Greek  flrips  in  the  night:  his  own 
joined  together  by  chains,  fo  that  they  could  not  be  ~ 
Opus,  who  commanded  the  Grecian  fleet,  fiirprized  at 
new  fort  of  difpofition,  durft  not  advance. 
*VRo-         TZAKAS  followed  hun  flawly,  and  at  length  land* 
mans  :      began  the  attack.     The  French,  on  their  approach, 

brifkly  againft  them  with  their  lances :  but  the  Turks,  ha 
difcharged  arrows  at  their  horfes,  obliged  them  to  retire 
difordcr  to  the  camp,  and  thence  openly  to  the  {hips. 
Romans y  difmayed  by  this  defeat,  fled  Ukewife,  and 
themfclves  along  the  walls  of  the  town.  This  emboldened 
Turks  to  go  and  feize  fome  veffek :  but  the  failors,  cntiing 
f  ables,  vent  and  anchored  with  the  reft  at  (bme  difhnce  ' 
the  fliorc.    Mean  time  Delajfenns  retired  to  Boliffus,  a  town! 

c  .   .  *  Ann.  Comnsn.  1.6.  c.  u  &  ia* 

(C)  A  Scythian  nation,  who  '      (D)    Rather  AmSr*   wlenoo 

utbabsted  ^oehha  and  IhiianAa.    comes  our  amirai,  and  admiral.  - 

Ctuatdl 


C.  £  Second  Solid*;  Kiftj  Arft&iK  ao$ 

titrated  on  a  cape  of  the  ifle;  and  Tzakas,  knowing  Tusva* 
lour,  feat  to  propofe  an  accommodation. 

Next,  day  they  met;  and  Tzakas  demanded;  that  v/haxPrtptfi* 
the  emperor  Botaniates  had  given  him  fhouldbe  delivered  into/"***; 
his  hands,  and  a  marriage  take  place  between  his  Ion  and  a 
daughter  of  the  emperor ;  in  which  cafe  he  promifed  to  re-» 
(lore  all  the  iflands  he  had  conquered.  It  feems  this  Turk 
had  been  taken  prifoner  when  yoong  in  Afia,  and  prefented 
toBataniaUSyVfho  honoured  him  with  the  title  of  Molt  Noble, 
and  with  rich  prcfenp ;  on  which  he  took  sm  oath  of  fidelity 
to  him,  but  thought  himfelf  not  bound  by  it  to  AUxls.  Dc» 
hjjhnus  referred  him  for  an  anfwer  to  John,  the  emperor'* 
brither-in^law,  who  was  expefted  with  forces  in  a  few  day$ : 
trat  Tzakas,  not  caring  to  wait  his  coming,  returned  in  the 
right  with  his  fleet  to  Smyrna,  in  order  to  raife  nfcw  farces 
for  the  conqueft  of  the  ifland.  After  which  Delaffenus  took 
Bolifits,  and  the  city  Of  Khm  itfelf b. 

Mean  time  Tzakas,  while  the  emperor  was  at  war  vnihjfugme** 
the  Scythians,  increafed  his  fleet  with  an  extraordinary  xnxm-bisjUeU 
kes  at  fliips,  gathered  from  ieveral  ports,  wherewith  he  re- 
fohed  to  plunder  all  the  ifles  which  rcfufed  to  fubmit,  and 
ravage  all  the  weftern  coafts.  He  -endeavoured  to  excite  the 
Scythians  to  fubdue  the  Kherfonefas,  and  to  oblige  the  fuc* 
Coars  to  return  which  came  from  the  eaft ;  making  great  of- 
fers to  draw  the  Turks  to  efpoufe  his  caufec.  After  this  he 
aflumed  the  name  of  king  at  Smyrna,  which  he  made  his  re- 
gal feat ;  and  fitted  out  a  fleet  to  ravage  the  ifles,  and  pene- 
trate as  far  as  the  very  capital  of  the  empire. 

At  the  beginning  of  fpring  (£)  the  emperor  fent  an  army  Surrender* 
and  a  fleet  to  Mitylene ;  the  former  under  the  conduft  of  John  Mityleae^r 
Dukas,  and  the  latter  of  Conftantine  Delaffenus.     The  place 
vas  commanded  by  Galabatzes,  brother  of  Tzakas,  who  came 
alio  in  perfon  to  defend  it.     Dukas  battered  the  place  for 
three  months,  and  often  fought  the  enemy  from  morning  till 
right  without  any  advantage ;  but  at  laft  Tzakas  thought  fit 
tofurrender  the  city,  on  condition  that  he  might  have  liberty  ' 
to  return  to  Smyrna.    This  was  granted  him :  but  as  he  en» 
deavoured  to  carry  off  the  inhabitants  of  Mitylene,  contrary  to 
the  treaty,  Delaffenus  attacked  him  by  fea,  and  took  feveral 
barks;  Tzakas  himfelf  with  difficulty  efcaping  in  one  of  the 

*  Ann.  £om*eii.  1.  7.  c.  5  k  6.  *  Ibid.  1.  S.  c.  2. 

(E)  You  find  mentiofo  often    feafons  of  the  y$ar,  but  not  of 
»  the  Gruk  fejftorians  of  the    the  year  itfelf. 

Meft 


*o%  %  the  SeljAks  of  kfim:  A 

finalkftveflek.    After  this  Dukas  retook  &xmw,  and'thc 
ifles  which  that  Turk  had  fcized. 

PNsJIain     TZAKAS,  at  foon  as  he  returned  to  Smyrns, 

barks  to  be  built,  and  galleys  of  two  and  three  txreof 
befides  other  light  veflels,  with  a  defign  to  fend  than  < 
corfairs.     Hereupon  the  emperor '  difpatched  Deiaffenus 
i  puif&nt  fleet,  and  at  the  fame,  time  wrote  to  for  up  the 
fan  (F)  againft  his  fon-in-law,  whom  he  reprefented  as  alp 
to  the  empire  of  the  Turks.    The  Soitih  immediately  fee 
ward  with  his  forces,  and  was  at  Auub,  which  Tzakds 
feefieged,  altnoft  as  foon  as  Delaffenus.    Tzakas  hairing, 
tiips  with  him  (for  his  fleet  was  not  yet  equipped),  and ' 
ing  himfelf  unable  to  oppofe  both  the  emperor  and  the 
tan,  refolved  to  go  meet  the  latter,  not  imagining  bow  i 

ly  the  &/•  ^  w*  incenled  againft  him.    The  Soltan  received  him 

*ur.  x  great  (hew  of  friendfhip,  and  kept  him  to  dine  with 

but  as  foon  as  he  found  him  overcome,  with  liquor,  drew 
w  fword,  and  killed  him  with  a  ftroke  on  his  fide4. 

C*r*mtf       The  emperor  was  fcarcely  delivered  firom  this  enemy, 

&c*s      fbeehe  found  himfelf  obliged  to  march  againft  the  ~ 
Who  continued  to  make  incurfions  into*  his  territories 
while  the  Turks  took  that  opportunity  to  ravage  B& 
When  the  war  therefore  was  oVer,  he  applied  himfelf  to 
cure  the  country  inclofed  by  the  fea  between  the  liver 
rhu  and  a  place  called  Celt,  which  vfes  expofed  to  their 

Hficure   quent  incurfions.    Having  found  a  deep  canal,  which. 

Bithynia.  been  formerly  dug  by  the  emperor  Anajhafius  to  dram 
inarfh  of  Baanom,  he  ordered  it  to  be  deanfed  and  ext< 
but  confidering  that  in  time  it  might  tjecome  fordable, 
-  built  on  the  fide  of  it  an  exceeding  ftrong  citadel,  i 

called  the  Iron  Cafile,  which  ferrtd  for  the  defence  of 
media. 

Cruf*dtrt\  *  Thb  emperor  had  fcarce  refted  from  this  fatigue; 

tbeircrw  Beier  the  hermit,  author  of  the  crdade,  or  holy  war, 

tlties         rived  at  ConJlantinopU  at  the  head  of  80,000  men;  de* 

the  recovery  of  Jerufidm  from  the  Turks.    The  emperor 

<m6     vifed  him  to  wait  till  G&ffrey  of  Bulbim,  and  the  oth*r  prta 

to^'    arrived:  but  Peter,  confident  of  his  own  faccefe,  pried 

fea,  and  encamped  near  a  finall  city  called  Helempdis.. 

btoce  ten  thoafipid  Normans  x  who  were  among  them, 

an  incurfion  as  far  as  Nice,  committing  the  moft  horribk; 

cruellies:;  but  die  garrifonof  that  cily  falljIiQgcatfupoeii^ 

they  were  obliged  to  retreat,    After  this  they  took  Xcrigot&\ 
•  •  *       * 

*  Akk.  Comnen.  1.  a  c.  1  5:  ;, 
'  (F)  KtfjArJtaa,  (on  of  Stlrfman. 


&  *  $t$on4'S*kdny  Kilij  A|fliiu  to§ 

but  £Zbus  (G),  being  feat  with  fomc  troops  by  the  Saltan,  re- 
covered  that  place.  -  .        .        .         > 

That  general,  knowing  the  Franks  to  be  very  covetous,/*/?/?  #f 
contrived  the  way  how  to  ruin  them*    He  firft  laid  his  zm-nijbtd; 
bufcade-,  and  then  commiflioned  two  artful  peribns  to  give 
oat  in  Ptter's  army,  that  the  Normans  had  taken  Nice,  an4 
fazed  ;mimmei^  booty*   On  this  report  they  ran  without 
any  order  toward  that  city ;  and  falling  intq  the  ambuicad^ 
phich  had  been  laid  for  them  near  Dragon,  were  cut  i3 
pieces.    The  number  jflain  on  both  fides  was  to  gi&t,  .that 
their  bodies  being  laid  together  made  a  mountain.     Piter  re-, 
tired  with  a  iraali  number  of  his  men  to  HeUnopolis,  where, 
the  5T«rfr  befieged,  and  would  have  taken  him,  had  not  the 
emperor  Cent  fome  troops  to  relieve  the  place  e.    : 
.  Soon  after  the  reft  of  the  weftcrn  princes  arriving,  alWAgr  tolr  > 
eroded  the  ftrait  ta  Civitpt^  except  Boemond,  who  marched  Nice; 
through  Bithynia  towards  Nice,  which  the  confederates  in-  ,* 

vetted.   The  Sottas  feat  fome  troops  to  annoy  the  diriftians ;    A#  Pm 
tot  they  wese  defeated,  as  was  the  next  day  the  Soltan  him*,    1097# 
fctf ;  who,  (being  the  multitude  of  enemies  he  had  to  deal 
y£tb,  gave  leave  to  the  inhabitants  of  Nice  to  att  juft  as  they 
thought  beft  for  themferves.    ^bt  emperor  ^/«ri>,  who  was 
;  eaCajnped  at  MtjhmpeU,  near  the  town  of  PeUkans  (for  ha 
did  not  care  to  join  the  Franks,  whom  he  looked  upon  as  9 
:  tycacherous  faithlefs  people),  finding  that  the  Soltan  fupplied 
:  ferity  with  both  men  and  provjlions  by  means  of  the  lake  (H)j 
I  be  adviied  them  to  attack  it  on  that  fide :  and  having  pro* 
;  vided  proper  veflels  for  the  purpofe,,the  lake  not  behqjdeep, 
[  fitted -them  with  men  un^er  the  command  of  Bitumitu,  and 
I  fctorff  from  the  fideogpofite  to  the  ifle  of  Kbio. 
r    The  turkijb  commanders  were  fo  alarmed  at  this  MXWk- defeat  At 
se&ed fight,  and  the  Franks  making  a  general  aflauk  ^t  thtSohd»:  • 
time  tune,  that,  on  Bitumites  promifing  a  general  pardon, 
Vith  honour*  to  the  Sokan's  fifter  and  his  wife  (faid  to  be 
|he  daughter  of  Tzakas),  they  delivered  the  city  up  to  him  fr 
Who  fent  of?  the  garrifon,  by  way  of  the  lake,  to  the  em* 
Kror.  l 

.  Preiehtly  after  the  army  ftt  forward  for  Anttokh  m 
Syria ;  with  whom  the  emperor  fent  a  body  of  troops  com-t 
sanded  by  Taticius.    Being  arrived  in  two  days  at  a  place 

.  •  Ahh^Cqmnsn.  1.  10.  c»  4—7. 

(G)  Probably  the  fame  £/-     Nice  and  the  gulf  of  Mtudatiia, 
hm  mentioned  before.  ,    (of  old  the  Cianic)  ;  into  which) 

(H)  Which    lies     between    it  empties  by  a  rivert 

called 


to*  •    "7&  SeljAks  of  ftfttti;  1 

called  Leuka,  they  thought  fit  to  feparate,  and  let  Bomondt 

A.  D»    before,  as  he  ddQred.    The  Ti/rlx  difcovering  him  in  tt 

1097.    plain  of  Dory  taunt,   fell  upon  him  vigorotilly,  and  IdUe 

.  forty  of  his  bell  men  ;  whereupon,  being  alfo  himfelf  y 

geroufly  wounded,  he  retreated  to  the  army.    As  they 

vanced  in  companies,  they  met,  near  a  place  called  Etratk,  d 

Soltan  Tanijman  (I)  and  Haffan,  who  <alone  was  at  the  bait 

80,000  men.    The  battle  was  very  obftinate,  when  Boemm 

perceiving  the  Turks-  fought  with  more  Vigour  than  theirej 

mies,  fell  with  the  right  wing  like  a  lion  on  the  Soltan  Si 

aftldn{K),  or  Kilij  ArJlAn,  and  put  them  to  flight.    Sot 

after  they  met  the  Turks  near  AuguJhpoRs,  and  defeated  tbd 

a  fecund  time.    After  which  theyfuffered  them  to 

their  march  to  Antiokh,  without  daring  to  appear. 

Tbeempt-      The  emperor  thought  this  a  good  opportunity  to 

T9r  nee-    Other1  places  from  the  Turks.    Tzakas  had  feized  Smym 

**rs         Hangripermes  was  in  pofleflibn  of  Ephefus :  Other  robbfl 

,  .         Were  mafters  of  different  places :  Khto,  Rhodes,  and  fcid 

other  iflands  were  in  their  hands,  from  whence '  they  fcoofl 

afl  the  idjacent  feas.   To  prevent  thefe  depredations,  he  fM 

dut  a  large  fleet,  under  the  command  of  John  Dukas9vho 

ried  with  him  the  daughter  of  Tzakas,  to  convince  the 

A.  IX    ^tes  tbat  the  city  was  taken.    Being  come  to  Avido,  he  gi 

1097.    the  command  of  the  fleet  to  Kafpaces,  in  order  to 

Smyrna,  Smyrna  by  fea,  white  he  befieged  it  by  land.     The  inhl 

tints,  terrified,  immediately  furrendered  upon  terms, and. 

paces  was  made  governor,  but  did  not  long  enjoy  his  p 

for  having  ordered  a  Turk  before  him,  who  had  ftolen  a 

of  money ;  the  fellow,  thinking  they  were  carrying  him  to 

cution,  in  defpair  'drew  his  fwbrd,*and  ftabbed  the  govern 

in  the  belly,  mixing  Mmfelf  at  the  faitfe  time  with  die 

Thefoldiers  and  feamen  were  fo  enraged  at  this  murder, 

they  put  1 0,000  inhabitants  to  the  fword. 

Ephefus,       From  Smyrna  Dukas  marched  to  Ephefus,  where,  aftcf 

W  bloody  battle  which  lafted  near  the  whole  day,  he  defta 

TangripermeiZxA  Marates-     The  remainder  of  the  Turk 

forces  fled  up  the  Maander  to  Polybotum...    Dukas  purft 

them ;  and  in  the  way  took  Sardes  and  Philadelphia  by 

fault :  Laodicea  fubmitted  to  him.     Then,  patting  by  Ka 

(I)  The  Greet  hiftorians  give  crufade  make  Soleymaa  theS 

the  name  of  loltan  often  with-  tan  of  Ntct  at  this  rime;  * 

out  diftinttion  to  all  generals  or  we  have  already  (hewn,  I 

great  con: zanders,  as  well  as  to  from  the  Greek  and  oriental 

the  brothers  of  the  Sol  can.  thors,  that  he  was  dead  fol 

(K)  1  lie  Latin  writers  of  the  years  before. 


f 

C.  4*  Second  SoUdn,  Kilij  Arilan;  iof 

he  forced  Lampe*  He  found  at  Polybotum  a  great  multitude 
of  Turks,  but  defeated  them  intirely,  carrying  off  much 
plunder  and  many  prifoners. 

Mean  time  the  .emperor  Alexis  prepared  to  fuccour  thtttther 
Franks,  who  were  befieged  by  the  Turks  in  Antiokh ;  and  being  p/aces* 
arrived  at  Fiiomeihn,  cut*  in  pieces  a  great  number  of  their 
troops,  and  recovered  feveral  places  outof  -their  hands.    -But    A.  D. 
bearing  that  Ifmaei  (L),  fon  of  the  Saltan  &Korag&n,  was     lo^ 
advancing  at  the  head  of  a  vaft  army ;  he  thought  it  moft 
prudent  to  return  with  his  prifoners  and  plunder,  after  he 
bad  given  .notice  ta  the  inhabitants  in  "and  -about  Polybotum 
to  provide  for  their  fafety.  Jfmael,  advancing,  laid  fiege  to  the 
fort  of  Paipert,  which  the  famous  Theoddrus  Gaurus  had  takea 
bat  a  little  while  before,  with, a  defign  to  obferve  i  the  pa£ 
iageaf  the  Turkic  and  make  mcurfions  upon,  them*!     • 

About  that  time  there  arrived!  at  Gmjlototinople  on  army^^  ^r 
of  Normans,  100,000  foot  and  50,000*  horfe,  commanded  by  Normans 
the  two  brothers  of  Flanders. .  The  emperor  would  have  had 
them  taken  the  fame  road  which  the  other  Franks  had  fel* 
loved;  but  their  defign  was  not,  it  feems,  to  join  the  con-  * 

federates  of  the  crufide,  but  to  mirch  into  theeaft,  and  con-  * 
qoer  KhoraJJM  kfidf.  Having  pafled  the  firaits  of  Civitot, 
they  want  and  took  Ancyra.  After,  they  had  crofted  the  Halys> 
tbey  came  to  a  little  dty  belonging  to  the  Romans ;  where  the 
priefts  coming  oat  to  meet  them,  with  the  crofs  and  gofpd 
in  their  hands,  they  were  fo  barbarous  as  to  put  them  all  to 
the  fword.  The  Turks,,  who  are  very  ikilful  warriors,  took 
i  care  10  carry  off  all  the  provifions  in  the  country  thro'  which 
;  they  pafled;  and  being  near  Amafia,  after  defeating,  hemmed 
ibem  in  fo  clofcly  that  they  had  no  opportunity  to  pafture 
their  henries* 

The  Normans  in  defpair  rufhed  upon  their  enemy *  htiLjten  fy  the 
tix  Turks,  inftead  of  engaging  them  at  a  diftance  with  the  Turks. 
;  bow  or  lance,  came  to  clofc  fight  with  their  fwords,  and 
fittde  a  dreadful  (laughter.  Upon  this,  they  aflced  the  count 
of  St. Giles  and  Tzitas,  whom  the  emperor,  had  fait  with 
diem  for  their  affiftance,  if  there  was  not  fome  country  be- 
longing to  the  empire  near  at  hand,  which  they  might  fly  to ; 
and  being  informed  that  there  was,  immediately  abandoned 
their  camp  and  baggage,  flying  to  the  maritime  parts  of  Ar- 
menia and  Pour  oca.  The  horfe  for  hafte  leaving  the  infantry 
behind,  they  were  all  ilain  by  the  Turks,  excepting  a  fewt 
whom  they  referved  as  it  were  to  fhew  in  Khorajf&n.     The 

(L)  Barliarok  was  then  Saltan ;  but  we  meet  with  no  fon  of 
bis  who  bad  that  name. 

count 


ee$ 


9fe  Sdjftks  0/Rftm. 


"Rebellion 
rfGii* 

A.D. 
1 1 06. 


<*MlUt  sod  Tzitas  returned,  with  the  horfe  which  efcaped, 
(kqflantinopU  %  from  whence  the  emperor  fent  the  cow* 
fea  to  Tripoly  in  £y/7a,  where  Jie  propofed  to  continw 
fiege,  but  died  foon  -after  he  landed,  leaving  his  poffeffiooi 
his  nephew  William  *. 

In  the  fourteenth  indi&idn,  Gregory \  governor  of 
Zand,  who  had  revolted  two  years  before,  intended  to 
himfelf  up  in  the  oaftle  of  Kolonia,  whkh  was  redcooed 
pregnable,  and  to  implore  the  .protefiion  of  Tamfman 
Turk  before-mentioned ;  but  being  .purfued  by  J*hn 
ihe  emperor's  nephew,  and  his  couiin,  was  taken,  and  fetkf 
Conjlantinoplez. 

1    We  muft  now  quit  the  Greek  hiftorian,  to  dofe  this 

with  an  account  of  the  laft  a&ion  and  death  of  JQIij 

which  the  Greek*  were  ftrangers  t6 ;  and  altho'  it  is  the 

*  natter  relating  to  this  Soltan  which  has  been 

<  to  us  from  the  oriental  authors*,  yet  it  ferves  to  give 

greater  idea  of  his  power  than  all  the  tranfaftions  already 

cited. 

Saltan      ...  The  inhabitants  of  Mufol  (Miwfelyoc  MofitI)  baring 

takes  Mu-tafaged  by  Al  Jaweli  (M),  who  had  taken  their  prince 

fol;         garmfJb.pvXomt,  fent  to  offer  JGBj  Arflany  lord  of  ~ 

pr  Itonium  (N)  and  Akfdra,  the  pafleffion  of  their  c 

cafe  he  would  come  to  their  relief.     Hereupon  Kity 

flattening  with  his  forces,  took  pafleffion  of  MufiA,  Ji 

retiring  on  his  approach.  .  He  pitched-  his  tamp,  in  a 

Galled  Al  Mogreka,  where  Zenji,  Ion  of  Jagarmijh, 

friends,  repairing  to  him,  be  hoootwed  them  all  with 

4>r  vefts.    Then  fitting  in  a  throne,  he  ordered  the  t 

.    Soltin  Mohammed  (O)  to  be  fupprefled  in  the  pnlpits, 

his  own  mentioned  in  place  of  it. 

This  done,  he  marched  againft  Al  Jawb,  who 


/1  dnvjg* 
cd. 


Rtba ;  but  being  met  by  him  at  the  rhrer  KhcMr  (P), 
J>ut  to  flight.    Kilij  Ar/ldn  plunged  into  the  river,  with  an^ 
tent  to  crofs  it ;  but,  while  he  defended  himfelf  with  hb  I 
againft  the  enemy,  his  horfe  carrying  him  out  of  his  - 


*   ANW.  COMNlN.  1.  II.  C.  I~- 7. 


a  Ibid.  Lit-* c.j. 


(M)  Jaweli,  or  Jetwwati, 
lord  of  Roba,  or  Orfa>  in  Nefo- 
potamia.  See  before,  p.  143, 
&  feq. 

"  (N)  Hence  it  appears,  that 
after  the  lofs  of  Nice,  he  trans- 
ferred the  royal  feat  to  Konijah ; 
fo  the  orientals  call  lkonlam, 


and  the  latter  Greeks  Kogn\ 

Kcnni. 

(O)  Son  of  Malek  Steb, 
fifth  Soltan  of  Irak;  or  Pe 

(P)  It  rifes  in  Me) 
from  a  fountain  called 
Apt,  and  falls  into  the  £q 
tes  near  Kerkijt*. 


€.  4  Wird  toitd*>  SayfinZ  io§ 

fe  was  dfowfied.  Some  days  after*  his  body  was  found  float- 
i^  on  the  water,  and  buried  at  AlSham/ania  (P).  This  event 
[It  placed,  by  our  author,  in  the  year  500  of  the  Hqrah\ 
Which  anfwers  to  that  of  Chrifi  1 1064 

■  It  h  remarkable  that  D*Herb*ht,  undefr  the  name  of  this/ty*£/  <f 
jolrin,  has  given  only  an  abftraft  of  the  foregoing  triinfac-**^w'» 
1  from  AbPlfataj1 ;  which  feems  to  fhefw,  that  there  is  no- 
g  to  be  found  in  Kondamir,  and  the  other  authors  whdm  he 
ide  ufe  of,  concerning  that  prince.     But  in  fupplyiog  their 
~   :  from  the  Syrian  annalift,  he  has  alfo  adopted  his  thro- 
»vgy,  which  contradicts  theirs:  for  Abfflfaraj  makes  thereigil    *     ,  . 
'  Kitij  ArJIan  to  end  in  the  fame  year  that  they  will  have  itTr*^,1* 
— sncc ;  and  we  prefer  his  authority  to  theirs,  for  the  fame/  'tnnai 
which  induced  us  to  give  the  preference  to  Ekn  Amta\ 
regard  to  the  year  of  the  death  of  his  father  Soleyntdn. 
According  to  their  reckoning  KUijAfflan  reigned  eighteen 
hours ;  according  to  ours,  fourteen :  but  the  Nighiarijidn  gives 
fcm  only  four  years  to  his  reign.     The  fame  authors  alfo 
[flake  his  fon  Maffud  to  have  been  his  immediate  fucceflbr  5 
Mercas  we  have  taken  the  liberty,  on  what  we  judge  to  btf 
ptfkient  authority!  to  put  in  one  between  them* 

*  S£Cf.     IV. 

the  Reign  <?/Soltan  $zf&til 

HERE  is  no  mention  of  a  Soltin  with  the  name  tffhirJSoh 
Sayfan,  among  the  oriental  hiitorlans ;   but  we  have  **»>  Say- 
ady  (hewn,  from  their  inaccuracy,  and  other  imperfeftions^11  * 
ith  regard  to  this  dynafty,  that  there  are  fufficient  grounds 
belkve*  that  there  were  more  princes  in  the  fuceeflion  than 
of  whom  they  give  us  the  names.     It  Is  conferfed  alfo* 
it  fome  of  them  reckon  fifteen  Soltios  j   and  if  fo,   the 
>nological  chafm*  which  has  been  remarked  between  the 
of  Kilij  Arjl&n  I.  and  Roknfddin  Soleyrrlan,  leaves  room 
introducing  one  here.     Although  Abtflfaraj  agrees  with 
rjmdamir  in  naming  the  firft  ten  Soltans,  yet*  as  he  does  not*^"*'' 
tell  their  numbeF  or  rank  in  the  fuceeflion*  and  but  barely**^  h 
:  mentions  fome,  and  that  only  occafionally  ;  fo  he  may  poffi- 
Wy  have  omitted  the  name  of  one  or  more,  efpetially  in  this 
Interval  we  are  fpeaking  of;  which  appears,  from  his  dates  of 
•Jh&s,  to  be  very  wide,  at  the  fame  time  that  they  help  to  fill 

i    *  Abu'lfaraj,  hift.  dynafl.  p.  245.  *  See  D'Hsrb.  p* 

;  Jo©4,  art  Kilig  Arflan  ben  Soliman. 

(P)  Or  Al  Sbamdmjah. 

!■    Mod.  Hist,  Vol.  IV.  P  tp 


gio  SRKrScljfiks^f  RAiu.  B.L 

up  the  chafm,  by  giving  a  much  greater  length  of  reign  to 
the  princes  he  mentions,  than  the  other  oriental  anthers  ham. 
artigned  th&n.  In  this  he  agrees  with  thofe  Grnk  hiftorita* 
whom  we  have  chofen  to  follow  in  onr  account  of  the  Sob* 
t£ns.  In  fhort,  as  the  eaftem  hiftorians  afford  us  fcarceany'' 
memoirs  relating  to  the  firft  Soltans  of  this  dynafty,  it  is-fart 
jnft  that  we  fhould  be  governed  by  the  authority  of  the  Jta 
jttuif/ftf  Writers,  to  whtiOLWt  are  almoft  wholly  beholden  im 
onr  materials. 
Ae  Greek  It  is  true,  we  find  KtiizUftlan,  or  KiHj  ArflJkn,  (poken 
witttsy  by  ^«^  Comnena,  as  Soltfn  of  Jftgro,  or  Itanium,  till 
Very  laft  a&ion  of  this  reign  :  but  then  the  fudden  tranfii 
in  the  account  of  that  adion,  from  Khlizi&JUan  to  & 
as  SoltAn  of  Kogni,  ftiews  that  the  hiftorian  was  all  the 
fpeaking  of  one  and  the  fame  perfon ;  for  there  could  not 
two  Soltans  of  Kogni  at  the  fame  time :  nor  do  we  find  i 
farther  mention  of  Khliziaftlan.  It  cannot  be  thought  that 
<who*  nve  this  latter  is  meant  Kilij  Arfl&n,  the  former  Soitln, 
fillew.  j^g  to  ^  Greek  cuftom  of  prolonging  the  reigns  of  prir 
becaufe  he  is  fakl  to  be  in  the  vigour  of  his  youth ; 
as  the  fame  quality  is  afcribed  to  Say/an,  it  is  a  farther  _ 
that  thofe  two  names  are  given  to  the  fame  perfon.  Her 
ver  that  was,  Say/an  muft  have  been  the  fon  of  the  fan 
Soltan,  fince  he  is  called  the  brother  of  Mafitt,  or  M&JJU 
who  was  the  fon  of  Kilij  ArJULny  according  to  the  unanimoasj 
confent  of  the  oriental  hiftorians. 

Having  premifed  thefe  few  remarks,  which  are 
both  to  juftify  the  innovation  we  have  introduced,  and 
viate  what  at  firft  fight  appears  to  be  a  very  great  difficulty, 
not  a  fort  of  contradiction,  we  (hall  proceed  to  the  hiftory, 
Greeks,        The  coaft  of  AJia  having,  by  the  late  wars,  been  rail 
their  bar-  from  Smyrna  to  Attalia,  and  thofe  once  populous  and  flat 
'*a ,fA     Clt*es  '>ecwnc  heaps  of  rubbifti,  the  emperor  fent  Filakales 
At  ~m    reftorc  them.   That  nobleman  firft  rebuilt  Endromit,  or. 
lIo6J  mit'mm  (which  had  been  fo  totally  deftroyed  by  Tzakas, 

there  remained  no  figns  of  it  habitations),  and  peopled  it  wit 
the  peafants  and  ftrangers  (A).    After  this,  being  informed' 
that  the  Turks  were  gathering  near  Lampis,  he  tent  thithor-i 
fome  troops,  who  cut  part  of  them  in  pieces,  and  took  a  I 
great  number  prifoners,  ufing  their  viftory  fo  cruelly,  that 
they  boiled  children  to  death.     The  Turks  who  remained 
put  on  mourning  clothes,  and  went  over  the  country,  to  ex*  \ 
cite  their  companions  to  vengeance. 

(A)  The  date  of  a&ions  in    hook,   denotes  being  fet  at  a  i 
the  margin,  when  placed  in  a    venture,  or  by  guefs, 

7  At 


&4Z  third  Solid**  Sayflu:  tit 

At  th*  fimie  time  Fibkaks  reduced  Pbilddttphi*  Without/**/  Phi- 
lay  trouble :  but  foon  after  Haffan,  one  of  the  prime  com- ladelphii, 
Jasadefe,  who  governed  almoft  abfolutely  in  Cappadocta,  hear* 
tog  of  the  barbarities  eftertifed  by  the  Romans,  came  at  the 
had  df  24,000  men,  and  befieged  the  place.  FibkaUs,  who 
Was  a  man  of  frratagem,  not  having  fortes  td  take  the  field, 
forbad  the  inhabitants  either  to  open  the  gates,  appear  oil 
the  wills,  or  mike  the  tafcft  noifa  Bajfan,  having  been  be- 
fore the  town  three  days,  And  feen  no  perfon  appear,  too* 
eluded  that  the  befieged  had  neither  forces  nor  courage  enough 
to  make  failles :  hereupon  he  divided  his  army ;  fending 
10,000  men  to  KelUana,  another  party  toward  Smyrna,  and 
a  third  towards  CRafd  and  Pergamus,  With  orders  to  ravage 
die  country ;  and  followed  with  another  party  himfeif.  A4 
fan  is  tthkaks  few  the  Turks  parted  into  bodies,  he  fent 
troops  td  ittack  them  one  by  one  :  they  accordingly  came  up 
fcrth,  and  defeated,  the  two  firft  detachments*  killing  a  great 
number  of  the  men ;  but  could  not  overtake  either  of  the 
ethers,  Who  were  gotten  too  far  before. 

Souk  time  after,  Amir  Sdyfan  marched  from  the  eaft,  witri  Sayfah 
a  defign  to  ravage  Philadelphia,  and .  the  maritime  cities.   The  makek 
emperor,  on  this  advke,  fent  a  ffflall  body  of  troops  up  the/'*"' 
rwer  Skamander  td  Endromit  ind  Thrakefion,  to  wait  his  or-    ^"J?i 
ders.    Gduras  commanded  at  that  time  at  Philadelphia^  with    l  io8'J 
a  ftrong  garrifon,  irid  Monafiras  at  Pergamus.     The  army 
feat  by  the  Sol  tan  of  Khor a/an  advanced  in  tWo  bodies  ;  6ne 
of  than  eroded  mount  Sina,  tod  the  other  marched  into 
AJU  minor.      Gauras  went  Out  td  meet  thefe  tetter;  and 
coming  up  with  diem  at  Ktlbidna,  routed  them.    When  the 
Saltan  (B),  who  hid  fent  them,  heard  of  this  defeat,  he  dif- 
pttched  ambifTadort  to  the  emperor \  who,  after  he  had  put 
fcvcral  queftion*  to  tfifcm  concerning  their  matter  (G);  eon- 
daded  a  neate  with  them. 

fife  had  not  been  long  at  reft*  before  he  ^as  alarmed  Vith  Turks 
a  new  irruption  of  50,000  Turks,  come  from  Anatolia,  and  new  imp-. 
even  from  Khorafon.     The  emperor,  dn  this  neWS,  pafled  the^"»-        * 
ftrtit  from  Confi&nthtople  to  Damalis  (f) ;   and  though  In    A-  D- 
*!*  go»t>  gdt  into  a  chariot,  which  he  drove  himfelh    In    II09\i 
three  days  he  arrived  zxAigyla,  where  he  embarked  for  CivU 

(B)  In  the  dde  of  the  chap-  (C)  Yet  the  hiftorian  gives  no 

far  he  is  called  Soltan  Say  fan  %  account  of  this  Soltan,  not  evert 

Wt  he  was  not  Soltin  of  Kho-  his  name. 

k/2*:  and  juft  before  he  is  (f )  The  Boffhorus  was  called 

called  only  an  dmirt  or  com*  Damalis  from  thence.     It  is  the 

**aicr.  fame  with  EJkuaar,  or  Skutari.  . 

i>  %  m 


H2  fhe  Selj&ks  of  Rflr»;  B.  I1 ! 

tot  (D)<  As  foon  as  he  landed,  be  was  informed  that  the  com* 
manders  of  the  enemy  had  divided  their  forces  into  feparatebo* 
dies  ;  one  was  to  fcour  the  country  about  Nice ;  zndMomBk* 
to  ravage  the  fea-coaft :  other  parties  had  done  the  likeaboqt 
Prufa,  Apolloniade  and  Lopadion  ;  and  had  taken Cyzicus^ft 
fault;  the  governor  making  no  refiftance.  The  two  praxis 
pal  Saltans,  Kontogma  and  Amir  Mahomet,  were  gone  to  ftp* 
ntanene,  by  the  country  of  the  Lencians,  with  infinite  to* 
men  and  children  (E),  whofe  lives  they  had  faved  :  and  Afei 
nolikus,  having  crofled  Barene  (which  like  the  Skamander,  tfa| 
Augibcometes,  the  Ampelle,  and  many  other  rivers,  defeat 
from  the  mountain  IbilesJ,  was  turned  towards  Paretm,  iah 
ing  palled  by  Avido,  Endromitt  and  Cliara,  with  a  great  non* 
ber  of  flaves,  bujt  without  fhedding  blood/ 
Attached  Hereupon  Alexis  ordered,  Kamitzes,  governor  of  ASqq 
tyKamyt-to  follow  the  Turks,  with  500  men,  to  watch  their  motioq 
zes.  but  to  avoid  fighting.     The  governor  came  up  with  all  th 

Soltans  (F),  and,  forgetting  bis  orders,  attacked  them  brii 
ly.     The  enemy  having  heard  of  the  emperor  s  march,  an 
concluding  that  he  was  fallen  upon  them  with  all  his  force} 
betook  themfelves  to  flight :  but  being  made  fenfible  of  the 
miftake  by  a  prifoner  they  took,  rallied  their  forces ;  an 
having  met  with  Kamytzes,  who  flayed  to  divide  the  fpo£ 
inftead  of  getting  into  Pcemanene,  attacked  him  at  break  < 
day  :  his  foldiers  all  fled,  excepting  the  Scythians,  ths  French 
and  a  few  Romans,  who  fought  valiantly :  but  moft  of  tha 
His  being  at  length  flain,  and  his  horfe  killed,  he  fet  his  bac 

bravery*  againft  an  oak,  and  laid  about  him  inceflantly  with  his  pfe 
niard,  killing  or  wounding  all  who  came  within  his  reacjj 
The  Turks,  furprized  at  fo  much  valour,  and  being  defiron 
to  preferve  him,  Amir  Mohammed  alighted  off  his  horfe,  aq 
putting  afide  thofe  who  fought  with  him,  faid,  Give  me  yen 
hand,  and  prefer  life  to  death.  Kamitzes,  unable  to  refi 
fuch  a  multitude,  gave  his  hand  to  Mohammed,  who  order 
ed  him  to  be  tied  on  horfeback,  that  he  might  not  efcape.' 
Defeated  The  emperor  miftrufting  the  road  which  the  Turks 
4y  Alexis,  taken,  took  another.     He  pafTed  by  Nice ;  then  crofled 

(D)  Or  Ciuito  and  Cyuito,  the  the  cruelties  committed 
fort  of  Nice,  with  a  caftie,  by  the  Greeks. 
which  commanded  that  city,  of-  (F)  As  if  there  were  many | 
ten  mentioned  by  the  crufade  Soltans  at  this  time  in  Jfiam*\ 
writers ;  but  they  do  not  mark  nor.  But  we  have  already  < 
its  fituation  ;  perhaps  near  Khi-  ferved  that  the  Greeks  made 
*/,  Kius,  or  Kio,  now  Jemlik,  on  diftin&ion  between  Soltdn 
the  gulf  of  Moudania,  or  Mori-  Amir,  king  and  commander  3 
tania.  they  often  mifcal  ormiilake 

(E)  Thefe  were  reprizals,  for    for  the  other. 

7  lap* 


C.  £  third  Saltan^  Say  fan.'  aiy 

tdgna  and  BaJiHcus,  two  very  narrow  pafles  of  the  mountain 
Olympus.     After  this  he  inarched  to  Aletines,  and  thence  to 
-AcrecuSy  with  defign  to  get  before  the  enemy.    There  being 
firformed  that  they  were  incamped  in  a  valley  full  of  reeds; 
%here  they  thought  themfelves  in  no  danger  from  him,  he 
i  ml  upoo  them  with  his  forces,  killed  a  great  number,  and 
1  t&ok  a  great  number  prifoners.     The  reft  thought  to  efcape, 
*  f  lying  concealed  among  the  thick  reeds  :    nor  could  the 
Idiers  come  at  them  for  that  reafon,  and  the  marihinefs  of 
\  place :  but  Alexis  having  ordered  the  reeds  at  one  end  to  be 
d,  ihcTurks  flew,  from  the  flames  into  the  hands  of  the  R<h 
is,  who  killed  one  part  of  them,  and  carried  off  the  other. 
AMIR  Mohammed,  having  been  joined  by  the  Turkm Arts, \A. m?r  Mo# 
id  fome  other  people  of  AJia  minor,  appeared  at  the  fame  hammed 
lant  to  give  the  emperor  battle ;  and  though  Alexis  open-*"*^'^ 
a  way  for  himfelf,  by  defeating  thofe  he  purfued,  yet 
"  immed  came  up  with  the  rear,  commanded  by  Ampelas 
Tzipureles,  who  running  full  fpeed  againft  the  Turks, 
hammed,  who  well  knew  how  to  make  ufe  of  an  advan- 
finding  them  at  a  diftance  from  their  foldiers,  (hot  not 
them  but  their  horfes ;  which  bringing  them  down,  they 
fiirrounded  and  (lain.    For  all  this,  his  troops  were  put 
^offight  by  thofe  left  to  guard  the  baggage  and  the  horfes  j 
which  confufion  Kamitzes  made  his  efcape  *. 
Not  long  after  this,  Soltan  Soleyman  ordered  his  troops  of l  Sneers  of 
Xborajan  and  Halep  to  over-run  end  plunder  all  AJia  minor.  tbeTvuks, 
"""  e  emperor,  to  prevent  him,  intended  to  carry  the  war  to 

gates  of  Kogni,  or  Koniyah,  where  Khliziqftlan  (G)  com-    A.  D. 
tided  :  but  while  forces  were  raifing,  he  was  feized  vio-    Ill4-J| 
idy  with  the  gouty  which  hindered  his  defign.     Mean  time 
Uziq/llan  ravaged  the  country  feven   times  over.      The 
rks,  who  judged  the  emperor's  dlforder  to  be  only  a  pre- 
,  to  cover  his  want  of  courage,  made  game  of  him  over 
cups,   and  afted  comedies,   wherein   they  reprefented 
exis  lying  in  his  bed,  fiirrounded  with  phyficians,  who  */*»/£# 
:times  confiilted,  and  fometimes' went  about  to  give  him*»#<™r« 
;  after  which  they  fet  up  a  horfe-laugh.     The  emperor 
length,  landing  at  Civitot,  came  to  Fort  St.  George,  near- 

•  Auk.  Comn.  in  Alex.  Lxhr.  citS* 

(G)  By  Kbli%iaftl$n  is  to  be  or  general ;  while Sofeyma»,yrhci 

[ftpderttood  Say/an,  or  the  fon  of  was  only  a  commander,  is  call- 

\fyijjrjlan,  the  former  Soltan.  ed  Soltan.  Qrd\dSoleymatt9cM- 

fjk  is  obfervable  here,  that  he  edtlie  irtn  of  old  So/ey  man  >by  the- 

!*ho  was  actually  Soltan  is  (tiled  crufade  writere?reign  at  the  fame 

jtolj.  a  commander,  governor,  time  in  the  weft,  about  Nice? 

'  "  P  3  *c 


HI  fhe  Seljftks  */  Rftm.  B.  I 

>fht  lake  of  Nice;  then  proceeding  three  dayt  march,  he  c* 
pamped  near  the  bridge  of  Lopadion,  on  the  rivulet  of  Karj* 
ceum.  The  Turks,  who  had  ravaged  the  plain  which  is  * 
the  foot  of  the  Leucknnian  mountains  and  Koleucia^  on  tbf 
news  of  his  approach,  retired  with  their  plunder.  The  cat 
peror  followed  them  to  Pomatum,  and  then  feat  fome  ligfc 
troops  tftsr  them  i  thefip  overtaking  them  at  i^/fcx,  killed  9%  { 
qy,  and  recovered  part  of  the  fpoil. 
f bey  re-  ALRXlS  returning,  went  tp  take  the  ftir  at  the  pa&rf 
ffw  Maligna,  on  the  tqp  of  mount  Otyn$us],  whither  tb$  emprdt 
pame  to  him  from  the  prince  s\/le  (f )  :  there  being  informal" 
that  the  Turks  wf  re  at  hand,  he  marched  toward*  Nice ;  h* 
the  enemy,  without  waiting  for  him,  fled.  However,  beta 
pvertaken  by  two  of  his  genentf  s,  who  froqj  the  top  of  the  Gmj 
minion  mountains  obferv^d  their  motions,  they  were  defeated*.  • 
The  emperor  being  arrived  at  F$rt  St.  George,  palled  ^ 
to  the  town  of  Sagydeum,  and  thence  to  Heknopolis,  wfco^ 
the  emprefs  waited  for  a  wind  to  return  to  Conftantinefk 
Prefendy  news  being  brought  of  another  irruption  of  tki 
their  in-  Turk^,  Alexis  marched  to  Lopadion,  and  thence  to  Khm% 
evrfio***  vhere  being  informed  that  the  enemy  were  at  Nice ,  he  ifc 
tir$d  to  Mifiura :  but  underftanding  afterwards  that  tfaj 
were  only  flying  parties,  who  appeared  about  that  city  m 
Doryleum  to  obferve  his  motions,  and  not  thinking  hhnflf 
yet  fufficiently  ftrong  to  follow  them  to  Kagni,  he  turned  ttt» 
ivard$  Nicamedia.  The  enemy  judging,  by  this  motion,  tbg 
Jac  had  no  defign  to  attack  them,  took  their  former  poA^' 
pnd  renewed  their  incurfions ;  which  was  what  the  paxjem 
had  in  view :  however,  it  gave  occafion  to  his  enemies  at  cotil 
to  reproach  him  with  doing  nothing,  after  rajfag  fp  coofidftt 
fable  an  army. 

Whbn  the  fpring  was  part,  Alexis  judged  it  time  to  pt|; 
Jdamur  of\k\%  firft  defign  in  execution,  and  march  to  Kogni ;  from  Ai* 
mtj$*S9  b*  pa/Ted'  tp  Gdiia,  and  the  bridge  of  Pithicus ;  then  hani| 
in  three  days  advanced  to  Armenocaftra  and  heucas,  he  »i 
rived  in  the  vaft  plain  of  Doryleum,  where  he  reviewed  luf j 
*rmy,  and  fpntrivpd  a  new  mpthpd  of  drawing  up  his  fbrcfl| 
}n  batt}g. v  He  fpund  th*t  dig  Turks  did  not  fight  like  otbd 
people,  joining  their  bucklers  and  bodies  dofe  together ;  but 
divided  their  troops  into  *  main  body  and  two  wings,  like 
three"  different  armies  : '  that  when  one  was  attacked,  the 
Others  ran  to  its  afliftance  with  extreme  ardor :  that  they  did 
not'makt'ufe  of  lances,  like  the  French,  but  endeavoured  to, 
}pclof$  their  enemies,  j*nd  fcfll  $£m  V)&  wows  :  that  thdf 

(f)  Near  Cbakedn^  in  the  Propenriu  or  fea  of  Manmrs 


C*  Third  Soltdn,  Say  fin.  hig 

«fwi  way  of  fighting  was  at  a  diftance ;  and,  whether  purfu* 
tog  ok  purfued,  they  made  ufe  only  of  the  bow,  which  they 
Aew  with  fuch  force,  that,  even  though  they  (hot  when  %* 
Iqg,  they  never  failed  to  pierce  cither  the  man  who  followed 
4buB,  or  his  harfc. 

i   For  this  reafon  the  emperor  ordered  his  army  to  be  draws  Alexis V 
wp  fa  fuch  a  manner,  that  his  foldiers  fhould  oppofe  their  n*w  Hf- 
to  the  fide  from  whence  the  Turks  (hot;  and  that «>£**< 
fhould  (hoot  on  that  fide  which  the  Turks  kid  open 
them  in  (booting.    Having  arrived  at  Santabarls  in  this 
difpofition,  he  divided  his  forces,  in  order  to  execute  ffe»  * 

different  defigns.  He  fent  Kamytzes,  with  one  party,  to 
/  and  Kcdreum,  where  Ptdkbcas  was  governor ;  and 
>tos  with  another,  to  attack  Amerixm  (H).  When  JKs- 
snpfzu  arrived  at  Kedreum,  Pulkbeas  and  his  fbidiers  were 
Med ;  then  marching  to  Pofybotum,  he  flew  the  garrifon,  and 
nieoli  the  fpoil,  Stypeotes  had  the  like  fuccefs  at  Pocnumea*. 
I /.  The  emperor,  bong  ready  to  fet  out  from  Cedreum  to  Po-  Has  rt* 

eand  Kogni,  was  informed  that  Soltan  Sdeymta  had  fetccur/t 
>  all  the  forage  through  Afia  minor;  and  that  another 
of  Turks  was  coining  to  oppofe  him :  he  confulted  God, 
fikaow  whether  he  (hould  march  towards  KognL,  or  give 
L  tank  ttt  the  Turksr  who  were  coming  from  Filomilion.  Hav- 
writtcn  thefc  two  quefiJons  on  two  pieces  of  paper,  he 
them  in  the  evening  on  die  altar,  and  fpent  the  night  in  tt&uixak 

la  the  morning  the  bUhop  entered,  and  taking  up"0*- 
firft  paper  which  came  to  hand  (I),  unfolded  it,  and  read 
aloud,  whereby  he  was  determined  to  go  to  FiiomiUm. 
Sfcan  time  B  arias,  having  pafled  the  bridge  of  Zotnpi,  defeats 
W  a  large  body  of  Turks  in  the  plain  of  Onwrisn  ;  while.an* 
ither  pillaged  his  camp.  Being  prefied  hard  afterwards  by 
third  party,  the  emperor  came  up  timely  to  refcuo  him, 

;  having  pafled  Mefimafts,  near  the  lake  of forty  martyrs  >         -   \ 
at  Filomilion,  which  he  took  by  force.    .From  hence 
detached  divers  parties  to  ravage  the  towns  and  villages 
it  Kogni  \  which  they  did,  bringing  away  vaft  multitudes  % 
Turks,  and  a  prodigious  quantity  of  plunder  .•  they  wee* 
by  infinite  crouds  of  pedants,  who  came  to  take  re- 
foge  in  the  emperor's  dominions. 

[     The  emperor  returning  by  the  fame  road ,  he  went,  in  or-  Turks  at- 
4r  of  battle,  for  a  long  time  met  with  no  Turks,  frithpngh'*^^*"* 
Mjnolykui  kept  on  one  fide  of  him  with  fom*  troops.    But 

JH)  The  fame,  we  conceive,    (hop  in  eameft,  or  was  it  a  con- 

fith  Amurium,  or  Jmorium.  trivance  to  reconcile  the  army 

(I)  Were  the  emperor  and  hi  -    to  his  meafares  \ 

P4  •  being 


%l6  The  Scljftks  fl/.Rftm:  B.E 

being  pome  to  the  plain  between  Pofybote  and  the  above-men*  j 
tioned  lafce,  the  enemy  appeared.     Monolykus  (K),  who  was 
a  man  in  years,  and  of  great  experience,  began  the  attack, 
and  continued  it  all  the  day,  withqut  making  any  imprcffiad 
on  the  Roman  ranks*     Next  day  Soltan  Kbliziaftlan  arrived  j 
and  though:  he  was  no  lefs  furprized  at  the  new  difpofitkm 
of  the  Roman  army  than  Monolykus,  yet  being  in  the  heat  of 
youth,  he  reproached  that  old  man  with  fear,  for  not  giving 
them  battle.    At  the  fame  inftant  the  Soltan  attacked  tht 
rear,  and  fent  two  bodies  to  fall  on  the  van,  and  one  of  tht 
wings. 
Mtins         The  Turks  fought  bravely.     Andronicus  Porfkyrogenetuss 
narrow     the  emperor's  fon,  who  commanded  the  left  wing,  was  kiK 
ifcafe.       led.     Nycephorus  Bryennius  (L),  who  was  at  the  head  of  tht 
right,  fearing  the  van  would  be  defeated,  ran  to  its  af&ftanoes  J 
*    upon  which  the  Turks,  with  Soltan  Khliziaftlan,  turned  their 
backs,  and  re-afcended  the  hills.    As  thofe  who  efcaped  flat 
different  ways,  the  Soltan,  with  his  cup-bearer,  got  into  a 
chapel,  upon  a  mount  planted  with  cyprefs,  where  they  wertf 
followed  by  three  Scythians  and  a  Greek,  who  took  the  cup* 
bearer ;  but  Kbliziaftlan,  not  being  known  to  them,  had  th» 
good  fortune  to  efcape.    The  night  being  come,  the  Turks 
aflembled  on  the  tops  of  hills,  lighted  4  great  number  of 
fires,  and  barked  like  dogs  (M). 
frofofis  a     Next  day  the  baggage,  women,  and  children,  being  pit* 
treaty,       ced  in  the  middle,   the  army   marched  towards  Amprus; 
but  on  the  way,  the  Soltan,  having  aflembled  all  his  forces 
inclofed  and  attacked  them  courageoufly :  however,  he  could 
not  break  their  ranks,  which  flood  as  firm  as  a  wall  of  ada- 
mant.   Being  vexed  and  afhamed  that  he  was  not  able  ti' 
get  any  advantage  againft  the  emperor,  he  held  a  council  in 
the  night ;  and  at  break  of  day  fent  to  treat  of  peace. 
teats  con-     ALEXIS,  who  was  then  in  the  plain  between  Augujh* 
dnded*      potis  and  Aoronium,  caufed  his  army  to  halt,  in  the  order  they 
then  were,  and  went  to  the  place  of  interview,  with  his  1* 
Jations  and  chief  officers,  guarded  by  fome  foldiers.     Tie 
Soltan  came  prefently  after,  accompanied  by  all  his  officers; 
with  Monolykus  at  their  head ;  who,  as  foon  as  they  came  ia 
light,  alighted  «id  faluted  the  emperor.   The  Soltan  would 

(K)   Hp  is  here  called  the  life,  from  whence  this  account  j 

great  $olt£n,  by  which  muft  b$  pf  the  Turks  is  taken.  ;   j 

understood  commander  only.  (M )  The  author  often  throw* 

(L)  Hufband  to  Anna  Comne-  reflections  of  this  kind  on  the 


jm,  the  emperor's  daughter,  an    Turks* 
fWthor  who  wrote  hex  father's 


ha* 


P/fi  Third  Stltfn*  Sayfe*  '  *if 

have  done  the  fame,  but  Alexis  hindered  him :  however, 
when  he  was  near,  he  alighted,,  and  kiffed  the  foot  of  that 
prince,  who  prefented  him  his  hand,  and  ordered  a  horfe  to 
be  brought  for  him.  Then  taking  off  his  mantle,  he  put  it 
on  the  Soltan.  After  this,  entering  on  the  fubjeft  of  peace,' 
Jkm  agreed  that  he  ftiould  remain  in  poflfeffion  of  all  the 
territories  which  the  Turks  were  matters  of  before  the  reign 
«f  Diogenes,  and  the  battle  in  which  he  was  taken  prifoner. 
Ifcxt  day  the  Saltan  and  his  officers  figned  the  treaty ;  after 
which  the  emperor  made  them  rich  prefents. 

While  this  affair  was  tranfa&ing,  Alexis  having  diico-iMafl&d 
ijcred  that  Majut   had  confpired  to  aflaffinate  Soltan  Say-CMfPir** 
Jan  (N),  his  brother,  he  advifed  him  to  ftay  with  him  till 
_jbe  plot  was  blown  over :  but  trufting  in  his  own  power,  ha    ^  jym 
•  jefolvcd  to  return;  nor  would  fo  much  as  accept  of  a  guard   ,  116.*]/ 
[jpefcort  him  to  Kogni;  although  he  had  a  dream  the  night 
■■pefore  which  might  have  made  him  Ids  rafh.     He  thought 
ift  great  fwarm  of  flies  furrounded  him  while  at  dinner,  and 
fcatched  the  bread  out  of  his  hand ;  and  that,  when  he  went 
\to  drive  them  away,  they  changed  into  lions.    Next  morn- 
i|0g  he  aiked  a  Roman  foldier  the  meaning  of  his  dream ;  who 
told  him,  that  the  infults  of  the  flies  and  lions  feemed  to 
denote  a  confpiracy  of  enemies.     For  all  this,  the  Soltan 
1  would  believe  nothing,  but  continued  his  journey  with  more 
Ohftinacy  than  before. 

However,  he  fent  his  fpies  abroad,  who  indeed  met  vAdxogainjl  his 
Mafut  at  the  head  of  an.army  :  but  having  efpoufed  his  m^brotberi 
fcreft,  they  went  back,  and  told  Say/an  that  they  had  feen 
nobody  on  the  road  ;  fo  that  the  Soltan,  proceeding  forward 
Jrithout  any  miftruft,  fell  into  the  fnare.     As  foon  as  he  came 
jft  fight,  Gaziy  fon  of  the  commander  Haffan  Katuk,  whom   * 
'iayfan  had  put  to  death,  fet  fpurs  to  his  horfe,  and  give 
lum  a  ftroke  with  his  lance ;  which  Say/an  fnatching  out  of 
lis  hands,  faid,  with  an  air  of  contempt,  I  did  not  know  that 
yomen  carried  arms.     Pulkheas,  who  was  in  his  train,  and 
field  a  correfpondence  with  his  brother  Mafut,  pretending 
great  zeal  for  his  fervice,  advifed  him  to  retire  to  Tyganion, 
(0)  a  finall  city  near  Filomilion,  where  he  was  very  kindly  re- 

•        "     ^  •     *  .  ceived 

(K)  Heje  is  a  fodden  tranfi-  that,  at  firft  fight,  he  feems  to 

ttoa  from  KhUxiaftlan  to  Say-  be  a  different  Solt&n. 

J**\  whom,  for  the  reafons  al-        (O)  Where  was  his  army  I 

teady  al?eged,  we  take  to  be  the  where  was  Monotykus,  the  great 

I  feme  perton.    Although  he  is  Soltan  as  he  is  called),  and  the. 

Introduced  in.  foch  a  manner,  other  Soltans,  who  were  with 

jxixa 


lift  The  Seljfiks  of  RfimJ  B. 

ceived  by  the  inhabitants,  -who  knew  he  had  made 

(P)  with  the  emperor,  under  whofe  obedience  they  were.^ 

m;bc  h  fy-     MASUT came  prefeotly  after,  and  mvefted  the  place ;  <m 

irmjid,      the  walls  of  which  Say  fan  appeared,  and  reproached  his  foth 
jefts  with  their  perfidioufneis ;  threatening  them  with  tM 
•  coming  of  the  Romans,  and  a  punifhmeat  fuitable  to  tf  w 

Grime.    Thefe  menaces  were  fupport^d  by  the  vigorous 
liftance  mad$  by  the  befieged.    It  was  then  that  P\  ~ 
difcovered  his  treachery :  for,  coming  down  from  the 
as  if  with  defign  to  encourage  the  inhabitants  to  defend 
place,  he  allured  them,  that  there  was  a  powerful  army 
the  road  to  aflift  the  befiegcrs ;  and  that  they  had  no 
way  to  prevent  being  plundered,  than  to  furrender  at  difcw 
tion.  The  citizens,  following  his  counfel,  delivered  Sayfim 
to  his  enemies ;  who  having  had  no  inftrutnent  with  th 
fit  for  putting  out  his  eyes,  made  ufe  of  a  candfeftick  (O 
which  the  emperor  had  giVen  him,  to  deprive  him  of 1 
fight.    When  he  was  brought  to  Kogni,  he  declared  to 
fofter-father  that  he  could  fee.     The  fofter-father  told 
to  his  wife,  who  kept  the  fecret  fo  well,  that  it  became  J 
Jic  in  a  few  days  :  fo  that  coming  to  the  ears  of  Mqfik, 
put  him  hi  fuch  a  rage,  that  he  forthwith  ordered  Rlgttk 

mnifiran*  one  of  his  commanders,  to  go  and  ftrangie  his  unhappy  bf 

fkfc         iherK  ■ 

Although  this  account  of  Say/an  is  but  lamely 
duped,  and,  for  want  of  fome  identical  marks,  he  may  1 
to  be  a  different  perfon  from  Khlizia/tlan,  yet,  from  tne 
cumftances  of  the  whole,  we  prefume,  they  appear 
enough  to  be  the  fame  Soltan,  under  two  different  rxameq 
or  rather  that,  through  inadvertence  in  compiling  from  ti 
different  memoirs,  the  name  of  Kbliziaftlari  has  been  put, 
fome  places,  for  that  of  S&yfan. 

This  event  happened  about  the  year  of  Chrifi  n  \6  (1 
which  gives  a  reign  qf  ten  years  tp  this  Soltan. 

SEC 

*  Ann.  CpMW.  in  Ale*.  !.  xy,  c.  1-0-7. 

kirn  the  day  before  ?  did  they  (Q^ )  By  making  it  red 

all  defert  him  in  this  time  of  and  holding  it  before  his  eyes, 

danger?   or  did  he  put  more  (R)  This  date  we  gather  ha 

confidence  in  Pulkbeas  than  any  the  death  of  the  emperor  Jim 

of  them  r  For  we  are  teld  by  his  daoghl 

(P)  This  is  a  farther  argu-  and  hiftorian,  Awna  Comma*  (I 

jnent  that  Say/an  is  the  fame  that,  a  year  aad  a  half  after  I 

with  Kktixia/} Jan.  return  from   *hc   *bo?«-md 

none 


£4 


fourth  SoltS*  MaflM. 


«i$ 


S  E  C  T     V. 

fbi  Reign  of  Soltan  Mafl&d. 

ALTHOUGH  JyHerbebt,  in  his  table  of  Soirins,  taken  JWtf 
from  Ktmdamtrr  places  Maffudzs  the  third  Solrin,  yttSoIteh; 
fa  the  article  under  his  name,  or  rather  another  prince  of  the  MaflM, 
!  vme  name  *,  he  fays  he  was  the  fourth.    This  is  conform- 
i|Ue  to  the  author  of  the  Nighiar\ft&n%  who  makes  the  num- 
ber of  the  Soltins  to  be  fifteen,  contrary  to  the  general  opl- 
rpon  of  the  Perjian  hiftorians  :  thefe  hiftorians  connect  the 
beginning  of  Maffud's  reign,  as  the  third  Soltin,  with  the 
of  rb&Hejrah  500,  or  of  Chrift  1106:  but  in  cafe  he 
the  fourth,  it  muft  fall  lower  of  courfe :  and  on  a  Ajp- 
tkm  that  he  fucceeded  his  brother  Say/an,  after  putting  begins  bit 
to  death,  according  to  the  teftimony  of  Anna  Cemnena,  reign  tHt}. 
reign  will  commence  in  the  year  of  Chrift  1116.  613. 

D'HBRBELOTiw  imparted  nothing  more  from  the 
tal  authors  (if  they  afford  any-thing  more)  than  the 
drcumAance  inferted  above,  which  ferves  only  to  con* 
the  fyftem  he  has  adopted,  and  fupport  ours.    Nor 
|tt  AWtfara]  mentioned  more  than  two  fafts  relating  to  this 
but  the  Byzantine  hiftorians,  as  hitherto,  have  fup- 
us  pretty  well  on  their  fide,  with  materials  for  a  hiftory 
bis  reign. 

The  emperor  John  Comnenus%  who  fucceeded  Akxb,  find-  Emfmrar 
I  that  the  Turks  (A),  inftead  of  keeping  their  treaties  made  tat*/  So* 
ith  his  father,  facked  feveral  cities  of  Phrygia,  about  the20PoIisi 
dcr,  marched  agalnft,  and  defeated  them  ;  after  which    A.  D. 
took  Lao&cta,  and  inclofed  it  with  walls  ;  then  returned    Il*°* 
GmftanfinopU ;  but  foon  after  departed,  in  order  to  reco* 
Sozopolis,  in  the  fame  country.     As  the  city  was  defend- 
by  a  ftrong  garrifon,  and  furrounded  with  precipices,  he 
"  fome  troops  to  hover  at  a  diftance,  and  Ihoot  at'  the 
tants.     This  drawing  them  into  the  plain,  as  the  em- 

*  I?Hxai.  p.  563,  yt.  Maflbud,  fij.  de  Mohammad,  at  the 


fined  expedition  againft  th$ 

Tanb  of  £g*s,  he  was  ieized 

"^    a    grievous    diftemper, 

;bt  on  by  a  wrong  treat* 

of  the  gout,  which  held 

fix   months, .  at  thf  end 

rhereof  hedied. 


(A)  Our  author  Nicetas  calls 
them  Ptrjians  here,  and  gene- 
rally eliewhere  ;  either  be- 
caufe  the  Turks  came  originally 
into  (he  empire  from  Perfia,  or 
imagining  that  they  ftill  came 
from  thcKC. 

pcror 


&2V  5fife  Seljftfcs  of  RAmC  B.I 

peror  expefred,  and  while  they  purfoed  the  Romans  who 
fled,  they  were  cut  off  by  an  ambufcade ;  by  which  ftrata- 
gem  the  city  fell  into  his  hands.     He  reduced  likewife  a  fart 
called  the  Spar-hawk,  and  feveral  other  lefler  places,  which 
the  enemy  had  miftered  b.   • 
gjfi  Kaf-       Some  time  after  this  he  marched  into  Paphlagonia,  not 
taaaona;  took  Ka/tamona :  but,  upon  his  return,  to  Conftantinople,  To? 
'&•  D«    nifman,  a.  Turk  of  Armenia ,  mentioned  in  the  former  reign 
x%ZZm    who  commanded  in  Cappadocia,  recovered  it,  and   put  the 
garrifon  to   the  fword.      On   this  advice  the  emperor  fct 
A.  I>.    forward  the  fecond  time :  and  when  he  came  before  the  citjrf 
1124.]   was  informed  that  Tanijman  was  dead,  and  that  Mokamme^ 
who  was  at  variance  with  Mafutf  governor  of  Kogni  (B),  war 
in  pofTeflion  of  it.    Hereupon  he  made  an  alliance  with  M4? 
Jut,  and  having  received  a  reinforcement  from  him,  marchfii 
againft  Mohammed:  but  the  latter,  by  his  perfuafions,  pro* 
vailed  on  the  Soltan  to  withdraw  his  troops  \  fo  that  the  oaj 
peror  ^gs  obliged  to  make  ufe  of .  his  own  forces.     Witk 
**/Gan-  thefe  he  retook  Kaftamona,  and  then  befieged  Gangra,  # 
gra,  very  p0Werfui  city  of  Pontus,  which  had  been  fubdued  net 

long  before  by  the  enemy.  Having  battered  the  walls  for 
fome  time  in  vain  with  his  engines,  he  removed  them  to  % 
little  eminence,  which  commanded  the  place  t  and,  by  beatiiw 
down  the  houfes  about  their  ears,  obliged  the  inhabitants  •$ 
furrender :  then  leaving  2000  men  in  garrifon,  returned  wi% 
many  prifoners  to  his  capital.  ] 

Invades  He  had  not  been  long  at  home,  before  he  marched  againft 
Armenia,  [^orl9  yltig  tf  Leffer  Armenia  (C),  who  had  taken  feveral  pW 
ccs,  and  befieged  Seleucia.  The  emperor  gained  the  pafs  in* 
H30.]  to  that  country  without  oppofition;  and  not  content  wit^. 
reducing  Adana  and  Tarfus,  refolved  to  conquer  the  wholft 
kingdom.  He  took,  either  by  force  or  capitulation,  a  greafr 
many  forts ;  and,  among  the  reft,  Boka9  ftrongly  fituated  0% 
a  fteep  rock.  Then  he  proceeded  to  Anazarba,  a  verY  po- 
pulous city,  {landing  on  a  fteep  rock,  and  inclofed  with  ftrong. 
walls.  After  battering  the  firft  wall,  and  entering  by  the? 
breaches,  much  blood  was  fpilt  in  fqreing  the  fecond  wall  \ 
the  principal  Armenians,  who  had  fled  there  for  refuge,  makt 
ing  a  very  brave  defence  :  but  the  place  was  taken  $t  laft, 

*  Nicetas  m  John  Comnen.  c.  3. 

(B)  Here  Majut,  or  Mtjiut,  part  of  Cilicia,  joining  upon 
who  was  Soltan,  is  called  only  Syria,  with  fome  part,  perhaps, 
governor  of  ihe  place.  of  Caff adori*. 

(C)  |t  contained  die  eaftern 

.      .  Apter 


C.*  Fourth  Soltdn,  MafiBd*  tit 

-    After  this  he  marched  into  Syria,  where  fie  took  Pifa, ami Syria; 

oo  the  Euphrates,  Serep,  Kaferdd,  and  #?rax ;  but  was  obBged 

to  wife  the  liege  of  Sezer  (D),  and  fo  returned  to  Antiokh.    ll$**l 

From  thence  he  marched  back,  in  order  of  battle  ;  and,  in 

the  way,  fent  part  of  his  army  to  ravage  the  country  about 

Kogni,  in  reprifal  for  invading  his  territories  during  his  ab~ 

ieace c. 

Sou e  little  time  after,  the  emperor  eroded  over  into  Ajia,  Defeats 
todifperfe  the  Turks ',  who  laid  wafte  the  country  adjoining '£'  Turks 
ID  the  river  Sangarius.     This  done,  he  marched  into  Arme-     *    n 
ma,  to  put  a  ftop  to  their  incurfions  in  that  province,  and    ,,^-S 
i  curb  the  infolence  of  Conftantine  G auras y  who  had  feized  on 
Trebizond,  and  erefted  a  kind  of  tyranny.     Mohammed,  be- 
i fee-mentioned,  at  that  time  commanded  at  Cafarea~\  and, 
[-Siring  reduced  Iberia,  with  part  of  Mefopotamia,  was  grown 
fiery  rich.    He  boafted  of  being  defcended  from  Arfaces,  and 
[  the  modern  family  of  the  Tanifmans,  who  were  the  greateft  in  fevered 
:  enemies  the  Romans  had  in  the  eaft  in  that  age.     The  tm^t- battles. 
tor  fuffered  great  inconveniencies  in  the  enemies  country,  from 
[tile  fevere  cold,  and  want  of  proviftons,  which  destroyed  moft 
fof  the  horfes  in  his  army.     Of  this  the  Turks  took  tome  ad* 
Itaatage;  but  being  at  length  repulfed,  the  emperor  returned    A.  D. 
to  Neocefarta  (E),  where  he  had  feveral  fkinniflies  with  them,     * 1 3$- 
tat  did  not  recover  that  city  j  which  was  owing,  in  great 
jpeafure,  to  John£vmnenus,  his  brother  Ifaac'%  fon:  who  re- 
lating that  his  uncle  fhould  order  him  to  give  one  of  his 
horfes  to  an  Italian,  who  had  loft  his  own,  went  over  to  the 
iurks,  and  changing  his  religion,  married,  as  it  was  faid,  the 
daughter  oiMafut,  a,t  Kogni. 

The  feme  year  he  marched  into  Phrygia,  XoAttalia,  z&eevvert 
4mous  city  (F),  in  order  to  reprefs  the  incurfions  of  the-/"** 
Turks,  who  had,  amongft  the  reft,  feized  the  Pahs  Pugiifta-f^^ 
tax.    This  is  a  lake  of  vaft  extent,  with  many  ifles  in  it ; 
|*hofe  inhabitants,  by  trading  with  the  enemy,  had  become 
&  much  their  friends,  that  they  joined  in  oppofing  the  em- 

Eor.     But  by  means  of  veflels,  and  engines,  with  which  he 
tered  the  ides,  he  reduced  them  at  laic,  though  not  with- 
[  oot  the  lofs  of  fome  barks  and  men  <*. 
! 

c  Nicetas  in  John  Comnen.  c.  5  &  6.  4  Id.  ibid.  c.  9 

&  ID. 

"(D)  Rather  Shayzar;  called         (E)  Called  Nikfari,  by  the 

by  rooft  of  the  crufade  hiflo-    Turks. 

liaos  Co/area.  (F)  On  the  coall  of  Pampbi- 

lia. 

While 


*29  fbd  Stijfiks  cf  Rfon;  fcfc 

Mafftd         tfrflLE  thefe  things  Were  doing  in  the*eft,  It  may  M 
takes  Ma-  prefumed  that  MaffM  was  extending  his  dominions  in  tM 
latiyah*     ^ :  but  we  ire  informed  of  none  of  his  exploits  on  thai 
fide,  but  one,  by  AM'Ifurty,  who  tells  us,  that,  id  the  j**jh 
Hej.  537.  of  the  /fiprui  537,  Mtbamtntd,  fen  of  Danifbmand,  lord  el  1 
A.  D.    Malatiyab,  and  of  the  borders,  dying,  king  Mt^Stf,  lord  Of 
"42*    Koniya  and  Akfara^  took  poflcflionof  his  territories  S      •  M< 
fcwffw     '  Now  let  ns  return  to  the  aflairs  of  the  Greeks  :  JebnCm? 
Manuel    items  dying  in  1143,  his  fon  Manuel  fuccteddd  him.     Gfl#" 
kA.  D.    of  his  flrft  cares  was  to  march  againft  the  Turks,  who  rtU 
-   1143.    taged  Thracty  and  attempted  to  take  the  fort  of  Pitherana 
Having  put  them  to  flight,  he  eroded  Lydia,  and  freed  t 
citks  of  Pbrygia,  near  the  Meander,  from  their  fears.    Ni 
Filomelion  he  engaged  the  enemy,  and  was  wounded  in 
heel  by  a  foldier  whom  he  had  pierced  with  his  lance ; 
he  expofed  himfelf  to  danger  even  more  than  his  father, 
thence  he  puflted  on  drreftly  for  Kogni,  at  which  time 
Jut  was  gone  to  encamp  at  Taxara,  formerly  called  C 
inve/fsKo-  (G).    Bang  fet  down  before  the  city,  the  wife  of  Jebn 
*iyah.       nenutf  before-mentioned,  fpoke  very  notably  from  the 
A.  D.    in  behalf  of  her  father  Mafut.     The  emperor  retired/ 
,|44-    going  round  the  town ;  and  was  forced  to  fight  fitveral 
ties  on  the  road,  to  open  a  way  back  for  hte  army. 
ttis  evil        In  the  year  1 146,  Cenrade,  emperor  of  Germany,  and 
dating      Chrifiian  princes  who  had  taken  the  crofe,  came  to  Co  _ 
tinvpki  in  the  way  (by  land)  to  Syria,  intending  to 
through  Leffer  Afia.    The  Greeks  were  in  fuch  hafte  to 
rid  of  them,  that  the  whole  marine  was  employed  to 
them  over.     The  emperor  Manuel  took  feme  care  about 
fubfiAence :  but,  at  the  fame  time,  ordered  fnares  to  be 
for  them  in  the  difficult  paflages ;  by  which  means  2 
t+taants    number  of  them  periftied.     The  inhabitants  of  cities  ir± 
the  cru»     march,  inftead  of  receiving  and  fupplying  them  frcdy 
fader**       provifions,  from  the  top  of  the  walls  drew  up  their  moasjf 
in  baflcets,  and  then  let  down  as  much  bread  for  it  as  they 
thought  fit  themfelves :  there  were  even  feme,  who  fpoileJ 
the  flour,  and  mixed  it  with  lime.    But  our  author  is  m* 
fure  that  all  this  was  done  by  the  emperor's  order,  as  wdP 
given  out ;  although  it  was  certain  that  he  had  ordered  brff 
filver  to  be  coined,  wherewith  to  pay  them  for  the  goods  they 
fold.    In  a  word,  there  is  no  mifchief  which  Manuel  dial 
not  contrive,  or  caufe  to  be  contrived,  againft  .them;  ttoil 


e  Aeu'l*.  hill,  dynafl.  p.  255. 
|G)  To  the  nonh-caft  of  Ikonium,  or  Kd/fde 


&r 


C  4*  Ftttrtb  Selttn%  Mafl&d  %±f 

their  pofterity  might,  by  the  misfortune  of  their  anceftor$,  be 
deterred  from  ever  letting  foot  oh  Raman  ground. 
.  The  Germans  and  AwtcA  had  not  inarched  far  into  Jfia,  TZrTurkt 
kfjare  they  were  met  by  the  Turkijb  army,  commanded  by Jlsugbur. 
que  Bmplani  who,  excited  by  the  letters  of  Ma/uiel,  and    a.jx 
IgQanated  by  his  example,  fought  and  defeated  them.    They    i\jfl\ 
afterwards  appeared  at  the  Meander,  to  oppofe  their  paflage : 
lot  Conrade  lpurring  his  horfe  into  the  river,  his  army  fc4- 
Ipved;  and  getting  over,,  fell  on  the  Turks  with  fuch  fury,. 
ifeat  fcarce  any  efcaped.     The  flaughter  might  be  judged  by 
the  vaft  mountains  of  bones  in  that  place,  which  our  author 
Kicetas  had  himfelf  beheld  with  afloniihment.     The  fame 
Ififtorian  tells  us,  that,  after  this  famous  victory,  the  Germans 
pet  with  no  enemy  to  oppofe  them,  during  the  remainder  of 
-march.    But  we  are  informed  by  the  weftern  writers, 
{braid  know  belt,  that  the  difappearance  of  the  enemy 
i  ealy  till  the  Franks  came  to  Ikeniunt,  the  capital  of  the 
rkjfb  dominions  in  hejjer  Afia.     This  city  they  clofely  in- Koniyah 
e& :  tat  it  was  fo  ftrongly  fprtified  both  by  nature  and  heJUged* 
*s  well  as  bravely  defended  by  the  Turks  t  that  though 
ted  Iain  a  long  time  before  the  place,  they  made  no 
jt&  ia  taking  it*    At  length  provisions  failing  in  their 
bap,  fuch  a  mortality  enfued  among  the  ibldiers,  that  the 

eror  Conrade  was  glad  to  raife  the  fiege,  and  return  home/ Conrad* 
j  caufe  <st  this  mortality,  and  overthrow  of  the  whole  ex*  return* 
itkm,  is  generally  afcribed,  by  the  faid  writers,  to  the***1'4 
tks  m**ii£  lkne  with  the  meal  whkh  they  brought  to. 
by  the  connivance  of  their  emperor ;  whom  they  charge 
":  with  betraying  the  defigns  of  the  Chrijlians  to  Saltan 
ix  Mahntft,  as  fome  name  him  f . 
Thefc  are  all  the  tranfaftions  mentioned  by  the  Greek** 
the  reign  of  Mafut :  to  which  we  have  only  one  more  - 
,  fromf  JM'ffaraj,  namely,  that,  in  the  year  of  the 
rah  546,  Juflin  (H),  having  taken  Nuroddin's  armour-    A.  D< 
«r  prifooer,  fent  him  to  Majfud,  who  vtzs  Nuro'ddtn's  fa-    u$l* 
^-in-law,  with  a  threatening  anfwer  **  This  faft  is  of  little 
ly  but  as  it  ferves  to  fetdc  the  length  of  this  Soltan's 
1 ;  -which  is  thus  brought  down  with  certainty  to  this 
and,  from  circumftances  produced  hereafter  from  the 
tine  hiftorians,  it  is  probable  that  he  lived  two  or  three 
(•in  longer.    But  fuppofing  that  he  died  at  the  end  of  the  Death  of 
Jttr  1152,  this  will  bring  the  end  of  his  reign  fifteen  years  Maflfcd, 

f  Nicbtas  in  Manuel,  1.  3.  c.  2,  5  &  6*  f  Abu'lp. 

(H)  That  is,  J$fee!fa,  count  of  Edefa. 

lower 


%*4  He  Seljfiks  of  Rtim:  B.IS 

lo^er  in  the  century  than  a  calculation  made  from  the  year* 
of  his  reigning  affigned  by  the  Perfian  hiftorians ;  and  giver, 
it  a  length  of  thirty-feven  years,  which  is  double,  within  one 
year,  to  what  they  have  given  it :  but  on  a  fuppofition  that 
he,  and  not  Say/an,  immediately  fucceeded  his  hither,  he  wi| 
then  have  a  reign  of  forty-feven  years.  This  goes  a  great  wajK 
to  fill  up  the  chronological  chafm  which  thofe  hiftorians  havtf 
left  in  the  fucceffion  of  thefe  Soltans ;  and,  by  the  ftill  longed 
reign  of  his  fon  and  fuccfcflbfr,  we  fhall  be  able  to  acoooi 
plilh  it. 

SECT.    VI. 
Tbe  reifft  of Soltdn  Kilij  Arflsin  it 

fifth  $*/-  yr  is  agreed,  both  by  the  Greek  and  oriental  hiftorians, 

*t in  Ki  t!       KilV  Arfl*n  IL  fucceeded  his  fethcr  MaPd  in  *«  sdt^ 
Arflan  11.  ^  R^m  .  ^ut  tys  circumftance  i9  all  the  account  which  u 

have  received  from  Ac  Perfian  authors,  relating  to  this  prinoq 

except  the  length  of  his  reign ;  which  they  have  made  fhortf 

by  three-fourths  than  it  ought  to  be.     This  confirms  the  fe 

fpicion,  that  they  have  no  memoirs  relating  to  the  firft  Sd 

jukian  Soltans  of  Rum.    In  efieft,  D'fferbetot,  as  before,  hi 

given  nothing  under  the  article  of  Kilij  ArJlJbi  II.  but  wfai 

he  takes  from  Abfflfaraj  * ;  and  that  is  no  more  than  a  (bat 

account  of  the  troubles  which  befel  him,  on  dividing  his  do 

minions  among  his  fons,  a  few  years  before  his  death, 

which  is  to  be  found  in  the  Byzantine  hiftorians :  fo  that 

readers  may  be  faid  to  be  indebted  to  them  for  every  thin 

concerning  this  Soltan,  excepting  only  the  time  of  his  dead 

which  is  fixed  by  Abu'lfaraj, 

attacked  by      MASUT,    or  Majfiid,   emperor  of  the  Turksi    at 

Jagupa-    death  divided  his  dominions  and  provinces  among  his  fons 

"n*  He  gave  to  Khliziaftlan,  or  Kilij  Ar/l&n,  his  capital  Kogi 

with  the  places  depending  on  it :  to  his  fon-in-law  Jagupafk 

(A)  the  cities  of  Amajia  and  Ancyra,  with  Cappadocia,  thl 

6  1     fr1"^  c°untry :  and  to  Dadun  the  cities  of  Cafarea  and  Si 

1       ■*'    bajie.     The  three  brothers  did  not  long  live  in  unity:  ft 

the  Soltans  of  Kogni  and  Cappadocia,  envying  each  other's 

feflions,  carried  their  complaints  before  the  emperor  Mwm 

who  fecretly  widened  the  breach  between  them  ;  though 

openly  agreed  to  affiil  Jagupafan,  through  the  averiion  whid 

*  See  D'Herb.'p.  1004,  aft.  Kilig  Arflan  ben  MafToud. 
( A)  Perhaps  TakubHatfan. 


C  £  Fifth  Soltdn,  Kilij  Arflan  II.  225 

he  had  to  the  Soltan,  a  prince  of  a  dark  and  gloomy  difpofi- 
tion,  who  ftudied  the  death  of  all  his  kindred,  and  often  made 
iacurfions  on  the  Roman  territories. 

JAGtJPASAN,  elated  with  this  reinforcement,  attacked 
tie  Soltan,  who  fought  feveral  battles,  with  pretty  equal  fuc- 
cds;  but  viftory  at  length'  declaring  for  the  former,  he  laid 
«fown  his  arms,  and  continued  for  fome  time  in  rcpofc. 

The  Soltan,  after  this,  went  to  meet  the  emperor  on  his  Retires  /# 
return  to  Conflantinople,  from  his  expedition  to  the  weft  (B),  and  Manuel, 
was  received  with  joy ;  as  he  imagined  his  prefence  would 
ferve  to  fettle  his  affairs  in  the  eaft.     A  triumph  was  ordered 
on  that  occafion  ;  but  the  people  were  fo  affrighted  with  an 
earthquake,  which  threw  down  the  beft  houfes  in  the  city,  and 
darkened  the  air  with  vapours,  that  this  pageantry  was  but  little 
•  minded.    During  the  long  ftay  which  the  Soltan  made  atCbn- 
\Jtantinople,  he  often  diverted  himfelf  with  public  (hews.    One  ^Turkifli 
jfd&y  a  Turk>  who  at  firft  patted  for  a  conjurer,  but  turned  Icarus. 
i  OBt  to  be  a  fool,  got  on  the  tower  of  the  Hippodrome  (C), 
i  pretending  to  fly  acrofs  it.   He  was  drefTed  In  a  white  gown, 
[*ry  long  and  wide;  the  fides  of  which  being  ftuck  with 
|<«ier  twigs,   were  to  ferve  for  wings.      He   flood  a  long 
\  lime  ftretching  out  his  arms  to,  gather  the  wind.  The  people 
impatient  called  out  to  him  often  to  fly.    The  emperor  would 
|  Jbave  duTuaded  him  from  that  vain  and  dangerous  attempt ; 
tarhile  the  Soltan  was  divided  between  hope  and  fear.  At  laft, 
^When  he  thought  he  had  brought  matters  to  bear,  he  launched 
"  like  a  bird ;  but  his  wings  deceiving  him,  he  was  carried 
headlong  by  the  weight  of  his  body,  and  broke  his 
to  the  great  diverfion  of  the  Chriftian  fpe&ators. 
.    The  emperor,  who  had  made  Kbliziqftlan  confiderable  MannelV 
[  prefents,  carried  him  one  day  into  his  cabinet ;  and  hzsmgprefents. 
"tewn  him  a  great  deal  of  gold  and  filver  coin,  wrought  plate, 
ilendid  habits,  and  rich  filks,  fent  there  for  the  purpofe ; 
[•iked  him,  which  of  thofe  parcels  he  would  have  ?  The  Soltan 
lid,  he  Jhould  receive  with  refpeEl  that  which  was  agreeable 
his  majefty  to  give.     Manuel  then  demanded,  if,  with  the 
}jmoney  which  he  faw,  he  Jhould  ,ht able  to  humble  his  enemies  ? 
whliziajllan  anfwered ;  that  he\x)ould  have  done  it  long  ago9 
hJtR  cafe  he  had  been  matter  of  but  part  of  that  wealth.    Then, 
;  fiid  the  emperor,  /  will  give  you  the  whole,  that  you  may  judge 

^  Jb)  This,   we  fuppofe,  was    for  our  author  Nicetas   marks    , 
Ks  expedition    againft    Sicily;     neither  the  time  nor  place. 
Which*  we  judge   might  have         (C)  Called  ky  the  Turks  At* 
btcn  in  the  year  1 1 5  3,  or  1 1 5  4 ;     tntydan,  which'  fignifies  the  fame 

thing. 

Mod.  Hist,  Vox..  IV.  Q^  what 


226 


The  Sal- 
tans dif- 
bonefiy ; 


<Tbe  Selj'&ks  o/R6m. 


B.I. 


bis  great 
fuccefs; 


invades 

the  em* 
fire. 


iv  hat  a  monarch  pojfejfes,   *who  can  make  fuch  magnificent 
prefents. 

The  Sol  tan,  charmed  with  fuch  great  liberality,  pronufcd 
to  reftore  to  Manuel  the  city  of  Sebqfte,  with  its  dependen- 
cies. The  emperor  accepted  the  offer  with  joy,  and  promifed 
to  make  him  farther  prefents,  provided  he  performed  his  pro* 
mife ;  and, ,  to  ftrike  the  iron  while  jt  was  hot,  fent  Conftan- 
tine  G auras  with  the  money  and  troops.  But  Kbliziaftkn 
was  no  fooner  arrived  at  Kogni,  than  he  ruined  Sebafte,  took 
Co/area,  drove  Dad&n  out  of  his  territories,  and  went  in  pur- 
fuit  of  Jagupafan,  who  died  while  he  was  raifmg  forces  to 
oppofe  his  enemy.  Dadun  having  feized  Ama/ia,  was  the  oc- 
casion of  the  death  of  Jagupafan's  widow,  who  had  called 
him  thither ;  for  the  inhabitants  riling,  flew  her,  and  drove 
out  Dad&n,  whofe  power  (he  intended  by  her  intrigues  to> 
eftabiilh. 

But  they  found  therafelves  too  weak  to  refill  Khliziafl* 
lajiy  who  reduced  their  city  to  his  obedience,  as  he  had  done 
Kappadocia  a  little  before  ;  although  he  was  quite  a  cripple, 
and  fo.lame  of  his  hands  ancl  feet,  that  he  could  not  go,  bat 
as  he  was  carried  in  a  chair.  Yet  being  full  of  fpirit,  thif 
did  not  hinder  him  to  violate  the  peace,  and  take  fevex?L 
places  from  the  Romans :  finding  alfo  the  opportunity  favour*! 
able,  he  went  and  fubdued  the  city  of  Meliteney  which  he,  ( 
intirely  deftroyed,  and'forced  out  the  Amir,  although  he  vra 
one  of  the  fame  religion.  He  made  ufe  of  perfidy  to  deceive  hif " 
own  brother,  and  expel  him,  like  the  reft,  who  Red  for  re- 
fuge to  the^  emperor. 

At  the  fame  time  oneSoleymdn,  a  fubtlefair-fpoken  perfin^ 
came  to  excufe  the  Soltan's  conduft,  laying  the  blame  of  thq 
infringements  made  in  the  treaty,  on  the  Turks.  His  apology, 
was  accompanied  with  exceflive  praifes  on  Manuel,  and  a 
prefent  of  fome  fine  horfes  from  his  mailer.  i 

The  emperor  ordered  the  ambaflador  to  reproach  the  Sot; 
tan,  in  his  name,  with  his  breach  of  faith  and  inconftancy  ? 
but  Khliziq/llan,  far  from  pgyipg  any  regard-  to  his  remon- 
ftrances,  though  he  called  Jihn  father,  went  to  Laodicea\s 
which,  at  that  time,  was  not  walled,  and  carried  off  a  gretf 
number  of  prifoners,  as  well  as  cattle ;  killing  alfo  manyl 
people,  and,  among  the  reft,  the  bifhop  b.  The  Turks  com- 
mitted other  ravages;  but  Manuel  put  a  ftop  to -them  :  and 
repaired  R'liatc,  Pergamus,  and  Endromit,  which  had  bee* 
ruined  by  them  .  he  likewife  built  feveral  forts  to  fecure  tte 
^  frontiers  c. 


b  Nicet,  in  Manuel,  1.  Hi.  c.  5  8c  6, 


<Ibid.l.ir.c.7. 

The 


C  4:  Pifl*  SoU&Th  Kilij  ArlHn  II.  $27 

The  care  which  the  emperor  took  to  repair  the  fbrrifica-^aw 
tions  cfDeryfeum,  gave  occafion  for  a  rupture.     The  Soltan,  r*//Kry4 
pretending  ndfc  to  know  the  defign  of  his  coming,  fent  to    A.  D. 
fatreathim  to  retire;  and  the  Turks,  not  liking  to  be  xlriven    ll7S* 
oat  ef  a  fruitful  territory,   fo  convenient  for  feeding  their 
Axis,  made  frequent  inroads,  burning  villages,  and  ravage 
lag  the  country.    However,  Manuel  went  on  with  the  work  5 
and  when  the  fortifications  of  that  place  were  finiihed,  he 
ftt  forward  thofe  of  Subitum.     This  made  the  Soltan  accufe 
him  with  breach  of  treaties  :  while  the  emperor,  in  his  turn, 
upbraided  the  Soltan  with  ingratitude. 

Both  parties  being  irritated,  the  emperor  made  great  pre- Manuel 
Jaraoons,  and  crofled  into  Afut.  *  He  marched  through  Pbry*fets  for- 
gia,  and,  paffing  by  Laodicea,  'came  to  Koneh  formerly  Kolofr'uwd* 
fas,  a  very  rich  city  (D),  where  otir  author  Nicetas  was  born  c 
from  thence -he  marched  to  Lempis,  and  fo  to  Celenej  where 
the  river  Marfias  has  its  fource.     Proceeding. forward*  he  ar- 
\  lifed  at  Kxme,  and  next  at  Myriocephale.     He  advanced  with 
I  great  precaution,  always  intrenching  his  army  uAth  care,  and 
;  toer  expofing  hinrfelf  to  danger  5  though  the  multitude  of 
i  Warlike  engines  rendered  his  march  very  flow  arid  incommo* 
iBons.    The  enemy  appeared  fometimes,  and  fkirmilhed  with 
the  Romans  :-  but,  what  was  worfe,  they  deftroyed  the  fo- 
liage, and  fpoifcd  the  water  of  rivers  and  fountains,  ( which 
j$ave  them  the  flux. 

['  The  Sohan,  having  received  a  reinforcement  from  Mefo-Tbe  Soka* 
^otama  anielfewhere,  fent-an  embafly  to  demand  peace  of  begs  peace* 
[the  emperor,  on  his  own  terms  :  which  all  the  perfons  of  ex-    A.  D. 
^erience  advifed  him  to  accept;  reprefenting  that  the  Cavalry    '1*76. 
^rf  the  Turks  (E)  was  very  good ;  that  they  had  feized  the  in* 
jkcefliblc  parts  of  the  country ;  and  that  a.  contagious  diftem* 
feer  already  prevailed  in  the  Roman  army.     But  Manuel,  fuf* 
[bring  hhnfelf  to  be  led  by  his  relations,  who  had  never  been 
a  camp  before,  fent  back  the  ambaflador,  without  pfomi- 
any-thing.     The  Soltan  having  applied  for  peace  a  fe- 
ld  time,  and  received"  no  other  anfwer  than  that  the  empe* 
would  fatisfy  his  demands  when  he  came  to  Kogni ;  he 
[ffepared  an  ambufcade,  in  the  pafs  of  Sybriza,  through  which 
Ike  Romans  were'  to  march  after  they  left  Myriocephale* 

(D)  There  was  the  church  of  calls  them  Perfiam :  which  fliew* 
'■fit.  Michael;  admired  for  its  he  means  the  fame  people ;  and 
Jtrgenefs,  and  the  beauty  of  its  that  he  ufes  the  form  or  name, 
'Hchitedure.  only  becaufe  they  came  origi- 

(E)  A  few  lines  before  he     nally  fiom  Perfia. 


"42$ 


tteScVjpksofRttn; 


B.I. 


Romans 

thrown. 


Dangerous  It  is  a  long  valley,  bounded  on  one  fide  with  high  mcxra- 
j*Jage.  tains,  and  on  the  other  by  deep  precipices.  The  emperor, 
inftead  of  going  before  with  light  armed  troops,  to  open  th* 
way,  divided  his  army  into  fix  bodies,  and  marched  behind 
the  baggage,  at  the  head  of  the  fifth,  which  confifted  of  die 
flower  of  his  troops.  The  two  firft  corps  parted  the  rooft 
dangerous  places  without  any  lofe ;  becaufe  they  covered  than* 
felves  with  their  bucklers,  and  valiantly  fought  the  enemy, 
who  attacked  them  from  the  top  of  the  rocks.  For  wanttf 
thefe  precautions,  the  right  wing,  which  made  the  third  bo- 
dy, was  broken  and  cut  in  pieces,  with  Baldwin,  the  emp*  \ 
rorV  brother-in-law,  who  commanded  them.  The  Turks,  \ 
elated  with  this  fuccefs,  ihut  up  the  paffage  intirely ;  fo  that 
-  the  Jlomans  could  neither  advance  nor  retreat :  in  a  moment 
both  men  and  horfes  werp  pierced  with  infinite  arrows,  which 
covered  the  ground  with  dead  bodies,  and  made.the  chands 
run  with  blood. 

The  enemy  made  great  efforts  to  defeat  the  troops  which 
'were  about  the  emperor,  who  tried  feveral  times  to  repnUc 
them,  and  open  a  paffage :  but  not  being  able  to  compafc 
his  defign,.he  threw  himfelf  almoft  alone  into  the  middle  of 
them,  and  happily  efcaped,  after  he  had  received  fevenl 
wounds :  about  thirty  arrows  were  flicking  in  his  buckler, 
jand  his  clique  was  half  beaten  off.  Mean  time  the  foldierj 
fell  thick  in  the  battle ;  and  thofe  who  efcaped  this  fatal  pais 
perl(hed  in  the  valley.  The  whole  defile  confifted  of  feral 
vallies,  one  within  another,  the  entrance  of  which  was  prettt 
wide,  and  the  way  out  very  narrow.  A  violent  wind  hap- 
pening to  raife  clouds  of  dudt,  both  parties  fought  for  fame 
time  in  the  dark,  killing  indifferently  their  friends  or  foes. 
However,  a  much  greater  number  of  the  Romans  were  Qm 
than  of  the  Turks,  and  chiefly  the  emperor's  relations.  , 
When  the  ftorm  was  over,  men  were  feen  buried  op  to 
the  waift  among  dead  bodies,  extending  their  arms,  and  im- 
ploring  help  with  lamentable  cries  j  without  being  able  to  ob- 
tain any,  from  men  who  were  in  too  much  danger  them- 
felves  to  think  of  aflifting  others. 

The  emperor  was  alone,  without  his  armour-bearer  or 
guards,  refting  himfeif  under  a  wild  pear-tree  :  there  was 
only  one  horfenian  who  offered  to  ferve  him,  and  tried  to  re- 
fit his  head-piece.  At  the  fame  time  a  Turk  feized  the  bridle 
of  his  horfe,  but  he  ftruck  htm  down  with  a  piece  which  re- 
mained of  his  lance.  Prefently  after,  others  running  up  to  take 
him,  he  drove  them  off  with  the  lance  of  the  horfeman  who 
attended  hira  ;  killing  one  of  them,  and  his  aftiftant  cut  off1 
the  head  of  another  with  his  fword.    Having  been  joined  at 

length 


The  empe- 
ror s  di- 
jlrefu 


C.  4.  Fifth  Bottdn,  Kilij  Arflin  II.  2*9 

length  by  ten  Romans,  he  furmounted,  with  incredible  h-EJcafei 
tigue,  the  difficulties  of  the  paiTages :  then  croffing  the  rirnuitkd;fi* 
ver,  and  marching  over  dead  bodies,  he  met  with  a  troop  offu ty* 
Us  foldiers,  who  came  up  as  foon  as  they  faw  him.     He  be- 
held in  the  way  John  Cantacuzenus,  who  had  married  his 
niece,  fighting  very  valiantly ;  but  at  length  killed  and  ftrip- 
ped,  while  he  looked  in  vain  to  fee  if  any  body  would  come 
to  his  affiftance.     Thole  who  had  (lain  him,  having  perceived 
the  emperor,  who  could  not  be  hidden,  made  a  fort  pf  ring, 
doling  their  ranks,  to  furround  him.     They  jvere  mounte4 
on  barbs,  nicely  trained ;   which,  among  other  ornaments, 
had  long  collars  of  hair,  with  little  bells.     Manuel,  encou« 
raging  his  men,  repulfed  the  enemy  vigoronfly  ;  and  ftill  ad- 
vancing, fometimes  fighting  his  way,  at  length  joined  the  firil 
legions. 

Before  became  up  with  them,  he  aflced  for  fome  water  Jnhfilty* 
out  of  a  river  which  ran  by ;  and  finding  that  it  was  tsdntedfildier. 
with  the  blood  of  the  fiain,  threw  it  away,  faying,  How  un* 
happy  am  I  to  drink  Chriftian  blood?  An  infolent  foJdier  re- 
torted, It  is  not  to-day  only  that  you  have  drank  Chriftian 
blood:  you  have,  for  a  long  time,  drank  it  tofuch  excefs,  that 
you  have  been  drunk  with  it ;  ftnee  you  load  your  fubj eels  with 
the  mqft  violent  and  inhuman  exactions.     The  emperor,  at 
•  the  lame  time,  obferving  the  Turks  carrying  off  the  bags  of 
J .  money  defigned  for  paying  his  army,  he  exhorted  thofe  about 
f  him  to  go  and  recover  them.     But  the  fame  foldkr,  continu- 
\  ing  his  infolences,  (aid,  He  ought  to  have  given  us  that  mo- 
\  **y>  '**$**&  of  commanding  us  now  to  go  and  retake  it,  at 
^  the  peril  of  our  lives.     If  he  be  that  man  of  courage  as  he 
1   boafts  himjelf  let  him  go  and  wreft  it  from  the  Turks.    Mar 
muel  bore  thefe  infults  with  a  profound  patience. 

CONTOS.TEPHANUS,  and  fome  others,  arrived  in  theThi  emfa 
:  evening,  without  having  received  a  wound.     They  pafTed  the  ror  rer 
night  in  the  greateft  anxiety,  leaning  their  heads  on  their/*/w  to 
kaods,  and  reckoned  themfelves  no  better  than  dead  men,./??* 
ijonfidering  the  dangers  which  furrounded  them.     What  ter- 
rified them  moft  was,  to  hear  the  Turks  running  round  their 
camp,  and  calling  aloud  to  thofe  of  their  country  to  hafte  out 
of  it,  for  that  next  morning  they  would  put  all  to  the  fword. 
The  emperor  hereupon  conceived  the  defign  of  flying  pri- 
vately, and  leave  his  people  to  be  flaughtered  ;  nor  was  he 
afhamed  to  own  it : ,  thofe  who  were  about  him  were  filled 
with  indignation  at  it,  and  Contqftephanus  moft  of  all. 

A  soldier  unknown,  who  was  without  the  tent,  and 
heard  what  he  faid,  raifing  his  voice,,  cried  out,  What  a  de+ 
Uftable  thought  has  entered  into  the  mind  of  the  emperor? 

%A  The* 


$3d  ^*  Seljflks  */ Mtth  B.L 

With-bdd  Then  addreffing  his  fpdech  to  him,  Is  it  not  yw+  fekl  he. 


by  re- 

froaeb, 


who  have  brought  us  to  perijb  here,  under  rocks,  which  bruife 
us,  and  mountains  which  overwhelm  us  P  what  have  we  to  do 
in  this  valley  of  groans  and  tears,  in  this  defcent  to  bell,  in 
the  midft  of  precifices  and  fits  ?  We  have  had  no  difference 
with  thefe  Barbarians,  who  have  inclofed  us  within  this  chain 
of  mountains  :  it  is  you  who  have  led  us  to  the  Jlaughter,  to 
jacrifice  us  as  viclims.  This  boldnefs  of  fp^ech.  touched  the 
emperor,  and  m?de  him  refblve  to  fubmit  to  the  neceffity  of 
the  occafion. 

The  Soltan     While*  no  hope  feemed  to  be  left  for  the  Romans,  the 

offers  Soltan,  by  perfuafion  of  the  principal  men  of  his  court,  whoi 
in  time  of  peace  received  penfions  and  prefentts  from  the  em- 
peror, propofed  to  offer  him  terms  of  peace.  However,  the 
Turks,  who  knew  nothing  of  their  matter's  intentions,  pre* 

»  pared  at  day-break  to  attack  the  camp,  courfing  round  it 

with  horrible  cries.  Twice  the  Romans  made  a  felly  to  re- 
pulfe  them,  and  both  times  returned  without  gaining  any  ad- 
vantage. Mean  wh'rle  the  Soltan  fent  G auras,  who,  having 
ordered  h oft ili ties  to  ceafe,  and  faluted  the  emperor  after  the 
Turkijh  faftiion,  prefented  him  with  a  fword,  and  a  horfe 
which  had  a  filver  bit,  and  was  very  well  trained  ;  making 
nfe  of  the  moil  gentle  and  agreeable  words  to  comfort  him; 
Obferving  that  Manuel  had  on  a  black  veft  over  his  cuirafs, 
he  faid,  That  colour  is  not  proper  in  thrte  of  war,  and  prefaget 
no  good  luck.  The  emperor  received  this  freedom  laughing, 
and  gave  him  the  veft,  which  was  adorned  with  gold  and 
purple.  Afterwards  he  concluded  and  (igned  the  peace,  by 
which  he  was  obliged  to  demolish  the  forts  of  DoryleumixA 
Sableum. 

The  emperor  defigned  to  avoid  returning  by  the  place  rf 
battle  ;  but  the  guides  brought  him  direftly  through  it,  that 
he  might  behold  at  leifure  the  deplorable  fpe&acle.  In  (hart, 
the  vallies  and  forefts  were  covered,  and  every  hollow  filled, 
with  dead  bodies.  The  heads  were  all  fcalped,  and  the  privy 
parts  cut  off;  which,  it  is  faid,  was  done  by  the  Turks,  that 
the  Chriftians  might  not  be  diftinguifhed  from  the  cirCum- 
^ifed,  as  well  as  to  (hew  that  the  viftory  was  theirs  d. 
When  the  Romans  had  parted  the  fti;alts  of  the  mountains, 

the  peace;  they  were  attacked  again  by  the  Turks,  who  purfued  them 
in  parties,  and  killed  the  fick  and  wounded,  who  were  no* 
in  a  condition  to  help  themfelves,  notwithftanding  all  the 
care  that  could  be  taken  to  prevent  it.  It  is  feid,  the  Soltan, 
repenting  that  he  had  let  the  prey  flip  out  of  his  hands,  had 


terms  of 
peace. 


Manuel 
returns  | 


violates 


*  N*S*T«  in  Man.  \.  vi.  c.  <— — 4. 


glTO 


C*  fifth  SoUdn,  Kilij  Ajflan  II.  231 

given  his  foldiers  leave  to  commit  thofe  hoftilities,  which  con* 
dnaed  till  they  got  to  Kane.  He  flayed  a  while  at  Philadel- 
phia to  refrefh  himfelf ;  and,  in  parting  forward,  demolifhed 
the  fortifications  of  Sahleum,  but  left  thofe  oi  poryleum  (land- 
ing ;  and  when  the  Soltan  complained  of  it,  anfwered,  that 
he  paid  little  regard  to  a  treaty  which  was  extorted  from 
fan  by  force.  Hereupon  the  Soltan  fent  Atapakus  (F)  at  the 
head  of  20,000  chofen  men,  with  orders  to  lay  wafte  the 
Roman  provinces,  and  bring  him  home  fea-water,  fand,  and 
an  oar.  That  commander  ruined  all  the  cities  near  the  river  lofis  man} 
Meander  ;  had  Tralles  and  Antiokh  delivered  to  him  by  oom^ities. 
pofition  ;  took  Luma,  Pentakhira,  with  fome  other  cafUes,  by 
force,  and  ravaged  all  the  fea-coaft. 

The  emperor,  on  this  advice,  immediately  difpatched  JWn^'Turfcs 
Vataces,  his  nephew,  Conjlantine  Ducas,  and  Michael  Afpa-  defeated  % 
cms,  all  able  men,  with  forces  to  reprefs  the  enemy.     Vata?  • 

ces  led  his  troops  direftly  to  HieRum  and  Limnokhira,  fmall 
cities,  which  had  formerly  a  bridge  on  the  Meander ;  and 
hearing  that  the  Turks  were  retiring  with  their  plunder,  made 
the  greater  part  of  his  army  lie  in  ambufh,  and  ported  the 
reft  beyond  the  river.  The  Turks  having  been  attacked  in 
a  place  where  they  were  much  expofed,  Atapakus  charged 
the  Romans  at  the  head  of  his  braveft  foldiers,  to  give  the 
others  time  to  crofs  the  river.  He  gave  eminent  proofs,  for 
awhile,  of  his  courage  and  conduct :  but  when  he  faw  that 
there  was  another  army  of  the  enemy  beyond  the  Meander, 
which  flew  all  thofe  who  appeared  before  them,  his  ardor 
abated,  and  he  fought  a  place  where  he  might  pafs  the 
ftream  with  lefs  danger.  Finding  none  fordable,  he  placed  him-r 
felf  in  his  buckler,  as  in  a  boat,  making  ufe  of  his  fword  for  a 
rodder ;  and  holding  the  bridle  of  his  horfe,  who  fwam  behind, 
gained  the  other  fide  of  the  river.  As  foon  as  he  had  landed, 
he  told  his  name  aloud,  in  order  to  draw  the  Turks  about  him  : 
but  an  Allan,  who  ferved  in  the  Roman  army,  coming  up,  Hew  their  £*»*• 
him:  upon  which  his  troops  being  routed,  moft  of  them  ™AA'»- 
were  drowned  in  the  Meander.  This  exploit,  more  than 
any  other,  retrieved  the  affairs  of  the  Romans,  and  humbled 
the  pride  of  the  Turks.  Afpietus  perifhed  unhappily  in  this 
rencounter ;  for  a  Turk,  not  being  able  to  hurt  him,  his  ar- 
mour being  proof,  made  a  ftroke  at  the  head  of  his  horfe, 
which,  capering,*  threw  him  intq  the  river  % 

e  NicBT.inMan.  1,  vi.  c.  6. 

(F)   Some  peribn,  we  pre-    theSeljuis  of  Rum  copied  thofe 
feme,  who  had  the  title  of  Ata-    of  Iran  in  moft  things. 
Mi  expreffed  in  Atapaku*;  for 

0^4  The 


232  TU  Seljdks  of  Rftm.  B.  I. 

Shameful      The  emperor  being  defirous  to  attack  the  Turks  of  P*> 
/^  ef  *  nefa  and  Lacere,  reduced  the  firft ;'  then  font  Katidus,  governor 
or  Laodicea,  to  difcover  the  condition  of  the  others:  but 
he  threatening  them  with  the  emperor's  arrival,  they  fled 
immediately  ;   which  fo  enraged  Manuel,  that  he  ordered 
Katidus  to  have  his  nofe  cut  off.     Soon  after,  he  gave  troop-, 
to  Andronicus  Angelas,  and  Manuel  Cant acuzenus,  to  attack- 
Roman     the  Turks  of  Karace,  which  is  between  Lampis  and  Graofgaku* 
general.     Andronicus,  having  only  taken  fome  fheep  and  peafants,  flejj 
full  fpeed  at  the  bare  report  of  the  Turks  bang  at  hao$ 
without  fo  much  as  enquiring  how  many  they  were  \  and  not 
content  with  efcaping  to  Kone,  fpurred  his  horfe  on  to  Lao&i 
cea.     The  foldiers,  aftonifhed  at  the  abfence  of  their  general 
abandoned  the  prifoners  and  the  baggage,  and  would  hx& 
difperfed,  but  for  Cantacuzenus.     The  emperor  would  harc 
punifhed  this  gallant  behaviour  qf  Andronicus,  by  making  hill 
walk  through  the  city  in  women's  cloathv  but  for  therek^ 
tionlhip  that  was  between  them. 
Bravery        As  the  Romans  retired,  a  Turk,  from  a  rifing  ground,  fldf 
ff  others,  a  great  number  with  arrows.     Several  fliot  at  him  again,  tart 
he  had  the  dexterity  to  avoid  their  /hafts ;  till  Manuel  Xcrus, 
alighting,  went  up  to  him,  and  cleft  his  head  with  hisfwori£ 
although  he  demanded  quarter  after  killing  fo  many  others 
A  Deacon,  who  was  a  man  of  courage,  and  related  to  Nk 
cetas,  having  had  the  charge  of  fome  plunder  at  Karace,  <fi 
not  leave  it  behind  like  the  reft,  for  fear  of  the  danger.   Son 
admired  his  refolution,  in  marching  flowly  in  the  middle  c 
his  enemies ;  and  others  mocked  him  for  his  avarice,  in  fet» 
ting  a  greater  value  on  the  booty  than  his  life  :  for  his  partj 
he  defpifed  their  railleries,  and  reproached  them  with  cow* 
dice,  in  flying  when  they  were  not  purfued. 
Claudio-       The  Turks  foon  after  befieged  Klaudiopolis ;  on  the  newi 
polis  r#-  of  which  the  emperor  ran  to  its  relief,  with  incredible  diOf 
sieved.      gence,  without  any  equipage  befides  his  arms.     He  croffed 
Bithynia  by  the  light  of  torches  :  he  parted  the  nights  with- 
out fleep :  and,  when  fatigue  and  watching  obliged  him  to 
take  a  little  reft,  he  lay  upon  nothing  but  ftraw.    At  tho 
news  of  his  approach  the  Turks  betook  themfelves  to  flight, 
and  the  citizens  were  filled  with  joy,  being  no  lcoger  able  to 
have  held  out f.  *' 

Great  fuc*     KHL IZ IAS TLAN,  who  greatly  feared  the  emperor  Mai 
'ifi  yyel,  no  fooner  heard  of  tys  death  (G),  than  he  weqt  airf 

*  Nicet.  in  Man.  1.  viii.  e.  8. 

(G)  The  emperor  died  in  Sep-    which  anfwers  tp  ti^e  year  rf 
tevibir,  in  the  fifteenth  indiftion,    Cbrifi  1 1 8z. 

toc4 


C  4;         Fifth  Soltdn,  Kffij  Arflan  Ii;  83  j 

took  Sozopolis ;  befieged,  for  a  long  time,  the  celebrated  city    A.  D. 
p£  j4ttaka\  and  ravaged  Kotyalium ;  •  and,  more  than  this,  &<•     1 182. 
Ihfteral  provinces  voluntarily  fubmitted  him'g.     This  prince,         n  * 
who  enjoyed  a  vigorous  health,  though  upwards  of  feventy    ,  g?i 
fyears  of  age,  took  the  like  advantage  of  the  death  olAndro-     l  _/ 
Libras,  and  proclamation  of  Ifaac  Angelus  ;  upon  the  news  rf^/T?5 
P*rtifch,  he  fent  ^nf r  Somes  y  with  feme  horfe,  to  make  an  u>  ^ W^ 
waprion  into  Thrace,  from  whence  he  returned  with  many 
wrifoners  and  much  plunder :  for  the  nations  of  the  eaft  let 
the  Romans  remain  no  longer  in  repofe  than  they  made  them 
fercfents,  or  paid  them  an  annual  tribute,  which  was  the  way 
m  making  them  quiet,  ufed  by  the  emperors  of  that  age ; 
who,  in  this  refpeft,  fays  Nicetas,  were  weaker  than  women, 
W10  handle  nothing  but  the  fpindle  and  diftaff\ 

This  3oltan,  wlip,  in  his  latter  days,  became  very.  pow--D««*r 

Bfful,  divided  his  dominions  among  his  fons,  of  whom  he^'"*^"** 

"  many  ' :  but  we  meet  with  the  names  of  only  five,  Maf- 

Kothbo'ddhi,    Roknoddin  Soleymdn,    Gayathoddin   Kay 

^tbofraw,  and  Moazoddin  Kayfar  Shah  (H).     After  this  di- 

ibution,  his  children  treated  him  with  much  ingratitude,  and 

contempt :  Kothboddtn  (I)  went  fo  far,  as  to  feize  and 

him.    Afterwards  marching  to  befiege  Kayfariyab 

that  is,  Co/area,  in  Cappadocia),  which  he  wanted  to  take 

"one  of  his  brothers,  to  whofe  (hare  it  fell ;  the  old 

tab&n,  whom  he  carried  along  with  him,  found  means  at 

ttgth  to  make  his  efcape  into  that  city.    But  meeting  there 

iith  a  bad  reception,  he  applied  himfelf  firft  to  one  fon,  and 

fan  to  another,  who  all  proved  alike,  excepting  Gayatho'ddln 

fsy  Khofraw.    This  prince  not  only  received  him  with  aftec* 

Son,  but  went  with  him  to  befiege  Koniyab  ;  and  having  taken 

placed  him  once  more  in  the  throne  k.     The  diftribution 

Bade  by  Kilij  Jrjlfai  of  his  dominions  among  his  fons,  we 

edge,  from  the  courfe  of  the  Greek  hiftory,  to  have  been  in 

*  Nicbt.  in  Alex.  Comn.  c.  1 5.  *  Ibid,  in  Ifaac  Angel. 

.  i.  c.  4.  !  Ibid,  in  Alex.  Comn.  1.  iii.  c.  5.  *  Abu'l* 

fii a j,  hift.  dynaft.  p.  276. 

.  (H)  Nicetas  mentions  only  the        (I)  This  prince,  by  what  fol- 

W  four,  whom,  according  to  lows,  was  in  pofleflion  of  Koni- 

ike  Greek    way  of  corrupting  yah  (called  by  the  Greeks  Kognt, 

femes,  he  call$  Mafut,  Kopatin,  or  Konni),  and  consequently  was 

fafatff*,  and  Kai Kofroes  ;  leav-  to  have  been  his  father's  fuccef- 

iog  out  the  additional  names  of  for  in  the  kingdom,  or  the  fo~ 

tynan2xi&Gajatbo,d£n9vi\iom  vereign  on  whom  the  reft  de- 

ixGn/h  write  Sdiman  zndja-  pended. 


ibtim. 


the 


5'3*  *B*  Scljikks  of  Rflm.'.  B.1 

tke  year  1 1 87,  or  that  following ;  and  his  reftanratkm  to 

happened  in  1 190  or  91  • 

TfoGer-       During  this  prince's  abdication,  and  ill  treatment  by 

man  */p-    children!  the  emperor  Frederic  Barbarojfa  (K),  who  had 

feror         the  crofs,  arrived  in  Thrace,  in  his  way  to  Syria ;  and 

ing  made  peace  with  Ifaac  Angelus,  repaired  with  his  Get 

A.  D.    to  Kallipolis  y  where,  finding  fhips  ready,  they  eroded  over  i 

If9°'    Anatolia*     When  they  came  to  Philadelphia,  the  inhabit 

who  behaved  well  enough  at  firft,  attacked  them  in  the 

at  their  departure :  but  finding  they  had  to  deal  with  ftatal 

of  brafs,  and  invincible  people,  they  betook  themfelves  t 

fhameful  flight.     The  citizens  of  Laodicca,  in  Phrygia, 

the  contrary,  received  thefe  ftrangers  with  fo  much  good 

ture,  that  the  emperor  prayed  for  their  profperity  on 

knees.  *  When  they  came  to  the  roads  leading  to  the 

they  met  with  the  Turks,  who  incommoded  them  all 

could,  by  fldrmifhing ;  although  they  had  promi&d  them  [ 

{age,  as  well  as  the  Romans.     But  they  paid  dear  for  d 

treachery. 

Jeftafs  the     FREDER IC  gave  battle  near  the  fort  of  FilameRon  to 

Turks.     fons  0f  the  Soltan  of  Kogni,  who  had  been  driven  from 

dominions,  and  reduced  to  a  miferable  condition ;  and  ha 

ing  defeated  them,  took  the  fort  and  burned  it.     Coming 

a  iecond  engagement  with  them  at  Cinglacion,  he  gained 

iignal  vi&ory  :  for  as  they  waited  for  him  at  the  partes 

they  had  feized,  the  emperor  incamped  in  a  plain ;  and  1 

ing  divided  his  army  in  the  night,  he  ordered  one  half  to 

main  in  the  camp,  and  the  other  to  feign  a  flight  as  fooa 

day  appeared.    The  Turks  believing  that  they  fled  for  fa 

quitted  the  partes,  and  coming  down  into  the  plain,  eat< 

the  camp,  where  they  expefted  to  meet  with  a  rich  bootj 

but  the  pretended  run-aways  returning,  and  thofe  who 

Great       in  the  camp  appearing,  they,  between  them  both,  furrooa 

/aughter.  ed  the  Turks ,  and  made  a  horrible  (laughter  of  them. 

As  the  emperor  was  on  his  way  to  Kogni,  the  Soltan,  wk 
had  taken  refuge  in  Taxara,  or  Kohnia>  fent  to  excufe  wh 
had  happened,  for  that  he  knew  nothing  of  the  conduit  i 
his  fons,  one  of  whom,  named  Kopatin  (L),  hacl  driven  hi 
out  of  his  dominions.  The  Turks  had  barricaded  themfehfl 
in  the  gardens  which  were  about  Kogni ;  and  as  they  can* 


(K)   Nicetas    never  calls  him  Kohadtsy   as  Ltuncla<vius  judg 

emperor,  but  king;  yet  fpeaks  h\i\.' Mufulm.  p.  £6.     Some  ! 

of  him  as   a  great,   wife,   and  ftorians    fay,    this    KothbtA 

good  prince  was  taken  by  Frederic  in  0flCf| 

(L)  That  is  Kotbbiddin,  not  thefe  bathes, 

liS 


C.  £  Fifth  S/Mm,  KiBj  Afflan  II.  £35 

Bgjit  weapons,  and  fhot  well,  thought  they  could  eafily  de- 
fend themfelves  againft  troops  heavily  armed.  But  they  were 
alio  deceived  this  time  by  their  hopes  :  for  the  Germans  ob- 
serving that  they  took  the  advantage  of  ihooting  from  beftlni 
the  hedges  and  ditches,  the  horfemen  carried  the  foot-foldiers 
behind  them,  and  fetting  them  down  when  they  were  neat 
tfce  enemy,  fupported  them  in  every  place  where  they  were 
jiUe  to  go.  Thus  all  the  Tutks  perifbed,  excepting  a  few 
yho  efcaped,  A  Mohammedan,  who  turned  Chrijlian,  fwore 
that  it  coft  him  200  pieces  of  filver  to  bury  thofe  who  re- 
gained dead  upon  his  field  ;  by  which  the  number  of  the  flain 
my  be  judged  of. 

Although  the  Germans  were  mafters  of  Kogni,  theyTaiesKo* 
Would  not  go  into  the  city;  but  were  content  to  lodge  in  theniya. 
faburbs,  and  there  take  the  provisions  which  they  wanted. 
The  Turks,  apprehending  that  the  emperor  intended  to  con- 
fer their  country,  and  fettle  there,  endeavoured  to  gain  his 
i&ftion  by  falfe  offers  of  fervice  :  but  after  he  had  received 
feme  of  their  children  in  hoftage, .  with  guides,  he  left  their 
famtiers,  and  pufhed  into  Armenia,  where  he  was  received 
with  great  honours.  In  a  few  days  he  proceeded  to  Antiokh, 
pi  foon  after  was  unfortunately  drowned  in  paffing  &  ri- 
ver'.    . 

Ohe  Alexis,  who  pretended  to  be  the  fon  of  the  emperor-^ Greek 
Manuel,  difguifed  his  impofture  with  fo  much  art,  that  htpretender 
imitated  the  true  Alexis,  even  to  the  fairnefs  of  his  hair,  and 
peGtation.in  his  fpeech.     He  made  his  firft  appearance  in  the    A.  D, 
jities  along  the  Meander  :  then  going  to  Armak,  difcovered    n9u 
limfelf  to  a  Roman,  with  whom  he  lodged ;  telling  him,  that 
jus  father  had  ordered  him  to  be  thrown  into  "the  fea,  but 
that  he  was  faved  by  the  compaffion  of  the  officers  who  were 
jfbarged  with  that  cruel  mandate.    He  and  his  landlord  going 
|d  Kogni,  he  prefented  himfelf  before  the  old  Soltan,  who  had 
^ot  then  been  driven  from  the  throne  by  his  fon  Kopatin  (M), 
pad  had  even  the  boldnefs  to  reproach  him  with  ingratitude 
|nd  hard-bcartednefs,  not  to  be  touched  with  die  difgrace  of 
tte  fon  of  an  emperor,  who  had  been  his  friend.     Kbliziaft^ 
in,  overcome  by  his  impudence,  and  deceived  by  fome  marks 
tf  refemblance  which  appeared  in  his  face,  made  him  pre* 
feats,  and  gave  him  hopes. 

1  Nicet.  in  Ifaac  Angel.  1.  ii.  c.  7  &  8. 

» 
(M)   Either  this  muft  have    not  appear  that  the  Greeks  knew 
happened  after  the  reftoration     any  thing  of  his  reftoration  to 
of  Kilij  Arjlan,  or  the  marginal    the  throne, 
datemuft  be  wrong.    It  does 

One 


*3$  ¥ht  Scljuks  of  Rfitn."  B. 

chums  the      One  day,  boafting  of  his  birth  in  the  prefence  of  the  $ 

eafire  ?     pian  ambaffador,  the  Soltan  afked  the  latter  if  he  was  fare  ~ 

thk  pretender  was  Manuel's  foa  ?  The  ambaflador  anfwefo 

i     that  it  was  certain  that  the  foa  of  Manuel  had  been  drvm 

ed  (N) ;  and  that  it  was  in  vain  for  the  party  prefent  to 

vent  a  ftory  which  would  meet  with  no  credit.    The  fi 

Alexis  was  fo  provoked  at  this  anfwer,  that  he  would  h 

flown  in  the  ambaflador's  face,  if  the  latter  had  not  cooled 

ixwrage  by  affe&ing  alfo  to  be  in  a  great  paffion;  and  if 

Soltan  had  not  rebuked  him  fomewhat  fharply.    All  the 

fiftance  he  obtained  from  this  prince  was  only  letters  al 

M&jur,  permitting  him  to  lift  foldiers :  by  which  he 

to  his  party  Ahmiras,  Arfan>  and  other  commanders, 

Homed  to  rapine.    In  a  fhort  time  he  gathered  Sooo 

with  which,  by  force  or  compofition,  he  reduced  many 

upon  the  Meander* 

fm'v  ty  a-      Several  generals,  and  lafHy  Alexis,  the  emperor's  t 

friefl.       ther,  were  feat  againft  him :  but  they  could  do  no 'good, 

fear  of  being  betrayed  by  their  foldiers;  who  (hewed  a 

inclination  to  ferve  this  pretender  than  their  lawful  empetf 

Nor  was  the  infection  confined  to  the  people  only ?  the  _ 

ctpal  perfons  at  court  were  pleafed  with  this  illufion. 

while  the  power  of  this  impoftor  increafed  every  day, 

he  feemed  to  be  in  a  fair  way  of  compafling  his  defigo, 

was  fuddenly  taken  off  by  an  unexpected  means  :  for  ' 

ing  returned  from  Armak  to  P if e,  and  drank  more  than  xA 

he  was  flain  by  a  prieft,  with1  his  own  fword.     When 

head  was  brought  to  the  Sebaftocrator  ( Alexis  J9  he 

back  the  long  hair  with  his  horfe-whip,  'and  faid,  thaf 

was  not  without  reafon  that  fo  many  had  been  difpofed 

follow  him  ». 

n*$ofratt     KILIJ  Arjl&n  died  in  his  capital,  in  the  year  y88, 

£es .  cording  to  Ab&lfaraj :  which  gives  him  a  reign  of  forty  ja 

Hej.  588. by  our  reckoning,  from  the  death  of  his  father  Maffvd;  1 

A.  D.    th0»  KondarrAr  allows  him  but  ten  years.     The  author  of  I 

1192.     JVighiari/lan,  indeed,  doubles  that  number;    but  both; 

wide  of  the  truth.     From  the  beforermentiar*ed  account 

his  age,  he  muft  hive  been  feventy-fix  at  his  death. 

Bis  cha-   .     This  prince  was  grandfon  to  the  firft  of  that  name ;  1 

racier.       diftinguifhed  himfelf,  not  only  by  the  wars  which  he  I 

ried  on  againft  his  neighbours  the  Greeks,  but  alfo  by 

■NicET.inlfaac  Angel.  1.  iii.  c.  1.  I 

(N)  He  was  firft  strangled  by  in  to  be  an  affociate  with4J 
order  of  the  tyrant  Andronicus*  yqung  prince  in  the  empire*  | 
W&Q.  by  b^  ^rcs,  thrall  himfelf    .  I 

wifdoa 


p.4i  Sixth  Soit&n*  GayathoMdfe: 

pqfdom,  joftice,  and  (kill  in  governing  his  people.    He  left 

pfon  Gayatho'ddtn  Kay  Kho/raw  for  hi9  fuceeflbr11. 

Ik  confequence  of  this  new  nomination,  Koniyah,  as  being 

x  regal  feat  of  the  Soltans  fince  the  lofe  of  Nice,  fell  to  the 

re  of  Kay  Kkofraw,  as  it  had  done  to  Kothbo'ddin,  by  thtf 

{ diftribution  :  and  it  is,  doubdefs,  to  this  fecond  appoint* 

nt  of  Kilij  ArJUnf  that  the  partition,  mentioned  at  the  be* 

;  of  the  next  reign,  ought  to  be  referred. 


*37 


SECT.    VII. 

r  reigns  of  Gayatho'ddin  Kay  KhQfraw,  Rokno'ddin 
;  Soleyman,  Kilij  Aril  an  III.  and  $f  Kay  Khofcaw 
a  fee  and  time. 

AYATHO'DDIN  Kay  Khofrav3i  according  to  our  hj*  Sixth  &/- 
pothefis,  was  the  fixth  (A)  Soltan  of  this  Seljukian  dy+fdn,  Gajr- 
On  the  death  of  Kilij  Arjlany  his  dominions  flood  thu*atn0*<*<i*tt 
among  his -fens  (B) :  Maffkd  had  for  his  (hare  Amafia^ K*v  f 
tb,  Darylaum,  and  feveral  other  fine  cities  of  Ptotus  .;Kh°Uaw. 
bbo'ddin  poflefled  Melitenz,  Cafarea,  and  Kelonia,  called. 
ftxara;  Rokno'ddtn  was  mailer  of '.  Amynt us ,  Dokwa,  and 
maritime  dries  %  and  to  Kay  Khofraw  belonged  Konfya* 
Pamphylia,  and  all  the  country  as  far  as  Kotti* 

ALEXIS  Komnenus,  who  fucceeded  lfaac  in  the  em-  Another 
:  (C),  hod  fcarce  been  three  months  on  the  throne,  befareprettnder. 
ft  arrived  of  another  pretender,  a  Cilician,  who  had  taken    A.  D. 
name  of  Alexis ;  and  was  well  received  by  the  Soltan  of   ll9$] 
[Acyra(D),  with  a  defign  to  embarrafs  the  emperor,  and 
l)lige  Mm  to  buy  rris.friencUhip.     Oenapolitus  the  eunuch, 
i  was  fent  againft  him,  being  able  to  do  nothing,  he  went 
felf,  thinking  to  make  an  alliance  with  the  Turks:  but 

a  Abu'lf.  p.  276.         *  Nicet.  in  Alex.  Comnen.  1.  3.  c.  5, 


(A)  DTHerheUt,  in  his  table, 
[following  Kondamir*  makes  him* 
Ac  fifth  ;  hut,  in  the  article  of 
j&is  prince,  fays  he  was  the  fifth 
or  fixth ;  for  that  hiftorians  dif- 
fer on  this  head. 

(B)  Our  author  Nicetas  fays, 
that  Kilij  Arjlan  made  this  di- 
ftribution among  his  fons  in  his 
old-age:   or,   poflibly,  it  was 


done  by  agreement  among  them* 
felves,  as  he  declares  after- 
wards. Such  as  thefe  are  but 
fmall  inaccuracies  with  the  By- 
xantine  hiftorians. 

(C)  In  the  year  1195. 

.(D)  According  to  the  above 
diftribution,  this  mull  have  been 
Majfud. 

they 


graces. 
A.D. 
1196.] 


238  fBe  Seljftks  of  Rfim.  '  Bw 

they  refuted  to  conclude  a  peace  with  hirri,  tnfefs  he 
them  down  500  pounds  of  coined  filver,  and  300  every 
befides  400  iiik  veils.  Alexis,  having  deftroyed  feme  f 
returned  to  ConftantincpU,  after  two  months  employed 
this  expedition,  leaving  the  pretender  to  increafe  in  j 
and  doubtlefs  he  would  have  done  a  great  deal  of 
if  his  throat  had  not  been  cut  in  the  fort  of  Zangre. 
Greek*///'-  Ho w ever,  the  Sok3n  of  Ancjra  carried  on  the  war,  \ 
belieged  Diadibris  with  all  his  forces.  At  four  months 
troops  arrived  under  three  young  chiefs-,  Theodore  Ura 
Andronicus  Katakaloh,  and  Theodore  Kafanus  :  but  the  71 
laying  an  ambufcadr,  fell  on  them  at  day-break,  put  them  1 
fight,  killed  "a  grcab  number,  and  among  the  prisoners 
two  of  the  general*;  whom  they  dragged  with  their 
tied  behind  their  backs,  to  fhew  to  the  befieged.  The  i 
bitants,  difcouraged  at  the  fight,  and  being  in  great  want 
provisions,  delivered  up  the  city,  on  condition  of  having  \ 
liberty  to  retire  with  their  families  and  effects ;  becaofe 
viftbr  would  not  permit  them  to  ftay  in  the  town  paying  1 
bate.  Soon  after,  when  the  war  had  lafted  a  year  anc 
half,  the  emperor  made,  peace  with  the  Soltan ;  and  was  1 
afhamed  to  agree  to.  the  terms,  which  he  had  refufed 
the  place  was  befieged  b. 

THEODORE  Mangafes,  after  his  cevolt  at  PI 
and  peace  made  with  the  emperor ;  to  avoid  the  attempts 
Bafilius  Vataces,  governor  of  Thrace,  fled  to  Kay  Khef 
Soltan  of  Kogni  (E),  and  intreated  him  to  fupply  him 
troops  to  make  war  upon  the  Romans.     The  Soltan,  in 
of  granting  his  reqneft,  only  permitted  him  to  aflemble 
Turks  who  lived  by  plunder.    Haviikg  gathered  a  multiti 

b  Nicet.  in  Alex.  Comnen.  1.  1.  c.  4  &  9. 


Mangaf 

revolts; 


(E)  This  event  is  placed  in 
the  reign  of  the  emperor  Ifaac 
Ajtgelus,  at  the  year  1 1 88.  The 
date  docs  not  agree  with  what 
is  faid  a  little  lower  down,  that 
Kay  KhofratM  had  but  ttenuly  fuc 
iteded  bis  father  ;  for  he  did  not 
fucceed  till '  after  his  father's 
death  in  1 1 92.  He  did  not  foc- 
ceed  on  his  abdication,  in  con- 
fequence  of  the  divifion  Kilij 
Arjlan  made  of  his  dominions  ; 
for  Kotbbo'ddtn  was,  by  virtue 
thereof,  in  pofieflkm  of  Komjab, 


or  Kogni,  the  royal  feat  5 
did  he  fucceed  on  his  father' 
re lloration,  for  Kilij  A»^ 
reigned  himfelf :  unlets  we  fb] 
pole  that  he  was  reftored  befc 
the  year  1188,  and  that 
Khofraw  was  his  alloc  i  ate, 
governed  as  if  he  was  Sol  tin  j 
for  which  we  have  no  author*^ 
ty.  To  make  the  hiftory  there- 
fore confident  with  itfelf,  we 
place  (his  tranfaftion  here,  fnp- 
pofing  it  to  have  happened 
about  the  year  1 196  or  1 197. 


C 4.  Sixth  Soltan,  Gay  atho'ddtn*  23$ 

rf  thefe,  he  invaded  the  empire,  doing  incredible  damages  m 
fhrygia  (efpecially  abodt  Laodicea  and  Kane),  and  in  Karia ; 
after  which  he  retired  with  abundance  of  prisoners  and  cattle* 
The  emperor,  fearing  that  Mangafes  might  by  his  advice  cor- 
rupt that  young  prince,  who  had  but  newly  fucceeded  his* 
Either  Kilij  Arfldn,  fent  ambafladors,  who  by  prefents  prevailed- 
on  him  to  deliver  up  that  refugee,  on  condition  that  he/j  deliver* 
fliould  not  receive  any  corporal  puniihment.     This  action  died  up. 
4e  Soltan  fo  difpleafed  his  brothers,  who  had  divided  with  him 
Aeir  father's  dominions,  that  they  would  have  made  war  upon 
Bm,  if  he  had  not  appeafed  them,  by  alleging  :  that  he  had 
lot  betrayed  him,  but  only  fent  him  back  for  the  good  of 
ibe  ftate ;  that  he  was  a  banifhed  man  whom  he  had  fettled 
jjgain  in  his  own  country,  to  the  end  that  he  might  no  longer     - 
prfecute  others,  or  be  perfecuted  himfelf c. 

*  Towards  the  end  of  the  third  year  of  his  reign,  Alexis  The  Sol~ 
|toke  the  treaty  which  had.  been  made. with  Kay  Khofr,oei,tdns M~ 
|aJran  of  Ikonium,  upon  a  very  frivolous  occafion.    .This  ^5 
Wnce  ftopped  two  horfes,  which  had  been  fent  the  emperor    A'  ?* 
» the  Soltan  of  Alexandria ;  and  one  of  them  having  broken,    !  l^   -» 
t kg  in  running,  he  fent  to  apologize  for  both  thofe  acci- 
nts,  and  promifed  to  make  fatisfa&ion.     Alexis,  inftead  of 
Sang  pacified  with  this  civil  excufe,  flew  into  a  rage,  and 
kreatened  much :  but  at  laft  took  revenge  upon  himfelf,  by 
idering  the  merchants  from  Kogni,  Romans  as  well  as  Turks, 
bbefdzed,  together,  with  their  effefts,  which  werefquan- 
pred  away.     On  advice  of  this,  the  Soltan  immediately  fell 
boq  the  cities  near  the  Meander,  took  Karla  and  Tantalus* 
nth  feveral  others ;  and  had  become  mailer  of  Antiokh  in 
fhrygia,  but  tor  a  merry  accident. 

The  fame  night  in  which  he  intended  to  fnrprize  that, 
one  of  the  principal  inhabitants  happening  to  celebrate 
nuptials  of  his  daughter,  the  guefts  made  a  great  noife, 

is  ufual  on  fuch  occafions :  Kay  Khofroes,  as  he  approached 
walls,  hearing  this  confufion  of  voices,  and  the  Word, 
irhich  the  foldiers,  who  had  been  informed  of  his  comings 
ftve  to  one  another,  he  retired  to  Lampis. 

!■  There  he  viewed  his  prifoners?  and  inquiring  into  their  his  great 
jtoics,  countries,  and  after  what  manner  they  were  taken,  humanity 
itfked  if  any  of  his  foldiers  had  hidden  the  married  wo- 
olen and  maidens,  with  a  defign  to  abufe  them.  Then  he.or- 
jdered  the  effetts  to  be  reftored  which  had  been  taken  from 
ftwn;  and  finding  that  their  number  amounted  to  5000,  he 
fcffiged  them  according  to  their  familes,  and.  at  parting,  took 

•  Nicet.  in  Ifaac  Angel.  I.  2.  c.  3. 

*  cire 


i4d  fr&Seijftks  of  Rfim;  B.B 

care  that  they  (hould  be  fupplied  with  provisions  daring  4a, 
march.    For  fear  alfo  that  they  (hould  be  injured  by  the  coty 
weather,  he  took  an  ax  himfelf  to  cleave  a  tree  which  w« 
fallen.    The  foldiers  running  to  fee  him  work*  he  ordere 
them  to  do  the  fame,  faying :  they  might  go  out  of  the  c 
when  they  pleafed  to  cut  wood ;  but  that  the  Roman  prifc 
durft  not  do  it,  for  fear  of  being  fufpe&ed  of  a  defiga 
efcape. 

to  the  When  he  arrived  at  Fibrrielion,  he  afligfted  them  honfa 

tbrifiiam ;  to  lodge  in,  and  lands  to  maintain  them,  diihibuting  them 
and  other  grain.     He  promifed  moreover  to  fend  them 
without  ranfora,  when  he  (hould  conclude  a  peace  with  tb 
emperor ;  and  thaj,  in  cafe  he  refufed  to  conclude  one,  \ 
(hojild  remain  five  years  in  his  dominions  without  paying 
tax;  that  afterwards  they  (hould  pay  but  a  very- light  < 
which  (hould  never  be  increafed,  as  were  often  thofe  eft* 
blifhed  in  the  empire.     Having  thus  regulated  matters,  he 
turned  to  Kogni.     Such  favourable  treatment  made  the  o 
tives  forget  their  country,  and  drew  into  the  Soltan's  ten! 
tones  abundance  of  people  who  had  not  been  taken  in  war* 
J  LEX  IS  fent  againft  Ac  Turks  Andronicus  Dukas,  wh 
being  very  young,  contented  himfelf  with  attacking  the  troof 
of  Amir  in  the  night,  and  prefendy  retiring d, 
attached        Some  time  after  this,  war  broke  out  among  the  (bos 
by  Rok-    Kilij  AfJIan,  on  the  following  occafion.    Kothbfddtn  (F)  bd 
ao'ddin ;  dead,  a  difpute  arofe  between  RoknSddin  (G)  and  Mafi 
who  (hould  fucceed  to  his  dominions  (which,  as  hath  bq 
obferved  before,  confided  of  Melitene^  drfaria,  and  KoknU1 
But  as  Roknoddin  had  more  fpirit  than  his  brother,  and 
derftood  military  affairs  better,  he  gained  the  advantage ; 
conftrained  him  to  demand  his  friendfhip  for  one  part  of  M 
country,  leaving  him  the  other  part  as  before.     After  thi 
having  conceived  an  inveterate  hatred  againft  his  brother  Kk 
Khofraiv,  becaufe  his  mother  was  a  chriftian,  and  burning  wit 
defire  to  poflefs  Kogni,  fent  to  require  him  to  delirer  it  aj 
In  cafe  he  had  a  mind  to  exempt  the  reft  of  his  dominion 
from  the  hazard  of  a  war. 
retires  to        KAY  Khofraw  upon  this,  having  made  peace  with  Alexii 
Alexis,      repaired  to  his  court  (drefled  in  a  robe  adorned  with  got 
point),  juft  as  his  father  had  done  before  to  that  of  the  em 
peror  Manuel,  during  the  difputes  which  he  had  with  hi 

d  Nicet.  in  Alex.  Comnen.  1.  c.  j. 

(F)  By  the  Greeks  named  Ko-  haps  by  miftake  for  RxJbeaM 

fatin,  or  Kobatin.  So  hlajfut,  inftcad  of  Mafiui.   \ 

(Gj  In Kicetas Rukratin,ipeT-  j 

7  brothot 


i:C»4-  Seventh  Saltan,  Rokno'ddin.  241 

I.  brothers  after  the  death  of  their  father  Majfud:  But  whereas 
\.  Manuel  affifted  Kilij  Ar/lun  with  forces  beyond  his  hopes, 
fKay  Kbofraw  received  nothing  from  Alexis  but  common  ci- 
|~yilities.  He  was  fcarce  returned  to  Kogni,  when  he  was  pur- 
tijbedbjRokno'ddin,  and  forced  to  fly  into  Armenia  (H);  where 
pie  was  lindly  received  by  Leon  (I),  although  formerly  he  had 
l^been  at  war  with  him.  That  prince  however  lent  him  no  af- 
rfiftance  againft  his  brother,  with  whom  he  faid  he  Was  allied, 
i>ecaufc  he  forefaw  that  the  war  would  be  Very  bloody, 
ifiereupon  Kay  Khofrdiv  returned  again  to  the  emperor,  in 
hopes  of  being  reftored  by  his  means.     But  this  fecond  hope 

rng  as  vain  as  the  firft,  he  continued  at  Conftantinople  (K) 
a  private  condition,  and  much  below  his  birth e.  This 
devolution  happened,  according  to  the  computation  of  the 
Greek,  in  the  year  1 198,  or  rather  later. 

ROKNO'DDIN  Soleyrnan   having  driven   his  brother  Seventh 
J&ay  Khofraw  out  of  his  (hare  in  the  empire,  in  the  fame^**  t 
(inanner  as  he  had  expelled  his  other  brothers  out  of  theirs,  5^°°'^ 
the  whole  became  again  united  under  one  prince.  .  ,  "a**" 

Not  long  after,  the  emperor  fent  Conftantine  Frankopolis,    ^  j^J 
With  fix  gallies,  into  the  Euxine  fea,  under  pretence  of  get-     x  l(&0 
king  up  the  wreck  of  a  fhip  which  had  been  call  away  near 
^Kerajonte  (L),  in  returning  from  the  river  Fa/is ;  but  in  re- 
jality  to  rob  the  merchants  who  landed  their  goods  at  Amin- 
Frankopolis  following  exaftly  the  orders  which  he  had 
ed,  fpared  no  veflel  whatever ;  plundering  thofe  which  Emperor 
lied  commodities  to  Conftantinople,  as  well  as  thofe  which turn*  t*m 

returned  with  the  price  of  fuch'  as  they  had  foldr*^» 
ere.  They  flew  fome  of  the  merchants,  and  threw  them 
to  the  fea :  the  reft  they  ftripped  to  a  fhameful  degree, 
hefe  prefented  themfelves  before  the  emperor's  palace,  and 
entered  the  great  church  with  tapers  in  their  hands,  to  de- 
mand juftice  :  But  their  effetts  having  been  already  fold,  and 
Jhe  money  confifcatcd,  they  could  obtain  no  redrefs. 

The  merchants  of  Konlyab  had  recourfe  to  Rtknc'dJ/n ; 
\rho,  by  his  amba/Tadors,  demanded  back  what  had  been 
taken  from  them,  and  at  the  fame  time  propofed  a  treaty  of 

e  NicEt.  1.  3.  c.  5. 

(H)  The  letter  Armenia,  Others  fay,  he  died  there.    See 

1    \\)  Others  name  him  Zebtcn,  Kttonvies,  vol.  1.  p.  39. 

I  t  TarJk.     See  Knotvlis,  vol.  1;  (L)  Or  Kerafus  (from  whence 

,  p.  39.  edit.  Ricaut,  came  Chcrrys),  a  city  and  port 

1     (&)~By  what  appears  after-  of   Fontus   in  the  Euxtne  fea, 

'  TOds,  he  recovered  his  throne,  about  fixty  miles  fouth-weil  of 

Trapezviy  QrTraptxond?  * 

k    Mon.  Hist.  Vol*  IV*  R                             ■  peace. 


t\%  The  Seljftks  of  Rtim.  B.L 

peace.  The  emperor  laid  all  the  blame  on  FrankopoEs :  how* 
ever,  the  articles  of  peace  at  length  taking  place,  Rokao'ddf* 
had  fifty  mina  of  filver,  to  fatisfy  him  and  his  fubjefts,  be- 
f*d  an  of-  fides  the  promife  of  a  yearly  tribute.    Some  days  after,  Alexa 
Jajfin.       was  (hamefully  convifted  of  an'  attempt  agaiaft  the  SoltanV 
life  ;  having  fent  a  very  polite  letter  to  that  prince  by  a 
KaJJian  (M),  whom  he  had  bribed  to  aflaffinate  him :  But 
the  bravo  being  arretted,  the  plot  was  difcovered,  and  die 
peace  broken  almoft  as  foon  as  made ;  which  rupture  oco1 
fioned  the  ruin  of  many  cities  of  Anatolia. 
Reman         At  the  fame  time  Michael,  the  natural  fon  of  John  the  & 
barbarir    baftocrator,  a  froward  and  piffionate  young  man,  having  bee* 
ties.  fcnt  to  colleft  the  taxes  due  from  the  province  of  Mylajfa  (N)y 

revolted :  but,  being  defeated,  fled  to  Rokno'd&n,  who  re- 
ceived him  very  civilly,  and  gave  him  troops ;  with  which  \k 
plundered  the  cities  about  the  Meander,  and  committed  mote 
horrible  cruelties  than  the  Turks  would  have  been  capable  c£ 


The  Com* '  lj  muft  be  confefled,  that  nothing  ever  contributed  fi> 
neni r*«-  much  to  the  defolation  of  the  provinces,  or  the  ruin  of  the 
fUrf/-       empire,  as  the  ambition  of  the  Comneni ;  who  were  of  no 
ufe  to  their  country  fo  long  as  they  ftaid  in  it,  and  became 
very  pernicious  to  it  when  they  were  out  of  it f.    To  this  ob* 
(ervation  of  Nicetas  we  may  add,  that  the  Romans  generally 
brought  on  themfelvcs  the  evils  which  befell  them ;  either  by 
their  breach  of  faith,  or  violences' committed  againft  the  bar* 
dering  nations :'  yet,  when  the  injured  made  reprifals,  they 
loudly  exclaimed ;  as  if  they  had  a  right  to  be  cruel  with  im- 
punity, or  thought  thofe  aftions  virtuous  in  themfelves,  whkk 
they  deemed  moft  execrable  in  others. 
RoknoM-     We  are  not  much  better  fupplied  with  materials  from  the 
din\r«r-   oriental  hiftorians,  relative  to  this  Soltan,   than  thofe  pie* 
pUtu.       ceciiQg  him :  what  little  we  have  from  that  quarter  is  given , 
by  Abfflfaraj.    This  author  informs  us,  that  Rokno*dd$n  So* , 
ley  man  took  Kontyah  from  his  brother  Gayatho%ddin  Kaj\ 
A.  D.    Kho/raw  * ;  and  that  in  597,  in  the  month  of  Ramaddn  (0),i 
I  zoo."    he  forced  the  city  of  Malatiyab  out  of  the  hands  of  his 
brother  Moezo'ddin  Kay  far  Shdh,  after  a  few  days  leaguer.  1 
Then  marching  to  Arzen  al  rim  (or  Arzer&mJ,  which  be- 
longed to  the  fen  of  king  Mohammed  ebn  Salik ;  that  lord,  1 

f  Nicet.  in  Alex.  Comnen.  1.  3.  c.  7.        *  Abu'if.  p.  176. 


(M)  So  the  Greeks  call  the         (N)  A  city  of  Km 
Batanifts,  or  IJmaeHans,  whom        (O)  The  ninth  month  of  the 
the  other  nations  of  Europe  name    Mohammedan  year. 
A/Taffinc. 

depend* 


C.  4.  Eighth  Soltin,  Kilij  Arflan  III.  243 

depending  on  Rokno'ddtn's  promife,  went  to  him,  in  order  to 

Heat  of  peace :  but  the  Soltan  imprisoned  him,  and  then  took 

the  city.    He  was  the  laft  of  his  family,  which,  for  a  long 

lime,  had  reigned  there h.     Soltan  RoknodMn,  lord  of  R4m,*nd  death. 

died  in  the  year  600,  in  the  month  of  Dhulkaada  (P),  leaving    A.  D. 

Us  fou  Kilij  Arflan,  a  minor,  to  fuccecd  him1.  l*?h 

&HER9EL0T  affords  us  nothing  from  the  Per/tan 
vriters  concerning  this  prince,  only  that  he  had  great  dif- 
potes  with  his  brother  Kay  Khqfraw ;  but  that  at  length 
peace  was  concluded  between  them  :  that,  having  reigned  in 
Jukt  twenty-four  years,  he  died  in  602  of  the  Hejrah,  and 
if  Chrift  1205  ;  and  was  fucceeded  by  his  fon  Kilij  ArJUn, 
foamed  Azzo'd&n,  an  infant k.  But,  befides  that  we  hear 
btthing  elfewhere  of  peace  between  the  two  brothers  (for 
fay  Kbofra-w  retired  to  the  Greek  emperor,  and  lived  in  Eu» 
rift,  while  Roknoddln  lived),  ther*is  an  error  both  in  xh&Errmof 
length  of  his  reign  and  year  of  his  death.  For,  reckoning  **th*r4* 
bom  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Kilij  ArfldnHt  which  is  fixed 
WfAbVlfaraj  in  the  year  588  of  the  Hejrah,  to  602,  when, 
Krcrding  to  D'Herbebfs  account,  Soleym&n  died,  it  wifi 
fa  him  no  more  than  fourteen  years  to  his  reign  out  of  the 
maty-four :  but  as  that  event  is  alfo  fixed  by  AbUlfaraj  to 
fee  year  600,  there  muft  be  a  deduction  of  two  years  out  of  the 
torteen.  This  is  fuppofing  that  Soleytnan  immediately  fuc- 
kteded  his  father  Kilij  Arflan :  but  it  appears  jErom  the  Greek 
pftorians,  that  Kay  Khofraw  mgacd  between;  perhaps  as  long 
p,  or  longer  than,  Rokno'ddtn  reigned  himfelf  .  To  the  above 
Niftakes,  or  inadvertencies,  we  may  add  another,  which  is, 
feat,  in  the  article  of  Soleymdn,  LPHerbebt  fays  that  he  was 
fche  fifth  Soltan ;  whereas,  in  his  table  of  Soltans,  he  gives 
Ihim  the  6th  place. 

b!  KILIJ  Arflan  III,  furnamed  Azzo'ddtn,  -was  advanced  Eighth 
the  throne  immediately  after  the  death  of  his  father  Rok-  Soltan9 
^  Mn  Soleymin,  towards  the  end  of  the  year  600.    But  as  Kilij  A*- 
as  his  uncle  Gayathoddln  Kay  Khofraw  heard  that  his****  ***• 

was  dead,  he  left  the  caftTe  where  he  rcfided  near 

tantinople ;  and,  making  what  hafte  he  could  to  Kontyab, 

'  the  child,  and  took  pofleifion  of  the  city  :  after  which 

Gripped  him  of  the  reft  of  his  dominions.     This  revolu- 

happened  in  Rajeb  (QJj  601  K    D'Herbeht  has  copied 

I    fc  Abu'lf.  fl.  280  «  Ibid.  p.  282.  *  D'Herb, 

f.  822.  art.  Solunan  ben  Kilig'  Arflan.  l  Abu'ut.  p.  282, 

(P)  The  eleventh  month.  (QJ  Rajeb   is  the  fcventh 

Mobammtdan  month. 

I  R  z         v  the 


*44  22'  Seljtiks  of  k6m.      .  B.t 

the  article  ofKilij  Ar/Idn  III.  from  Ab&lfaraj,  without  adding 
any  thing  to  it  from  other  oriental  hiftorians.     Some  Criuk 
writers,  fay,    that  this  Soltan,   whom  they  call  Tathatim 
(which  is  a  corruption  of  his  furname  GayatMddin)  (t),  ob 
the  taking  of  Conftantinople  by  the  Latins,  fled  along  with  the 
fuitkfy  de-  emperor  Alexis  Angelus,  otherwife  called  Comnenus\  and  that 
throned-,  *  few  days  after,  being  fecretly  informed  of  the  death  of  Us 
brother  Azatines  (fo  they  mifcall  Jlokno'ddtn),  he  departed  it 
difguife,  and,  .repairing  to  his  own  people,  was  proclaim^ 
Solt»nm. 
MMJ  GAYATHO'DDINKay  Kho/raw  afcended  the  throne  j 

Gay  a-      Koniyah  for  the  fecond  time  in  60 1,  the  fame  year  in  vhk 
thoMdin   the  Latins  took  ConftantinopU  from  the  Greeks.     Abu'jfen 
Kay         informs  us,  that,  after  this,  he  became  very  powerful,  at 
^5°  j"  re*6nec*  ^n^1  8reat  dignity n.     This  is  all  we  learn  from  & 
,*^- ^     oriental  authors  touching  the  fecond  reign  of  this  prifloq 
1204.'    aiK*  ^e  ^yzantine  hiftorians  have  not  (aid  much  coocernia 
it.     According  to  a  fault  very  common  with  them,  they  i 
not  direftly  mention  the  reftoration  of  Kay  Khqfiraw ;  an 
only  give  an  imperfeft  hint,  where  they  fhould  fpeak  out. 
State  of  .    After  the  fhameful  flight  of  the  emperor  Alexis  (wh 
the  em pire. changed  his  name  of  Angelas  to  that  of  Comnenus),  and  d 
election  of  Baldwin  by  the  Latins;  thefe  latter,  in  lefs  th 
one  year's  time,  reduced  all  which  the  Romans  pofleiTed  bat 
in  Europe  and  in  Afia,  excepting  the  cities  of  Nice  and  Pi 
.The  Greek  commanders,  and  other  leading  men,  fwayed 
the  fpirit  of  pride,  malice,  and  corruption,  inftead  of 
*    ing  in  defence  of  their  country,  divided  into  fadions, 
formed  parties  for  creating  new  emperors.    The  weftern 
of  the  empire  feemed  to  be  quite  cut  off  from  the 
which  fent  it  no  manner  of  affiftance :  but,  being  infeft 
with  the  fame  contagion,   produced  a  multitude  of  coot* 
manders,  who  ruined  the  country,  and  formed  a  monfter  wid 
three  heads. 
Maurozo-     MANUEL  Maurozomus,   fupported  by  Kay  Khcfn 
mus  a-      to  whom,  iince  the  taking  (R)  of  Koniyah,  he  had  pi 
Jpires  to     his  daughter  in  marriage,  made  all  his  efforts  to  ufurp 
empire  1     fovereign  power,  and  joined  the  Turks  to  ravage  the  coi 
about  the  Meander.     Theodorus  Lafiaris,  illuftrious  both 
his  birth  and  alliance  with  the  emperor,  having  defeated  hiovj 

01  Georc.  Acrop.  Niceph.  Gregor.  L  1.  n  Abu'lf* 

ubi  fupra, 

(R)  That  is  from  his  nephew    beginning,  and  adding  an  /  at 
Kily  Arjldn>  as  before  related,       the  end.  Jathatincs  h  the  Get* 
tti  By  omitting  the  Ga  at  the    man  orthography. 

put 


A.D. 

1205. 


C.  4."  Gayatho'ddin  rtftorti.  '  445 

put  on  the  purple  buikins;  and  had  himielf  proclaimed  empe- 
ror thro*  the  cities  of  the  Eaft  (S).  On  the  other  fide,  David, 
Gumunus,  having  gathered  troops  at  Heraclea,  a  city  of 
Pmtus,  and  in  Paphlagonia;  having  alfo  fubdued  the  Ibe* 
nans,  who  inhabited  along  the  Fafis,  reduced  feme  towns 
tnd  cities,  and  made  himfelf  the  forerunner  of  his  brother 
Jlexis,  whom  he  had  a  define  of  advancing  to  the  throne  1 
pat  this  Alexis,  inftead  of  haftening  to  take  pofleffion,  loitered 
Kbout  Trebizond.  Mean  time  David  having  fent  a  young 
pan,  named  Synademus,  with  troops  to  Nikomedia,  Theodore  defeated  by 
'Saris  advanced  at  the  head  of  his  army  to  give  him  battle ;  Lajkaris. 
taking  a  crofs-road,  inftead  of  the  great  one,  fell  upon 
unawares,  and  difperfed  his  forces.  He  defeated  fhortly- 
Manuel  Maurozomus ;  cut  in  pieces  part  of  the  Turks 
prhom  he  commanded;  and  took  the  moil  considerable  of 
Rfcofe  who  were  in  the  van  °. 

f   In  fhort,  Lydia,  Philomolpis,  Prufa,  Nice,  Smyrna,  Ephe-  Empire  9/ 
jfr,  and  feme  other  cities  of  the  eaft,  were  fubjeft  to  Theo-  N*ce- 
fare  Lajkaris ;   who  built  long  (hips,  and  fubdued  feveral    &.  D. 
ids.    However,  in  making  peace  with  JCay  Khofraty,  he    i2*5t 
ivc  up  to  Manuel  Maurozomus,  his  fadier-in-law,  part  of 
country  which  he  poflefled ;  comprizing  the  city  of  Kon* 
Kobffus),  Laodicea,  and  all  inclofed  within  the  windings 
the  Meander  to  its  fall  into  the  fea. 

DA  V ID  and  Alexis,  the  fons  of  Manuel,  and  grapdfon&£m//V;  $f. 
the  tyrant  Andronicus,  had  eftabiiihed  their  dominion  inTrebi- 
Ferent  parts:  David  in  Paphlagonia,  and  a t  Heraklia*  m*0^* 
*ontus;  Alexis  at  Eneum,  Sinope,  and  Trebizondf    Aldobran— 
an  Italian,  learned  in  the  Roman  laws,  commanded  at 
yalia ;   and  the  ifland  of  Rhodes  was  under  a  particular 
(T).     Thefe  numerous  commanders,  inftead  of  a&ing 
concert,*  to  preferve  the  cities  which  they  held,  or  recpn-r 
er  thofe  which  they  had  loft,  gave  themfelves  up  to  a  fu-- 
rioos  paflion  of  lording  it ;  and  having  taken  up  arms  one, 
the  other,  yielded  their  enemies  an  opportunity  of- 
farther  advantages. 
Kay  Khofraw  at  this  junfture  laid  fiege,  to  the  city  of  At-  Attala 
imagining  that  it  was  not  in  a  condition  of  defending  befieged. 
felf:    but   Aldobrandini   having   procured    20Q   foot   from, 
ftyprus;  the  unexpected  appearance  of  them,  at  the  beginning 

•  Nicet.  in  Baldwin,  c,  5  &  8. 

I     (S)  Or  Jnato/ia;  Co  the  Afi-  the  fame  manner  among  many 

\*&c  part  of  the  empire  was  petty  fovereigns.     SceAVr//.  in 

!  "lied.  Baldwin,  c.  10, 

(T)  Greece  was  divided  in  "    . 

K  3"    '  '      mi 


246  the  Seljftks  of  Rftm.  B.  I. 

of  the  aflault,  made  the  Soldn  retire,  after  he  had  been  fix* 
teen  days  before  the  place p. 

"    As  we  find  nothing  farther  in  Nicetas  concerning  Goya- 
thtfddtn  Kay  Khofraw,  we  muft,  to  finUh  his  reign,  have  re- 
course to  the  fucceeding  hiftorians :  who,  being  Ids  accurate 
in  their  account  of  matters,    have  greatly  embarrafled  the 
hiftory  of  the  Soltans ;   and  led  thofe,  who  have  hitherto 
written  of  them,  into  very  grofs  miftakes,  which  we  (hall  ok 
deavour  to  clear  up. 
Alexis  re-     ALEXIS  Angelus,  the  late  emperor,  hearing  that  Tbe> 
tires  ft-     dore  Lafiaris,  his  fon-in-law,  reigned  at  Nice;  being  afliflel 
eretfy        by  his  coufin  Mikhael  Comnenus,  who  was  prince  of  Epirut, 
A.  D.    crofled  over  from  thence  into  Afia,   and  went  fecretly  tj, 
1206.    Gayatho'ddin{\J),  Soltanof  Koniyah,  his  old  friend  and  aBy,- 
then  lying  at  Attalia,  which  he  had  not  long  before  re- 
duced (X),  and  begged  his  aid  for  the  recovery  of  his  domi- 
nions, efpeciafly  that  part  of  them  poflefled  by  Lafiaris^ 
The  Soltan  had  been  very  Serviceable  to  Lafiaris  (Y)  at  f 
time  when  he  was  reduced  to  great  ftraits,  by  lending  hia 
"'   forces,  with  which  he  defeated  his  enemies,  and  had  alfe 
to  the       concluded  a  peace  with  him :  but  being  urged  by  gratitude  tft! 
Soltan  i     his  quondam  benefa&or,  as  well  as  intereft,  (Alexis  making 
him  great  promifes),  he  threatened  Lafiaris  by  his  embafla* 
dors  with  the  utmoft  extremities  of  war,  unlefs  he  immedi* 
ately  refigned  his  territories  to  his  father-in-law.     Theodoras1 
was  much  troubled  at  this  unexpected  meflage,  as  feariig 
both  the  Soltan's  power,  and  the  people's  inclination  to  their 
did  emperor :  but,  having  founded  the  minds  of  his  new  fub* 
jefts,  and  finding  them  ready  to  fupport  him,  he  took  heart. 
<wfa  at-        Before  the  return  of  the  ambafladors,  Gayathoddln,  at- 
taehs  An-  tended  by  Alexis,  marched  with  20,000  Turks  and  befitgej 
tiokhj       Anfiokh  on  the  Meander :  which  Lafiaris  no  fooner  under* 
flood,  than  he  hafted  with  2000  men,  the  mod  he  was  abb 
to  raife  on  fo  fhort  a  warning,  to  the  relief  of  that  city,  which 
was  a  ftrong  frontier ;  and  being  the  key  of  his  dominions  oq 
that  fide,  he  knew,  if  taken,  would  open  a  way  into  the 
nim.as  fa  heart  of  them.     Lafiaris,  drawing  near  to  Antiokh,  fent  the 
Greeks  j  ambaflador  before,  who  could  fcarce  perfuade  the  SoltSn,  by 
oaths,  that  the  emperor  was  approaching  with  fo  finall  a 

p  Nxcet.  in  Baldwin,  c.  n, 

(U)  The  Greeks  write  Ja-    on   account  of  A/txt't,  whofc 
tbatines.  daughter,  Anna  Jugujia,  Lafiarrg 

(X)  This  muft  have  been  in    had  married  ;  which  lady  the 
a  fecond  attempt.  Soltin  ufed  to  call  fitter. 

(Y)  This  feems  to  have  been 

force. 


C.  4:  Gayatho'ddfa  reftored.  247 

force.  However,  he  drew  up  his  army  in  the  beft  manner* 
the  narrownefs  of  the  place  would  allow  of;  which  he  had 
icarce  done,  than  800  Italians  of  the  Roman  army  began  the 
attack,  and,  breaking  through  the  Turkijb  ranks,  put  them  into 
the  greateft  diforder.  As  the  Greeks  had  not  courage  enough 
Id  follow  them  clofely,  they  were  feparated  from  the  reft  of 
the  forces :  fo  that,  on  their  return,  they  were  furrounded, 
:  and  all  to  a  man  cue  to  pieces,  tho'  not  without  making  an 
©credible  daughter  of  the  enemy. 

(     The  Greeks,  disheartened  at  fo  great  a  lofe,  were  on  xh$figZ>tJ*wstb 
tpoint  of  flying,  when  the  Soltan,  now  almoft  in  pofleffion  of  Laikaris; 
[the  vi&ory,  defcrying  the  emperor,  and  trailing  to  his  own    A-  D. 
>great  ftrength,  rode  up  to  him ;  and  at  thefirft  blow,  given    I2I0# 
pfnth  his  mace  on  the  head,  ftruck  him  off  his  horfe.    But 
:La/iaris9  though  forely  ftunned,  nimbly  recovering  bimfelf, 
[drew  his  fword;    and,    while  the  Soltan  turned  about, 
:  ordering  his  attendants,  with  an  air  of  contempt,  to  take 
torn  away,  he  dtiabled  the  hinder  legs  of  his  mare,  which 
1  thereupon  rearing  up  threw  her  rider,  who,  before  he  could 
[life,  had  his  head  ftruck  off  (Z) :  which,  being  (hewn  upon  W ^7*. 
|*ne  point  of  a  fpear,  ftruck  fuch  a  terror  into  the  Turkijb 
[limy,  that  they  immecUately  betook  themfelves  to  a  diforderly 
"slight,  leaving  the  Greeks  mafters  of  their  camp  and  baggage. 
Jkxisy  the  author  of  this  war,  was  taken  prifoner,  and  car- 
gfed  to  Nice,  where  he  was  confined  to  a  monaftery,   in 
Which  he  ended  his  days  fome  years  after*    This  gave  the 
-tomans  an  opportunity  of  breathing :  for,  from  that  time, 
the  Moflemans  made  a  peace  with  them,  which  they  kept  in- 
Tblablyq. 

The  Greek  hiftorians,  who  relate  this  tranfa&ion,  isaktMiJiakes 
Jathatines,  or  Gayatbo'ddtn,  a  different  perfon  from  Kay  of  the 
thofraw ;  not  knowing  that  Gayatbo'ddtn  (which  name  per- 
jbps  he  moft  commonly  went  by  after  his  reftoration,  or  did 
i)t  aflume  till  then)  was  his  furname.  They  fay  that  he 
%as  the  fon  of  Soltan  Aladin,  brother  of  Kay  Khofra-w,  con- 
fidently Kay  Kho/raw's  nephew :  that  Aladin,  not  long  fur-. 
living  his  laid  brother,  left  his  dominions  to  this  Jfathatines, 
•fid  his  other  ion  called  Azatines  (or  Azzo'ddth),  who  was 

<  Geoeo.  Acro?.  Niceph.  Grcgor.  1.  1;    Univerf.  Hift. 
vol.17,  p.  173. 

i     (Z)   The  hiftorians   fay   it  was  done,  or  who  did  it.    This 

Vttdone  fo  fnddenly,  that  nei-  looks  as  if  they  would  have  it 

tker  thofe  prefent,  nor  the  em-  pafs  for  fomething  miraculous, 
pcror  himfelf,   knew  how  it 

R  4  the 


248  *be  Seljfcks  of  Rftrh;  &V 

the  elder  :    that.  Jathatines ,% being  afterwards  expelled  bj^ 
Azatines,  fled  to  Alexis  Angelus  :  and  that,  Azatlnes  dyhtf 
foon  after,  he  returned  to  Ikonium,  and  recovered  his  king* 
Greek       dom.     The  A/adin  here  faid  to  be  the  brother  of  Kay  KmfL 
hifioriam,  raw,  feems  to  be  the  fame  with  his  fon  the  great  Alaamd 
who  did  not  begin  his  reign  till  the  year  1219:  and  Azatim 
is  put  inftead  of  the  Rukratin  of  Nicetas,  by  whom  GayatA 
o'ddtn  Kay  Khofraw  had  been  driven  out.     How  fiich  great 
jniftakes  came  to  be  adopted  by  thofe  writers  is  hard  to  ac- 
count i  but  whatever  errors  there  may  be  in  the  names 
genealogy,  the  circumftances  of  the  ftory  and  juncture 
time  (hews,  that  Jathatines  is  no  other  than  Kay  Khofraw 
According  to  the  chronology  of  the  Greeks,  Jathatines 
flain  in  the  year  of  Chrift  12 10.     Abu'lfaraj  does  not 
concerning  tion  his  death  ;  and  D' Her  Mot  only  fays,  from  the  oriental 
this  Sol-    authors,/ that,' having  feized  and  imprifoned  his  nephew  Kft 
tan.  Arftan,  he  reigned  in  the  dominions  which  he  had  ufurped(A 

the  fpaae  of  fix  years,  till  609  of  the  Hejrah,  and  12 12 
Chrift r.     As  there  is  here  a  difference  of  two  years,  'we  haw 
fixed  his  death  at  the  middle  year  1 2 1 1 ,  (which  gives  fain 
•feven  years  to  his  fecond  reign,  and  thirteen  to  both) ;  bdnj 
fenfible,  there  may  happen  a  miftake  of  a  year  on  one  fide  or 
the  other. 

We  find  the  names  of  two  fons,  whom  he  left  behind 
him,  Azze'ddin  Kaykaivs  and  Alao'ddin  Kaykobdd,  who  fee* 
ceeded  eachpthcr. 

r  D'Herb.  art.  Gaiatheddin  hen  Kilig  Arflan. 

(A)  D'Herhelot  confounds  his    or  feems  to  have  been  a 
firft  and  fecond  reign  together,    to  the  former. 

SECT.     VIII. 

The  reigns  of  Soltdn  Kaykaws  and  AlaoMdfn  Kajt 
kokad. 


VinthSol-  r\Y  this  Soltan  Kaykaws;  furnamed  Azzo'ddin,  or  £z»Vfc 
an,  Kay-V-^  din,  we  find  very  little  mentioned.    Ab&ljfaraj  onlyteif 


Ninth 

tan. 

kaws.  U5j  that  he  died  in  die  year  of  the  Hejrah  616;  leavings 
A.  D.  children,* but  who  were  minors ;  by  which  means  his  brothcc 
121 9-  Alao'dcBn  KaykobM  became  his  fucceffor  \  D'Hetbeht  add* 
nothing  more  from  his  authors,  than  that  he  died  of  a  con- 
fumption  of  the  lungs  :  only  he  differs  much  from  Abfflfarq 
as  to  the  time  of  his  death ;  for,  he  fays,  it  happened  is 
the  year  609,  after  he  had  reigned  no  more  than  one  yearb^ 

wheres^ 

*  Abu'lf.  hift.  dynaft.  p.  289*  *  D'Herb.  p.  537- 

art.  Caikaus  Ezzoddin. 


C.4^  fentb  S$hin9  Aho'dd&n,  44j 

•whereas  the  other,  putting  his  death  feven  years  later,  allows 

hiffl  eight  to  his  reign.     There  is  the  lefs  reafon  to  depend 

+n  DTterMdt,    as  he  places  the  death  of  his  father  Kay 

Xiofraw  in  the  fame  year,  609 ;  in  which  cafe  Kaykaws  could 

lK>t  have  fat  in  the  throne  fo  long  as  a  year,  perhaps  not  a 

bwonth.    Befides,  he  begins  the  reign  of  his  fucceflbr  Kay- 

^fobMy  agreeable  to  AbUifaraj  (whom  indeed  he,  for  the  moft 

ijpirt,  copies),  in  tKfe  year  616. 

f-   AZZO'DDIN  Kaykaws  having  died,  without  leaving  Tenth  $•#* 

toy  fons  old  enough  to  take  the  government  upon  them,  the  tan,  Kay- 

iy  went  to  the  caftle  of  MenJbAr,  which  (lands  on  thek°bad. 

krates,    near  Malatiyak,    where  his  brother  Kaykob#d9  H^j*  616. 

lamed  Alactddtn,   was  imprifoned;    and,    bringing  him    A-D* 

h,  proclaimed  him  kingc.  12l9* 

j  -  After   the   deftruftion   of   the  Karazmian  empire  by 
Mengbiz  Kb&ri,  and  his  Mogols,  Soltan  Jalalo'ddtn,  furnamed 
Wiankberniy  eldeft  fon  and  fucceflbr  of  Mobammed,  for  fome- 
ihne  made  head  againft  therti,  with  furprifing  bravery :  but, 
teing  at  length  obliged  to  give  way  to  numbers,  he  retired  DereatM 
leftward  into  Armenia  ;  where,  intending  to  reduce  it  under  Jalalo'd- 
iis  power,  he,  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  627,  fat  down  din;  - 
before  Khet&t  (or  Aklat,  capital  of  that  country),    wherein    A.  D, 
jwere  two  brothers  of  AI  Malek  al  A/brdf(A).     Having  clofe-     1 "9* 
if  befieged  the  city  all  winter,  and  battered  it  with  twenty 
|iams,  on  the  .fide  towards  the  fea  (B),  the  inhabitants,  who 
Iwere  reduced  to  eat  dog's  flefh,  delivered  it  up  to  him,  with 
the-caftle. 

!  On  this  news  Al  Malek  al  Ajhraf  and  Alad*ddtn  KaykobAJ 
inarching  with  their  forces,  met  near  Aboloftayn  (C),  and 
thence  proceeded  to  Akjhahr,  where  the  Karazmian  met 
ithem  with  40,000  men ;  and  coming  to  a  battle,  which 
[kfted  near  two  days,  was  at  length  put  to  flight,  with  .great  fyfafi*  ** 
jiaughter  of  his  men.  Thofe  who  fled  efcaped  to  the  moun-*w  arn9* 
j  tuns  of  Trapezondy  where  1500  loft  their  lives.  Jalalo'ddin 
jcfcaped  alone  to  KhartabeYt  (D),  and  thence  to  Kbowayt  (or 
)&y).  After  this,  he  fent  one  of  Malek  al  Ajhraf  %  brothers 
In  chains  to  the  Khalifah  at  Bagdad*,  and  put  one  of  his 
■Haves  AzztfdMn  Ibek  to  death  :  but  hearing  of  the  approach 
tf  the  Mogols  againft  him,  under  the  command  of  Jurmag&n 

5  Abu'if.  hift.  dynafty,  p.  289. 

:     (A)  Lord  of  Roba  or  Orfa,        (C)  Or  Ablafia. 

$aren,  and  Khelat  or  Khalat.  ( D)  Alfo  Haretbaret :  by  feme 

■    (B)  Or  the  lake  of  Van,  to    travellers  called  Karfuru 
\  fre  north  of  which  it  fUada,  at 

fcmediHance. 

ffirwain, 


250  The  Sdjflks  */  RAm.  B.  L 

Nowain,  he  fent  ambaiTadors  from  Tabriz  (or  TavrisJ,  in- 
viting both  Ajbr&f  and  Alao'ddln  to  aid  him  with  their 
forces  to  repel  the  florm  ;  which,  if  it  pafled  him,  he  bid, 
would  fall  on  them.     But  they  paid  no  regard  to  his  feh 
treaties  d. 
Emhaffy  to     In  630,  Soltan  Alactddin  fent  ambaiTadors  to  Okiay  Kaa, 
Oktay.     offering  obedience  to  him.    Oktay,  commending  his  prudence, 
A.  D.    told  him,  that  if  their  mailer  would  come  to  his  court,  hi 
1232*    would  receive  him  with  honour,  and  give  him  one  of  the  dii 
employments  there,  without  taking  away  his  revenues.  Whkk 
haughty  anfwer  the  ambaiTadors  wondered  at. 

The  fame  year  Alao'ddin  breaking  with  Al  Malek  al  A/h* 
rAf,  took  from  him  KbeUt  and  Sarmfairay  (E).     Two  yeas 
after  he  likewife  forced  Roha  from  him ;  in  which,  for  thiefc 
JRefiortd    days,  the  Rums  flew  both  CbriJHans  and  Mohammedans.   Tk 
the  Sel-    remainder  they  firipped  of  all;   not  fparing  the  churches* 
3*1"         Hereupon  Harr&n  furrendered  to  him.    After  this  he  toon 
Rakkah  and  Bin    But,  as  foon  as  his  forces  were  withdraw*, 
Al  Malek  al  Kamel  (lord  of  Egypt)  came  and  befieged  Robs% 
which  he  took  at  the  end  of  four  months,  and  fent  all  the 
Rums  whom  he  found  there  into  Egypt,  in  chains,  upon 
camels.     D'Herbeht  fays,  that,  being  prefled  on  one  fide  bf 
the  Mogohy  and  on  the  other  by  the  princes  of  the  houfeot 
Ayub  (F),  he  was  obliged  to  withdraw  his  troops  out  of  their 
dominions,  in  order  to  preferve  his  own. 
fitmt  and      This  prince  returned  home,  loaded  with  plunder  and  glory; 
£mfire.      having  extended  his  name  and  conquefts  very  far  eafrward*. 
In  fliort,  he  reftored  the  great  reputation  of  the  Seljuhiast% 
which  the  children  of  Kilij  Arjlan  had  fomewhat  unpaired  by 
their  divifions;  enlarged  the  empire  to  its  former  limits  j  and 
re-eftabliftied  order  in  the  ftate. 
Eh  death,     In  634,   Soltan  Alao'ddin  Kaykob&d  died  fuddenly  :  for 
A.  D.    at  a  feaA  which  he  made  for  his  chief  lords  and  officets,  juft 
1236.    as  he  was  boafting  of  the  extent  of  his  dominions,  he  felt  a 
diforder  in  his  bowels ;  and,  being  taken  at  the  fame  time . 
with  a  flirtc,   difcharged  fuch  a  quantity  of  bloody  excre» 
meats,  that,  he  died  two  days  after,  jiaviag  reigned  eighteen 
years f. 

D'HERBELOT  has  given  the  hiftcry  of  this  prince 
wholly  from  Abtflfaraj,  only  adding  one  or  two  particulars 

! 

d  Abu'lp.  hid.  dynafty,  p.  306,  &  feq.  •  D'Herb.  j 

p.  239.  &  feq.  art.  Caikobad.  f  Ibid.  p.  311,  &  feq.      ! 

(E),  Or  Surmatay.  Germans);  from  whom  S*Uh 

(F)  Or  jyub',    that  is,  Job    oddin  was  defended, 
(as  we  write  the  word  after  the 

from 


C*  Tenth  Soltdn,  Alao'ddfn.  -  251 

from  fondamSr ;  who,  in  thofe  points,  differs  from  him* 
That  author  fays,  Alao'ddin  was  poifoncd  by  order  of  his  fon 
Kay  Kbofrow,  whom  he  had  declared  his  heir.  He  likewife 
begins  his  reign  in  610,  and  puts  his  death  in  636,  which 
makes  its  duration  twenty -fix  years ;  whereas  Ebn  Shohnab 
Agrees  cxaftly  with  Abflfaraj  *. 

This  prince  was  prudent,  temperate,  and  ftrong.  He  *«/<&*• 
1  tepta  very  ftrifct  eye  over  his  nobles  and  dependants.  Htragtr. 
%as  endued  with  great  firmnefs  of  mind,  magnanimity,  and 
profound  gravity:  nor  could  any  fovereign  govern  better. 
As  all  the  world  fubmitted  to  him,  fays  our  author,  he  was 
mffly  ftiled  (G),  king  of  the  world  b.  He  muft  therefore  have 
ieeo  not  a  little  mortified  by  the  mefTage,  above-mentioned, 
lent  him  by  Oktay  Kb&n. 

-  This  is  the  famous  Aladin  I.  known  to  the  European 
inters;  who  acquired  moft  reputation  of  all  the  Soltans  of 
lis  race,  and  pafled  for  one  of  the  greateft  princes  of  his  time. 
Be  generally  gained  (bine  advantage  in  all  the  wars  wherein 
|e  was  engaged  :  but  was  obliged  at  laft  to  acknowlege  the 
MogoU  for  his  matters1. 

I  .  It  was  under  this  Soltan  that  both  Ortogrol  and  OthmAn,  Rife  of 
[tf  Qzm&n  his  fbn,  founder  of  the  prefent  Othman  race  and  Othman. 
[aspire,  ferved,  with  their  followers,  and  laid  the  foundation 
m  their  future  greatnefs  *. 

SECT-     IX. 

fih  reigns  of  SoUdn  Gayatho'ddln  Kay   Khofraw, 
and  Azzo'ddin* 

;    j4LAO*DDIN  being  dead,  the  princes  took  the  oath  of-.        , 
+  1  fidelity  to  his  fen  Gayathoddtn  Kay  Kbofraw  %    who^^** 
[jrefently  after  feized  Gayer  Kh&n,  prince  of  the  Karazmians.  ^a„  * 
[The  reft  of  them  fled,   with  their  chiefs,  by  MalatlyahtY&*{mt9 
IXakhtm,  and  Kbartabert;  where  they  did  great  mifchief  :Hej.  634. 
Acn,  waffing  the  country  of  Somayfat  (H),  they  pafled  on  to    A.  D. 
\Smoayda.     But  Al  Malek  al  Naffer,  lard  of  Halep,  afligning     1236. 
iover  to  them  Roha,  Harrdn,  and  other  places  beyond  the 
[Euphrates,  they  defifted  from  farther  ravages. 
!  •  In  637,  the  Mogoh  advanced,  with  a  defign  to  invade  the     -  D 

«  See  D'Herb.  p.  139,  art.  Caikobad.  h  Abv'lf.  p.     ,239* 

290  &  312.  *'  D'Herb.  p.  83,  -art.  Alaeddin  hen  Cai- 

kkofrau.  *  Ibid.  p.  240,  art.  Caicobad. 

(G)  He  afTamed  the  tide  of  (H)  Or  Sowyfat,  the  fame 
Bbdb  Jebdn  ;  which  fignifics  with  Samofat,  on  the  Euphrates, 
bng  of  the  world,  to  the  north  of  Al  BTr. 

Jlumean 


*5*  tie  Seljfiks  ef  Rfim;  B.  I 

Rivmean  territories;    but,  on  GayatMddin's  fending  forces 
into  Armenia,  they  thought  fit  to  forbear. 
jf  Twk-      Next  year  a  Turkm&n  prophet,  called  Baba*,  appeared  at 
»**i  pro-  Amafia,  who  drew  after  him  multitudes  of  people,  by  tho 
&**  ftrange  tricks  which  he  performed,  in  order  to  deceive  then. 

He  fent  one  If-hak  (or  Ifaak),  a  difciple,  in  a  doctor's  gown, 
through  the  other  parts  of  the  country  of  Rum,  to  draw-in 
the  Turkmans  ;  whofucceeded  fowell,  that,  at  Somayfat,  be 
lad  gathered  no  fewer  than  6000  horfe,  befides  foot,  chiefly 
of  thofe  people.  Thus  ftreagthened,  they  began  to  props* 
gate  their  impofture  by  force,  making  war  upon  aH  who 
would  not  fay,  there  is  no  God  but  god  Baba  (A),  the  apefik 
ef  God*  So-  that  they  flew  a  great  number  of  the  inhabitants, 
of  Mojlems  and  Chriftians,  of  Hefnobnanfur,  Kakhtin,  Gar* 
gar,  and  Somayfat,  who  refufed  to  follow  them  :  they  like- 
wife  put  to  Sight  all  the  troops  which  oppofed  them  in  their 
way  to  Amafia. 
ikes  much  Hereupon  Gayattktddin  fent  an  army  againft  them,  m 
wfcBief.  -which  was  a  body  of  Franks,  who  were  Sn  his  pay.  But  th& 
Mojlems  giving  way,  through  fear,  the  Franks  fet  themfctatt 
in  the  front  of  the  battle;  and,  making  a  vigorous  attack, 
put  the  rebels  to  flight,  and  killed  every  man  of  them.  The- 
two  doctors,  Baba  and  If-bdk,  were  taken  alive,  and  pot  a* 
death.  •  •     .  sJ 

Moguls         In  639,  Jormagun  Nowayn  (B),  advancing  into  Armenia, 
tmke  Ar-    as  far  as  Arzen  Alr&n,  took  it  by  force,  killed  Senan,  its  fob* 
*ero»;     bafha,  with  a  great  number  of  the  inhabitants  ;  and,  carry*r 
A  n  ^ "^2  away  their  children  captives,  fpread  defolatior*  where-* 
'"    ever  he  came.    Hereupon,  next  year,' Solum  GayathtdJln 
*  *    marched  towards  the  Mogols,  with  a  great  multitude  of  men, 
and  military  (tores*  fuch  as  had   not  been  known  before*. 
Befides  his  own  troops,  he  was  afliited  by  Greeks,  Franks% 
Georgians,  Armenians,  and  Arabs.     The  two  armies  met  in 
'a  place  called  Kufadag,  belonging  to  Arzenjan ;  but,  on  the. 
firft  attack,  all  the  auxiliary  forces  turned  their  backs  and- 
fled.     The  Soltan,  aftonifhed  at  this  event,  fled  likewife  tQ 
Gxfarea ;  whence  carrying  his  wives  and  children  to  Ankur&y 
(or  Ancyra),  he  there  fortified  himfclf. 
Siwasy&r-     The  Mogols,  no  lefs  furprized  at  the  flight  of  the  enemy, 
render:,     kept  themfelves  ftill  all  that  day,  not  daring  to  purfiie,  fu- 

(A)  This  is  the  Mohammedan  thors  Nowtan,  Novia*,  and  Ne- 
confeffion  of  faith;  only  the  <vian.  *Tis  a  military title,  fig- 
name  Baba  is  inferted  inftead  of  nifying  the  fame  as  Amir,  or 
yUrammfd.  «o»mander. 


(B)  Wtitten  alfo  by  our  au- 


(peaiag 


■C  4:  Eleventh  Soltan,  GayathoMdin  II.  *$$ 

fpe&ing  it  was  only  an  artifice  to  draw  them  into  ambufcades: 
fcecaufe  they  could  perceive  no  reafon  that  fuch  a  numerous 
army  had  to  fly.  But,  as  foon  as  they  came  to  know  the 
truth  of  the  majter,  they  penetrated  into  the  country  of  Rum9 
tad  (at  down  before  Siwas ;  which  having  furrendered  to 

•  them,  they  fpared  the  lives  of  the  inhabitants;  but  took 
away  all   their  effects,  burnt  all  the  warlike  engines  they 

►  found  there,  and  demolished  the  city  walls.  From  hence 
proceeding  to  Kayfariyah  {or  Cafarea),  the  citizens  oppoled 

■•Ihem  for  a  few  days  :  but  at  length  the  Mogols,  taking  the 

I  flace  by  force,  put  the  principal  inhabitants  to  the  iword, 

[torturing  them,  to  difcover  their  riches. 

j     After  this  they  returned,  carrying  the  women  and  chil-  Araeigsbi 
iben  along  with  them,  without  entering  any  farther  into  thcfortdL 

kSoltaa's  dominions.  This  news  coming  to  Malatijah,  where 
irar  aathor  Abu  If  or aj  and  his  father  then  were,  Rafbldd 'ddin* 
its  prince,  and  many  of  the  inhabitants,  fled,  for  fear  of  the 
Mogols  t  who  in  their  paiTage  flew  fcveral  of  them,  near  the 

'Jown  of  Bajuza,   ten  Pcrfian  leagues  difiant;   but  without 
fcoming  nearer   the  city,   held  on  their  way  to  Arzenjan* 
yhich  they  took  by  aflault,  and  ferved  in  the  lame  manner  as 
they  had  done  Kayfariyab.     The  Soltan,  Ending  himfelf  wSdtanpiyi 
«o  condition  to  oppofe  the  enemy,  feat  ambafladors  to  defire  **£*'*• 

,  peace ;  which  was  granted  him,  on  condition  that  he  fhould 

manually  pay  a  large  tribute,  in  money,  horfes,  veils,  and  other 
things  of  value  *. 
'  Im  642,  Gayatbo'ddin  lent  a  great  army  to  befiege  Tar/Us  :His  death 

i  but,  as  they  were  on  the  point  of  taking  it,  news  arrived  of 

4&  death  ;   upon  which  they  retired  from  before  the  city,  in 

'autumn,  when  there  fell  very  heavy  rains. 

This  prince  was  given  to  wine,  and  {peaking  idly.     Heandcb*- 

,  led  a  life  very  unbecoming  his  dignity,  indulging  himfelf  in  rafter. 

'pernicious  defuses.     He  married  the  daughter  of  the  king  of  Hej.  642* 

"  tfie Georgians  \  whom  he  loved  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  he  had    A.  D. 
her  image  ftamped  upon  his  coin.     The  reverfe  of  fome  was     I£44* 
a  lion,  with  the  fun  over  its  head.     The  aftrologers  told 
Km,  that  in  cafe  he  had  the  figures  engraved,  which  repre- 
fcated  his  horofcope,  he  (hould  fucceed  in  all  his  defigns. 
He  left  three  fons,  Azzo'ddin,  Rckno'ddtn,  and  Alao*ddin.  His  chil- 

L  The  two  firft  by  Rumean  women ;  the  laft  by  a  Georgian,  dreu. 

t  He  declared  the  eldeft  for  his  fuccefibr,  appointing  for  his 

!  tutor  and  Atabek  JahWddin  KorUiy%  a  perfon  of  great  inte- 

I  grity  and  rigid  chaftity  b. 

*  *  Abv'ip.  p.  312,  Sc  feq.  fc  Abu'lf.  hift,  dvnafljr, 

!M»9- 

\  The 


254  The  SeljflksV  Rftm.  B.t 

The  article  of :Gay atho'ddtn,  given  by  D'Herbekt*,  feems 
to  be  taken  intirely  from  AbuTfaraj,  whom  he  quotes  twice; 
yet,  at  the  end,  puts  the  name  of  Kondamtr,  as  if  the  whole 
was  extrafted  from  that  author. 
Greeks         The  Byzantine  hiftorians  mentibn  this   Soltdn,   whoa 
their  er-  they  call'  Jathatines  :  but  fay,  he  was  the  fon  of  Azatinest\ 
ran.         who  fucceeded  his  uncle  Jathatines.    For  all  this  fake  geae>* 
alogy,  which  is  common  with  the  Greek  writers,  'tis  e?idat£* 
from  their  own  account,  that  he  is  the  Soltan  in  queftka; 
not  only  as  they  make  him  contemporary  with  John  Dviw'} 
furnamed  Vatazes,  fecond  emperor  of  Nice,  who  began  Hi 
reign  in  the  year  1222  ;  but  they  give  him  juft  fuch  a  dab 
rafter  as  we  find  in  Abitfdraj  ;    viz.  that  of  a  flothful 
prince,  who  delighted  in  drunken  and  debauched  company! 
What  goes  {till  farther  to  decide  the  point,  they  fay,  his  fa- 
ther excelled,  in  military  affairs,  all  his  predecefTors :  whkK 
character  can  be  applicable  only  to  Alao'ddin. 
Tatar /a-      With  regard  to  the  tranfaftions  of  his  reign,  thofe  li 
mafion,     ftorians  inform  us :  that  the  Tarikhari  (C),  a  nation  of  Tartars} 
having  invaded  his  dominions,   and  defeated  his  army,  h$ 
fent  to  Vatazes,  defiling  a/fiftance,  as  well  by  his  advice  ti 
forces.    In  this,  he  faid,  both  of  them  would  find  their  ad-' 
>    vantage ;  fnice,  in  cafe  the  enemy  fubdued  the  Mojlenum^ 
they  would  next  invade  the  Romans.    Fatazes,  judging  thk 
to  be  a  right  meafure,  entered  into  a  league  with  the  Sottas, 
and  had  an  interview  with  him  ttTripolis,  on  the  Meander  % 
which  river  Gayathaoyddin  (D)  palled  over  a  bridge,,  made  in' 
hafte,  with  rafts  or  floats  of  timber  joined  together.   The  wo 
princes  not  only  gave  their  hands  to  each  other,  but  to  alt 
their  followers  of  diftin&ion.    After  this  they  agreed,  in  the 
mccording  ftrongeft  terms,  to  join  their  forces  againft  the  enemy :  bat' 
it  them,     the  Tankhari,  for  a  while,  fufpended  the  war  againft  the; 
Soltan,  that  they  might  go  and  attack  the  Khalifah  of  Bm 
bylon*. 

Twelfth  .  AZZO'DDIN  (E)  having  fucceeded  by  his  father's  ap. 
&/**»,  pointment,  the  great  officers  and  nobles  took  the  oath  of 
Azzo  d-    fyd^  and  he  was  prayed  for  in  the  pulpits. 

€  D'Herb.  p. 356.  art.  GaiathcddinCaikhofrau.       *  Gtoao,  I 

Acrop.  ;  Niceph.  Gregor. 

\ 

(C)  Called  by  Ay  ton,  or  Hay-    It  was  to  A%%oMnt  hitfucccf*  ! 
thon,  the  Armenian*  Tangori.  for. 

(D)  Some  authorb  pretend  (E)  Axxoiiin  is  only  the  for* 
this  was  the  Soltan  to  whom  name  of  this  Soltan,  whofe nam© 
MikaelPaletlogui  fled ;  whereas    feems  to  have  been  Jfryiowr. 

7  Next 


din, 


G'4-  twelfth  Soltan,  AxzoMdin.  '255 

Next  year  ambafladors  came  from  the  Great  Khan  Old  ay 9  Hej.  645. 
requiring  the  Soltan  to  come  and  pay  him  homage  :  but  he    A.  D. 
excufed  himfelf ;  alleging,  that  as  both  the  Greek  and  Arme-     I2*$", 
man  kings  were  his  enemies,  they  would  feize  his  dominions-^^^ 
in  his  abfence.    Mean  time  he  obliged  the  ambafladors  with  * 

gifts ;  and,  at  length,  fent  his  brother  Rokno'ddtn  (F),  under  the 
care  of  Bahao'ddin,  the  interpreter,  whom  he  made  his  Atabek 
(or  tutor).  He  alfo  appointed  for  his  own  Wazir  Shamfo'ddin, 
a  learned  native  of  Isf&h&n ;  whofe  credit  was  fo  great,  that 
he  married  the  Soltan 's  mother :  which,  however,  the  gran- 
dees were  much  offended  at.  This  year  the  Great  Khan 
died;  and,  the  next,  a  Kuriltay,  or  grand  aflembly,  was 
called :  at  which,  befides  the  Mogol  princes,  there  were  pre- 
fcnt  many  foreign  potentates ;  and,  among  the  reft,  Soltan 
Rokno'ddin,  from  the  country  of  Rum.  In  this  grand  council 
Kayuk,  eldeft  Ion  of  the  late  emperor,  was  choien  to  fucceed 
him.  • 

In  645,  Kayik,  the  Great  Khan,  fent  lieutenants  into  k-depofidfy 
vend  parts  of  his  empire ;  appointing  fljtktay  No-wayn  for  #*• 
the  countries  of.  Rtm,  Mvfol,  Syria,  and  Gorj  (G).     AttheH^«^l5- 
feme  time  he  granted  the  government  of  R&m  to  Soltan  .  A.D. 
Rokno'ddin,  and  ordered  Soltin  Azzo'ddln  to  be  removed.     l2V7m 
Next  year  Rokno'ddin,  and  the  interpreter  Bahao'ddin,  arriving,        ,    - 
with  2000  Mogol  horfe,  to  put  this  decree  in  execution,  SoJ- 
tan  Azzo'ddin  was  advifed  by  his  Wazir  Shamfiddtn  to  op- 
pole  it,  and  withdraw  to  fome  caftle  near  the  fea.     When 
Kortay  heard  this,  he  feized  the  Wazir,  and  fent  him  to  Baha- 
c'idin ;  who  immediately  difpatched  fome  of  the  Mogol  chiefs 
to  Konlyah,'  to  make  him  difcover  where  his  treafures  were ; 
which,  .having  done,  they  put  him  to  death.    After  this  the 
interpreter  and  Kortay  meeting,  agreed  to  divide  the  domi- 
nions between  the  two  brothers.     Azzo'ddin  was  to  have 
Koniyah,    Akfera,  Ankara  (or  AneyraJ,  Anatolia  (H),   and 
the  reft  of  the  weftera  provinces :   Rokrioddtn,  Kayfarlyah% 
\Siwds9  Maldtlyah,  Arzengan,  Arzen  al  Rthn,  and  the  pro- 
vinces to  the  eaft.     They  likewife  appointed  Alao'ddin,  the 
youngeft,   a  proper  portion  for  his  maintenance  ;   and  had 
money  coined  in  all  their  names,  with  this  infeription,  the 
peat  kings  Azz.  Rokn.  and  Ala*. 

*  Abu'lf.  h{d.  dynaSty,  p.  319,  &  feq. 

(F)  His   proper  name,   ac-        (G)  Or  Korj -9  that  is,  Getr- 

1  cording  to   others,   was  Soley-  gio. 

*£*,  Rah^Mn  being  his  fur-        (H)  In  another  copy,  AntohU 

mine.  yal,  or  AntMxa,  in  Afia  minor. 


&$6  The  Seljtiks  of  tLutru  tt 

Sent  fir        In  652,  there  came  feveral  ambafTadors,  one  after  the  other, 

Sain,       to  Soltan  Azzo'ddin,  lord  of  Rum ;  requiring  him  to  go  aal 
cj.  652.  pay  homage  to  Munkaka  Kaan  (I).     He  accordingly  fet  oaU; 
A.  D.    YyUt  hearing,  at  Siwds,  that  the  Omera  (K)  were  inclined  to 
I254*    place  Roknoddin  in  his  throne,  he  returned  in  hafte  to  AM* 
yah,  and  fent  Alao'ddin  in  his  room,  with  letters,  fettii^ 
forth ;  that  he  had,  fent  his  brother,  Who  was  no  lets  tiog 
than  himfelf;  but  that  he  could  not  come,  becaufehisAfe 
bek  Kottay  was  dead,  and  his  enemies  to  the  weft  (L)  *qa 
at  war  with  him  :  however,  that.when  he  was  delivered  fha 
the  fears  of  them,  he  would  wait  on  ,the  Khan  himfelf.  Ak 
tiddin  accordingly  fet  out ;  but  died  on  the  way,  before  If 
reached  the  Orda  (M). 
'Attempt        AZZO'DD IN,  conceiving  that  he  fhould  never  be  bi 
mgainft      while  his  brother  Roknoddin  lived,  refolved  to  put  him  I 
Xokno'd-  deathl     This  defign  taking  wind,  the  Omera  contrived  H 
4in.  efcape.     They  drefled  him  in  the  clothes  of  a  cook's  boy 

and  putting  a  bowl,  with  meat  in  it,  on  his  head,  feat  hjfl 
out  of  the  palace  and  caftle  (N),  along  with  certain  boys  vfa 
carried  victuals  to  a  neighbouring  houfe  :  then,  fetting  ha 
on  horfeback,  they  conducted  him  to  Kayfariyah ;  where 
great  number  of  Omeras  repairing  to  him,  they  got  togethc 
an  army, .  and  marched  towards  Koniyah  againft  Azztfi&% 
but  the  Soltan,  marching  out  with  what  troops  he  had  aboi 
him,  put  them  to  flight;  and  Rokno'ddln,  being  taken  prifooQ 
was  caft,  fettered,  into  the  caftle  of  Dawalu. 
Qfpofesthe     The  year  following,  Bayeju  Noivayn,  being  obliged  ton 
Tatars ;    move  from  the  plain  of  Mugan  (O),  where  he  ufed  to  todW 
Hej.  653.  ;n  order  to  give  place  to  HulaM  (P),  fent  a  raeflenger  to  Soldi 
-A  D.    Azzo'ddin,  requiring  fome  place  to  winter  in  with  his  troop! 
1255*    but  the  Soltan,  inftead  of  complying,  pretended  that  he  ha 

(I)    Called  alfo   Mongo  and  himfelf.    And  he  feems  to  la* 

.  Mangu  Khan.      He    was    the  r elided  at  Ikonium ;  although li 

fourth;  and  fucceded  Kayuk,  in  had  one  half  of  the  empire. 

648  of  the  Hejrab,  of  Chrift        (O)  Or  Mokdn,   a  fpariflj 

1 250.  plain  in  the  north  part  o\  Aibtt 

(K)  Omera  is  the  plural  of  bijdn*    towards   the   mouth  d 

Amrt  and  fignifies  the  princes,  the  river  Kur,  and  the  G$M 

chiefs,  great  commanders,   or  fca. 

generals.    A  title  denoting  both         (P)  Who  afterwards  reigMl 

great  lords  and  officers.  in   Per/la,   by  grant  from  hi 

(L)  By  thefe  muft  be  meant  brother  Kublay  Khan,    in  tk 

the  Greeks.  year  656  of  the  Hyrab, 

(M)    The    court    or    place  Chrift  12  58  5  founding  a  dyn: 

where  the  Khan  was  encamped,  of  Mogols,  or  farters,  as 

(N)  By  this  it  appears,  that  are  commonly  called* 
Roknoddin    was    but   a  youth 

defend 


C.  4.  fweiftb  SoUd»>  Azzo*ddfn>  with  Rokno'ddln.  257 
dderted  from  his  prince;  and,  colle&ing  forces, -gave  him 
1  battle  at  Khano'lSoltAn,  between  Koniyah  and  Akfera.  How* 
ever,  Azzo'dMn  happening  to  be  defeated  ( Q^ ),  Bayeju  took 
'  bis  brother  out  of  prifon,  and  put  him  in  poileffion  of  alt 
the  Rfanean  dominions  V 

•  It  was,  doubdefs,  in  the  above-mentioned  battle  that 
[Mkhael  Pakobgus  was  prefent,  as  we  are  told  by  the  Greek 
JiHfarians ;  whom  we  muft  now  follow  for  a  while*  Thefe/x  over* 
4uftorians  inform  us,  that,  in  the  year  1255,  Pdeologus  (K^tkrowmt 
%ho  had  been  imprifoned,  on  fufpickm  of  fome  dangerous 
defigns,  efcaped,  and  fled  to  the  Turks.  It  happened,  that, 
•Vhile  he  was  at  the  Soltan's  court,  the  Tatars  (S),  after 
having  ravaged  the  greateft  part  of  his  dominions,  came  and 
iefieged  the  city  of  Axara  (T).  Hereupon  the  Turks  march* 
^cd  out  againft  them,  giving  to  PaUologus  the.  command  of  die 
Wrecks  forces.  The  Tatars,  being  repulfed  at  the .  firft  onfet 
by  PaUologus,  or,  as  others  fay,  difinayed  at  the  fight  of  fuch 
Numerous  forces,  were  upon  the  point  of  flying,  when  one  of 
>the  Turkifb  generals  went  over  to  them,  with  the  troops  under 
Iris  command ;  which  changed  the  fortune  of  the  field.  The 
Tatars,  encouraged,  returned  to  the  charge,  and,  -defeating 
pAe  Turks  in. their  turn,  made  a  great  (laughter  with  their 
arrows,  purfuing  them  a  confiderable  way.  Paleobgus,  upon  • 
^Ks,  joined  the  Peklarpek  (U)  with  his  troops ;  and  they  two 
fctired,  for  feveral  days  together,  with  the  enemy  at  their, 
heels,  till  they  got  to  Kaftamona  (X),  near  which  that  officer 
wfided, 

!  •  The  Tatars  now  over-ran  the  country,  and  the  Turkifb  fin  fd  tht 
forces  being  difperfed,  the  Sol  tan  flies  to  the  emperor;  who  emperor. 
feceiyed  him  kindly;  but  could  fpare  him,  only. 400.  men, 
■tnder  the  command  of  Ifaac  Ducas,  furnamed  Murtzuflut  ( Y )  i 
fThe  Soltan,  in  requital,   gave  him  the  city  of  Laodicea  : 

[Which,  however,  foon  returned  to  the  Turks  ;  becaufe  the  > 

* 

i '  r  Abu'lf.  hift.  dynafty,  p.  329,  &  feq. 

F  '  '  *        «• 

I     (  <XJ  This,  doubtlefs,  is  the        (S)  They  are  called  by  fome  t 

roattle  which  Hay  ton  fays  was  ihe  Tan ihari  Tatars. 
kgained  by  the  Tatars,    under         (T)  M/era,  not  Akfaray ;  or  1 

*  Bay  do,  over  the  Soltan  (whom  the  ivbite  palace. 
|hc  does  not  name)  of  Turky  ( I ) ;         (U)  Or   Peghrbeg  \    that  ft, 

Iso  that  author  calls  the  domi-  lord  of  lords,  the  governors  of 

prions  of  the  Seljikians  of  Rum.  great  provinces. 
\     (R)  He  had  married  the  cm-         (X)  Caftamona. 
►.peror's  niece;    was  conftable,         (Y)  Becaufe  his  family  had 

tand    commanded    the    French  thick  eye-brows,  and  joined  to* 

troops.     I  Pact.  c.  7.  gether. 

(1)  Hayt  de  Tatsns.  cap.  23,  34, 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol.  IV.  S  Xemara 


S5<  #he  GeljGks  of  lUfem;         *       B.  t 

Momatis  <jouid  not  defend  it.     After  all,  the  Sokifl  «ot  be* 
/         log  able  to  oppofe  the  Tatars,  he  obtained  peace,  by  be- 
coming tributary.    Mean  time  the  emperor  wrote  to  PaU*» 
legusj  iaviting  him  to  retuip  home ;  his  reconciliation  hav- 
ing been  made  by  means  of  the  bifliop  of  Kogm  (or  Kmd- 
yah  J :  and,  foon  after  his  return  the  emperor  died,  ia  125* *. 
Htghas        ***  die  foregoing  account,  from  the  Greek  hiAoriaiis,  m 
•ftl*       find  no  mention  of  the  difpute  between  Azzo'ddin  aad  Ms 
; .        %  brother  Rokntfddin  ;    which  was,  ia  a  great  neafcut,  the 
caufe  of  this  Tatar  war  :  but  P-akhamre,  in  one  place  of  1ft 
hiftbry,  occasionally  introduces  k.     He  there  letts  us  in  g» 
iierai,  .that  Soltan  Azatines  (fo  he  calls  Azzoddm.)  hadgrdt 
cootefts  with  his  brother  Rukratin  (that  is  Rcknoddin),  afar 
the  death  of  .their  father  Jathatines  (or  Gayathfddtn)  :  tte 
'  Rukratin,  having  taken  arms,  and  obtained  conilderableforw 
Creek      ^rom  ^  Tatars,  became  ftrong  enough  to  opprefe  his  bio* 
bijiorians.  &*x  :    t*iat  ^z&tines  upon  this  retired  to  the  court  of  the 
emperor  Theodoras  Lajkaris ;  who  received  him  civilly  5  bat 
iet  him  know,  that  he  could  not  Shelter  him  In  his  dominion^ 
for  fear  of  drawing  on  himfelf  the  refentment  of  the  Ta- 
tars (Z) :  that  Azatines  accordingly  withdrew ;  yet  receivei, 
fiich  confiderable  fuocours  from   Lajiaris,    that  he  over* 
came  his  brother,  and  recovered  the  throne  *.    From  thfc 
paifege,  and  feveral  others,  occurring  in  Pakhamhre,  and  the 
reft  of  the  Byzantine  hiftorians,  which  are  brought  in  ab- 
ruptly, aad  out  of  place, .  there  appears  reafon  to  belief 
that  the  Creeks  had  particular  hhtories  or  memoirs  of  At 
Soltans  ;  of  which  they  have  only  given  us  pieces  occafionaflf 
in  the  reigns  of  their  emperors,  as  they  related  to  their  o*4 
^flairs,  and  that,  for  the  general,  without  either  the  proper 
elucidations  or  connections.     But  to  return  to  our  fubjeft. 
Azz'od-       As  Abfflfaraj  does  not  mention  what  became  of  Azzo'd&n, 
din  */p£/?s  after,  he  was  removed  from  the  throne  by  Bayej4>  the  Megt 
general ;  neither  does  he  tell  us  how  he  recovered  ix  again ; 
but,  proceeding  as  if  no  fuch  revolution  had  happened,  in- 
Hej.  655. forms  us,  that,  in  655,  this  'Soltan  fent  an  ambaflkdor  to 
A.  D.    Hulaktti  to  teffify  his  fubmiffion,  arid  intreat  him  to  drwe 
1257,    Bayejd  Nowayn  out  of  his  kingdom.     HulM,  in  anfwer,  or- 
dered that  he  ihould  divide  the  Rumean  territories  with  to 
brother.    Hereupon  Azzao'ddtn  returned  to  Koniyah,  and 

*  Pakhamir,  L  i.  c.  9.    Niceph.  Grbooras,  and  others* 
*  Pakh.  1.  xiii.  c.  22. 

(Z)  Yet,  on  his  coming  to  the  crown,  he  renewed  the  aatieof 
league  with  the  Soltan, 


-  n 


t.  4.  Twelfth  Svttin,  AzfcoMdfo,  tzkb  RoknoMdfn;        $59 

RoMddin  went  with  BayejH  to  the  camp.  Azzoydd*n>  being 
ftffl  afraid  of  this  Mogol,  fent  into  the  parts  about  Mat&tlydb 
fcnd  Khdrtabert,  to  raife  an  army  of  Kurds,  Turkmans,  and 
Arabs.  The  officer  fent  him  tWo  commanders  of  the  Kurds*  - 
Ahmed  ebn  Belas  and  Mohammed  ebn  ol  Sheykh  Adi;  to  whoift 
tte  Soitan  affigned  the  faid  cities. 

•  EBN  Sheykh  A&,  being  met  on  the  Way  to  Khariabert  by  tie  Mo- 
Jfngtirk  Nowayn-y  was  flain,  with  his  followers :  and  the  peo-  gols  19 
we  of  Malattyahy  having  taken  an  oath  to  Itokne'ddin,  re*?«*« 
Irafed  to  receive  Ebn  Bei&s ;  who  thereupon  treating  them 
ft,  they  killed  300  of  his  men.    With  the  reft  he  fled  by 
I  tihudiya  (A)'  towards  yfm«/  (B)  ;  Where  he  Was  (kin  by  the 
;  fcnd  of  Mayaferkin.     Azzo'ddtn  appointed  in  his  room  on* 
JrfSf  Bahddr ;  who,'  being  a  bold  man,  the  citizens,  thro'  fear* 
t&riftted  him.  And  h€  did  them  great  fervice :  for  he  cleared 
the  county  of  the  Al  Jtzly  a  tribe  of  Turkmans,  who  ufed 
In  thdr  inturfions  to  kill  the  inhabitants,  and  carry  off  theitf 
dnldrem    Theie  he  defeated,  and  took  their  commander  Ju+ 
(abeg  pnioner. 

Mean  while  Bayeju  Now&yn,  advancing  with  his  forces, 
ftMiged  all  die  caftles,  Which  had  been  delivered  up,  to  fub- 
!v£t  to  Rokno'ddin.  Then  going  to  the  city  of  Ahohfiayn  (C), 
ht  flew  about  6000  of  the  inhabitants,  and  made  captives  of 
ft*  Women  and  children. 

\ '  On  his  approach  to  Mahttyah,  Alt  BahMr  fled'  to  Kakh-  Makti* 
jlaft;  and  the  cirixens,  going  to  meet  him  with  prefents,  fub- y*M*'* 
idtted  to  Rokno'ddln  ;  who  fet  over  them  one  of  his  (laves, wAf' 
Jamed  Fakrtfddtn  Ayyaz.     But  as  fbon  as  BayejH  had  gotten 
leyond  the  borders  of  Rurfi,  in  his  way  to  Ir&k,  Alt  Bahidr 
'terorned  ;  and,  being  denied  admittance,  befieged  the  city* 
At  length,  provifions  growing  very  fcarce,  fome  of  the  com- 
IQPQ  people  opened  a  gatfe,  by  Which  AH  entered  with  his 
Iforkmdns.     Braving  thus  recovered  the  pofleffion  of  MalatU 
gdh,  he  $ait  Soitan  Rokno'ddtn's  governor  into  prifon,   and    • 
•Jot  a  few  of  the  leading  men,  who  oppofed  him,  to  death. 
'  At  the  feme  time  the  famine  was  fo  great  in  the  diftrift  of  Dreadful 
Ihis  city,  that  cats,  dogs,  and  leather,  were  eaten,  for  want  of 'famine 
fcod.    A  friend  of  the  author's  faw  in  a  certain  village  a'^** 
company  of  women  in  a  houfe  cutting  pieces  of  flefti  out  of  a 
eorpfe  which  lay  before  them,   and  broiling  them  to  eat!         ' 
Iikewife  another4,   who  baked  her  dead  child ;  imagining, 

# 

(A)  The  antient  C/W/V/oV/V ,        (8)  The  anticnt  Amida,  now 
touhc  Euphrates ,  below  Mala-    Diyarbekr. 
*^rf.  .   (QOiMtftaym  ia  the Geogr. 

Nubienjit,  Abiafta* 

S  a  that 


j5o  *bt  Scljfcks  of  RftmJ  B.  i 

that  his  flcfli  would  agree  better  with  her  than  that  of  vermin. 

In  fhort,  Ali  Bah&dr,  though  he  fubdued  the  town,  could  not 

withftand  the  calamity ;  but  retired  to  Soltan  Azzo'ddin. 

Empire         In  657,  HMdM  fent  for  Azzo'ddin,  Soltan  of  the  Rwm, 

divided,    and  his  brother  Rokno'ddin ;  who  obeying  his  fumroons,  he 

He).  657.  went  out  to  meet  them,  exprefling  great  fatisfa&ion  at  their 

*  D-    coming.     Then  he  appointed  Azzo'ddm  to  reign  over  the 

12 59'    country  from  Kayfariyah  to  the  borders  of  Greater  Armew*; 

.  and  Rokno'ddm  to  command  from  Akfera  to  the  fea-coal 

bounding  the  territories  of  the  Franks.    After  this  he  begat 

his  march  for  Syria ;  and,  when  he  drew  near  the  Euphrates, 

the  two  brothers,  taking  their  leave,  returned  with  joy  to 

their  own  dominions '. 

We  find  no  farther  account  in  Abtilfaraj  of  thefe  two 
Soltans  (who  reigned  together,  or  interchangeably) ;  although 
that  author  is  more  particular  in  relating  their  tranla&ioBi 
than  thofe  of  any  of  the  former :  but  the  defeat  is,  in  fomr 
meafure,  fupplied  by  the  Creek  hiftorians,  who  happen  to  be- 
gin, as  it  were,  juft  where  he  leaves  off. 
jAxze'd-        Although  we  left  the  two  Soltans  going  home  in  good 
din  retires  harmony ;  yet,  according  to  the  Greek  hiftorians,  they  did 
A-  D.    not  long  continue  fo.     They  tell  you,  that,  after  the  dead 
1259-     of  Theodorus  Lajkaris,   Mikhael  Palcohgus,  being  made  tht 
aflbciate  in  the  empire  with  his  fon  John,  after  ftrengtheniqg 
*  the  frontier  -  places  with  garrifons,  fent  an  embafiy  to  At 
Turks,  to  notify  his  advancement ;  and  that,  not  long  after, 
fetting  out  with  the  young  emperor  on  a  new  progrefs,  he 
received,  at  Nymphaum,  an  embafly,  with  prefents,  from  tht 
Soltan ;   whofe  affairs  were  ia  a  very  bad  condition :  fori 
being  threatened  with  an  invafion  from  the  Tatars,  (or  M* 
gols),  every  perfon,  inflead  of  faving  theftate,  thought  only  of 
faving  his  family,  and  the  governors  every-where  revolted.    . 
to  Mi-  PALEOLOG US,  upon  intimation  of  this,  gave  theSoltk 

khael  Pa-  an  invitation  to  come  and  refide  "at  his  court,  promising  to 
leologus,  let  him  return  when  his  affairs  were  fettled.  The  caufeef 
the  Sol  tan's  fear  was,  the  news  which  he  received  of  the  arrival 
of  Malek  (D),  with  a  formidable  army.  This  Malek  had  fled, 
it  feems,  to  the  emperor  before;  and  Azzo*dJ.n.vras  afraid  he 
might  efcape,  and.crofs  the  defign  he  had  of  re-eflablifhiqg 
his  affairs  k.  In  another  place  the  fame  author  informs  us* 
that  the  reafon  of  Azzoddirts  applying  to  the  emperor  wa% 

1  Abu'lf.  p.  332,  &  feq.         k  Pakh.  1.  ii.  c.  7,  10,  24, 

(D).  Who  this  Malek  was;  we  about  him.  Perhaps  he  was  ch4 
are  quite  at  a  lofs  to  know,  Soltan's  brother,  mentioned  & 
the  author  having  faid  no  more    little  lower  down. 

becaufe 


C.4*       Twelfth  Soltan,  RoknoMdin  alone.  %6t 

bccaufe  Rukratin  had  gathered  new  force?  1  (E).  However  that 
be,  the  Soltan  accepted  of  the  offer ;  and,  relying  on  the  friend- 
ihip  of  Paleologus,  retired,  with  his  wife,  children,  his  mother 
(who  was  a  Chriftian),  and  his  fitter,  to  Conjlantinople  ». 

Some  authors  tell  us,  that,   after  the  former  defeatl  of  the  Greek 
jfzatin,  the  Tatars,  inftead  of  penetrating  farther  into  hh"»perer. 
I  dominions,  went  and  conquered  Syria :  but  that,  returning 
text  year,  they  crofled  the  river  a  fecond  time,  marched  into 
;  Kappadocia,  and  took  Ikonium ;    from  whence  Azatin  fled, 
j..trith  his  brother  Malek,  and  his  family,   to  the  emperor 
•ffikhael  Paleologus ;  who,  not  long  before,  had  retired  for 
|  ftelter  to  his  court  \      Nicephorus  Gregoras  relates,    that 
Azatin,  taking  occaflon  from  the  invafion  of  the  Tatars, 
ftook  off  the  Perfian  (he  means  the  TurktfbJ  yoke,  and  fob- 
bed feveral  provinces  belonging  to  the  eaftern  emperors : 
kut  that  he  was  obliged  at  length,  with  his  fon  Mobko,  to 
i  retire  to  Mikhael  Paleohgus,  after  having  been  routed  by  the 
[Tatars,  in  the' year  1261  °.     Here  we  find  feveral  Mileks,Hc}.  66 1. 
Who  poffiHy  might  all  have  been  the  fame  perfon,  confider-    A.  D. 
jbg  the  inaccuracy  of  the  Greek  authors;    and  that  Malek  ,  i*5x. 
[farply  is  no  other  than  a  title,  figriifiying  king,  which  was 
|lgwen  to  the  princes  of  the  Seljtik  blood.  t 

£',  But  to  return  to  Jzzo'ddin.     Paleohgus  received  him  His  illrt. 
[frith  great  fhew  of  friendfhip,  -and  promifed  in  time  to  furmihreptien 
[Km  with  troops,  to  recover  his  kingdom.     Mean  while  he 
Woffered  the  Soltan  to  live  intirely  at  liberty,  to  fit  in  his 
rprtfence,  to  have  his  guards,  and  wear  the  purple  buikins. 
fh  July    1261,   Conftaniinople  being  recovered  out  of  th« 
[lands  of  the  Latins^  he  returned  thither  from  Alice,  with  his 
follegue  John.     Next  year  he  fent  ambafladors  to  Khalau  (at 
M£ku),  prince  of  the  Tatars,  in  Perfia,  and  another  to  the 
(Wtan  of  Ethiopia  (rather  Egypt).    As  for  Azatin,  he  was  ztat  Con- 
fanjlantinople ;  where,  ftrolling  about  to  view  the  ftreets  andftantin*. 
[public  places,  which  were  aJmoft  quite  unpeopled,  he  led  aj?k : 
[ibauchedlife,  with  his  followers,  expefting  the  performance 
jtf  the  emperor's  promife  1  but  all  Mikhaels  fair  outfide  wag 
(only diifimulation  :  for,  beihg  very  intent  on  making  an.alli- 
jfnce  with  the  Tatars,  he  fent  the  Soltan**  wife  and  children 
-to  Nice,  under  pretence  of  greater  fecurity ;  at  the  fame  time 

1  Pakh.  1.  xiii.  c.  22.        *  Ibid.  1.  ti.  i.  24.        *  August* 
Xtriio.        9  Njceph.  Gregor.  1.  iv.  c.  1. 

;    [£)  Sure  Rukratin  and  Malek    cy  in  ftile  than  hiftory,  or  order 
jfanotbe  the  fame  perfon  :  for    of  time  in  ranging  his  fads  :   is 
»o  author  fpeaks  of  RoknodAin*    very  verbofc,  yet  deficient  in 
fyng  for  thelter  to  the  emperor,    mattet. 
tdbmirt  aims  more  at  accura- . 

S3.  he. 


#6%  tie  ScljAks  of  Riml  %  I; 

he  a&uaHy  promifed  Mary  (F),   his  natural  daughter,  to 
KhalaUy  who  yet  died  before  (he  arrived  at  his  courtt    Afta? 
this  he  concluded  an  alliance  with  Apagan  (G). 
pahs  bis       The  Soltan,  after  a  tedious  flay  at  Cqnftantinotie,  having 
tfcape        difcovered  th^t  the  emperor  was  treating  with  his  enemies, 
A.  D.    wrote  to  an  uncle  of  his,  who  dwelt  towards  the  Euxine  fe^ 
1366.    on  the  north  fide ;  in  treating  him  to  work  his  deliverance,  bj 
exciting  Corifiataine,  king  of  Bulgaria,  and  Nqgast  Khan  d? 
the  Tatars  (H),  againft  Paleologus  :  in  which  cafe,  he  laid,  I14 
would  endeavour  to  deliver  that  prince  into  their  hands.    Th$ 
Soltan's  uncle  having  agreed  to  this  propofal,  Azatines,  part 
fiiant  to  leave  obtained,  repaired  to  the  emperor,  who  wa$ 
then  in  th$  weft,  under  pretence  of  feeing  that  part  of  Bis 
dominions.     In  their  return  back,  within  a  day's  march  of 
mount  Hemus%  Pa!eohgusy  to  his  great  aftonifhment,  under* J 
:  ftood  that  the  Bulgarians  and  Tatars  had  pa/Ted  the  (traits* 

I  ipoiling  and  killing  where-ever  they  came.     The  emperor^ 

who  had  not  forces  to  oppofe  them,  left  the  Soltan,  with  hi* 
baggage,  in  the  night,  and,  getting  to  the  fea'-fidc,  palled  in 
a  bark  to  his  capital.  Azatines,  with  thofe  who  had  care  of- 
the  baggage,  retired  to  the  fort  of  Aini  (I),  Prefently  the 
hyafira-  enemy  came,  and,  befieging  the  place,  it  was  at  length, 
fagtm*  agreed,  that  the  Soltan,  and  hb  attendants,  ftiould  be  delir 
vered  to  them ;  on  condition  that  they  withdrew,  and  fof-. 
fcred  the  vreft  to  retire,  with  the  baggage,  to  the  portj 
which. they  did:  and  the  next  day  came  fuccours  by  fea; 
with  whom  they  returned  to  Cytftantinopk.  The  emperor,, 
enraged  at  their  conduct,  punched  the  chief  of  them ;  and^ 
imprifoning  the  wife,  mother,  daughter,  and  lifter,  of  the 
Soltan,  with  their  children,  co/ififc#ed  *U  their  effects^. 
The  Creek  hiftorians  fay,  that  Azatines  never  returned 
into  his  ovyn  dominions ;  hut  died,  fopn  after  his.  efcape,  ia 
the  country  to.  the  north  of  the  Cafpian  fea. 
ffi/iorifsuL  Historians,  both  eafern  syid  weftern,  difagree  lb  mud} 
$/<*grce  with  regard  to  fhis  Soltan,  that  an  author,  for  want  of  far- 
ther helps,  mull  he  at  a  great  nonplus  how  to  recondk 
them.  The  Creeks  and  AWjflfaraj  agree  to.  make  Azzo'dttn 
Soltsin  of  Koniya ;  and,  from  all  eircumftances  of  the  hiflory, 
he  muft  hare  been  fo,  at  kail  for  a  term  of*  years.    Bat 

P  Paxh.  1.  ii,  c.  24.  1.  iii.  c  3,25.  1.  xm.  c.  22. 

(F)  Hence  fhe  is  called  af-  Cation  fea,  and  the  D**ml*J 
tewardt  queen  of  the  Mvguls%  He  afterwards  married  Euf&ro- 
$opghiiot  married  to  HuldiL  fynt,    the     emperor's    wiiuraj, 

(G)  Mag/a*,  o*  Ahaka  KbanK  daughter. 

$xn  and  fudceflbr.  of  Hulaku*  (I)  Ajnwm,  or  Oenum, 

(H)   Ta  the  north  of  thf  ;     ' 


Q.$       Twelfth  Seltitu,  RolmoNidlnr«&ji£  a6j 

lyHerheht,  after  the  /Vr/k/z  hiftoriens,  makte  J^ydUft*  Ao 

Soltan:   poflibly,  becaufe  he  was  fiipported  ,oy  the  fttogols, 
and  continued  to  reign  after  Azzo'ddin  was  expelled  :  yet  he 
mites  from  them  only  two  traflia&foite  of  his.  reign,    Ho* 
ififorms  us,  that  Rckno'ddht  SoIeymJn,  having  fent  his  hto- in  federal 
tber  Alaoddin  KaykobM  to  the  court  of  the  Great  Khan  of refadi, 
the  Mogoh,   to  tranfa&  the  affairs  of  the  Seljtkians,  that 
prince  gained  the  favour  of  the  Khan  by  his  addrefr;  and 
returned  with  fuch  ample  powers,   that  Sokyman,  rinding- 
himfelf  almoft  wholly  deprived  of  his  authority  by  Kay* 
jpbdd,   bribed  one  of  his  domeftics  to  poifon  him:    that' 
jfiaka  Khan,  being  informed  of  this  ill  office  which  SdrymM* 
had  done  his  brother,  ordered  him  to  be  ferved  in  the  feme 
manner  (*),  in  the  year  664,  after  he  had  reigned  twenty  years.  Hej.  664. 
He  left  for  hia  fucceflbr  hi*  fon  Kay  Kbofrdw,  *ho  had  hi*    A.  D 
confirmation  from  the  fame  Khan-*.  !  z65« 

It  is  evident-,  from  the  teftimeny  of  Abtftfaraj,  a fub>e<ft ^/^  r§~? 
of  the  Sc$utian  empire,  backed  by  that  of  the  Greekytitecs\%ard  ti 
that  Azzo'ddin  immediately  focceeded  Jiis  father  GayatMd- 
in.  It  appears  aifo,  that  footi  after  Roknd'ddin's  being  fee  up 
by  the  Mogoisy  and  the  monarchy  divided  between  them, 
they  both  reigned  at  the  lame  time  for  feveral  years,  each 
in  his  refpeftive  territories  :   that,  at  leftgth,  Atizo'ddin,  .be- 
ing expelled^  by  the  Mogoh  or  Tatars*  Rokndyd£n  reigned 
alone  (f)  over  the  whole.     It  feems  therefore  but  juft,  that '£$£*»* 
Azzo\tdm ihould  be  reckoned  among  the  Soltans,  as  well  as^**':-.., 
1  Rohufddin ;  and  the  rather,  as  we  find  him  named  firft  on 
i  4e  coin  mentioned  by  Abfflfaraj.     But  whether  we  divide" 
fte  reigns  of  the  two  brothers,  ending  that  of  Ap&o'ddin  with" 
his  laft  abdication,  or  make  but  one  reign'  of  both,  it  muff 
De  obferved,  that  Kondamir  (or  whatever  author  D'Herbelot   - 
took  thefe  few  particulars  from,  for  he  recites  no  one),  dif-     *• 
Agrees  with  Abulfaraj  in  two  or  three  very  eflential  points :    ;• 
I.  According  to  him,  there  were  no  more  than  two  brothers,  Infianca 
!  Rokno'dctin  and  A/ao'ddin  ;  whereas  AHtfaraj  affirms,  there  tbcrtrfi 
i  ^ere  three  ;  of  whom  Azze*ddtn  Was  the  eldeft.     2.  He  fays; 
that  AUo'ddm  Was  fent  to  the  Khan  by  Rokno'ddin.     Ahull-    \ 
firdj  fays,  Azzo'ddin  fent  both  him  and  Rokno'ddin,, on  that . . .. 
embaffy.     3.  He  affirms,  that  Alaq'ddiri  returned  into  Rutty  .V 

*  D'Herb.  p.  822,  art.  Soliman  ben  Caikhofrou. 

(•)  Abu  If e da  fays,  that  May-  SaUboddfa,  per  Babadin.  edit,   * 

tfddin  al  Bernvdna,  the  Tatar  Scbyltenf.  p.  59. 
tfneral,   hereafter -mentioned;         (f)  Abulfrda,  in  the  fame 

;  wing  offended  with  Rokno'ddhl,  place*  fays;  they  reigned  t°g*-  * 

fl«W  him.  Excerpta  adfin.  *vii*  <herfdr  a'  time,  and  then  Ifobr-    * 

%  <?ddh  alone. 

S  4  **4 


264  '  *h  'SdjMa  of  R6{p;  B.L 

and  was  there  pdifoned  by  Rokrufddm.   Abffifaraj  affirms,  on 
the  contrary,  that  Aiaoddln  died  on  the  road  into  Tatary. 

With  regard  to  thfe  ^&o*<£4n,  which-ever  death  he  died, he  - 
may  have  been  one  of  the  Alao'dtBns  mentioned  \h  the  Tiurki/h 
hiftor  y ,  under  whom  the  father  of  Othm&n  ferved ;  for  he  was  i 
•  King  or  Soltan  in. the  {hart  of  the  Seljfkian  dominions,  whkk'4 
was  given  him,  as  appears  by  the  above-mentioned  coin. 
Anatolia       In  the  reigns  of  thefe  two  Soltans,  the  Roman  empire/' 
vuir*run   trtjich,  ever  finee  the  death  of  Gayatho'ddln  Kay  Kboframj 
kj  (lain  by  Theodorus  Lajharis,  in  1 2 10,  feems  to  have  been  frotf 

from  the  depredations  of  the  Turks ,  began  to  be  invaded  \sf 
them  with  greater  fury  than  ever  it  had  been  before :  not  w 
much  from  inclination,  which  governed  theiribrmer  invaikfflSj 
as  neceflity,  which  obliged  them  to  it  in  their  own  defence.' 
For  as  the  dHTentions  between  the  two  brothers  gave  encott^ 
'    ragement  to  the  governors  towards  the  borders  of  the  Sefyuld- 
thefugi-    an  dominions  to  fet  up  for  themfelves ;  fo,  on  the  inva/ion  d 
q?"V        the  Mogols,  the  Turks,  to  avoid  them,  retired  weftward,  in 
*  ur*s'     great  multitudes,  under  different  commanders  :  who,  the  ber- 
rer  to  fecure  themfelves  againft  thofe  formidable  enemies, 
gain  new  pofleffions  in  the  place  of  thofe  they  had  abandon*3 
ed,  fell,  with  all  their  force  at  once,  on  every  fide  of  the R+> 
man  territories  in  Afia,  which  then  were  in  a  moil  defence* 
lefs  ftate;  and,  in  the  compafs  of  a  few  years,  fubdued  the 
whole,  as  will  be  (hewn  more  at  large  in  the  next  reign. 

Thirteenth     KAT  Kbo/ravj  III.  fon  of  Rokno"ddin  Saleym&ny  being  but 

Saltan,      gn  infant  when  he  afcended  the  throne  in  664,  Ahaka  Khfai% 

KayKhof-^rho  married  his  mother,  appointed  Pervaneh  Ka/bi(%)  for  his 

raw  III.    jutor  (or  Atabek).     This  Soltan  reigned  eighteen  years ;  at 

<he  end  of  which,  in  682,  he  was  killed,  by  order  of  Ahmed 

Khhn  (K),  who  fucceeded  Abaia  Khan ;  and  MaJJud,  fon  of 

jXaykaws,  was  afterwards  appointed  his  fucceflor  by  Arght 

KhAn,  who  fucceeded  Ahmed  \ 

This  is  all  which  D'Herbeht  furnilhes  from  the  oriental 
authors,  relating  to  this  prince,  whom  he  reckons  the  twelfth 
Soltan  ;  nor  does  Abfflfaraj  mention  any  of  the  Soltans  after 
/fzzo'ddfn,  uncle  to  Kay  Khofra-w.  However,  we  meet  with 
I  paflage  in  him,  which  we  (hall  cite,  as  it  relates  to  Pervaneb% 
fee  Soltan's  tutor,  and  the  affairs  of  his  kingdom. 

v  D'Hta*.  p.  339  U  i?7»  art.  Caikhofiru  troifiejne,  &  Argooa 
Khan. 

fj)  Pervaneh  is  thefofter/Vr-    Jed  his  father, 
Jiax  pronunciation  of£er<wanah,    his  ftead . 
who,  Abufftda  fays,  having  kil-      {K)  Surnamed 

fcefuccecdecLtffo; 

That 


C.4*       Thirteenth  Soltdn,  Kay  Khofraw  III.  165 

That  author  informs  us,  that,  in  the  year  675,  Bendok-Seltan  if  .' 
<ilr,  Soldta  of  Egypt,  excited  by  fome  fugitives,  refolved  toEgypt 
itvade  the  territories  of  R(km\  which  king  Letht,  fon  of  the^«  675. 
long  of  Armenia  (HatemJ,  being  informed  of,  fent  notice    A,J?' 
tc  the  Mogol  commanders  who  were  in  that  country.    But    lz7** 
this  advice  being  reprefented  to  them  as  falfe,  by  Benvdnah 
(L),  who  wifhed  well  to  Bendokdar,  and  hated  the  Armenian 
king,  they  paid  no  regard  to  it.     So  that  the  Egyptians  came«>«W« 
upon  them  at  a  time  when  they  were  fo  overcome  with  liquor  RUB* ; 
that  they  could  not  mount  their  horfes :  and  as,  by  their 
Ta/a  (M),  or  laws,  they  are  obliged  not  to  fly  till  they  have 
faced  the  enemy,  they  gave  them  battle ;  in  which  all  the . 
great  Mogol  officers  were  flaio,  befidcs  moft  of  their  men,    . 
and  2000  out  of  3000  Gorj  (N),  who  were  with  them.    The 
Egyptians  likewife  loft  a  vgft  number  on  their  fide.    BerwA* 
nab,  on  this  news,  fled  to  a  caftle  for  fecurky.     BtndokdAr, 
after  his  viftory,  encamped  in  a  place  called  Kaykobia\  near 
Kayfariyahy  where  he  remained  fifteen  days,  without  doing  the 
leafi  hurt,  or  taking  any  thing  without  paying  for  it.   Nor  did 
he  enter  that  city  more  than  once j  faying,  that  he  came  not  to 
I"  lay  wafte  the  country,  but  to  deliver  its  lord  from  flavery.    • 

As  foon  as  Abdka  Kh&n  (O)  was  informed  of  this  misfbr- r#//Va  on 
;  tune,  he  gathered  forces,  and  marched  into  the  country  of  tb§ 
the  Rims  :  but  Bendokddr,  knowing  himfelf  unable  to  with- 
,  fbnd  him,  had  retired  into  Syria  before  he  arrived.  Ber- 
;  vj&na b  went  to  meet  the  Khan,  who  received  him  without 
i  any  (hew  of  refentment,  and  took  him  with  him  in  his  re- 
turn to  the  Tdk  (P) ;  under  pretence  of  confulting  yrhat  num- 

|     (L)   Berwanab  is  the  Arab  name,  given  to,  or  afiumed  by, 

I  pronunciation  ;    Ptrvamb    (or  Hulaku,  whofe  defendants  are 

Parvana,  as  Hayton  theArme-  thence  called  Ilkbanians.      He 

;  man.  writes)    is   the    Perfian*  .  feems  to  have  afiumed  it  in  imi- 

(  The  fame  Hayton  fays,  he  was  /  tationof  Tumsna  Ilkhan  (2), who 

I  commander  of  the  Tatars   in  firft  introduced  it ;  and  to  (hew 

I  Tnrky  (1),  fo  he  calls  the  SeU  he  wadefcended  from  that  hero. 

juiian  dominions  in  ARa  miner;  This  title  differs  from  that  ofl/ak 

I  but  he  moft  be  understood  of  a  or  lick  Khan,  aiTumed  by  Turkijb. 

civil,  not  a  military,  officer.  princes;  who  poflefled  the  coun- 

(M)  Or  Yaffa,  laws  military  try  of  Mat;  warned  onthefouth 

and    civil,   made  by  Jengbix  by  the  river  Sibun  or  Sir,  and 

Khan,  bnt  faid  to  have  been  whofe^capital  was  Tonkdty  or,  as 

I  framed  firft  by  Oncz  Kbdn,  and  others  fay,  Nobakbt.     D'Herb. 

;  Qgly  revived  by  the  other.  bibL  orient,  p.  488,  art.  llak. 
i      (N)  Or  K*rj  i  called  by  us        (P)  Al  Tfy  is  the  place  of  en. 

Qfirgianst  inftead  ofGarjoM.  camping,    or    where    he    en- 

(0)  U  Khan  is  a  title,  or  fur-  camped. 

(1)  Bayt,  it  Tttant,  <*/>.  34.  (2}  Su  hfi>*9  p.  45, 

bcr 


AnrV^tbAr  of  forces  would  be  fui&cient  to  guard  the  oaratrr 
/**«*.      j&fefc  againii  the  Egyptians.    Being  arrived  ia  die  ctrip, 
Khan  made  a  magnificent  feaft,  wherein  be  took  care  to 
beruo&n&k  tvith-  mare's  milk  (<$_)„  for  he  drank  no  win* 
length,  the  latter  going>out  to  draw  water,  Ab&ka  gave  the 
t6- fame  in  waiting,  who  followed,  and  cot  him  i»  pieces 
Tins  was  the  end  of  a  traitor :  nor  d&Berukkdarkmg  ' 
him  ;  for  he  died  at  Hems  (in  Syria),  in  his  return  to 
Some  fay  of  a  wound  received  by  an  arrow,  m  the  engao 
with  the Mogolt  *f  others  by  potion^  infofed  by^oneof  Us 
jneftks  in  the  mare's  milk,  which  he  caited  for  (S)  todriak 
MtJermBU      Having  nothing  farther  to  fay  from  the.eaft,  kt-us 
Jots  of     leftward,  and  view  die  miserable  condition  of  the  Cn 
unable  to  refill  the  power-  of  the  Turks*  who,  like  an 
d&io&v  fudd'edly  overwhelmed  them.     As  we  have 
mentioned  the  defencelefs  ftate  of  the  empire  at  this 
it.  will  be  proper  to  fet  forth  by  vfhat  means  it  came 
reduced  to  fuch  a  weak  condition.     To  do  this  the  more 
feftually,  it  may  be  neceflary  to  take  the  matter  z  little 
er.    Although,  on  the  acceffion  of  Theodoras  Lafiaris  to 
throng,  the  empire  of  Nice  was  confined  to  the  narrow  t 
of  only  three  cities,  Nice,  Pmfa,  and  Philadelphia ;  yet 
tf  ere  managed  with  fuch  prudence,  that  the'  flate  wa$ 
againft  all  its  enemies.   The  better  to  oppofe  the  Franks^ 
bad  taken'  Coitftantinople,  and  were  mafters  of  the  fe*, 
mini/ters  made  peace  with  the  Turks  %  paying  them 
large  film,  and  then  turned  all  their  forces  againft  the 
*M?reeksnicr-  After  they  had  done  with  them,  they  applied 
i»  Afia;     to  fortify  the  mountains,  in  fpite  of  all  the  endeavours 
Tutks  to  hinder  them.     They  buih  forts,  comntittmg 
care  of  them  to  the  natives  of  the  country ;  and  thus  ' 
the  empire  on  that  .fide.        ^ .  - 

As  the  people  who  inhabited  thofe  mountains  were  mdifli 
ble  to  change  fides,  and  did  not  care  to  run  any  rifle  by 
filling  the  enemy  •,  the  emperors  attached  them  to  their  i 
reft,  by  exempting  them  froih  certain  taxes,  and  befiowk 


*  Abu^f.  p. 

(QJ  The  chief  liquor  ufed 
by  the  people  of  Tatcrty ;  it  is 
called  Kumis,  and  is  ftrong  and 
ffleafapt. 

(R)  Hayton  f*ys,  he  was  cut 
in  two  by  the  middle,  accord- 
ing" to  the  cufloift  of  the  Tatars ; 
and  that  the  Khan  ordered  hir 


35g,&feq. 

taals  which  were  fared  at  his 
ble  j  and  that  he  and  all  his 
ficers  eat  of  it  Ibid.  This  is  < 
of  Hayton**  romances. 

(S)  He  was  fourth  Sohb  i 
the  BitbtiyanMnmliksyWho  *ti 
flaves  from  Tatary.  He  «i 
called  affo  Bthars  afSahti,  6 
Bttftuai'ty  iu^viftojrics.    . 


(  £      thirteenth  Stltdfy  Kay  Khofraw  III;  t6f 

Gderable  bounties  on  the  principal  perfans  among  then* 
by  that  means,  became  very  rich-     Their  zeal -tor  their 
Gtry  increafed  with  their  wealth :  fo  that  they  made  it 
'  bufinefs  to  furprize  the  enemy  in  the  night,  carrying  oJF 
plunder ;  and  chofe  rather  to  prevent  their  coming, 
i  wait  for  them,.     The  care  which  was  taken  of  the  fort- 
;  had  this  happy  cffecT:  \  and  that  thofe  who  guarded  them 
not  be  tempted  to  defert  them,  there  were  troops  ia 
[neighbourhood,  ready  to  (upport  them  *. 
It  thefe  go%d  regulations,  the  affairs  of  (he  Greeks  were/*  <whaf 
ady  advanced  in  the  eaft,  that  when  Mikhael  Paleologus  owing* 
from  Nice  to  CqnJiantinople%  upon  its  being  taken  < 

ifhe  Latins  in. 1260,  JJia  minor,  Paphlagonia  (T),  Si-    A.  D; 
the  Greater  and  Capatian  Phrygian,  with  Ifaria,  were    1*60, 
r  the  obedience  of  the  Romans  (U),  and  paid  them  tribute  u, 
jt  after  Mikhael  had  removed  the  feat  of  his  empire,  and 
the  inhabitants,  efyedMly  thofe  who  had  been  in  coin- 
were  returned,  the  people  who  poflefled  the  iaoun? 
were  exceedingly  weakened ;  and,  no  longer  receiving 
tfuccours*  were  themfelves  obliged  to  fuftain  the  weight  ot 
ffrar.     To  make  the  matter  ftill  worfe,  the  affairs  of  the 
(m  Europe)  falling  afterwards  into  a  bad  ftate,  Miz 
f  Paleologus ,  by  the  advice  of  Kadenus.,  governor  of  Con<t 
pie,  ftripped  thofe  people,  who  were  rich,  of  their  ef- 
and,  allowing  each  forty  crowns  penfion,  ordered  the 
|t  of  the  revenues  arifing  from  thelandsr  and  which  amount- 
►  coniiderable  fums,  to  be  brought  to  the  treasury :  which, 
treatment  diminiflied  their  ftrength,  and  took  away  their 


['he  emperor,  in  all  likelihood,  was  die  more  eafity  in- Turks 
~  to  do  this,  as  he  apprehended  no  danger  from  the  (idt/orced 
Turks;  whom  he  kept  at  peace  by  continual  treaties,  wflwarA} 
I  who  were  too  much  employed  by  the  Tatars  to  give  him 
J  difturbance.    But  that  which  feemed  to  promife  moft  fe- 
St)7,  proved  moft  pernicious  to  his  intereft :  for  (hortly  af- 
by  an  unfprefeen  event,  the  Turks  crouding  weftward,  to 
M  the  army  of  the  enemy,  and  being  too  many  for  the     , 
Hntry,  tq  make  themfelves  room,  began  to  invade  the  Roman 
or,  to  fpeak  in  the  words  of  our  author,  the  moft 


*Pakh.  Li.  c.  2,  j. 


*  Duka$,  e.  z. 


[)  Bulgaria  is  added  bejie.  Intra,  Pantpbflia,  Amenim,  tff* 

"1  The  Turks,  who  a  little  knofo*ty  PjrfidiatLyci<r,  an<f  other 

1  had  taken  Ukamda*  were  provinces.    CnUfariv  ii  added*- 

1  maftere  of  KaHadocia^  G«-  perhaps  by  miftake. 

valiant 


%Gt 


<¥he  SdjAks  of  RAm. 


valiant  among  the  Turks,  finding,  after  being  vanquifhed^ 
the  Tatars,  that  they  had  no  other  recourfe  but  their 
retired  into  the  mountains,  and  committed  robberies, 
this  view,  they  aflembled  in  great  numbers,  and  attac 
Ramans ;  who,  being  weak,  were  obliged  to  yield  to  i 
Seize  the       They  would  have  fuf&red  themfelves  to  be  quite  < 
mountains,  out  of  the  country,  if  the  penfions  which  they  ftill 

had  not  with-held  them.   The  defire  of  preferving  that] 
which  was  left  them  made  them  defend  the  places, 
fire  the  aid  of  Roman  troops,  when  they  were  hard 
but  then  they  never  expofed  themfelves  to  make  ~ 
fight  in  the  open  field ;  and  as  foon  as  thofe  (alaries ' 
trenched,  fome  of  the  foldiers  went  ovet  to  the  enemy,] 
the  reft  jretired  whither  they  thought  fit. 

The  Turks,  having  thus  become  mailers  of  thofe 
made  incurfions  through  the  cowttry,  plundering  it 
fore;  and  extremely  incommoded  rae  Roman  forces,  wh 
continually  harrafled  between  them  in  the  eaft,  and  the  J 
*  in  the  weft  *. 

As  the  emperor  had  not  forces  enough  to  divide  the 
thought  it  of  moft  importance  to  preferve  that  parti 
dominion  which  lay  in  Europe,  he  employed  them , 
againft  the  laft  enemy,  who  threatened  Ccnftantinopk 
By  this  means  the  eaft  came  to  be  negle&ed  ;  and, " 
ftitute  of  troops,  as  well  as  garrifons,  was  expofe 
ravages  of  the  Turks  :  fo  that  about  the  time  that  1 
zoidln  made  his  efcape  from  Ainum,  the  affairs  of  tl 
try  were  in  dreadful  confufion ;  efpecially  about  the  \ 
ander,  where  the  Tu/ks  had  feized  many  towns  and  i 
ries :  but  John  the  Dejpot,  repairing  thither  in  time, 
chief  of  them,  and  fecured  Tralles,  Karyfter,  and 
vanced  places.    He  likewife  prevented  the  lofs  of 
donians,  thofe  expert  archers,  who  were  in  danger 
fubducd,  for  want  of  the  forces  which  had  been 
to  the  defence  of  the  weft.     The  Turks,  intimidate 
vigour  with  which  the  Defpot  proceeded,  fent  to  i 
>     their  prifoners,  and  demand  a  peace,  which  was  _ 
epprejfedly     But  while  the  emperor  by  his  arms  faved  towns  on 
taxa ;       he  loft  whole  nations  and  provinces  on  the  other,  hy  1 
tions  :  for  he  laid  fuch  heavy  taxes  on  the  Maria 
cellarians,  and  Paphlagonians,  either  to  pay  his  fore 
or  keep  thefe  people  in  fubjedion,  cauflng  them,  i 
time,  to  be  raifed  with  fo  much  rigour ;  that  he  qr : 
the  country,  and  obliged  the  inhabitants  to  delh 


The  coun- 
try de~ 
feucelcfi  : 


A.  D. 

1266. 


*  Pakh.LL  c.  5,6, 


*$9 


A.D. 

1267. 


thirteenth  Soltdn,  Kay  Khofraw  III. 

and  pat  themfelves  under  the  dominion  of  .the 
hopes  of  better  ufage  *. 
aflairs  of  the  Franks  likewife  requiring  the  prefence 
\  Defpot  in  Europe,  the  country  about  the  Meander,  at 
the  reft  of  the  eaft,  became  expofed  afrefh  to  the 
ations  of  the  Turks.     The  mountain,  defended  by  the 
"  Abala,  Kaafta,  and  Mazedon  :  the  once  famous  pra- 
»  of  Karia  alfo  lay  open  to  their  incurfions.     Trakhium%  isover-% 
Sfrabihn,  and  the  lands  lying  oppofite  to  the  ifland 
es9  which,  but  a  little  while  before,  had  been  reduced 
;  power  of  the  Romans,  were  become  the  retreat  of 
ay,  from  whence  they  made  their  inroads.    The  pco- 
abiting  the  northern  eoafts  of  Ajia  minor  (not  to  men-, 
'  i  within  land),  the  Mariandines,  Molinians,  and  the  2  **? 

Enetes,  were  ruined  to  a  deplorable  degree:  the         * 
i  of  Kromitus,  Amajiris,  and  Tios,  which  are  near  the 
nothing  left  of  their  ancient  fplendor;  and  muft 
deftroyed,  but  for  the  advantage  of  their  fituation, 
~  :  it  eafy  to  relieve  them.    In  fhort,  Anatolia  was 
-run  by  the  enemy,  that  the  Sangarius  ferved  as  the 
and  there  was  no  poffibility  of  getting  to  Herakle* 
This  bad  (late  of  the  eaft  was  owing  to  the  trea- 
the  men  in  command  ;  who,  that  they  might  have 
opportunity  to  enrich  thcmfelves,  made  the  empe- 
the  lodes  which  happened  in  thofe  parts  were 
Sderable,  that  it  was  not  worth  his  while  to  crofs  the 
them  :  which  falfe  report,  as  Mikhael  faid  him* 
'what  contributed  moft  of  all  to  its  ruin  z. 
8ver,  no  fteps  were  taken,  for  feveral  years  after, Tralles 
flop  to  the  progrefs  made  by  the  Turks,  till  ^|\.rrf*iS. 
ling  on  the  ruin  of  Karia,   Antiokb,  and  the 
ring  country ;  and  on  the  neceffity  there  was  of  (end- 
ure to  Kayftro,  Priene,  Milefus,  and  Magedon,  (ent 
his  fon,  and  aflbciate  in  the  empire,  with  a  con- 
Tarmy,  accompanied  by  a  great  many  perfons  of  di- 
In  his  march  along  the  Meander,  he  beheld  the 
•  Tralles  (X),   formerly  a  famous  city ;   and,  being 
■  with  the  beauty  of  its  fituation,  refolved  to  rebuild 
^ve  it  the  name  either  of  Andronicopolis  or  PaleoUgo* 
the  mafons  were  at  work,  they  found  an  oracle 
:e  of  marble,  declaring ;  that,  in  time  to  come,  a 


A.  D. 
1280. 


.  Liii.  c.  21,  22,28. 


*  Ibid.  1.  iv.  c.  27. 


^Tralles  muft  have     yet  the  author  has  not  taken  no* 
ruined  by  the  Turks ;     tice  of  (0  remarkable  an  event. 

prince 


-prWfc  fcemM  raifc  this  city  out  of  its  ruins,  and  hvM 
with  greater  magnificence  than  ever. 
Afajfe         ANDR0N1CUS,  applying  the  ora.de  to  rumfelf,  in 
*W*.      «f  the  long  life  vphich  was  promifed  to  ks  reftorer,  und< 
to  rebuild  it,  and  fet  about  the  bufinefs  with  great  < 
fiefs.'   But  this  oracle  was  no  other  than  an  fHufion, 
proved  die  death  of  ain  infinite  number  of  people, 
the  walls  were  finiftted  along  the  Meander ;  no  fetrtt 
3  5,000  came  to  inhabit  the  place.  However,  they  were 
*rerm  hi  their  howfes,  when  they  found  themfelve*  of  a 
den  befieqed  by  an  army  of  forks,  commanded  by  Mantd 
furaatned  Satyace  ;  which,  in  their  language,  fays  our  tyti 
figmfies  a  feong  man.     As  the  foil  afforded  no  fating?, 
there  wore  neither  fountains,  cifterns,  nbr  wells,  in  the  ^ 
Libadarius,  the  graftd  Cartulary,  who  commanded  there, 
Hot  What  to  do.     The  inhabitants  would  have  been  a 
though  reduced  to  eat  vermin,  and  even  dead  bodies, 
they  have  only  found  drink  with  fuch  bad  food*    Many 
for  thirft  (Y) ;  and  others,  to  avoid  that  death,  went  to" 
relief  from  the  cnemyi  Who  drove  them  hack,  or 

ibi  city        Those  within  relying  ori  the  oracle,  And  the  hopes 
!fr5      9   faearor,  the  forks  refoived  to  make  a  laft  effort ;  and, 
Jtroye  .  proac)1|ng  t^c  ^11,    under  cover  of  their  bucklers, 
k.    When  they  had  fixed  the  morings,  they  once  more 
moned  the  befieged  to  furrender ;  and,  on  their  ferula!, 
fire  to  the  wood :  a  breach  being  thus  made,  they  took 
city  by  ftorm,  and  put  all  the  inhabitants  to  the  fword. 
fore  this,  tjwy  took  Nfffa ;  which,  in  like  manner,  fell 
their  hands,  for  want  of  forces  to  relieve  it.     What  is 
ftrange,  the  young  emperor  was  at  Nyrnf>heum  all  the 
they  were  performing  thofe  two  exploits  :  after  which  they 
vaged  and  plundered  Anatolia  without  controul. 
Bithynia       The  forks,  encouraged  by  thefe  fuccefles,  crofled  the 
saMivafte.ver  Sangurius,  and  laid  wafte  the  country  to  the  Weft  of 
-A.  D.    On  this  news,  the  emperor  Mikhael,  raifing  all  the  forces 
1*81.  •  couldj  in  h#fte  fet  forward  to  flop  their  inroads.     "When" 
beheid  the  dreadful  defolation  which  they  had  made,  he 
ftruck  with  the  deepeft  anguifli.     On  this  occailon  he 
the  patriarch  of  Alexandria^  that  the  attempt  of  certain 
fons  to  ftir  up  his  fubjefts  againft  him,  by  condemning 
conduct,  had  obliged  him  to  negleft  the  care  of  the  provil 

(Y)  Could  not  the  Miander    fays  ran  through  the  city  ?  TOJj 
have  fupplied  them  with  drink  ?    ii.  part  a.  p.  67* 
or  the  dream  which  Dr.  Pocock 


t.^  Fouftimtb  $fik£*>  MaflMII.  \y4 

*es»  in  order  to  look  -to  bis  own  (afety :  and  that  the  go- 
vernors, to  whom  -he  bad  in*ruft$d  thofe  diftaut  pa,rts  or  his 
dominions,  bad  coaceajed  from  him  the  diftrefc  they  were  in, 
«feh4r  beCaufe  they  had  been  gained  over  by  prefents,  or  tb^o* 
few  of  being  punUhed  for  their  neglett. 

They  found  fo  great  a  quantity  of  fruit  under  the  tj*e$,7%*/tar* 
rfwtit  ferved  to  iiiWifr  we  half  of  the  army.     The  Tvrkstiers 
ijttkpd  a*  &ft  a*  the  emperor  advanced :  who  wanting  jfo^nqpcfapg 
ftoottiary  cofffenjenctes  for  purfoiag  tfren?  in  the  hilly  coun-"'* 
j  toes,  whither  they  bad  retreated ;  he  was  content  to  fccur? 
|hc  frontiers,  by  repairing  the  old  forts,  aod  building  new 
[ties  i*  thofe  places  wbere  the  9*ngariw  was  moft  narrow  and 
'frrdabk.  He  likewUe  gave  orders  to  fortify  the  river,  for  a 
umm  ipace,  with  trees ;  whole  branches  were  io  thick,  and 
[|kU  iaterjaiixftd,  that  a  &a]*e  qwld  not  make  his  way  tfc«o# 


■  MAS&UQ,  {ixmimcAG4?dtf><>yd&fl,  was  the  fo$  g£  A$r Fourteenth 
9JdJ&xKiylmvs9  fax  ol  Gayatho  Mtn  Key  Jffvfr*wf  t?v^  qfSo/ta*, 
At  preceding  Sobaas.    This  print*  had  but  Utd*  imtb^rkyMaA^ 
left  bun  in  the  dorataioos  which  Us  predeefflors  had  con- 

Sered  \skjfia  minor,  and  the  grtaUr  Armenia :  for,  in  ef* 
1,  thofe  ooimtrics  were  intirely  fubje<$  to  /*yA»  A*%6f, 
jran  whoa  be  received  the  inveftiture  of  fern  b.    Q'Jftri** 
fe,  who  gives  this  fhprt  account  of  him,  at  die  end  of  ag 
mikk.  relative  to  a  different  prince*  wguigns  the  time  n«* 
tber  when  he  began  nor  ended  bis  reign :  but  in  the  table  or 
lift  of  the  Soltans  of  RAv  c,  bis  death  is  put  in  687.    It  muftHej.  69/; 
be  ebferved,  that  there  was  an  teftftrcgoui*  of  one  jap,  at   A.  1>. 
baft  «f  loose  months,  from  the  death  of  K#  Kbo/r+w,  to  the   laf  Ik 
death  of  Aimed  \  and  it  does  not  appear  when  ^rgtf*  KhM 
inveficd  Mggud :  but  foppofing  it  to  fcaye  been  in  his  firft 
year,  or  683,  tbea  Majjmd  mm  have  reigned  but  four  or  fivf 
years  at  moft.  ' 

.  This  b  all  the  information  which  has  yet  come  to  ouzHisJfory 
hands,  from  the  oriental  hiftoriaas,  cpneerning  this  prince  \i^trfeff\ 
as  for  the  Greek  writers/  their  memoirs  are  fo  confuted  and 
isaperfeft,  that  we  can  deliver  nothing  with  certainty  from 
them.  We  find  no  more  relating  to  Rukratin,  or  Rokvutdfint 
than  what  has  been  already  taken  notice  of,  altho'  he  muft 
Have  reigned  feseral  years  after  his  brother's  expulfion ;  nor 
any  mention  of  Kay  Khofraw,  who  reigned  after  him  for  the 
fpace  of-eigh'teen  years.     They  tell  you,  indeed,  that  the  foq 

•Pakh.1.  vi.  c.  20,  21. *o.         bD*HERB.  p.  562,  art.  Maf~ 
ibud,  fiL  de  Mobsunmed,  ful>  fin.         *  Ibid.  p.  800. 

7  of 


«7* 


Tie  Sfeljtifcs  of  Rfltn. 


B.1J 


Obtains 
the  king- 
dom* 


c£  Azetines,  or  Azzo'ddtn,  who  retired  to  Conjtdntiruple, 
whom  they  call  Malek,  did,  a  long  tinic  after  his  i 
from  thence  with  his  father,  recover  his  dominions, 
cannot  pofitively  fay  that  this  Malek  is  the  Maflud  of  the 
ental  authors,  although  there  are  circumftances  in  his 
which  favour  that  opinion. 

The  hiftorian  who  gives  the  beft  account  of  this  mattef9j 
Pakhamir.  We  have  already  related,  from  the  fame  author, 
Malek,  whom  he  likewife  calls  Malek  Mafur  (Z),  fled,  along 
his  father  Azatines,  from  the  caftle  of  Aine  into  the  coi 
beyond  the  Eitxine  fea.  There  they  wandered  together, 
fome  years  :  till  after  the  death  of  Azatines  (A),  he 
the  fea  intd  AJia  minor ;  and,  arriving  at  Thymenum, 
the  favour  of  Argtoi,  Khan  of  the  Tatars.  B£  this 
he  became  mafter  of  the  county,  as  his  proper  inherii 
and  reduced  to  his  obedience  the  principal  Tufkijb 
manders.  But  Amur  (B),  father  of  Alif  having  gathered 
confiderable  army  of  Tatars,  fell  upon  Malek,  and  rcdi 
him  to  fuch  an  extremity,  that  he  refolved  to  go  with 
wife  and  children,  and  fubmit  himfelf  to  the  emperor, 
repaired  firft  to  Heraklea  of  Pontus,  and  then  to  Conflanti 
pie  *.  The  ftory  thus  far  is  related  fomewhat  differendy 
the  fame  author,  in  another  place.  He  there  fays,  that 
iek9  a  long  time  after  his  father's  death,  croffing  the 
flopped  at  Kqfiamona ;  where,  having  gained  the  good 
of  the  Tatars,  he  made  an  attempt  to  recover  hS  fat 
kingdom  :  but  having  been  defeated  by  Amur  (C),  he 
to  Heraklea,  jusA  thence  to  Conjiantinople  e. 

The  emperor  Andronicus,  who  fuccseded  Mikhael, 
it  agmin.  tnen  at  Nympheum,  Malek  left  his  wife  at  ConftantinopU, 
eroded  over  into  Afia.  But  when  he  was  near  Enaromit(t 
he  began  to  fufpeft  the  emperor's  friendfhip  ;  and  obfeni 
that  his  condu&or.had  too  watchful  an  eye  over  him,  co 
plained  openly  of  it,  and  quitted  him  ;  declaring,  that  if  i 
body  offered  to  flop  him,  he  would  repulfe  him  vigoroul 
He  retired  to  the  Turks ;  and  having,  in  a  fhort  time,  aaj  ' 
a  more  illuftrious  reputation,  and  more  confiderable  font 
than  he  had  before,  Amur  became  fo  much  afraid  of 
that  he  came  with  his  feven  fons,  and  humbly  fubmitted 


Driven 
tut* 


,  Recovers 


*  Pakh.  1.x. 


c.  25. 


(Z)  A  miflake,  probably,  for 
Idajut,  or  MaJJud* 

(A)  Elfewhere  it  is  faid,  a 
long  time  after  his  father's  death; 
which  mull  have  been  the  cafe. 

4 


c  Ibid.  1.  xiii.  c.  22. 

(B)  Called  by  others  Km 
and  Omer, 

(C)  Who  was  fettled  tkert 
about. 

(BJ  Or  Adrormtium. 

him 


£.  V  Fourteenth  Sottdn,  Mafl&cL  a  73 

Aim.  Bat  while  he  lay  proftrate  at  Malek's  feet*  to  implore 
clemency,  that  prince  reproached  him  with  his  former 
hery ;  and  having  taken  a  glafs  of  wine,  as  if  to  drink,  stays 
ided  his  hands :  on  which  fignal  thofe  in  waiting  drcwomer* 
{words,  and  flew  Amur>  with  his  fons.  , 

HoweVer,  one  efcaped,  named  Alt,  who  refolved  to  pe* 
Hfe,  rather  than  not  revenge  the  death  of  his  father  and  bro- 
ers*  With  this  view  he  gathered  a  confiderable  number  of 
irks ;  2nd  longing  the  country  after  the  manner  of  robbers, 
was  Malik's  Si  (torttine  at  length  to  fall  in  his  way :  for 
;his  horfe  ran  full  fpeed,  he  fell,  and  threw  his  rider,  VhoLJtai*  if 
the  fame  inftant  was  run  through  by  his  enemy*  Ah. 

ALI  was  fo  puffed  up  with  this  fuccefs,  that*  gathering 
line  troops,  he  began  to  ravage  the  Roman  territories;  into 
iich  the  river  Sangarius,  by  an  unforeseen  accident  (E), 
ere  him  admittance.  At.  the  head  of  this  account  we  are 
Id,  that  Alt,  and  Naftratius,  his  brother,  had  been  a  long 
he  with  the  Romans  as  hoftages:  and  that,  having  gained 
t  afieftiqns  of  iheTurks,  who  dwelt  about  Kdflamona,  they 
ttimitted  divers  a&s  of  hoftility  againft  the  people  who  in- 
ibited  towards  the  Euxtne  (csl,  and  the  river  Sangarius, 
ithout  daring  to  advance  farther;  but  that  his  ihfolence 
tttafed,  after  he  had  dain  MaUkMafur  (F)  (rather  Mafut), 
t  fon  of  Soltin  Azatines f. 

There  is  nothing  in  this  acc6unk  of  the  Greeks  inconfifl- 
it  with  that  of  the  orientals.   Oa  the  contrary,  it  feems  con* 

f  Pakh.  1.  x.  c.  254 

(E)  The  accident  Which  gave  ing  themielves  expofed,  by  this 
tf  a  pafiage  Over  the  Sangarius ,  alteration,  to -the  inroads  of  the 
B  this.  In  the  month  of  iW*rr£,  enemy,  withdrew.  .  A   month 
jkriVer,  deferring  its  fortifiqa-  after,  the  river  took  its  ufual 
to*,  made  by  the  emperor  M-  chanel ;  as  if  it  had  left  it  only 
VtlPaiiQhgtu,  refumed  its  an-  to  difperfe  the  gstrrifons,  and 
At  bed»  where  the  emperor  favour  the  incurfions  of  the 
if  man  had  built  a  bridge;  enemy  (i). 
d  although  the  river  Mtlan^       (F)  Some  render  it,  After  Mz* 
ok  its  place,  yet  it  had  not  lecMzfar  had JdsntSe  fin  o/So/^ 
fufneient  to  fill  its  cha-  tan  Azatines  :  bat  that  is  to  fay, 
Afterwards  the  Sangarius,  after  the  fon  of  Azatines  had  /lain 
g  greatly  fwelled  with  the  the  fon  of  Azatines,  which  is  ab* 
!,  changed  its  courfe  a  fe-  fdrd.  Betides,  .4//;  in  flaying Ma- 
fond  rijhe>  carrying  with  it  fnch  Uk,  flew  the  fon  of  Azatines ;  and 
Ivaft  quantity  of  gravel,  mud;  from  thence  it  was  that  he  grew 
N  earth, that  it  might  be  crof-  fo  elated  or  infolent,  as  to  ra- 
ted on  foot.    Thofe  who  garri-  vage  the.  Reman  territories. 
hoed  die  faid  fortifications,  fee- 

(1)  Pakhsmir,  I.  xiii.  c.  12. 

Mod.  Hist.  Yol.  IV.  T  firmed 


*74 

Malek, 
Mai2ud> 


finned  by  two  circumftances :  one  is  the  name  of  Mafiw% 
which  is  doubtlefs  a  miftake  for  Mafut,  as  the  £re£j  write 
MaJJM ;  the  other,  that  he  was  advanced  by  the  favour  of 
Arg&n  Kbdn,  as  k  appears  Majfud  was. 

We  mud  not  forget  to  mention  that  MaUk,  a  oonfidcnbk 
time  after  bis  retreat  from  Endromit,  feat  for  his  wife,  who> 
by  the  emperor's  content,  went  to  him :  but  his  daughter 
remained  in  hoftage  (G),  as  well  as  Conftantim  Malik  (H)> 
another  fon  of  Azatines,  who  had  been  baptized,  and  liwd 
after  the  manner  of  the  Greeks  g.  It  is  not  mentioned  it 
what  time  he  fent  for  the  Soltana :  but  k  muft  have  been  Ik* 
fore  he  obtained, the  kingdom,  in  regard  the  emperor  fttiibad 
died  the  year  before  that  event;  namely,  in  the  year  ia8j, 
s    MASSUD  was  fucceeded  by  his  nephew  KaykcbM. 


fifteenth 
Sol  tan,. 
Kayko- 
fcad. 


A.D. 

J  288. 


KATKOBAD,  the  laft  Soltan  of  Rim,  was  the  fon  <f 
Taramorz,  fon  of  Kay  haws ;  and  fucceeded  his  uncle  Mafit, 
under  the  authority  of  Gazdn  Kh&n,  who  confirmed  or  in- 
verted him  in  the  dominions  of  his  anccftors,  in  the  yw 
687  (I) :  but  having  revolted  againft  that  prince  fome  yem 
after,  the  Mogols  took  from  him  all  Ms  dominions  :  then  f«fe» 
ing  his  perfon,  put  him*  to  death  ;  and,  at  the  fame  time, 
end  to  this  laft  branch  and  dynafty  of  the  Sefjvkians  K 

This  happened,  according  to  the  table '  of  the  Se^Hit* 
princes  given  by  D'HerbeJot,  in  the  year  700  of  the  Hejni, 
or  of  Chrijl  1300.  The  Greek  hiftorians  make  no  menuW 
of  this  Soltan,  with  whom  they  had  no  affairs  r  the  Turk, 
whom  they  were  at  that  time  engaged  in  war  with,  having 
been  the  Seljik  commanders  ;  who*  taking  advantage  of  d* 
diftra&ions  caufed  by  the  Mogol  invafion,  threw  off  their  de- 
pendence on  the  Soltan,  and  fet  uo  for  themfehnes. 
Philantro- '  *N  order  to  reprefs  their  progR  9  in  the  Reman  territories* 
penus  re-  the  emperor  Andronicus  made  Alexis,  furnamed  Pbilantr^ 
tclt:  pus  (who  was  his  cup-bearer,  and  fecond  fon  of  Tarkoniatest 
the  protoveftiary),  governor  of  Afia  minor  and  Lydia.  P& 
lantropenus,  having  then  under  his  command  the  troops  of 
Kandia,  and  at  length  all  the  armies  of  the  eaft,  difpkyed 
fo  much  valour,  and  gained  fo  many  victories,  that,  duri&f 
his  government,  which  continued  a  Jong  tfme,  he  reftored 

s  Paku.  1.  xiii.  c.  «.         h  D'Hehb.  p.  240,  art.  Caikobad. 


(G)  She  was  given  in  mar- 
rtage  to  IJbak  Malek,  as  the 
reader  will  find  hereafter. 

(H)  Other  authors  mention 
but  one  fon.  Grcgorai  calls  him 
Alsdek  Shdb  i  who  is  more  likely 


to  be  thu  Conftantim  than  hbf 
fid. 

(I)  D'Herkeht,  in  another 
place,  p.  363,  art.  GazanKhaj* 
puts  it  in  70a,  .which  is  two 
years  after  the  end  of  his  reign, 
and  of  the  Sefvkii*  dynafty. 
(be 


C.  +:  fifteenth  Solta*  fUykpbad-  ^.5 

the  affirirs  of  the  empire  in  the  eaft ;  and  at  the  fame  tim^ 
for  his  great  liberality  and  addrefs,  gained  the  affe&ion  both 
of  the  Romans  and  their  enemies.     In  all  his  expeditions  he 
tcqjjired  much  wealth,  yet  gave  molt  away  in  prefents  and 
awards.    Of  this  we  {hall  give  an  inftance.     Near  Mela* 
4m  there  was  *  fort,  called  4the  Fort  of  the  tvjo  little  bills 
(which  oar  author  thinks  was  tKeancient  Didymion  of  the  Mi* 
Iffms))  where  the  principal  wife  of  Salampaces  before*men- 
ttoned,  who  was  lately  deceaied,  had  retired  with  ineftima- 
ble  treafure?.    As  it  was  not  poffible  to  tdke  the  place  by 
fera,  Philantrepewfy  making  u(e  of  art  to  gain  his  ends, 
1  thought  to  deceive  that  lady  oy  fecret  promifes  of  marriage. 
After  (he  had  reje&ed  his  propofal,   perceiving  that  there 
*er$  pofts  driven  into  a  little  lake  which  walhed  t£e  walls  of 
I  Ac  fort,  he  ordered  plank?  to  be  fattened  to  them,  with 
topes,  and  built  towers  on  th?m ;  at  the  fame  time  covering 
tjie  reft  of  the  lake  with  veffels  filled  with  foldiers,  and  en- 
fpnes  proper  for  taking  cities,  he  quickly  became  matter  of 
j.the  pfcee,  and  all  the  riches,  which  he  diftributed  among  his 
ifcllowers.    Thefe  perfuaded  him  to  revolt:  but  Libadarius,  jefeafgju 
governor  t>f  Neokqfirum,  Lydia,  and  Sardes;  marching  againft  Libada- 
fcim  at  Nympbeum,  he  was  betrayed  by  the  Kandiots  :  who,  rius. 
ieizing  him  at  the  head  of  his  army,  delivered  him  into  the 
lands  of  that  commander,  who  immediately  ordered  his  eyes    ^'  ^?* 
>,*>  be  put  out.     His  forces,  which  were  very  numerous,  con-    I29^ 
fifting  of  Turks  as  well  as  Romans,  fled ;  while  Libadarius,. 
;  with  his  fmall  forces,  made  a  great  (laughter  of  them. 

The  Turks,  fome  time  after,  to  revenge  the  fhame  of  this  Greek  af* 
defeat,  aflembling  in  great  numbers,  laid  wafte  the  whole/an miid^ 
country,  from  the  Euxine  fea  to  that  of  Rhodes.  To  put  a 
Jbp  to  thefe  diforders,  the  emperor  fent  over  John  Tarko- 
[mates  with  money  and  troops,  although  he  was  an  obftinate 
jjfoettor  of  th,e  fchifm  which  the/i  prevailed  in  the  church. 
fThis  he  did,  upon  a  perfuafion  that  a  duTenter  from  the  efta- 
[Hilhed  religion  might  love  his  country  ;  and  that  to  defeat 
I  the  enemies  of  a  (late,  depended  more  on  the  military  lkill, 
l^ttn  orthodoxy  of  its  generals.     In  effefi,  Tarkoniates,  by  s 

fjkis  conduit,  proved  the  emperor's  fentiments  to  be  juft.  He 
' trough t  the  fbldiery  to>  a  proper  regulation,  by  preferring 
poor  men  of  merit  to  rich  cowards ;  and  obliging  thofe  to  do 
4uty,  who,  prefuming  on  their  wealth,  defpiied  the  orders  of 
their  commanders.  By  this  means,  in  a  fhort  time,  he  raifed 
%  numerous  army,  and  equipped  a  powerful  fleet,  with  which 
le  had  fuch  good  fuccefs,  both  by  land  and  fea,  that  he  fooh 
Jtftored  the  affairs  of  the  eaft.  But  they  were  ruined  .again,  Relapfi 
by  the  negligence  and  bad  conduct  of  thofe  who  fucceeded  anew* 
T  %  him: 


%j6  Hijlory  of  the  Moguls  and  Tartars,       K  Vl. 

him  :  for  the  money,  appointed  for  payment  of  the  foldiers, 
being  mifapplied,  the  troops  dwindled  away  by  degrees,  and 
hid  the  country  open  anew  to  the  incurfions  of  the  enemy  \ 
Rt/e  of      '  Among  the  commanders  who  headed  different  armies  of 
Othman*  Turks,  and  invaded  the  empire  in  different  parts  at  the  fame 
time,  Otfmtdn  was*  orie  ;  who,  from  a  fmaH  beginning,  in  a ' 
few, years  laid  the  foundation  of  a  mighty  emprre,  tfhfch 
fofe  out  of  the  ruins  of  the  SeljiKan.    With  regard  to  this 
latter  it  may  be  obferved,  that  the  empire  of  the  Seljiks  edded  I 
properly  with  Cayatho'ddtn  Kay  Kbofraw,  the  eleventh  Soltan, 
who,  after  his  defeat  and  lofles,  in  Hejrah  641,  became  thdr 
tributary.  This  is  noted  by  AHy\feda  \  who  marks  Hejrah  551 
(A,  Z>,  r  1 56),  for  the  firft  year  of  Kilij  Ar/Ian  II,  which give* 
him  a  re'rgn  of  only  thirty-feven  years,  inftead  of  forty,  as  nt 
have  affigned  him  in  our  table  of  Softans :  that  remark  not1 
having  occurred  time  enough  to  correft  the  miftake  (K). 

h  Pakh.  1.  ix.  c.  9, 10,  14,25.  '  Abu'lf.  excerpt,  ad 

fin.  vitx  Saladin.  edit.  Schultens.  p.  57% 

(K)  It  may  be  proper  farther  Mm  Soltan  Sbdb :  that  this  latter, 

V  *  to  relate  from  Abulfeda,  that  Ki-  after  taking  Koniyab  from  Maitk 

Jij  Arjldn  had  ten  ions:  that  to  Sbdb,  went  to  Akfira:  that  that 

Kothbeddin  MaUk  Sbdb  he  gave  died  his  father ;  and  MaUkSbik 

r  Siivdj  1  and  Cajaria,  to  Nurod-  foon  after. 

BOOK    II. 

The  Hiflory  of  the  Moguls  and  Tartars  from  tbt 
time  of  Jenghiz  Khan, 

CHAP.     I.     . 

A  Defcription  of  Wcftcrn  Tartary,  as  dfoidei 
*  at  prefent  among  the  three  Branches  of  Mnngfy 
or  Moguls. 

Divifion  Y~^  RE  AT  Tatary  9  or  Tartary,  as  has  been  already  ob« 
*/Tatary.\Jr  ferved*,  is  divided  into  eaft  and  weft.  The  eaftenl 
Tatary  is  poflefled  by  feveral  nations;  who,  beinj 
fubjeft  to  the  Manchews,  at*  prefent  mafters  of  China,  go  b 
that  general  name.  The  weftern  Tatary ,  which  is  confider 
ably  more  extenfive  than  the  other,  is  in  like  manner  occn< 
£ied  by  a  great  number  of  nations  or  tribes  of  people,  whfl 
are  called  Manght  or  Mungals,  by  themfelves,  and  moguls 
Tatars  indifferently  by  other  nations. 

*  See  before,  p.  9. 

Thes* 


,*».-.. 


fci;        t      Sine*  JenfchfcKhfo.*         •  2?77* 

These  MungU  or  Mpguls,  after  various  revolutions,  &it  Proper 
rpf&  remarkable  of  which  will  be  related  in  the  following  MimgU 
hiftory,  became  latterly  divided  into  three  great  bodies,  under  cow^> 
Afferent  fovereigns.    One  retained  the  name  of- the  MungU     ^^r*jJ 
fimply;  the  fecond  took  that  q(  Kalkas;  and  the  third  af- 
{umed  the  name  pf  Aluths,  or  Eluths :  and  among  thefe  three 
flungl  powers  is  all  the  weftern  Tartary  divided.     So  that, 
at  prefent,  wefte/n  Tartary  <may  be  faid  to  fall  under  a  tri- 
partite diviCon :  however,  it  muft  be  obferved,  that  as  the 
country  of  the  two  firft  of  thefe  three  Mpgul  branches,  as 
yell  as  that  part  properly  called  eaftern  Tartary,  are  fubjeflt 
to  China;  therefore  feme  authors,  particularly  the  jefuits/ 
vho  have  given  us  of  late  the  hiftory  and  defcription  of  that 
empire,  divide  Great  Tartary  in  general  into  nearly  two  equal 
parts,  by  aligning  mount  Alt  ay  for  the  weftern  limit  of 
e^flern  Tartary.    Perhaps  it  would  be  better  to  divide  weftern  * 

Tartary  jntofwo  parts :  that  is,  to  make  mount  Alt  ay  the 
partition  between  them,  and  afcribe  the  eaftern  part,  com- 
prizing the  countries  of  the  Mongols  and  Kalkas,  to  the  do- 
JDinion  of  China.  But  in  this  cafe  every  hiftorian  may  do  as 
lie  thinks  beft. 

S  E  C  T.     I. 
Country  of  the  Mungfe  properly  fo  called. 

THE  country  of  the  MungU 9  or  Mungals,  called  by  the  Country  of 
European  geographers  Mongolia  (A),  is  bounded  on  theMungls, 
eaft  by  eaftern  Tartary  ;  on  the  foutfi,  by  the  Chinefe  wall/;  \ 

on  the  weft  and  north-weft,  by  the  Kobi,  or  great  defart,  and 
Country  of  the  Kalkas,  from  which  it  is  divided  by  the  Karu> 
or  limits  fixed  by  the  late  emperor  of  China  Kang-hi ;  and  on 
tjie  north  by  the  Kalkas,  and  part  of  eaftern  Tartary.  This. 
6  a  very  large  region,  of  no  lefs  extent  than  the  Tatary  juft! 
mentioned.  It  is  fituated  between  tlTe  1.24th  and  143d  de- 
grees of  eaftern  longitude,  and  between  the  38  th  and  47  th 
degrees  of  latitude  :  fo  that  it  is  in  length,  from  the  borders  ,    « 

of  eaftern  Tatary  in  the  eaft,  to  the  parts  over-againft  Ning-. 
bya,  in  China,  to  the  weft,  about  300  leagues;  and  about  • 

iaoo  in  breadth  from  north  to  fouth,  although  not  every-where 
fo  broad,  as  may  appear  by  the  map$  V 

*  Du  Halde  dcfcript.  China  &  Tartary,  vol.  ii.  p.  249,  261. 
Engl.  fol.  edit. 

(A)  It  mould  rather  be  called  guis9  or  MungU ;  and  fo  we  find 

Mmliftan,  or  Munglijlan ;  that  part  'of  Tatary  named  by  thcr 

is,  iq  the  MungU  or  Turkijh  Ian-  oriental  hiiiorians. 
guage,  the  country  of  the  flfo- 

;    ;  T  3  'The 


J 


ijt  Hiftory  */</&  Msgfafe  *fcf  Til-tars,        B.B. 

Proper  The  part  of  Tatary  Within  this  dMfion,  has  bdak  the 

Mungls     fcene  of  the  greateft  actions  performed  both  by  the  caftera 
country.     and  weftern  tatars.   Here  the  great  empire  bt  Jenghiz  JKAr, 
^-**iv—-'  and  his  fucceflbrs,  had  its  rife  and  feat :  here  the  empire  rf 
famous  for  Kifay  and  KaraMtay  Were  founded;  abd  here  the  t>refch* 
u&tonfn     empire  of  the  eaftera  Tatars,  or  Manchrws  (now  In  Jwf- 
feflion.  of  China)  had  its  beginning.  Here,  for  federal  ago, 
bloody  wars  fubfifted,  and  many  battles  were  fought,  urhfck 
decided  the  fate  of  thefe  monarchies.    Here  all  the  riches  of 
the  fouthern  Afia,  at  feveral  times,  were  carried  and  difi* 
pated.     Laftly,  in  thefe  defarts,  for  a  time,  arts  and  fdemts 
were  cultivated,  and  many  populous  cities  flourished :  bat, 
at  prcfent,  they  are  all  deftroyedb;   nor  do  any  figns  rf 
wealth  remain,  which  may  ferve  to  witnefs  the  once  opukflt 
condition  of  the  country. 
Mountains     These  territories  of  the  Mungls  are  full  of-  mortmains,  rf* ' 
andri<vm*  pecially  in  the  fouth  parts  adjoining  to  China ;  and  are  inter- 
fperfed  with  rivers.  Among  thefe  may  be  reckoned  the  Whang' 
ho)  which,  pa&ngout  of  China,  furrouYids  the  country  of 
Qrt&s,  and  then  enters  the  empire  again  in  the  province  of 
Sbenji :   the  SbantA,  which  enters  Pe-che-li  towards  the  fa; 
and  the  Sira  Muran,  which,  rlfing  to  the  north  of  the  Sbantu\ 
runs  eaft,  and  then,  turning  fouth,  pafles  through  Lyau-tong 
by  the  name  of  Lyau.   There  are  feveral  lakes  in  this  country, 
but  none  remarkable  for  their  magnitude, 
tHvifion        The  countries  of  the  Mungls  are  divided  into  feveral  terrf- 
i*to  ftand-  tories,  or  diftrifts,  according  to  the  tribes  which  poflefs  them, 
wrd*.        But  fince  they  have  put  themfelves  under  the  protection  of  the 
emperor  of  China,  they  have  been  diyided  into  forty-nine  & 
,      {bids  called  Shaffahs,  that  is  banners*  or  flandards,  under 
fo  many  princes  or  chiefs.    The  fituation  of  thefe  territoria 
may  be  confidered  as  they  refpeft  the  four  gates  in  the  great 
wall  of  China ;   viz.   Hi-fong-kew,    Ku-pe-kew,   Cbang-kya* 
kew  (thefe  three  in  the  province  of  Pe-che-li)*  and  Sba-heah 
hw,  in  Shan-Ji*  '     .  I 

firft    %        Passing  north  from  the  gate  Hi-fong-kev>  (B)  you  fixm  I 
courfe*       arrive  in  the  countries  of  Karchin,  Tunut,  Ohan,  Nayman, 

and  Korchin* 
Karchm.       K  ARCH  IN,  which  begins  at  the  faid  gate  (C),  is  divided 
into  two  diftridb,  called  flandards ;  the  moft  remarkable  placo 

b  Colieft.  Trav.  4to.  vol.  iv.  p.  367. 

(B^  Latitude  40  deg.  19  min.     of  London,   and    1140  eaft  of 
jofecoflds;    longitpde    i°   tV    Paris. 

3©"  weft  of  Pe-ting;  which  is         (C)  Karchin  figttifies  fhe  UnA 
1 34  eaft  of  F<rrof  1 1 1°  35'  eaft    tribe* 

kit 


C.  u  &*a  Jcnghfe  KWa.    .  Zy^ 

|  here  is  Cha&ah»Suberha*-HotunfJ>).    It  is  by  far  the  \*R  Proper    - 
\  belonging  to  the  Mungls ;  for,  as  the  prefect  princes  of  it  are  Mungls 
originally  Cbitufie,  they  have  drawn  thither  teveral  of  their  country. 
i  countrymen,  who  have  built  towjas,  and  improved  the  lands. x  -""V*^ 
\  Here  are  likewife  mines,  feme  of  excellent  tin;  with  large  ' 

■  forefts  of  fine  timber :  by  which  the  great  anoeftor  of  the  prefent 
:  family  got  irameafe  riches,  KarchU  is  42  great  French  leagues 
from  north  to  foath,  but  much  larger  from  eaft  to  weft :  and 
here  are  theemperor  of  China?*  fine  houfes  of  pleafune,  near 
which  the  late  kang-hi  frequently  hunted,  and  ufually  fpent 
•  his  fiusmer ;  especially  at  Je-fot  about  forty  leagues  from 
Pe*kmg*. 

KORCH1N  (E)  is  cfivided  into  ten  ftandards,  including  Korchin* 
Ae  countries  of  Turbcds  and  Ch*Ly%  or  Cbalayr  (F).  The 
principal  refidence  of  die  Korchin  Tatars  is  along  the  river 
$ueyler(G)y  and  their  pofleffions  extend  to  the  Sira  Mi- 
ren  (H) ;  bat  they  have  neither  fprings  for  drink,  nor  wood 
for  fuel,  which  they  fupply  by  wells,,  and  dung  of  cattle. 
The  principal  point  of  Turbeaa  is  Haytaban  Pira  (I) :  the 
Chatty  Tatars  dwell  by  the Nonni  Ula{K).  So  that  Kerchin, 
from  north  to  fouth,  contains  almoft  four  degrees,  extending 
fix  leagues  to  the  north  of  Jiaytahan ;  but  it  does  not  ex- 
ceed three  degrees  four  minutes  from  eaft  to  weft. 

The  country  of  Nayman  (L)  contains  but  one  banner,  or  Naymaju 
ftandard,  and  begins  from  the  fouth  fide  of  Sira  Muren ;  its 
principal  north  point  being  Topin-taL d  (M). 

c  Dv  Halde,  ibid.  p.  249,  &  feq.  d  Ibid,  249,  264 

(D)  H*un*,in  the  Manchew        (H)  Lat.  43*  37'  long.  6" 

language,  fignifies  city ;  and  Su-  y>4  eafl. 

her  ban,    a  pyramid   of   feveral         (I)  Lat.  470  I  j'  long.  6°  50' 

ftories.     Lat.  41°  33'  long.  t°  eaft.  Pira  fignifies  a  fmall  river, 

45'  20"  eaft  of  Pe-king.  as  Mmretty  or  Muran,  a  great 

{E)  That*  is  the  red  tribe.  one. 

(F)  It  is  written  ztfoja/ayr,        (K)    Ula    is    the    Manchenv 
and  Jelayr.  word  for  great  rivers.    Lat.  46° 

(G)  Lat.   46*  17'  long.  40  30'  long.  70  45'  eaft. 

22'  eaft  of  Pe-ting.     Note  that  (L)  This  country  begins  on 

the  latitudes  were  obfepred  by  the  Sira  Muren>  in  lat.  430  37' 

the  jefuit  miflionaries,  who,  in  by  obfervation,  long.  50  eaft  of 

1709,  10,  and  1 1 ,  by  the  empe-  Pe-king.    The  ancient  country 

ror  of  China's  command,  fur-  of  the  Naymans  was  from  the 

veyed  and  made  a  map  of  Chi-  river  Se/inga  to  the  Jeni/la,  Qby9 

ntf*  Tatary :  the  longitudes  are  and  lttijb. 

the  refult  of  their  geometrical  (M)  Lat.  410  15'  long,  4* 

«perationi.  4$'  eaft  of  Pe-king. 

T  4  OH AN 


OH  AN  is  chiefly  inhabited  along  die  river  Narhni  Pit*, 

where  fomc  rivulets,  as  the  Shaka  (N)  kol  fajl  into  it.    Oo 

this  fide  the  latitude  of  41  degrees  15  minutes,  are  fcen  the 

^^""^ruins  of  a  city  called  Orpam,  or  Kvrban -Suber ban- Hotun  (01 

V*"'      on  the  little  river  NichUut^  or  Nucbaka,  which  falls  into  d* 

7k/in  ifo.     Naytnan  and  0&m,   though  far  lefe,  are  j* 

much  better  than  Korcbin,  being  iaterfperfed  with  (hrubbj 

hills,  which  furnifli  wood  for  fuel,  and  abound  with  game, 

efpecially  quails,    Thefe  three  countries,  with  TurMa,  art 

fandy,  and  extremely  cold. 

Yujnet.    *    TV  MET  is  divided  between  two  banneret  princes,  \ 

inhabited  chiefly  beyond  the  river  Subarban,  where  occur 

ruins  of  Modun  Hotun  (PJ.    This  country  extends  fouthww 

to  the  great  wall  of  China ;  eaftward  to  the  palifade  indott 

Lyau-tong  (QJj ;  and  northward  to  Hatha*,  or  Hara  Paycbsq 

Second  2.  If  you  go  from  the  gate  Ku-pe-kew  (R),  you  enter  ajn 

tourfe.       the  territories  formerly  part  of  Korcbin  and  Onbidt,  but  noa 

converted  to  a  foreft,  where  the  emperor  hunts,  and  has  few 

ral  fine  fummer-hoqfes.    Farther  north  are  the  counmes  d 

Onhiot,  Kecbikten%  Parin,  Sbartt,  UcbA  Mucbin,  Arvkorcim, 

and  Abubanar. 

Onhiot.        ONHIOT  is  divided  into  two  ftandards  of  two  prince% 

on  the  river  Tnkin  (S). 
Faria.  'PAR IN,  divided  alfo  into  two  ftandards,  has  its  princi- 

pal habitation  (T)  on  the  Hara  Muren,  which  falls  into  the 
Sira  Muren.  This  territory  is  larger  than  Onhiot*  bnt  % 
other  refpefts  like  it,  the  foil  being  but  indifferent.  Tie 
princes  of  thefe  countries  are  allied  to  the  imperial  family  of 
Qhina,  and  are  regulos  of  the  firft  and  fecond  order  •. 
Kcchik-  KECHIKTEN,  or  Kefikten,  is  divided  into  two  fland- 
ten.  ards,  and  has  its  principal  habitation  (U)  on  4  final!  riwy 

which  runs  nprth-eaft  .into  the  Sira  Muren. 
tJcHu  UCHU  Mucbin,  pr  Utfi'.Mufm  (X),  has  tyQ  ftandanb 

Micbin.  along  the  Hulakar,  pr  Hulgar  Pira ;  its  prince  i§  *  prime  re** 
guloT  „ 

•  Du  Halde,  p.  249,  &  feq.  • 

(N)  Lat.  4t°   15'  long.  4?  (R)  Called  by  the  *#/<w 

*aft.  Kapki,  lat.  40°  42'  15"  long. 

(O)  tat.  410  2p'  long.   30  well  of  /V-i/»j ,  o°  39' 4"- 

30' eaft.  (S).  Latt  420  30'  long,  t* 

(P)   Lat.  41°  %V  long.  30  eaft. 

40'  eaft.  (T)  Lat.  430   36'  long.  *• 

[QJ  Tumtt,  Oban,  Haxman,  14'  eaft. 

and  Turbedjt,  or  Turmeda,  follow  (U)  Lat.  430  long,   i*  io* 

each  other  from  weft  to  eaft,  eaft; 

with  a  fweep  northwards,  and  (X)  Lat.  440  45^  long.  i° 

Jie  to  tip  north  of  Ua*-tQng.  xo'  eaft, 

1   :    - J                        *  *  —  SHARON 


ft  si  Site*  Jcnghfz  KblnJ  v  ^8< 

SB  A  ROT,  divided  into  two  ftandards  likewlfe,  is  .in- JVq&rr  . 
:  habited  chiefly  towards  the  confluence  of  the  Laban  Pira  (Y)  MnngU 
j»d  #r*  .Mar**.  «wfty.   , 

ARUK0RCH1N  has  but  one  banner,  which  refides  on y  —%-y 
jhe  river  Arukondukn  (Z)v 

ABUHANAR  has  two  ftandards,.  and  is  beft  inhabited  Abulia-  * 
about  the  Tool  Nor  (A),  or  lake  of  7**/.  nar. 

.  Within  this  fecond  dmfion,  going  almoft  due  north  from  Amy-  $£* 
Xu-pe-kcw,  one  meets  with  fome  towns,  and  the  ruins  of  fe**'"'*    '  ', 
reral  confiderable  cities,  as  lion  Hotun,  Poro  Hotun,  Kurtu 
iPaiba/Jun,  and  Cbau  Nsyman  Sum*  Hotun  (B),  all  upon  the 

£cr  Sbangtu,  or  Sbantu.    The  laft  of  thde  places  feems  tQ  Shahg-  ty* 
ve  been  the  city  of  Sbantu,  called  by  the  £%m^  Kay-pingt 
[fir,  whofe  ruins  Ger billon  few  in  1691 f,    It  was  built  by  r 

JfoMiy  A^Wn,  the  fifth  iWiun^/  emperor  (and  grandfon  of  •  i 

V^Wz  Afth),  who  removed  the  imperial  feat  thither,  in 
rcrder  to  be,  nearer  his  new  conquefts;  and  ferved  as  the  fun- 
fper  feat  of  his  fucceflbrs  in  China,  who  in  winter  refided  at 
\Khan-balik,  or  Pe-king.  It  belongs  to  the  country  of  for* 
tb'm ;  but  the  other  miffioners,  who  fiirveyed  and  made  the  ' 

map  of  Tatary,  take  no  notice  of  it,  any  more  than  the  reft, 
erf  the  antient  cities  mentioned  by  Marco  Polo,  and  other  early 
travellers,  excepting  Kerakoram ;  which  yet  they  were  intirely 
\  it  a  lofs  about,  as  will  be  feen  prefentlv.  « 

1 .  3.  When  you  pafs  out  of  the  gate  Chang-kya-kew  (C),  you  ?&><{  . 
water  on  a  country  which  was  conquered  by  the  emperor  ""sP* 
[Kang-hi,  and  is  his  property.  Thefe  lands,  and  all  the  reft 
j  along  the  Chinefe  wall  as  far  as  Hi-fong-kewf  are  occupied  by 
fanners  belonging  to  his  majefty,  the  princes,  and  feveral 
Xatar  lords.  Here  are  7^i/^/7fl/orjalfo  of  different  countries, 
r  janged  under  three  ftandards,  and  commanded  by  officers  ap- 
pointed by  the  emperor,  therefore  not  reckoned  among  thq 
$wty-nin$  Mwgl  banners. 

Farther  to  the  north  of  Chang-kya-krw  are  the  countries 
of  the  Mungl  princes  of  ifhacfit,  SonHot%  Sabahay,  and 
TvincMz. 

f  Du  Halde,  vol.  ii.  p.  335. 

IY)  Lat.  430  30'  long.  40  (B)  Lat.  420  25'  by  obferv*. 
io'eaft.  tion,  long.  o°  u/  weft  of  P&~ 

(Z)  Lat.  450  30'  long.  o°    Bng. 
2Veaft.  (C)  Lat.  400  51'  15"  lona, 

(A)  Lat.  430  *&  long.  o°    wfftof  PtUni  X *  32' 4*''. 
%V* 

WHAGHIT: 


t$i  Hiftory  4f  iht  Mogul*  ^Tartars,"       B.  ft 

Proper  WRACHIT  is  divided  into  twtf  ftandards  near  Ac  river 

Muagfs    (3ttttr*(D),  or  CMrin  Pita. 

comntry.  ;     SONHIOT  has  two  ftandards,  and  the  principal  habit* 

%m  ""V^tton  is  near  a  lake  (E). 

Abahay.  .  ABAHAY  is  divided  into  two  ftandards,  which  encamp 
atteat  feme  Jakes  or 'ineers,  Ac  fotrthermof!  whereof  is  dSd* 
Siretu-huchin(F). 

TVift.    *     TltlNCRUZ  eonkms  but  one  banner  or  ftaadard  nan 

chits.      *  the  Orgun  ASn  (G),  -or  mountain  Or  gun. ; 

Fourth  4*  'From  the  gate  <rf  3ha-M*kew  (H}  you  enter  on  the  cm- 

€9*rfe.  plot's  lands,  tn  this  country  Hihu  Hqtun,  or  KMkhtH* 
tun(i),  is  moft  remarkable.  Here  inhabit  the  chkfs  of  two 
Tatar  banners,  caSed  1Mb  Tutnet,  who  are  appointed  by  the  ! 

Khukhft  Amjperer.     ffMi  jffohm  is  the  capital  of  ill  the  country  of, 

Hotun.  the  proper  Mungh,  where  theempetor^  governor,  and  the 
kfttufktu,  or  Mgh-prieft  of  thofip  people,  rcfide. 

Beyond  the  territory  of  Hit  A  Hotun  lie  the  countries  of 
<he  Mungl  princes  of  KalkarTargar,  Maumingan,  Urat,  aol 
6ms. 

Kalka-         KALKA-TARGAK(K)  is  watered  by  the  little  riw 

Targar,    Aypaha  Miren,  and  contains  but  one  banner. 
MAUMIfifGAN(L)  has  but  one  banner. 

Urat.  URAT  (or  Ffotf)  is  divided  into  throe  ftandards,  and  if 

moftly  inhabited  along  the  river  (M)  Km&olcn  *,  or  ^uemhkn; 

Ortus.  TitE  Mungh  called  Ortos,  or  Qrtfy  (N),  are  bounded  on  the : 

fonth  by  the  great  wall;  which,  tn  that  part;  and  indeed* 
throughout  Shtn-fi,  is  only  of  earth,  and  fifteen  foot  high. 
On  the  three  other  fides  they  are  hemmed  in  by  the  mang-bo\\ 
or  yellow  river :  which  paffing  out  of  China,  near  the  fine ; 
city  of  Ninghya*  makes  a  great  fyeep,  and  enters  the  empire- 
again  near  Pawtt-chew.  Thefe  Mungh  are  governed  by  &■■ 
vera!  petty  princes  under  fix  ftandards,  and  pride  themfehres 
in  the  number  and  largenefs  of  their  tents,  as  well  as  multi- 

s  Du  Halde,  voL  it.  p.  264. 


(D)  Lat.  440  6'  long,  o*  45' 
*aft. 

(E)  Lat..42°  20'  7"  by  ob- 
fcrvadon,  long.  1  z8;  wed  of 
P.£-king. 

(?)  Lat.  440  long.  i°  31' 
weft* 

(G)  Lat,  410  41'  long.  40 
ao7  weft. 

(H)  In  SbaH-fi,  lat.  4op  27' 
]a*t<  weft  of  F eking  40  1  %'. 


(I)   Lat.  40°  497  long.  4* 

(K)  Lat.  41°  44'  long.  5° 

SS'- 
(L)  Lat.  41°  15'  long.  6f 

(M)  Lat.  49°  55'  byobfer- 
vatioa,  long.  6°  «o'. 

(N)  The  chief  point  of  thi» 
country  is  in  lat.  39°  30*  long. 

7°  3*'. 

teds 


&?;  $m*  Jcnghb  Kbit*  iff 

t&  <rf  tteaf  fiofitt.    Th«y  had  beyond  the  gr*t  wilf,  o&Ktlk* 
teW1**g~h*y  a  dtf  talfed  r*»,  wfetefcfitott»by  tfcerttarioMmgls 
ideteft  pretty  fctfge ;  though  at  ptdbftt  they  have  no  &mcoun"J* 
tfWkitog,  nor  tak*  any  dtiight  that  way  \  i*-v-*i 

ALtftotma  th«  fewtttd  tribw  or  branches  rf  xb*M*xgb  Limits 
Ml  a  wring  life,  yet  they  htfrd  tfufr  lefpeafot  limit*  Bant  fettled, 
fj  ciiftom,  beyond  *hfch  they  mart  tt»t  pafe  fefcttte;  ftrthb 
IMteittd  an  aft  Gf  hflftUity  among  them, 

CHAP.    II. 

Tie  country  of  the  KiMca  Mungls. 

OF  all  the  Mungl  nations  depending  Off  ^ftfoa,  the  TttikCtuntry  «/ 
numerous  and  famous  are  the  Katkds,  who  take  tfceir'**  K*k 
name  from  the  river  Kalka,  'written  alfo  Khalkha,  and  k*s* 
RtStt.  Theypo^above20oleajjuesofthecountryfrtmieaft 
bireft>and  the  banks  of  the  fineft  rivers  in  this  part  of  Tat  dry; 
flhey  dwell  beyond  the  Mungls  northward,  and  have  the  Ahttht, 
ItElufbs,  on  the  wefft.  Their  country,  according  to  Gerbilbn  the 
Mbit,  extends  from  mount  Ahay  *  in  the  weft,  to  the  province 
If  Mr  in  the  eaft ;  and  from  the  5 1  ft  degree  of  latitude  (A)  ttj 
fae  fauthern  extremity  of  the  great  KM,  or  defart,  which  is 
ktkoned  to  belong  therti :   for  they  encamp  there  during 
pt winter,  when  they  ftand  lefs  in  need  of  water;  which  is 
tardy  to  be  met  with  m  their  territories,  and  generally  bad. 

The  defart  above-mentioned,  called  Kobi,  or  Gobi,  by  the  Gnat 
Hbngb,  and  Sha-mo,  by  the  Chtnefe,  bends  about  China  ;  andKobi,  or 
k  larger  and  more  frightful  towards  the  weft  (B).    GerbUlon  defart. 
|ftfled  it  in  four  different  parts.    From  its  eaftern  extremity 
to  Ac  mountains  north  of  the  great  wall,  it  is  about  one 
biiidred  leagues,  not  including  the  country  beyond  the  Ke Hon  % 
trtrich,  though  thinly  inhabited,  efpecially  the  weftern  part, 
ibounds  with  water  and  pafturage.    The  KM  is  much  larger 
from  north  to  fouth,  and  above  100  leagues  over.    In  fome 
farts  it  is  quite  bare*  without  trees,  grafs,  or  water,  except- 
ing certain  ponds  and  marfhes  made  by  the  rains,  with  here 
tod  there  a  well  of  water,  far  from  being  good. 

b  Du  H*u>e,  p.  2 j 3,  265.  »  See  before,  p.  10,  &  feq, 

mAUaj. 

(A)  It  is  (aid,  p.  26$  of  Du  (B)  This  is  the  great  defart 
£«/<&'*  Hiftory  of  China,  vol.  2.  of  which  Mare*  Psl*  has  gives 
dtttthey  extend  from  eaft  to  weft  us  fuch  frightful  ideas  j  'aui  of 
»  degrees,  «nd  bet  5  deg.  and  which,till  lately, our  geographer* 
half  from  north  to  footfi,  had  but  very  im^erfca  aoefon* 

Th* 


Hijtory  t>f  the  Mogulj  d«rf*Tartars,      &  ffi 

-  -Tfes  A*/i*r  arc  the  defendants  of  .the  Mwgfc;  wfa 
•bone  the  year  1 368,  were  expelled  fih'90  to/fy«£-ii,(bund« 
of  die  Ming  .family  (which  the  Manehey>s  (uceeeded);  aad,igi 
1  treating  northward  beyond  the  great  defcrt,  fettled  chi% 
-along  the  dyers  Seling*,  Orhhon,  Tula,  and  AVr/on:  what, 
*ft*r  being  long  accuftomed  to  the  delicacies  of  China,  tfa| 
fefuriKd^  to  the  roving  and  fordid  life  of  their  anceftors  \    < 
T£*Kalka     The  Kalka  Pir%a  is  not  much  frequented  by  the  Kdfa 
K*a.        although  they  take  their  name  from  thence.   It  flows  (C)fro^ 
a  famous  mountain  called  Suelki,  or  SiuUd,  84  leagues  frt* 
Par  in  tt>  the  north-north-eaft;  and  64  from  Tfufikar,  tbl 
capital  of  fcaftern  Tafary,  to  the  wc(t.  After  pafling  throu^l 
a  lake  called  PwVr,  it  changes  its  name  to  Urfon%  andnn 
*  *  due  north  intp  a  forger  called  Kylon  Nor, 

fh  Kef-  The  Kerlon,  Tula,  Twit  qnd  Selinga,  though  lefs  htm 
loa.  .  for  their  prigin  among  thefe  people,  arp  yet  of  more  acoom 
for  their  clear  and  wholefome  waters,  abounding  with  trod 
and  other  good  fi(h ;  as  w$J  as  fpr  th$  fruitful,  large,,  ftp 
bopulous  plains  they  glide  through,  The  K^rlqn,  or  Kent 
hn,  running  from  weft  to  eaft,  falls  al£>  into  the  (D)  laki 
Kubn  Nor ;  which  difcharges  jtfelf  into  the  SagbaBan  Ok  I 
jhe  river  Ergona,  or  Argun*  trie  boundary  of  the  Mzncht 
empire  pn  that  fide.  The  Kerhn,  which  is  about  i&ty  fa 
broad,  and  not  deep,  waihes  the  richeft  paftures  in  all  fa 

fife  Tula.  The  river  Tula,  or  Tola  (E),  runs  from  eaft  to  weft, 
in  moft  places  is  larger,  deeper,  an<J  more  rapid,  than 
Kerbn ;  has  finer  meadows,  and  more  woods :  the  mount 
alfo  on  the  north  fide  are  covered  with  large  fir.  This  rivej 
having  joined  itielf  to  the  Organ,  Orkbon,  or  Ufkon,  wl 
comes  from  the  fouth-weft,  runs  towards  the  north;  ; 
after  being  increafed  with  feverai  others,  as  the  Selingha  PJmji 
at  length  falls  into  the  greateft  lake  in  all  Tafary,  called  Bap, 
kal,  or  Paykal,  in  that  part  of  Siberia  belonging  to  th$ 
Ruffians. 

b  Du  Haldb  China,  vol.  ii.  p.  259. 

•"'(C)  The  moft  fouth  part  is        (E)  The  Tola,  or  Tula,  called 

in  lat.  470  28'  48"  obierved,  formerly  Koll-*n-naer.    As  foci 

long.  30 ;  the  moft  north  part  as  the  karawans  from  Siheris 

hi  lat.  480  5'  long.  i°  48'  eaft  pafs  this  river,  they  enter  tht 

of  Pe-king.  territories  depending  on  CbiS 

.   <D)    Month  of  the   Kerhn,  Btntink,  afud  AbulgbaxJ  Kbh 

bt.  obfcrved  480  50'  24"  long,  bifl.  Turks,  &c.  p.  515,  &  fcq% 

f>p  45;  eaft  of  Pt-king.  Head  of  The  fource  of  this  river  is  about 

it  in  about  lat.  4?  long.  70  lat.  480  io'  long.  8°  ^  wet 
l&  weft. 
.  .  The 


tJ.a;  Sime  Jcnghfi  Kfiinr  iSg 

The  Tvn  Pira,  whofe  waters  refemble  thofe  of  the  KefhUi ?  Kalka 
makes  its  way  through  fertile  plains,  and,  after  a  pretty  long  Mungls 
courfe,  lofes  itfelf  in  the  ground  near  a  little  lake,  without*****?' 
appearing  any  more c.  ^  ~\.  'ml 

The  river  Selmgha  has  feveral  fource* ;  due  chief  of7Z#S*> 
which,  called  Werjb  Selingha,  iflues  from  a  lake,  named  bylinga, 
the  Mungls  KofogolfF).  Its  courfe  is  nearly  in  a  line  from 
fouth  to  north  through  very  fertile  plains ;  and,  after  receiv- 
ing many  other  rivers,  falls  into  the  lake  Baikal.  Its  waters 
are  good,  but  do  not  afford  plenty  of  fifli :  both  its  banks, 
from  its  fprings  till  within  one  day  of  Selinghinfloy  (a  city  of 
the  Ruffians  built  on  its  fouth  fide),  are  in  the  hands  of  the 
Mungls ;  but  the  neighbouring  country,  from  that  city  to  the 
lake,  belongs  to  the  Ruffians. 

The  Orkhon  above-mentioned,  formerly  called  KalaffkifT&e  OA- 
runs  (G)  north-north-weft  into  the  Selingha;   and  on,  its  Hon* 
banks  the  Khan  of  the  Kalka  Mungls,  and  their  khutuktu, ' 
(or  high-prieft)  ufually  make  their  abode. 

The  river  Jit  ay,  at  prefent  called  Siba,  has  its  fpring  to-  Altay,  or 
Wards  the  frontiers  of  the  Kalrndks,  or  Ehtths,  in  the  moun-Siba. 
tains  called  Uftun-lug-tugra,  to  the  fouth  of  the  fprings  of 
the  river  Jenifea ;  and,  running  from  thence  eaft-north-eaft,  1 

lofes  itfdf  to  the  north  of  the  jfoh',  or  defart,  and  fouth- 
fouth-eaft  of  the  fprings  of  the  Orkhon.    A  petty  Khan  of  * 
the  Mitngls  ufually  refides  about  the  Siba. 

The  TJan,  or  Jan  Miren,  has  its  fource  in  the  mountains  jan  M&- 
Which  crofs  the  Kobi~y  and,  running  fouth-fouth-eaft,  falls  intoren. 
the  Whang-ho,  on  the  frontiers  of  Tibet.    Two  petty  Khins 
dwell  on  its  banks. 

The  river  Argun  (6r  Ergona)  rifes  in  the  country  of  the£"£*  Ar- 
Mungls  (H),  from  a  lake  caSed  Argun  Dalay,  or  Kulon  Nor.  gun- 
Its  courfe  is  nearly  eaft-north-eaft ;  and,  having  run  about 
100  leagues,  falls  into  the  great  river  Amur*,  as  the  Ruffians 
cdl  the  Saghalian  Via.  i 

The  prince?  of  the  Kalka  Mungls  ufually  inhabit  the 
fcmk*  of  the  rivers  already  described,  with  thofe  of  Hafa, 

"e  Du  Halde,  vol.  ii.  p.  250,  &  feq.  *  Bsntinjc  ap. . 

Abulghazi  Khan.  hift.  Turk.  &c.  pi  £f  J,  &  feq. 

P{F)  Or  Kofikol,  called  alfo  is  in  lat.  about  49°  40'  long. 

Kutuktu-nor.     Kol,  or  Gfol,  and  1 50  20'. 

Nor,  Agnify  a  lake,  in  tbfe  Mungl        (G)  Source   about  lat.   47V 

or  Turki/b  languages,  which  are  long.  1  $°  weft, 
ioefeft  the  lame.     Its  fource        (H>  About  lat.  490  long,  i*" 

r  ;  30;eaftt 

"  :      4  or 


Hiftory  offfa  Mogul*:*  *rf  Tartars,  B.  It 
ior  Kara  Pi>a,  IUn  Pira  (I),  'which  falls  into  tkOrifo, 
Karaujir,  Ir*  Pir*,jPatarik  Pira*  and  the  7igur#  Pirn  (K), 
towards  the  fcwoeof  the  lrtijby  4nd  city  of  i/ami,  or  Khy 
lmil,  in,  LiVffe  Bukharia  c. 
j&/w  ^  Twke  were  fofi^lyfeveral  cities  in  this  part  of  TcHrj 
cities.  pofl^fled  by  the  Kaphas.  The  mUfioners  who  forveyed  Chufc 
Tatary,  by  order  of  :thp  emperor  Kang-ii,  met  with  & 
rofrs  of  a  large  jfquare  city,  two  leagues  in  circuit,  uaiwj 
Para  Ho*  P*y»  Hafcn  (L)>  jjm*  is  the  Tiger's  City,  from  the  aj  J 
fun*  tjia* :  animal,  "wjaich  was;  thought  a  good  amen.  Not  far  bm 
theoce  is  a  place  called  Jfcr*  tf^w,  with  a  faall  lake  aodbr 
fprfng)  m  a  fertife  plain  abounding  with  deer,  mules,  &t.  & 
wildo  There  may  be  other  roonuroeocs  in  thefe-  quarter)  4 
the  early  times  of  the  Mungls  under  JengMz  Khdny  and  J$ 
four  immediate  fuocejflbrs :  but  there  do  not  appear  to  be  ptf 
foQtfteps  of  Karakoram,  the  capital  of  the  whole  empfcf. 
during  that  time ;.  at  leaf*  thofe  jnriffioners  were  wholly  at  i 
lofs  about  it,  fuppofing  it  tote  Kara  Uffm  above-mcjitioiiej 
although  the  (Ituation  no  ways  agrees  with  that  which  atrial 
have  given  of  Karakoram. 
Karako-  However,  Gauiil,  a  jeftut  who  fettled  at  Pe-hmg  fan* 
nun  city,  time  after  his  brethren  return  from  Tatary,  by  confultingtkj 
Chinefc  hiftorians  and  aftronomers,  found  out  the  fituarioo  n 
that  city,  whkh  they  call  Ho-Un{lA).  It  was  in  being  befat 
the  time  of  JengMz  Khdn,  having  been  the  refidence  of  tfc 
Khan  of  the  Kara-its,  the  famous  Van  Khan,  orl/ng  Kbh: 
but  when  Jengbtz  Khan  took  it  from  that  prince  it  to  | 
very  inconsiderable  place.  The  conqueror  much  improved  \ 
and  his  fon'OAftzy  Khan  rebuilt  and  made  it  a  famous  dtyrV 
with  this  account  the  Cbinefe  hiftory  agrees8.  So  that  wbtt 
Abtflfarajy  who  fays  it  is  fame  with  OrdubMik,  affirms  tb< 
it  was  built  by  Oktay\  it  is  to  be  understood  of  the  impror* 
ments  of  that  prince,  who  made  of  it  a  new  city,  and  built* 
magnificent  palace  there,  in  the  year  1225  K    Yet  Rutrufitf 

•  Du  Halde  ubi  fupr.  vol.  ii.  p.  265.  f  Ds  la  Cmi* 

hift.  Gengh.  Can.  p.  27,  362.  *  Ap.  SoTcuT-obfcrr. 

mathemat.  Sec.  p.   186.  b  Hift.  dynaft.  p.  310,  320. 

1  Soucibt  ibid.  p.  192.    Abulghari  Khan  hift.  Turk,  fc 
P-3S+>Sl3- 

<I)   Refidence  of  the  khft-        (L)  W  48V  4*"  **«■*■ 

tuktu    of  the  Kalkas   on   this  49'  3c/f.    ' 
river ;  lat.  obferved  490  26'  47''        (M)  Latitude  obferved  byd* 

long.  io°  59'.  Tatars  44°  1  if  long.  10°  n'ty 

(K)  Lat.  obferved  420  53'  computation*     Spucitt.  obfem 

long,  220  23'  20",  mathem.  teV.  p,  185. 


Qo,  Xkce  Jenghte  Kb3q*  .  2*7 

the  miaorite  friar,  who  was  at  Karakoram  iff  H53#  (ays  ItKalk*  - 
had  then  only  a  mud  wail ;  and  that'  the  place  itfelf,  and  tbeM*ngls  , 
£han's  palace,  cooagpased  wkh  the  European,  were  but- boot  fM*«*57-  , 
buildings ;  however,  he,  allows  it  to  hav/e  been  very  populous/  Kmrm\rmmi 
sod  tp  contain  a  great jnany  palaces,  temples,  <bck. 

KARAKORAM. Road  K>  the  north  of  the  great Kofc nt*» 
or  £uidy  deiart,  and  near  the  lake  Kurahan  Ulen(U),  m^tedrw*«£ 
ky  the  jefuits  in  their., map  of  Tifcvy,, 'although  they  looted 
for  k  at  Para  Hatun,  ,420  miles  diilant  to  the  north-eaft.  It 
was  the  imperial  feat  of  the  Khans,  till  Sublay  removed  it  tp 
pang»tu  already  jrieottooed  ;  which  continued  to  be  the  place 
*  thsir  fummer  refjdenoe  as  long  as  the  'Mungls  were  in:pp£- 
"on  of  China :  but  affpr  their  e^ujfion,  about  the  year 
36ft,  it  is  probable  Katakoram  became  again  the  feat  of  the 

although,  according  to  lie,  Ja  Croix  f  they  refide<J  , 

fince  the  time  of  O&iay  {Jenghiz  Khan's  immediate  fuo  - 
)  at  Uhtg  Tart  (O),  a  city  not  far. diftant  l9  if  it  be, not 

ft  fene  place.    Here  .AIM  Tunur,  the  thirteenth  from  Kub- 
,  ^bended  the  throne  in  1405  ;  and  we  find  it  fubfifling  v 

the  dine  of  Aday9  the  fifteenth  fucceflbr :  but  after  thajt 
are  told  no  more  is  heard  of  Vlug  Turt  in  the  oriental 
5*      Yet  neither  the  time  nor  occafion  of  the  deftruc* 
k  of  that  city,  or  of  Karakoram,  is  mentioned  by  any  hifb> 
^  1  yet  known  to  u$.  , 
I  TAT  ART,  according  to  Regis  the  jefuit,  abounds  vi\\k$tortof 
m forts  of  game,  even  of  the  kinds  common  in  Europe;  Z6gam. 
lares,  phealants,  deer,  and  the  like :    the  yellow  goats  are 
Wdom  feen  in  the  plains,  except  in  large-herds.     They  are  of 
|fce  ftapc  and  fize  pf  common  goats,  only  their  hair  is  yellow, 
Jnd  not  fo  imooth  :  they  are  likewife,  extremely  fleet,  which  * 
feftkes  it  difficult  to  cat^h  them.     The  wild  mules  go  in  final]  #^ 
(wis,  but  are  not  like  the  tame  ones,  nor  can  be  brought  to**^'*' 
jprry  burthens.  Their  flefli  is  of  an  agreeable  tafte ;  and,  in  the 
$pak>n  of  the  Tatars,  as  nourishing  and  wholefome  as  the 
*ild  boar's  (P).     This  laft  animal  frequents  the  woods  zxAWildhmr* 
■  plains 

.  *  Purch.  pilgrim,  vol.  iii.  p.  39.  '  Hill.  Genghis  Can, 

f386.  »  Ibid.  p.  401. 

(N)  That  city,  by  the  lati-  the  Kobi   from  north-weft   to 

fide,  as  well  as  this  lake,  flood  fouth-eaft. 

nthcr  in  the  midft.of  the  Kobi9  (O)  Vlug  Turt  fignifies  the 

4tt  the  river  Onghin  (which  runs  great  city, 

fctttheaft  into  the  faid  lake), and  (P)  Gerbif/oxt  in  his  fecond 

kbout  50  ibilcs  Tiorth-eaft  of  a  joarney  into  Tatary,  faw  a  young 

(ham  of  mountain  j  which  croft  wild  »uk,  of  a  kind  which  pro* 

\  p  agate*. 


Hijlory  of  tBe  Moguls  and  Tartml      B.$ 

plains  teydiid  the  river  Tula,  and' is  traced  by  the  earth  k 
turns  up  to  coihe  at  the  roots  on  which  it  feeds. 

The  Wild  hoMe,  and  dromedary,  which  is  a  native  of  tha 

N  r      j*e&on>  dre  ^e  *e  tame.    *Thefe.  are  found  chiefly  in  the 

^r^Vf  weftern  parts  of  great  tatary,  although  fometimes  they  art 

ritn,  •       toet  ^^  m  *e  territories  of  the  Kalkas,  bordering  on  JO* 

Mil  in  LittU  Bukharia.    The  wild  hoifes  go  in  large  droves; 

and  when  they  meet  with  tame  ones,  fuifound  and  Force  dm 

away :  they  are  (o  very  fleet,  that  the  fwifteft  hunters  canti* 

dom  reach  them  with  theii1  arrows. 

TbeHd*t**     The  Hautehan  is  an  animal  which  rdfetables  an  elk :  the 

b*n.         miflioners  law  fome,  which;  when  killed.  Were  bigger  tbi 

the  largeft  ox.     They  are  found  dnly  In  particular  diftrifb 

about  mount  Suelki,  in  boggy  grounds,  Where  they  deligta 

to  refort;  and  are  very  eafily  killed,  their  great  weight  p* 

venting  their  flight* 

Tht  chili-      The  chulon,  or  chelifon,  is  about  the  fee  of  a  wolf,  asl 

/on.         Teemed  to  Regis  a  fort  of  lynx.    It  has  long,  foft,  and  thkk 

hair,  of  a  greyifh  colour ;  and  their  furs  are  valued  at  tk 

courts  both  of  China  a&d  RuJ/ia,  which  laft  abounds  vita 

them. 

TATARX  is  infefted  with  tigets  ahd  leopatds.  The  tigea 
found  eaftwafds  are  furprfeingly  large  and  nimble.   Tbdt 
n         w  flcins  are  commonly  of  a  fallow  red,  (taped  with  black  lib[ 
£bme  are  white,  with  black  and  grey  lifts.     The  fkins  of  d* 
leopards  are  whitifh,  f potted  with  fed  arid  black.    Althou£ 
.they  have  the  head  and  eyes  of  tigers,  they  are  not  fo  tag} 
and  have  a  different  cry. 
Dttr        v   The  deer,  which  multiply  exceedingly  in  the  defarts  lol 
hunting*    forefts,  differ  in  colour,  bignefs,  and  flikpe  of  their  fcon* 
according  to  the  different  quarters  of  this  vaft  region;  an| 
fome  are  like  the  deer  of.  Europe.    One  way  of  hunting  the* 
termed  the  ftag-call,  is  thus :  the  huntfmen,  carrying  iboc 
ftags-heads,  counterfeit  the  cry  of  the  hind,  Which  brings  the 
w  largeft  flags  towards  the  place  from  whence  they  hear  tM 

try  :  they  then  flop,  and  look  abotft ;  till,  perceiving  the  flap 
heads,  they  tear  up  the  ground  with  their  horns,  and  im- 
mediately run  forward,  but  are  fhot  by  fame  Who  Be  in  4a* 
bufh.  The  emperor  Kang-bi  took  great  delight  in  this  <B 
Horfes.  cYerfion.  The  intrepidity  of  Tatarian  horfes  in  encountering] 
tigers  is  furprizing;  and  yet  it  is  owing  wholly  to  ufe:  for  | 

pagates.    This  was  a  female,  hoofs  and  feet  uncloven,  12w 

fial  large  ears,  a  long  head,  thofc  of  other  mules.   Colled, 

{lender  body,  and  long  legs ;  voyag.  &  traY*  quart,  vol.  iVn 

its  hair  was  alh- colour,  a#d  its  p.  636, 


C  2.'  Since  Jenghiz  Khan."  '289 

they  are  as  fearful  of  them  at  firft  as  other  horfes.     The    Kalka 
Mungls  are  very  expert  in  taming  and  breaking,  as  well  as  Mongls 
Wching  them  running,  with  the  flip-knot  of  a  cord.     They  <w»try. 
tonderftand  their  diftempers,  but  ufe  fuch  remedies  ai  would  '— ~v~*J 
no  more  agree  with  the  horfes  of  Europe,  than  their  foods. 
They  are  of  a  middle  fize,  yet  forae  are  large  as  well  as 
;  finall;  but  the  Tatars  wifely  prefer  ftrength  and  hardinefs  to 
ether  hrge&efs  Or  beauty. 

The  Kalkas  are  not  rich  in  fable  (kins,  but  have  plenty  of  The  taeU 
fquirrelS)  foxes,  and  a  creature  as  fntfell  as  an  ermine,  called/*. 
•  *ttel-pe;  of  whofe  fkins  at  Pe-kihg  they  make  mantles  to  keep 
lent  cold.  Thefe  animals  are  a  kind  of  land  rats,  and  dig  in 
vthe  earth  a  range  of  as  many  litde  holes  as  there  are  males  in 
^Vhc  company ;  one  of  whom  always  keeps  watch  above,  but 
^  flies  under-ground  at  any  body's  approach.  When  the  hunters 
\  difcover  their  neft,  they  furround  it ;  and,  opening  the  earth 
*4n  two  or  three  places,  throw  in  flaming  draw  to  frighten 
tikem  out :  thus  they  tak$  great  numbers,  which  makes  their 
(ion  cheap. 

*'  The  rivers  in  the  country  of  the  M ungls  do  not  afford  Tbtjijbi 
:*hy  great  variety  or  plenty  of  fiih,  like  thofe  of  eaftern  7a- 
^jUry.  The  fiurgeon,  which  they  fometimes  find  in  the  Tula, 
■tomes  from  the  lake  BaykaJ;  and  the  Urfon,  falling  into  the 
*.9aghalian  Ula,  or  Amur,  receives  from  thence  the  fifti  which 
■  tl  found  in  the  eaftern  rivers.  In  the  fame  river  you  meet 
llrith  an  amphibious  animal  called  Turbegha,  refembling  an 
letter ;  but  the  flefti  is  tender,  and  almoft  as  delicious  as  that 
of  the  roe-buck n. 

••  As  to  uncommon  birds,  there  are  bred  vaft  quantities  of  Sbonkat 
t)la  extraordinary  beauty  in  the  plains  of  grand  Tatary,  That&W. 
iihentioned  by  Abtflghazi  Kh&n  °  feems  to  be  a  kind  of  heron, 
jjj^hich  is  found  in  the  country  of  the  Mungls  towards  the 
jtrontlers  of  China.  It  is  all  over  white,  except  the  beak, 
firings,  and  tail  (Q^ ) ;  which  are  of  a  very  fine  red.  The  flefh 
ffe  very  delicious,  and  taftes  fomewhat  like  that  of  the  wood- 
vicn.  However,  a«  the  bird  which  that  author  fpeaks  of  is 
i  tery  rare,  Bent  ink  thinks  it  may  be  the  ftork,  which  is  very 
t  fcarce  all  over  Rujfia,  Siberia,  and  great  Tatary  :  yet  fome  are 
[fcund  in  the  Mungls  country  near  China,  which  are  for  the 

[     »  Dtr  Halde's  China,  &c.  vol.  ii.  p.  255..  °  Hift, 

Turks,  &c.  p.  37,  8c  86.  p  Ibid.  p.  500,  &  feq. 

I  \  (QJ  Abulgbaxi.  Khan  fays,    and  p.  86,  that  the  head,  feet, 
!  in  his  hiftory,  p.  37,  that  the    bill,  and  eyes  are  red. 
fat,  eyes,  and  bill  are  red; 

Mo».Hxst.Vol.IV.  U  general 


2go  Hiftory  of  tie  Moguls  and  Tartars,     *  B.IL 

Elftth    general  all  over  white  '.  -As  Abu'lghazi  Khan  fcys,  this  bird  * 
Mungls  called  ftxungar  in  the  Turkijb  language  (and  fcratzihet  by  the 
country.  Ruffians) ,  it  is  doubtleis  the  fame  with  the  fhonkar,  which  was 
'presented  *>  Jenghm  Kbdn  by  the  ambafladors  of  KfrUk. 
On  this  occafion  we  are  told,  that  the  ihonttar  is  a  bird  of 
prey,  prefented  to  kings,  adorned  with  precious  ftones,  as* 
mark  of  homage ;  and  that  the  Rvffians,  as  well  as  Krm  7i- 
tars,  ate  obliged,  by  their  laft  treaties  with  the  Othman  Turk, 
to  fend  one  every  year  to  Conftantinofclc,  adorned  with  a  <w- 
taia  number  of  diamonds q. 


ttuntrj. 


CHAP.     III. 

•    Tbi  Countries  belonging  to  the  Eluths,  or  Elu&j 

Mungls.  ""  j 

TH  E  countries  belonging  to  the  Ahths,  or  Ehiths,  nick*  j 
named  Kalm&ks,  are  to  be  confidered,  as  that  nation 
is  at  prefent  divided  into  three  branches,  viz. 
D/ongari  or  Jongari,  the  Kqfboti>  and  the  Torgautu 
Erath  Jon-  1.  The  Eluths  Jongari,  wh*  are  the  moft  confide 
garyV  branch  of  the  three,  poflefs  the  larger  hatf.of  what  Eu 
ans  call  the  weftern  Tatary  :  extending  from  the  Cafpiani 
amf  river  Ja'A9  in  72  degrees  of  lortgitude,  from  Ferro, 
mount  Altay,  in  1 10  degrees ;  and  from  the  40th  to  the  j:d 
degree  of  latitude.  Whence  it  may  be  computed  about  193 
miles  in  length,  from  weft  to  eaft ;  and  in  length,  at 
from  fouth  to  north,  650  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  nortkj 
by  Rvffta  and  Siberia,  from  which  it  is  feparated  by  a  cha 
df  mountains ;  on  the  eaft  by  mount  Alt  ay ;  on  the  fouth  I 
the  countries  of  Karazm  and  the  two  Bukbdrias  (A) ; 
which  alfo  it  is  feparated  partly  by  another  chain  of  mo 
tains,  and  fome  rivers,  particularly  the  Sir ;  and  on  the  wA\ 
by  the  river  Ja'ik  and  the  Caffrian  fea  :  or  rather  by  Turkcftfa^ 
which  lies  between.  •  j 

There  are,  in  the  country  of  the  Eluths  or  Kdmiks+i 
three  confiderable  chains  of  mountains*  viz.  the  Tubra  Tu- 
bujluky  the  Ujkunluk  Tugra,  and  the  Altay.     The  firft,  whidtj 
•  makes  its  northern  frontier,  and  is  called  alfo  Ulvgtig,  or  the 
great  mountain,  begins  at  the  eaftern  bank  of  the  Irti/b,  tfr 

p  Hift.  Turks,  p.  500,  &  feq.        *  De  la  Croix  hift.  Timor 
Bee,  vol.  i.  p.  350. 

(A)  Little  Bukharia%  though     yet  under  the  doaniaion  ef  thr 
Out  «f  the  bounds  of  Tatary,  is    Khau  of  the  Eluths. 

the 


Moun- 
tains. 
Tubra- 
Ubuiluk 


C$;  Since  Jehghiz  Khan.' 

(he  north  of  the  lake  Say/an,  through  which  that  river  pafles, 
and  runs  due  eaft,  as  far  as  the  Selinga,  which  it  coafts  north- 
ward, to  the  lake  Baykal:  then  turning  eaftj  it  proceeds  to 
At  Amur,  or  Saghalian  Ula,  about  Nerchinfloy ;  and  follows ' 
the  courfe  of  that  river,  on  the  north  fide,  to  the  eafteriv- 
ocean. 

The  fecond  branch,  called  Ujkunluk  Tugra,  bears  alfo  theUflcunluk 
name  of  Kichik-t&g,  or  the  little  mountain  :  it  commences  in  Tugra* 
the  confines  of  Turkejl&n  and  Great  Bukh&ria,  to  the  fouth  of 
the  river  Sir ;  and  running  nearly  eaft,  makes  the  bounds  be- 
tween Great  Bukh&ria  sfad  the  country  of  the  Eluths.  It  con- 
tinues its  courfe  on  the  fame  line,  till,  arriving  to  the  fouth  of 
the  fprings  of  the  Jenifea,  it  ftrikes  off  to  the  fouth-eaft ;  and 
falls  in  with  the  frontiers  of  China;  as  far  as  the  province  of 
Lyau-tong.  There  making  an  elbow  to  the  riorth-eaft,  it  fe- 
parates  that  province,  and  Korea,  from  the  country  of  the 
Mungls ;  and  ends  at  laft  on  the  fliore  of  the  fea  of  Japan, 
about  the  4 2d  degree  of  latitude. 

The  mountain  Alt  ay  (by  fome  called  Kdtay,  and  in  Ab#U Mount 
gbazi  Ki&n's  hiftory  Kut)  is  a  branch  of  the  Ujkunluk  Tugra,  Altav$ 
taking  its  rife  to  the  weft  of  the  fpring  of  the  Jenifea.     It  , 
runs  almoft  in  a  ftrait  line  from  fouth  to  north ;  constantly 
jnarching  along  the  weftern  bank  of  that  great  river,  at  a 
diftance  of  one  or  two  days  journey,  ,till  it  joins  the  Tugra 
Tuhjluk,  in  about  50  degrees  of  latitude. 

For  all  this  region  of  the  Eluths  is  bounded  by  mountains,  Rivers; 
yet  it  is  watered  by  very  few  rivers  which  defcend  from  them. 
The  moft  confiderable  known  to  us  are  the  Tekis,  and  Hi  (B),  Tie  Tekij 
the  Cbui,  and  Tolas.   According  to  the  Jefuits  map,  the  7V-  andVi^ 
Ms  rifes  in  the  mountain  bounding  Little  Bukhdria  on  the 
north  (C) ;  and  having  run  about  70  miles  north-eaft,  falls, 
by  feveral  mouths,  into  the  Hi,  which  has  its  fource  in  the 
feme  hills,  and  runs  north-weft  about  1 50  miles  :  .then,  fhap- 
ing  its  courfe  north  1 50  miles  farther,  falls  into  the  lake  Pal* 
kati  (D),  in  about  48  degrees,  of  latitude.     On  this  river  the 
Khan  of  the  Elut Arenas  his  chief  refidence  or  camp,  which  is 
tailed  Harkas,  or,  as  others  fpell  it,  Urga. 

The  Chui  and  Tolas,  according  to  the  fame  map,  defcend  Chui  ant 
from  the  above-mentioned  mountain  ;  and  running  north-weft Talas% 

(B)  Bentink  makes  them  the        (C)  Which  feems  to  be  the 
$&*/  and  Jallajb,  mentioned     Ujkunluk  Tugra. 
VLAbuhbani  Khan's  hift.  of  the        (D)    In  Strabknbergs    map 
Turks,  &c.  p.  33.    But  the  mif-    named  Cbui. 
fioncrs  map  makes  the  Tallajh 
defcend  from  the  other  two* 

U  %  about 


b$2  tliftory  of  the  Moguls  and  Tartars,      R II. 

Eiuth    aftotit  i$o  leagues  each,  fall  into  different  lakes,  the  Cbui  in- 
Mungls  toKalkol,  and  the  Talas  iuto  Sikirlik  Nor  *. 
country.       Besides  the  rivers  already  defcribed,  we  meet  with  none 

^^v^^of  any  great  note,  except  the  Irtijb ;  nor  does  more  than  a 
part  of  it  run  through  this  country. 

TZrlitiih.  This  river,  which  is  the  moft  confiderable  in  the  north 
of  Afia,  hath  its  rife  (E)  from  two  lakes,  thirty  miles  afnn- 
der ;  in  about  45  degrees  1 5  minutes  of  latitude,  and  1 13  of 
longitude,  on  the  weft  fide  of  mount  Altay,  and  to  the  north 
of  the  province  of  Kbamil,  or  Hami,  in  Little  Bukbaria,  in- 
clining to  the  eaft.  The  riyers  formed  by  them  run  weft* 
ward.  The  northern  ftreara  is  called  Khar  Irtijb  ;  the  fouthem 
Khor  Irtijb  :  and,  about  30  miles  diftance  from  their  fources 
uniting,  form  the  river  called  Irtijb,  Irtis,  or  Ercbis,  as  tht 
Ehtths  pronounce  it.  This  river,  having  run  weft  about  50 
leagues,  makes  the  lake  Sayjan  (+),  that  is,  of  tbe  nobility ;  40 
miles  long,  and  20  broad,  Paffing  out  of  the  lake  it  turn 
northward,  as  far  as  Ujlamen,  the  firft  Ruffian  fort  and  fa* 
tlement  on  this  river>  in  the  borders*  of  the  Elutbs  country  01 
that  fide.  The  reft  of  the  Irtijb  belongs  to  Siberia  ;  where^ 
after  paffing  by  the  capital  Toboljkoy%  it  joins  the  Obi,  a  little 
above  Samara. 

Tie  Obi.  STRAHLENBERG  places  the  fources  of  the  Obi,  or 
Ubi  (F),  alfo  in  the  country  of  the  Elutbs.  It  is  fortned  like 
the  Irtijb,  by  the  confluence  of  two  rivers,  the  Khatun  and 
-  Ba,  from  which  laft  it  derives  its  name.-  The  Ba,  or  Bi,  taker 
its  beginning  in  a  lake,  to  which  that  author  gives  the- nam* 
jAltun  Nor,  Altun  Kurke,  Altin,  and  TeUJkoy ;  perhaps  the 
fame  called  in  the  Jefuits  map  Kirkir.  But  both  maps  fcea 
to  have  been  made,  in  this  part,  from  very  uncertain  reports. 

Soil  and        The  vaft  region  ofTatary,.  being  fituated  under  the  fioel 

froduce.  dimate  in  the  world,  is  every-where  of  an  extraordinaif 
goodnefs  and  fertility.  But  though  almoft  all  the  great  li- 
vers of  Afia  have  their  fprings  in  the  mountains  of  this  coun- 
try, yet  the  land  being  perhaps  the  higheft  any-where  oa 
earth,  it  is,  in  feveral  parts,  deftitute  of  water;  fo  that  it  b 
inhabitable  only  near  the  river3  and  lakes.  Verbieft,  the  Jfr 
fuit,  in  the  country  of  the  Mungls,  about  80  leagues  to  the 
north  of  the  great  wall,  towards  the  fpring  of  the  river  for* 
ga,  found  the  ground  to  be  3000  geometrical  paces,  or  three 
miles,-  higher  than  the  fea-coaft  neareft  Peking.   Hence  it  it 

•  Hilt.  Turks,  &c.  p.  522,  524,  526. 

(£)  In  about  lat.  46°  4!  long.        (F)  Source  in  about  ht.  49* 
21°  30'  weft  of  Pe-king.  30'  loi  J.  1 8°  y*f  weft-    • 

(+)  Alio  Korzana,  by  the  Ruf- 
/sans.  ...  that 


C.  3*  *      .  '  Since  Jenghfe  Khan."  393 

that  Great  Tatary  appears  fo  much  colder  than  other  couur    Eliith 
tries  in  the  fame. latitude.     Our  author  was  even  affured,  by  Munglt 
perfons  of  credit,  who  had  travelled  there,  that  in  Midfummer  ccuntry, 
the  nofth-eaft  wind  is  fo  piercing,  that  one  mull  cover  him-  *    ***"  ** 
felf  well  in  the  night ;  and  often  in  Auguft  one  night  produces 
ice  the  thicknefs  of  a  crown-piece,  and  fometimes  of  two. 
Nay,  dig  where  you  will,  in  fummier,  in  the  country  of  the 
Mungls,  four  or  five  feet  deep,  and  you  find  clods  of  earth 
quite  congealed,  and  even  intire  heaps  of  ice ;  which  Ver- 
bieji  afcribes  to  the  falt-petre  with  which  the  (oil  is  impreg- 
nated. 

The  fame  extraordinary  elevation  of  the  earth  is  alfo  theGreat  fir* 
reafon  why  there  are  fo  many  defarts  in  Grand  Tatary  :  buttititj* 
thefe  defarts  are  not  altogether  fo  frightful, as  Europeans  fan- 
cy them.     For  fetting  afide  the  vaft  Kobi,  or  Gobi,  before- 
mentioned,  and  a  few  other  fmall  fandy  defarts,  all  the  reft 
afford  excellent  pafture ;  producing  grafs  in  abundance,  as 
high  as  one's  middle,  which  would  grow  to  the  height  of 
a  man,  if  it  was  not  for  want  of  water  :  but,  through  that 
defeft,  moft  of  it  decays  prefently  at  the  root ;  and  as  withered 
grafs  quite  choaks  up  the  young,  the  inhabitants;  in  fpring, 
fct  fire  to  the  old  herbage,  which  fometimes  {breads  above 
100  leagues  round.     In  lefs  than  fifteen  days  after,  the  new 
grafs'lhoots  up  every-where  to  the  height  of  a  fpah ;  which 
proves  the  great  fertility  of  the  foil :  and  fo  much  of  this 
vaft  country,  as  is  fupplied  with  water,  is  fufficient  for  the 
fupport  of  four  times  the  number  of  its  prefent  inhabitants, 
if  it  was  but  well  cultivated.     But  then  none,  befides  the 
Mohammedan  Tatars,  till  their  lands  (G) ;  while  the  Eluths, 
and  moft  part  of  the  Mungls,  have  not  the  ufe  of  agricul- 
ture, fubfifting  intirely  upon  their  cattle  (H) :  this  is  the  rea- 
fon why  they  can  have  no  fixed  habitations,  being  obligecj 
to  change  their  quarters,  according  ad  the  feafons  change. 
Yet,  for  all  the  foil  1%  fo  luxuriant,  Great  Tatary  does  not  No  forrfl  . 
produce  a  fingle  wood  of  tall  trees,  of  any  kind  whatever, trees  ^      ,A 
excepting  in  fome  few  places  towards  the  frontiers :  all  the 

(G)  The  miflioncrs  fay,  that        (H)  There  are  no  plants  to 

the  lands  of  Tatary,  from  the  be  found  in  their  country.  When 

country  of  the  Mancbenvs,  or  the  miffioners  aflced  them  why 

eaftern  Tatary,  weft  ward,  as  far  they  would  not  at  leaft  cultivate 

as  the  Cafpian  fea,  are,  for  the  fome  little  herb-garden  ;  they 

generality,  unfit  for  tillage ;  and  replied,  herbs  are  for  the  beafts\ 

thofe  of  Kor chin,  0 ban t  and  Nay*  of  the  field,  and  the  beafts  for 

nun,  In    the.  country  of    the  men.    Du  Halde China,  U 'c.  vol.  - 

Mungls,  worft  of  all.    Pu  Halde  ii.  p.  254, 


Qbina,  vol.  ii.  jp.  249. 


V  3  wood, 


294  Hijiory  tf  the  Moguls  and  Tartars,      B.  It 

Eluth    wood,  that  is  found  in  the  heart  of  the  country,  confifb  m 
Mungls  fhrubs,  which  never  exceed  the  height  of  a  pike;  and  tbefc 

county.    are  very  rare  b# 
^fTy^j     The  Khan  of  the  Etutbs  dwells  continually  under  tents, 

re/Utnce    although  he  poflefles  Little  Bukharia,  with  its  dependencies, 
rejuunce.    herein  ^^  ^  a  gQ0(j  maQy  towns  .  Qjjy  yfagn  fa  ajgjjj 

call  him  thither,  he  refide3  at  Tarkien%  or  Tarian,  the  capbl 
of  that  country.  He  has  continued  about  the  river  Ha  aad 
Tekls  for  fome  years  baft ;  that  he  might  be, near  at  hand  to 
watch  the  motions  of  his  coufin  Ayuki  Kk&n,  as  well  as  tk 
Mohammedan  Tatars  and  Mungls y  between  whom  the  Ehrtk 
are  fituated.  His  camp  is  a  great  curiofity :  it  is  difhibutti 
into  feveral  quarters,  fquares,  and  ftreets,  jnft  like  a  town;  sa< 
good  league  in  cotnpafs;  and  able,  at  a  minute's  warning,  to 
fend  into  the  field  15,000  horfe.  The  quarter  where  the  Khan 
refides,  is  in  the  middle  of  the  camp.  His  tent  is  made  of 
Kitayka,  a  ftrong  fort  of  callico ;  which,  being  raifed  ray 
high,  and  of  all  Torts  of  lively  colours,  exceedingly  deligbs 
the  eye  at  a  diftance.  In  winter  the  tent  is  covered  with  foil, 
which -makes  it  unpenetrable  by  the  weather.  Hia  wives  at 
lodged  in  little  wooden  houfes,  which  may  be  taken  dov% 
in  an  inftant,  and  fet  on  waggons,  when  they  are  going  * 
decamp  c. 
Plenty  of  Although,  according  to  the  accQuntof  the  miflkxttt 
rhubarb,  who  furveyed  Chinefe  Tatary,  there  are  no  plants  to  be  met 
with  in  that  region ;  yet  we  are  aflured,  by  a  certain  curio* 
author,  that,  in  the  parts  about  the  rivers  Orkbon  and  Sefat> 
gha>  towards  SelinghinJhoyy  rhubarb  grows  in  great  abundance} 
and  that  all  which  Ruffia  furnifties  foreign  countries  with, 
comes  from  about  this  city  ;  the  diftricl  of  which  yfcH| 
fuch  plenty,  that  the  treafury  of  Siberia  fells  25,000  lb.  weight 
of  it  at  a  time  d. 
9?*  gjut-  The  animals  in  this  diviflon  of  weftern  Tatary  are  mack 
ten  ani-  the  fame  with  thofe  to  be  fourjd  in  the  two  former  parti; 
***•  '  unlefs  we  may  except  one,  called,  by  Bentink,  the  gkittmy 
which  abounds  in  the  country  of  the  Eluths.  It  is  a  carni- 
vorous beaft,  not  quite  fo  tall  as  a  wolf,  and  peculiar  to  the 
mountains  of  northern  Afia.:  the  hair,  which  is  ftrong  and 
long,  is  of  a  very  fine  dark  brown  all  over  its  back.  Thb 
beaft  is  exceedingly  mifchievous  :  for  it  climbs  the  trees,  and 
Watching  the  game,  which  partes  underneath,  leaps  down  OQ 
its  back,  where  it  fattens  with  its  paws,  and  makes  a  great 

*  Hift.  Turks,  p.  381,  &  feq.  alfo  colleft.  tray,  4to.  vol.  iv.  p, 
393.  c  Abu'lg,  \\\%>  Turks,  &c.  p.  543,  &  feq. 

4  Ibid.  ^  501 . 

hob: 


C.  p  SfaeJcnghtzKlAiu  ig^ 

hole :  while  the  poor  creature,  quite  fpent  with  angukh  and    ElOth 
ftruggling  to  get  rid  of  its  enemy,  at  length  falls  on  the  Mungh 
^ground,  and  becomes  his'  prey.    It  requires  three  ftpnt  dogs  country. 
to  attack  this  beaft,  fmaJl  as  it  is ;  and  very  often  they  come*  imm^»^ 
off  ftrangdy  mauled.     The  Ruffians  make  great  account  of 
its  (kin,  which  they  ufe  for  mens  muffs,  and  borders  of  bon- 
nets e.     We  leave  our  readers  to  judge  whether  this  be  the 
tbulon,  found  in  the  country  of  the  Mungls  s  as  well  as  the 
feme  with  the  arkhora,  mentioned  by  Apv'ghazi  Kh&n  ;  fince 
Ac  glutton  leaves  fuch  narrow  paths  in  Che  hills  and  fbreftc  • 
$s  are  made  by  that  animal f. 

2.  The  Eluths  Kofhoti  poflefs  all  the  kingdom  of  Tangut,\L\vt\* 
and  are  fubjeft  to  th&Dalay  Lama,  or  great  pontiff  of  7j£*/,Ko(hotu 
who  governs  them  by  two  Khans  ;  of  whom  one  has  the  go- 
vernment of  Tibet,  the  other  of  Koko  Nor  *.     Thefe  latter  are 
Called,  by  the  AJanchews  and  Chinefes,  Tatars  of  Koko  Nor. 

The  count™  of  Koko  Nor,  or  Kokonol,  is  £>  called  by  thefeKokoNof 
Eluths  from  a  Ike  of  the  hs»  name,  termed  by  the  Chinefes  country. 
Si-hay,  tjiat  is,  the  wejlern  feq.  It  is  one  of  the  largeft  jn 
'MTatary,  being  above  twenty  great  French  leagues  in  length, 
and  more  than  ten  in  breadth;  fituated  between  the  36th 
and  37th  degrees  of  latitude,  and  between  the  16th  and  1 7th 
of  longitude,  weft  of  Peking  h. 

This  country  lies  between  Tibet  on  the  weft,  and  Chinatxtent  mud 
tm  the  eaft,  bordering  on  the  provinces  of  Shen-Ji  and  Se-fite* 
tbwen.  It  is  pretty  large,  extending  from  north  to  fouth 
above  feven  degrees.  It  is  feparated  from  China  by  moun- 
tains, fo  high  and  fteep,  that  they  ferve  almoft  every-where 
tnftead  of  the  great  wall.  Thofe  to  the  fouth,  which  fepa- 
fate  it  from  the  kingdoms  of  Pegu  and  Ava ,  are  frightful  and 
linacceflible,  inhabited  by  a  favage  people.  They  alfo  make  fo 
ftrong  a  barrier  to  China,  by  their  great  length  and  breadth, 
that  the  entrances  on  that  fide  are  left  unfortified  *. 

3.  The  Eluths  Torgauti  are  the  feaft  confiderable  of  theEluth* 
three  branches.    They  dwelt  heretofore  towards  Turkcftan,  Torga* 
tod  were  fubjefl:  to  Kontaijh :  but  about  the  beginning  ofwti- 
the  prefent  century,  Jyuka,  or  Ayiki,  one  of  his  coufins, 

flying  from  his  court,  under  pretence  that  he  was  in  fear  of 
i  his  life,  parted  the  river  Jdik,  with  the  tribe  of  the  Torga- 

titi,  and  put  himfelf  under  the  protection  of  Fujfta:  In  win* 
'  ter 'Ayuka  Khan  ufually  encamped  with  his  Ordas  in  the  fandy 

ground  about  J/irakhdn,  to  the  eaft  of  the  river  Wolga,  be-         % 


*  Bent.  ap.  Abu'lg.  hift.  Turks,  p.  528.  f  Ibid.  p.  26. 

Ibid.  p.  5^8.  *  Dv  Halde's  China,  vol,  ii.  p.  265. 

Ibid,  vol.  1.  p.  29,  &  vol.  ii.  p.  258. 


U  4  /      tweca 


ig6  Hijtety  of  the  Moguls  and  Tart#rst       B.  II* 

Mungls,  tween  it  and  the  Jaik ;  and  in  fummer  he  often  (went  to  re- 
fide  on  the  banks  of  this  river,  about  Saraiof  and  Zaritta 
(I).  Although  the  Kq/boti  and  Torgauti  Eluths  have  their 
'  own  Khans,  yet  Kontaijb  preferves  a  kind  of  fovereignty  over, 
and  draws  confiderable  aid  from  them,  when  he  is  at  war 
with  his  neighbours  the.  Mungls,  Cbinefe,  or  Mohammedan 
Tatars  K 

CHAP.     IV. 

•    Of  the  Mungls,  or  Moguls,  and  their  Jeveral 

branches* 

,     SECT.      L      . 

Weir  Name,  Perfons,  Manners,  Cujtoms,  Way  of  \ 
living*  Habitations*  Language. 

Wane        f   ■    ^  H  E  Moguls,  or  rather  Mungls ,  derive  their  name 
Mungls,         I       from  Mungl  Khan,  one  of  their  ancient  emperors^ 
■*•      and  one  oranch  of  them  ftill  retain  it,  called,  by  oar 
authors,  Mungals  or  Mongols,  of  which  the  word  Moguls^ 
commonly  ufed  by  the  Jfiatics,  as  wel}  as  Europeans,  is  Z' 
corruption.     Thefe  people  are  frequently  confounded  witfc" 
-T       the  Tatars,  which  may  be  owing  to  the  following  caufos] 
,  JJjJ    a"    Firft,  The  people  of  the  north  of  Afia  having  been  known,- 
nubenct  •    for  manJr  *%**>  by  ^c  name  °f  Tatars,  to  the  inhabitants  <& 
the  foutbern  countries,  particularly  the  Cbinefe  and  Perfvauy 
thefe  latter,  feeing  the  Mungls  come  from  the  feme  quar*" 
ters,  and  no  way  different  as  to  features,  language,  and  man^ 
ners,  from  the  Tatars,  considered  both  as  the  fame  people^ 
under  different  names  (A),     Secondly,  there  were,  in  the- 
army  of  Jenghiz  Kh&n,  whet)  he  invaded  thofe  countries^ 
tribes  of  Tatars  as  well  as  Mungls ;  which  made  thofe  na- 
tions, who  were  acquainted  with  ihe,  Tatars  beforfe,  givi' 
both  names,  indifferently,  to  the  followers  of  that  conqueror! 
Laftly,  the  Tatars  having  been  very  ferviceable  to  Jengiti  \ 
Khan  in  the  batde  againir  Vang  Khan,  or  Ung  Khin,  whicfi 
put  him  in  pofleflion  of  thf  fovereignty,  to  reward  them) 

k  Bentinic  ap.  Abu'Jghazi's  hid.  Turks,  Sec.  p.  538,  &  feq* 

(I)  Thefe  Eluths  (till  have,        (A)  The  Cbinefe)  fay  KmiU 

or  had,  Confiderable  territories  Tatars  and  Elutb  Tatars,  as  well 

to  the  eail  oija'ik,  and  border-  as    Kalka   Mungls    and  Ebtti 

ing  weftward  on  the  Jongari  Mungls* 


Eluths. 


joined 


Cf4-  W«#  Jcnghfe  Khln.v  297 

joined  their  name  •with  that  of  the  Mungls,  in  the  title  Munglsf 
which  he  thereupon  aflumed,  Ailing  himfelf  grand  Khbn  of  their  at- 
fie  Mungls  and  Tatars.  ^     Jlomu 

Whatever  was  the  caufe  of  introducing  this  cuftom,  itjr"1"^-^ 
Js  certain  that  it  obtained,  and  ftill  continues  in  force.  ^^faSlt 
is  what  gives  a  fan&ion  to  the  liberty  taken  by  moft  authors/^  Jm 
who,  by  Mungls  and  Tatars  ,mean  the  fame  people  (%).  This 
we  mention,  to  prevent  our  readers  from  falling  into  any  mif- 
take  on  this  head,  in  the  courfe  of  their  hiftory,  It  muft  bp 
confeiTed,  it  would  be  much  better  to  lay  afide  a  practice 
which  tends  to  breed  great  confufion,  and  at  leaft  to  confine 
|he  name  9f  Tatars  to  thofe  commonly  called  Mohammedan 
TatarSy  to  whom  another  cuftom  has  in  effect  appropriated 
it.  After  all,  thofe  names  ftiould  be  applied  only  for  dir 
ftinftion  fake,  neither  of  them  being  ftriftly  due  to  the  peo- 
ple who  enjoy  it.  For  3s  the  name  of  Tatars  is  given  to 
many  tribes  who. are  not  Tatars  ;  fo  that  of  Moguls  extends 
to  many  who  are  not  Moguls  ;  the  name  of  the  conquering, 
or  mpft  powerful  tribes,  having  palled  to  the  conquered,  or 
lefs  powerful  tribes. 

The  Moguls  or  Mungls  are,  at  prefent,  divided  into  threcT&rt* 
great  branches  ;  the  Mungls,  properly  fo  called,  the  Khalkas,  Mogul 
and  the  Aluths,  or  Eluths.     The  firft  branch  retains  the  an-  branch***.. 
dent  name  of  the  nation,  which  has  been  already  accounted 
For.     The  Kalkas,  which  may  alfo  be  written  Kh&Ikha,  and 
Hhlha,  as  the  firft  letter  "1$  a  deep  guttural,  derive  their  name 
from  the  river  Kalka,  already  defcribed,  which  runs  in  their 
country.     Whence  the  Eluths  (B),  Aluths,  or  Aluts,  derive 
their  name,  it  is  not  fo  eafy  to  determine.     Thefe  are  the 
people  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Kalm&k,  or  Kalmdk, 
whofe  etymology  is  alfo  unknown  to  us.     All  which  we  are 
certain  of  is,  that  it  is  a  nick-name  given  to  thqn  by  the  Mon 
hammedan  Tatars,  in  hatred  of  their  idolatrous  religion  (C) ; 

a  De  i.a  Croix,  hift.Gengh.  p.  63. 

(J)  And,  after  all,  they  are,  in  ,  The  Oirets  feem  to  be  xhtVirats 
effeft,  the  fame  people :  as  being  of  Abulghazi  Khan. 
the  defceiidants  of  the  Huns,  or  (C)  Math,  a  Miccnv  de  Sar- 
Turks.  See  before,)).  43.  mafia  AJtana,  cap.  3.  and  Her- 
eto) We  are  told  by  Strablen-  brefiein*  in  rerum  Mufcq<v.  com  • 
berg,  that  they  call  themfelves  ment.  in  the  article  de  Tartaris, 
Derbon  Oiret,  or  Oiretb,  that  is,  towards  the  end,  fay,  that  they 
fbt  four  Oiration  tribes  :  and,  by  are  called  Kalmuks,  betaufe  they 
the  Englijh  tranflator  of  him,  are  the  only  Tartar  nations  <wbo  let 
that  they  are  called  E/oth,  and  their  hair  grow.  But  this  feema 
Corruptly  Lutb..  See  Strahl  defc.  very  trifling ;  fince  the  hair  they 
offertory,  in  trod,  p.  83  &  89.  wear  is  no  more  than  a  lock  on. 
1  the  crown  of  their  heads. 

'  oc 


2$$  Hiftory  of.  J&e  Moguls  and  Tartars,      B.  1^ 

Mungls,  or  for  fome  other  caufe.     The  Ruffians  took  it  from  thoj 

their  cu-  Tatars  t  and  from  the  Ruffians  it  came  in  ufe  among  Eunfa 

fioms.    ans .  while  the  name  of  Eluth  was  unknown  to  them.  The 

t-'nr^take  it  as  an  $ffront  to  be  called  Kalmuks,  and  fay,  they  har 

a  better  title  to  the  name  of  Murtgls  than  their  nrighbomj 

who  at  prefent  enjoy  it ;  as  thefe  latter  are  fprung  from 

part  of  the  Mungts  and  Tatars  who  were  expelled  China,  b 

Jfong-vu,  the  founder  of  the  Mhg  family,  in  1368  b, 

MungU  in     This  fliews,  that  although  the  two  laft  branches  ha* 

general.     for  diftinftion  fake,  or  fome  other  reafon,  aflumed  diffoen 

names  from  the  firft,  yet  they  ftill  retain  the  name  o£Mw$ 

which  they  highly  honour ;  as  the  Jews  did  that  of  IfratUtA 

to  denote  their  origin  and  defcent.    Whether  the  numeral 

tribes,  into  which  each  of  the  three  branches  is  divided, " 

derived  from  the  fame  ftock,  is  a  queftion  which  we  havei 

cuffed  elfewhere6.     But  let  that  be  as  it  may;  as  they  " 

all  the  fame  cuftoms,  language,  religion,  and  form  of  J 

vernment,  with  little  or  no  variation,  what  may  be  fakl 

one  branch,  will  ferve  for  the  other  two.     For  this  reafon  \ 

fhall  conneft  together",  under  the  general  name  of  Mun$ 

what  materials  the  beft  travellers,  and  other  authors,  affm 

us,  concerning  the  aforefaid  three  branches  ;  only  diftingmfl 

ing  fuch  things  as  may  be  peculiar  to  each  of  them. 

Their  The  Mungls,  in  general,  are  of  a  middle  fize,  but  exceefii 

f>aft :       robuft,  and  well-fet :  they  have  big  and  broad  heads,  flat  6a 

and  complexions  of  a  dark  olive  colour,  pretty  near  that  of  A 

rican  copper ;  very  black  and  fparkling  eyes,  but  too  far  aft 

der,  and  opening  but  a  little,  altho*  they  are  very  long :  t 

bridge  of  their  nofe  is  quite  flat,  and  almoft  level  with  the  fee 

fo  that  there  is  nothing  of  a  nofe  to  be  feen  but  the  end,  whk 

is  very  flat  alfo,  with  two  great  holes,  which  form  the 

trils  (D) :  their  ears  are  very  large,  though  without  the 

their  beards  very  thin :  hair  black,  and  ftrong,.  like  h 

hair ;  but  they  (have  all  off,  excepting  a  lode  on  the  crown 

their  heads,  which  fells  down  their  backs,  and  is  let  grow 

Us  natural  length.     To  make  amends  for  all  this  homelme 

f       they  have  very  pretty  mouths,  with  fmall  teeth,  as  white 

ivory,  and  are  perfectly  well  limbed.    Their  women  hai 

*  Abv'lc.  hift.  Turks,  Sec.  p.  ^59,  &  feq.  c  See  befcn 

p.  61. 

(D)  Although  this  defcription-  wkh  regard  to  their  eyes 
doubtlefs  belongs  equally  to  the  nofes,  fay 9  only,  that  their  mot 
proper  Mungls  and  Kalkas,  as  are  flat,  but  their  eyes  black  ai 
well  as  the  p/utbs,  yet  our  au-  full.  Bentink  ap.Jbulgb.  hil 
thor,  fpeakitie  Of  the  Moguh%    Turks,  fcff .  .p»  jot. 

•  much 


C.  6  Since  Jengbfz  Khan;  zgg 

much  the  fame  features,  only  not  fo  large  :  but  theh  they  are  Mnnglt, 
commonly  of  a  very  clever  fize,  and  wcllnlhaped  d.  tbeir  cu- 

GERBII.LQN,  the  Jefuit,  fays  they  arc  quite  rude  and    /«"»•. 
Dnpotiihed  in  their  manners ;  yet  honeft  and  good-natured  :  \  T,¥"^ 
timBktt&s,  in  particular,  do  ill  to  nobody,  if  not  firft  r^"^^***"- 
toked.:  and  although  extremely  brave,  yet  they  do  apt  live*"7*    • 
by  robbery,  like  their  neighbours  the  Mohammedan  Tatar*, 
irith  whom  they  are  continually  at  war.    The  proper  Mungls 
lad  Kalkas  are  nafty  and  flovenly  in  their  tents  and  clothes, 
bring  amidft  the  dung  of  their  beads ;  which  ferves  them  fof 
feel,  /or  they  have  no  wood  (£).     They  excel  in  horfeman? 
lop  and  hunting ;  and  are  dextrous  archers,  either  cm  foot  or 
m  horfeback.   In  general  they  lead  a  wretched  life :  and,  be 
log  averfe  to  labour,  they  prefer  grazing  to  architecture  e. 

REGIS,  another  of  the  miffioners,  obferves,  that  the  ut» '^  ^*? 
toft  ambition  of  the  Mungls  is  to  preferve  the  rank  of  thcir*Mr» 
pulies.     They  value  things  only  for  their  ufe ;  having  no 
fegard  to  their  rarity  or  beauty :  are  naturally  of  an  eafy 
(tearful  temper,  always  difpofed  to  laugh,  and  never  difturb? 
ftd  with  melancholy.    Indeed,  they  find  little  occafion  fof 
pie :  having  generally  neither  neighbours  to'  manage,  enemies 
Id  fear,  nor  lords  to  pleafe.  Perplexed  with  no  difficult  affiurjj, 
nor*bufinefs  of  conftraint,  they  divert  themfelves  wholly  wifjj 
knnting,  fifliing,  and  other  bodily  exerciies.    However,  thek?* J Z*du*t 
poople  are  capable  not  only  of  the  fciences,  but  the  greatejj: 
Undertakings  :  witnefs  their  fubduing  China,  in  1264  ;  whi^h 
ifaey  governed,  even  in  the  opinion  of  the  Cbinefe,  \pith  great 
pigment  and  addrefs  f. 

-   As  to  their  drefs,  according  to  Bentink,  they  wear  ya%  &drdrejs% 
luge  Hurts,  and  callico  drawers :  their  habits  are  commonly* 
pade  of  callico,  called  Kitayka,  or  fome  other  flight  ftuflT, 
*hich  they  line  with  iheep-flrin  :  and  fometimes  they  weaj 
J&rire  garments  of  (heep-fkin  (F).     They  fallen  their  gar* 
■meats/  which  reach  to  the  ancles,  with  leather  flraps  about    . 
Aewaift..    Their  boots  are  exceeding  large,  and  ufually 
made  o£Ru/fia  leather  :  their  bonpets  fmall  and  round,  with 
t  far  of  four  fingers  breadth.     The  women's  drefs  is  nearjy 
foe  iime,  excepting  that  their  garments  are  longer,  their 

*  Bbnt.  ap.  Abu'lg.  hi*.  Turks,  &c.  p.  53  J,  &  fe^.        •  D<j 
HALDsibid.  p.  356.  fIbid.  p.  253. 

fE)  Hence  their  tents  have  a        (F)  According  to  &g/V,  the 

fu&Hh  fmell,  hardly  tolerable,  ufual  clothing  of  the  Mungl\ 

fyi Regis  dii  HaUe,  ubifupr.  p.  and  Kalkas  is  iheep  and  Iamb. 

?ty    '  \  fcia»»  the  \\qoI  next  the  body. 

'  fcoOUl 


30b  Hijlory  of  tie  Moguls  and  *£ artars,      B.  H. 

Mungls,  boots  generally  red,  and  their  bonnets  flat,  with  fome  litde 
their  bu-  ornaments  g.    Regis  fays,  they  know  how  to  drefs  and  white* 
w  ^m^    thofe  ildns,  as  well  as  the  (kins  of  flags,  deer,  wild-goats, 
^"W&r.  which  ferve  the  rich  for  under-garments  in  the  fpriog: 
^  yet,'  For  all  their  care,  you  fmell  them  as  foon  as  they  cone 

near  you ;  whence  the  Chinefe  have  given  them  the  name  of 
Tfau-ta-tfe  (G),  that  is,  ftinking  Tatars  h. 
winter  and  -  The Eluihs  wear  much  the  lame  kind  of  clothes  with  the 
jkmmer.    proper  Mungls  and  Kalkas.     In  the  fouthern  provinces  they 
life  no  flirts  in  fummpr,  contenting  themfelves  with  a  kind 
/di  fheep-flrin  doublet,  without  fleeves;  Which  they  put  ot 
laext  their  (kin,  with  the  woolly  fide  out,  tucking  their  flat 
^within  their  breeches ;  fo  that  all  thfe  arm  is  left  bare  up  to 
the  (houlder. '  In  winter  they  wear  a  flieep-fldn  over  their 
doublet,  which  reaches  to  the  calf  of  the  leg,  and  turn  the 
woollen  fide  inward,    Thefe  upper  (kins  have  fleeves  (b  bn$ 
that  they  are  obliged  to  jturn  them  up,  when  going  about 
any  yoxki     Their  bonnet  is  red,  and  commonly  fet  off  witk 
a  tuft  of  filk  or  hair,,  of  a  bright  red.    Their  women  go  fa* 
bited  much  aft^r  the  fame  manner ;  their  callico  fhift  making 
all  their  clothing  in  fumraer,  and  a  long  fheep-fldn  gown, 
with  a  bonnet,  the  fame  with  their  hulbands,  fufficing  theai 
in  winter'. 
(Colour  r$d     Red  is  die  colour  in  greareft  efteem  with  the  Tatars  %  and 
eficemtd.    how  ill  clothed  foever  their  princes  may  be,  in  other  r* 
.  Tpefts,  they  never  fail  to  have  a  fcarlet  robe  for  ftate  occa- 
sions.    Their  chiefs  would  rather  be  without  a  (hirt,  man  a 
fcarlet  coat ;  and  the  women  of  quality  do  not  think  them- 
felves well  drefled,  if  the  fcarlet  gown  he  wanting.    The  «* 
*ry  meaneft  people  affect  to  wear  red  cloaths,  although  the 
cloth  be  ever  fo  ordinary,     This  humour  has  fpread  era 
among  the  inhabitants  of  Siberia.   In  Ihort,  all  over  the  nortfc. 
of  djia,  a  man  may  do  more  with  a  pi^ce  of  red  cloth,  that  j 
four  times  its  value  in  filver  k. 
Mungl  The  arms  of  the  Mungls  confift  in  the  bow  and  arrow*  i 

arms.        the  pike  and  fabre,  which  they  wear  after  the  Chinefe  manner* 

And  they  always  go  to  war  on  horfeback. 
Their  cat*      These  people  Hve  intirely  on  their  cattle  ;  which  cooiHl 
tie.  of  horfes,  dromedaries,  oxen,  cows,  and  (heep.     Their  horfes 

are  very  good  and  mettlefome :  their  oxen  larger  than  thofe 

*  Bent,  ap.  AbiTlg.  bi(h  Turks,  &c.  p.  505.        h  Du  Haldi, 
bbi  fupr.  p.  254.        *  Abu'lch.  hift.  ubi  fupr.  p.  533,  &  feq. 
*  Ibid,  pi  40$. 

(G)  The  T/udatfes  of  We**    of  Tfau-ta-tfc.    See  Ogilb.  (W- 
tyf  ?rc  doubtlefs  a  corruption    na>  p.  114. 


C.  4«  Sinn  Jenghiz  Khan \  301 

of  the  Ukrain,  and  the  tailed  in  the  world.    Their  dromeda-  Mungls^ 
rles  arc  large  and  ftrong.    Their  fheep  are  very  large  alfo,  but  their1  cu- 
have  very  fliort  tails;  which  are  buried  in  a  cafe  of  fat,    ftom. 
weighing  feveral  pounds,  and  hanging  perpendicularly:  thev-,,*^^*,^• 
wool  of  them  is  very  long  and  coarfe ;  they  have  a  bunch  or 
rifing  on  the  nofc,  Tike  the  camels,  and  hanging  ears,  like 
Jhoands ].     This  is  to  be  underftood  properly  of  the  Eluths  ; 
(or  although  the  Mungls  and  Kalkas  have  the  fame  fort  of 
cattle  with  them,  yet  they  are  far  inferior,  both  for  goodneft 
and  appearance,  except  the  (beep ;  whofe'  tails  are  about  two 
ipaos  long,  and  near  as  much  in  compafs,  weighing  com- 
monly between  ten  and  eleven  pounds :  it  is  almoft  one  in- 
tire  piece  of  very  rank  fat.     They,  above  all  things,  abhor  Their  fieti 
fwine  n ;  and  the  Eluths  never  eat  either  them  or  poultry. 
They,  in  general,  eat  nothing  but  horfe-flefh  and  mutton  ;  not 
efteeming  that  of  bullocks  or  cows^  fo  good.     They  are  alfo 
fonder  of  mare's  than  cow's  milk,  being  much  better  and 
richer.    Indeed,  the  cows,  after  their  calves  are  taken  from 
them,  will  fuffer  none  to  draw  their  teats  :   they  ^likewife 
qufckly  lofe  their  milk ;  fo  that  neceffity  has  introduced  the 
tfe  of  mare's  milk  °. 

CERBILLON  (ays,  that,  in  fummer,  the  Mungls  feed 
OD  milk  bieats  j  ufing  indifferently  that  of  cows,  mares,  ewes, 
goats,  and  camels.  Their  drink  is  water,  boiled  with  the 
vorftfortof  Chinefe  tea,  in  which  they  put  cream,  butter, 
or  milk.  They  make  a  fpirituous  liquor  from  four  milk,^™**^- 
which  is  diftilled  after  fermentation.  The  rich  lay  mutton  **"**  *"• 
to  ferment  with  their  four  milk.  This  liquor  is  ftrong  andf*""'*  ' 
nrorifhing,  and  they  delight  to  get  drunk  with  it.  They  al- 
io finoke  a  great  deal  of  tobacco  °.  Bentink  informs  us,  that 
the  Kahn&ks  have  a  way  of  making  the  milk  four  in  two 
nights  time ;  after  which,  pouring  it  into  an  earthen  pot,  they 
flop  it  very  clofe,  and  putting  a  funnel  to  it,  fet  it  on  the 
fire.  This  fpirit  is  as  clear  and  good  as  that  which  in  Eu- 
rope is  diftilled  from  grain  :  but  to  make  it  fo,  it  muft  be  fet 
twice  over  the  fire.  They  call  it  arak,  in  imitation  of  the 
Indians  their  neighbours,  who  give  all  their  ftrong  liquors  that 
name p. 

RUBRU§>U1S  tells  us,    that,  in  the  time  of  ManguKofmos,*- 
Khin,  the  Mungls,  befides  wines  which  came  from  foreign  Ki mis. 
countries,  made  excellent  drink  of  rice,  millet,  and  honey ;  be- 
ing well-flavoured,  and  high-coloured,  like  wine :  but  that 

1  Abu'lch.  ubi  fopr.  p.. 536.  m  Ibid.  p.  525.  ■  Ibid. 

M°3>  536.        °  Dv  HALDE,ubi  fupr.  p.  256.         *  Ajbu'lc, 
ubifupr,  p.  403,  536. 

their 


$62  Hiftory  if  the  Moguls  and  Yartars,  .     B.  It 

Wungls,  their  chief  liquors  were  the  kofmos(H)  and  karakofmos ;  which, 

tbeir  cu-  according  to  that  author,  are  made  in  the  following  manners. 

Jloms.     For  thekofmos,  they  fill  a  great  fkin-bag  With  mareVmilk,  and 

r-'V^  beat  upon  it  with  a  club,  which  has  a  knob  at  the  end,  as 

big  as  a  man's  head,  but  hollow.     As  foon  as  they  'beat,  the 

milk  begins  to  boil  (or  ferment)  like  new  wine,  and  turn 

four  :  they  continue  this  labour  till  the  butter  comes  :  then 

»       tailing  the  whey,  if  it  be  pretty  fharp,  it  is  fit  to  drink  ;  for 

it  pricks  the  tongue  like  rape- wine,  and  leaves  a  flavour  like 

that  of  almond-milk.     It  intoxicates  weak  heads ;   is  very 

pleafant,  and  diuretic. 

Karakosmos,  or  black  kofmos,  is  the  drink  of  great  lords^ 
and  made  thus  :  they  beat  the  milk,  till  the  grofler  part  fub-  , 
fiding,  like  white-wine  lees,  the  purer  remains  at  top,  like 
new  whey.*  The  fettlings  are  given  to  fervants,  who  fleep 
very  found  after  it.  This,  fays  our  author,  is  a  very  plea- 
fant and  wholefome  liquor  *>. 
Great  T*f  e  inhabitants  of  Great  Tatary,  in  general,  are  fond  of 

drinkers;    ftrong  liquors  ;  for  when  they  can  get  any,  they  never  let  it  ■ 
reft,  while  they  are  able  to  Hand.     When  they  have  a  mind  , 
to  make  merry,  each  brings  what  liquor  he  can  procure  ;  and 
then  they  fet  themfelves  to  drink  night  and  day,  never  (lining 
.    till  every  drop  is  out.     They  are  no  lefs  fond  of  fmoking; 
which  cufloms  prevail  moll,  in  proportion  as  they  live  more 
northerly  \ 
tttiriraf-     These  people,  having  no  manufaftures,  exchange  their 
fak.  .       cattle  with  the  Ruffians,  Bukhdrs,  and  other  neighbours,  for 
what  they  vant :  nor  is  it  poffible  commerce  could  flourifh 
therfc  as  it  did  in  the  time  of  Jxnghiz  Kh&n,  fo  long  as  thd 
vaft  regions  they  inhabit  remain  divided  among  feveral  princes ; 
fome  of  whom  will  always  oppofe  the  defigns  of  others. 
Befides,  the  rapines  of  the  Mohammedan  Tatars,  who  rob  the 
karawans,  keep  off  the  merchants'  of  the  weft.     However,  od 
the  fide  of  Siberia,  China,  and  the  Indies,  they  may  arrive  in 
full  fafety.     Thofe  from  China  refort  in  great  numbers  to  the* 
Mungli,  bringing  them  rice,  bohea-tea,  which  they  call  kara- 
chay,  tobacco,  cotton,  cloth,  and  other  ordinary  fluffs ;  ]*• 
fides  feveral  forts  of  houfhold  utenfds,    and  other  necefla- 
ries  *. 
Vojlarce        As  the  heathen  Tatars  lead  a  very  harmlefs  life,  they  are 
trade.       not  f0  earneft  to 'procure  flaves  for  their  fervice  as  the  Mo* 

*  SeePuRCH.  pilgr.  vol.  Hi.  p.  5,  &  fcq.  r  Abu'lck. 

Ubifupr.  p.  403,  536.  •"Ibid.  p.  412,  505,  &  536. 

(H)  By  other  authors  called  Kumis,  or  Kimis. 


C.  4.  Since  Jenghlz  Khan.  '  '   303 

h&mmedan  Tatars.     Befides,  having  no  need  of  more  than  Mungli, 
their  own  families  to  guard  their  cattle,  which  are  all  their  their  c$t- 
rkhes,  they  do  not  care  to  burthen  themfelves  with  ufelefs    /«**•    ' 
mouths.     Hence  it  is,  that  none,  except  the  Khans  and  theu*,V*,*J 
Tayk,  is  to  have  flaves.     When  they  take  any  from  their  ene- 
mies, all;   except  thofe  whom  they  keep,   are   diftributed 
ampng  their  fubjetts,   in  order  to  augment  their  number; 
which,  at  the  fame  time,  increafcs  their  revenue.     On  the 
contrary^  the  Mohammedan  Tatars  often  make  war  with  their 
neighbours,  on  no  other  fcore  but  to  get  flaves ;  felling  thofe 
they  do  not  keep.   Which  humour  prevails  fo  much  with  the 
Chircajian,  Dagheftan,  and  Nogay  Tatars,  that,  when  they 
can't  meet  with  grown  up  people,  they  fteal  children  to  fell ; 
and,  if  they  cannot  get'other  people's,  do  not  fcruple  to  fell 
their  own :  efpecially  their  daughter*,  if  beautiful ;  as  they  do 
their  wives,  on  the  flighted  difguft.     In  ftiort,  the  trade  of       ^/ 
flaves  being  all  their  wealth,  they  fpare  neither  friends  nor       /* 
fees,  when  they  meet  with  a  fair  opportunity  of  carrying 
them  off1, 

The  Eluths  take  as  many  wives  as  they  will  (I),  befides  Polygeny* 
concubines,  whom  they  chufe  out/ of  their  flaves  :  and 
whereas  the  Mohammedan  Tatars  mult  not  contrail  within 
certain  degrees,  the  Pagan  may  marry  any  of  their  kindred, 
except  their  natural  mothers.  In  this  our  author  fuppofes 
they  are  re/trained,  rather  by  the  age  of  their  female  parents, 
than  by  any  law ;  becau^  it  is  not  unufual,  among  the  Kluths 
KiAMungk,  for  the  father  to  take  his  daughter  to  wife :  and 
they  give  over  lying  with  their  wives  when  they  draw  near 
fcrty;  confidering  them  thenceforth  as  no  other  than  fervants, 
to  whom  they  give  vi&uals,  for  taking  care  of  the  houfe,  and 
tending  the  young  wives  who  fucceed  in  their  places.  , 

The  children  born  of  concubines  are  equally  legitimate,  Inherlu 
wd  capable  of  inheriting :  only  if  the  father  has  been  Khan,*1**- 
or  chief  of  feme  tribe,  the  iflue  of  the  wives  fucceed  before 
thofe  born  of  concubines.  The  offspring  of  common  pro- 
ftitutes  are  looked  on  with  a  fort  of  contempt  by  every-body  \ 
and  very  rarely  fucceed  their  fathers,  efpecially  if  people  of 
diftinftion  :  becaufe  there  is  no  knowing  if  the  perfon,  fuch  % 
creature  lays  the  child  to,  be  the  real  father.  Polygamy  is  not 
h  inconvenient  to  the  inhabitants  of  Tataryt  as  it  is  to  die 

*  Abu'lg.  ubi  fupr.  p.  412,  505,  &  536. 

(I)  Qerbillon  feys,  that  akho*  generally  but  one  wife.  Du 
polygamy  is  not  forbidden  a-  llalde%  China,' &c.  vol.  ii.  p. 
Pong, the  Mungh,  yet  they  have    zj 6. 

I?cft 


304  Hijiory  of  the  Moguls  and  Tartars,     B.  It 

Mungls,  reft  of  the  Afiatics ;  their  wives  being  of  great  ufe,  and  lit- 

their  en-  tie  expence,  to  them.     For  the  old  ones  manage  the  hoofe- 

ftonu.     wifryy  take  care  of  the  cattle,  and,  in  (hort,  provide  intkdf 

L  "w"1-'  for  the  fubfiftence  of  the  family ;  fo  that  the  hulband  \m 

nothing  to  do  but  deep,  and  follow  his  diverftons. 

Great  filial    Nothing  equals  the  refpeft  paid  by  children,  of  all  ags 

re/pa.      and  conditions,  |o  their  fathers,  who  are  confidered  as  loop 

of  their  families  :  but  they  make  little  account  of  their 

thers,   unlefs   under  fome   particular  obligations  to  thea* 

1  They  muft  lament  a  father  for  many  days,  and  4eny  th«K 

felves  of  all  forts  of  pleafure  during  the  whole  time.    Tte 

fons  muft  even  abftain  from  the  company  of  their  wives  ftf 

feveral  months.     Nothing  muft  be  fpared  to  render  his  6h 

neral  honourable ;  and  at  leaft  once  a  year  they  muft  pay  that 

devotions  at  his  tomb,  calling  to  mind  the  infinite  obligation, 

Which  they  owe  to  him :  but  the  Mohammedan  Tatars 

not  fo  exaft  as  to  their  duties  paid  the  dead  u. 

Burial*         The  Mungls  burn  their  dead,  and  interr  their  aihes  on  km 

mnd  eminence ;  where,  failing  a  heap  of  ftones,  they  place  thercai 

paves,     little  banners  \     The  greater  part  of  the  Pagan  Tatars  In 

along  with  the  deceafed  his  beft  horfe  and  moveables,  fuch 

wooden  porringers,  for  his  ufe  in  the  other  world.     In  ma 

parts,  towards  the  borders  of  Siberia,  there  are  to  be  fai 

litde  hills,  under  which  are  found  fkeletons  of  men,  accotih 

panied  with  horfe-bones,  and  many  forts  of  finall  veffels,  h* 

fides  jewels  of  gold  and  filver.     Likewife  the  flceletoos  d 

women,  with  gold-rings  on  their  fingers.     As  this  does 

agree  with  the  condition  of  the  prefent  inhabitants,  they 

doubtlefs  the  graves  of  the  old  Mungls,  who  died  after  tMf 

return  with  the  plunder  of  the  fouthern  countries  of  Afa 

into  thefe  defarts,  where  they  buried  veflels  of  gold  and  fl» 

ver,  with  other  riches,  fo  long  as  they  had  any  left.     Thl 

Svjedifb  prifoners  in  Siberia,  as  well  as  the  Ruffians,  ufcd  « 

go  in  great  troops  to  fearch  thofe  tombs,  which  lie  far  wthfr, 

the  lands  of  the  Eluths :  but  a  good  number  of  them  hi* 

ing  been  flain  by  thofe  people,  all  farther  expeditions  wot 

forbidden,  under  fevere  penalties.     This  behaviour  of  tta 

Eluths,  otherwife  fo  very  peaceable,  (hews,  that  they  coofr 

dered  them  as  the  tombs  of  their  anceftors ;  for  which  tilth* 

Pagan  Tatars  have  an  extraordinary  veneration  *. 

Antient     '    On  this  occafion  it  may  be  proper  to  mention  what  frfcf 

fepulcbres.  Rubruquis,  who,  in  1255,  was  at  the  court  of  Ma ngu  JCUu, 

*  Abu'lc.  ubi  fupr.  p.  406,  &  feq.  *  Du  HaldbH  Chi* 

na,  &c.  p.  256.  y  Abu'lg.  ubi  fupr.  p.  556,  &  fe$. 

'  mit$ 


C.  4.*      •  $i*c*  Jcnghfz  Khan;  305 

writes,  concerning  the  fepufchres  of  the  Kcmdnians,  or  peo-  Mnngls, 
fk  of  Kipck&L  .  They  build  a  large  tomb  over  their  dead,  tkir  cu- 
mid  let  his  image  upon  it,  with  its  face  towards  the  eaft,  and  ft**** &c* 
folding  a  drinking-cup  before  his  belly.     On  the  monument*  """^^ 
of  rich  men  they  ereft  pyramids,  or  little  conic  houfes.    In 
tome  places  the  author  met  with  vaft  brick  towers  :  mothers, 
Hone  pyramids ;  although  there  are  no  ftones  found  in  the 
neighbourhood.     Near  the  grave  they  generally  leave  one  of 
the  defunft's  horfcs.     At  one  he  faw  fixteen  horfe-hides  hung 
tip  on  high  ports,  four  towards  each  cardinal  point;  with 
Itofoios  (or  kimis),  fet  for  the  deceafed  to  drink,  and  flefh 
ftD  eat :  but  could  never  learn,  that  they  buried  treafures 
htrith  the  corps.     He  obferved  other  kinds  of  fepulchres  tOr 
^lards  the  eift :  namely,  large  ftone  floors,  or  pavements, 
rfcme  round,  others  fquare ;  with  four  tall  ftones  crafted  at 
fcfhe  fides,  facing  the  cardinal  points  z. 

,  The*  Mungls  dwell  either  in  tents,  or  little  moveable  huts./ja> 
ukgif,  fpeaking  of  the  Mungl  tents,  fiys,  that  they  are/aft  | 
found,  and  covered  with  a  thick  grey  or  white  felt,  up- 
held within  by  poles,  with  one  end  tied  round  a  hoop.  They 
TOins  form  the  fuperflcies  of  a  broken  cone ;  with  a  round 
(bale  at  top,  to  let  out  the  fmoke,  which  afcends  from  the 
fkearth,  placed  in  the  middle  underneath.  While  the  fire 
rhSh  they  are  warm  enough,  and  then  grow  cold  again ;  and, 
In  winter,  would,  without  care,  freeze  in  their  beds.  To 
ravoid  this,  as  well  as  other  inconveniencies,  they  have  their 
flcnt  door  very  narrow,  and  fo  low  that  they  cannot  enter 
fWthout  flooping.  They  have  alfo  the  art  to  join  thefe  loofe 
•fieces  fb  nicely,  as  to  keep  out  the  piercing  blaftg  of  th6 
Htorth  wind*. 

The  Eluths,  according  to  BentinJt,  have,  in  fummer,  great movealU 
stents  of  ketayka,  a  fort  of  callico;   and,  in  winter,  QxtA&boufiii 
'  made  of  boards,  and  covered  with  felt ;  which  they  can  fet 
■  up  and  take  down  in  lefs  than  an  hour's  time.     The  huts, 
I  ts  houfes,   ufed  both  by  them  and  the  Mungls,  are  made  * 
j"  tound,  -with  great  poles  of  light  wood,  joined  together  with   • 
I  leather  thongs  (K),  for  the  more  eafily  fitting  up  and  jrev 
!  moving  them.     They  cover  them  on   the  outfide  with  a   ' 
thick  felt,  for  defence  againft  the  cold  and  bad  weather.     In 

*  Purch.  pilg.  Vol.  iii.  p.  6*7,  8.  •  Du  Halde  ubi  , 

fapra,  p.254. 

{XL)  In  the  time  of  Ruhru-    (or   floor)   of  the   fame  ma* 
quit,  they  were  interwoven  with    teriale. 
wickers;    and  the  foundation 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol  IV,  X  the 


go6  Hiftoryoftht  Moguls  and  Tartars,        B.H 

Mungls,  the  middle  of  the  roof,  which  is  conical,  they  leave  an  open- 
their  ra-  ing,  which  ferves  both  for  a  window  and  chimney :  the  fire- 
ftoms,  Replace  bang  direttly  underneath,  and  the  deeping  places  round 
^"mYmmJ  the  hut  againfl  the  wall.     The  chiefs,  and  perfons  of  dUtinc* 

tion,  have  huts  larger  and  more  convenient b. 
carried  on  These  moveable  habitations  (in  their  removals]  are  car- 
waggons,  ried  on  waggojis,  with  four  wheels.  Thefe  carriages  have  two 
ihafts,  made  of  a  very  pliable  light  wood,  and  fattened  to  tig 
axle-tree  of  the  fore- wheels,  by  means  of  one  of  their  ends, 
whkh  is  turned  back.  They  pot  them  between  the  body  of 
the  waggon  and  the  wheels,  tying  a  cord  a  fpan  diifauKE 
from  the  foremoft  end  of  the  {hafts.  This  cord  goes  into  the 
end  of  the  axle-tree,  which  partes  through  the  nave  of  ths 
wheel :  fo  that  the  wheels,  which  are  pretty  fmall,  play  at 
both  fides  of  the  waggon,  between  the  fhafts  and  the  cori 
The  horfe  marches  between  the  lhafts  ;  and  over  his  bad 
there  goes  an  exceeding  pliable  piece  of  wood,  in  form  of  * 
femtcircle,  which  is  fattened  on  both  fides  to  the  harnefi> 
and  the  lhafts  to  its  two  ends.  They  pretend,  that  in  this  I 
manner  the  beafl  is  much  eafed  ;  and  indeed  one  horfe  will 
draw  a  waggon,  well  loaded,  above  a  hundred  leagues :  but; 
it  mull  be  obferved,  that  thefe  machines  are  not  very  large; 
When  they  put  more  horfes,  they  either  place  them  before 
the  firfl,  or  fallen  them  to  the  hindinoll  axle-tree.  The 
Ruffians  and  Kojfaks  make  ufe  of  much  the  fame  fort  of  car- 
riages5. 
jUtUnt  The  houfes,  in  the  time  of  Rubrttquisy  were  thirty  feet  in  i 
bouja  diameter,  llretching  on  each  fide  five  feet  beyond  the  wheels; 
Over  the  felt  they  laid  mortar,  marie,  or  bone-afhes,  to  make 
it  fhine  white ;  adorning  the  roof  with  beautiful  pictures, 
and  hanging  before  the  door  a  felt  painted  with  birds,  trees, 
and  beafts.  That  traveller  counted  twenty-two  oxen  draw- 
ing one  cart,  eleven  on  a  fide.  The  axle-tree  was  as  big  as 
the  mart  of  a  fhip,  and  the  driver  flood  at  the  door  of  the 
houfe.  Their  houfhold  fluff  and  treafure  were  kept  in  fquare 
wicker  cbefls,  rounded  at  top,  and  covered  with  felt,  grcafed 
over,  to  keep  out  rain.  They  were  adorned  with  paintings, 
or  feathers,  and  fixed  on  carts,  carried  by  camels,  for  crcf 
fing  rivers  ;  but  never  taken  down  like  the  houfes. 
Bow  Thf.se  houfes,  when  let  on  the  ground,  are  placed,  as  all 

f laced,  their  habitations  are,  with  the  door  facing  the  fouth,  to  avoid 
the  north  winds,  which  are  very  piercing  all  over  great  7i- 
tary.  Then  they  range  the  chefl -carts  at  a  little  dilfance,  on 
each  fide,  as  it  were  two  walls.     One  rich  Mungl  had  one 

b  Ajju'lch.  hift.  Turks,  &c.  p.  409.  c  Ibid. 


C.  4*  Since  Jcnghiz  Khan.  307 

or  two  hundred  fuch  carts  with  chefts ;  fo  that  iuch  a  great  Mungls, 
jnan'$  court  looked  like  a  great  village  d.  their  r*- 

The.  fixed  habitations  of,  the  Eluths,  which  are  but  few,  ft****  &£• 
excepting  the  roof,  which  is  in  the  form  of  a  dome,  trt^r^CT^ 
built  in  all  refpe&s  like  the  moveable  huts ;  without  rither^*^J~" 
»  chambers,  windows,  or  garrets  :  the  whole  confifting  of  one 
\  ilngle  room,  about  tvVelve  feet  High.    But  thefe  houfes  Ire  not 
near  fo  large  and  convenient  as  thofe  of  the  Manchavs,  who 
\  build  them  fquare  e. 

In  the  year  1721,  fome  perfons,  fent  by  the  emperor  ofNeeJies%ot 
l  Ruflidj  Peter  I.  to  difcover  plants,  near  the  river  Tzulbn  (or Jpires. 
k(3mlim),  to  the  weft  of  the  town  cfKra/noyar;  found  etefted, 
about  the  middle  of  the  great  ftep  or  defart,  a  kind  or    . 
Lneedle,  or  fpire,  cut  out  of  one  white  ftone,  about  fixteen 
|  feet  high;  furrotihded  by  fome  hundred  fmaU  ones,  four  or 
five  fleet  high*     There  b  an  infcription  on  oiie  fide  of  the 
'  great  needle,  and  feveral  characters  on  the  lefler  ones  $  which 
time  has  already  defaced  in  many  places,  and  feefti  to  have  no 
refemblance  of  any  ufed  in  the  north  parts  of  /ffia*    As  there 
ire  no  (tones  within  an  hundred  leagues  of  thefe  monuments, 
aad  fuch  works  do  not  agree  with  the  genius  of  the  prefent  inha- 
bitants of  Tatary,  Bentink  feems  to  think,  that  they  could  not 
,  lave  been  executed  either  by  them  or  their  anceftors.   But  this 
cooclufion  will  not  hold  good,  if  we  confider  what  has  been 
already  quoted  from  Ruhrnquis,  who  found  tombs  in  that 
form  (L)  in  his  journey  through  the  fame  parts  of  Tatary* 
.  In  that  part  of  the  country  between  the  Ja'ik  and  Sir,  A  deferred 
which  is  inhabited  by  the  £luths,  towards  the  borders  of  xhttonvn. 
kaffatcha  Orda,   who  poflefs  the  other  part,   the  Ruffians, 

(about  17 14,  difcovered  a  town,  quite  deferted ;  In  the  midft 
of  vaft  fandy  grounds,  eleven  days  journey  to  thd  fouth-weft 
f  (M)  of  Tamifba,  and  eight  to  the  weft  of  Semfalat  (N).  It 
! 

a  Purch.  ubi  fupra,  p.  3,  &  fe<j.  *  Aato'LCH.  ubi.  fu- 

,pra,  p.410. 

(L)  Paul  Lucas,  in  his  fecbnd  have  been  built  by  the  Tatars, 

voyage  to  the  Levant*  torn.  i.  in  one  of  their  expedition!  on1 

p.  126,  faw  a  ferprizing  num-  that  fide; 
aw  of  pyramids,  no  fewer  than        (M)  It  fhould  be  fouth-eafr, 

20,000^  within  two  days  jour-  according  to  Strablenbergs map, 

'  ncy  of  Cafarea,  in  Jfia  minor ;  which  places  this  town  in  the 

with  doors,  flairs,  rooms,  and  neighbourhood  of  Sempalat,  and 

Windows;  and  in  the  upper  part  Abluket,  both  on  the  Irtijb. 
of  each  a  corpfc.  Which,  from         (N)  Sempalat,  o:  Sedempalai; 

their  uniformity  with  thofe  in  that  is,  the  /even  palaces,  is  a 

Votary,  may  be  prefunied  to  Ruffian  fctdement  on  the  Irtijh. 


X  a 


it 


30S  Ktfiory  of  lie  Moguls  and  Tartars,.       B.  E, 

Mungh,  is  about  half  a  league  in  compafs,  with  walls  five  feet  thkk, 
their  cu~  and  fixtoen  high  :  the  foundation  frceftone,  and  fuperftrnc- 
^w,&c.ture   brick,    flanked   with  towers   in    feveral  places.     The 
.  *' "■"*"" '■'houfes  were  all  built  with  fun-burnt  bricks,  and  fide-poftsof 
wood,  much  after  the  common  fafhion  in  Poland.     The  bet- 
ter fort  had  feveral  chambers.     There  were  likewife  grcar 
$rick  buildings,  with  each  a  tower  ;  which,  in  all  likelihood* 
ferved  for  temples.     Thefc  buildings  were  in  pretty  good 
condition,  without  the  leaft  appearance  of  violence  having 
been  ufed  to  them> 
Writing*       In  moft  of  the  boufes  was  found  a  great  quantity  of 
Jfrund        writings  done  up  in  rolls.     One  fort  was  in  China  ink  and 
tiw**       {ilk  paper,  white  and  thick.     The  leaves  were  two  feet  long,, 
and  nine  inches  broad,  written  on  both  iidts ;  and  the  lino 
ran  from  the  right  to  left  acrofs  the  fame.     The  writing 
was  bounded  with  two  black  lines,  which  left  a  two-incfc 
margin.    The  fecond  fort  was  engrofled  upon  fine  Woe  filk 
paper,  in  gold  and  iilver,  with  a  line  round  each,  in  one  or 
the  othef.  *  The  lines  were  written  length-ways,  from  right 
to  left ;  and  varnifhed  over,  to  preferve  them.    The  firft  tort- 
were  found  to  be.  in  the  Mungl  language :  the  fecond  in  that 
relating  to  of  Tang ut  (of  Tibet )  ;   both  treating,  of  religious  matters 
dtvotio*.   Since  then*  two*  other  towns  were  difcovered,   deferred  ia 
the  fame  manner  by  the  Elut ks ;   probably  on  account  of 
their  wars-  with  the  Mungls.    Much  of  the  fame  kind  was* 
the  difcovery  made  in  1721.    Some  ruftics,  fent  from  75- 
bclfioy,  by  the-  governor  of  Siberia,    privately  to*  look  far 
ruins  and  ancient  fepulchres,  found  certain  images  of  gold, 
filver,  and  brafo,  in  all  the  tombs.    And,  having  advance! 
f  20  German  miles  toward  the  Cafpian  fea,  met  with  the  ruins- 
of  fplendid  buildings :   among  \tfhich  were  fome  chamber* 
under-ground,  whofe  floors  and  fides  confifted  of  moft  fliine- 
hig  (lone. .   Th*y  few  here  and  there  black  ebony  chefts  ? 
^  which,  inftead  of  treafure,  contained  writings  or  books.     Of 
'  thefe  they  carried  away  only  five  leaves  :  one  whereof,  beings 

tolerably  well  preferved,  was  made  publick  (O)-  The  learned 
of  Europe,  to  whom  the  emperor  Peter  I.  alfo  communicated 
thefe  writings,  were  much  puzzfed  about  them ;  but  at  once 
were  known  by  meflieurs  Freret  and  Fourmont,  of  the  acade- 
my of  Inscriptions  at  Paris  (P)  to  be  the  language  and  char- 

'  (O)  lb  the  AQp  Emditorum,  (P)  In  tfie  hiftory  of  that 
vok  xlvi.  p.  J75,  July  1722,  academy,  for  the  year  172?* 
and  in  the  literary  news  of  Leip-    there  is  a  full  account  of  the** 


Juk,  the  25th  of  June,  the  ferae    writings 
year,  p.  414. 


latter 


C.  4J  -28w  JengMz  KhanJ  309 

xa&er  of  7%*'.    They/oimd  it  toie  a  funeral  fennon,  with  Mungls, 
a  moral  on  the  other  life",  well  handled f.  their  at* 

The  language  fpoken  by  the  numerous  tribes  of  Mungls  ft****  &c 
is  limply  called  the  Mungl  tongue.     They  Lave  indeed  7e-  yy~* m,mm* 
Tend  diakfts  ( QJ  ;  but  understand  each  other  very  well  sf  s***1"?**- 
The  characters  found  or  the  antient  monuments  are  the  fame 
-with  thofe  in  prefent  ufe  j,  but  different  from  the  Manchews, 
-which  are  ho  older  than  the  family  now  reigning.     They 
Aavc  not'  the  leaft  nefemblance  of  the  CMmjft  letters,  and  am 
no  more  dilScult  than  the  Raman.    They  are  written  on  ta-  * 
I  iks  with  aa  iron  pencil :  for  which  jeafon  a  book  is  ft  great 
rarity  among  die  Mungk*    The  emperor  JCang-bi,  to  pleafe 
them,  had  lome  of  their  authors  tranflatcd,  and  printed  at 
i  fe-ting.    But  the  chief  book  among  them  is  the  Kalendar* 
;  jubUfoed  by  the  mathematical  tribunal  in  «hat  capital,  and 
^jpaved  in  Mungl  characters1!. 

"    The  Mungls,  in  the  fleuriflting  times  *f  their  empire,  f*arm*£. 
[cultivated  arts  and  fciences;  which  they. learned  from  the 
;  iwthera  nations  of  Afiay  whom  they  conquered.  Among  the 
I  left,  aftronomy,  geography,  and  other  parts  of  mathematics, 
:  are  much  indebted  to  the  labours  of  their  countrymen.   But, 
I  with  their  dominion  out  of  Tatary*  they  loft  their  low  for 
^faming;  and,  at  prefent,  are  involved  in  their  antient  agno* 
tance.    However,  as  they  are  ftudious  to  preferve  the  know* 
Jcge  of  their  genealogies,  tribes,  and  otBaer  matters  appertain- 
ing to  their  own  hiftory,  foey  IU11  retain  a  method  peculiar 
to  thcmfelves  of  computing  time,  and  fettling  the  dates  of 
events     This  is  a  cycle  of  twelve  lunar  years,  whitih  xveCyc/ef 
Joeet  with  in  a  work  afcribed  to  one  of  their  emperors,  who  tnve/vt 
reigned  in  Perfia  and  Grtat  JBuAbarsa,  with,  each  its  name,J*"*» 
taken  from  feme  animal,  in  the  following  order :  1.  Kejku* 
orthemonfc.     z.  Out,  the  ok.     3.  P&rs,  the  leopard.    »4. 
>  WJhh&n,  the  hare.     5.  Lu'i,  tfaje  crocodile.     6.  Tuldn,  the 
;  fcrpent.     7,  Tunad,  the  horfe.     8.  Kui,  or  JCoyf  the  flieep*. 
'$.  PichAn,    the  ape.     10.  Dahuk,  the  hen.     11.  Eyt9  the 
*)g.     it*  Tongfa,  the  hog1.     The  Mungls  took  this  cycle 
from  the  Ig&n*  OygArs,  or  Vigurs*>  the  only  people  in  all 

r  Abu'lg-h.  hift:  Turks,  Sec.  p.  556,  &feq.  0  f  DvHalde 
tf>i  fupra,  p.  2,56,  &  feq.  *  Ibid,  p.  253.  *  Ulwg, 

Beigh  Epoch,  celehr.  p.  6.        *  Hype  rel.  vet.  Perf.  p.  225. 

(QJ  According  to  Bentink,  BuJgbazi hift.  Turks,  Sec.  p.  399* 
Ac  Elutbs  are  the  only  people  Sc  {eq. '  Among  them  Abnlgbaz* 
of  Grand  Tatary  who  preferve  Khan  learned  the  Turktjh  Ian- 
the  antient  Mungl  or  Turkijb  guage,  in  which  he  wrote  his 
IttflMge  in  all  its  purity.   A-    hiftory,  ibid*  p.  31. 

X  3  T*tery 


3  io  Hiftory  of  the  Moguls  and  Tartars,        B.  II. 

Mongls,  Tatary  who  had  either  learning  or  letters  before  the  time  of 
their  cu-  Jenghtz  Khdn.  And  from  the  Mungh  the  Japanefe  took 
ftomsy  &c.  their  Jetta,  or  twelve  figns  ]. 

SECT     II. 
Religion  of  the  Mungls. 

Manglr^^THE  Mangls,  before  the  time  o£  Jenghiz  Kh&n,  were,  ia 
Ugion;  all  probability,  ftridt  deifts ;  fince  that  conquemr,  at  the 

head  of  his  Yafla,  or  laws,  ordained  the  belief  of  One  God, 
the  creator  of  heaven  and  earth.  But,  in  the  reigns  of  hi* 
fucceflbrs,  the  Lamas  of  Tibet  found  admiffion  into  Tatary ; 
and,  by  degrees,  fp  infe&ed  the  inhabitants,  that,  at  prefect, 
all  but  the  Mohammedan  Tat  an  profefs  the  religion  of  Fot 
called  in  their  language  Fo-Jhaki :  which,  befides  the  doc- 
trine of  the  tranfiriigration  of  fouls  (A),  teaches  the  belief 
of  a  future*  ftate,  purgatory,  invocation  of  faints,  worihip  of 
images,  confeflion,  pardons,  abfolution,  and  other  do&rines, 
fo  very  conformable  to  thofe  of  the  Romijh  religion,  that  it  feems 
the  counter-part  of  it,  as  well  in  eflentials  as  ceremonies,  evca 
to  croffing,  the  beads,  and  holy  water.  They  hare  not,  indeed, 
any  thing  fo  abfnrd  as  tranfubftantiation ;  but  they  have  an  ar- 
ticle of  faith  equivalent  to  it :  for  they  believe,  that  the  God 
Fo,  whom  they  call  God  incarnate,  not  only  afluraes  a  human 
fiat  of  form,  andaftuafly  refides  in  Tibet,  where  he  is  worshipped 
Tibet,  as  the  true  Deity,  or  Sovereign  both  of  heaven  and  earth  3 
but  that  he  communicates  his  divinity  to  his  chofen  fervants, 
who  officiate,  in  the  feveral  parts  of  his  fpiritual  dominions, 
in  his  (lead.  ^Thefe  are  the  vicars,  or  deputies,  of  the  77* 
betian  god,  and  are  called,  in  the  Mungl  language,  Khutaktu, 
There  are  feveral  of  them  in  Great  Tatary.  The  Mung h 
have  one,  who  refides  among  and  prefides  over  them.  The 
Khalkas  another.  The  Khutuktu,  or  vfcar  of  the  Mungls% 
has  his  abode  at  Khukbti  Hot&n,  mentioned  before  in  the 
geography  of  their  country ;  where  he  lives  in  great  ftate, 
and  receives  the  adorations  of  the  Mungls,  who  make  p3^ 
grimages  thither,  to  vifit  him,  with  as  much  devotion  as  the 
\  Romanifts  do  to  Rome. 

1  Kempf.  hift.  Japan,  p.  156. 

(A)  Jtegu  fays,  they  do  not     but  more  of  yrild  than  tzsap 
hold  the  tranfmigration  of  the     animals.      Du    tiatiit  China, 


i 


oul,  at  leaft  into  brutes  :  for     &c,  vol.  ii.  p.  257. 
"  at  they  eat  the  flefli  of  beafls  ^ 


ca&* 


,C.4*  Stee  Jenghlfc  Kh&n.  311 

GERBILLON  the  Jefuit,  who  was  at  Khukh&Hotun  in  Mungjs# 
1688,  with  the  emperor  Kang-bi,  faw  the  Khutftktu,  who  their  cu- 
was  then  about  twenty-five  years  old.  For  although  they  flom>  *«• 
believe  he  never  dies,  yet  they  fay  he  from  time  to  time  dif-  ^?TX??? 
appears  ;  in  which  interval,  his  foul,  being  feparated  from  his  ^/  *  u" 
body,  immediately  enters  that  of  fome  child,  who  is  difco-  .   - 

vered  by  the  Lamas,  or  priefts.     Hence  they  are  called  F&» 
ficki,  or  the  Living  Fo  (B) ;  and  worfhipped  as  God  on  earth.  ; 

fle  was  flat  faced,  and  very  long  vifaged  ;  fat  in  an  alcove,  at 
the  end  of  the  temple,  on  two  large  cufhioirs,  one  brocade, 
the  other  yellow  fattin.  There  were  feveral  lamps  on  each 
hand ;  but  only  one  lighted.  He  was  covered  all  over  with 
a  gown  or  mantle  of  yellow  damafk,  fo  that  nothing  could 
befeen  but  his  head,  which  was  quite  bare.  His  hair  was 
curled,  and  his  mantle  edged  with  a  parrf-coloured  galoon, 
fonr  or  five  inches  broad,  like  a  prieft's  cope;  which  thstof  the 
ivcftment  nearly  refembled.  All  the  civility  he  fliewed  theMungls; 
emperor's  ambafladors  was,  to  receive  (landing  their  compli? 
meats,  or  rather  adorations :  for  when  they  were  advanced 
; within  fix  paces  of  him,  they  call  their  caps  on  the. ground, 
and  proftrated  themfelves  thrice,  knocking*  the*  earth  with 
ifceir  foreheads.  After  this,  kneeling  by  turns  at  his  feet,  he 
put  Ms  hand  on  their  heads,  and  made  them  touch  his  chapr 
let,  or  beads.  The  ambafladors  then  paid  a  fecond  adora* 
tion,  and,  the  pretended  immortal  being  firft  feated,    took  f 

their  places  in  alcoves,  one  on  each  fide.     Some  of  their  re- 
tinue alfo,  after  paying  their  adorations,  received  the  impofir . 
tion  of  hands  and  touch  of  the  beads.'"  Then  an  entertain- 
ment was  fet ;  and  while  the  counterfeit  god  reached  a  cup 
rfTatdrian  tea,  ferved  in  plate,  our  author  obferved,  that  his  Be- 
ins  arms  were  bare  up  to  the  ftioulders  ?  and  that  he  had  no  h&viour. 
other  clothes  underneath  but  red  and  yellow  fcarfs,  wrapped 
about  his  body.     The  collation  being  over,  and  the  tables 
removed,  they  converfed  for  fome  time.     During  which  the 
living  idol  kept  his  gravity  very  well :  he  fpoke  no  more  than 
five  or  fix  words,  and  thofe  very  fofdy,  in  anfwer  to  the 
wnbaffadors  queftionsj  but  was  continually  rolling  his  eyes, 
looking  earneftly,  now  at  one,  then  at  another;   and  fome* 
times  vouchfafed  to  fmile.     In  this  temple  were  no  .images, 

(B)  The  Chi nefe  is  Ho-Fo.   In  vol.  iv.  p.  653.     He  is  called 

Tihtt  he  is  called  Lama  Koiiju ;  alfo  Lama  Lamalu;  that  is,  the 

and,  by  the  Ckinefe.  and  Tatars%  Lama  of  Lamas ;  and  Dalay  La-. 

God  the  Father,   according  to  ma,  or  the  Great  Lama;  being  * 

the  Jefuit  Grutber.    See  collect,  the  pope  of  thofe  countries, 
voyages  and  travels  in  quarto, 

X4  «s 


1 


3 1*  tiiftory  of  the  Mcgtils  *** Tartars,      B.  If; ! 

Mungls,  as  in  other  temples ;  but  pictures  of  their  deities,  punted  oo 

their  cu-  the  walls. i   In  a  chamber  they  faw  a  child,  of  (even  or  eigj* 

fonts,  &c.  years  0ld,  with  a  lamp  burning  befide  him,  drefled  and  fea* 

%mmmvmmamJed  like  the  Khutuktu,  and  feemed  defigncd  for  his  fuccefa, 

When  the  ambafladors  took  their  leave  of  this  mock  deity, 

he  neither  ftirred  from  his  feat,  nor  paid  them  the  kaft  <j»! 

vilify*. 

Xhfituktft     The  Khutuktu  of  the  Kalkas  is  not  fubje&  to  the  Dahj 

*f  the      Lama  of  Tibet,  though  originally  a  deputy  from  him  to  the* 

Kalkas;    and  the  Eluths  .*  but,  having  tafted  the  fweets  of  fpirimal coa» 

mand,  he  made  bold  (towards  the  year  1 680)  to  fet  up  for  hi* 

felf.     This  he  performed  with  fo  much  addrefs,  that  there  if 

fcarce  any  mention  made  at  prefent  of  the  Dalay  Lama  amon 

the  Kalkas  ;  who  believe  their  living  Fo  to  be  no  lefs  divine  uf 

Immortal  than  him  of  Tibet.    The  court  of  China  had  a  grot 

hand  in  this  new  apotheofis,  in  order  to  divide  the  Kafka 

from  the  Eluths ;  which  they  faw  could  not  well  be  done  £ 

long  as  both  nations  continued  attached  to  the  fame  head  4 

religion  ;  who  would,  at  all  times,  in  cafe  of  difference,  e* 

deavour,  for  his  own  fake,  to  reconcile  them  \    With  tfcfc 

view,  the  emperor  Kang-hi,  at  the  intreaty  of  the  Khutukt^ 

affifted  the  Kalkas  againft   Kaldan  Pojuktu%  Khan  of  dj| 

Eluths,  in  1688.     But  before  the  Chinefe  forces  arrived,  KJi 

dan  had  made  great  ravages  in  the  country  of  the  Kalkas  \ 

and,  among  the  reft,  deftroyed  the  magnificent  teiripk,  vhkk 

the  Khutuktu  had  built  near  the  river  Tula,  with  ydtor, 

varnifhed  bricks. 

his  refi-        This  living  Fo,  who  was  the  chief  occafion  of  the  vxt 

dina:       by  his  cruelty  and  injuftice,  was  named  Chemitzun  Tawi^ 

Khtefoti ;  and  brother  to  the  Khan  of  the  Kalkas,  aH 

Tujbetu  Kh&n.    After  his  temple  was  deftroyed,  and  JUj 

dan  was  repulfed  by  help  of  the  imperial  troops,  he  west; 

and  dwelt  in  tents,  on  the  banks  of  the  Iben  Piraf  a  littk 

river,  which  falls  into  the  Selinga.    As  the  veneration  which 

the  Kalkas  had  for  him  drew  crouds  of  people  thither,  d* 

place,  in  a  little  time,  might  be  called  a  large  city  of  tents ;  tht 

hurry  being  much  greater  there  than  any-where  elfe  in  that 

part  of  Tatary  :  for  it  is  reforted  to  by  the  Ruffianly  *nd  other 

nations,  for  the  fake  of  trade,  as  well  as  by  the  priefts  <£ 

all  ranks,  from  Hindqfldn,  Pegu,  Tibet,  and  China  c.   GertiBm 

faw  this  Khutuktus,  in  1691,  at  an  audience  of  the  emperor 

Kang-hi ;  who  obliged  that  pretended  god  to  pay  him  horn- 

fetfon  cwd  age.    He  was  a  corpulent  man,  and  the  only  fat  Kalka  oat 

manatn. 

•  DuHalde,  China,  &c.  vol.  ii.  p.  279.  b  Abu'ich. 

ihi&.  Turks,  &c.  p.  508.         «  DuHalde  ubifupra,  p.  25*. 

author 


£.  *  #*#  J*Pghfe  Khan,  j  t  j 

author  had  ever  fecn :  of  *  middle  ftatwc ;  and»  though  Dp*-  Muaglv 
wards  cf  fifty,  had  a  very  ruddy  complexion.    He  was  areflc4  *&**'  c*~ 
$n  a  long  gown  cf  ydlpw  fattin,  with  a  bgcder  of  rich  fur,  Aw» &c- 
nd  collar  of  the  lame.    t)ver  his  Jhoulder  he  wore  a  great  v*"%p*rl 
juten  fcarf,  of  a  dark  red.    His  bead  and  heard  wereftuwed* 
.ffis  bonnet  was  a  kind  of  mitre,  of  yellow  fattia  (C),  with 
jour  red  corners  turned  up,  and  faced  with  extreme  fine 
r  Hack  fable.    He  had  on  red  boots,  peaked  at  the  toes,  a  nar- 
,*ow  galoon  running  along  the  feams.    He  was  followed  by 
.two  fervants;  and  conduced  by  the  prudent  of  the  tribunal 
j,«f  the  Mungls.    After  this,  being  rent  for  by  the  emperor, 
fhe,  for  all  his  pride,  put  bo  the  habit  pdfeeranony  appointed 
Jiim  by  his  Chinefe  majefty,  and  received  a  prefent  of  about 
&30  pounds  *. 

k*    These  Khutuktus  are  attended  by  Lamas,  or  priefts,  who  Lamas,  #* 
u|dnre  a  great  afcendant  over  the  people,  and  are  held  in  gmxprieftsi 
feneration  by  them  r  although  the  Jefuits  tell  us,  if  they  may 
At  credited,  that  they  are  commonly  not  only  ignorant  (D), 
[(being  accounted  learned,  if  they  can  but  read  their  facred^«>^^ 
pfeooks  in  xheYihetian  language);  but  alfo  great  libertines  ; **&**• 
;  Uebauching  women,  with  impunity.     They  fing  their  pray* 
ybrs,  which  they  fcarce  understand,  with  a  folemn  yet  harmo- 
^  flkxis  air  :  and  this  makes  almoft  the  whole  of  their  religioui 
j-  worftiip.    They  make  no  facrifice,  or  offering ;  but  they  give 
L  fcbfolution  to  the  people,  who  demand  it,  bare-headed,  on  their 
[.Inees :  and  are  fo  bigotted  to  them,  that  the  miffioners  fty, 
\  there  are  very  little  hopes  of  converting  them  to  the  Rmnijh 
\  fiith.     It  is  generally  believed,  that  they  Can  call  down  hail 
J^nd  rain.    This  was  teftified  to  the  Jefuits  by  feveral  MaA* 
|darins,  as  eye-witnefles  ;  and  they  were  told  at  Pe-king,  that 
r  jhe  Lamas  praftifed  forcery  (E).     They  pretend  alfo  to  phy* 

d.J)u  Halde  obi  fupra,  p.  338,  &  feq. 

*     (C)  The  colour  of  yellow  de-  fallibility,  that  he  had  w»t\ 

notes  being  in  tbe  iotcreft  of  ado  to  bring  himfelf  off  wit^ 

;"1ho  emperor  of  China,  whofe  honour.     Abulgh.  hift.  Turfa         , 

■  livery  that  is.  &c.  p.  489.     Now,  if  they  ar? 

.'    (D)  On  the  contrary,  we  are  fo  well  acquainted  with  the  rcli- 

told  by  Bent  ink,  that  one  of  his  gions  of  other  nations,  it  is  not 

^opifb  friends,  in  his  way  thro*  fikely  they  are  ignorant  of  their 

the  Mungh  country,  having  re-  own. 

preached  fome  Lamas  for  de-  (£)  The  antient  travellers,  as 

caving  the  vulgar,  in  making  Rubruguis  ztidMarcpPelo,  fpeak 

them  believe  the  divinity  of  the  much  of  their  forcery  and  ma- 

Dalay  Lama,  and  the Kbotkurftj  gic  :    but    no    wonder,   fince 

they  fo  fmartly  retorted  on  him  that  fuperilition  is  ft  ill  believed, 

the  Romrjk  do&rines,  relating-to  by  (he  Romt/A^xrgy. 
tbe  pope's  fupremacy  and  ia- 

5  fcl 


314  Miftory  of  the  Moguls  snd  Tartars,        R.  It 

Mungls,  fie ;  which  they  practice.     Their  drefs  is  like  that  in  which 

their  cu-  the  apoftles  are  painted ;  and  they  wear  a  mitre  and  cap, 

Jfom9  &c.i&e  bifhops.     They  do  not  live  in  community  in  Tatary : 

^**V**^but,  iii  feme  places,  have  a  kind  of  prebends ;    being  the 

lands  and  flocks  of  thofe  whom  they  fucceed  ;  of  whom  they 

are  generally  the  cfifciples  6r  companions.     They  go  from 

tent  to  tent,  and  repeat  certain  prayers ;  for  which  they  have 

afajary*. 

SECT.     III. 
Government  of  the  Muagis, 

Aymafcs  T**  °r^cr  rightly  to  underftand  the  nature  of  government  ia 
mid  Or-  •*•  tife  among  the  Mungls,  it  muft  be  obferved,  that  each  of 
das.  the  three  great  branches  is  divided  into,  Aymaks,  or  tribes; 

and  although  any  one  of  them  comes  to  fubdivide  into  feveral 
letter  branches,  yet  they  are  always  reckoned  as  belonging  to 
fuch  tribe.  Every  Aymak  is  compofed  of  a  nnmber  of  fa- 
milies, who  ufually  encamp  together;  and  never  feparate, 
without  acquainting  their  chief,  that  he  may  know,  where  to 
find  them.  When  an  Aymak,  or  tribe,  is  affembled,  whe- 
jther  to  go  fight  their  enemies,  or  for  any  other  particular 
reafon,  it  is  called  Orda,  or,  as  Europeans  term  it,  an  hord. 
Tayki  ••  Evert  tribe,  or  branch  feparated  from  it,  has  its  particu- 
WKhan.Jar  chief,  who  is  called  Tajtki  (or  Tayghi) :  which  dignity 
defcends  regularly  to  the  eldeft  fon.  Thefe  are  all  their  no- 
bility :  and,  riches  being  equally  divided  among  them,  there 
,  is- no. other  difference  between  one  head  of  a  tribe  and  an? 
other,  but  that  of  merit,  or  the  number  of  families  in  his 
£>jrda\  Thefe  chiefs  of  tribes  are  fubjeft  to  fome  Khan, 
whofe  vaflals  they  are,  as  well  as  by  birth  his  generals  and 
counfellors.  '  Khan,  or  Han,  is  a  title  given  to  the  fovereign  of 
ihyftate,  great  or  fmall  (A) :  thus,  feveral  petty  Mungl  princes 
ire  Ailed  Khans,  though  tributary  to  the  Khan  of  the  Kalka 
'Mungls ;  who  is  himfelf  under  the  protection  of  the  emperor  of 
China :  and  this  laft  monarch,  originally  coming  from  Tatary; 
is  alfo  called  Khan ;  being  conlidered  as  the  Great  Khan  of 
the  Manchews,  proper  Mungls  9  and  Kalkas,  who  are  fubjeft  to 

'*  c  DuHalde  ubifupra,  p.  252,  &feq.  &  p.  263.  *  Ibid. 
t  397>  *  fe* 

"  (A)  In  the  time  of  Jenghiz  were  then  called  Khan,  as  being 
Khan  every  tribe  feemed  to  have  independent,  till  they  were  fab- 
its  particular  Khan ;  or  thofe  dued  by,  or  fubmitted  to,  that 
chiefs  who  are  now  called  Tayki  conqueror. 

I  *  him. 


C.  4.  Since  Jcnghiz  Kh&ni  315 

him.  It  is  not  permitted  to  any  of  the  family,  excepting  the  Mungls, 
reigning  prince  alone,  to  aflume  the  title  of  Khan  b  :  that  their  <•*- 
which  belongs  to  the  princes  of  the  blood  being  Tayki c.         ft*"**  &£• 

When  a  Khan  dies,  all  the  princes  of  the  reigning  family,  ^TV^ 
and  heads  of  tribes,  which  are  under  the  dominion  of  that^^?"* 
houfe,  meet  at  the  ufual  refidence  of  the  deceafed  monarch ; '  edhv*m 
where  they  proceed  to  the  eleftion  of  a  new  one.   They  only 
examine  who  may  be  the  eldefl  among  thofe  princes,  without 
regard  to  the  feniority  of  the  feveral  branches  of  the  family,  or 
to  the  children  of  the  deceafed ;  and  they  never  foil  to  deft 
him  who  appears  to  be  oldeft,  unlefs  feme  extraordinary  per-' 
fonal  defeft  be  found  in  him.    It  is  true,  force  and  usurpa- 
tion may  fet  this  order  afide :  but  this  cafe  happens  much 
feldomer  among  the  Pagan  than  Mohammedan  Tatars  d. 

The  Mungls,  for  feme  confidcrable  time  after  their  divide-* The 
ing  into  three  great  branches,  continued  independent  under  Mungls 
their  refpettive  Khans  :  but,  at  prefent,  only  the  Eluths  rc-fid™** 
tain;  an  abfolute  fovereignty  ;  the  Mungls  and  Kalkas  having 
become  fubjeft  to  the  Manchewsr  now  reigning  in  China,  on 
two  different  occafions. 

After  the  defendants  of  Jenghtz  Kh&n,  towards  the/*  the 
middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  were  driven  out  of  China,  Man- 
the  princes  of  his  houfe  feized  on  territories,  and  formed  chews : 
different  hords :  however,  the  title  of  Khan  remained  to  the 
chief  of  them,  called  Chahar  Khdn,  defended  from  Hu- , 
belay,  or  Kublay.    To  this  prince  the  other  Mungl  tribes 
(who  had  continued  in  Tatary),  and  even  the  Eluths  thefn- 
felves,  were  tributary,  till  about  the  beginning  of  the  feven- 
teenth  century ;  when  his  fubjefts  (B),  unable  to  bear  his        , 
cruelties  and  riots,  called  in  the  founder  of  the  Manchew 
monarchy  in  China :  who  obliged  him  to  quit  the  title  of 
Khan  for  that  of  Vang,  aqd  intirely  fub4ued  the  Mungls 
about  the  great  wall '. 

These  new  matters,  after  their  conqueft  of  China,  con- their  go- 
ferred  on  the  moft  powerful  of  them  the  titles  of  Vang,  wrnment* 
Pey-le,  Pey-tfe,  Kong,  eSrr.   anfwering  to  thofe  of.regulo, 
prince,  duke,  earl,  &c. ;  divided  them  into  forty-nine  ftand- 
ards,  and  fettled  a  revenue  on  each  chief;  fixed  the  bounds 
of  their  lands,  and  ej(labliftied  laws,  by  which  they  are  go- 

h  Dv  HxLDBubi  fupra,  p.  391.  c-  Sovciet.  obf.  math, 

j.  160,  note  3.  *  Ibid.  p.  398.         e  Dv  Halde,  vol.  ii. 

P-*5i. 

(B)  By  this,  Chahar  Khah    could  not  have  lived  two  whole  > 

mull  be  only  a  tide ;  fince  he    centuries  and  more, 

vfrned 


5 « 6  Hijiory  tf  iU  Moguls  *n4  Tartars,       B.  II 

Mungls,  ^etaed  to  this  day.     There  is  a  grand  tribunal  atP*-£u 

thtir  m*  (called*  that  c£  the  Mungls),  to  which  appeals  are  brought 

jfoww,  &c.  from  the  judgment  of  the  princes  themfeives;  -who  u$ 

%—mxmmmJ  obliged  to  appear,  when  cited.*    The  faHus,  face  their  fafe 

jeftion,  are  under  the  feme  regulation f . 
Pri***/  The  feveral  countries  or  diftritts  of  the  Mungls,  cm 
immerous.  thofe  which  are  the  worft,  being  dry,  fiindy,  and  cold,  fact 
as  Korchin,  Qhan,  Nayman,  and  Turkeda,  maintain  a  gnfl 
aaipber  of  princes.  The  houfe  of  Korchin  only,  at  the  tin 
*rhen  the  miffioaers  parted  through  it  (in  17 10),  hadeigl 
©r  nine  diftinguiihed  by  their  feveral  titles  above-mendoocA 
the  number  of  which  is  not  "fixed  :  becaufe  they  depend  a 
die  will  of  the  emperor  of  China,  who  is,  with  refpeft  I 
them,  the  Grand  Khan' ;  and  who  exalts  or  degrades  the] 
according  to  their  conduft.  When  they  are  without  tW| 
or  military  command,  they  are  called  Tayghi  (C) :  nerenh 
Jefs,  they  are  oonfidered  as  mafters  of  their  territories  li 
the  Mungls,  who  are  no  better  than  flaves  to  the  heads  < 
*    their  refpe&ive  families* 

These  princes  have  a  politenefs  which  diftinguiihes  thel 
from  their  fubjefts  :  who,  though  they  ftik  themfeives  flaia 
are  not  treated  with  feverity  ;  but  have  ready  accefe  pn  ifc 
flighteft  occafions  :  yet,  formed  by  education,  this  familial) 
takes  off  nothing  of  their  refpeft  K  %- 

T^Kalka     It  does  not  appear  at  what  times  that  part  of  the  Mnqfa 
Mungls    called  Kalhas  aflumed  the  name.    Thefe  had  at  firft  a  Khali 
who,  as  well  as  the  other  Mungls  and  Eluths,  was  tributary  M 
the  Gbabar  KASn  above-mentioned  :  but  the  Kalkzs  iirreafis 
,        vaftly  in  time,  and  the  defcendants  of  Kublay,  who  had  oq 
the  title  of  Tayki,  growing  numerous ;  the  more  powerful  anus 
them  became  by  degrees  independent  on  each  other,  and  < 
the  Khan  himfelf,  to  whom  they  paid  only  a  flight  homage 
Before  the  year  1688  they  are  faid  to  have  amounted  ft 
fuhmit  to  6°°>000  families,    divided  into  feven  ftandards,    nndcr  lb 
Kang-hi.  inany  chiefs ;  on  three  of  whom  the  Dalay  Lama  of  TM 
conferred  the  title  of  Khan  :  although  the  Tayki *s  allow! 
them  no  farther  fupeiiority  than  the  Jhrft  place  in  aflemblie* 
But,  in  the  year  above-mentioned,  Kalian  Pojoktu,  Khan  of  At 
Eluths,  having  invaded  their  territories,  to  revenge  himfelf** 
the  Khutuktu,  both  for  his  ufurpation,  or  revolt  from  the 
Dalay  Lama,  and  the  death  of  a  Khan,  which  he  had  can* 

f  Du  Halde,  vol.  ii.  p.  261,  264.  *  Ibid.  p.  250. 

(C)  The  Cbhefe  pronounce  it  Tayki,  and  the  Rvjftex*  T*t/h 
or  Twfi*. 

certcdi 


C.4-  Since  JmgYAzKhin.  3*T 

certtd';  the  Kalka  Khans,  after  half  their  fubjetts  had- been  de-  Mungfi, 
ftroved  by  the  enemy,  implored  the  aififtance  of  the  emperor  i^r  **~ 
of  China,  Kang-hi  ;  to  whom,  after  the  war,  two  of  them  f'^'^l 
fubmirted  immediately,  with  their  fubjefts.    Thefe  he  divided 
into  Sfcaflaks,  or  ftandards,  like  the  Mungls  \  conferring  new 
titles  on  their  princes,  and  appointing  them  lands  for  their 
maintenance. 

TVS  HE  TV,  or  Tujhektu,  the  moft  powerful  of  the  Khans  At  fnfi* 
(D),  after  his  defeat  by  the  Elutbs,  fled  ;  but  was  not  fol- pvwerfak 
lowed  by  many  of  his  people :  moft  of  whom  retired  into 
the  woods,  on  the  north  fide  of  the  river  Tula ;  and  after- 
wards, fubmitting  to  the  emperor,  were  divided  into  three 
ftandards,  under  fo  many  princes h.  However,  we  are  told 
by  other  authors,  that  this  fubmifllon,  obtained  by  the  in* 
trignes  of  the  Lamas,  was  very  precarious,  and  merely  no- 
minal :  for  that  his  fon  Tvjhidtu  Khan,  who,  in  1720,  had 
his  urga,  or  camp,  on  the  river  Orkhvn,  twelve  days  journey  , 
to  the  fouth-eaft  of  Selrnghinftoy,  was  very  powerful;  and 
had  feveral  petty  Khans,  who  dwek  about  the  fprings  of 
the  Jemfea,  and  the  great  Kobi  or  defart,  tributary  to  him. 
Likewife,  inftead  of  paying  tribute  himfelf,  the  emperor  of 
China  fends  him  every  year  magnificent  prefents ;  and  the 
complaifance  with  which  he  is  treated,  mews,  that  he  is 
feared  more  than  any  of  the  neighbouring  princes:  for, 
foould  he  ever  come  to  an  agreement  with  the  Ehiths,  the 
onion  might  endanger  the  prefent  family  reigning  in  China  *. 

The  Eluths,  who  at  firft  were  tributary  to  thcChahar  Khan',  Elutfcd 
as  well  as  the  Kalkas,  at  lengdi  became  independent  alfo;#«*r*- 
aad  are,  at  prefent,  the  moft  numerous  of  all  the  great  «*»'» 
'branches  into  which  the  Mungls  are  at   prefent  divided, 
Thefe  people  grew  very  formidable  in  the  laft  century.  After   • 
fbbduing  Little  Bukharia,  under  the  famous  Kaldon  Pqjolctrt, 
before-mentioned,  they  ruined  the  Kalkas ;  and  even  threat- 
ened to  attack  China  itfelf,  with  a  handful  of  men  :  but  he 
Was  overthrown  at  laft,  altho'  with  much  difficulty.     Since 
which  time  they  kept  themfelves  within  their  proper  bounds, 
and  have  not  been  fo  troublefome  to  their"  neighbours  as 
before.   ' 

The  Khan  (called  Kontayki,  or  the  great  lord)  is  a  potent p9wer  aut 
prince,  being  able  to  bring  into  the  field  above  an  hundred/"'17''- 

h  Du  Halde,  vol.  ii.  p.  251,  2^9.  *  Bentink  ap. 

Abiflg.  hiil.  Turks,  &c.  p.  J05,  &  feq. 

(I>)  His  territories  extended  along  the  Stiiwa,  OMon%  and 
Tula,  as  &r  as  mount  Kwtay. 

thoj* 


3 1 8  Hijlory  of  tbt  Moguls  and  Tartars,       B.E 

Mungls,  thoufand  men  k.     On  this  occafion  it  may  be  proper  to  ok 
their  at-  ferve,  that  the  Taykis  are  of  account  to  their  Khans  only  i| 
fiomst  &c.  proportion  to  the  number  of  families  in   their  refpeftin 
%m00ymmmJ  Aymaks,  or  tribes  ;  and  the  Khans  formidable  to  their  neigh- 
bours,  only  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  tribes  which  an 
in  fubje&ion  to  them  ;  and  in  which  confifts  all  their  rick* 
and  grandeur,  as  well  as  power l. 
Arms  of       The  arms  of  the  Eluths  are  chiefly  great  bows,  with  fiz* 
XfrEluths,  able  arrows ;  which  they  draw  very  true,  and  with  great  ibrcn 
it  having  been  obferved,  in  the  difference  which  the  Rufm 
had  with  them  in  r  7 1 5,  on  account  of  feme  fettlements  d 
the  river  Irti/b,  that  they  pierced  men  quite  through  tfc 
body  with  their  (hafts.     They  have  alfo  great  arquebuffii 
fix  feet  long,  with  barrels  an  inch  thick ;  and  yet  the  ba 
they  carry  is  hardly  fo  much.     They  fix  them  on  reRs,  an 
never  mifs  at  fix  hundred  yards  diftance ;  firing  them  e 
how  q*w»  with  a  match.    When  they  march  they  carry  them  aari 
hy  them,    their  backs,  fattened  to  a  ftrap ;  and  the  reft  hangs  on  dx 
Tight  fide.    As  they  never  go  to  Var  but  on  horfe-badl 
(having  no  infantry),  they  all  ufe  lances,  and  moil  of  tha 
coats  of  mail,  and  iron  caps.     Their  commanders,  but  fa 
clfe,  wear  fabres,  like  the  Chinefes,  the  handle  behind,  am 
the  point  before,  that  they  may  draw  backwards,  which  i 
the  more  convenient  way.     Thefe  commanders  are  ufial 
the  heads  of  Ordas:  fo  that  a  troop  is  ftrong,  according* 
an  Orda  is  more  or  lefs  numerous.    Moft  of  the  inhabitant! 
of  Tatary  hang  their  bow  at  the  left  fide,  in  a  fort  of  ak, 
when  they  take  horfe  :  but  they  carr^  their  quivers  at  thdc 
backs.     The  left  hand  is  the  place  of  honour  with  moft  d 
the  oriental  people  ;  particularly  the  Mohammedan  Tatars. 
Way  of        They  (hoot  their  arrows  with  as  much  fkill  flying  as  *k 
fighting ;  yancing :  for  this  reafon  they  chufe  rather  to  provoke  thefe 
enemies  at  a  diftance,  than  come  to  clofc  fight  with  them* 
unlefs  they  have  much  the  advantage. '  They  have  not  thfi 
method  of  fighting  in  lines  and  ranks  :  but,  upon  going  to 
aftion,  divide  themfelves,  without  any  order,  into  as  many 
troops  as  there  are  Ordas,  which  compofe  the  army ;  and  in1 
this  manner  each  advances,  led  by  its  chief,  to  charge  the 
enemy,  lance  in  hand..    The  Tatars  have  been  ever  very  ex- 
pert in  fighting  flying,  as  Quintus  Curtius,  and  other  antient 
authors,  relate.     In  this  the  fwiftnefs  of  their  horfes  ftandf 
them  in  great  ftead  :  for  often,  when  one  concludes  them 
intirely  routed,  they  return,  and  fall  upon  their  enemy  with 
as  much  vigour  as  before ;  and  when  their  adverfkries  are 

k  Bent.  ap.  Abulgh.  hift.  Turks,  &c.  p.  543,  6c  feq. 
1  Ibid.  p.  39S. 

eager 


C,4-  Sfoce  Jcnghlr  Kh&v  319 

eager  to  purfue   them,  without  preferving  order,  they  run  Mungls, 
terrible  rilks  of  being  defeated.     The  ElutBs  are  brave  be-  their  cu- 
yond  what  can  be  imagined,  and  want  nothing  but  European  ftom>  &c« 
iifdpliae  to  make  tbcm  formidable.      They  have  not  yet*  ******* 
kimcd  the  ufe  of  cannon  ;  and,  indeed,  as  they  confift  only 

I  of  cavalry,  it  would  not  be  of  much  fervice  to  them  m. 

,     Each  Aymak  has  its  particular  eniign  or  banner;  which Enfigm 
is  ufually  a  piece  of  Kitayka,  or  fome  other  coloured  ftuff,*r  c*- 
aa  ell  fquare,  fet  upon  the  top  of  a  lance,  twelve  feet  long.^***/; 
The  Ekths  and  Mungls  exhibit  the  figure  of  a  dromedary, 
cow,  horfe,  or  other  animal,  putting  tinder  it  the  name  of 
the  tribe  :  and  as  all  the  branches  of  the  fame  tribe  ftill  re- 
tain the  figure  reprefented  in  the  enfign  thereof,   adding 
thereto  only  the  name  of  the  branch  for  whofe  ufe  it  is  de- 
igned, thefe  enfigns  ferve  them,  in  fome  meafure,  inftead  of 
a  genealogical  table.    When  an  Aymak  is  in  march,  the  en-  * 
fign  proceeds  at  the  head,  immediately  after  the  chief0. 

The  prefent  inhabitants  of  Great  Tafary  in  general,  -who Hazard 
hive  exaftly  preferved  #the  manner  of  living  of  the  antient*#  «* 
Mungls,  carry  their  whole  fubftance  along  with  them  where- <MWr* 
ever  they  go.     Hence  it  comes,  that  when  they  happen  to 
lofe  a  battle,  their  wives  and  children  commonly  remain  a 
prey  to  the  vanquisher,  with  their  cattle,  and  generally  all 
they  poflefs  in  the  world.     They  are,  in  fome  meafure,  ne- 
ceflitated  to  incumber  tbemfelves  this  way ;  for  otherwife  they 
ftould  leave  their  families  and  effects  a  prey  to  other  Tatars 
their  neighbours  °. 

As  there  is  -but  little  magnificence  at  prefent  to  be  (oundTheKlaVs 
in  the  court  of  a  Khan,  and  their  fubje&s  are  obliged  to  fol- ««««*. 
W  them  to  war,  on  the  hopes  of  fpoil,  which  is  their  only 
pay,  they  have  no  occafion,  or  rather  pretence,  for  large 
revenues ;  which  confift  wholly  in  tythes.  The  Tatars  of  all 
denominations  pay  two  tythes  annually  of  all  their  effefts ; 
&ft  to  their  Khans,  and  then  to  their  heads  of  tribes.  The 
Ruths  and  Mungls,  not  cultivating  their  lands,  give  the 
xenih  of  their  cattle,  and  the  booty  which  they  take  in 

With    regard    to  the  government   of  the  x  other  twoEluths 
branches  of  the  Eluths,  the  Torgauti  and  Kojhoti;  the  firft  Torgauti 
who  feparatcd  from  the  Jongari,  in  the  beginning  of  the  pre- 
jbl  century,   put  themfelves  uiNfcr  the  protection  of  the 
Ruffians ;  and  ltill  make  ufe  of  it,  although  they  poflefe  a 
coniiderable  extent  of  country,  to  the  eaft  of  the  kingdom 

j     *  Bent.  ap.  AbuMgh.  hift.  Turks,  &c.  p.  535.  »  Ibid". 

I  F  401.  °  Ibid.  537.  P  Ibid.  p.  395,  398. 

I.  of 


j 


Jio  HiJipry^/tki^6^Urhimg\  Empire.   B.& 

Mungls,  of  Afirdkhibiy  and  river  Jaik.   In  other  refpefts  live  under  the 

thtir  cu-  'fame  form  of  government  with  the  reft  of  the  Elutbs,  dhkWt 

Jloms9&cc.-mto  Aymaks,  or  tribes,  with  their  Taykis,  and  a  Khan  over  afl. 

^dYLoL       ^HE  births  Kojboti  have  been  fettled  in  the  country  of 

hod  their  ^°^°  ^or  ever  ^mce  ^c  Mungls  were  driven  out  of  Chiru, 

gonxrn-     They  are  fubjeft  to  eight  Taykis,  or  princes,  who  have  tier 

mintt        refpeftive  territories,  but  are  leagued  together  for  their  inn* 

tual  prefervation.     They  are  all  of  the  lame  family,  and  dig 

tiified  by  the  emperor  of  China  with  the  titles  of  regulo,  or 

jpetty  king,  prince,  duke,  and  earl :  they  are  all  vaffals  toty 

khan,  who  refides  at  Tibet,  or  rather  to.  the  Great  Lama;  ct 

whom  one  of  -the  anceftors  of  that  Khan  bellowed  7ikt 

about  the  year  i6yo9  after  he  had  conquered  it  from  theta* 

ful  prkiee.    But  after  the  defeat  of  Kaldan,  Khan  of  tk 

Jongari  Elutbs,  by  the  troops  of  the  emperor  of  China  is 

1 69 1,  the  emperor  Kang-hi  lent  to  invite  thefe  eight  Tajil 

to  become  his  vaflals.    The  chief  in  rank  among  them,  accept 

ing  the  invitation,  was  made  Tfing  Vang,  or  prime  rcgubt 

Some  of  the  others  fiibmitted  to  pay  him  homage  by  proxy$ 

and  the  emperor  cho(e  to  win  the  reft  by  prefents,  and  alio* 

ing  them  a  trade  cuftom-free^. 


BOOK     HI. 

Rifiory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire, 
founded  by  Jenghia  Khan. 

CHAP,    I. 
TBe  Reign  of  Temujin  till  e  letted  Grand  Kik 

Mogul     t '  W*\  H  E  empire  of  die  Moguls,  whofe  hiftory  we  are  oat 
empire,  I       entering,  upon,  is  one  of  the  moft  furprizing  phsflfr 

-*■  menu  which  has  appeared  on  the  theatre  of  th* 
world;  and  what  deferves  more  than  any  other  to  attrafltili 
reader's  admiration,  whether  he  confiders  its  rife,  its  extenV 
or  the  rapidity  of  its  progrefs.  It  was  thought  that  the  Ardt \ 
had  carried  conqueft  to  its  utmoft  ftretch  ;  and  thatnohoflflft 
power  could  ever  do  more  than  a  people,  who  in  the  comj»| 
of  feventy  years,  fubdued  more  countries  than  the  Remans  m 

*  Dv  Halve,  vqI.  i.  p.  29,  &  feqi  and  vol.  2.  p.  265. 


C  1*  &#g*  */  Jenghiz  Khiri* 

done  in  500.  But  the  Moguls  have  gone  far  beyond  die 
^jrabs,  and  from  as  fmall  a  beginning  acquired  a  much  larger 
tfflpire  in  far  lefs  time  1  for  Jenghiz  Khdn,  in  a  few  years/ 
txtended  his  dominions,  from  a  fmall  territory*  to  more  than 
1800  leagues  from  eait  to  weft,  and  above  1000  from  north  its  <vaft 
to  loath,  over  the  moft  powerful,  as  well  as  wealthy,  king? '***»*•* 
duns  of  Ajia+  Hence  he  is  with  iuftice  acknowleged  to  be 
the  greateft  prince  who  ever  filled  the  eaftern  throne ;  and  all 
Jriftorians  have  bellowed  on  him  the  higheft  titles,  as  well  as 
tteateft  encomiums,  that  ever  monarch  was  honoured  with.  ' 

Jrhey  fiile  him  the  conqueror  of  the  world,  the  only  king  of 

egs,  the  matter  of  thrones  and  crowns :  they  likewife  fay> 
t  God  never  invented  any  fovereign  on  earth  with  fo  great 
bthority*. 

|j  But  for  all  Jfia  fo  long  refounded  with  the  fame  of  this///  hijhr} 
loo,  his  name  has  been  fcarce  known  to  Europeans,  till  of  little 
lite,  that  his  hiftory  has  been  given  from  the  oriental  authors :  known. 
for  although  fome  early  travellers,  as  Rubruquis  and  Marco 
\fob,  wrote  concerning  the  Moguls 9  and ,  their  conquefts,  yet 
jjhey  have  done  it  in  fo  imperfect  and  erroneous  a  manner,  as 
to  afford  no  juft  idea  of  them ;  whilft  the  fables,  which  their 
[relations  are  mixed  with,  rendered  the  whole  fufpefted  and 
ffltfphed  by  men  of  judgment. 

:    The  fhort  but  curious  account,  which  Ab&'lfaraj  (A)  has  Afiatic 
delivered  of  Jenghiz  Khdn,  and  his  immediate  fucceflbrs,  Erfkantbors 
gave  the  learned  of  thefe  parts  of  Europe  a  defire  to  know 
acre  of  their  hiftory.     In  this  D'Herbeht  in  good  meafure 
gratified  them  in  his  Bibliotheque  Orientate  (B).    Afterwards 
M.  Petit  de  la  Croix,  the  father,  wrote  the  hiftory  of  Jenghiz 
\Kbdn,  compiled  chiefly  from  the  oriental  authors,  by  order 
;  tf  Lewis  XIV.  king  of  France ;  to  Which  his  fon  hath  added 
an  abridgment  of  the  hiftory  of*  that  monarch's  fucceflbrs  in 
jihe  feveral  parts  of  his  empire  (C).     Since  then  a  translation 
ras  been  published  of  the  genealogical  hiftory  of  the  Turks 
jnd  Tatars,  written  by  Ab&lghazi  Kh&n  of  Karazm  :  wherein 
gb  given  the  hiftory  of  Jenghiz  Kh&n,  in  fome  detail  from  made  u/c 
Ejtfneteen  or  twenty  oriental  authors,  of  whom  Fadlallah  is  the^- 

r 

*  De  la  Croix  hill.  Gengh.  p.  2. 

■    (A)  In  his  Hifiwria  compen-  (B)    Publifhed  in  1 6^0,  in 

,&fa   Dynafticarum,    publifhed  folio. 

fa  1663,  by  the  learned  Dr.  Po-  (C)  Publifhed  in  French,  in 

■<*k9  with  a  Latin  v^rfion,  and  two  volumes  8vo,  1722;  and  in 

*  fupplement  of  his  own.  EngHjh,  in  one  volume,  1 730. . 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol.IV.  Y  principal, 


Hiftory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mtmgl  Empire.    B,  III 

principal,  with  that  of  his  fucceflbrs,  chiefly  in  Great  BukhirUt 
and  Kapchak(D).     Laftly,  Anthony  Gau&il,  a  Jcfuk  atJV 
'king,  obliged  the  world  with  a  hiftory  of  Jenghiz  Kb&n,  and 
his  fucceftbrs  in  China,  till  their  expallion ;  extracted  from  the ' 
Chinefe  annals,  and  illuftrated  with  very  nfefnl  aotes  of  his 
own  (E),     Thcfe  are  the  works  of  any  note,  taken  inuncdi* 
ately  from  the  Afiatic  writers,  which  have  as  yet  come  to 
hand  ;  and  from  them  principally  have  we  drawn  our  mate- 
rials relating  to  the  Mcgid  affairs. 
Difigree-       But  here  it  muft  be  obferved,  that  Jb&lghazi  Khan  and 
ment  *-     De  la  Croix,  or  the  authors  they  have  made  ufe  of,  proceed 
mongftau'on  different  plans,  or  according  to  different  memoirs.    Tbe 
ihors.        firft  confines  himfelf  to  a  plain  narration  of  fafis,  in  the  or- 
#  der  they  happened,  without  enlarging  on  any  thing:  lie 

"*    latter  improves  every  thing  to  the  advantage  of  his  hero,  ifl 
order  to  make  his  actions  appear  with  greater  luftre.  The  firft 
leaves  him  in  a  ftate  of  inactivity,  from  the  death  of  his  father 
till  the  fortieth  year  of  his  age,  that  he  became  in  a  condition 
to  reduce  his  revolted  fubje&s,  and  obtain  the  empire :  the 
latter  fills  up  that  fpace  of  time  with  a  grea.t  many  inrideDt^ 
and' even  affigns  them  their  dates,  that  his  reign  might  not  ap-  ; 
pear  with  fo  great  a  chafm  in  it.   To  inhance  his  future  glory  j 
the  more,  he  makes  him,  during  that  interval,  reduced  to  j 
'   jmt  himfelf  under  the  protection  pf  Vang  Khan,  fovereign  of j 
•    many  nations ;  whereas  Ab&lghazi  Khlti  reprefents  him  a  \ 
quite  independent  all  the  while.     Laftly,  Dc  U  Croix  plan? 
€Temvj\m\  birth  ten  years  earlier  than  the  other,  which  makes 
a  great  difference  in  the  chronology,  from  thence  to  the  time 
he  became  Grand  Khzin. 

(D)  He  brings  down  the  hi-  needed  fo  as  to  form  a  reguhr 

ftory  to  year  1603.     It  was  firft  account  of  countries,  and  their 

procure  d  by  the  Swedijb  prifon-  prefent  inhabitants, 

ers  from  a  Bulbar  merchant,  (E)  This  learned  and  jodi-  \ 

who  brought  it  to  Fobnljkoy^  ca-  cious    Jefuie    tranfnaitted   two 

.  •, ..   .      pital    of  y.'Uria.     St'rablenbcrg  *  tracts  to  E.  Souciet,  of  the  fame 

gotittranflatedintothetf^fo*;  fociety;    who  publifhed  them 

and  ?Jr.  Fe::f:?ik9  \vi:h  his  ap-  firft  in  his  Obfem>\  math,  aft* 

probruion  and  directions,  pub-  geogr.  &e.  in  4*0,  1719.    It  is 

Ji'.hcd  it  in  French,  with  curious  intituled,  A  brief  hiftory  of  the 

rotes,  in  1726,  in  one  volume  firft  five  Mogul  emperors.    The 

12 mo;  and,   In    1730,  it  was  fecond  appeared  by  itfelf,  in 

published  in  EvgUji\  with  addi-  1739,  Ul*der  *he  title  of  the  hi* 

t  tonal   notes,   in  two  volumes  ftory  of  Gcntchifcan,  and  all  hif 

Svo.     1  he  firft  contains  the  hi-  fucceflbrs,  who  reigned  in  Chits* 


dory ;  the  fecond  the  notes,  coa- 


Whknce 


C.  x.  Refg*  tf  Jenghiz  Khan.  323 

Whence  this  great  disagreement  arifes  it  is  not  eafy  to    A.  D. 
fetenmne:  fince  Abflgh&zi  Khan,  though  he  made  ufe  of    » 163. 
Wenty  authors,  never  quotes,  or  even  mentions*  any,  except- ^"V""^ 
jog  Fadlailah ;  and  that  only  to  give  foine  account  of  his  work,  ""'***  ** 
i|S  being  his  principal  authority :  on  the  other  hand,  De  bafroce€   ' 
Croix  commonly  cites  his  authors  in  the  margin,  but  not  di>- 
ifenftly  enough  to  know  what  belongs  to  each.     However,  • 
from  thence  we  are  able  to  difcover,  that  he  took  not  only  the 
date  of  Temujin's  birth,  but  alfo  his  hiftory,  efpecially  for  the 
tcginn'mg  of  his  reign,  chiefly  from  Mlrkona*,  Kondamfr,  and 
it^er  oriental  authors,  rather  than  Fadlailah,  whom  he  fel- 
from  quotes  on  the  occafion.    Now  as  this  is  the  principal  hi* 
ftorian  made  ufe  of  by  Abfilghazi  Khan,  who  alfo  had  re- 
Bcrarfe  to  feveral  Mogul  writers,  it  is  probable  he  follows  thena 
k  thofe  particulars :  and  hence  may  arife  the  difference  between 
pim  and  De  la  Croix. 


Possiblt  Fadlailah  relates  00  more  concerning  the  fc&Whicb  of 
Jpars  of  Temujin's  reign  than  what  we -meet  with  in  Abu' U  them 
^lazi  A3o*;.and  that  the  latter  historians  have  fwelled  it 


;with  incidents,  and  even  inlarged  the  term  of  hi6  life,  for  the 
tafoa  before-mentl6ned.     However  that  be,    it  is  certain   . 
Jo&'lghazi  Khdn  took  his  memoirs,  fo  f  ar  at  leaft,  from  other  • 
JUlthors  than  thofe  whom  De  la  Croix  has  made  ufe  of;  and 
jib  authority,  w£  think,  ought  to  be  preferred  :  not  only  be* 
tofe,  as  being  a  TWcgW  himfelf,  he  was  better  able  to  judge 
;1fhat  writers  were  moft  to  be  depended  on :  but  alfo  becaufe 
;lhe  account  he  gives  is  correfpbndent  with  the  Chinefe  hiftory, 
itohofe  authority  ought  to  take  place,  had  all  the  Perfian  hi- 
Ibrians,  and  even  Fadlailah  himfelf,  contradicted  it.     For  al- 
uxrogh  the  Wazir  Fadlailah  Wrote  his  curious  work  in  the 
jffcar  1294,  at  the  command  of  Gazan,  or  Kazan  Khan  (fixth 
peceflbr  of  Httlaku,   Jenghiz  Khans  grandfon,  in  Perfia)> 
foathejaemars  of  Puldd,  a*  Mogul,  fent  by  that  monarch 
Into  Tatary  to  collect  them ;  yet  Kuhlay  Khan,  H&laku's  bror  . 
iher,  who  reigned  m  the  eaftern  part  of  Tatary  and  China, 
fcad  ordered  the  hiftory  of  his  predeceffors  to  be  written  feve- 
Wl  years  before  b.  So  that,  fuppofmg  oral  traditions,  rather  to  beprtr 
than  written  memoirs,  were  the  chief  balls  of  both  hiftoriesc  ;ferrtd: 
jfet  that  fet  on  foot  by.  Kuhlay  Khdn  may  be  prefumed  to  be 
towe  complete  and  accurate  than   the  other  compofed  by 
lUxhn  Khan's  order  :  as  not  Otoe  perfori  only,  but  many,  doubt* 
«fs,  were  employed  to  coileft  materials ;  and  being  written  on 

b  See  De  la  Croix  Kill,  tiengh.  P..424.  *  Sox/cijet 

°W«v,  mathemat.  &c.  p,  202. 

X  a    •  ,     th* 


Hi/lory  of  tie  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire .    B.  HL 

the  fpot,  recourfe  might  be  eafily  had,  from  time  to  time,  to 
proper  perfons  for  information  and  folving  difficulties.  Not 
'to  mention  the  advantages  it  muft  have  received  from  the 
Chinefe  hiftorians,  who  have  been  always  careful  to  record, 
by  way  of  annals,  the  affairs  of  their  neighbours,  cfpeciailj 
fuch  as  they  had  any  tranfaclions  with ;  fo  that  whatever  de» 
feels  occurred  in  the  Mogul  traditions,  with  refpecT:  to  datev 
andrea-  or  otherwife,  might  have  been  fnpplied  from  thence.  It  ir 
fins  why.  for  thefe  reafons  that,  in  the  following  hiftory  of  Jenglh 
Khan,  and  the  Moguls,  we  have  preferred  Abulghazi  Khbti 
hiftory  to  that  of  De  la  Croix ;  and  that  given  us  by  GaMIhm 
the  Chinefe  hiftorians,  to  both  the  others :  who  yet,  with  regard 
to  the  affairs  of  the  Moguls  in  the  weftern  parts,  for  the  fang 
reafons,  are  preferable  to  him. 

We  have  already  given  an  account  of  the  Mogul  tribe* 
their  ancient  hiftory,  and  Khans,  to  the  time  or  Jcngfa 
Khan ;  with  remarks  on  the  fame d :  we  fhall  therefore,  io  tfcl 
place,  only  touch  on  fuch  matters  preceding  the  time  of  tluti 
conqueror,  as  more  immediately  relate  to  him,  and  may  be: 
neceflary  to  complete  his  hiftory. 
Jenghiz  According  to  the  tradition  of  the  Moguls,  Jenghiz  Khk 
KbanV  was  of  divine  defcent,  fince  his  family  can  be  traced  no  &rdwj 
defcent.  fa^  tnan  Alankv9  or  Alajikawa ;  who,  being  got  with  child  iff 
a  fpirit,  brought  forth  three  fons,  who  from  thence  obtained  the 
furname  of  Niron  (F),  which  their  pofterity  enjoyed :  thofeflf 
her  former  children  being  csiXtA-Dirlighin,  to  denote  that  Aef 
had  no  miraculous  original.  As  Jenghiz  Khan  defcended  ia 
a  right  line  from  Buzenjir  (G),  the  third  of  Alanku's  cekffid 
offspring,  and  his  predeceflor  in  the  ninth  degree,  fomc  m 
thors  call  him  the  Son  of  the  Sun(H).  According  to  Fat 
lallah  (I),  who  wrote  his  life,  his  defcent  from  Alanha  is  tt 
follows  :  I.  Buzenjir  Khan.  2.  Buka  Khan.  3.  Tutumitm 
Khan.    4.  Kay  da  Khan.     5.  Bayfankar  Khan.     6.  Tumct* 

4  See  before,  p.  19,  8c  34,  U  feq, 

(F)  This,  the  oriental  authors    Aus  chamber,  and  afiumed  the 
fay,  is  a  corruption,  or  contrac-    fhape  of  a  man.  - 

tion,  of  Nuraniyun,  which  figni-        (I)  This  is  the  firft  and  awl 

fies  children  of  light.  eminent  of  all  who  have  wnttta 

(G)  Jbf/gbaxi  Khan's  tomC-  of  Jtngbi%  Khan,  and  his  foe- 
Jators  call  him  BudenfirMogak.  ceffoft.    An  account  has  beat  1 

(H)  According  to  Abulghazi    already  given  of  him,  vol. ir. 
KJM*  hiftory,   fomething  as    p.  20, 


bright  as  the  ion  fell  into  Alan* 


Kbit. 


Ci.  U*/g*<?/JenghlzKhan.  325 

Khan.     7.  Kabal  Khan.     8.  Purtan  Khin.     9.  tofukay  (K).   A.  D. 
Behadr.     10.  Jenghlz  Kh&ne  (L).  1*63. 

Among  thefe  princes  three  or  four  were  particularly  fa-*-  ^"' -^ 
mous;   Buzenjir,  furnamed  the  juft,  was  Khan  of  Kctan.™*  **- 
Bayfankar  (or  BaJJikar,  as  AbPlghazi  Kh&n  calls  him)  was  af^pr"  . 
prince  of  great  condu&,  and  conquered  many  provinces.    Ka- 
bah  or  Kabul  Khan,  made  himfelf  the  admiration  of  all  Afia 
by  his  courage  (M) :  he  had  fix  fons,  in  whom  the  name  of 
Kayat,  which  had  been  loft  for  3000  years,  was  revived f  (N), 
Bifukay  (or  Teffuki)  Behadr,  the  father  of  Jenghtz  Kbdn,  was 
remarkable  for  having  brought  under  his  command  the  greater 
part  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Mogul  nations*  with  the  kings  of  Ka~ 
rakatay,  or  Karakitay  (O),  who  troubled  his  quiet.     He  van- 
quished them,  although  they  were  frequently  aflifted  by  the 
king  of  Katay,  which  comprifed  the  northern  provinces  of 
China. 

After  this,  having  received  an  affront  from  the  tribe  of  Their  ew 
Su  Moguls  (P),  or  Tatars,  he  entered  their  country,  which  hequeftb, 
pillaged ;  and,  being  met  by  Temujin  Kh&n,  lord  of  feveral 
tribes,  who  came  to  drive  him  thence,  he  put  him  to  flight, 
after  a  bloody  battle,  and  returned  with  honour  to  his  country- 


*  De  la  Croix  hift.  Gengh.  p.  9,  8c  feq.  *  Ibid, 

alfo  Abv'lgh.  hift.  Turks,  &c.  p.  55,  8c  63,  8c  feq. 


See 


(K)  De  la  Croix  writes  ?ifu- 
hi  and  feems  to  have  followed 
Mrkond,  and  others,  who  call 
kim  Bijfukayt  or  P if ukay.  But 
Rendamir,  Ab&'lghaxi  Khan,  and 
ti&Cbinefe  annals,  name  hiih  Ye- 
fiiay;  which  we  have  followed. 

(L)  The  names  in  this  fuc- 
ccffion  differ  a  little  from  thofe 
given  by  Alulghead  Khan,  pro- 
hably  through  fome  miftake  in 
tranicribing. 

(M)  Page  5,  it  is  faid,  that 
the  Moguls  under  him  made  a 
raft  progrefs,  and  advanced  as 
far  as  Karakatay,  where  they 
obliged  fomeKhJns  to  pay  them 
tribute  :  but  that,  in  the  twelfth 
century,  in  which  Jengbix,  Khan 
was  born,  they  were  tributary 
to  the  Kara-its.  The  Tumena 
Khan,  in  this  lift  of  anceftort, 
W&i  be  a  different  nerfon  from 


the  hero  of  that  name,  mention, 
ed  vol.  iv.  p.  45,  8c  feq. 

(N). They  were  called  Niron 
Kay  at  y  of  which  tribe  Jenghiz 
Khan  was  chief.  It  is  called  bis 
own  tribe,  p.  18. 

(O)  The  Chine/e  annals  do 
not  feem  to  make  him  fo  pow- 
erful: it  is  only  faid,  that  he 
was  chief  of  the  principal  hord 
of  the  Moguls.  This  hord  was 
contiguous  to  that  of  the  Nay- 
mans,  near  the  city  of  /&/*»,  or 
Karakorom*  to  the  north  of  the 
fandy  deiart.  Souciet  obferv, 
mathemat.  Isc.  p.  185.  and&w* 
£i7hiftoire  de  Gentchifc.p.  %. 

(P)  It  may  be  queftioned,  if 
this  diftinftion,  of  Sm  Mogo/s,  or 
Tatar**  is  to  be  found  in  any 
oriental  author ;  for  it  feems  to 
be  taken  from  Caff  in  the  frier,, 
who  was  fent  into  Tatary  by  the 
pope,  in  1 24$. 
3  feat, 


Hifiory  of  the  Mogul  or  MungfEmpire.    B.-  IIL 

feat,  where  he  commonly  refided;  called  Dilon  Ildak\QJ),  m 
Teka  Mogulifidn.    To  commemorate  this  viftory,  he  gave  the 
*  name  of  the  vanquifhed  Khan  to  a  fon,  of  whom  Oton  Ayka  (R), 
**?"  \&  ^e  ^r^  °^  ^s  wives>  was  ^oon  a^ter  delivered  (S),  calling  him 
P'    Temujin  (T).   As  he  was  born  with  congealed  blood  in  Us 
11  3-    Hands,  Sughujin,  the  Khan's  relation. and  firft  minifter,  fore- 
told, by  his  flcill  in  aflrology,  that  he  fhould  overcome  hfc 
enemies  in  battle,  and,  at  length,  arrive  to  be  Grand  Khaa; 
of  all  Tatary.     On  the  death  of  Stighujin,  Pifuka  chofe  hit 
fon  Karajbcr  Nevian,  a  man  of  great  parts  and  learning,  to 
educate  Temujin;  who  had  fcarce  attained  his  ninth  year, 
when  he  would  apply  himfelf  to  no  other  excrcife  than  thr 
of  arms*. 

TESUKAT  at  length  was  unfortunately  taken  prifoao 
by  the  Khan  of  Kit  Ay  (IT) ;  but  after  a  long  imprifonmeat* 
making  his  efcape  by  bribing  his  guard,  he  refolved  to  re- 
venge himfelf:  in  order  to  which,  he  married  Temujin,  though 
A.  D."  ^ot  thirteen  years  old,  to  the  Khan  of  the  Nayjjians  daughter; 
1 175.    but  died  (X)  before  he  could  execute  his  defign  h. 
State  of        Before  we  proceed,  it  will  be  proper  to  acquaint  oar 
£fia.        readers  with  the  date  of  Tatdry,    and   the   neighbouring 
countries,  .at  the  time  of  this  prince's  death.     The  whole  cc- 
gion  between  mount  Altay  and  the  eaflern  Tatary,  was  <fi» 
vided  among  a  great  number  of  aymaks,  or  tribes ;  who  had 
each  one  or  more  Khans;  according  as  it  was  more  or  left 

t  Db  la  Croix  hill.  Gengh.  p.  12,  &  feq.         k  Ibid.  p.  r$. 

•  (QJ    The  fame,  probably,         (T)  According  to  the  CbhtfL 
called  in  AMtlgbaxi  Khan*  hi-  -  annals,  he  was  firii  named  Kjew. 

ftory  Shnjuldak.  nuen:  butafVerwards,  in  memo* 

(R)  In  Abftlghawi  Khan*  hi-  ry  of  the  viftory  over  Tenuis  t 

ftory,  p.  48,  &  67.  (he  is  cal-  chief  of  a  Tata*  hard,  whomiuf 

Jed  Vlun  Iga.    The  furnanie  of  father  Ytfukay  took  prifoner,  te 

Iga,  in  the  Mogul  language,  fig-  was  called  TsKtiji*.     He  was 

nifies  great.     She  had  alfo  the  born  at  a  mountain  near  the 

furname  of  Kujin,  which,  in  the  river  Own,  or  Amur,  where  Tt~ 

language  of  Kitay.  is  an  old  wo-  fukay  incampgd- after  the  battfe 

man.     She  was  of  the  tribe  of  Gaubil  hift.  de  Gcntchifc.  tfr. 

Alaknurs,  and  had  a  vail  deal  of  p.  2, 
wit.  (U)  De  la  Croix  placet  thit 

(S)  This  date  is  according  to  in  562  of  the  tbjrab,  o(Chrif 

ABulgbazi  Khan%    and   agrees  u66. 

nearly  with  the  Gbinefe  hiilory,         (X)  According  to  thcCbitfJt, 

which  puts  *it  in  1 162  :  but  De  he  died  in  the  flower  of  his  age; 

la  Croix  places  his  birth  in  549,  left  five  fons  and  a  daughter; 

ten  years  higher,  from  Mirkond,  and  appointed  Ttmtgis  chief  of 

and  other  hiftorians.  the  hord. 

numerous, 


C.  i;  Rtign  of  Jenghfz  Khln. 

tftiffierous,  and  divided  int6  branches.  Among  thefe,  that  of 
Kdrd-fts  was  moft  powerful,  whofe  prince  aflumed  the  title 
fitf  Grand  Kh£& :  no  him  moft  of  the  other  tribes,  and,  among 
the  reft  tke  Moguls,  were"  tributary  ;  but,  according  to  the 
Gfiine/e  hifterians,  both  one  and  the  other  paid  tribute  to  the 
Wperor  of  Kitay,  or  Katay. 

CHINA  was1  at  that  time  divided  into  two  parts  :  the  Empire  of 
Ale  fonthern  provinces  were  in  the  hands  of  the  Chinefe  em- Kitay  j 
fetors  of  the  Song  family,  who  kept  their  court  at  Hang- 
i&nv,  the  capitai  of  the  province  of  Che-kyang  /  the  five 
torthem  provinces,  except  part  of  Shenfi,  with  the  adjoining 
£rts  of  Tatary,  Were  poflefled  by  the  Kin,  2l  people  of  eaftera 
tafary,  from  whom  the  Martchew,  at  prefent  mailers  of 
Hiffii,  are  defeended.  This  vaft  dominion  was  named  Kitay, 
Mr  Katay,  and  divided  into  two'  parts  :  that  which  belonged 
fe  China  was  properly  called  Kitay ;  and  the  part  which  be- 
longed to  Tatary  was  named  Karakitay ;  in  which  fome  even 
Include  the  territories  of  the  Moguls,  Kara-its,  and  other 
feftions,  mentioned  in  this  hiftory. 

The  weftern  part  of  proper  Kitay  was  poflefled  by  ay  Hya  $ 
frtace  of  Turhifh  extf  a&ion,  who  had  lately  formed  an  em- 
ffre  there,  called  by  the  Chinefe  Nyrfuyd  Si  Hya ;  whofe  ca-*  ■ 
^tal  cky  was  Hya-cbew,  at  prefent  Ning-fya,  in  Shenft,  from 
tfhetfce  the  kingdom  took  its  name.  ■  To  the  weft  of  Hya  lay 
Vdtigttt;  a 'country  of  great  extent,  and  formerly  very  power- 
W :  but  at1  that  time  reduced  to  a  low  ftate,  and  divided  among 
feveral  princes ;  fome  of  whom  were  fubjeft  to  the  emperor 
rf  Hya,  arid  others  to  him  of  China. 

All  Tatary  to  the  weft  of  mount  Altay,  as  far  as  the  Cafr  and  Tup 
fton-fet,  with  the  greater  part  of  Little  Bukhdria,  which  thenkeftin  j 
£fed  under  the  general  name  of  Tvtrkeflan,  was  fubjeft  to 
Curkhin%  Kurkhdn,  or  Kavar  Kb  An ;  to  whom  the  Oygftrs, 
Tigurs,  or  Igthrs,  and' even  the  Karazm  Shah,  who  reigned 
over  Great  Bukharia,  Karazm,  and  moft  part  of  Iran,  or 
frrfia,  were  tributary-  This  GurkhAn  had  been  prince  of 
the  weftern  Kit  An,  or  Lyau ;  •  who,  driven  out  of  Kitay  by 
tfie/Stf,  fettled  in  Little  Bukharia,  and  the  country- to  the 
fiorth,  between  Tvrf&n  (about  which  the  Oygurs  inhabited) 
and  Kdjhgar, .  where  they  founded  a  powerful  ftate  in  the 
year  1124. 

This  was  the*  ftate  of  the  north  part  of  Afia  at  Pifukay'sat  PiAv 
(Y)  deceafe ;  at  what  time  between  thirty  and  forty  thoufandkay'j 

death 
%  (Y)  In  PelaCroixx3  hiftory  it    fcript,  in  putting  three  points 
»  written  thui;  perhaps  by  a     under  the  firii  letter  p,  inllead  of 
Wiftake  of  the  pricntal  manu-.;  two.  . 


Y  4  families, 


j 


Hiftory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.    B,  IlL 

families,  ajl  from  the  fame  flock,  were  under  his  obedience, 
But  Temujin  being  fo  young,  the  Tayjuts  firft,  and  then  twQ 
'  thirds  of  the  reft,  deferting  him,  went  over  to  one  Burgam 
Kariltuk.  All  the  Kataguns,  the  Jipjuts  (Z),  the  Jaygbh 
rats  (or  Jajtrats\  ajid  the  Nirons,  excepting  a  few  families, 
joined  him  to  a  man.  Hereupon  the  Markets,  who  never 
would  fubmit  to  Tefughi  (or  Pif&ka)  Bahadr,  fubmitted  to  him. 
They  who  continued  faithful  to  Temujin  were  the  defendants 
of  his  great  grandfather,  half  the  tribe  of  the  Markats,  ani 
feveral  families  of  the  other  tribes :  there  remaining  oat  of 
fome  fifty  families,  one  or  two  hundred  out  of  others,  aad 
po  more  than  ten  or  five  out  of  many.  It  is  true,  Ttrnxji* 
did  all  he  could  to  remedy  this  evil  in  the  beginning :  for  this 
end,  while  fcarce  thirteen  years  old,  he  took  the  field  agaisft 
'  thofe  revolters,  and  fought  a  bloody  battle ;  but,  in  regard  k 
was  not  decifive,  he  was  obliged  to  temporize  till  the  fortieth 
year  of  his  age.  This  is  all  which  Abtflghazi  Khan  relate! 
concerning  him  till  that  period  ;  but  many  remarkable  tranf-' 
actions  happened  during  that  interval,  which  are  mentioned 
by  other  authors  *, 
Temujin  PISUKA's  death  threw  things  into  confufion :  forfooq 
Jucceeds :  after  the  Khans  of  Tanjut  (A),  Merkit,  apd  feveral  other 
Niron  tribes,  his  relations,  whom  he  had  fubdued,  with  ha 
coufin  Jemuka  (B),  revolting,  came  to  attack  Temujin :  who^ 
encouraged  by  his  mother,  jet  up  his  ftandard,  which  dif. 
played  a  horfe's  tail,  and  marched  along  with  her  at  the  head 
of  his  forces ;  which  fought  the  enemy  with  good  fuccefc*. 

This  affair  is  related  more  particularly  in  the  Cbmefe  hh 
ftory :  which  takes  notice,  that  Temujin  being  very  youra 
his  mother  Ulun  governed  in  his  ftead,  and  brought  back  fe» 
Yeral  of  his  vallate,  who  had  gone  over  to  Toy  chat  (C)  aod' 

1  Abu'lchazi  Khan  hid.  Turks,  p.  6&  &  feq,  *  De  la 
Croix  ubi  fupra,  p.  15. 

(Z)  In  {he  translation  written  China  were  formerly  known  to 

Zifzuts-j  the  55  bc^ng  commonly  them. 

ufed  inftead  of  the  EngHjb  j         (B)  Ahulgbaxi  Khan,  p.  70, 

confonant.  calls  him  Jamuka  Jijen ;  whlck 

(A)  The  fame  which  in  Abut-  laft  word  fignifies  eloquent.  The 

gbazi  Khan  is  written  Tayjuts  ;  Cbinefe  annals  name  him  Cba* 

by  fome  miftake,  perhaps,  in  muka. 

pointing  the  letter  for  a  j  inftead        ( C )  This  Taycbot  feems  to  be 

of  an  0,  or  the  contrary.     If  the  Burgani  Kariltuk  of  Abul* 

Tanjut  be  the  name,  it  may  pof-  gbazi  Kban9  mentioned  a  little 

£bly  be  the  fame  with  Tan-yu,  before;  but  he  fays  not  what 

in  thtCbinefe  hiftories ;  by  which  became  of  him.  Perhaps  alio  'til 

fhe  Tatars  to  the  north- weft  of  his  Tayjuts,  in  note  (A). 


£.  i.  R**g*  of  JengWz  Khan. 

Qbamuka,  two  princes,  enemies  to  his  family.  Thefe,  having 
formed  an  army  30,000  ftrong,  of  foldiers  chofen  out  of 
fcven  hords,  came  to  attack  Temujin :  tut  being  aflifted  by  his  ^ 
mother,  who  led  a  body  of  troops  herfelf,  and  by  Porji,  *&«?"**  ^ 
pung  lord  of  the  hord  of  Orla,  but  thirteen  years  old ;  after  'viSorf: 
a  bloody  battle,  in  which  thofe  three  did  wonders,  Taychot 
Wis  flain,  and  Cbamuka  put  to  flight.  This  a&ion  m^de 
*  noife  all  over  Tatary,  greatly  to  the  advantage  of  the 
young  Mogul  prince :  who  difcovered  on  this  occafion  much 
grandeur  of  foul,  in  the  manner  of  rewarding  his  officers  and 
fiddlers,  making  them  ride  his  own  horfes,  giving  them  ha- 
bits, and  the  like.  Almoft  all  Taychofs  hord,  which  was 
very  numerous,  and  poflefled  a  large  country,  fubmitted  to 
the  vi&on  and  Pot&  (D),  who  was  lord  of  the  country  about 
the  river  Ergona l  (or  Argun),  became  his  faft  ally,  marrying 

-  hisfifter  Tumulun ;  upon  whofe  death  Jenghiz  Khan  gave  hin\ 
^Us  daughter  to  wifem.  But  after  this  we  are  told,  that,  for- 
:  tone  turning  againft  Temujin,  he  was  beaten ;  and  fell  feveral 
:  times  into  the  hands  of  his  adverfaries  :  yet  had  always  the 

luck  to  efcape. 
7    In  his  fourteenth  year  he  efpoufed  Purta  Kujin,  daughter  U/es  hit 

to  the  Khin  of  the  Kongorats,  and  kinfwoman  to  Fang  (or  Ung )  wife. 
:  5haa  of  the  Kara-its  (E) ;  by  whom  he  had  a  daughter  that 

feme  year.     But  next  year,  while  he  was  on  fome  expedition    •*•  ®* 
;6om  home,  the  Merkits  entered  Niron  Kay  at,  which  be-.    ll7&* 

-  longed  to  one  of  his  tribes ;  and,  having  defeated  the  few 
s  forces  who  guarded  it,  carried  off  all  that  was  valuable,  with 

the  princefs  Purta  Kujin,  who  was  big  of  her  fecond  child. 

-Her  they  fent  to  VangKhdn,  and  her  hufband's  enemies  prefled 

„kim  to  marry  her:  but,  though  fhe  was  very  beautiful,  he 
"declined  it,  faying,  He  could  not  marry  his  fon's  wife.     He 
fpokethus,  becaufe,  at  the  time  when  he  made  a  league  of 
amity  with  Tefukay,  he  called  Temujin  his  fon. 
So  foon  as  the  Mogul  prince  heard  of  his  wife's  captivity,  The  Mo* 

^lie  fent  an  ambaflador  to  Karakorom,  to  demand  her  of  the8u^Sr^ 
Dian  (F) ;  who  immediately  granted  his  requeft.    Happening™^* 
ip  be  delivered  of  a  fon  on  the  road,  fhe  wrapped  him  in 

t  pafte ;  and  fo  carried  him  in  her  lap,  without  hurting  his 

1  See  before,  p.  285,  &  feq.  m  Gaubjl,  ubi  fupra,  p.  2. 

(D)  Afterwards  faid  to  be    been    in    the  year    1176,    or 
'  Joid  of  1-ki-lye-ife  hord .  1177. 

(E)  This,  following  the  Chi-        (F)  Hejrah  567,  A.  D.  1 168. 
pjt  and  AbSlqbaxi  Kbdn%  com-     De  la  Croix. 

faction  of  hi*  birth,  jnuft  Jwv$ 

tender 


Hijiorytftbe  Mogul  crMung  Empire,   ft  III. 

tender  limbs,  to  the  palace  of  her  hufband,  who  called  Mm 

Juji  (G).   Two  years  after  this,  his  own  tribe  of  Niron  Kajit% 

1  (educed  by  Tukta  Bey,  Khan  of  the  Mirkits,  his  moft  ptftfflr- 

ful  enemy,  took  up  arms  againft  him  ;  and  he  was  hifflfif 

r*#i>«  /a    made  prHbner  by  tfce  tribe  of  Tanjvt  (or  Tayjut).    He  hid^ 

Karako-   however  the  addrefs  to  efcape  again  from  the  hands  of  IS 

mm.         eneihies.     After  this,  reflecting  on  the  bad  pofture  of  & 

affairs,  he  offered  the  Khans  all  they  could  defire  to  prcctrt 

an  accommodation ;  bnt  their  defign  being  entirely  to  ruin  46 

llottfe  of  Yefukay,  they  rejected  all  his  propofals,  and  fared  4* 

greater  part  of  his  dominions.     Hereupon,  refolding  to  tafij 

fefttge  under  the  Grand  Khan,  he  fent  a  Nevian,  or  priitf ! 

of  his  court  (H),  to  Karakorcm,  to  implore  the  protection  tf 

Vang  Khan,  who  readily  granted  ir;  in  confideration,  as  U 

fM,  of  the  fignal  obligations  which  he  lay  under  to  his  fathdf; 

Pifuka.     Upon*  this  Termijin  married  his  mother  Ulon  4'tj 

to  Suzrak  (I),  an  eminent  man,  whom  he  placed  on  his  rigft 

Hand  above  all  the  princes;  and  leaving  the  regency  of  SI 

kingdom  to  his  uncle  Utejekbi,  departed  with  Karajhar,  m 

all  his  faithful  fervantsx  efcorted  by  a  guard  of  6000  iflc£ 

for  the  court  of  the  Grand  Khan  n ;  of  whom  it  may  be  pfoh 

per  to  give  fome  account. 

Vans         "  ^HE  predeceflbrs  of  this  prince,  whofe  original  name  tftf 

Khan'i      Togrul,  had  been  powerful  lords  in  Moguliftan,  Jelayr>  7fo 

dtftent.      keftatty  and  Karakkay.     Some  of  his  anceftors  had  etrti  ah 

Aimed  the  title  of  emperor';  but  their  greatnefs  in  tunete* 

oayed.    His  family,  one  of  the  moft  Illuftrious  in  KaraBsjK 

contained  fix  great  tribes  of  Dcrlighin  Moguls ;  among  whdo& 

were  the  Kara-its,  who  made  war  with  their  neighbours 

Mergis  (K),  the  grandfather  of  Togrul,  whofe  tribe  refuk$ 

'  -  «  Mirkoud  Marakasiii.  ap.  De  la:  Croix,  obi  fupr.  p.ii| 
&feq. 


(G)  That  is,   in  the  Mogul  as  prefiguring  to  him  the  «nf«* 

language,  happily  arrived*     So  of  two  parts  of  the  world.  Afrr 

fays  Dela  Croix:    but  Abu* I-  rake/bi. 

gbaau  Khan  fays  it  figmfies  a  (I)  In  Z)f  la  Croix  he  is  calW  I 

gut  J}.    This  prince  was  named  Amir  Jhucntk ;    in    Jiitljfa&  i 
alfo  TuJbL                                    '  Kban.MenglikMa.  Hebrougkt  | 

(H)    About    this   time    he  the  whole  tribe  of  Ifaabfi, 

dreamed,   that  his  arms  were  of  which  he  was,  to  fuboiit  ft 

grown    of    an     extraordinary  Jepgkjnc  Kbdn\    and  inform^ 

length ;   and  that,    holding    a  him  of  Vang  Kbdns  defiga  * 

fword  in  each  hand,  that  in  the  gaftift  him, 

right  pointed  10  the  eaffc  the  (K)  hUrgjtti  1*//,  in  JWVjAr 

other  to  the  weft.     Which  the  zi  Kbdtis  hiilory. 
queen,  his  mother,  interpreted, 

.     •               t  at 


Cir"  Reign  e/Jeu&hJG&to      "  \ 

at  Karakorfim,  Was  one  of  the  moft  conliderabk  and  taRanfl 
Khans  of  the  Kara-it j,  but  at  the  fame  time  unfortunate:* 
for  federal  Khans  of  Kar&ktiay  having  combined  againft,  and  * 
twice  vanquifhed  hh& ;  one  of  then*,  named  Nawr,  his  rela-» 
tion,  drew  him  into  an  ambofcade,  and  fent  him  to  the  king 
oOCurgo  (L)  in  China,  who  caufed  him  to  be  fewcd  up,  bound, 
ifl  a  fack,  and  left  to  expire  on  a  wooden  afs. 
•  KUTUKly  the  widow  of  Mergd s,  enraged  at  the  treachery  Femal* 
tfNawr,  yet  feigning  to  be  angry  with  none  but  the  king  ofcouregti 
K4rga,  fifteen  months  after  fent  to  tell  the  former,  that  fhe 
paffionately  defired  to  divert  herfelf  in  his  company ;  and  that, 
if  he  retained  the  affection  which  he  profefled  for  her  before 
her  marriage  with  Mergiis,  fhe  would  not  fcruple  to  make  him' 
her  hufband.     Naivr  f  falling  into  the  fnare,  the  lady  imme- 
diately fets  out,  attended  by  waggons  laden  with  great  veflete 
Aade  of  ox-hides,  filled  with  Kammez  (or  Kimis),  a  hundred 
fteep,  and  ten  mares,  which  were  ordered  to  be  dfefled* 
The  Khan  met  the  princefs  wkh  all   the  demonftratibtts-  of 
joy;  and  having  drank  plentifully  of  the  liquor  which  (he* 
presented  him,  fhe  gave  the  flgnal  to  her  attendants-:  thefo 
opening  the  great  barrels,    there  came  forth  armed  men, 
and  eut  to  pieces  Naivr  (whom  fhe  had  already  ftabbed),- witl* 
all  his  domeftics.     After  this*,  ihe  made  her  retreat,  without 
the  leaft  fafpicion ;  and  for  fo  great  an-  action  was  highly 
cfteeraed  by  all  the  princes  of  that  age. 

MERGUS  Kkdn  left  two  fons  by  Ms  princefs,  Kept  Boy-  Vang 
ruk  and  Gttrkhan.     The  firft  at  his  death  left  feveral  child-  KhanV 
ren ;  the  eldeft  of  whom  was  named  Togrul  (M)  :   at  ten/™**1** 
years  of  age  he  accompanied  his  father  in  the  wars,  and  was 
ia  that  expedition  where  his  grandfather  was  taken  by  Naivr, 
and  with- much  difficulty  efcaped  himfelf.     As  he  had  morej 
merit  than  the  reft  of  his  brothers,  he  fncceeded  his  father, 
which  made  them  hate  him  (N).    After  this,  having  frequent 
tjaarr-els  with  his  brothers  and  coufins,  he  put  fome  of  them- 
to  death ;  which  rigorous  treatment  moved  his  uncle  Gj&rkk&n 

(L)  De  la  Croix  fays,  forae  Numiff/iy^  *n&Juiambu,  who  is. 

pretend  that  ihij  hu*ga  wa&  Ko-  called  Hahembu  by  other?. 
rta:  but  thaf  country  is  too  tar         (N)  It  is  added  here,  that  this 

JWant.  aversion  was  increafed  by  the. 

(M)  Called,    in    Alulghaxi  king  of  China*  (or  rather  £7- 

£/tfYshiftory,7"tfyr£/,perhapbby  toy)    honouring   him  with   the 

fomemiftake.  Thefe  translations  title  oiUngKhdn.    But  this,  ac- 

a^mehim  alfo  Aunak^  which  is  cording  to  the  Cbincfe  hiftory, 

a  corruption  of  Vang ;  and  fay  happened  not  till  afterwards, 

ills    brothers     were    Juhak^ra  in  the  time  of  Temvjin ;  as  vii\\ 

|by  others,  Erkdara),  Bajtimur,  be  related  prefently. 

to 


Hijloryoftbe Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.    EI 

to  make  war  upon  him.  Vang  Khan,  being  vanquifhed,  and 
difpoflefled  of  his  dominions,  fled  to  Pifuka,  Temujtis 
'father ;  by  whole  affiftance  he  recovered  his  throne,  and  pw> 
fiied  GOrkh&n  even  to  the  kingdom  of  Kq/bin  °. 
TbePrefktr  This  Vang  Khan  (or,  as  it  is  commonly  written,  Ung  Khan) 
John;  was  the  prince  who  made  fo  great  a  noife  in  the  Chriftiai 
world  towards  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century,  under  the  title 
of  the  Prefter  John  of  Afiay  which  the  Neftorians  firft  con- 
ferred on  him :  and  there  are  four  letters  extant,  faid  to  be 
fent  by  him  to  pope  Alexander  III.  Lewis  VII.  of  France,  the 
emperor  of  Conjtantinople,  and  the  king  of  Portugal.  That 
tp  the  kirjg  of  France,  of  which  there  is  a  French  copy,  begps* 
"  Prefier  John,  by  the  grace  of  God,  the  mod  powerful  mo* 
"  narch, king  of  allChnftian  kings,  wifheth  health,  &c.n  He 
boafts  of  his  great  wealth,  and  the  vaftnefs  of  his  dominions; 
fpeaking  of  feventy  kings  who  ferve  him,  and  vaunting  of  th% 
tribute  which  he  extorts  from  an  lfraelttifb  king,  who  island" 
of  many  dukes  and  Jewijb  princes.  He  invites  the  king  of 
France  to  come  and  fee  him,  promifing  to  give  him  great  d<K 
minions,  and  make  him  his  fucceflbr.  He  proceeds  to  name. 
the  different  kinds  of  people  and  rarities  that  are  in  his  king*' 
ooms.  He  calls  himfelf  a  prieft,  becaufe  he  performs  the  fa- 
crifice  of  the  altar ;  and  a  king,  as  he  executes  the  office  of  * 
fovereign  judge.  He  fpeaks  of  St.  Thomas  according  the  fr- 
bulous  notions  of  the  Indians ;  and,  at  the  conclusion,  d*> 
fires  the  king  to  fend  him  feme  valiant  cavalier  of  French  #k 
neratiqn  p, 
«N*fto~  Pu  T  it  is  not  difficult  to  difcover  that  this  letter  is  fpurioos, 
rian  fie-  *  a^d  written,  not  by  Vang  Khan,  but  the  Neftorian  milConaries;'j 
ti***  who  were  very  numerous,  and  had  been  eftablifhed  thereto 
the  year  7 3  7,  by  means  of  thofe  of  Mufol  and  Bafrab.  Thefc 
by  their  emiflaries,  had  fpread  a  report  all  over  Chriflendoin, ' 
that  they  had  converted  the  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Tatary,  and  even  the  Great  Khan  himfelf;  who,  they  faid,  W 
actually  become  a  prieft,  and  had  affumed  the  name  of  Join, 
They  invented  thefe  fables  to  make  their  zeal  more  confpicuoos, 
and  render  their  feft  more  refpefted.  There  is  alfo  a  fetterrf 
the  pope's,  which  ftiles  him,  a  mojl  holy  prieft  3  although,  ia 
reality,  there  is  not  the  l^aft  appearance  that  he  was  a  Chitf- 
tian :  but  only,  that  he  permitted  Chriftians  to  live  in  his  do- 
minions, with  their  bifhops ;  and  that  fome  of  his  fubjefi* 
had  embraced  their  religion^ 

0  Fadhlallah  ap.  De  la  Croix,,  p.  z\f  (c  fca^  f  Mati. 

Paris  ap.  eund.  p.  24,  &  fe<j. 

AM 


C.  I*     \      .     Ufi^A/JcngMzKhan.*  333 

All  that  can  be  allowed  as  true,  is,  that  this  prince  Was    A.  D. 
the  moft  powerful  Khan  of  the  country  north  of  Kit  ay ;  and     1 1 82. 
that  a  great  many  foverign  princes  paid  him  tribute.    AbuU  {>  -v— ■< 
faraj  obferves,  that  he  was  lord  over  all  the  eaftern  Turks  5  Y??g, 
for,  in  his  time,  the  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  of,  7a- Knan  * 
tary  were  called  Turks.    Vang  Khan  was  a  native  of  the  tribe^*14^* 
of  Kara-its,  whofe  dependants  were  the  inhabitants  oijelayr 
and  Tenduk,  who  poflefled  the  largeft  parts  of  that  region. 
The  capital  of  this  kingdom  was  Karakorom  (O),  fituate  about 
tea  days  journey  from  the  place  where  Temujin  firft  kept  his 
court,  and  about  twenty  days  from   the  borders  of  China* 
This  city,  after  Vang  Kbdn's  reign,  became  the  refidence  of 
the  Mogul  emperors,  and  had  the  name  of  Ord&baleg  given  it 
by  Oktay  Khan,  the  fucceflbr  of  Jengbtz  Khan  *. 

This  prince  was  in  his  twentieth  year  (P),  when  he  ar-TemuJia 
rived  at  Karakorom,  where  he  was  received  with  great  marks  efteemd, 
of  affection  by  the  Grand  Khan,  whom  he  afTured  of  his  obe- 
dience, profefling  to  devote  himfelf  intirely  to  his  fervice. 
Vang  Kh&n,  on  the  other  hand,  promifed  him  his  protection, 
and  to  force  the  Mogul  Khans  to  return  to  their  duty.  He 
fent  lords  to  menace  them  with  war,  if  they  continued  hofii- 
lities  againft  Temujin  ;  and  daily  heaped  honours  on  his  royal  ' 
gueft  :  called  him  his  fori,  and  even  placed  him  above  the 
princes  of  his  own  blood  :  increafed  the  officers  of  his  red* 
nue ;  and  committed  the  conduit  of  his  armies  to  him,  in 
the  war  he  had  with  the  Khdn  of  Tenduk.  Temujin  made  his 
courage  appear  on  this  occafion,  and  humbled  fome  Mogul 
Khans,  'who  refufed  to  pay  Vang  Khan  the  ufual  tribute.  But 
this  fuccefs  and  favour  of  the  fovereign  created  him  many 
enemies  among  the  courtiers ;  who,  at  firft,  following  the  ex* 
ample  of  their  matter,  {trove  who  fhould  pleafe  him  moft r. 

This  enmity  was  increafed  by  another  accident.      TheA/«m>/ 
princefs  WifMjine,  daughter  to  the  Grand  Khan,  charmed  his  dough* 
with  the  valour  and  perfon  of  the  young  Mogul  prince,  fell /tfr* 
in  love  with  him  ;  and  rejected  the  offers  of  Jemuka,  Khan 
of  the  tribe  of  Jajerat  (Q^),  who  had,  with  much  earneft- 

4  De  la  Croix,  p.  26,  &  feq.  *  Abu'lfaraj,  ap.  eund. 

p.  28,  &  feq. 

(O)  De  la  Croix  fays,  it  fig-  ghatd  Kbdn,    and   the   Chinefi 

ntfies  black  fond.    In  Abulghaxi  computation,  it  will  fall  in  1 1 82 

Kbdnykarakum  is  faid  to  beTant-  or  1 1 83. 

ijb  for  black  /and.    Perhaps  both  (QJ    In  Abulghaxi  Kban% 

names  may  fignify    the   fame  hiftory  called  Joygkerats.    This 

thing.  is  placed  by  De  la  Croix  in  Hej. 

(P)  Then,  according  to  AbuU  571.  A.  D.  11 75. 

ncfs, 


HiJ}cry.<f&tMogp\crM\m$  Empire.    B.III< 

fi*fc,  triced  tier  fo  martiage.  But  F*«£  jflw*  having  gftq 
her  to  Yemujin,  Jtm&ka  was  fo  enraged,  that  he  vowed  ft 
'*enge ;  and  ftfcred  up  niany  perfons,  a*  envious  as  himftlf, 
join  witfc  him  :  yet  the  credit  which  that  young  prince 
with  the  Grand  Khfin,  who  had  made  him  his  prime 
fter,  and  the  great  number  of  his  friends,  for  a  long 
defeated  ill  their  contrivances.  However,  Vang  Khan, 
wanted  nothing  but  finnnfefs  of  mind,  at  laft  fuffered 
to  be  (educed  with  calumnies. 

This  is  the  account  given  fey  the  Perfi&n  hiftorians^  h 
the  Chinefe  do  not  fpeak  of  Temujin  as  feeking  prote&oi 
the  Kara-it  Khan.  On  thfc  contrary,  they  represent  him  » 
frtendftup  with,  but  independent  of,  him,  and  in  good  i 
cumftances;  ever  fmce  the  defeat  of  J&muka  and  Taychti,\ 
his  mother's  affiftance  :  at  which  time  he  feems  to  have  n 
duced  the  revolted  tribes  under  his  obedience  *. 
Tatars  After  this,-  probably  about  the  time  that  he  is  fad 

reduced,  have  retired  to  Karakorom,  the  Chinefe  hiftbrjr  informs  us,  d 
the  hord  of  the  Tatars,  who  ufually  encamped  along  theft* 
(R),  having  revolted  againft  the  emperor  of  Kitay,  thismonai 
ordered  all  his  tributary  princes  (S)  to  aflemble  near  that 
*nd  march  againft  them.  To-ti  (T),  lord  of  the  Kara-its  (0 
and  Yemujin,  having  diftinguifhed  themfelves  on  this 
fion,  the  firft  was  made  a  Vang  or  Wang  (X),  which  anta 
to' Khan;  whence  afterwards  called  by  his  (objects  Vt 
Kh&n  ;  and  Yemujin  had  a  confiderable  poft  in  the  army  0 
ferred  upon  him. 

After  this,  Yo-Kfs  brother,  in  dHeontent,  fled  to  theiKg 
m&ns,  and  prevailed  on  their  Khan  to  attack  him.  This 
liged  him  to  fly  to  the  countries  of  the  Whty-bu  (T),  to 

•  Abu'lkayk,  ap.  Deia  Croix,  p.  30. 

(R)  Or  Wa-nani    the  fame  diflinguifh    it   from    the 

With    the    Saghalian    Via,    or  part,  which  was  cultivated,! 

Atrir.  inhabited  moflly  by  Chit*fis< 

(S)  From  hence  it  appears,        (T)    Called,   by   Abuighi 

that  the  Kara-its  and   Moguls  Khan,  Tayrel ;    by   others,  1 

were  tributary  to  the  emperor  grul. 

of  Kitay.     And  indeed,  what  is         (U)  In  the  Chinefe*  Kelp- 
fo   often  .mentioned  in  De  la        (a)  TaaUUah,  and  the 

Crcixs  hiftory  of  Jcnghix  Khan,  authors  made  ufe  of  by  Dt 

from  the  oriental  hiitorians,  of  Croix,  do  not  mention  thcoc 

the  LJoguli  and  other  tribes  in-  Hon  of  this  title  being  given. 
habiting  Karakatay,  mews  this         VY)  The  princes  of  the  Wht 

to  be  io  j  fince  W'.th  them&;;a-  hu,  at  firft  catied  Whey-he*  wc 

katay  was  part  of  the  empire  of  pofleifcd  of  the  territories  to  t! 

Kitay,  ii^nif)  lug  black  Kitay,  to  nofrth  or  north- wtSt,  and  we 


fc*«Y  %4&<f  JengMzKhto:    '  535 

Ifcftef  faeWkang4fQ9  or  jeUow  river,  which  rune  through    A.D. 
fifotf.  In  this  diftrefs  Temujin  lent  his  troops  to  VangKMit ;     J 184. 
who,  marching  to  the  river  Tula,  defeated  the  Merkits  (or  ^uwmumm^ 
Harkats),  who  were  neighbours  and  allies  of  the  Naymans  r 
'ita  joining  Temujin,  both  together  fell  upon  the  Naymans, 
latf  routed  them.    But  altho'  Vang  Khan  got  much  plunder 
So  thefe  actions,  he  gave  none  to  his  benefa&or*  who  yet 
ioeccakd  his  refentment  *.   The  Perfian  hiftorians  relate  this 
affair  more  at  large,  in  the  following  manner,     T*ktabey9 
^Qk»n  of  the  Merkitj  (or  Markats),  was  at  the  head'  of  thofe 
$bo  fought  to  ruin  Temujin ;  and  finding  that  their  plots 
1^1  not  fucceed,  broke  friend/hip  with  Vang  Khan,  in  order 
Ifccompafs  his  defign  by  force  (Z).     With  this  view  he  mzdzLeagui 
I  league  with  the  Khan  of  Tanjut  (or  the  fizjwf s),  who  both*£<w«^ 
ligether  aflembled  a  formidable  army,  into  which  they  ad-'^«* 
lotted  all  who  were  enemies  either  to  Temujin  or  his  proteft- 
pr:  and,  to  confirm  their  union,  took  a  folemn  oath,  ufual 
the  Moguls  on  fuch  occafions.    All  the  Khans  and  chiefs, 
their  deputies,  hewed  in  pieces  with  their  fwords  a  horfe,  v 

/wild  ox,  and  a  dog;   after  which  they  pronounced  this 
uila:  "  Hear,  O  God!  O  heaven!   O  earth  !  the  oath 
th#  we  fwear  againft  Vang  Khan  and  Temujin  :  if  one  of 
us  fpares  them,  when  occafion  offers,  or  fails  to.  keep  the 
promife  which  he  has  made  to  ruin  them,  and  affift  .their 
enemies  againft  them,  may  he  become  as  thefe  beafts. "    . 
This  oath  was  long  kept  fecret :  but  at  length  the  Grand  Vang  * 
Ikan,  and  Mogul  prince,  having  been  informed  of  all  by  a  Khan  dim 
""  tgorat  lord,  prepared  to  prevent  their  enemies.     Temujin9thronul* 
iag  his  Moguls  to  one  half  of  the  Kara-it  army,  which  .  ._ 

given  to  him,  marched  to  the  borders  of  the  Tanjuts 
Tayuts) ;  and,  by  his  extraordinary  diligence,  furprized 
#em  with  his  arrivkl.  However,  their  general,  to  avoid 
lighting,  till  feme  of  the  allies  had  joined  him,  atnufed  Ter 
m*jin  by  various  ftratagems.  Mean  time  the  Naymdns  havr 
jjflg  learned  by  their  «fcouts  that  the  Grand  Khan  had  but 
3»rt  of  his  army  with  him  at  Karakorom,  Erkekara  (A),  * 

1  Gavbil,  nbi  fupr.  p.  3,  &  feq; 

j.4f  Turfan,  in  Little  Bukbaria,    Perhaps    the    fame    with   the 
fowl  perhaps  to  the  fouth  of  that    Whey-ke9'$  47. 
:  «ty.     They  were  defcended         (Z)  This  is  placed,  by  De  la 
iftomihelVbiy-M,  who,  during    Creix,  in  Hejrah  573,  A,  D. 
^*Ae  Chine fe  dy  nafty  of  Tatrg,  were     1x77. 

fc  powerful,     and   afterwards         (A)     Called    Jakakara,    in 
I  kecame  Mohammedan^    Gaubil.     Alulghaxi  Khan ;  and  Ifankufa, 

in  the  Chinefi  annals. 

younger 


J 


tiijtorj  df  the  Mogul  or  Mufcgl  Smpire.     B.  -It 

younger  brother  of  his,  who  many  years  before  had  retiitl 
to  that  tribe,  perfuaded  their  Khan  Tayyati  to  attack  dttt 
1  prince,  in  Temujin's  abfence.  Accordingly,-  they  entered  the 
dominions  of  Vang  Kh&n,  who  thought  of  nothing  Ids  daa 
an  irruption  from  that  quarter ;  having,  the  year  before,  nafe 
peace  with  Tayyan  Kh&n,  on  terms  very  advantageous  tod* 
Naytn&ns. 
Temujin  The  Grand  Ithart,  at  this  unexpected  vifit,  made  a  tan 
defeats  defence  ;  but,  after  an  obftinate  fight,  was  obliged  to  fly, » 
them,  zvcid  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  The  greater  pat 
of  his  foldiers  were  either  killed  or  wounded,  and  the  capiat 
city  pillaged ;  where  his  brother  Erkekara  afcended  the  thnxty 
as  Khan  of  the  Kara-its.  The  remainder  of  his  fcattered  troops 
with  prince  Sankun  his  fon,  retired  to  the  mountains  (B)j 
and  Vang  Khan  himfelf  hafted  to  feek  his  fon-in-law,  what 
he  found  ready  to  give  battle  to  the  Tanjuts  and  their  confide* 
rates.  The  Mogul  prince  was  much  amazed  when  he  fit 
the  king  in  his  camp,  and  heard  of  his  di&fter :  but  am 
forting  him  with  the  hopes  of  having  now  his  full  revengq 
he  refigned  to  the  Khan  the  command  of  the  main  bod} 
and  put  himfelf  at  the  head  of  the  left  wing,  a  Kara-it  ki 
being  intruded  with  the  right.  The  victory  was  a  long  tin} 
doubtful :  bqt  at  length  Temujin  broke  in  with  fuch  finf 
upon  the  confederate  forces,  that  he  put  their  left  wig 
into  diforder ;  which  animating  the  reft  of  the  troops,  dtf 
enemy  was  intirely  routed,  and  the  Tanjut  tribe  almoft  qoitt 
deftroyed. 
Reflates  Next  year  (C)  Temujin  got  together  a  formidable  anDf 
tbeKhdn.  of  Kara-its,  with  intent  to  reftore  the  Grand  Khan :  nor  mi 
that  of  the  confederate  Khans  lefs  considerable.  Tuktabty 
for  want  of  Tanj&ts,  brought  Merkits  with  him.  Tayja 
Khan  led  the  Naymdns  in  perfon,  and  the  tribes  which  Erie* 
kara  had  engaged  to  his  part,  helped  gready  to  augment  ht 
army.  After  fkirmifliing  a  while,  Temujin,  at  the  head  of 
his  troops,  began  a  general  battle,  the  moft  bloody,  perhaps, 
that  was  ever  fought.  At  laft  the  leaders  of  the  enemy  gs* 
way,  and  fled,  followed  by  their  troops  ;  of  whom  the  par* 

V fuers  made  a  terrible  daughter.     It  was  not  known  what  be* 
came  of  Erkekara  (D) :  but  the  Grand  Khan,  his  brothfff 


(B)  The  Clhefc  hiftory  fays,  (D)  AbZlghaidKhan  fays,!* 
to  the  Whey-hit  princes,  to  the  was  taken  and  put  to  death;  bit 
welt  of  the  Whang-bo,  as  before  tolaces  this  event  in  the  use  of 
remarked. 

(C)  Hcj.  575.  A.  D,  n;9,  » 
Dc  la  Croix.  \ 

3  entered 


Ye/ukay* 


Cu  kejgk  of  Jenghiz  IChin.  £37 

tntered  viftorioufly  into  Karakorom,  in  1179*  *nd  Was  re*    A.  D. 
tftahfiflftl  in  his  throne  \  1201. 

ABV%LGHAZI  Khan  docs  not  mention  this  reftorationJ^C*1 
^  Vang  Khan  by  ftmyfo,  but  fpeaks  of  his  dethronement  bjj*™im 
Jakaiarai  as  an  event  which  happened  in  the  reign  of  Teffu-f 
ftp  Behadr  \    That  author  leaves  Terrtujin  in  a  ftate  ot  in- 
•ftkm  for  the  fpace  of  twenty-feven  years*     He  tells  us, 
fthat,  after  the  battle  which  he  fought  when  but  thirteen 
jjors  old,  finding  himfelf  not  able  to  reduce  the  tribes  which 
pad  revolted  from  him,  to  Burgani  Karilt&k,  he  was  obliged  to 
temporize  till  the  year  Bars,  or  the  tiger;  when  entering  in-^ej.  $$f. 
to  the  fortieth  year  of  his  age,  a  man  belonging  to  the  re-    A*  **' 
toted  tribes  came  to  tell  him,  that  the  Tayjuts  and  Nirons    I2CI* 
Ntere  joined  with  the  Bayjuis,  the  MarkatsK  and  the  Tatars  9 
^Mending  to  furprize  him.    On  this  news  Teniujin,  -who  had 
Steady  confiderably  augmented  his  forces,  and  acquired  great 
Experience  in  war,  gave  a  general  review  to  the  thirteen  tribes, 
Hfhich  were  then  unddr  his  obedience.    After  this  he  ordered 
Hike  baggage  and  catde  'to  be  placed  in  the  middle  of  the'^'  >*W#* 
and  putting  himfelf  at  the  head  of  his  troops,  pro-''/n*"* 
in  that  pofture,  to  wait  for  the  enemy :  but,  at  their 
di,  he  ranged  his  30,000  men  in  a  line,  to  cover,  by 
large  a  front,  his  baggage  and  beads.     Having  in  this 
mer  engaged  his  foes,  he  gained  a  complete  viftory,  with 
(laughter  of  5  or  6000  (lain  on  the  fpot,  and  a  great 
iber  taken  prisoners. 
Immediately  after  the  battle,  he  ordered  feventy  large  Hi*  fever* 
jttldrons  of  water  to  be  put  on  the  fire,  and  caufed  the  prin-rw/V* 
Kpal  of  the  revolters  to  be  thrown  in  headlong,  when  the 
tfcter  was  boiling  hot.    After  this  he  marched  to  the  habi- 
tations of  the  revolted ;  and  having  plundered  them,  carried 
Way  the  men,  cattle,  and  all  other  efle&s.    He  condemned 
Jte  flavery  the  children  of  the  chief  men  of  the  tribes ;  and 
tohibuted  the  reft  among  his  troops,  to  ferve  for  recruits  7. 

Prince  Chamaka  (or  Jcmuka)  envying  the  reputation  o{Co*fed*> 
Tmujin,  ftirred  up  feveral  princes,  the  chief  whereof  werer«{«  *-* 
ikofe  of  Hatakin,  Sachihu,  Kilupan,  and  Tatar,  who  refolved£*/V  **% 
to  feize  on  both  him  and  Vang  Khan.    Te-in  (E),  lord  of  the 

1  Abu'lfaka j,  ap.  De  la  Crbi*,  p.  11,  &  fcq.     .     *  AbuV 
baAzt  Kh'ak,  p  72.  f  Ibid.  p.  69,  &  fcq. 

(fe)  The  fame,  perhaps,  who  by  a  lord  of  the  Kongorats,  men* 

b  by  AbSUhaxi  Khan' called  tioned    before,  but  out  of  its 

Turk-Hi.    This  feems  to  be  the  place, 
fame  confederacy  and  difcovery 

MoD.ihsT.VoL.IV,  Z  HmYirats 


( 


338  Hiftory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.   B.IH. 

A.  D.    Honkirats  ,(or  Kongorats),  who  had  been  forced  into  the 

1 202.    league,  retired  to  his  own  lands,  and  feat  notice  to  Temtyix, 

1  who  had  married  his  daughter.    Hereupon  Temujin  and  Vang 

Khan  took,  the  field,  when  leaft  expected,  and  defeated  the 

confederates  in  feveral  battles.     The  Moguls  wereconfidoa- 

bly  reinforced  by  the  acceffion  of  the  Ulutay,  Manga,  Cbakr  (or 

Jalayr),  Honkirats,  and  1-ki-lye-tfe.    Thefe  five  hords,  whkfc 

furnifhed  excellent  officers,  and  fprung  from  the  five  ferns  of 

Lacking  Patur,  iixth  anceftor  of  Tc-in,  dwelr  along  the  Omm, 

Kerlon,  Ergone,  Kalka,  and  other  neighbouring  rivers.    At 

'  this  time  Temujin  and  Te-in  made  a  treaty,  famous  in  the  hi- 

llory  of  the  Moguls  ;  by  virtue  of  which  the  chief  of  each 

family  was  to  take  his  firft  wife  out  of  the  other :  which 

treaty  was  ftriftlyobferved,  fo  long,  at  leaft,  as  thedefcead* 

ants  of  Temujin  reigned  in  China  z. 

taifedby        Iti  12Q2  Jamuka  having  aflembled  the  confederate  prince* 

Jamuka.    near  the  river  Tula  Pir  (F),  they  elected  him  their  chief,  anl 

A-  £>•    took  an  oath  to  obey  him.     This  league  was  exceediagiy 

I202#    ftrengthened,  by  the  acceffion  of  Boyrak  (G),  king  of  tk 

Naym&ns.     Temujin,  who  was  aififted  by  the  princes  of  bil 

houfe,  "and  his  allies,  had  in  his  army  four  generals,  callei 

Palipankuli,  or  the  four  intrepids,  named  MuhuU  (H),  Pa* 

chi,  Porokona'i  and  Chilakona  (!)•     Befides  thefe,  there  was  t 

ftranger  called  Say-i,  who  was  expert  in  the  art  of  war;  and 

being  a  fife-worfhiper,  was  called  Chapar  (K). 

yf!?8    .        Next  year  Temujin  joined  Vang  Khan%  near  the  monnttk 

Kh*n'jJn'Kau  (L),  where  Jamuka  and  his  allies  had  aflembled  their 

tenjlancy.  forces>     gut  jamukaf  fearing  the  fuccefs  of  a  battle,  chofc 

rather  to  render  the  Kara-it  prince  jealous  of  Temujin,  by 

*  Gaubil.  ubi  fupr.  p.  5,  &feq. 

(F)  Probably  the  Toro,  Pira,  (K)  TheTatar  pronunciatioa 
which  rifes  in  lat.  470  apd  long,  of  the  word  Ghebr  (or  GUr}' 
30  eaft  of  Peking,  the  Cbinefe  word  is  CbafA-vi  i 

(G)  In  the  Cbinefe,  Polo-yu;  Gaub.  j 
he  was  the  elde*  brother  of  Taj-  (L)  ft  is,  according  to  the  | 
yan  Khan.                                        Cbinefe  geographers,  500  //  (<*  j 

(H)   Thefe    are  the  Mungl  co  leagues),  weft  of  the  moira- , 

names,  in  which  language  they  tain  Tu-kin ;  which  laft  is  abort 

were  intitied  Qtejye,  which  is  the  45th  or  46th  degree  of  lati-  , 

the Quejitan  of  M.  Polo,  Gaubil  tude,  and  the  12th  or  1 3th  of  i 

(I)  The  firft  and  laft  were  of  longitude, weft  of  Pe-kin& where 

the  hord  ofCba/ar  (or  Jelayr)  ;  the  kings  of  the  Tu-que,  or  Turk* 

Ptfrcbi  belonged  to  that  of  Or  la ;  ufed  to  encamp,  in  the  fifth  ccn- 

an  d  Porokona  to  t he  hord  of  /$?«-  tury  •    Gaub, 
hitjbin.     Gaubil. 


. 


C.  ti  Reign  9/Jmghk  khan.  . 

"■faggeffing  to  him  that  he  was  not  to  be  trailed.  Vang  Khah 
hereupon  fecredy  decamped  in  the  night,  and  retired  firft  to 
the  river  Hafwi  (M),  and  thence  to  Salt,  between  the  Tula* 
mvAOnon.  They  had  fcarce  feparated,  When  the  Khan  of  the 
Naymins  attacked  feveral  parties  of  the  Kara-its,  and  plun- 
dered the  habitations  of  that  hord*  Oh  this  Vang  Khdn  di£ 
patched  couriers  to  Temujin,  defiring  the  aid  of  his  four  fti- 
trepids;  who,  on  their  arrival*  beat  the  Naymdns,  and  re- 
covered the  booty.  This  feaforrable  affiftance  begat  a  firmer 
%nk>n  than  ever  between  the  two  j  and  each  proihifed  £ 
daughter  in  qjafriage  to  the  other's  fon. 

Mean  time  Ilaho  (N),  Vang  Khan%%  fon,  who  had  longlbkoV 
ttvied  Temujin's  reputation,  by  the  inftigation  of  Jamukawy* 
(0),  perfuaded  his  father,  ever  wavering  and  diftruftful,  that 
the  prince  of  the  Mungh  had  betrayed  him.     In  this  belief 
fat  refolved  to  deftroy  Temujin  by  artifice  :  with  which  view 
%e  invited  him  to  his  camp,  with  his  fon  Chuchi  (or  Juji)9 
tod  the  princefs  his  daughter ;  under  pretence  of  accomplifh-    "" 
kag  die  double  marriage  before  agreed  on.     Temnjin  indeed 
;fe  forward  v  but  returning  again,  fent  an  officer  to  put  on? 
H&e  ceremony  till  another  opportunity.   Soon  after,  being  in- 
formed of  the  whole  plot,  he  fent  to  his*  allies,  and  took  pro- 
ber meafures  to  prevent  a  furprize  *. 

■   The  reafon  of  Temujin**  fudden  return  is  not  mentioned  PA*  jr-    ■ 
in  the  Chinefe  hiftory ;  nor  does  Gaubil  inform  us  from  thence^aia/?  Te* 
fa  what  manner  he  came  to  know  of  the  plot :'  but  both  arertujin, 
related  by  Abfflghazi  Khan  (P).     According  to  this  author, 

■Gaubil.  p.  6,8t  feq. 

(M)  Which  rifes  lat.  470  50'  .  daughter  he  had  married  in  hii 

long.  1  c°  40'  weft  of  Pc-king,  minority.     That  young  Sankun 

ftod  falls  into  the  Selingba,  lat.  hereupon,  in  1 186,  wrote  bis 

490  zo7  long.  1 30  2$/.    Gaub.  father  an  account;  who,  with 

(N)  Or  Ilaho ;  called  by  De  reluctance,  at  laft,  in  Hej.  $88.    '• 

la  Croix,   Ilaho;    Sorbin  and  A.  D.  1 192.  fefolved  to  feiz'e 

Sungbim,  by  Jbfflgbasct  Kfran.  Temujin.       De  la  Croix,    hift* 

(0)  According  to  De  laCroix,  Geng.  p.  34,  &  feq.  alfo  AM?  I* 

in  1 1 80,  the  year  after  Vang  ghaxi  Khan,  p.  70,72. 
Kbdns  reftoration  by  Temujin,        (?)  Who,  p.  69,  places  this 

Jtmuka,  by  Sankun 's  mediation,  affair  in  or  after  the  year  1 201, 

obtained  leave   to   return    to  agreeable  to  the  Cbinefe  annals : 

court,  where  he  perfuaded  San-  whereas  De  la  Croix,  in  Hej  rah 

tun  that  Temujin  &  deficn  was  to  V90.  A .  D.  1 1 93 ,  eight  years  ear 

deprive  him  of  the  (ucceffion ;  Tier;  which  mull  be  owing  to  the 

and,  for  that  end,  correfponded  error  in  placing  Temujin  s  birth 

vithfrp**,  Khin  of  the  Nay-  fo  many  years  too  early* 
miu,  Fang  Khans  enemy,  whofe 

Z  %  Vang 


Hiftotp  of tbeMogal *rhtun& Empire.  B.HL 

Fang  Kbhty  at  the  fame  time  that  he  invited  Tmkjh,  under 

!>retence  of  making  a  more  ftritt  alliance  by  the  jxuurityt 
ent  to  tell  Menglik  Izka,  TemujirC%  father-in-law :  tlpt,  • 
nothing  ftood  berween  him  and  the  crown  but  his  wife's^ 
he  would  come  and  help  him  to  pot  that  prince  to  detth,*i 
then  divide  his  pofleffions  between  them*  As  Vang  JOfc 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  Pofuhi,  and  owed  great  ob%un* 
to  him,  Ttmujin,  after  receiving  his  ambaflador  with  hoiwg 
fet  forward  to  go  to  his  court :  but  meeting  on  the  n$ 
i*w  fyco-vrixh  his  father-in-law,  who  difcovened  the  Grand  Hang 
wired.  propoial  to  him,  he  returned  back,  and  difmiflcd  theaftf 
haffladox,  .with  an  apology  to  his  matter  for  putting  offU| 
vifit  for  the  prefent:  » 

Five  or  fix  days  after  the  ambaflador's  departure,  Bm 
and  Ki/blik,  two  brothers  (Q_),  who  kept  the  hordes  of  oq 
of  Vang  Kh&ri*  .chief  domeftics,  came  and  informed  fianyai 
that  the  grand  Khan,  finding  he  had  milled  his  point,  *q 
'      refolved  to  fet  out  inftandy,  and  furprize  him  next  moruM 
before  he  could  fufpeft  any  danger.    They  {aid  they  hoi 
their  matter  tell  this  to  his  wife,  the  day  before,  when  tfcq 
went  to  carry  milk  to  his  houfe ;  and,  without  delay,  cn| 
to  give  him  notice  b» 
Temojin       TEMUJtN  was  then,  according  to  Be  ia  Croix,  euanR 
foods       ^j  at  fome  dittance  from  Karakarom,  by  Vang  Khan's  onkrj 
who  had  fent  him  from  court,  under  pretence  that  has  jq 
fence  was  neceflary  in  the  army  (R) ;  but,  in  reality,  to  get 
him  away  from  his  own  guards :  for  all  the  fbldiem  adoni 
'him  for  his  brave  actions  in  the  field,  and  liberality  to  then 
Although  the  Mogul  prince  could  hardly  believe  what  BaA 
and  Kijhlik  had  told  him,  he  thanked  them  for  their  affedx*! 
and  having  confulted  Karafbar,  with  the  reft  of  his  frknd% 
it  was  refolved  that  they  fliould  lie  in  ambufcade.  And  as  thp 
(laves  had  allured  him  that  he  was  to  be  feized  in  his  teat,  lit 
mp9H  fa    ordered  all  things  of  value  to  be  removed  out  of  it ;  that  aB 
guard.      his  domeftics  and  officers  fliould  quit  theirs;  and  that  fires 
fhould  be  left  burning  all  night  in  the  camp  (S).  After  which 

*  Abu'lchazi,  uhi  fup.  p.  49, 7a,  &  feq. 

(QJ  Ahilghaxi  Khan,  p.  CO.        (R)  De  la  Croix  places  this  it 

makes  them  of  the  tribe  of  Kal-  Hej.  58Q.  A.  D.  1 193. . 
kit,  which,  he  fays,  fprung  from        (S)  Abulgbazi  Kb*/f$kp,  kk 

the  third  fon  of  Menglik  Izia,  on  this  occafion,  fenfitus  wo- 

by  a  former  wife  ;  but  this  does  men,  and  children,  and  efeds, 

not  feem  probable.    P.  60,  he  out  of  the  way,  to  a  place  called 

fays,  Temujin  then  entered  his  Bafym*4alak<  1 


fortieth  year. 


k 


Ci;  &tfg*ofJenghtzKter\.  34* 

he  marched,  with  all  his  troops,  to  poflefs  himfelf  of  a  nar-  A.  D-. 
row  lane  or  pafs,  called  Jermegah,  two  or  three  leagues  1202- 
diftant  w^-taj 

Thet  were  fcarce  departed  from  the  place,  when  Vang 
JfMn's  forces  arrived!  commanded  by  Sankdn  and  Jentfka  (T). 
The  prince  rode  foil  fpeed  up  to  the  illuminated  tents,  and, 
with  his  follower?,  (hot  a  prodigious  number  of  arrows  at 
Temujin'*;  Hot  dqubting  but  the  cries  of  the  wounded  would 
foon  drive  out  him  they  wanted :  but  hearing  no  noife,  they 
entered  the  tents*;  where,  to  their  furprize,  they  found  no* 
body.  Hereupon,  concluding  that  he  had  fled  through  fear 
and  guilt,  they  followed  him  by  the  track  of  his  troops,  in 
great  hurry  and  diforder. 

Ms  an  time  Ttmujin  had  ported  himfelf  at  the  foot  of  zDtfeatt 
mountain,  in  the  narrow  pafs,  which  was  covered  by  a  wood,  Vang 
vith  a  brook  before  him :  but  when  he  faw  the  enemy  ad-Khla^ 
Tracing  indiforder,  although  much  inferior  in  force,  having 
only  6000  men  againft  10,000  (U),  he  crofled  the  Attain, 
and  attacked  them  fo  hotly,  that,  after  a  very  flight  refinance, 
they  fled  before  him.    In  this  fight  they  loft  a  great  number 
of  ibldiers  and  officers  t  prince  Sanktin,  who,  with  the  reft, 
fled  back  to  Karakorom,  was  wounded  in  the  face  with  an 
arrow.    This  *flion  happened  when  Tenagin  was  forty  years 
of  age  (X),  and  had  been  eighteen  years  in  Vang  Kharis 
fa-vice  c. 

According  to  the  Chinefe  Mftory,  when  Vang  Kh&n  per-&»6;#r*. 
dived  that  Ms  plot  was  discovered,  he  openly  attacked  Te-froacb 
rmtjbi  on  all  fides  :  but  the  Mogul  prince  got  the  advantage^1** 
hi  four  battles,  in  the  laft  of  which  he  fought  with  Vang 
KbAn  himfelf;  and  Ilako,  being  wounded  with  an  arrow,  re- 
tired out  of  the  engagement.     Temujin,  after  this,  went  and 
encamped  at  the  lake  Tbng-ko,  from  whence  he  fent  an  officer 
to  reproach  Toii  in  the  following  manner  :  "  When  your 

•  Da  la  Caoix,  p.  37,  &  foq.     Abu'lch  azi,  p.  74* 

(T).  Dt  la  Croix  places  this  more  than  2500  men ;  but  Vang 

aftion  in  Hej.  $90,  A.  D.  1 1 93  j  Khan  had  1 2,000  with  him. 

fast  a*  the  year  589  of  the  IJej-  (X)  Dt  la  Croix,  or  his  aa- 

rah  is  alfo  referred  to  the  fame  thors,  place  this  a&ion  Hej. 

year  of  Chrift;  it  muft  be  ob.  590,  A.  J>.  1 193,  when  he  was 

ierved,  that  589  began  the  6th  forty  years  old  :  but  if  Ttmuji* 

of  January,  590  the  26th  of  was  born  in  it 62,  that  batde 

Dtctmbir,  1 193,  will  fall  in  1202,  near  the  time 

(U)  According  to  Jbfflgbam  to  which  it  is  referred  by  Abul- 

MbiMt  he  could  get  together  no  gbaxi  Khan*  and  the  Qbint/i  au- 
thors, 

2  3  "  uncle 


349  Hijfary  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Evrpire.    B,  HL 

A,D.    "  uncle  Kior(Y)  defeated  you  xtHala-wben  (Z)  you  left 
1,202,    "  your  pofleffions.   My  father  defeated  Kiar  in  /ft^J,  and  r*. 
fcaw»Y^^"  ftored  you.      When   your  brother  armed  the  Naymkm 
*  againft  you,  an4  you  were  obliged  to  retire  weftward,  I 
(i  fent  my  troops,  who  beat  the  Markets,  and  hindered  the 
\*  Naymans  from  defeating  you.     When  you  were  reduced 
*'  to  fo  great  mifery,  I  gave  you  part  of  my  flocks,  and  ctoj 
«'  thing  elfe  that  J  had ;  yet  you  fent  me  nothing  of  all  die 
<<  great  plunder  which  you  get  from  the  Markats :  although 
*'  it  was  by  the  help  of  my  officers  that  you  became  fo  rick, 
"  and  my  four  generals  brought  you  out  of  the  plunge  yon 
"  were  in.     you  know  what  I  have  done  to  prevent  th* 
"  ill  defigns  which  the  confederate  princes  fo  often  forme^ 
"  againft  you  ;  will  you/  after  fo  many  obligations,  attempt 
u  tq  deftroy  me  in  fo  bafe  a  manner  ?  " 
'/flTttary     The  rupture  between  Temujin  *nd  Vang  Khan  potmofl 
inwti*n-  of  the  princes  of  Tatary  in  motion  t  the  firft  was  joined  faf 
his  brother-in-law  Hafar-Whachin  {h)t  prince  of  the/fat^ 
kirats  (or  Kongtrats),  and  Putiiy  prince  of  I-ki~lye«tfe\  £a^ 
Vang  Khans  brother  ;  Chafiar,  and  feveral  other  lords.  Ahm 
many  confutations  with  his  four  generals,  the  army  fet  for* 
ward-;  and  being  arrived  at  the  river  Panchuni,  or  Long-h, 
ffa&**  °fm  whofe  water  was  very  muddy,  Hajar  caufed  a  horfe  to  i*| 
♦  *ocnum-  killed.    Th?n.  Tpnujiny  taking  up  fprn^of  the  water,  drank  it; 
and,  invoking  heaven,  promifed  to  (hare  with  his  officers,; 
during  his  life,  both  thefweet  and  the  bitter  ;  wifhing,  in  ah 
%       he  ever  fhould  be  fo  unhappy  as  to  violate  his  oath,  that  h 
might  become  as  the  mater  which  he  drqnk.    All  his  allies  aid 
officers  did  the  fame  after  him.     This  ceremony  linked  thai 
exceedingly  firm  to  his  intereft  %  and  the  families  of  tfaofe 
who  drank  the  water  on  that  pecafion,  valued  themfelves  mock, 
on  account  of  their  fidelity  s  nor  were  they  held  in  lefsefteefl 
fcy  others,    After  this  thfy  marched  to  fight  the* enemy d. 

These  matters  are;  related  with  no  fmall  variation,  and 
jnore  tfrcumiiau<#s,  by  the  w^ftern  hiftori^ns,     According 

*  Gavbil,  Mft.  Genteh.  K^n,  p.  8. 

IfY)  J&or,  according  to  prince  (Z)  Straits  of  the  moontiin 
Kantemir  (Othm.  hilt  p.  505, '  fouth  of  the  river  Orgbu*}  !*• 
note  48),  figoifies  one  who  is'  48?  ao'  long:  12°  15'  weft  tf 
blind,  or  has  but  one  eye.  This:  Peking.'  Gaubii^ 
feems  to  be  Gurkhan  of  Deia  (A)  This  was  donbtW*  &* 
Croix  an4  Abu  Igbaxi  Khan.  Per-  fon  of  Te-in,  Khan  of  the  ft* 
haps  he  was  blind.  We  will  not  kirats  ;  probably  the  femewiA 
fay.  \  hat  the  weftern  hiftorians  Turkey  yhp  was  dead, 
feavc  jnaq>S*r  qut  qf&or. 


C  i.  Reign  of  Jenghiz  Khan, 

to  AbSlghcai  Khan,  Teniujin,  after  the  above-mentioned  bat- 
tle, contenting  himfelf  with  the  honour  of  having  beaten  the 
enemy  with  fuch  a  handful  of  men,  judged  it  convenient  to y 
retreat,  before  all  their  forces  came  down  upon  him ;  and 
fttaping  his  courfe  to  Baljuna-balak,  where  he  had  fent  his 
family  and  effects  for  fecurity  the  night  before,  found  fo  lit- 
tle water  there,  that  he  was  conftrained  to  march  towards  the 
>river  KaHafui  (B).     As  the  tribe  of  Kunkurats  (or  Kongorats),  The  Kun- 
at  this  time  dwelt  on  that  river,  and  had  a  chief  named  Turk-  *oratsy^£. 
Mj  who  was  a  relation  of  Temujin,  he  fent  an  officer  to  ac-**'* 
quaint  him;  that  he  intended  to  vifit  him,  and  fhould  be  glad 
:  to  know  if  he  was  difpofed  to  keep  up  the  friencHhip  which 
;had  long  fubfifted  between  them.     Upon  this  method  Turk* 
lit  (who  feems  to  be  Hafar  above-mentioned),  thought  pro- 
per to  fubmit  to'Temujin,  and  join  him  with  all  the  Kunkurat 
.tribe.     From  thence  they  marched  towards  the  river  Kolla^ 
nuaer  (C),  on  whofe  banks  they  flopped  for  fome  time.     Af- 
ter this,  he  fent  Arkayjum  Bthadr  to  upbraid  Vang  Kh&n 
with  his  ingratitude  ;  who  confefled  the  charge :  yet  as  the 
war  had  been  entered  upon  by  the  advice  of  his  fon,  he  fent 
the  envoy  to  him  for  an  anfwer:  but  Sungun, !  refolving  to  Sanghin  . 
he  revenged  for  his  late  hurt,  would  hear  of  no  accommo-  inexorMu 
dation  c. 

DE  la  Croix  relates  this  affair  with  a  greater  number  of 
.ckcumftances,  and  ftill  farther  variation  from  the  Chincfe  hi- 
itory,  as  follows :  Temujin',  after  the  battle,  retired  with  his* 
troops  to  the  lake  Baljuta  (D),  of  fait  water,  and  in  no  great 
quantity;  where  his  friends  and  the  difcontented  Kara-its 
referring  to  him,  he  went  and  encamped  on  the  frontiers  of 
■  China,  at  the  river  Kakul  (E),  near  a  high  mountain.  From 
that  place,  after  fome  ftay,  he  marched  for  Moguliftart  * 
(F),  where  he  was  joyfully  received  by  his  fubjefts  of  Yeka* 
Mogul,  and  Niron  Kay  at.    After  this,  in  fevend  kurilties,  or  t 

e  Abu'lghzi  Khan,  ubi  fupr.  p.  75, 

(B)  Now  called  Qrkbon,  or    mifUke  the  fame  letter  being    •  •   •*  - 
Ofiom,  according  to  Bentink  ;  .  marked  for  a  /  inftead  of  jr. 

whereas  it  ought  to  be  the  river         (E)  De  la  Omx  fays,  it  was  • 

which  he  name?  Ar^un,  and  is  alfa   called  Karamuren:   there     / 

the  Ergotta,   according  tq  the  is  fuch  a -river,  wtich  runs  from  - 

Cbinefe  hiflory.  north  to  fouth,  within  a  ltfde  of 

(C)  Now  called  Tola,  or  7*-  the  Whang-h9.         .   '< 

&,  according  to  Bentink.  (F)'This  is  placed  H^J.  591, 

(D)  This  muft  be  the  Baljuna-    A,  J),  1  \  q±% 

hH  of  Alulghau  K/Mibj^  ■• x       • 

Z4  aflemblk*, 


Hifiory  cftbtMoga\crMun£  Empire.  RHL 

aflemblies,  fummoned  to  found  and  animate  the  people  (G), 
he  propofed  throwing  off  the  yoke  of  the  Kara-its:  idling 
'  them  they  had  now  a  fair  opportunity ;  and,  to  induce  the* 
the  foooer,  pretended  he  was  fent  from  God  for  that  parpofc, 
TkMo*    This  fpeech  had  the  defired  efleft :  for  applauding  his  enter* 
gals  «*//#.  prize,  they  promifed  to  obey  him-    Hereupon  he  railed  on* 
ly  4500  foldiers  mare  than  he  had  before ;  and  then  fent. 
to  propofe  a  league  with  the  Khan  of  the  Kongorats,  loo  to 
his  father-in-law,  who  was  dead ;  alio  with  the  Khan  of  d*, 
Kttrlas  :  but  thofe  of  the  S6  Moguls,  or  Tatars,  refnfiog  Us 
offers,  he  conftrained  them  by  force  of  arms.   The  Chan 
of  Merkat,  feeing  this,  chofe  to  do  freely  what  they  wooU 
otherwife  have  been  compelled  to :  and  feveral  other  tribei 
followed  their  example,  although  foUicitcd  to  Hand  out  by 
fame  Khans,  particularly  thofe  of  Merkit ;  of  whom  Tiki* 
bey,  Temujin's  mortal  enemy,  was  the  moft  powerfuL 
Mtfiftpay*     Afterwards,  all  the  allied  Khans,  by  proclamation,  for 
img  tribute,  bad  paying  any  more  tribute  to  Vang  Kbdn ;  who,  on  this, 
gentle  means.  But  finding  nothing  would  reclaim  them, 
the  Merkit s  from  all  tribute,  and  made  large  promifes 
TAktabey  (H) ;  hoping  that  this  party  of  Moguls  would 
*  lance  the  power  of  the  other.    Mean  time  Temujin,  r— 

to  be  for  peace,  advifed  fending  to  propofe  an  acc< 
tipn  to  VangKhfa,  on  condition  that  he  fhould  rcleafe 
from  all  taxes,  as  he  bad  done  the  Merkit  $ f . 
Temujin       As  they  left  the  management  of  this  affair  to  himfelf, 
fropofts      pitched  on  Arnuun  to  be  the  ambaflador ;  who,  after  rcci 
P<*" ;      the  obligations  he  owed  to  his  mailer,  and  Vang  Kbfay% 
generous  returns,  intreated  him  to  grant  peace  to  the  .Mis 
and  renew  his  friendship  with  his  fon-in-law.    Vang  I 
having  referred  t  the  affair  to  his  council,  for  a  while.  ($) 
off  the  envoy ;  who,  in  the  mean  time,  fufiered  a  thou] 
indignities  from  the  friends  of  Sankun  and  Jem&ka,  which 
loudly  complained  of :  but  meeting  with  no  redrefs,  fent  aa 
account  of  all  to  Temujin,  who  ordered  him  forthwith  to 
return. 
which  is       The  Grand  Khan  would  willingly  have  made  peace ;  ba«J 
P0«ft4     Sank&n,  prejudiced  by  Jemuka\  fuggeftions,  oppofed  itwii 
all  his  might ;  and  carrying  his  Other's  anfwer  himfelf, 
the  ambaflador,  "  that  the  Moguls  were  to  expeft  no  j 
««  but  by  fybmittjng  abfabtely  to  theKhan's  will ;  and 

<  A^u'lkayk  ap.  De  la  Croix,  p.  41,  &  foq. 

(G)  This  is  referred  toH$j,        (J)  La  Cr*>  fays  for  « wW* 
59X,  A.  D.  1194.  yea*. 

(H)  This  is  referred  to  #<j. 
594.  AnV.  U97*  "* 


C't.  tWgn  of  JcngthKl&n.  34$ 

«  as  for  Tenrnfm,  he  would  never  fee  him  but  with  (WoroV  A.  D. 
"  in  hand  (I)."    The  confederate  Kh&ns,  exafperated  by    1202. 
fo  haughty  a  meflage,  prepared  for  war*.    Hereuppn  &»t-i—y— ^ 
ifet  fent  troops  to  ravage  MoguUftin^  but  they  were  al? 
ways  repulfed  with  lofs.    The  Grand  KhAn,  enraged  at  this 
diigrace,  levied  troops  all  over  his  dominions,  and  drew  above 
30,000  men  out  of  the  provinces  of  Turkeftdn  (K),  TendAk9 
and  other  parts,  depending  on  the  kingdom  of  Jelayr.    Then 
fending  to  fummon  the  Moguls  to  fubmit,  he  promiied  them 
all  the  fatisfa&ion  they  required  if  they  complied.;  but  if  not, 
threatened  to  treat  them  with  the  utmoft  rigour. 

Some  Khans  were  at  firft.  of  opinion  to  accept  of  VangPnparts 
Khans  prepofals;  but  others,  lefs  timorous,  nobly -oppofed/flr«w« 
them.    At  length,  animated  by  Temujin's  arguments,  who 
produced  letters  from  Karakorcm,  aiTtuing  them  that   the 
Grand  Khan  and  his  fon  had  fworn  the  ruin  of  the  confede- 
rates; it  was  refolved  by  the  whole  aflembly,  then  met  at- 
Mankerule,  to  raife  all  the  forces  their  tribes  could  furnifh, 
and  to  carry  on  the  war  with  the  utmoft  vigour.    Then  de- 
claring Temujin  general,  they  prefented  him  the  Topuz,  or 
truncheon  of  command :  but  he  would  not  accept'of  it,  but' 
on  condition  that  every  man  (houlct  punfhmUy  obey  his  or- 
ders; and  that  he  fhould  have  full  'power  to  puniih- thofe 
who  did  not  do  their  duty.    Having  granted  all  his  demands, 
they  returned  to  their  refpettive  countries;  in  order  to  get  - 
their  troops  ready  to  take  the  field, 

TEMUJIN,  the  better  to  fecure  his  friend*  in  his  inte-JBi«»(jr«rfs 
reft;  loaded  with  benefits  thofe  who  had  \dtVang  ASW«,  to*™tf'«^- 
follow  him;  and  out  of  them  chofoall  his  gener^  officers* 
Bat  he  in-a  fingular  manner  rewarded  the  two  (laves  who 
gave,  him  notice  of  that  prince's  defigns  againft  him  :  for  be- 
fides  the  considerable  prcfents  which  he  made  them,  he  de- 
clared them  TerkAnt  (L),  and  affigoed>them  a  revenue  for 

*  Mi*xQ;fiiD<  ap,  De  la  Croix,  p.  45,  *  fafc    Abu'^puazi,  p . 

(I)  This  is  pjaped,  by  AhuU  eaftem  tribes,  whp  probably  are 

!M»,inHej.  598.  A.D.  1201.  msaathere. 
wDr/f  Croix,  in  Hej.  506.  A.         (L)  According  to  Abulfaraj* 

p.  1199.  and£**4**'s  hoftilities  t\itTerkan9otTarkbdnM  exempt 

111290.  font  all  taxes ;  enjoys  his  whole 

(K)  This  cannot  be  under-  booty,  without  giving  any  jto. the  t 

ftoodofthe  country  of  theTWi/,  Khan*  goes  into  his  prefence 

U  thfe  weft  of  ra/tfry;  but  there  without  aflring  leave;  and  is 

were  fonje  TurMJb  tribes  who  pardoned  nine  times,  let  the 

terdcred  weft  ward  on  the  terri-  fault  be  what  it  will* 


\toto  of  the  M*pl*>  tqdotto. 


their 


Hijlory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.    KVL 

their  maintenance ;  ordaining  that  thefc  privileges  (hould  con- 
tinue to  them  and  their  defendants  to  the  feventh,  fame  au- 
thors, fay  to  the  ninth,  generation.    Thefe  afts  of  gratitude 
and  liberality  were  of  great  fervfce  to  him.    When  all  tfe 
Reforms     confederate  troops  were  come  together ;  contrary  to  the  cafloa 
difcipline.  0f  tf&  Moguls,  who.ufed  to  attack  their  enemies  in  one  mm 
body,  he  divided  his,  army  into  two  wings,  and  in  the  center 
placed  his  own  troops,  as  a  body  of  referve.     Then  march- 
ing dire&ly  towards  the  Grand  Khan's  dominions,  he  found 
that  his  army  was  already  in  motion ;  but  being  incumbered  , 
with  carriages,  was  flow  in  his  march  to  the  plain  of  Tangat, 
,   .       in  the  country  of  the  Kara-its,  where  Temujin  waited  his 
coming h.  i 

To  avoid  the  confufion  which  would  arife  from  mixing 
difcording  relations  together,  and  to  leave  our  readers  to  chufe 
for  themfelves,  we  have  laid  before  them  feparately,  asve 
have  hitherto  done  in  the  like  cafes,  the  accounts  of  thefc- 
veral  authors  in  view  ;  and  fhall  make  no  remarks  on  then, 
farther  than  to .  obferve,  that  neither  thofe  made  ufe  of  by 
Abfflgbazi  Khan,  nor  De  la  Croix,  fpeak  of  the  famous  oath 
taken  by  Temujin  and  his  confederates,  at  the  river  Paucbm, 
as  mentioned  by  the  Chvnefe  hiftorians,  to  whom  we  (hall  amr 
return. 
Mtets  the  TEMUJIN  having  marched  from  that  river  in  queftrf 
Kara-its,  ^  enemy,  the  two  armies  met'between  the  Tula  and  AVrJw, 
or  Ker&lon  :  and  though  that  of  Vang  Kh&n  was  by  far  the 
moil  numerous,  yex\  after  a  bloody  fight,  Temujin  gained  a 
complete  viftory :  after  which  the  greater  part  of  thero* 
quUhed  troops  joined  his.  Vang  Khan  had  much  ado  to  get1 
off;  and  many  of  his  own  officers  would  have  killed  him*  Hfc 
was  purfued,  however,  and  taken  by  one"  of  the  parties  fear 
after  him ;  but  the  fame  day  efcaped,  and  retired  into  the  ter- 
ritories of  the  Naym&ns  :  where  an  officer  of  .that  country 
knowing  him,  caufed  the  unfortunate  prince  to  be  (lain.  Ha 
fon  Ilaho  (or  llako  Sangbin)  retired  flrft  into  the  kingdom  of. 
Hya  ;  from  whence  being  driveri,  and  flying  to  the  conntfl 
of  Kiu-tjh  (M),  between  Turf  an  arid'  Kajbgaf,  h$  was  tfcw 
killed,  by  order  of  its  prince  4,  • 

.'  ,  With 

•  *  Jovini  ap.  De  iaOoix,  p.  47,  &  feq,  *  Gavbii, oB 

fopr.  p.  10. 

(M)  Tis  hard  to  fay  what  Bukbaria,  which  belpuged  to 
place  this  is :  Abuhbaxi  Khan  Kalifobara,  a  lord  of  the  ml* 
fays,  that  he  retired  to  the  city  ofK*lla/K  ;  who,  inftead  of  pro- 
of Kbatin  (or  Kotan)>  in  little    toftifig,  P«  Us\  to  death.  Bit 

aWflK 


til*  Reign  of  Jtnghit Khali. 

With  this  account  the  weftern  hiflorians  agree,  biit  re- 
late the  feverai  matters  more  at  large  •  they  tell  us,  that 
prince  Kara/bar,  who. commanded  the  van-guard  of  Temujin'sy 
army,  began  the  battle,  by  attacking  that  of  the  enemy,  head- 
ed by  Jemuka.  The  conflift  was  the  more  bloody,  as  the  per- 
gonal hatred  betwixt  thofe  two  generals  was  very  great ;  bat 
Kara/bar  was  at  length  overthrown.  Then  Suida  BehaBr, 
at  the  head  of  the  veteran  troops,  joined  with  the  Sti-moguls, 
Or  Tatars,  fo  vigoroufly  charged  Fang  Khfais  main  body, 
that  they  gave  back ;  and  Jcmuka,  who  advanced  to  fuftain 
them,  was  obliged  alfo  to  give  ground.  At  the  fame  tin&aniiefeaH 
the  two  wings  of  Temujin's  army,  commanded  by  the  prineesAfa*. 
Huhba  and  lrka,  attacked  the  two  wings  of  the  enemy,  and  •  ^ 
.for  three  hours  both  fides  behaved  with  extraordinary  bravery. 
The  Kara-its  fought  with  fo  ipuch  courage,  that  the  victory 
Jeemed  often  ready  to  declare  in  their  favour.  But,  in  the 
$nd,  the  Moguls  gained  it  (N) :  for  Temujin,  when  he  faw  it 
was  time  to  advance  with  his  cbrps-de-reierve,  where  he  was 
yith  the  prince  his  fon,fell  on  with  fuch  fury,  that  the  Kara-* 
its  began  to  give  back,  and  break  their  ranks  on  all  fides ;  nor 
could  their  Khan,  and  prince  Sankun,  rally  them  again  ;  fo 
that  they  were  at  laft  obliged  to  follow  their  flying  army, 
who  fell  in  heaps  before  the  purfuing  enemy.  This  victory 
gready  enriched  the  Moguls,  who,  ^efides  the  plunder  of  the 
ipggagp,  took  abundance  of  prifpnfrs,  find  a  great  number 
ofhorfes*. 

This  day,  which  was  fetal  to  Vang  Kbin,  proved  the  moft  Vang 
profperous  to  Temujin,  who  was  then  forty  years  of  age  :Khan 
for  it  put  him  into  pofieffion  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ka^te,i 
fa-its,  and  all  Karakitay.     The  vanquifhed  flot  only,  loft 

*  De  la  Croi*,  p.  55,  &  fcq, 

according  to-D*  la  Croix,  after  duck  them  in  the  ground  at 
removing  in  difguife  from  one  fojne  dtflance.  After  this  they 
country  to  another,  and  think-  began  to  read  their  conjura- 
ing  himfelf  unfafe  at  Kajhgar,  tions,  during  which  the  flicks 
be  returned  to  Tibet,  •  where  he  approached ;  and  having  fought, 
was  put  to  death  the  fame  year  Vpjcans  remained  undermoftj 
for  a  fpy.  whith  prefaged  »  the  victory  to 
(N)  Marco  Polo  reports,  that  Ci'ngij.  This  piece  of  joggle  is 
this  prince  ordered  the  aftrolo-  ftill  in  ufe  among  the  tfurksyjfri* 
gers  and  magicians  to  try  his  cans,  and  other  Mohammedan  na- 
me by  wands  :  they  fplit  a  tions,  which  they  call  do  tb* 
piece  of  green  cane  in  two ;  then  book ;  whereof  Tbmcnot  gives  an 
Writing  the  name  of  Qingis  on  account  in  bis  travels  to  the!** 
pne,  and  pf  Vmtan  on  the  othpr,  <uaui. 


4«,ooo 


j 


Hiftory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.    RUT. 

40,000  men,  killed  in  the  battle ;  but  the  beft  troops  which 
remained  went  over  to  his  enemy.  Afe  he  was  wounded  is 
'the  fight,  he  was  obliged  to  quit  the  command  of  Ins  army, 
withdefign  to  retire  to  Karakorom*,  but  feeing  himfdf  jmr* 
fued  by  a  troop  of  Moguls,  he  fled  for  refuge  to  his  enemy 
Tayyan  Kh&n.  This  retreat  was  much  wondered  at,  as  that 
Khan  hated  him ;  and  there  were  in  his  court  feveral  grot 
Nay  man  lords,  whom  he  had  ill  treated :  thefe  lords  did  not 
fail  to  aggravate  the  injuries  which  he  had  done  their  coun- 
try ;  and  even  to  allege,  that  his  flying  thither  was  only  v& 
>  a  malicious  defign  to  ruin  them,  by  drawing  the  viftor's  an- 

ger upon  the  Naytnans. 
JkfutH  TATTAN  Khan,  who  was  naturally  ungenerous,  readfy 
death,  gave  ear  to  their  advice,  to  put  the  Grand  Khan  to  death.  A* 
foon  as  he  was  feized,  they  held  a  council,  at  which  their 
prince  took  care  not  to  be  prefent ;  imagining,  by  that 
means,  to  avoid  the  charge  of  having  violated  the  law  of  na- 
tions and  hofpitality.  He  even  pretended  to  be  difpkafei 
at  his  enemy's  death ;  but  when  Vang  Kh&ris  head  was  pre* 
fected  him,  he  could  not  conceal  his  joy,  nor  contain  from 
iafulting  him  with  words  full  of  fcorn  and  fpite  '. 

Somb  authors  relate  this  matter  very  differently ;  accord* 
ing  tcfehem,  VangKhin,  being  on  the  road  to  Tayyan  Khtn, 
he  was  met  by  Karimaju  and  Tarmka,  two  Nayman  chiefs; 
who' knowing  there  had  always  been  animofity  between  hidt 
and  their  Khan,  flew  him,  with  all  his  attendants :  but  that* 
oa  prefenting  his  head  (0)  to  Tayyan  Khan,  he  blamed  mich 
the  aftion,  faying,   that  Vang  Khan,  having  been  a  met- 
prince y  and  venerable  for  his  age,  they  haJLmach  better  jetvd 
for  his  guard,  than  been  his  executioners.    Farther  to  ho- 
nour the  memory  of  fo  great  a  prince,  he  had  his  head  in- 
chafed  in  filver,.  and  placed  upon  his  own  feat,  with  his  face 
turned  to  the  door  *-♦ 
m  dim-      7  EMU  J  IN,  when  informed  of  Vang  Khan's  death,  vitk 
momfiix-  out  lofs  of  time  continued  to  feize  his  dominions,  as  his  right 
•^  by  conqueft ;  and  Sankun  being  no-where  to  be  found,  here* 

mained  peaceable  pofleflbr  of  all  the  Kara-it  territories.  About 

1  Jovimi  *p,  De  !a  Croix,  p*  56,    Aiu'igiiazi,  p.  77. 
■Ubid.  p.  77. 

(O)  Both  De  la  Crrix  and  prefages  were  drawn  in  faro* 

Miilghazi  Khan  mention  the  ofTemujin.    The  firft  fays,  ttti 

arcumftance    of   the    tongue  happened  when  the  head  wat 

thrufting  itfelf  feveral  times  out  frefli  1  the  litter,  whan  it  was- 

ofthemouthi  from  whence  (one  d*y. 

the 


C  I.  Rtign  of  Jcnghlz-Khan. 

the  end  of  the  year  (P)  he  returned  to  his  own  country,  where 
he  was  received  with  acclamations  by  all  the  Mogul  Khans,  who 
came  to  pay  their  ackQOwlegements  to  him,  for  having  deli- ' 
vcrcd  them  from  the  tyranny  oiVang  Kban9  whom  they  called 
the  perfecutor  of  their  nation. 

After  this  HakemM,  a  brother  of  Vang  KhAn,  came  to  Hakem- 
ofler  his  fervice  to  Termyin,  and  a  daughter  in  marriage,  buyfcf. 
The  Grand  KMn  received  him  favourably,  gave  him  the  em-**'//, 
ptoyment  he  defired,  and  accepted  of  his  daughter  with  joy: 
at  the  fame  time  telling  him,  "  that  he  owed  him  a  kind 
44  treatment,  in  return  for  that  which  his  brother  had  given 
"  to  him  in  his  misfortunes.    That  although  both  Vang  Khan 
*  and  prince  Sankun  had,  without  caufe,  confpired  againft 
"  his  life,  yet  he  never  blamed  them,  but  imputed  all  their 
"  perfections  to  Jemuka ;  nor  had,  on  that  {core,  one  jot 
M  the  lefs  refpett  for  their  memories,  than  if  they  had  always 
"  continued  his  friends."     Temujin  fully  defigned  to  have 
married  his  daughter ;  but  perceiving  that  the  captain  of  his 
guards,  whom  he  much  cfteemed,  was  fallen  in  love  with 
tfaat'princefs,  he  gave  her  to  him  for  a  wife. 
,  TATTAN,  Khan  of  the  NaymAns,  one  of  the  mofl  confi-  Jemfik* 
double  princes  of  Karakitay,  was  alarm'd  and  uneafy  at  \nsjtirjuf 
Jbn-in-law's  furprizing  fortune,  notwithstanding  the  harmony 
there  had  been  of  long  time  between  them.     While  his 
thoughts  were  employed  on  this  fubjeft,  Jem&ka,  who  had 
efcaped  out  of  the  late  battle,  with  the  remains  of  Vang 
Kim's  army,  and  moil  of  the  officers,  arrived  at  his  court  5 

(P)In  the  text  of  L*Cr«*,  p.  fion  it  mod  be  obferved,  that 

ll,  it  it,  about  tbe  end  of  tbe  year  the  authors  followed  by  Del* 

120*,  being  forty-nine  years  of  Croix,  fpin  out  to  ten  yean 

«#.  Bat, according  xoAbulghaxi  length  the  affairs,  which  thofe 

amr,  p.  78.  he  was  no  more  made  ufe  of by  Aim  Igbaxi  Khan 

than  forty  y  ears  of  age  when  he  comprize  within  the  corapafe  of 

jpificd  the  victory ;  and  was  ac-  one  year :  for  the  former  put* 

kocwleged  by  the  Af<£*/rfor  their  Fang  Khans  plot  to  feize  Temu- 

KMa,  in  the  country  of  Nau-  jin  in  Hej.  588,  the  latter  in  598, 

nmkuraj  where  he  then  refided.  .  A.  D.  1 201 .  at  which  time  the 

He  places  this  event  in  the  Mogul  Khan  fays  he  was  forty;  bat 

Tear  of  the  Hog,   and  of  the  De  la  Groix,  that  he  had  en- 

Hejrah  590,  which  anfwers  to  tered  into  his  forty -eighth  year. 

Ac  year  otChrift  1 202 ;  at  the  Whence  this  difference  happen- 

end  of  which  De  la  Croix  alfo  ed  is  not  fo  ea(y  to  determine ; 

pats  it :  fo  that  here  the  chro-  but   we   conclude   Abu' Igbaxi 

*ob*y  of  thefe  two  authors,  Khan\  account  to  be  mod  ex- 

which  difagreed  before,  coin-  aft,  as  the  Cbinefe  hiflory  gives 

<Mes,  and  thenceforward  tal-  but  the  fpace  of  a  year  to  the 

lies  pretty  well    Qatfcisocca*  fame  trania&ions. 

and 


Hiftory  of  the  Mogul  or-  Mungl  Umpire.    B.  lit 

and  bring  known  to  be  a  man  of  great  abiEties,  was  very  well 
received.     As  he  had  a  fubtil  wit,  and  was  fldlkd  in  all  the 
'arts  of  courts,  he  endeavoured  to  ftir  up  his  jealoufy  againft 
Temttjin.  He  reprefented  him  as  a  man  of  unbounded  ambition, 
the  other    wno  quarrelled  with  princes,  for  a  pretence  to  invade  thdf 
***w.      dominions;  as  well  as  the  mod  ungrateful  and  perfidious: 
alleging  that  he  contrived  to  deprive  both  Vang  Khan  and 
Sangun  of  their  empire  and  lives,  at  the  fame  time  that  they 
x      loaded  him  with  their  favours.     Tayyan  Khan  knew  this  to 
be  all  calumny ;  yet,  urged  more  by  his  own  fears  than  fe 
tnMa's  follicitations,  he  refolved  to  make  war  on  Temujin.  To 
this  purpofe  he  propofed  a  league  with  fome  other  Khant 
whofe  intereft  it  was  to  put  a  (top  to  "the  new  empenVl 
growing  greatnefs  :  into  which  Tuktahey,  and  the  other  Met* 
kit  (QJ  Khans,  the  Khin  of  the  Virats,  and  he  of  the  Kent, 
who  was  a  relation  of  Vang  Khan,  prefently  entered ;  aoj 
Jemuka  engaged  for  the  whole  tribe  of  JajeraU  (or  Jqg 
herats)  n. 
The  plot        Among  the  reft,  Tayydn  Kh&n  had  likewife  invited  AUbl 
difewertd.  (or  Alakus),  to  join  with  him  and  prince  jem&ka,  in  order  to 
curb  the  power  of  Temujin.     This  Alakus  (K)  was  chief  of 
the  white  Tata,  who  dwelt  to  the  (buth-louth-eaft  of  the- 
mountain  Altay.     Thefe  Tata  are  different  from  the  Tatars: 
that  name  being  fometimes   given  by   the  Chinefes  to  tie 
people  in  general  inhabiting  beyond  the  great  wall;  and 
at  other  times    to  certain  particular  hords,   whereof  fan* 
were  called  Tata  of  the  waters  (S),  fituate  almoft  due  nortfi 
4      of  Korea ;   others  White  Tata,  of  whom  we  are  fpeaking. 
Their  chief,  Alakus,  was  a  defcendant  of  the  antieht  Turtjp 
princes  (T) ;  and  having  had  a  very  great  efteem  for  Temujin, 
he  detained  the  mefienger  who  came  from  Tayy&n  Kb&n,  anfl 
gave  the  Mogul  prince  notice  of  the  propofal.     Hereupoa  bis 
brother  Kanchekin,  preffing  him  to  take  fpeedy  and  vigoroi*, 
meafures,  he  mounted  his  horfe ;  and,  followed  by  hischokdL 

n  De  la  Croix,  p.  6o,.&  feq. 

(QJ  In  Abulghazi   Khan,  mentions  S*  Moguls,  Q\  Mqfk 

Markats.  of  the  water. 

(R)    In  Chincfe,  A4a-u*tfe:        _(T)  Called,  by  the  Cbim 

De  la  Croix  fays,  ne  was  Khan  Tuque.     They    dwelt  to  tk 

of  the  Ankuts,  or    Unkuts,  as  north  weft  ofTurfan,  and  were 

Abulghazi  Khan.    In  the  text  very  formidable  to  the  Cbhp 

of  De  la  Croix  the  Karluh  are  themfelves  in  the  fixth  century, 

put  in  by  fome  miftake.  as  hath  been  related  before,  p* 

(S)  Or  Sui  Tata.     Ruhruquis  35. 

fd&ts, 


C.u  Reign  of  JenghizKhaiu  .  351 

fcldiers,  marched  to  the  mountain  Hang-hay  (U),  where  Toy-    A.  D. 
yen  was  incamped  with  his  Naymans ;  who,  though  much  a  I2°4 
more  numerous,  were  defeated,  and  their  Khan  (lain  :   on  ^7*^"" 
which  many  hords  declared  for  the  viftor,  who  before  were    *£"? 
leftrained  by  fear.    This  happened  in  the  year  1204  ;  andr       * 
next  year  Ttmujin  began  to  make  incurfioos  on  the  territories 
ofthekiflgof  Hya°. 

With  regard  to  this  new  viftory,  -the  weftem^  Afiatie 
hiftorians  tell  us,  that  Jlakus,  having  fent  Tayyan  KharC% 
letter,  containing  all  the  particulars  of  the  conspiracy,  with 
the  names  of  the  before-mentioned  Khans,  to  Tmujin ;  this 
latter  convened  a  council,  in  which  he  would  have  his  eldeft 
fcn  Jnji,  otherwife  called  Tujbi,  to  aflift ;  and,  the  defigns 
of  the  confederates  being  made  known,  war  was  refolvcd 
on  (X).    The  army  aflcmbled  in  the  beginning  of  the  year 
(Y) :  foon  after  which  Temujin  began  his   march ;    and,  % 
taring  pafied  his  own  frontiers,  came  at  length  to  the  river 
Akay  (Z).     Where  no  troops  appearing,  to  difpute  the  pat 
6ge,  he  was  furprifced ;  becaufe  he  muft  have  fuffered  much,^  ^  •' 
1  had  there  been  ever  fo  few  to  have  oppofed  him.     Jemufta  jQj^M 
would  have  had  Tayyan  Khan  go  meet  the  enemy,  and  notj?a;„m 
wait  their  coming ;  for  that  in  fo  doing  he  would  prevent    A.  D. 
the  Moguls  from  ravaging  his  country,  and  his  own  men    1204. 
from  flying,  by  leading  them  far  from  home.     But  the  Nay- 
man  Kb&n,  in/lead  of  hearkening  to  his  advice,  flattered  him- 
self, that  the  farther  the  Moguls  advanced,  the  lefs  able  they 
Would  be  to  fight ;  and,  on  the  contrary,  that  his  troops, 
heing  in  full  ftrength,  would  eafily  get  the  viftory. 

While  he  deluded  himfelf  with  thefe  vain  imaginations, 
.die  Moguls,   who  were  well  fupplied  with  provisions  and 
jfcrage,  approached  his  camp.    But  when  his1  officers  brought 
wm  word  how  formidable  the  enemy  was,  he  began  to  re- 
pent that  he  had  not  followed  the  counfel  of  Jemuka ;  who 
yet  {hewed  not  the  leaft  difcontent,  nor  appeared  lefs  zealout 

•  Gaubil,  ubi  fupra,  p.  10,  &  feq. 

(U)  A  chain  of  mountains,  fatigue  of  the  former  expedi- 
te moft  eafterq  part,  in  lat.  tion  :  but  that  D art t lay  Oljigan, 
S?°  long,  near  17*  weft  of  Pe-  or  Bulay,  Jenghiz.  Kbdnt  uncle 
ting.  The  chief  mountain  be-  by  the  father's  fide,  offered  to 
longing  to  it,  is  in  lat.  460  50'  furniih  the  whole  army  with 
W*  x4°  3^  weft.     Gaubil.  horfes  of  his  own ;  which  obvi- 

(X)  AbuTgbdzi  fays,  that  the  ated  the  objc&ion. 
«ads  of  tribes   alleged,   that        (Y)  De  la  Croix  places  this 

they  were  not  in  a  condition  to  affair  in  IJej.  600,  A.  D.  1:03. 
undertake  any  thing,  till  their        (Z)    Now  called  Sibe,   ac- 

tyrfes  were  recovered  from  the  cording  x^.BerMnk% 

for 


for  the  fcaufe  P.    The  two  armies  being  in  fight,  and  dravt 
up  in  order,  prince  Juji,  and  one  of  his  uncles,  Jiyiksr, 
-'began  the  fight,  with  great  vigour:   but  Kq/bhik,  Tayym 
KMn's  fon,    fuftained  the   (hock  without  giving  grount 
Thefe  two  young  princes,  whom  the  love  of  glory  equity 
inflamed,   ftrove  to  fignaiize  their  {kill  and  valour.   Tk 
brave  refinance  which  the  van-guards  made  on  both  fid% 
by  degrees  engaged  the  other  corps,  and  brought  on  a  ge- 
neral battle.    The  fight  lafted  from  fun-rife  to  fun-fet,  V" 
great  obftinacy ;  but  at  laft  the  Moguls,  breaking  the  e 
mies  ranks,  put  them  to  flight,  and  madd  a  terrible  fiaogh* 
of  them.     Tayybn  Khan,  who  performed  all  the  parts  of  i 
good  general,  was,  at- the  beginning  of  the  batfle,  mortt^ 
Kufhluk  wounded,  and  died  foon  after.    Kujbluk,  his'  fon  (A),  n 
fi*'**         T4toa  Bey  (B),  fled,  with  all  thofe  who  cfcaped  the  fori 
of  the  enemy.    As  for  JemtAa,  fpurred  on  by  his  hatred  I 
the  Grand  Khan,  he  fignalized  himfelf  by  a  thoufand  hook 
Jem&ka    affions :  but  his  rage  made  him  venture  too  far,  for  hew 
executed.  •  taken  prifoner ;  and  after  the  battle  had  his  head  firadt 

off  (C),  a$  the  principal  caufe  of  all  the  late  diftraftkms. 

The  Nay-      The  kingdom  of  the  vanquished  being  thus  fubdned  tg 

mans  re-  Temujin,  who  brought  under  his  obedience  a  vaft  traft  i 

dated*       land,  he  returned  to  Karakorom ;  where,  during  the  wintt| 

his  court  was  filled  with  ambafladors,  who  were  fent  by  tUl 

mafters,  either  to  .congratulate  hhft,  afk  his  prote&ion, 4 

Submit  to  his  government.    Almoft  all  the  Kahn&k  (D)  tribi 

in  the  eaftern  parts  put  themfclves  under  his  protection:  tat 

to  the  north,  fome  Khans,  jealous  of  their  liberty,  and  efll 

feme  Mogul  tribes,  who  were  inoft  out  of  his  reach,  reWb 

to  afk  his  favour.    Tukta  Beg,  who  was  once  a  very  pora* 

*  DelaCroix,  p.  70,  &feq.    Abu'lghazi,  p.8o>*fq> 

(A)  According  to  the  Cbinefe  their  prefent  fovereign,  *il 
hiftory,  he  was  ion  of  Boyrak,  caufed  him  to  be  drawn  linfr 
Tayyans  brother.  from  limb. 

(B)  By  JbuJgbazi  Khan  czll-  (D)  By  thefe  feem  to  be 
ed  Toita  Begin,  who  fled  to  meant  the  tribes  who  continoed 
Jbajrak,  another  Khan  of  the  Pagans,  or  who  were  uotifr* 
Naymdns,  and  Tayyani  eldeft  bammedam,  when  our  hiHorilH 
brother.  wrote.    De  Lifle,  in  his  map » 

(C)  It  appears  not,  from  "the  hiftory  of  Jngbi*  Kbht 
Abu  Igbazi  Khan,  p.  86,  that  he  places  them  to  the  north  of  4» 
was  in  this  battle;  but  after  lay  river  Sagbalian,  or  Jams  « 
ynn Khans  death  he  returned  to  Karakatay,  where Karahtqfc 
his  tribe  :  who,  confidering  him  ver  was.  But  that  map  is  AD 
as  -the  caufe  of  the  war,  carri-  of  gtofs  errors* 

cd  him  bound  jo  Jengbix  KUmt  - 

3  w 


t:.u  Reign  tfJcnghhKhto 

id  prince,  could  not  bear  to  fee  the  fudden  grandeur  of  the 
pew  emperor,  ftrove  all  he  could  to  foment  their  hatred 
jgainft  him.  On  the  other  hand,  Temtijtn,  looking  on  him ( 
t$  his  word  enemy,  refolded  to  turn  his  arms  againft  'this 
Jhan,  who  had  fo  highly  injured  him.  Accordingly,  early 
Id  the  fpring  (E),  he  fet  out  at  the  head  of  a  powerful  army 
jgainft  the  Merkits  (or  Markats). 

TXJKTA  Bey  was  not  infenfible  of  the  provocations  heW-Mer- 
td  given  Temujtn  :  yet  his  envy  flattering  him  with  hopes  of  kits  de~ 
Kcefs  one  time  or  other,  he  alfo  made  great  preparations  oifeated. 
hur;  and  was  joined  by  fome  Tanjuts  (or  Tayjuts),  with 
rince  Kajbluk,     But  when  he  heard  that  Temujtn  approach- 
d  his  capital  city  Kq/bin,  with  an  army,  the  like  of  which 
pas  never  feen  before  in  Moguli/i&n,  his  heart  failed  him; 
pd  he,  with  his  eldeft  fon,  fled  to  Boyruk,  Tayyan  Khan's 
rother,  to  whom  Kajbluk,  his  nephew,  had  already  retired 
or  fhelter  9. 

[  The  Grand  Khan  by  this  means  found  none  in  the  field 
m  oppofe  him.    However,  the  city  of  Ka/bin  (F)  feemed  re- 
vived to  Hand  a  long  fiege  :  but  although,  at  firft,  the  inha-  , 
ts  made  a  vigorous  refiftance,  yet  they,  were  in  a  fhort 
obliged,  to  furrender;  and  Temujin,  having  put  all  to 
(word  who  had  been  in  arms  againft  him,   razed  the 
After  this  he  took  an  oath  of  fidelity  from  all  the 
of  Kajbin,  as  well  as  others  of  the  Merkit  tribe ;  and 
the  Khans  whom  he  pardoned  fwpre  to  obey  him. 
The  Grand  Khan,  having  finiihed  the  conqueft  of  Mogul-  Mi/it*} 
Mb,  returned  to  his  capital  Karakorom  ;  where,  refleftingrrgwAi- 
lathe  vaft  number  of  his  acquifitions,  he  judged  it  proper  ****** 
Id  regulate  his  empire.     With  this  view  he  called  a  general  **ej.  ^°H 
dyet,  which  he  appointed  to  be  held  on  the  firft  day  of  fpring    *'  ^* 
fte  next  year,  when  the  fun  entered  Aries;  to  which  were    l2°S* 
lummoned  all  the  great  lords,  both  Mogul  and  Tatar,     In 
like  interim,  to  eftablifti  goodorder  in  the  army,  he  divided  his 
fridiers  into  feveral  Tomans,  Hezarehs,  Sedehs,  and  Dehehs; 

1  Abu'lk.  ap.  De  la  Croix,  p.  74,  &  feq. 

(£)  De  la  Croix  places  this  in  weft  borders  of  China,  to  which 

the  fpring  of  the  year  \l  4.  it  feems  to  be  near:   fince,  p. 

(F)  It  is  not  eafy  to  fix  the  91,  Ard:jky  in  the  borders  of  the 

fitc  of  this  city,  p.  92  *nd  371 .  Naymans  and  Merkit,  was  near? 

The  country  of  Tangut  is  faid  Tangu/ ;  and  Kamfion  (which  is 

t  to  have  borne  that  name.     De  known  to  be  Kan-cht<w,  in  the 

Mjle,  in  his  map  prefixed,  places  province  of  Shen-Jit  in  China  J, 

*fe  to  the  fouth  of  the  Nayman  was  the  capital  QtTar.gut. 
Country ;  but  far  from  the  north- 

Mod.Hist*  Vol  IV.  A  a  that    / 


p 


Wfitry  0/^  Mogul  or  MungjT&^/Vf .    B,  Ify 

tfutos,  bodies  of  ten  thoufand,  one  thoufaod,  one  hundred, 

*nd  of  ten,  men  :  with  their  refpeftive  offices*  ali  fubordi- 

1  nate  to  the  generals  who  commanded  the  Tomans  \  and  thefe 

wete  to  aft  under  one  of  his  own  fons.     He  next  turned  his 

thpught  to  making  new  laws ;  whereof  he  ordered  a  memorial 

to  be  drawn  up,  which  he  communicated  to  his  privy-coundl, 

before  he  efpofed  it  in  the  general  dyet. 

Temijin       AT  kngfk  tne  day  °f  holding  it  being  come,  the  princes  of 

ntfaUidi    the  blood  and  great  lords  met  at  the  place  appointed,  drefied 

in  white.    Then  the  Grand  Khan,  clothed  like  the  reft,  fitting 

down  on  his  throne,  with  his  crown  on  his  head,  was  compB- 

xhented  by  the  whole  aflembly,  who  wtfhed  the  continuanceof 

his  health  and  prosperity.    After  this  they  confirmed  the  Megd 

•  empire  to  him  and  his  fucceflors ;  adding  all  thofe  kingdom* 

and  nations  which  he  had  fubdued,  the  defendants  of  whole 

vanquifhed  Khans  were  deprived  of  all  right  or  tide  to  any 

of  them.     When  he  had  thanked  them  for  thefe  marks  of 

love  and  refpecl,  he  declared  his  resolution  to  add  to  the 

antient  laws  fome  new  ones,  which  he  commanded  that  they 

fliould  obferve  ;  and  which  we  have  inferted  at  the  cad  a 

his  reign r. 

A,  T>;       After  this,  in  the  tenth  month  of  the  year  iao6,  th$ 

1206.    princes  of  the  family  of  Temfijln,  the  cliiefs  of  hords,  aai 

md*c-     generals  of  the  army,  aflembled  at  the  fource  of  "the  river, 

*b**uleg*dononm     All  the  troops  were  divided  into  nine  bodies,  each  of 

which  having   fet  up  a  pavilion  and  difplayed  a  ftandard, 

,  theyacknowleged  Temijin  for  their  fovereign,  by  this  genoal 

cry,  Cbinghiz  Kohan(G).    After  which  he  nominated  Mutd 

and  Porcbi  his  two  chief  generals  and  prime  minifters.  Fn» 

this  event  the  Chinefe  hiftory  commences  the  empire  of  the 

Mongol  (or  Mongl)  conqueror  \  ' 

AB  W LGHAZ I  Khan,  conformable  to  the  Chinefe  hiflo- 
rians,  gives  Temujin  the  empire  and  name  of  Jenghlz  Khk 
at  the  lame  time  :  but  De  la  Croix  places  thofe  events  three 
years  afunder ;  the  firft  in  1 202,  juft  after  the  defeat  and 
death  of  Vang  Khan  (in  which  year  Ahfflghazi  places  both), 
the  latter  in  1205.  They  likewife  relate  them  with  different 
circumftances.  With  regard  to  Temujin  being  acknowlegd 
fovereign,  Abfflghazi  Khdn  only  fays,  that,  in  the  year  599* 

r  Miikond,  Konda-Mir,  Abu'l.  ap.  De  la  Croix,  p. 76; 
&  feq.  •  Gaubil,  ubi  fupra,  p.  11,  &  feq. 

(G)  In  the  French,  Tching-  afcribe  extraordinary  qoa/iri«> 

Ji  JJe.    Which  is  not  a  Mongol  and   make  its  appearance  the 

Word  \  but  a  found  exprefling  prefage  of  good. lock. 
the  crv  of  a  bird,  to  which  they 


£  !•  Reign  of  Jchghlz  Khftn;  355 

tailed  by  the  Moguls  Tong&z,  or  the  hog,  Jengbtz  Rh&n  be-    A.  D. 
ing  fall  forty  years  old,  all  the  tribes  of  Moguls  who  had     1206. 
fubmitted  to  Mm,  acknowleged  him  for  their  Khan  in  the  ^V^*4 
country  of  Naumankura1;  where  at  that  time  he  refided  t'*****'- 
oa  which  occafion  he  gave  has  *fubje&s  a  great  feaft.     Dc  la ralvet* 
Croix  ehlarges  much  on  the  .fuhjeft ;  and  informs  us,  that   > 
Temujin  laid  hold  of  the  opportunity  which  his  yiftory  over 
Vang  Khdn  afforded,    to   ftrengthen  his  intereft  with  the 
people ;  who,  gained  by  his  eloquence,  and  the  encomiums 
if  his .  friends,   refolved  to  chufe  him  their  Grand  Khan* 
The  Khans  who  were  already  in  his  intereft  importuned  the 
other  Khans  to  yielfl  to  the  requeftof  Tanujin,  whofe  pre- 
fents  were  ftill  more  prevalent.     Notice  having  been  given  to 
the  abfent  Khans,  of  what  was  agreed  on  in  this  great  aflem- 
Hy,  tliey  repaired  to  Dilon  Udak,  in  the  province  of  Teka 
Mogul  (H),  to  perform  the  ceremony  of  his  inauguration. 
There  Tem&jtn,  placing  himfelf  on  a  plain  feat,  fet  for  him  fir  Grand, 
upon  an  eminence,   harangued  the  people  with  his  ufual££«ff  °f 
etoquenee.     After  which  they  fet  him  on  a  black  felt  carpet 
fpread  on  the  ground  y  and  then,  the  perfon  who  was  ap- 
pointed to  give  the  peoples  fbffrage  pronounced  aloud  their 
plcafure  :  firft  he  told  him,  "  that  the  authority  x>r  power* ' 
M  which  was  given  him,  came  from  God ;  who  would  not 
~«f  fair  to  profper  him,  in  cafe  he  governed  his  fubjefts  well : 
44  but  that,  if  he  abufed  his  power,  hefhould  render  himfelf 
"  miferable,  as  the  black  felt,  on  which  he  fat,  intimated  to 
v  him."    After  this  remonftrance,  feven  Khans  lifted  him  up,  • 
vkh  an  air  of  ceremopy,  and  bore  him  to  a/ throne,  which 
Was  prepared  for  him  in  the  miHft  of  the  aflembly.     Thea 
tljey  proclaimed  him  emperor,  with  the  title  of  Grand  Khan,  . 
or  khaan,  of  all  the  Mogul  tribes  ;  and  bowed  their  knees 
i&ot  times  before  him,  in  token  of  obedience :  after  which 
"  the  people  performed  the  fame  ceremony,  accompanied  with 
acclamations  of  joy. 

The  new  emperor  promifed  on  his  part  to  govern  them  Moguls 
trith  as  much  juftice  as  mercy;  and  defend  them  again!*  all  and  Ta» 
their  enemies;  always  to  procure  their  good  and  eafe :   tot*r»» 
acquire  glory  for  them,  and  make  their  names  knowii  to  all 
the  earth.    As  he  had  much  reafon  to  commend  the  S&* 
Moguls,  or  Tatars,  he  declared*   that,  in  reward  of  their 


*  Apti'LGHAzi  Khan,  p.  78. 

,  -(H)  To  make  this  agree  with    the  foarce  of  the  Onon  ;  and  in- 
t  flic  foregoing  Cbtnefe  account,    deed  the  country  of  the  Moguls 
b\U*  Udak   and   Teka   Mogul    feems    to    have    been    there- 
smft  have  been  fituate  about    sbouta.  •   * 

A  a  %  Cervices, 


j 


ki 


Hijtory  of  the  Mogul  $ rMungt  Ernpirf.  K  HE 
fervices,  he  would  join  their  name  in  his  title,'  by  ftilhig 
himfelf  Grand  Khan  of  the  Moguls  and  Tatars.  When  the 
ceremony  was  over,  he  diftributed  prefents,  both  to  great  and 
fmall.  He  likewife ,  made  magnificent  entertainments  (I); 
which,  according  to  the  cuftom  of  thofe  nations,  continued 
for  feveral  days  together.  After  this  he  difiniiTed  the 
aflembly  u. 
Named  Concerninc  the  name  of  JengMz  Kh&n,  AbtHlghm 
"enghlz  Kh&n  relates,  that,  during  the  ceremony  of  the  inauguration, 
'bib,  one  Kokza  (or  KokjaJ,  fon  of  Menglijb  Jzka  (or  IjkaJ,  by  the 
"firft  venter,  father-in-law  of  Temujin,  came  to  him,  and  de- 
clared, "  that  he  came  from  God  to  tell  them,  that  from 
"  thenceforth  he  fhould  take  the  name  of  Jenghtz  (K),  and 
•c  order  his  fubjefts  to  call  him  Jenghtz  Khan"  (L).  He 
foretold  at  the  fame  time,  that  all  his  pofterity  fhould  be 
Khans,  from  generation  to  generation.  This  Kokza  ufed  to 
go  bare-footed  in  winter,  and  very  thin  of  cloaths  :  but  as  he 
fuifered  no  injury  by  it  in  his  health,  as  others  would  have 
done,  they  furnamed  him  the  image  of  God.  He  gave  oat, 
that  a  white  horfe  came  to  him,  from  time  to  time,  which 
carried  him  up  to  heaven,  where  he  converfed  with  the  Deity*. 
Many  believed  that  Kokja  was  fet  on  by  TemAjin  to  play  this 
game.  However  that  be,  from  this  time  forward  he  a/Turned 
the  name  of  JengMz  Khin;  which  we  fhall  ufe  for  thi 
future. 
Ij  a  reve*  Towards  the  end-  of  the  year  1205  a  dyet  was  caflci 
btion.  wherein  the  Mogul  lords,  who  were  in  the  fecret  of  the  pre* 
tended  revelation,  fupported  it  fo  ftrongly,  that  the  Moguk 
every-where  gave  credit  to  it;  and  already  looked  upon  all 
the  reft  of  the  world  as  belonging,  by  divide  right,  to  thdr 

•  D£  la  Croix,  p.  61,  ic  fcq.  *  Abu'lfaraj,  M»« 

fcOND,'ap.  eund.  p.  04.    Abu'lghazi,  p.  78. 

(I)  At  this  feaft,  according  he  named  him  Jenghtz  Kbn 

to  Abulghazi  Khan,  he  afliimed  Tubt  Tangri  j  but  Mtrkond  and 

the  name  of  JengMzKbdn,  at  others  fay,  Tubi Tangri  (oral 

the  inftance  of  Kokza.  D'Herbeiot,   p.  379,   write*  it 

(K)  Our  royal  author,  ex-  Tubi  Tangri)  was  the  name  of 

?laining  this  name,  fays,  that  the  prophet.    De  la  Croix  fays, 

'in,  in  the  2%«/language,  fig-  thatiW/riW  calls  tiimBarTu- 

nifies  great;   and  the  termina-  gri.    This  fignifies  the  fin  tf 

lion  gbiz.  making  the  fuperla-  QoJ,  and  feems  defigned  foraa 

tive;  Jinghtz  is  as  much  as  to  explanation   of   Tube  Tangri; 

fay  the  moft  great.     De  la  Croix  which  perhaps,  after  all,  toi- 

fcys,  it  figures  the  Khan  of  fies  the  image  of  God,  and  was 

Khans.  Kokja%%  funume. 
(LJ  Abulfaraj.  p.  281,  faya, 


Grand  Khan.  In  this-  perfuafion  they  breathed  nothing  but  A.  D, 
war;  and  even  thought  it  a  crime  againft  heaven  in  thofe.  izo%. 
princes  who  refilled,  in  defence  of  their  own  dominions*.      v  -"V"*^ 

But  to  return  to  the  Chine/e  hiftorians.     The.year  i2o6Boynik 
vas  farther  memorable  for  the  intire  defeat  of  Pologu  (or  Khan  4%~ 
Bayrak),  brother  of  Tayyau,  Khsin  of  the  Naymans.   His  (oa/eated. 
(M)  Kujhluk,  and  Toto  (or  Tokta  BeyJt  lord  of  the  Markits, 
retired  to  the  river  Irtijb;   where  the  former  had  ftill  a 
powerful  party:    but,  ia  1208,  Chinghiz  Khan,  having  at-    A.  D. 
tacked  them  both,  flew  Toto  with  his  own  hand,  and  Kvjb-    I2°*» 
hik  fled  into  the  kingdom  of  the  Kitan  (N).     This  vidtory 
put  him  in  a  condition  to  fubdue  the  reft  of  the  hords,  which 
flill  ftood  out  \     . 

The  Perjian  hiftorians  fay,  that  Boyrak$  being  purfucdtt 
was  taken,  and  put  to  death  in  the  camp;    After  this,  ac*. 
cording  to  Ab&lghazi  Khan,  Kujhluk  and  Tokta  Beg  retired 
to  the  river  Irtijb.    But  De  la  Croix,  who  quotes  Mfrk<md% 
Kdndamir,  and  AbMkayr*  for  his  authorities,  fays,  they  re- 
created to  ArSfb,  .a  fortrefs  on  the  frontiers  of  their  refpec* 
tfve  territories. in  the  tribe  of  DfUrkit ;  where  they  defigned 
to  recruit  their  fcattered  forces,  with  fome  others  who  were 
fcft  behind:  but  that,  two  years  after  (O),  Jenghtz  Khdnr 
to  prevdnt  their  having  time  to  fortify  tjiemfelves,  marched 
againft  thent In  tbc  midfl  of  winter.,    Thofe  princes,  amazed, 
at  hi*  fudden  ^rjriyal,.  and  not  being  ftrong  enough  to  oppofc 
him,  retired  under  the  fortrefs  of  Ardijb  :  but  Jenghiz  Khan, 
for  ail  tfie  rigour  of  the  feaion,  and  difficult  roads,  foon  ap« 
peared  before  that  place,  and  forcing  them  to  come  to  an  en- 
gagement, quickly  put  them  to  flight,     Tukta  Beg  was  killed 
&  the  aftlon  :  tut  Kujhluk,  with  fome  expert  foldiers,  efcapedKufliluk 
toTurkeJlan,  where  he  was  kindly  received*  by  Gurkhdn  {P),efcaf*s9 
a  very  powerful  monarch;  who,  touched  with  the  misfqr- 
ifc&es'of  this  young  prince,  gave  him  his  daughter  in  mar-,  \ 


: y  Da  La  Crojx,  p.  90.  •  Gaubil,  ubi  fupra,  p.  12. 
•  Mirkond,  Abu'lkayr.  ap,  De  la  Croix,  p.  91,  &  fe<^ 
Abu'lohas&i,  p.  84,  &  fe<J. 

"  [U\  The  weftern^farfr  wrf-  coming  originally  from  Kara* 

tet*  make  him  the  fon  of  Tay*  kit  ay. 

ja*  Khdn,  as  has  been  obferved  (O)  This  is  placed  in  the 

ia  a  former  note.  year  1 207  by  De  la  Croix* 

(N)  This  muft  be  underftood  (P)  He  vyas  fovereign  both  of 

<*  &e  Kitan  fettled   in  Littk  the  Wefiem  Kitan,  or  Karaki* 

%M&rid\  of  whom  an  account  fay  arts,  and  Turkefiin;  andgt* 

^1  be  given  hereafter.    They  nerally  refided  at  Kdftfar. 


*WC  called  tbrakitayansy  as 


Aa 3  Of* 


35$  Hiftory  of /J*  Mogul  arMungl  Empire.    B.IH* 

A.  D.        Our  readers  cannot  but  be  furprifed  at  the  great  (filagree    j 
1208.    ment  among  the. authors  befort  us,  concerning  the  place  of   1 
L-— v"*J  attion ;  fome  making  it  to  be  at  a  river  beyond  the  regions  of 
**'ftf**     the  Moguls ;  others  at  a  fortrefs  at  a  great  diftance  from    | 
r*6ifi$a.    thence>    not  faj.  from  the  borders  of  Tangut  and  Kitay.    I 
Whether  thofe  who  aflert  the  latter  as  faft  (for  we  take  the   I 
concurrent  teftimony  of  AbPlglyazi  Khan,  and' the  Cbtntfe   \ 
.    hiftorians,  to  be  a  proof  that*  the  Ittijb  was  the  fcene  of  , 
aftion),  had  it  from  the  memoirs  of  Puttd,-  or  finding  only  ^ 
bare  name  of  a  place,  fupplied  the  want  of  a  defcriptioa  bjf 
conjeftures  of  their  own,  we  will  not  venture  abfolutdy  to 
determine  :  but  this  latter  looks  to  be  the  cafe,  fince  Artyi  • 
and  Irtifb  arc  written  with  the  fame  Mogul  -or  even  Atakk  1 
characters:   and  De  la  Croix  does  not  cite  FadiaBak,  who' s 
wrote  his  hiftory  from  the  memoirs  and  affiftanc*  of  P*lil%  1 
which  feems  to  fhew,  that  he  fays  aothing  to  fuppart  tto  < 
matter  in  qtteftion.  -    " 

Joyghe-        JENGHIZ  Kh&n>  in  his  approach  to  the  Irtifb>  pallel 
rati  and    near  the  habitations  of  the  Joygherats  and  Karliks  :  the  firft  ' 
,  Karliks    fobjeft  to  Konaka  Beghi\  the  latter,  to  Arjtitn  Khan?  who* 
ftbmit.      not  being  in  a  condition  to  oppofe  his  forces,  both  fobmmrf 
to  him,    and  conduced  him  to  the  camp  of  K'utfduk  ao£ 
Tukta  Beghu    In  his  return  from  this  expdditibrt  he  fouH ' 
moned  Urus  Indl,  chief  of  the  Kerghis  t  whtf  likewife  fui# 
©itted,  and  fent  him  a  fhungar,  or  flio&kar,  faraprdbn*: 

C  H  A  P.    11 

JcnghiZ  Khan  invades  the  Kingdoms  of  Hy£ 
Kitay,  and  TurkefUn.  \    . 

TengMz  '"  I  ^HE  Grand  Khan,  having  fijii/hed  the  conqueft  JL 
khan  l «.  I  Moguliftdn,  or  that  part  of  Tartary  inhabited  bj- 
*adtt  ~..     the  various  tribes  of  people  comprehended  under  the 

name  of  Moguls  and  Tatars,  (extending  from  the  borders  of 
what  is  called  Eaftern  Tatary  to  mount  May  in  the  weft), 
began  to  think  of  inyading  the  countries  out  of  Tartar} 
to  the  fouth.  Which,  unlike  the  defarts  he  had  already  fob- 
dued,  where  no  works  of  ftone  appeared  to  flop  the  progrek 
of  an  enemy,  were  full  of  fortified  cities,  and  ftrong  places, 
ms  well  as  inhabitants.  A  confideration  which  at  once  pre- 
sents to  the  reader's  mind  the  difficulty  of  the  enterprize,  to 
people  as:  yet,  it  may.be  prefumed,  unexperienced  in  the  »t 

*  Abu'lchazi  Khan,  p-85,  &  fcf* 


of  taking  towns  ;  and  fhews  the  genius  of  thfr  prince  ■who    A.  D. 
formed  fe  -grand  a-deiign.  1209. 

''JEfr&H'te  Khan,  who,  as  hath  already  been  obfervcd/  — ir*'-*^ 
had,  in  the  year  1205,  began  to  make  incurfion$  upon  the'*f?J#,f* 
ifrntdries  if  the  Mug  {br  emperor)  of  f^^ ;   in  1209,  at-^ *v3f*  ' 
ticked  Ms  «d#tfrihions,  with  deiign  to  reduce  them  tinder  hir 
obedience x  but,  after  forcing  feveral  pofts  near  die  great 
tfaH,  Li-g&h-tfven>  to  fave  his  capital,  which  JvngMz  KhAtt 
tfa*  preparing  to  attack,  fubimtied  to  become  his  tributary, 
tt  will  be  related  hereafter*.* 

J  Almost  fttthe-firme  time  that* prince conqueredthe  coun- 
tries of  Kre\3t  wiAKd/bin ;  whithlaft  nanie,  we  are  told,  for- 
merly the  region  of  Tangut bore b  i  but  wh^re  thofe  coun*  \  '  ~'- 
tries  fay  is  hard  to  determine.  If  any  fudi  there  were,  they 
sfmft,  by  the  circumftances  of  the  fyiftory,  have  been  in  the' 
neighbourhood  of  Kampiott,  either  belonging  to  the  province 
rf  Shett'Jl,  or  on  itt  borders. 

The  fame  year,  Pnrcbuhorte  TOfei  (A),  prince  of  Ig^ThelgCm 
ffiled'/<#/h£  (fe),  flew  the  fStan  (C)  officers,  who  were*  in  rus«w#4    ** 
dty ;  and',  going  in  peribn,   put  himfelf  under  JengUx 
KhatCs  protection :  who  gave  him  a  daughter  hi  marriage*. 

The  occafion  of  this  proceeding'  is  related  by  the  Perfiari 
ififtorians.  They  tell  us,  that  I&Mt,  Khan  of  the  Oygkn^ 
or  Igirs,  though  a  very  powerful  prince,  was  yet  tributary 
to  GurkM,  king  of  YufkeftAn\  who  ufualry  kept  a  deroga  , 
atewig  the  Oyg&tf,  to  gather  bis  tribute.  Shtrwakem,  who 
at  that  time  was  his  officer,  crafting  Aorethan  his  matter's 
due,  the  prince,  on  the  people's  complaints,  fpoke  to  him.  But 
the  other,  inflead  of  forbearing,  threatened  IdiMt :  who, '  to 
revenge  the  mfulf,  had  Mm  aflaffinated ;  and,  then  to  flcreen 
himfelf  from  Gurkbarts  refentment,  fent  to  aflc  the  Grand 
Khan's  protection.     The  envoys  overtook  Jetightz  Kh&n  in 

1  In  the  hffkery  of  the  ffya  and  Si/ax,        h  De  iA  Croix,  fC 
9«»       *  Gavbil,  pT  13. 

(A)  Ab&lghaxi  Khan-  names.  parting  being  fent,  and  k£t9  tfo 

Km  Banetjii  IMkntKhm*    p..  j#*W/*   or  fouL  .   Abfftfkrajy  p.         •    ..  , 

3&  a8j,  writes  Mlkub  j  that  is,  the   '  -  *   *  * ' 

t(B)  Abulkair  and  Abu  If  ar a}  lord  of the  empire. 
fay,   that    Idikut   fignifiei    the        (C)  Thefe  were  the  Wefitrn- 

rtigning  prince*  but  Abu/gbazi  Kitdn,  or  Lyan,  fettled  to  the 

Xbdn  explains  it,  a  free  man,  eaft  of  Kdjhgar,  then  fubjelt  to 
**t  fubjeS  to  any-  body,  '  So  he'  Gnrbbdn,  Jking of  Tyrktfdx  and 

feysiit  figoifies  m-the  language*  th&Kifem;  whole  country  wa«* 

of  the  Uzbeks :  but  fent  by  the  from  them  called  Kmrmkitay* 
fait*  in  the  Turkijb.    Idi  im- 


V, 


Hi/lory  of  tU  Mogul  qt  Mungl  Empire,    B.  UC 

the  country  of  Tangut,  where  h<j  was  gone  to  reduce  Ski* 
dq/iu;  who,  with  fome  other  Khans,  h^d  revolted  from  him  ^ 
■'among  the  reft: was  the  Khan  of  £rekir,  whofe  territories^ 
ifitirely  ruined*  , .  '    '  ',.*"'*: 

n^jwV  to       The  -flfogw/  emperor,  glad  of  an  opportunity  tp  igk* 
JengKiz    Gurkbdn  uneafy,  who  was  never  a  friend  to  him,  jpd  k^ 
JUuui.      now  made  an  alliance  with  Kafblyk,  received  >tty  Oygurfa 
tgur)  envoys  much  better  than  otherwife  he  would  \m^ 
done;  and  fent  them  back  with  two  perfons,  to  aflhretbd^ 
Khan  of  his  friend/hip"  and   prote&ion.     Ifik&tj  cbanac^ 
with  thisgenerous  behaviour,  ftrait  went  himfelij  wkhcoKj 
prefents,  to  offer  his  fervjee  to  fenghik  &hm  .:  whowoem^ 
Bej.  6e>7.hkn  with,  affection ;  and  afterwards,  td  reward  his  fiddJqL 
'  A.  D.    gave  him  one  of  his  daughters  in  marriage.    Gurkbh^ 
1210.     die  news  of  Sbuwakem's  death,  had  threatened  IdMt  vkh 
fire  and  fword  ~.  but,   hearing  he  was  become  the  Grwfl 
Khan's  fbn-in-law,  he  fmothered  his  rage,  fof  fey  of  drawj 
ing  the  Mogul  .forces  agftinft  himfelf d.    ""'/      " 
Tie*         \IDI:kUTy&s  of  an  anuent  family '*^mong  the  cbie&« 
twntry      *£e  te&r  ta'dx?  f°r'  above.  500  years  ftanding.    *They  k 
Vtfcnbtd.  pbfleffed  the  country  where  the:'  §elinga  rifes.    In  prbeds  c 
"   time  they  became  matters  of  the  country  of  Kau-changx  Igb) 
or  Hyatt-chew^  being  the  faijie  with  that  of  Turf  an,  inLttt 
tiukharia.     The  Cbinefe  geographers  ^gree,  that  the  coon* 
pi  Igur  (Vigur>  or  OygurJ,  was  fituatcd  where  Tuzf&n  m 
ftands ;  but  feem  unacquainted  with  its  extent,    'The  lam 
authors  farther  inform  us,   that;  the  fgurs.  undejftood  th 
Cbinefe  characters,  and  had. the  books  ox  Kong-fu-tfe,  or  Km 
fufeus  :■  that  they  h6rioured, the  fpirit  of  heaven,  had  vm 
Bonzas  among  them,  and  followed,  the  Cbinefe  kiiend&r.  Th 
chief  city,  where  Mfiut  refided,  was  calle3  ffo-i 
1    ruins  of  which  ftill  remain,  feven  or  eight  leaj 
eaft  of  Turf  an  c.  '  To  the  north  of  this  laft  city 
iig>  which  &U '  the  oriental  writers  make  the  capital  of  M 
Jgurs  ;  whofe  territories,  according  to  Ahu\lghazi  JChto,  Otf 
tended  to   the  Irtifb  :   for   they  were  divided  into  three 
branches  ;  fome  living*  in  towns,  others  in  the  fields f. 
T^tfKitan     JENGHIZ  Kb4n,    being,  now  a*,  peace  with  all  W 
entire,      neighbours,  and  ftrehgthened  by  the  accef&on  of  fo  maflf 
-.'■'         princes,  who  either  ftibmitted  to,  or  joined  in  league  *Wi-. 
Mm,  refolved  to  fliake  off  the  yoke  of  the  Kin  \  to  whonj 

'  \"*  y  " \. •"   •     '   j 

*  Mjfcjotf  d,  Abu'lkate*  ap.  Dc  la  Croix,  p.  93,  k  ftq-.-j 
Abu'lch.  p.  87, '    \  CAPBiii  p.  13,  38,  k  40.      *  A*v\c*'-\ 

p.  35-        •"  -         •'■''..'■■■  ,v    •"  < 


0Lt,        •  -  RAgn  of  JcnghlzKh&nl  jg| 

at  this  time  the  Moguli  were  tributary  (D),  as  they  had  been   A.  D* 
before  to  the  Kitan.    Sometime  before. the  Mungk-  (E)  and*    mo. 
^ther  hards  of  Tataty  had  adcnowkged  that  prince  for*  '*Y^*' 
jheir  fovereign ;  7ay4o,  emperor  of  the  Tfta,  fent  Tong*tfi,  a wf^1* 
place  of  the  Hood,  to  the  city  of  Tfing-cbevJ  (now  called    ^* 
fbikM-botu**),  to  receive  from  them  the  annual  tribute. 
On  thk  occsJkm  Tong-ifi  made  flight  of  Tem&jtn,  and  ad- 
mfed  framing  fome  pretence  to  put  him  to  death.   -  But  ther: 
pnpcFor  rejected  the  propofal ;  which  coming  to  Ttmtftoi'i- 
f*rs,  he  refolved  to  be  revenged  on  the  author  of  it* 

WANG-TEN-KING,  emperor  of  the  Kin,  dying  io- 
the  tenth  month,  Tong~tfi,  who  facceeded  him,  lent,  tjiefol*' 
ftewing  year  (ia  jo),  an  officer  to  order  Jenghtz  Khlto  to  pay* 
rthe  tribute. ;  That  prince  demanded,  whom  he  came  fwm^ 
ijpd  being  told,  from  Tong-tfi,  then  emperor,  he  abfohtfely>//tf/h  tj 
i  lgfafed  :  faying,  he  was  himfelf  a  fovereign,  and  jvould  never ^  tri~ 
ttknowlege  Tong-tfi  for  his  matter.     It  is  /aid,  added  the**/** 
Shan,  by  way  of  fneer,  that  the  Chinefe  ought  to  have- the  *• 
)  Jpn  of  heaven  for  their  mdfier';  but,  at  prefent,  they  know  not 
i  krv>  to  chufe  n  man.  Having  fpoken  thefe  words,  he  mourned;    . :  v 
\  )js  horfej  and  rode  towards  the  north.    Tong-tji  wasitrangety ; 
\  fettled  at  th<fe  cutting  expreffions.     Jenghtt  Kh&n  had  other: 
hijafons  to  be  difpleafel  with  the  :Kin:     .Among  the  reft,: 
fCting-fai-bay,  a  prince  of  his  houfe,  had  been  (lain  by  them/. 
J'm  1206 ;  to  revenge  which  injury  (F)  the  Mungh  waited  for. 
I  an  opportunity :  befides,  their  Khan  was  told,  Tong^tfi  in- 
f  tended  to  have  him  feized,     Thefe  things  determined  him 
'to  go  and  encamp -along  Ae  Kerulon;  where  he  aHembled  With  m 

\  a  formidable  army,  compofed  of  veteran  troops.    From  thence^*'*'  *r*9 

\  • .    •         .  ;  t     t    :       .  •  •   *     .  -  r 

%  See  before,  p.  282. 

(D)  In  tlie  tenth  month  of  the  pukiliay  among  the  predeceflbr* 

yearii47>theemperorofthe^/>r,  of  Jenghix  Khan,  *s  given  by 

unable  to  fubdue  the  Mongols,  Jbujgbazi  Khan,  and  other  ori- 

•  was  obliged  to  make  peace  with  ental  authors, 

them.    Their  chief  was  then  (E)  They  are  always  called 

Mopukiliay,  and  called  himfelf  Mongu  in  the  Ckimfe  hiftery ; 

emperor.  This fhews,  that fince  which  fliew's,    that   the  word' 

then  the  power  of  the  Mongols  Mogul  had  ohtained  only  in  the . 

kad  been  weakened;    for  the  welt  of  Afia. 

liftory'  pf  Jengbi*  Khan  fays  (F)  The  vitfbmAfiatir writer  ; 
pofitively,    that,    in  his  time,  .  mention  injuries  in  general  re* 

they  paid  tribute  to  the  Kin,  ceived  from  ' Altua  Khan,   but 

G**w-  hift.  Dt  Gentcbis,  p.  20.  none  ia  particular* 

There  it  no  fuch  prince  as  Jok-  '"' 


$6*  H ijl cry  of  dx  Mogul  crMun&Esnpirt.    B.Iit 

A;D;.  hev<rfder<ki  Cbepe.  Noym  (G),  and  r*&  Kohay  (ft);  tcfrtiaftll 
Van*    towards  the  borders:  of  Sban-fi  and  Pe-che<Ji:  who;  havmg 
Vy^^pbferved  the  coiratfcy,  find  made  fome  fpoils,  returned  to  tto, 
main  army  *. 

The  Kin  h*d  confidcrable  forces  in  Ljfau-tong;  which  *j# 

the  bulwark  of  their  empire.    In  the  feme  province,  arf- 

coirn  tries  Spending  on  it,  there  fBll-  remained  aifo  a  graft 

number  of  Ki-tin,  and  many  princes  .of  the  family  of  ttef 

£?4#,  whom  they  had  deprived  of  dieT-empAre.    But  as  Tag-* 

*/ST  grew  jealous  of  them:  fince  the  rife  of  Jenghiz  KhJbt,  h* 

.  tptnmanded  double  the  number  of  'Nyu-che  (or  Kin  J  femtfia 

to  be  >put  in  ail  pktei  where  they  were  fettled,  in  order  10 

Myatch  their  motions.    After  this  precaution,  which  gavetfi 

general  dHbontent  to  the  Kit  An,  die  emperor  caufed  notice  to* 

,    ••      be  given  every-where^  -that  the  Mungh  intended  to  attach 

htm,  raifed  powerful  armies,   and  ported  troops  in  aU  tte7 

fortified  places  on  both  fides  of  the  great  wall,  from  d* 

Wbtngrbo  to  Lyau-tong*  .: 

invades        Jw'the  fpring,  and  ftrft  month  of  <the  year  ilf  I,  Arjih\ 

the  Kin.    ffcinoe  of  the  Kartukr  (I)  in  the-weft,  came  with  a  body  oft 

"       troops,  to  offer  his  fervice  to  Jemghtz:  Khfax  •-and  Idtkit, 

prince  bf  Jgtar,  to  confult  the  prefervation  of  his  country; 

,The  army  began  its  march  fouthwards,  the  beginning  of  the* 

fipond  month  :  on  which  Tong-tfi  fent  to  make  propofak  of 

peatt  (K) ;  but  they  were  rejefted.    Chepe  with  the  cboiceft 

d 
*.■■>. 
r  •  *  Gaubil,  p.  jj,  &feq. 

(G)  He  was  one  of  the  Af*-  of  the  Lyau,  whofe  name  wat 
guls  beft  generals.  The.  tide  of  TWu. .  Gaubil. 
Noyan  (fo  alfo  it  is  written  in  (I)  So  we  explain  Jfiia* 
Abulghazi  Khans  hiftory,  but  prince  of  A4a-lu\  which  -Jat 
Nentian,  by  \De  U  Croix),  is v  word  Gaubil 'was  at  a  Iofs  aboot. 
gfren  only  to  princes  of  the  This  Arjlan,  Khih  of  the  Ker* 
reigning  family,  fons*  in-law  of  -  Inks,  or  Karliks,  is  mentioned 
Khan*,  or  great  lords,  who  are  *  by  Ab&lgbazi  Khan  and  De  U 
jcftieife  of  hords.  Gaubil.  Croix,  as.  repairing  to  Jtnghh 
(H)  TeluKshay  (written  alfo  *  Khan  about  the  fame  time  with 
Tiiu  Kolaj,  perhaps* by  miftake), ;  Idikut..  » 
was  a  great  mandarin,  or  officer,  (K)  AhiPlghazi  Khan  relates, 
of  the  Kin  emperor  ;  who,  be-  ■  that  Jenghl%  Khan  fent  to  fum- 
ing fent  to  fettle  fome  affairs  mon  Altun  Khan  to  fubmitj 
with  Jeng&z  Khan,  was  fo  and  that  this  prince,  falling  id- 
chawned  with  him,  that  he  en-  to  a  paflion,  faid'to  the  ambaf- 
tered  into  his  fervice.  He  was'  fador,'4?©*  believe,  perhaps,?* 
a  prince  of  the  imperial  family  have  to  do  With  one  ofjctrfetff 
.  -                                                                    Tvki4 


\ii         »       Rdgkdf  JenghfeKBiru  jfcfr 

I  *the  .troop*  fortcd  the  pofts  of  the  great  mall  (L),  to    A.JX 
ie  wash-weft  and  northreaft  of  Tay~tong-f*  (M^.vUia    m,< 
jtas  feiicd  .tbe  Jbctrafrea  without   the  barrier.  rM&h&&K  '"•Vll»d 
ok  the  pofts  aljont:.Pa!*-#zJt,  and  Ten-king,   in  Pe-cbe4u 
iapar  furprifod  the.  garrifon  of  Ku-yang^quan  (N),  an  im*      , 
Htant  place :   and  Jenghiz  Kh&n  defeated  a  coaftderahle 
)djr  of  the.  Afa,  near  Swen-wharfA;  which  city  he-  toofc^ 
ithtbe  fartreflesjahout  Tay-tong-fA,  thttrjcaHed  Siding,  oq 
v  wfiern  ctntrt,  all  in  Shan-ft :.  in  fhort,  the  Mungl$  *ndo 
cnrfions  as  far  as  the  capitaL  .  i 

.HA&AR  Whard**,  prince  of  the  Honkirat* '{or ^KimJte^Wr  Kit2& 
to),  Jengblz  JGMaVbrqther-inJaw,  who. had bee* feht  tof™***. 
le'&onders  of  Lym-tang  (O),  to  found  the  pulfc*  of  tha 
rffe  lords,,  and  attack  the  Jfr/i  on  that  fide*:  found  thtf 
rinee  7>/«  Lyew-ko  at  the  head  of  an .  hundred"  tboilfatli 
Ite,  ready  to  declare  in  favour  of  <his  matter.    Jn'tfefthfttmy    >  *  '  ♦;  * 
[Ids  fincerity,  that  prince,  amending  the  mountain  ISft  (P)y 
mfice^a.  white  hbrfdand  fadack  ox,  broke  an!  arrow,  and  4 

ade  an  oath*  ta  be  faithfal  to  JenghH  Kb&rt:    Lytw^i    '       \ 
to  was  o£  the  royal  famfyrof  the  Lyatt,  a  good  officer^     '    s: 

f  ■'..:''.  .  *  .  .         , .     . 

Math,  tribes.  Jbflgb*  hift.  '  (OV  DtJa-Croi*, p.*oc*feyi>J 
p*fc,  jfec.  p.  8$*  Or>s  ft? ./*  »  JewghteJ&an  font  three,  of  hir 
kwur  has  it,  T&fiMaJUt fretts  (  fons  tQ  attack  JE&7V,  which  fa* 
fmif  hi  thought  me  *,Tork, '-  caH$i^W ;  but  itjoauft  be>Lj4tu-. 
r  s  Mogul*  Hid..  Gtngb,  p.-  /<wg,  as  well  fronj  the  circum-* 
po,  •  ,'  .      *  fiances  of  the  lyftory,  as  th* 

'(L)  %othj&ttIgbaziKhaz,[pi  ddejiption,,  of  it,  which*  he, 
%  and  De  ia  Croix,  p.  101,  '  %w&  hom  faJ!allab'\  viz.  that 
to,  that  Jlaktfs,  Kh&h  of  the  *  it  <ibar  jlivate  to\  the  north  of 
Igdtt,  or  Afikut,  opened  one '  China,  and  had'  the  fea  m  tie 
t  the  great  gates  of  the  wall,  *  eaft :  that  *kt  country  contained 
f  which  he  had  the  enftody,  to  about  700.000  inhabitants ;  and 
btghizKhau.  •>  '   ;  •  had  been  always  governed  by  its 

(M)  In  the  province  of  Shan-  own  lings*  /who  were  Jomet4tn:s 
{  in  China,  lac.  4b0  15 '  long,  mafiers  <?/*China  (ratberlLrtZy)i 
L 1 5' weft  Oyf  Pe-bingV  Nbte,  which,  in  its  turn,  <wasmafter  of 
%  at  the  end  of  the  name  of  a  //.  That  Lyau-tong  is  J&W*,  ap7 1 
fece,  denotes  a  city  of*  the  firft  pears  further,  from  what  is  faid^' 
*ik  in  China*;  chehv,  one  of.  p.  icS,:  that  Mukli  Qcydnk  (who^ 
Re  ftcond  ; . and  hyen,  one  of1  is  MuhafiJ  was.  lent  to-  Kurje^ 
jiff  third  rank  :  quan,  a  fort-  with  k*  b'Q'dy*  of  froofs,  to  hm-# 
jftf.W,  a  gate  or  ftrait  of^^dcr  the  rbfees  of  that,  country 
pc  mountains.  '  to )o\xijf It uv  Khun. 

(N)  A  fortrefs  nine  leagues'     '  (?)  According  to  the  Ckinefi 
jorth-north  eaftofP^i/»»;and-   geographers,  45  or  56  leagues 
p-ting  is  three  or  four  north  of    north    of    Mugden,   capital  of 
wjojiig.yuun,     GaubiL  '  tyau-tong.     Gaubil* 


Hijtory  if  lit  Mogul  or  l/ktp^£mpire.    RUE  i 

and  Had  many  vaf&ls;  provoked  at  the  indignities  vhkh  tho 
Kitdm  daily  recehed  from  the  Km,  took  arms,  as  foon  as  htf 
heard  that  the  Mmgls  intended  to.  make  -war  upon  that. 
The  Khan,  to  prevent  Lyew-io  from  bring  drawn  off  agrf^j 
made  him  very  advantageous  offers,  and'  conferred  on  \o& 
the  title  of  king  (  Q_) ;  fiarniflring  Wha-then  and  Ckpi  vn* 
good-  troops,  .to  aifift  him.  Lym-ho  ordered  himfelf  to  M 
proclaimed  king  where*ever  he  came;  anil,  having 
many  places;  marched  fcgainft  the  Kin  army,  over  wbkh 
obtained  a  fignal  vifiory.  Hereupon  many  Kit  An  lords 
off  thetr  yoke,  and  feveral  cities  fohmkted  to  him. 
whkh  he  reduced  Tvngrking  (R),  or  Lyaw-yang,  a  city 
Ly*u»tong.  .  Thi*  great  fuccefs  fwelled  the  reputation  of 
»ev  Kitm  king ;  and:  made  the  Kin  raite  numerous  forces, 
feve  that  province1. 
Jefightz  Iw  12*2,  JengbtztCh&n  fnbdued  Whan<hev>  (S) ;  and 
Khan  h<&,  the  forixefle*  without  the  gnea*  wall,  near  the  V 
mvoundid:  \pmi  When,  the  Mttngls  had  reduced  ail  the  ftroog 
A.  D.  between  that  city  and  the  river,  they  prepared  to  befiegp  fi 
in*-  tpng-f4.  To  prevent  them,  Ymg-tfi  lent  HAjaM,  or  Xi 
fy*f  and  Wan-yen,  at  the  head  of  300,000  men.  The 
Iff  advice  of  M&b&li,  marched  to  ntoet  this  army, 
wafc  encamped  near  the  mountain  Tti4{T),  where  they 
'  attacked  by  the  Mungh ;  who,  notwtthftanding  the  fn 
crity :  of-  their  numbers,  -defeated  thfcrrr.  to  autiimn  he 
vested  Yay-ting-f4 ;  where,  although'  the  governor  H% 
fled,  he  met  with  more  refinance  than  he  expected.  At 
having  in  a  vigorous  attack  loft  many  men,-  and  been 
gerouify  wounded  by  ah  arrow,  he  raifed  the  fiege,  and 
ttf  ed'into  Tatary :  after  wfeicU  the  Kin  retook  Paztgan?  $* 
%>ba-fu,  and  even  K6-yang-quan, 

1  Gav]bii>,  p.  14,  &  feq. 

'  (Qj  That  is,  Khan,  orVaag, 
ive  prefume,  of  Lsau-tonv. 

\{_R)  That  is,"  the  eaftera 
court,  lat.  4i°zof  long.  6°. 56' 
eaft  tf'Pe-kfag.  In  the  map  of 
the  Jefuits  it  is  placed  on  the 
iforth  fide  of  the  river  *Bakfa> 
which  falls  Into  the  tyau ;  and 
i/-  a  diflinlt  town  from  Ljau- 
yang,  which  ftes  three  miles  to 
the  fouth,  and  was  then  a  great, 
city. 

(S)  A  city  of  Tatary,  north- 
*ft  of  /W/*£,  between  the 


42d  and  43d  degree  of  lad 
now  deftroyed.  But,  p. 
Qaubil .  more  jnftly  places  1 
almoft  north  of  Peking, 
north*  north- weft.  It  feems  1 
have  been  PorQ-botun, 
ruins  are  feen  about 
miles,  fouth  by  weft,  fromt 
of  Shan-tuy  one  of  the  ; 
capitals  of  T#tary.  See  befort^ 
p.  281. 

(T)  Seven  or  eight  leag 
weir,     or  weft- north -weft, 
Swen-mba-fi.    GaukiL 

JENCHll 


L  fEHGHlZ  Kh&n,  who,  in  this  difgraoe,  was  comforted    A.  D. 
|fy  the  news  he  received  from  Lyau*torrg,  being  cured  of  Ms    ' a*  S- 
■pund,  re-entered  Gfriiia  in  121 3  ;  recovered  £vjen-w&a-fA{   ****?* 
jk!  Pau-gan ;  defeated  an  army  of  the  Aj«,  after  a  btoody^?^  ** 
fettk  (U),  near  Wbay-lay  (X);  and  one  of  his  generals  took    ^y£># 
pLpe-kew  (Yj*    After  this  bottle,  the  Khan,  not  able  to  en-    J211* 
pr  Pe-che4i  by  Ku*yang-quan>  forced  the  fortrefs  of  Tfe-kitv* 
1,  and  took  /-r Artv  and  Chb-cbev)  (Z).     However,  £**/<%, 
return  from  Lyau-tcng,  patted  on  to  Nan-Arm  (a  place 
importance),  and  took  K&-yang-quany  which  is  not  far 
.    On  the  other  fide,  in  the  feventh  month,  a  great 
was  fought  at  the  mountain  U-v*bey4iny  near  $>uan+ 
\ghyen (A) ;  wherein  the  iCi/i  were  overthrown,  with  a 
it  (laughter. 

In  the  eighth  month,  H6jak&9  generaliflimo  of  the  KinThetm- 
ips,  who  had  been  cafhiered  in  1212,  for  bad  ferrices,/*™*"*^ 
reftored,  feized  on  the  perfon  of  Tong-tfi;  and,-  foon'"** 
,  caufed  him  to  be  murdered.     The  true  caufe  of  the 
les  which  attended   the  Mungls  was,   that  general's 
d  to  thofe  who  were  the  occafioh  of  his  difgrace  (the 
before) ;  which  lafted  two  months.    After  being  re- 
lied, he  was  ordered  to  encamp  to  the  north  of  the  court : 
\  inftead  of  endeavouring  to  fkop  the  enemies  progrefs, 
ided  nbthing  but  hunting,  nor  regarded  the  emperor's 
er.    At  length  he  marched  with  his  army  to  the  imperial 
\  under  pretence  of  preventing  a  confpiracy  which  he  had 
covered.    Being  arrived  before  it,  he  fent  horfemen  to  the 
ice,  to  cry  aloud,  that  the  Mungls  were  at  the  city  gates  :  he 
It  put  to  death  fuch  as  he  fufpecled  ;  and,  having  difpofed 
troops  in  different  quarters,  the  officers  both  civil  and 
ftary  afliiled  him ;  not  imagining  that  he  had  a  defign  to 
'  one  their  prince :  but  as  foon  as  he  had  fecured  the 
of  the  city,  he  feized  the  palace,  and  confined  the  em- 
;  then  depofed  and  put  him. to  death.    After  this,  find- 
he  could  not  get  himfelf  declared  emperor,  he  inthroned^  Hur 
,  a  prince  of  the  blood.    Thefe  diftra&ions  determined  jaku.  * 
\gh\z  Khhn  to  beiiege  the  imperial  city.    Cbepe,  after 

UU)  This   was   the    battle,  (Y)  A  famous  fortrefs  at  one 

friiaps,  in  which  the  Per/tan  of  the  gates  in  the  great  wall, 

litters  fay,   that  Altun  Kb**,  See  before,  p.  280. 

laed  by  the  forces  of  Kurje,  (Z)  A  city  in  the  weft  bor- 

p  30,000  men.    -    •  dcr*  of  Pt-cbeJi.    Tfe-kin-fuaw 

(X)  Four  or  &v*  leagues  weft  is  z$  miles  weft  of  l-cbe<w. 

tKu-yang-quan*  The  field  was  (A)  A  city  in  the  borders  of 

Itwed  with  dead  bodies  for  $bsnrfi  and  Pt-cb€4i. 


to*  leagues  together. 


taking 


Wftory  if  fix  Mogul  \rrWxt^iEmpsri.    B.BJ 

'taking  Ku-yang~quanf  fet  forward1  with  50,000  chofea  \sxi 
•  to  joitT  the  army*  But  the  van-guard,  coming  to  the  rira 
*Tfau  (B),  and,  endeavouring  to  pafs  the  bridge,  was  intird) 
defeated  by  Hdjdkd ;  who  was  carried  in  a  car,  being  hurt  a 
the  foot.  Next  day,  being  hindered  from  marching  himfd( 
by  his  wound  opening,  he  ordered  Chu-hu-kau-ki  to  advance 
with  5,000  troops,  to  oppofe  the  enemy ;  but  that  genail 
The  affaf-  coming  £00  late,  Hujakd  would  have  put  him  to  death ;  whid 
fnjhdn*  the  emperor,  knowing  him  to  be  a  good  officer,  would  1* 
fuffer.  Then  HAjaku  faid  to  him,  if  you  beat  the  enemy,  I 
•will  /pare  you ;  if  you  are  defeated,  yon  fball  die.  fouti 
marched  again!*  the  enemy ;  but.  a  north  wind  arifing,  wM4 
Mew  the  fand  into  his  foldiers  eyes,  he  was  obliged  to  # 
enter  the  city  with  lofs.  As  he  took  it  for  granted,  thatft 
kati  would  put  him  to  death,  he  ran  with  his  troops  to  $A 
general's  palace :  who,  being  apprized  of  his  defign,  got  4 
his  garden-wall ;  but,  falling,  broke  his  leg.  The  foldie* 
having  killed  him  on  the  fpot,  Kau*ki  carried  his  head  i 
the  gate  of  the  imperial  palace,  and  furrendered  himfelf  id 
the  mandarins,  in  order  to  be  condemned  to  death  :butlU 
emperor  publifhed  an  edilt,  wherein  he  charged  H6jaku  vil 
feveral  crimes>  and  commended  Kau-hi\  whom  he  ml 
generaliffimo  in  his  room  K 
XThe  Kin  LI-GAN-TSVENy  ttngcfffya,  finding  himfelf  prdS 
hard  by  the  Mungls,  demanded  aid  of  the  Kin ;  who  refufedit,! 
frtjfed.  having  occauonthemfelves  for  more  troops  than  they  had.  Hdj 
upon  the  flya,  after  they  had  made  a  treaty  with  the  ~~ 
before-mentioned,  in  12 10,  declared  war  againft  the 
'With  whom  they  had  been  at  peace  for  fburfcore  years, 
attacked  Kyi-chew  (C),  in  Shen-Ji.  The  fame  year, 
tfven  dying,  Li-t/un-hyu,  his  relation,  fucceeded  him. 
prince,  more  fuccefsful  than  his  predeceflbr,  reduced 
chew  (D),  at  the  end  of  121 3. 

Since  the.  time  Jenghtz  Khhn  began  to  invade  the 
empire,  many  Chinefe  officers,  who  had  been  taken 
entered  into  his  fervice.    Thefe  he  (hewed  a  great  efteem 
and  gave  them  parties  of  their  own  nation  to  command. 
he  now  refolved  to  attack  the  enemy  on  every  fide,  he 
the  Chinefe  and  Tatarian  troops  together,  forming  out 

k  Gaubil,  p.  18,  &  feq. 

(B)  A  canal,  whof©  waters,  (C)  Lat.  380  6>  long.  6*4 

coming  from  Chang- pang-che<w9  weft  of  Pe-king. 

pafled    by    the   imperial  city;  (D)  In Shcnft alfo.  L&fy 

from  which  the  bridge  could  21'  long.  90  5'  weft. 

not  be  far. 


them  foor  armies.     One  he  ordered  to  incamp  to  the  north  of 

ten-king,  the  imperial  city :'  another  to  ravage  the  country 

to  the  north  and  eaft,  as  far  as  Lyau-tong :  the  third,  under ' 

three  of  his  fons,  was  to  deftroy  all  to  the  fouth'and  fouth- 

veft,  as  far  as  the  TVJmng-ho  ;  while  he  himfelf,  with  Tuley% 

his  fourth  fon,  marched  'through  Pe-che-li  to  Tfi-nan-fi,  the  ' 

Capital  of  Shan-tong.  . 

The  Kin,  for  their  defence,  fent  their  beft  troops  to  Great  it* 
guard  the  difficult  paflages  of  rivers  and  mountains ;  oblige-  vaftatitm* 
Ing  all  people  fit  to  bear  arms  to  retire  into  the  cities.  The 
Khan,  being  informed  of  this,  ordered  his  generals  to  take 
ill  the  old  men,  women,  and  children,  out  of  the  villages 
ind  unfortified  towns,  and  fet  them  in  the  front  of  the 
inny.  The  people  from  the  walls,  on  hearing  the  voice,  of 
fheir  friends  and  relations,  ref ufed  to  defend  themfelves,  tQ 
|iheir  deftruftion.  The  t  defolation  was  general  throughout 
fihan-fi,  that  part  of  He-nan  to  the  north  of  xht  Whang-ho^ 
fe-che-U,  and  Shandong.  The  Mungh  plundered  and  de- 
ftroyed  ihore  than  ninety  cities ;  reduced  to  afhes  an  infinite 
(number  of  towns  and  villages ;  took  all  the  gold,,  filvers  and 
£lk,  they  met  with ;  and  mailacred  thoiifands  of  ufelefs  peo- 
jUe :  carrying  into  fiavery  a  vaft  number  of  young  women 
and  children.  The  fpoU  which  they  took  in  cattle  was  in-  . 
iftimablc';  and  in  all  thofe  fpacious  countries  there  were  but 
ten  cities  which  the  Mungh  could  not  fubdue  :  among  which 
m  Pe-che-li  were  Ten-king,  the  imperial  city,  Tong-chew9 
Vnng-ting-fd,  and  Tay-ming-fA*  AU  this  devaftation  hap- 
pened in  the  year  1213. 

;  In  1 2 14,  JengMz  Khin,  being  returned  from  Shan-tong^ht  eafll 
iflembled  all  his  troops  jn  one  body,  and  invefted  fen-king,talinvef* 
m  the  fourth  month ;  pitching  his  camp  on  the  north  fide. ed- 
fcs  generals  prefied  him,  without  delay,  to  fcale  the  walls,    ^.  **• 
ind  ruin  the  city :  but  the  Khan,  having  had  other  views  in    ,ZI** 
mind,  inftead  of  following  their  counfel,  Jfent  an  officer 
tell  the  Kin  emperor,  that  his  mafter  was  willing  to  re- 
n  into  Tatary  :  however,  that,  to  appeafe  the  anger  of 
Mimgl  troops,  it  was  neceffary  to  make  them  confiderable         *  \ 
Tents ;  adding,  that  he  ought  to  confider  Ten-king  was> 
10ft  the  only  place  which  remained  in  his  pofiefiion  to  the 
iorth  of  the  Whang-ho.    One  of  the  Kin  minifters,  provoked  at 
this  meflage,  propofed  to  march  out  and  fight  the  army  of 
Ta-che  (£) :  faying,  that  many  of  the  Mungl  foldiers  were 

\   (E)  One  of  the  names  given    gion,  at  prefent  poflefled  by  the 
by  the  Cbinefi  to  that  large  re-     Mungh  and  Kalkas.    GaubiL 

fokj 


JGfek ;  and  that  they  were  not  in  a  condition  to  withftand  a 
rigorous  attack  ** 

AKOTHER.minllter  was  again!!  this  advice  t  filing,  tfctf 
they  had  every  thing  to  fear,  if  they  loft  a  battle;  and  b« 
little  good  to  expeft  from  a  victory*    He  added,  "  that  die 
M  troops  in  the  city  had  nothing  in  view  but  to  quit  it,  8 
"  moft  of  them  had  families  of  their  own :  that  the  bet 
**  meafure  therefore  was  to  accept  of  peace;  and  when  die 
u  Mungls  were  retired,  they  fhould  be  better  able  to  contt 
•'.what  was  proper  to  be  ddne."    Thfc  emperor,  approvhg 
this  counfel,  fent  a  lord  to  the  Mungl  afoap,  to  dcfiit  i 
peace ;  wherein  it  was  ftipttlated,  that  a  daughter  (F)  of  tfc 
late  emperor  Yong-tfi  fhould  be  $ven  to  Jenghiz  Khan)  widl 
500  young  boys,  and  as  many  girls,  3,009  horfes,  /ilk,  ui 
.    a  great  fum  of  money.     As  foon  as  the  conditions  were  per- 
formed, the  tChan  raifed  the  fiege ;  and,  departing  by  drf 
way  of  Ku-yong-quan,  commanded  all  the  young  children 
whom  he  had  taken  in  the  four  provinces  of  S£an~tongt  B* 
n&n,  Pe-che-li,  and  Sban*J!,  to  be  tnaflacred. 
tte  m~        After  the  retreat  of  the  Mungls,  the  efeperor  San  i* 
ftror  re-   dared  to  his  council,  that  he  refolved  to  remove  Ms  conrtlf 
move*  the  Pyen-fyang{G),  mHonan.    Tu-Jbi-ni,  a  We  and  faithful  nat 
&**•       fter,  represented,  that,  in  fuch  cafe,  the  northern  prownfld 
would  be  loft.    He  obferved,  that  Lyau-tong  being  very  ftrow 
by  fituation,  it  was  eafy  to  maintain  themfelves  there :  thatM 
more  was  to  be  done,  than  to  make  new  levies,  fortify  dtf 
Court,  fill  the  garrifon,  and  recruit  the  troops  of  that  jwk 
yince.     Moft  of  the  grandees  were  of  his  opinion  :  but  tfai 
emperor  faid,  that  as  the  treafury  was  exhaufted,  the  troop 
weakened,  and  cities  round  the  capital  deftroyed,  Ten-kingvu 
no  place  of  fecurity  for  him.    Accordingly  he  departed,  vHA 
his  family  and  fome  troops ;  leaving  the  prince,  who  was  to  h 
his  fvcceflbr,  to  encourage  the  inhabitants. 
Its  had         The  Kin  monarch  had  foon  occafion  to  repent  this  bad 
tonfe-       ftep.     Being  arrived  at  Lyang-hyang   (a  City  five  leagafl 
Q***ccm      fouth-weft  of  Peeking)  he  demanded  back  from  his  iroopl 
their  horfes  and  cuirafles.  The  major  part  of  them,  refufmg  to 
Qbey,  flew  their  general,  and  chofe  three  others  in  his  Aadi 

1  Gaubil,  p.  20,  &  feq. 

(F)  The  Perfian*  &c.  hifto-  (G)  Called  alfo  Ar4w-to#* 

tians  fay,  peace  was  made  on  the  court  of  the  fouth,  and  II 

thofe  conditions  j  but  not  that  Pyen,     It  ftood  nearly  wkert 

Pe-kiKgt  or  Khan  Balik,  was  in-  Kayfong*fu,  the  capital  of  Zfc 

veiled.  *an>  at  prefent  Hands.  Gawtit. 

aft* 


6;  *•  Reign  ofjengb/lz  Khan. 

after  which  they  returned,  and  feited  the  bridge  of  Li-keno 
{H).    From  thence  Kanta,  one  of  their  generals,  fent  a  cou- 
nter to  Jenghtz  Kh&n,  who  was  then  encamped  it  the  city  ' 
-Whan-cheiv,  in  Tatary,  to  offer  himfeif  and  his  troops  at  his 
fervice.  As  foon  as  that  prince  was  Spprifed  of  the  emperor's 
retreat,  he  was  much  incenfed  ;  complaining  that  he  had  been 
Accived  by  the  Kin,  and  thereupon  refolved  to  re-enter  GM- 
rna.     With  this  view,  he  feht  his  general  Mingan,  with  a 
*great  force,  to  join  Kinta,  and  befiege  Ten-king  (I).    'Wh«tt 
5bu$  news  reached  the  emperor,  he  ordered  his  fon  to  leave 
!Tthatcity,  and  repair  to  Pyen-lyang.    This  alfo  was  againft 
'the  advice  of  his  ihinifters,  fupported  by  the  example  of 
•Ming-whang,  or  Hivn-tfong,  a  Chinefe  emperor  of  the  Tang 
£tace  (K).     The  departure  of  the  prince  difcouraged  the  gar* 
.  Won,  not  only  of  Yen-king,  but  of  other  ftrong  places  «. 
n\    The  rapid  conqueft  of  the  Mungls,  and  retreat  of  the  Ktn  State  of 
v«mperor,  gave  great  uneafinefs  to  the  Chinefe  monarchs  of  the  China. 
-  %ng  race ;  who  were  then  matters  of  the  fouthern  provinces 
of  Chin  a,  caHetf by  fome  authors  Manji,  viz.  <%udn~t&ng,  and 
.'the  Hie  of  Haynan,  Qiang-Ji,  Yun-ndn,  Se-chwen,  Quey-chew, 
vfiu-quang,  Kyang-Ji,  Che-kyang,  Fo-kyen,  and  almoft  all  Ky* 
^wtg-nan,  \vhcre  the  Kin  had  a  few  cities.     In  Shen-Ji  they 
fcijwttefled  the  country  of  Hang-chong-fd,  befides  feme  places 
|jfl  the  diftrift  of  Kong-chang*fu7  and  on  the  borders  of  Se- 
Ijfihuen.    The  great  wars  which  they  had  carried  on  agalnft 
i  i 

,'n  G aubil,  obi  fupr.  p.  23,  & feq. 
I 

f.  (H)  Now  called  When-ho.  great  revolution  is  one  of  this 
l/The  Ky  an,  or 'bridge,  is  two  moft  carious  partt  of  the  Chinefe 
^leagues  wenVfoath-weft  of  Pe*  annals ;  and  givas  confiderabk 
!#»£.  and  a  very  fine  one.  light  into  the  hiilory  and  g«Q- 
1  'GmtbiL  graphy  of  the  countries  between 

(1)  Called,  by  the  oriental  She* -ft  and  the  Cafpian  fea.  It 
^tthors,  Khdn4dtikf  that  is,  appears  that,  in  thofe  times,  a 
1  .the  city  of  the  Khan ;  or  Khan-  great  number  of  Arab  and  Per- 
^  pilu,  the  place,  cr  rcfidence,  of  fan  veflcls  frequented  the  port 
\  the  Khan.  Some  write  B&leg  now  called  Kantw.  Gauhil.-~ 
and  Han,  for  Batik  and  Khdn.      This  laft  remark  confirms  Re-  m 

\K)  Who  retiring  from  $hcn->    naudoftAnriemes  Relations,  &c* 

Jttx>ke-eh<iken9  left  his  fori  be-    "p.  8,  *c  feq.  of  the  rebellion 

hind  him,  to  defend  the  pro-    ^above-mentioned.      Some   *€- 

'  vince»    .In  736,  Gan-h-Jhanrt-    count  is  given  by  T>u  Ha/de, 

:  tilling,  1 50,000  men  fromT«r-_  -vol.  i.  p.  23,.  &  199.  'See  new 

y  kcjldx,    and    the    Mohammedan    coDeffi.^voy.&trav.  410.  vol.  iv. 

countries,  came  w>  aid  the  em-    p.  438.  note  4. 

file*    The  particulars  of  this 

Mod. Hist.  Vol.  IV.  Bb  the 


Hifivry  of  tbt  Mogul  vr  Mungl  Empire.    B.IU. 

the  fSn;  had  forced  them  to  make  a  (hameful  peace,  where- 
by they  were  to  pay  a  yearly  tribute  (L)  "in  filk  and  filver.  It 
'  was  refolved  therefore,  at  this  juntturc*  to  refufc  tendering 
the  tribute  any  longer  :  but  the  propofals  made  by  the  king 
of  Hya,  to  join  forces  againft  the  Kin,  were  rejected. 
Cenquefts  ■  THEAT/>zpofleflidinL^a«-/(^anarmyof  ibo,cKDomen,who 
in  Lyau-  .had  retaken  many  places,  fubdued  the  preceding  years  by  kiig 
ton8»  Lyew-ko  \  and,  among  the  reft,  Lyau-yang :  but  in  the  ninth 
month,  Muh&li,  followed  by  the  general  Wir>  of  the  hordrf 
Sban-tfu,  entered  that  province,  ill  order  to  fuccour  die 
•prince,  and  cut  off  the  communication  with  Pe:cbe4i$  which 
was  efie&ed.  The  huge  army  of  the  Kin^  being  filled  with  trai- 
tors, difperfed  ;  and  the  inferior  officers  killed  their  gttcral 
King  Lyew-ko  recovered  Lyau-yang ;  and  Peeking,  now  caikd 
Mugden,  furrendered  to  MubulL  This  general  put  to  the  fworf 
a  great  number  of  fubmitting  foldiers,  under  pretence  that  tkj 
came  in  too  late  :  but  flopped  the  (laughter,  on  being  told, 
that  fuch  a  conduit  would  hinder  many  other  places  fron 
yielding.  Towards  the  end  of  the  year,  the  tity  of  Toy- 
chew  (M),  an  important  poll,  *o  the  eaft.  o(  Ten-king,  for- 
rendered  to  the  Mungls.  The  emperor  of  the  Kin  having 
been  obliged  to  lay  taxes  on  the  people,  it  furnifhed  fevers! 
lords  with  a  pretence,  ibme  to  throw  off  their  dependency 
and  others  to  fubmit  to  the  Mungls. 
lyew-  In  I  z  1 5  many  of  the  Kit  An  advifed  Lyew-ko  to  be  dcclaid 

^sfi^m    emperor,  independent  of  the  Mungls :  but  that  prince  rejefied 
"&•  the  propofal,  as  contrary  to  the  oath  which  he  had  taken,  to 

be  Jenghtz  Khan's  fubjeft.  At  the  fame  time  he  fent  his  fro 
JBye-t&  to  the  Khan,  with  ninety  waggons  loaded  with  rich 
prefents  (N)  %  and  a  lift  of  the  families  which  had  fubmitttrf 
to  him,  amounting  in  all  to  600,000.  Towards  the  end  of 
the  year  he  came  in  perfon,  to  do  homage  to  the  Mungl  fo 
vereign.  Mean  time  the  emperor  of  the  Kin,  being  informed 
of  the  diftrefs  Ten-king  was  in,  fent  a  great  quantity  of  pn> 
*Vifiohs,  With  forces  for  its  relief:  but  the  firft  convoy,-  under 
the  efcort  of  ah  inexperienced  general,  arriving  at  Pacbev 
(O)  his  army  was  there  defeated ;  on  the  news  whereof  the 

(L)  The  emperor  Kau-tfo*^  Pe-bo,  about  twelve  miles  eafi 

in  the  articles  of  peace  made  in  of  Pe>king9  and  its  port 

.  1 1 44,  with  the  emperor  of  the  (N)  They  were  expofed  on 

Kin,  fubfaribed  himfelf  a  fub-  felts  for  feven  days,  to  give 

je£t,  and  tributary  of  his.,  See  heaven   notice  of  what  w 

GpttpJet.  tab.  chron.  link.  p.  73.  done. 

(M)  In  Pe<cbB9  9n  the  river  (O)  Lat.  jo/  3'  long.  oV. 

•A* 


Ca2*  Reign  of  JenghiE'KhJih  £jl 

other  generals  fled,  and  left  all  the  provisions  a  prey  to  the    A.  I), 
enemy".  1215. 

Th*  two  generals,  who  commanded  in  Yen-king,  were  *"pv"*"* 
fowi-^7i  Cbang-whey  (P)  and  Mo-nyen  Chin-cbong ;  the  for-  Waj** 
mer  of  whom,  out  of  all  hope  of  fuccours,  or  withftanding  J*J*  ? 
the  enemy,  propofed  to  the  latter  to  die  for  their  country. 
Mo-nyen,  on  whom  the  troops  immediately  depended,  ri- 
rufing,  Chang-whey  retired  in  a  rage,  and  told  a  Mandarin 
his  resolution.  The  firft  day  of  the  fifth  month  he  wrote  a 
betition  to  the  emperor,  wherein  he  touched  on  matters  of 
government  5  and  mentioned  the  crimes  of  a  bad  minifies 
.whom  his  mailer  made  u(e  of,  meaning  Kau-ki,  who  flew 
Hujaku.  ,He  finiftied,  by  confeffing  himfelf  guilty  of  death, 
for  not  being  able  to  fave  the  imperial  city  (Q^J.  T*his  done, 
with  a  compofed  air,  he  called  together  all  his  domeilics,  dnd 
divided  all  his  eflfe&s  among  them  :  then  ordering  a  cup  of 
pqifon  to  be  filledj  he  wrote  a  few  words.  After  which, 
commanding  the  Mandarin  who  was  with  him  to  leave  the 
room,  he  drank  it  off;  and  died  before  his  friend  was  gotten 
many  paces  from  the  houfe* 

The  fame  evening  the  emperor's  wives,  knowing  that  Mo~  Thebpttil 
hyen  was  preparing  to  leave  the  city,  came  to  acquaint  him,  that  totau 
they  would  go  out  along  with  him.  He  feemed  pleafed  with 
the  propofal ;  but  faid  he  would  go  before,  to  fhew  them  the 
way.  The  ladies,  confiding  in  his  promtfe,  returned  fo  the 
palace :  but  Mo-nyen,  not  caring  to  be  troubled  with  theit 
company,  marched  off,  and  left  them  behind.  On  that  ge- 
neral's departure,  the  Mungl  army  entering  the  city,  a  great 
number  of  the  inhabitants  and  Mandarins  perifhed  in  the  dif- 
order  which  -enfued.  A  troop  of  foldiers  fet  fire  to  the  pa* 
lace,  which  continued  burning  for  a  whole  morith.  Jenghtx 
Kh&n,  who  was  then  at  JVhan-chrw,  in  Tat  dry  ^  fent  to  com* 
pliment  the  general  Mvi-gan  on  the  occafion ;  ordering  him 
to  difpatch  into  Tatar.y  the  filks,  gold,  and  filver,  found  ia 
the  imperial  treafury.  Mo-nyen  arriving  at  Pau-ting'fjl,  in 
Pe-che-li,  told  thofe  who  accompanied  him,  that  they  fhould 
never  have  gotten  thither,  had  he  undertaken  to  conduct  th4 
ladies  of  the  palace.     When  he  came  to  Pyon*lyangf  the  env 

n  Gavbil,  p.  25,  &  feq* 

(P)  He  was  a  prince  of  the  to  flay  himfelf  on  this  occafion; 

Mood ;  the  family  name  of  the  he  ought  to  have  done  his  at- 

Kin  being  Wan-yen.  moft,  and  died  in  defence  of  the 

(Qj  It  was  falfe  patriotifm  city,  if  he  could  dot  fave  it. 


Bb  a 


peror 


J 


Wfiory  of  the  Mogul  trMttogl Empire.    B.HL 

peror  (R),  though  extremely  troubled  at  the  lofs  of  his  ca- 
pital city,  did  not  {peak  to  Mm  about  it,  and  gave  Trim  a  vc- 
'ry  considerable,  employment :  but  ftwrtly  after  he  was  put  to 
death,  for  having  been  engaged,  as  it  was  {aid,  in  dangerous 
defigns.  On  the  other  hand,  his  majefty,  having  read  Chang- 
•whey's  petition,  declared  him  Vang,  or  Wang,  that  is,  king. 
Ho  mm  MIN-GAN,  who  was  ordered  tQ  fearch  for  a  Mandarm 
invaded,  bf  the  royal  race  of  the  Lyau,  or  Kit  an,  called  Ydu-cti- 
tfay  (S),  having  found  him,  conducted  him  to  JengM%  Khkn\ 
trho,  at  the  firft  interview,  conceived  a  high  efteem  for  tha 
great  man,  and  fet  him  at  the  head  of  his  affairs.  SanAt- 
pa  being  fetot  with  10,000  horfe  to  befiege  Tm-quan  (T),  a 
famous  pafs  in  the  mountains,  between  Shcn-ft  and  Ilenon, 
marched  through  the  territories  of  the  king  of  Hya ;  who  /till 
Continued  the  war  againft  the  Kin,  and  this  year  wrefted  from 
them  the  city  bf  Un-tau-fti  (U).  He  took  his  rout  by  Si-gan-fl 
(the  capital  of  Shen-fi) ;  but  failing  in  his  attempt  on  Ton- 
man,  marched  to  Tu-cbew,  in  Ho-nan,  through  crofs  roads, 
lull  of  deep  torrents,  over  which  they  made  bridges  *ith 
.  their  pikes  and  halberds.  At  laft  arriving,  after  many  diffi- 
culties, in  fight  of  Pyen-lyang  (X),  capital  of  that  province, 
the  Kin  troops  fallied,  and  made  him  retire  to  Shen-chrw  (Y), 
Cm  the  Whang-ho ;  which  being  frozen,  San-ke-f>a  eroded  it^ 
and  efcaped.  The  emperor  San,  after  this,  tent  to  defire 
peace  of  Jenghiz  Kh&n  ;  who  propofed  fuch  hard  condition^ 
that  he  could  not  accept  of  them.  Mean  time  M4thuU  and 
JPJr,  in  Lyau-tongy  difperfed,  with  much  addrefs  and  coir* 
rage,  feveral  parties  which  endeavoured  to  (hake  off  theTMiugf 
yoke  6. 
rfany  itt  121 6  the  Mungh  took  their  meafures  fo  right,  that 

places        %n*guan  Mvas  Forced  in  the  tenth  month  :  after  which  Aaf 
taken*       pofted  themfdves  between  the  city  Td-chnu  and  the  mountain 
Song  (Z).     The  court  being  greatly  alarmed  a*  this,  onerf 
the  cenlbrt  of  the  empire  reprefented  to  his  Kin  majefty,  that 

•'Gaubil,  p.  27,  &  feq, 

t&)  Thfc  Oriental  Hiftarians  4ame  with  Karfbtgju;  tfcoogfc 

fay,  upon  the  lofs  oiKhumbdlxk  in  a  former  note  he  fays  it  wat 

he  poifoned  himfelf.  near  it. 

(S)  Yclu  was  the  family  name        (Y)  A  city  of  Ho,ium,  fifteea 

ofthe£rfixr^mperorft»  Gaul.  leagues  *aft-north-eaft  of  f**£- 

(T)   Lat.  340  39'    long.  6°  quan.     Gaub[L 
ij{  weft  oiPe  king,  (Z)  A  famous  mountain,  to 

(U)  In  Sben-ft;  la*.  350  ao'  thfcnorth-eaftofr*  cbnv.   Gam- 

long.  1 20  zo'  weft.  bil.     Rather,  it  fhoold  feem,  to 

(X)  Here  Gaubil  fays  it  ts  (he  the  north- weft  of  that  city. 

Pyt* 


C  %.  Reign  of  Jenghiz  Khan. 

Pyen-fyang  would  be  reduced  in  the  fame  manner  as  Ten-king 
was,  unlefs  he  took  the  field  with  the  garrifon,  which  was 
very  numerous;  feized  the  poft  of  Ton-quan,  fortified  the' 
frontiers  of  Shen-Ji%  and  paflages  of  the  Whang-ho :  unlefs  al- 
fo  he  hindered  the  Mungls  from  gaining  footing  in  Ho-nan9 
and  making  inroads  thither,  by  which  they  ruined  the  in* 
habitants.  Oil  the  contrary,  the  minifter  Chu-M  Kau-ki  pcr- 
fnaded  the  emperor  to  think  only  of  fecuring  the  capital : 
which  conduct,  fays  the  hiftory,  ruined  the  dominionJrf  the 
Kin. 

MUffULI,  after  the  parts  of  Lyau-tong  towards  Lyau-  A  nhelUm 
yang  (A)  had  been  conquered,  ordered  Chong-ping,  one  a£  1«*Jh*J> 
the  generals  in  that  province,  to  march  into  China,  and  join  . 
the  other  troops :  but  being  informed  that  he  was  a  traitor, 
fed  him  put  to  death,  in  the  end  of  the  year  1215,.  Here- 
upon £%>n£-c£i,  to  revenge  his  brother's  death,  revolted,  and 
look  King-chew  (B) ;  with  mod  of  the  other  cities  of  the  pro* 
fince,  included  between  the  great  wall  of  China,  the  river 
lyau  (C),  the  wooden  palifade  (D),  and  the  fea.  After  this 
he  caufed  himfelf  to  be  proclaimed  king ;  and,  in  1 2 1 6,  de- 
clared for  the  Kin,  who  gave  him  the  command  of  their 
troops  in  Lyau-tong.  Muh&li,  who  had  retaken  Quang-ning- 
hyen  (E)  the  preceding  year,  at  the  end  of  this  befieged  King- 
chew  (F).  Chang-chi  had  good  troops  ;  and  the  place  being. 
very  ftrong,  M&MIi  ordered  Wir  to  go  and  attack  an  import- 
ant poft  on  a  neighbouring  mountain,  while  another  general 
fhould  be  ready  to  cut  off  the  troops  detached  from  the  city 
to  fuccour  it.  Wir  having  obeyed  his  orders,  Chang-chi  fai- 
led out  with  part  of  the  garrifon  :  hereupon  Monku-ptrwha 
placing  himfelf  between  that  poft  and  the  city,  gave  notice 
Thereof  to  Muh&U,  who  lay  towards  ^uang-ning.  This  gene- 
ral, marching  all  night,  by  break  of  day  came  up  and  attacked  tyMfthfdi. 
Chang-chi  on  one  fide,  while  Monku  did  the  fame  on  the  other ; 
fo  that  he  was  entirely  defeated.  Yet  efcaping  back  to  the  ci- 
ty, he  defended  it  gallantly  for  more  than  a  month  ;  when 
an  officer  of  the  garrifon  feized  and  delivered  him  to  the 
Mungls :  who  cut  off  his  head,  and  took  pofleflion  of  the 

(A)  Lat.  410  17'  long.  6*    with  a  wooden  palifade,    or 
56*  ealt;   then    a  great   city,    fence. 

QaubiL  (E)  Lat.  41°  30/  long.  c°  26' 

(B)  Lat.  410  V  long.  40  45/  caft.  * 
ttflofPe-kixg.     GaubiL                   (F)  Lat  41°  6'  long.  40  44' 

(C)  Called  atfo  Sira  M&ren.  eaft.  .     T 


(D)  Lyem-tong  is  fnrrounded 


B  b  3  The 


Hiftory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.    B.  HI 

The  Mungls,  after  a  great  ftruggle  to  get  footing  in  Ho* 
nan,  at  laft  abandoned  that  province j  and  paffing  thclfhang- 
'  ho,  under  the  conduft  of  Sa-nu-bo  (G),  furnamcd  Paturu,(x 
A°n^n  a        courageous,  marched  towards  Ping-yang-fu,  in  Shtn-fi: 
aban  »«ft».j)ut  Swiing^  who  commanded  the  troops  there,  having  ga- 
thered thoff  from,  the  dependent  places,  met  and  defeated 
them  *K 

This  Is  the  account  of  Jenghtz  Khjn'sRxR  expedition  in- 

to  Kitay,  tranfmitted  to  us  from  the  Chinefe  hiftorians.    Wc 

.  ihall  now  fubjoin  a  view  of  that  given  by  the  weftcrn  A$&- 

tics,  that  our  readers  may  the  better  compare  them,  and  judge 

of  their  merit. 

t  These  authors  tell  us,  that  Jcnght*  Khdn  being  ready  to 

enter  Kit  ay,  in  1210,  divided  his  army  into  two  bodies;  and 

that,  keeping  the  moft  confiderable  with  himfelf,  he  gave  the1 

command  of  the  other  to  three  of  his  fons,  Juji,  Jagatayt 

ixi&Oktay  :  that  thefe  princes  marched  through  the  Kaim&h 

Kurjeror   country  (H),  towards.  Kurje ;  wJiich  being  unprovided  with 

Lyau-       troops,  who  were  gone  to  join  Altun  Khan,  they  made  terri- 

^°nS-         ble  devaluations  In  the  towns,  and  carried  off  all  the  cattle: 

that  Jenghtz  Khdn,  marching  by  the  77/,  a  river  of  Karakitay, 

entered  Kitay  at  the  great  gate  In  the  wail  of  China,  which 

AlaMs,  Khan  of  Ankut,   to  whofe  care  it  was  committed^ 

opened  to  him :  that  he  fpared  all  the  cities  which  made  no 

remittance ;  but  plundered  thofe  which  oppofed  him  :  that 

Altin  Khdn,  with  his  united  forces,  hafting  to  meet  Jenghtz 

A  bh^ty     Khan,  a  battle  was  fought,  in  which  the  former  loft  30,000 

}attle>        men    and  the  latter  more :  that  Jenghtz  Khan  retired  with 

all  his  fjpoWs  into  Pe-che-li :  and  Altun  Khdn,  fearing  he  might 

hefiege  Peking,  fent  to  propofe  a  peace,  with  his  daughter 

KubM  Khcg&n  in  marriage,  which  was  accepted  :   that  Jeng- 

hiz  Khdn,  being  returned  to  his  dominions,  in  1 2  r  1 ,  fet  out, 

i    !*fo£    fr^^P*^  ^th  hi*  *9n  7uJh  to  conquer  (I)  Kafchdk  (or 

?  Gaubil,  p.  30,  &feq. 

-  (G)  Perhaps  Samuka,  men-  feem  to  be  an  imaginary  nation 

tioned  by  Abulghasd  Khdn.  of  Kaimuks,  which  name  caa* 

(H)  De  la  Croix  tells  as,  on  in  ufe  long  after.     See  before, 

tliis  occafion,  tfcat  thefe  J&1-  p.  352,  note  (D). 

muks,   who'had   fubmitted  to  {V  Aluhbaxi Khdn mentioss 

Jen^kix  Khdn,  were  a  nation  nothing  of  this  Kipjak  expedi* 

fnuateon  the  borders  of  Karar  tipn  :  but,  conformable  to  the 

kitay  to  the  eaftward  ^  and  not  Chinefe  hiftorians,  fays,  that,  a£ 

to'be  Confounded  with  the  Kajj  ter  the  peace,  he  leu  his  (on  ia 

piuks  who  dwell  in  the  weft,  to-  fy-king,  *p4  retired  toNs*-fy* 


wards  the  Wolgq?    But  thefe 


HA\ 


£  2.  Reign  of  Jenghiz  Khin. 

Kafjak),  the  moft  weftern  and  confiderable  part  of  Tatary  ; 
judging  he  had  a  right,  by  conqueft,  to  feveral  tribes,  who 
inhabited  the  country,  as  having*  been  fubjett  to  VangKb&rL: 
that  as  foon  as  he  appeared,  thofe  tribes,  with  others  inha* 
biting  the  country  of  Jetah,  or  the  Cetes  (K),  in  Kapch&k,  on 
the  borders  of  Moguliftdn>  fubmitted  to  him,  which  all  toge- 
ther formed  a  vaft  army  t  that,  leaving  one  half  of  his  forces 
with  Juji,    who  defeated  the  Komdns,  IValdks,  Bulgarians,  * 
aad  Hungarians,  he,  with  the  other  half,  returned  to  Kara- 
korom  :  that  there,  being  joined  by  Arjliin,  Khan  of  the  Kar- 
kksy  and  Idiktit,  Khan  of  the  Tug &rs  (or  Jgtirs),  he  r^folved 
to  invade  Kit  ay,  to  revenge  fome  threats  uttered  by  Alt4n 
Khan  ;  but  more  by  the  perfuaGon  of  a  Khan  of  Karaldtay, 
(L),  who,  provoked  at  the  ravages  .made  h)r  Ahi*  Khan  in  Karaki- 
that  country,  had,  by  means  of  fome  rebels,'  feiz^d  a  confi- 1*/*1**  **• 
derable  fortrefs,  which  opened  a  way  into  China :   that  in  *"^* 
ni2,  Jenghiz  KhAn,  being  indifpofed  himfelf,  fent  Sam&ka 
Behadr,  with  a  great  army ;  who  feizqd  on  all  the  provinces 
of  Ifarakitay  remaining  to  Altun  Khan,  and  wjth  eafe  entered 
Kitay,  by  means  of  the  intelligence  which  the  rebel  Khan 
held  in  the  country  i  that,  at  the  fame  time,  Mttdi  Gtyank 
(M),  one  of  the  moft  able  Mogul  generals,  marched  to  Kurjet 
to  hinder  the  forces  of  that  kingdom  from  going  to  affift  Al- 
\ftn  Kh&n,  and  reduced  feveral  cities  (here  :  that,  for.  all  this, 
•  Altun  Khdn  advanced  to  attack  Samika  Behadr,  expefting  to 
obtain  an  eafy  vi&ory  :  but  although  the  van-guard  of  the 
Moguls  gave  way  at  hrft,  they  at  length  obliged  the  enemy  Altin 
to  fly,  and  (hut  themfelves  up  in  their  cities  :  that  the  Mo-  Khan<&- 
guls,  inftigated  by  the  rebels^  laid  fiege  to  Pe-king,  or  Khan- fcated. 
Hlik,  which  was  fo  vigoroufly  defended  by  Altin  Kh&ris  fon, 
that  they  ailaulted  it  in  vain :  th^t  ifceing  no  hopes  of  taking 

(K)   This  country,  placed  left  KhSji'-HUk,  cat  off  the  head* 

here  ia  Kifjak*   \%  frcauently  of    fon\$  farakitqy  lords  for 

mentioned  by  the  oriental  hifto-  'flight  offends ^  wlj^h  uiade  f^ 

riyis^  and  cited  by  DyHerhelotx  veral  of  ^heni  retire  with"  their 

and  in  SharWMnt  hiftory  of  ef&cls  into.  Jenrhiz,  Kbqns  <jk>r 

TimrBek;  but  they  place  it  to  minions.   One  lord,  among  the* 

the  t&oS Kifydk,  between  it  and  reft,  having  furprized  and  ru- 

t^liJlanS  N&ytKa/bgar{eems  ined  fome  of  Akin  Khan's  d- 

.  to  be  included  in  it ;  as  Kam-  ties,  fent  to  offer  his  fervice  to 

ifdiin,  Khan  of  that  country,  Jengbte  Kbm,  and  was  fo  well 

is  called  prince  of  the  jfetab.    It  received,  that  many  others  foV. 

belonged  now  to  oni^  jheji  to  lowed  his  example* 
toother  country.  (M)  The  fame  with  Mtiuli, 

(L)  According  to  Abffl&baxi  as  he  i%  called  before,  frofn  the 

$>**,  Akin  Kbdu,   before  he  Chine/ehi&ozy. 

Bb4  bj 


Hipry  of  /6*  Mogul  w.MtMgl Empire.    &UL 

by  force  a  city  defended  by  fuch  numerous  troops,  the  fiege 

was  turned  into  a  blockade ;  and  when  the  famine  became 

To  great  that  the  inhabitants  ate  one  another  Ac  city  was 

taken  by  a  ftratagem,  Hej.  610,  A.  D.  1213  :  that,  cathc 

news  of  this  lofs,  At  An  Khan  poUbned  himfelf  (N) ;  and  Je* 

ghiz  Khan  gave  the  government  of  Peeking  to  Mukli  Gtyank, 

Kitay        who,  in  two  years,  fcnUhed  the  cpnqneft  of  Kitay,  with  that 

mpind.  QfKutje\ 

The  authors  made  nfe  of  by  AlnVlghazi  Kh&n  differ  from 
thofe  confuhed  by  De  la  Croix  in  feveral  particulars,  efpeciatty 
touching,  the  fecond  expedition  of  die  Moguls  into  Kitay.  Ac- 
cording to  him,  five  or  fix  months  after  Mtun  Khans  remort 
from  Kban-balek  (or  Peeking),  to  Nan-king  (or  Pyen-fyaxjfc 
his  fon,  who  had  been  left  to  govern  in  that  city,  went  to 
Nan-king,  to  acquaint  his  father  with  the  bad  condition  of  their 
affairs  on  the  frontiers.*   That,  in  the  mean  time;  Jengttz 
Khfa,  underitanding  that  the  empire  of  Kit  ay  was  rent  by 
factions,  fent  Jamuka  Behddr,  and  Mafian  Behadr,  with  a 
,  numerous  army,  to  invade  the  country,  and  befiege  Khin* 
bUik  :  that  on  the  frontiers  they  were  joined  by  a  great  aiu* 
ber  of  deferters  from  Karakitay ;  while  Akin  Kk&n,  hearing 
of  their  march,  fent  provisions  to  that  city,  under  the  guanf 
*    of  a  large  body  of  troops,  commanded  by  two  of  his  belt 
«  generals ;  but  that,  being  met  by  the  army  of  Jenghi%Khht 
Altftn        they  were  defeated,  and  the  two  generals  taken  :  that  Ahh 
Khan's      Khfai,  overcome  with  this  misfortune,  poHbned  himfelf;  ta), 
death.        at  the  approach  of  the  Mflgul  generals,  Khtob&lik  farrendered 
without  linking  a  ftroke :  that  Jenghtz  Khan  afterwards  ar- 
riving at  Khanb'aHki  took^  by  degrees,  moft  of  the  cities  be- 
longing to  the  empire  of  Kit  ay  ;  and  having  employed  fro 
years  in  this  expedition,  returned  into  his  hereditary  domiri* 
ons,  in  order  to  watqh  the  motions  of  his  enemies  r.    Let  ui 
now  return  to  the  Chinefe  hiftorians, 
KucMul*     *  In  the  year  1216,  Jenglnz  Khan,  after  refting  for  forae 
routed.       time  in  the  palace  which  he  had  built  near  the  river  L0ku  (0), 
in  Tatary,  went  and  encamped  near  the  Tula  ;  from  whence 
he  fent  Suputay  againft  the  Markats9  who  had  rahed  nrw 

*  Mirk.  Abu'ljc.  Fadlai.lah,  ap.  De}aCroix%  hid.  Gec&k 
p.101— >ixi.     Abu^ch.  ,p.$o»     .        'Ibid.  p.  92, 

(N)  The  death  of  the  empe-        (O)  Our  author  (W//ukesit 

ror  Tong't/t,  during  this  expe-  for  the  Kendo*,  or  Kerhn:  if  fo» 

dition,    might-  have  been  the  perhaps  this  might  be  the  place 

foundation  of  this  error  in  the  where  Parab9tnny  or  tbeatj  »f 

more  weflern  hiftorians.  tfo  ti$tr%  was  afterwards  built. 

4  troops 


troops,  and  always  fupported  jthe  king  of  the  Naym&ns.  Thb 
prince  (P),  after  his  defeat,  had  endeavoured  to  Air  up  feve- 
ral  tribes  of  the  Kit  in,  NayniAw,  and  Markatsf  againft  the  ' 
Mungls.  Chcpe  therefore  was  detached,  in  the  year  1217, 
towards  the  river  Irtijh,  where  he  vanquished  Kucbfaky  foa. 
of  Boyruk,  late  king  of  the  Naym&ns,  -who  had  taken  up. 
arms  afrefh.  After  this  victory,  he  directed  his  march  weft- 
ward  ;  but  the  Chinefe  hiftory  mentions  no  particulars  of  this 
expedition.  At  the  fame  time  Chuchi  (or  Juji\  the  emperor's 
eldeft  fon,  took  his  journey  towards  a  country  very  remote 
from  China,  to  the  north-weft.  The  hiftory.does  not  name 
this  country  :  but  mentions  forfte  people,  or  tribes,  whom  he 
fubdued  5  as  the  U-fe-ban*  Ha~m-fa%  KA-fyang-A-kt-Jbe,  and 
Tay^nihoynirkhan. . 

JENGHIZ  Kb&n,  having  now  refolved  to  carry  his  arms  Expedition 
weftward,  declared  AUMH,  whofe  great  qualities  he  publicly  we/favord. 
extolled,  generaliffimo  of  the  troops,  and  his  lieutenant-ge- 
neral in  China :  he  conferred  on  him  likewife  the  title  of  king 
(QJ>  an(*  mack  iX  hereditary  in  his  family.  On  this  occa- 
fion  he  caufed  the  Chinefe  and  Tatar  troops  to  be  drawn  out, 
with  their  ftandards  difplayed,  and  ordered  them  to  obey. 
Mbili  as  himfelf;  delivering  to  him,  at  the  fame  time,  a 
royal  fed  of  gold,  to  put  to  all  his  mandates.  That  gene- 
ral, the  fame  year,  marched  with  his  troops  for  China,  where, 
to  a  fhort  time,  he  fubdued  many  cities  in  Shen-Ji,  Pe-che-li^ 
and  Shan-tong.  Li-chew  (R)  having  held  out  to  the  laft  ex- 
tremity, MuhuH  would  have  put  all  the  inhabitants  to  the 
fword  :  but,,  at  the  intreaty  of  Cbdu-tfin,  one  of  his  beft  of- 
ficers, who  offered  to  die  himfelf,  to  fave  his  mdther,  bro- 
thers, and  the  reft  of  the  citizens  (being  a  native  of  that 
place),  they  were  fpared  ». 

At  the  end  of  the  year  121 7,  or  beginning  of  the  next,  Kuchlul; 
Jenghfc  Khan  put  himfelf  at  the  head  of  a  powerful  army,  fur/uea'- 
in  order  to  march  into  the  weft.  Before  he  fet  out,  he  de- 
clared the  prince  Tyc-muko  (S),  called  alfo  l¥a-che9  his  fourth 
brother,  regent  of  the  empire.  Among  the  chofen  generals 
who  accompanied  the  Khan,  there  were  feveral  Chinefe ;  and 
he  formed  companies  of  foldiers,  who  had  the  art  of  cafting 
huge  ftones  againft  cities.     His  flrft  enterprize  was  agaiaft   , 

•  Gaviil,  ubi  fupr.  p.  32,  &  feq. 

(P)  Kuchluk  mud  be  the  king  (R)  At  prefent  Li-byen,  a  ci- 
herc  meant.  ty  of  Ft-cbt-lL 

(QJ  It  is  not  mentioned  by  (S) .  Called  by  Ahulgbaxi 
what  title,  as  that  Qf  Khifl>  Qr  Khan  Temuka ;  in  De  la  Croix, 
any  other*  named  Utakiu. 

Kucbluk; 


Hifiory  of  the  Mogul  ok  MungI  Empire.    B.  IlL 

Kuchluk,  who  had  put  in  motion  all  the  countries  to  the 

north-weft  of  Turfdn,  as  far  as  the  rivers  Sihun  and  JiUn 

]  (T)  on  one  fide,  and  on  the  other  as  far  as  the  Obi  and  Irti/kx 

He  was  leagued  with  the  Markats,  and  princes  of  Kicha  (U)( 

a  vaft  country,  to  the  north  and  north-eaft  of  the  Cafim 

fea  ;  betides  thofe  of  the  Kangli,  who  inhabited  the  country 

to  the  north-eaft  of  the  territories  of  Samarkant. 

Bifhbalig       An  army  of  300,600  men,  faid  to  be  the  remains  of  the 

Ml«r.         Kitin  (X),  of  whom  there  were  many  tribes  about  Turfa 

having  advanced  with  defign  to  oppofe  the  Khan's  paflage,]* 

indrely  defeated  them.     Ko-pau-yu9  one  of  the  Cbineft  ge» 

nerals  in  the  MungI  army,  having  been  defperately  wounded 

in  the  battle,  Jenghfzr  Kh&n  honoured  him  with  a  vifit  in 

his  tent.     When  recovered,  he  was  fent  to  befiege  Bijhbalcg 

,    (Y),  which  was  taken/  with  the  other  cities  in  that  country. 

At  the  fame  time  Gonchor,  a  lord  of  the  tribe  of  Tong4u,  is 

the  weftern  parts  of  Tatary,  fubdued  the  dty  and  country  of 

AJtmhleg  (Z).     KofineK,  one  of  the  great  officers  of  the  laft 

Khan  of  the  weftern  Lyau  (or  KitAn),  understanding  that  the 

Jtyungls  were  come  to  make  war  on  Kuchluk,  perfuaded  dfc 

chief  of  the  city  of  A/an  (A),  and  thofe  of  other  tribes,  to 

fubmit  to  Chepe  (B).     Jenghiz  Khan  being  informed  of  thi?, 

fent  for  Kofmeli,  and  gave  him  the  command  of  a  body  of 

Kuchluk   the  van-guard.     Kuchluk,  after  this,  being  defeated,  his  heal 

fluu*         wjas  cut  off  by  the^  Khan's  order;  and  expofed  to  view  in  all 

die  tasvns  and  villages   of  the  Naymdns  (C),   and  Kith^ 

(T)   Theft,   vyhich  are  the  but,  according  to  the  Chi*tf, 

Arab  names  of  th&  fivers  at  pre-  the  capital  was  Ht-cbnv,  fpflt 

fent  called  the  Sir  and  Ami  (of  leagues  to  the  eaft  of  Turpi*. 
.   old  the  Jaxartes  and  Oxusj,  we         (Z)  Or  Almalig  ;  'fo  called bf. 

prefume,  are  not  in  the  €%£/*  Ahulftda,  and    other  orienttt 

niftory.  "  writers.      In  the   Cbimfe  pro- 

(U)  Elfewhere  written  jBJw-  nounced  0-/*-*r*-//\ 

cha:  this  feems  to  be  Kipcbdk,  %  *(A)    This   town,    or  tribe, 

or  confounded  with  it.  feems  to  have  been  at  no  great 

(X)  Thefe  were  the  weftern  diftance  from  Kajbgar. 
Lyau,  or  Kit dny  called  by  the        (B)  Which   (hews,  that  this 

oriental  hiilorians  Karakitayans,  general's   defign   in  marcMflg 

a$  hereafter  will  be  obferved  weftward  wa?  tp  attach  KmJ^ 

in  their  hiftory.  luk. 

(Y)  Or  Pijbbdleg :  in  the  Chi*         (C)  It  inuft  not  be  under. 

fte/e  Pye-cha-pali:  a  city  which  flood  that  the  native  country  of 

lay  to  the  north  of  Turfdn,  in  the  Nay  mans  was  in  thefe  parts^ 

Little  Bukharia;  reckoned,  by  but  they  were  pofleffed  of  tfcea 

the  Perjian  geographers,  as  the  by  conqueft,  under  ^heir  $Sb 


capital  of  the  Igurs  country,  and    Kuchluk* 
zefidence  of  their  KhkaLtikuti 


through 


e.  2.  R**gn  •/  J«gM*  Khan, 

through  which  they  pa/Ted.  hereupon  thof<?  bribes,  together 
vith  the  Kangh  (or  KanklT),  acknowleged  Jenghiz  Kh&n  for 
their  fovereign  l. 

The  more  weftern  hiftorians  ojf  the  Mungl  affairs  agree 
pretty  well  with  the  Chinefe.     They  inform  us,  that  Jenghiz 
Khint  after  the  redu&ion  of  Tangut  (or  Hya),  intended  to 
have  returned,  and  finiftied  the  conqneft  of  Kitay  ;  but  that 
he  was  diverted  by  the  rumours  of  his  old  enemies  in  Tatary 
beginning  to  raife  new  difturbances.     The  tribes,  which  had  jj.  #-™«^ 
M  refufed  to  acknowlege  him  for  their  mailer,  had  fub-  rtj  *<&„ 
flitted  to  Kuchluk  as  their  Khan :  who  thus  finding  himfelf 
fa  a  condition  of  power,  by  the  advice  of  Mohammed  Karazm 
i>A&,  the  moft  potent  prince  at  that  time  in  the  weft  of  Afia*, 
on  Tome  pretence  of  difcontent,  unexpectedly  attacked  Kavar 
Khan,  K&r  Kh&n;  or  G&rkhdn,  his  father-in-law,  and  deprived 
jam  of  the  better  half  of  his  deminiohs.  On  the  other  hand, 
-tudath,  brother  of  Toktabeghi,  Khan  of  the  Markats,  witH 
the  two  fons  of  the  latter,  had  arrived  among  the  Naym&nf,  and 
-iegan  to  make  the  fobjefts  of  Jenghiz  Kh&n  In  thofe  quarters 
-Itneafy ;  for  the  tfaymaus,  being  but  newly  fubdued,  were  the 
ftadier  to  liften  to  proposals  of  freeing  them  from  his  yoke. 

Hereupon  the  Khan  fent  two  of  his  generals,  Suida  (D)  Markata 
iehair,  and  Kamu  Tujbazar,  with  a  confiderable  force  againft>M^ 
Kudath  (E),  and  his  adherents ;  who  were  defeated  at  the  ri- 
ver Jam  Murajt  (F),  aqd  all  of  them  killed  or  taken :  which 
pot  an  end  intirely  to  the  fovereign ty  of  the  Markats  (G). 
As  the  Tumats  (H)  had  invaded  the  Khan's  dominions  while 
.he  was  employed  in  Kitay,  he  fent  agalnft  them  fome  troops, 
Under  Burgu  Noyan  (I),  or  Nevian,  who  caufed  fome  of  them 
to  be  (lain  r  and  treated  the  reft  with  fo  much  rigour,  that 
Jenghiz  Kh&n  was  concerned  at  it.  To  reduce  Kuchluk,  'who 
-appeared  a  more  formidable  enemy,  he  detached  Zena  (K), 

or 

1  G  AU51L,  p.  24,  &  feq,  1  See  before,  p.  59. 

(D)  He  is  the  fame  with  S«-  frontiers  of  Chi** ;  they  were 

ray,  in  the  Chinefe  hiftory.  excited  to  revolt  t>y  KanditKhin. 

(E)   De  la  Croix   calls  him  De  la Croix. 
Kuulu  Khan,  and  fays  there  were         ( I )  Called  Bala  Nevian  in  Di 

with  him  three  of  his  nephew^ . '  la  Croix. 

'  [F)Bentink  fays,  it  rifts  in  the  '  (K)    Whether  this    be   the 

mountains  which  crofs  the  Gobi,  fame    called    by   the    Chinefe 

Or  fandy  defart,  and  runs  fouth-  Chepe,   we  cannot  determine  : 

fcath-eaft  into  the  Whang- ho,  on  for  De  la  Croix,  from  Miriond, 

the  borders  of  Tibet.  names  the  general  fent  againft 


Q)  In  De  la  Croix,  Met kits.      Kuchluk,  Hubbe   Nevian.     Ac* 
*"')  Or  Tmats>  a  tribe  OU  the    Warding  to  J)e  la  Croix,  Jenghiz, 


P: 


Hijiory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.    B.  Ill 

(or  7**.z)  Noydn,  the  moft  experienced  of  his  generals,  \ridi 

a  numerous  army. .  The  Nayman  prince,  far  from  hiding 

'  himfelf,  advanced  to  meet  Zena  with  fuperior  forces.    Bat 

the  Mungls  charged  him  fo  vigorously  that  he  was  conftnuna! 

,   to  flyi  followed  only  by  afinall  number  of  his  men ;  the  idL 

having  been  all  cut  to  pieces.   Zena  Noydn,  not  content  \rith 

theviftory,  fet  out  in  purfuit  of  him;  and  prefled  him  lb' 

clofely,  that  he  even  killed  all  the  men  who  accompanied  bin, 

He".  614.  excepting  three.  Hispurfuer,  arriving foon  after  in  thecoualri 

j£  £>/"  of  Sarakol,  was  informed  by  a  peafant,  that  four  ftranga* 

1217.     were  newly  pafled  by,  who  had  taken  the  road  toitoifc. 

KuchlukV^*n  (L) *  hereupon,  redoubling  his  fpeed,  he  came  up  wii 

purfuit.      ^c  u»f<>rtunate  prince  before  he  could  reach  that  city,  vA 

*        '      had  him  put  to  death  on  the  fpot.   Zena,  after  this,  rettmei 

to  Jengbiz  Kh&n ;  who  rewarded  him  magnificently  foe  tto 

fcrvices  done  him  in  that  expedition  x. 

This  is  the  account  given  by  the  hiftorians  of  the  veft  of 
Afidy  whom  we  (hall  almoit  wholly  follow  for  what  regards 
Jenghiz  KhhtCs  wars  in  thofe  parts :  the  Chinefe  authors  haihg 
been  as  litde  acquainted  with  what  parted  in  Great  Bukhirit. 
and  Perfia,  as  the  others  were  with  his  tranfattions  in  Lyep 
tang  and  Kitay. 

CHAP.     III. 

From  the  Invafio*  of  Karazm  to  the  Death  $f 
Soltdn  Mohammed. 

Jenghiz      G^fENGHIZ  Khan,  having  eftablimed  peace  in  his  don* 

Khan'j         T  nions,  and  completed  the  reduction  of  all  the  Turki/k) 

tmbajjy      ts     tribes  under  his  obedience,  refclved  to  cultivate  amaf  ■ 

with  his  neighbours,  particularly  Soldo  Mohammed  Karam\ 

Sb&b.     To  this  purpofe,  at  the  end  of  the  year  1217,  te 

fqat  Makinut  Jaldzi,   his .  ambaflador  (A),  to  acquaint  the 

Soha* 

'     *  Abu'lg.  p.  94,  &  feq.    Mirk,  apud  De  la  Croix,  p.  us- 

Khan  firft  fent  to  draw  Sol  tan  Badaz/bin,  where  he  palled  far* 

Mohammed  from  KaJkluJ?*  inte-  an  inhabitant  of  the  cooa&y, 

tereft,  which  was  eafily  effected  but  was  known  by  fane  If*  i 

{the  Karazm  Shah  growing  jea*  guls. 

ions  of  his  power,  and  willing  (L)  A  city  in   the  eafcrfi 

to  wzakenjengbiz  Khans) ;  and  part  of  great  Bu&baria,  on  the 

then  fent  Huhhe  Nevian  to  pur~  river  4mu. 

•  fue  him,  bv  way  of  Kajhgar,  {A\  De  la  Croix  fays,  tkl* 

wjiich     Huhhe,  reduced;     and  were  three  ambaflkdorsi  one* 

Rajhlak  was  taken  as  he  was  native  of  Karazm,  whom  &e 

hunting,  in  the  mountains    of  Splda  talked  to  in  private ;  but 

jiama 


Cp  lto£r<^JenghkKhln.' 

Soltan,  "  That,  having  become  matter  of  all  the  countries 

*  from  the  farthcft  eaft  to  the  frontiers,  of  his  empire,  he 

*  he  was  defirous  to  enter  into  a  treaty  of  amity  with  him,  ^ 
u  for  their  mutual  intereft;  and  that  the  Soltan  would  con- 

*  fider  him  as  his  father;  in  which  cafe  he  propofed  to  look 
•r  on  the  Soltan  as  h&  foil."  Mohammed,  having  heard  the 
ambaffedor's  propofal,  toolc  him  afide,  and  afked  him,  "  If 

*  it  was  true,  that  JengElz  Kh&n  had  conquered  Kit  ay  ?" 
ttd,  at  the  fame  time,  made  him  a  prefent  of  a  rich  fcarf 
•fcrned  with  jewels,  which  he  had  then  on,  to  induce  him  to 
te  more  open  and  fincere.  Upon  this,  Makinut  protefted  be- 
ftreGod,  that  what  he  had  related  was  faft  j  addirtg,  "  That 

*  he  would  foon  find  he  told  truth,  m  cafe  he  came  to  have 

*  any  difference  with  him.'*     At  this  anfwer  the  Soltan  fell 

feo  a  great  paffion*;  f *  I  know  not,  faid  he,  what  your  mafter  to  Mo- 
**  means,  by  fending  to  tell  me  that  he  has  conquered  fo  hammed 

*  many  provinces  ?  Do  you  know  of  how  great  extent  my  Karazm 

*  empire  is  ?  or  upon  what  ground  he  pretends  to  be  greater  Shah. 
J*  than  I ;  expe&ing  that  I  fliould  honour  him  as  my  father, 

*  and  be  content  to  be  treated  only  as  his  fon  ?  Has  he  then 
*fo'many  armies  V* 

"The  ambaflador,  perceiving  how  difagreeable  truth  was  Peace  con* 
to  the  Karazmian  monarch,  although  he  required  it,  began  eluded. 
ID  footh  him  ;  faying,  "  I  know  very  well  that  .you  are  more. 
u  powerful  than  my  foverdgn  >  and  that  there  is  as  much 
k  difference  between  you  two  as  between  the  true  fun  and  a 
u  mock  one :  but,  on  the  other  tanc},  ryou  know  that  he  te 

*  my  mafter,  and  t  that  I  muft  obey  his  orders ;  however,  I 
k  can  affure  you*  that  his  intentions  are  very  good/'  This 
lottery  mollified  the  Soltan,  fo  that  he  confented  at  laft  to 
Jpery  thing  which  the  ambaflador  propofed,'  and  a  treaty  of 
pee  (B)  was  concluded  on".  He  returned  with  prefentsboth 
nr  his  mafter  and  himfdf :  feveral  merchants  of  Kdrazm, 
pftded  with  .the  choiceft  commodities,  accompanied  him,  xvith 
fdefign  to  tcaflSck  In  the  dominions  of  Jenghiz  Kbbh. 

After  this  there  fubfifted  fo  great  an  harmony  for  feme  Moham- 
Sme  between  the  two  empires,  that  a  man  mjght  "have  ,tra-  med  quar* 
[SBed  from  one  to  the  other,  with  gold  and  filver  In  hi§  rek  nxitk' 
ttnd,  without  the  leaft  danger  :  T>ut  as  two  jjreat  neighbour- 
ly prince*  cannot  poffibly  live  loiig  withcrtlt  (iiftruft's  2nd 

*  Atomic*,  p.  9?.  *De  Ik'Ofcifc  i  *$. 

to*  **<?  of  *oa. ,  Jn  *U  And  «*.-!w4affl,^^^« 
rtner  rcfpcAs  he  agrees  with  was  fixty-three  years  old  in 
(h£lgha%i  Khan.  ***7,  when  this  peace  wa»  con  • 

(^  According  to  Ve  la  Croix,    eluded. 

jealoufies, 


ti$ory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl-ifo^r*   B.  Ill 

jealoufies,  Soltan  Mohammed  foon  became  uneafy  at  Jenghh 
KhanS  greatnefs ;    and,  after  his  redu&ion  of  Gazna,  hi 
}  treated  the  Mungls  with  lefs  refpeft  than  before:  at  the 
fame  time  his  fubje&s  committed  fuch  atts  of  hoftility  as 
obliged  Jenghiz  Kh&n  to  complain  of  them.   Yet  this  did  not 
alter  his  intention  to  keep  the  peace  b ;  nor  could  even  the 
the  importunity  of  Naffer,  the  Khalifah  of  Baghdad^  draw 
him  from  that  refdlution.     Mohammed,  having  cut  off  the 
heads  of  above  one  hundred  princes,  to  mak,e  himfelf  matter 
of  their  treasures  and  dominions,   would  needs  oblige  tbe 
the  Khali?  Khalifah  to  grant  htm  the  privileges  which  the  Seljukian,  and 
fahiisS'   other,  Sol  tans  had  enjoyed  before;  particularly  that  of  efo. 
fcr.  blifhing  hid  feat  in  Baghdad,  to  govern  and  be  named  in  the 

publick  prayers,  in  the  fame  manner  as  he  was.  But  Nap 
refufed  to  comply  with  his  demarids,  allying,  "  That  fa- 
"  mer  Soltans  had  feme  right  id  thofe  plrivileges,  for  git* 
"  fervices  done  to  the  Khalifa4!; ;  whereas  he  had  nooccafioa 
"  for  Mohammed's  alfiftance;  nor  had  that  prince  doneaaf 
*'  thing  to  intitle  him  to  fuch  powers." 
His  army  Soltan  Mohammed  received  the  Khallfah's  embaflaW 
ruined.  (who  accompanied  his  own  back)  very  honourably :  but  w| 
fo  far  from  abating  any  thing  of  his  demands,  that  he  caflei 
a  general  council  of  the  Muftis,  Mulas,  Kadis,  Imams,  Sheyth^ 
and  other  lawyers,  to  depofe  him ;  and  having  nominate^ 
another  Khalifah,  fet  out  with  a  great  aYmy  to  taHe  Bagh&t* 
By  gddd  luck  for  Naffer,  thifc  army  was  alrtioit  intirelyk 
ftroyed  by  the  frofts  and  rains  of  a  fevere  winter,  which  <fc 
liged  the  Soltan  to  return  home.  However,  the  Khalifi^ 
fearing  in  th£  end  to  be  reduced  to  extremities  by  that  poro 
ful  prince,  refolved  to  make  an  alliance  with  Jenghiz  Kbht 
and  excite  him  to  invade  Mohammed  on  one  fide,  while  heal* 
tacked  him  on  the  other.  Part  of  his  council  were  again! 
this  meafure :  alleging,  that  it  was  contrary  to  the  MohamnuM 
law,  to  bring  the  enemies  of  God  into  the  country  of  ttai 
faithful,  as  it  might  occafion  the  ruin  both  of  the  Afufukm 
religion  and  empire.  But  the  Khalifah's  zeal  for  the  6itf 
could  not  make  him  change  his  fentiments:  He  anfiratt 
NaflerV  u  That  a  Mohammedan  tyrant  was  worfe  than  one  who  w* 
embaffy  "  an  infidel :  that  it  only  became  cowards  to  abandon  the 
"  care  of  their  preservation  to  avoid  the  pains  of  watching: 
"  that,  fince  they  faw  themfelves  threatened  with  apparetf 
"  ruin,  they  might  attempt  any  thing  to  prevent  it :  that, 
"  befides,  Jenghtz  Khtn  did  not  hate  the  Mohammedan  «t 
u  gion,  fince  he  fullered  Mohammedans  to  live  ift  Us  doflfr 

*  Ajw'lgh.  p.  ioo.    Di  la  Croix,  p.  125,  &  fcq.' 

«  mm 


G3»  &*&*  *f  Jcngbfa  KbSn. 

"  nions*  and  bad  even  one  for  his  Wazir  (or  Vizier) :  that, 
41  inihort,  fuppofing  him  an  enemy  to  the  faith,  they  had 
M  nothing  to  fear  from  the  Mungls,  fince  it  would  be  many 
"  years  before  they  could  enter  into  thoie  countries  which 
11  were  really  the  Mohammedan" 

The  opinion  of  the  Khallfah  prevailing,  an  envoy  was  /ojenghfe 
accordingly  fent  into  Tatary,  yfith  his  credentials  imprefied  Khaa 
on  his  head  (C),  to  prevent  difcovery :  and  having  been  ad- 
mitted to  a  private  audience,  Jenghiz  Kb  An  told  him,  "  The 
u  treaty  which  lie  had  juft  then  concluded  would  not  permit 
, "  him  to  make  war  upon  the  Soltan  at  that  junfture :  bijt 
u  that  he  knew  the  reftlefs  fpirit  of  Mohammed  would  not 
;M  fuffer  things  to  remain  long  in  the  pofture  they  were  then 
:*  in;  and  that,  on  the  firft  occafion  given,  he  would  not 
."  fell  to  declare  war  againft  him."    The  Mohammedan  hifto- 
Sians  greatly  blame  this  conduct  of  the  Khallfah :  and  al- 
though it  does  not  appear  that  he  ever  gave  any  afEftance  | 
Jo  Jenghiz  Khan,  yet  his  having  but  excited  him  to  make 
'war  on  a  prince  of  their  religion,  was  fufficient  to  draw  their 
Reproaches  upon  him  c. 

Mean  time  Soltan  Mohammed,  carelefs  of  preferring  the/"4  4$G". 
fgwd  harmony  on  his  fide,  gave  much  occafion  of  difcontent,  *****  , 
bv  fending,  or  permitting,  his  foldiers  to  enter  the  borders 
9t  the  Mungl  empire,  and  commit  depredations.  At  laft,  he 
jpzed  a  province  which  belonged  to  Kafhluk,  but  became  the 
Khan's  by  right  of  conqueft  :  and  one  day,  by  his  order,  his 
foldiers  attacked  the  Mungl  troops,  which  guarded  the  bor- 
;4ers  of  the  country  of  Ardijb.  Yet  all  thefe  injuries  could 
jttot  provoke  Jenghiz  Kh&n  to  declare  war  againft  Mohammed: 
#o  the  contrary,  as  he  had  in  view  to  inrich  his  fubjects  by 
bommeree,  and  polifh  their  manners  by  converfation  with 
grangers,  he  refolved,  if  poiTible,  to  live  at  peace  with  him, 
jtod  even  cultivate  a  firm  alliance d. 

f   The  good  order  and  perfect  iecurity  for  travellers,  which  Mungl 
jtnghtz  Khan  had  eftablifhed  in  his  dominions,  drew  thither  emhaff*- 
■wrchants  from  all  parts ;  and,  among  the  reft,  from  Great  ^rJ» 

c  £bh  Katur.  Nissawi.   Mirk.  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  132,  & 
ftq.  d  Ibid.  p.  142, 

(C)  This  was  done  with  the  Miletus,  when  at  the  court  of 

joint  of  a  needle  and  indigo,  Darius,  king  of  Perfia,  made 

la  the  fame  manner  that  the  ufe  of  the  fame  device,  to  es- 

arms  of  pilgrims  are  marked  at  cite  Jrifiagoras,  his  fon  in-law, 

Jiru/alem;  fo  that  when  his  to  revolt;  as  we  learn  from  He- 

lead  was  fhaved,  the  credentials  rodotus,  1.  5 . 
-appeared.    Hift*ns,  prince  of 

2  Buhhkrui,  I 


Hi/lory  of  tie  Mogul  *r  Mungl  Empire.   B.  lllj 

Bvkhzria,  which  was  fubjeft  to  Soltan  Mohammed.   TJpJ 
the  arrival  of  fome  of  thefe  latter  wikh  very  rich  comnwditiea 
1  the  Khan  fent  for  thein :  but  they  fet  fo  extravagant  a  frid 
-,  on  their  goods  as  'made  him  very  angry ;  and  having  (tan 
them   above  a  thoufand  chefts,  with  all  forts  of  vahaHi 
.  commodities,  told  them,  "  They  might  fee  by  what  **  j-~ 
1  1  fore  them,  that  it  was  ntf  t  the  firft  time  he  had  cheap 

u  fuch  merchandizes :  but  that,  fince  they  durft  exaft  i 
**  him  with  fo  much  aflurance,  he  refolved*to  pay  thea| 
4t  their  kind ;"  and  fo  made  them  take  back  their  goodstfl 
out  buying  any.    After  this,  fending  for  other  merchatfi  J 
1     the  fame  country,  with  the  like  commodities,  he  begaj 
cheapen  feveral  parcels^  but  they,  warned  by  what  had  1 
pened  to  their  countrymen,  told  the  KMn,  "  That  theyl 
**  it  to  himfelf  to  give  them  what,  he  pleafed  for  them;! 
44  that,  ft  he  paid  them  nothing  at  all,  his  majefty  was  1 
*  come  to  take  them."    This  anfwer  pleating  Jengtiz  K 
'he  not  only  ordered  them  to  be  paid  double  the  value  of  i 
goods ;  but  alfo  gave  them  leave  to  fell  the  remainder  of  i 
in  his  camp,  without  prefenting  the  chief  men  with  the  I 
trifle. 
jttdmtr-        A*   the  departure   of  thefe  merchants    for  their 
thantit      country,  the  Khan  took  that  opportunity  to  put  in  exea 
what 'he  had  before  proje&ed.    He  feitt  with  them  four  I 
died  fifty  merchants  of  his  own  fubjeefcs,  t6  trade  in  the  Sol 
dominions :  accompanied  by  Mohammed  of  JCdrazm,  Ali  i 
Ja  of  Bokk&rdy  and  Yiifefoi  Otrar,  three  officers  of  his  < 
■whom  he  fent  in  quality  of  embafladors  to  that  mo 
with  a  very  obliging  letter ;  importing,  "  that  he  had  t 
"  his  merchants  fo  well  during  their  'flay  in'  his  domia 
"  that  he  flattered  himfdf  the  Soltan  would  do  no  lefel 
"  hisfubjefts,  Who  \vent  to  trade. in  his  empire:  that  he Oj 
u  £3£e(*  his  promife  always  to  aft  the  part  of  a  good  fctfhd 
"  by  the  Soltfm ;  and  reckoned  that  he  would,  on  his  ftfc 
**  prove  a  good  fon  to  him :  which  obngations  being  per* 
*'  formed  by  both  parties,  could  not  fail  to  aggrandfcc  that 
"  empires,  and  encreafe  their  common  glory/' 
Jtain  ttt  Th£  embafladors,  having  pafled  through  Moguliftin,  fr 

OuAr  rakitay,  and  Turkeftan,  at  length  arrived  at  Otrar,  calleibj 
•the  Arahs  Far  ah,  a  tiry  of  •grerftirrade,  featednn  the  north" 
the  river  WhAn,  now  called  Sir,  at  the  weft  end  rfYvricflk 
but  fubjeft  to  Soltan  'Mohammed.  They  immediately  went  IP 
falute  the  governor,  coufin-german  to  the  mother  of  the  & 
tan,  who  had  given  him  the  name  of  Gaghir  Khan.  "The  mer- 
chants likewife  paid  him  their  compliments,  .and  offered  hto 
fouw  prefcKs :  but  one  of  tham,  aa  old  acquaintance  of  his, 

happen* 


t  fr  Risgti  of  Jcrighk  Itham  j8$ 

liappening  inadvertently  to  call  him  by  his  former  name  trial*    A.  D* 
Jik,  he  was  (o  offended  at  it.   that*  without  farther  cere-     tiij* 

inony,  he  ordered  bdth  Jtnibafladors  and  niei'chants  to  beir-  *i  "%*«"** 

refted :  and  then  difpatched  a  courier  to  inform  the*  Soldn* 
that  there  were  arrived  at  Qttkr  firanger$,  who  indeed  pre* 
tended  to  be  merchants  atid  ambaiSdor^ ;  but  that,  having 
ftrong  reafon*  to  fufpeft  they  came  on  fome  Uldefign,  he  had 
caufed  them  to  be  arretted,  till  he  knew  his  pleafure  concern-" 
lajjthem.  Mohmntmedy  without  taking  dny  farther  information 
o/the  matter,  fent  orders  that  they  fhould  be  immediately  put 
to  death :  which  {entente  Caghir  ithan  executed  to  the  ri- 
gour, and  confiscated  all  their  effefls  to  the  Soltaii's  tife. 

This  affair  Is  fomeWhit  differently  related  by  the  authors  by  tb*  p+ 
fcade  ufe  of  by  La  Croix.  They  tell  lis,  that  JenghUt  <otrmti 
Kkbi  ient  but  one  ambailador  with  the  K&fdzmian  mer- 
chants, accompanied  by  one  hundred  and  fifty  Mtingl  riler- 
chants  ;  four  of  whom  had  the  principal  direction  dt  trade  j 
that  he  alio  ordered  each  of  hi*  -Wives  and  great  lords  to  fend 
ibme  domeitics  with  the  merchants,  to  buy  Mrhat  they  found 
tooft  curious  in  the  couritrie*  as  they  {tiffed:  that  moft  of* 
this  large  company  Were  MoharAhicidnt ;  and,  for  their  greater 
fecurity,  the  guards  df  the  roads,  which  had  been  already1 
eftablifhed  through  his  dominions,  were  doubled :  that,  being 
come  to  Otr&r,  the  governor,  whom  they  call  Gayer*  Khan  (D), 
gave  them  a  very  courteous  reception,  and  pfomifed  0  ac- 
quaint the  Saltan  immediately  with  the  4n)b4fIador's  arrival  i 
that  the  ambaflador,  deceived  by  his  Complaifance,  having 
talked  too  openly  of  the  money  brought  by  the  nxer^hints, 
the  covetous  governor,  whh  defign  to  enrich  himfelf  With 
their  fpoll,  reprefenfed  them  in  his  letter  to  Soltdri  MohaM* 
Wed  as  fpies,  extremely  inquifitive  td  inform  tKemfclves  of 
the  ftrength  of  garriforis  and  forces  of  the  Country ;  h> 
order,  a£  he  pretended,  to  difcover  the  ^veajceft  fide  Wr  in- 
vading his  dominions :  that  hereupon,  having  received  Com- 
mands to  Watch  the  Mungh,  with  d  poWtt  to  aft  in  the  mat- 
ter as  to  him  fhoilld  feeiri  expedient,  he  rcfolved  to  muYdef 
the  ambaflador  and  all  his  company,  four  hundred1  and  fifty 
in  number :  that,  for  this  purpofe,  he  invited  thein  to  an  en* 
tertainment  in  his  palace,  where  he  caufed  them  to  be  f&retly 
/lain  one  after  the  other,  and  then  feized  their  trcafflre. 

Notwithstanding  the  perfidious  governor  Wok  *ll  pof-  tenaMa 
iiblet  precautions  to  conceal  his  crime,  that  it  might  not  come  fchanW- 
to  the  knowtege  of  Jenghtz  Khan  \  yet  One  of  the  merchaiits^*'*'* 
had  the  good  fortune  to  efcape  the  mafiacre,  and  carried  the 

(D)  AiAKajalKban,  inflead  of  Inafcik,  *r  Inatjih.' 
Mob.  Hist.  Vol.  IV.  C  c  sews 


3$6  Hiftory  of  the  Mogul  or  M^ngl  Empire.    B.  Ill, 

A,  D.     news  of  it  to  that  prince :  who,  at  the  recitaT  of  a  faft  fo 
1^17."    unexpefted,  as  well  as  execrable,  fell  into  an  extreme  rage; 
Y"?*0*?**.  an^  having  given  immediate  orders  for  aflembling  his  troojw, 
"*  fent  to  tell(E)  the  Solt.  n,  ','  That  fince  by  fo  infamous  an 

"  action  he  had  violated  all  the  engagements  which  were  be- 
"  tween  them ;  he,  from  that  inftant,  declared  himfelf  his 
"  mortal  enemy,  and  would  take  vengeance  on  him  by  a  rigo- 
"  rous  warV*  It  is  related,  that  the  Khan  recounted  to  hit 
children  and  great  lords  of  his  court,  aflfembled  for  that  pnr- 
pofe,  the  ftory  of  the  aflaflination  at  Otrar  :  he  fet  forth  dr 
matter  in  fuch  difmal  colours,  that  he  filled  all  their  hearts' 
with  grief  and  anger;  and  reprefented  the  murder  of  his  am- 
baflador  with  fuch  fire,  that  it  infpired  nothing  but  venge- 
ance and  fury  againft  Soltan  Mohammed,  whom  they  looked 
on  as  a  monfter. 

Makes  re-       After  Jenghtz  Khan  had  aflembled  the  forces  of  his  em-. 

gulationt    pire,  he  wrote  to  the  foreign  princes  who  were  either  his 
friends  or  tributaries;  acquainting  them  with  the  reaibns  of. 
his  marching  againft  the  Karazm  Shah,  and  defiring  them  *> 
join  him  with  their  troops :  which,  when  done,  upon  a  re-. 
view,  his  army  amounted  to  700,000  men.     Before  he  fet, 
out  on  this  expedition,  he  ordered  levies' to  be  made  and  feat 
him  from  time  to  time.     He  likewife  eftabliflied  fome  new 
laws  for  regulating  his  foldiery .    He  forbad  the  Mungls,  under'- 
pain  of  deaths  to  fly  without  fighting,  whatever  danger  there 
might  be  in 'refitting  the  enemy.    He  ordered,  that  where  ten 
commanders,  with  their  troops,  were  joined  together  In  one 
body*  if  one  of  fuch  officers,  or  troops,  mould  offer  to  break 
their  ranks  and  fly,  without  being  accompanied  by  the  whole. 
body,  they  /houldbe  killed  upon  the  fpot  without  delay :  he 
alfo  made  it  death  for  any  out  of  ten  men,  who,  feeing  their 
companions  engaged  in  fight,  did  not  ,go  to  affift  them  ;  or 
who,  being  prefent  when  one  of  their  oomrades  was  taken 
prifoner,  did  not  do  his  utmoft  to  refcue  him. 

in  bis  ar-       He'  appointed  the  proper  arms  which  each  foldier  was  to  . 

mJ*  carry ;  the  chief  of  which  were  the  fabre,  the  bow,  and  quiver 

*  Abu'lch.  p.  ioo,  &  feq.    La  Croix,  144. 

"(E^ .According  ta  Jbuifaraj,  that    Jenghtz    Khan    was    fo 

three  'ainbafla$Jors  were  fent;  touched  with    this-  barbarous 

ethers  fay,  but  one ;  who  de-  proceeding,  that  he  wept,  ate 

clared  the  fubje£l  of  their  em-  nothing   for  three   davs.    and  r 

,         *bafly  with  fo   much   warmth,  could  take  no  reft,  till  he  got 

that  the.  Soltan,  in  (lead  of  dif-  all  things  in  readineft  to  revenge 


avowing  his  governor's  crime,     the  injury, 
put  them  to  death.    He  adds, 


full 


lC.£  keign  o/fcrighiz  Khan. 

full  of  arrows,  the  battle-ax,  and  fome  ropes.  The.  officers 
were  to  have  helmets  and  breaft-plates  either  of  leather  or 
iron,  or  elfe  an  entire  fuit  of  armour  or  coat  of  mail ;  nor 
was*  it  forbidden  the  private  foldiefs  to  wear  armour  if  they 
were  able  to  buy  it.  PeVfons  of  fubftan^e  were  obliged  to 
arm  their  horfes,  fo  as.  that  arrows  could  not  wound  them. 
ft  was  likewife  ordained  that  the  (oldlers  fhoulcf,  on  all  occa- 
jjons  in  the  field,*  do  nothing.but  what  was  conformable  tQ 
tfce  laws,  under  penalty  of  the  moil  rigorous  pnnifliment. 
tafUy,  be  commanded,  that  in  cafe  he  died  in  the  expedi- 
tion, the  books,  in  which  the  laws  were  written,  fhould  be 
md  }n  the  prefence  of  his  children  at  the  ele&ion  pf  a  Grand 
Ihan:  to  the  end  that  fuch  eleftion  ftiould  be  made  pur  fu ant 
tb'thofe  laws ;  and  that  the  new  Khan  might  regulate  his 
coflduft  by  them f.  , 

J  Evert  thing  being  now  ready  for.  the  war,  the  Khan  de-  Begins  bis 
Cached  his  fon  Juji,  or  Tujhi  (F),  with  a  large  body  of  troops  m*rfb 
towards  Turfoftan,  in  order  to  diflpdge  tjbe  friends  of  Kuch-  H^';  £16. 
Ifk,  who  (till  remained. there * ;  after  which  he  marched  with     ^     g    ' 
J&army  to  attack  the  dominions  of  Solun  Mohammed.     And 
luice  it  is  from  the  date  of  this  expedition,  that  the  great  ir- 
IQption  of  the  Mungls,  or  Moguls,  and  Tatars,  into  the  fou- 
tbern  parts  of  Jfta  is  reckoned  to  commence,  it  will  be  pro- 
per to  acquaint  our  readers  with  the  ftate  of  this  part  of  the 
irorld  at  that  remarkable  junfture. 

.  The  Indians  were  governed  by  many  kings ;  the  rfioft  State  •/ 
powerful  of  whom  was  the  king  of  the  Patans  (G),  who  Afia 
feigned  in  Multan  and  Dehli.     The  fouthern  part  of  China, 
then  called  Manji,  had. its  own  emperors  of  the  Song  race; 
and  the  northern  part,  named  Kitay>  or  Katay,  was  under 
the  Mungls ;  as  were  alfo  both  the  eaftern  and  weftern  Tar- 
tary,  with  mpft  of  Turkefian.   The  reft  was  poflefled  by  Sol- 
tin  Mohammed,  who  was  alfo  mafter  of  Great  Bukharia  and  at  his  in* 
Karazm,  where  the  monarchy  was  firft  eftabliihed,  and  from.  *>*/&*• 
whence  the  family  took  the  title  of  Karazm  Skdb.    Befides 
thefe,  his  dominion  extended  over  the  greater  part  of  the 

f  Aru'lkair  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  151,  8c  feq.  *  Abu*l. 

p.  103. 

(F)  According  tQ  La  Croix's  (G)    Thefe  people  were  o£ 

aathers,    Tujhi    was    in    Kap-  Per/tan    extraction,    and   their 

ih*k  (or  Kipjak)  at  this  time  5  kings  of  the  family  of  Gaur ; 

whither    he  was    fenc    for /to  who  fucceededthat  of  Gazni  in 

he  at  the  rendezvous.     Per-  the  empire  of  Perfa  and  the 

haps  he  cfcihe  time  enough  to  Indies ;  to  which  lait  their  pof- 

be  detached  to  Turkefldn.  *  feffiofts  were  at  length  confirmed. 

C  c   z    '  empire 


Hijtory  of  the  Mogul  ot  Mungl  Empire.    B.  HL 

empire  of  lr&n3  or  Perjia  at  large ;  containing,  among  the 
reft,  Khoraffdn,  with  the  frontiers  of  India,  Pdrs,  or  proper 
'  Perjia,  lr£k  Ajemi,  and  AzerHj&n.  Georgia,  and  the  adja- 
cent countries,  had  their  particular  princes,  who  were  inde- 
pendent :  as  for  Armenia,  its  king  paid  tribute  to  the  Shah 
of  Karazm.  The  Khalifah  Naffer  reigned  in  Baghdad,  over 
Irak  Arabi,  or  Khaldea,  part  of  Jazireh,  or  Mefopotanua, 
the  three  Arabias,  and  fome  countries  of  Perfia,  contiguous 
to  his  other  dominions.  The  Atabek  princes  of  Mufci,  or 
Afo/ul,  the  defendants  of  the  great  Nuridettn,  prince  of 
Syria,  poflefled  almoft  all  the  reft  of  Jazireh.  The  faoceflba 
of  Salaho'ddin  (or  Saladin)  were  alfo  very  powerful ;  Egypt, 
with  part  of  Syria  (where  the  Chriftian  affairs  were  in  a  ' 
bad  pofture)  having  fubmitted  to  them.  Anatolia,  or . 
minor,  was  for  the  moft  part  under  the  power  of  the  £  _ 
kians,  called  Soltans  of  Konia,  or  Ikonium ;  and  of  J?£»,~or 
the  Romans :  and  the  empire  of  ConJlantinopU  was  at  this 
time  in  the  hands  of  the  French h. 
Soft**  Historians  do  not  mention  the  places  through  which 

ftloham*    the  Mtingls  marched  in  their  way  to  the  Karazmian  ioma* 
mod  nions ;  nor  even  the  month  in  which  Jenghlz  Khdn  left  JMb* 

gulift&n  in  the  year  of  the  Hare.  Mean  time  Soltan  Mtbam- 
mid  made  great  preparations  to  oppofe  him ;  and,  having  raifed 
400,000  men  (a  vaft  army,  though,  inferior  to  that  of  die 
enemy),  marched  towards  Samarkand,  and  from  thence  to 
Khojend  (H),  in  order  to  meet  the  Khan1:  but  being  in- 
formed at  this  laft  place,  that  Juji  was  returning  from  Tvr* 
keftkn,  he  changed  his  defign ;  and  directed  his  courfe  to  at- 
'  tack  the  MAngl  prince  before  he  could  join  his  father.  Having 
at  length,  by  forced  marches,  arrived  on  the  borders  of  that 
Country,  he  turned  off  towards  the  river  Kabli,  in  order  to 
cut  off  JujVs  retreat.  Being  arrived  between  that  river  and 
the  Kamzi,  he  found  a  great  number  of  men ;  who,  as  he 
was  informed  by  a  wounded  foldier,  had  been  (lain  die  day 
before  by  the  Mungls :  upon  this  he  haftened  his  march,  and 
overtook  them  next  morning.  The  generals,  who  accom- 
panied Juji,  counfelled  him  to  make  an  orderly  retreat :  ia- 
tfmuch  as  the  Khan  had  not  commanded  him  to  fight  with 
the  Soltan's  whole  army ;  and  he  was  not  ftrong  enough  for 
fuch  an  undertaking :  they  added,  that,  in  cafe  the  Soltan 
fhould  purfue  diem,  it  was  only  to  be  done  by  fmall  detach- 
ments ;  againft  which  they  might  eafily  defend  themfelvcs, 
without  running  fo  great  a  hazard  as  that  of  a  general  battle. 

*La  Caoix,  p.  155,  k  feq.  *  Ibid.  p.  ijg. 

(H)  la  the  tranflfltion  Kkadfa*. 

4  The 


C.J.'  Riign  of  Jenghh  Khan.  389 

The  prince  alone  was  againft  this  adyice:  "  What,  re-    A.  D. 
"  plied  he,  will  my  father  and  brothers  fay,  fhould  I  return     1218. 
44  Hying  in  the  fight  of  the  enemy  ?  It  will,  on  all  accounts,  ^-*— ^ 
"  be  tetter  to  ftand  our  ground,  trufting  to  our  valour,  ^J'/^h 
"than  to  be  (lain  in  flight.     You  have  done  your  duty,  in  JUJ1* 
"  admonifhing  me  of  the  danger  we  are  in ;  I  am  now  going 
*'  to  do  mine,  by  trying  to  bring  you  out  of  it  with  honour." 
After  this,  he  ranged  his  troops  in  military  order,  and  led 
tbem  chearfully  to  the  charge.     In  the  height  of  the  confu- 
fion  Juji  pierced  twice  or  thrice  through  the  enemies  ranks ; 
and,  having  encountered  Soltan  Mohammed,  gave  him  two  or 
three  ifarokes  with  his  fword,  which  the  other  parried  with 
lib  buckler.    The  Mungls,  animated  by  the  example  of  their 
prince,  performed  wonders  that  day :  fo  that,  notwithftand- 
iog  the  iuperiority  of  the  enemy,  they  were  on  the  point  of 
flying ;  if  the  Soltan,  finding  that  his  prefence  could  not  re- 
vive the  courage  of  his  foldiers,  had  not  called  out  to  them 
ttt  (land  their  ground  only  for  a  few  minutes,  till  night  came 
on  to  part  them.     They  obeyed  this  command ;  and  thus 
feed  him  from  the  frame  of  feeing  his  whole  army  fly  before  - 
a  (mail  part  of  the  Mungl  forces, 

JUJI,  who  thought  he  might  be  content  with  the  honour  Men  far- 
acquired  in  that  one  engagement,  caafed  great  fires  to  be  ticular  ac* 
lighted  in  feveral  places  of  his  camp,  and  retired  filently  in  cx>unt 
the  night.  Next  day,  the  enemy,  imagining  that  he  ftill 
waited  for  them  on  the  Held  of  battle,  marched  out  again  to 
renew  the  fight ;  but  finding  he  had  decamped,  they  retreated 
Ekewife.  The  prince,  having  rejoined  his  father  with  the 
troops  under  his  command,  was  joyfully  received,  and  loaded 
with  prefents  for  his  gallant  behaviour  k.  This  is  the  account 
given  by  AWlghazi  Kh&m  but,  according  to  La  Croix, 
Jenghtz  Khan  himfelf  was  in  the  battle,  and  his  whole  army 
engaged  in  this  action.  Soltan  Mohammed,  fays  that  author, 
Dot  doubting  but  the  Mungl  emperor  had  a  defign  upon  Otrarf 
as  the  bloody  tragedy  was  there  afted,  and  it  would  open 
him  a  free  paflage  into  the  very  heart  of  his  dominions,  led 
his  army  thither.  In  fhort,  having  met  the  Moguls  in  a  place 
ctWedKaraku,  the  two  armies  immediately  prepared  to  fight ; 
the  great  trumpet,  Kerrena,  fifteen  foot  Jong,  was  blown ; 
the  brafs  timbrels,  called  Kfis,  the  drums,  fifes,  and  other 
warlike  inftruments,  founded  the  charge.  The  Karazmians, 
who  were  all  Mohammedans,  implored  the  afli fiance  of  their 
prophet ;  while  the  Mungls,  trufting  to  their  good  fortune,         *    . 

k  Abulch.  p.  103. 

C  c  3  'and 


Hijlory  of  the  Mogul  or  MungI  Empire.    B.  HI.: 

md  the  emperor's  ^onduA,  promifed  jthemfelves  a  complete 
victory. 

1      JUJI  Kdffar,  JtngMz  Khan's  fecond  brother,  whocoji- 
cf  ***       jnanded  the  Mangalay  (I),  advancing  towards  the  firft  ranks 
*****        of  the  enemy,  defeated  the  troops  which  were  detached-  to 
oppofe  him.     Then  JalaWddiny  the  Soltanla  fon,  begat)  the 
general  engagement,  and  charged  prince  Tujbi  (or  Jvji)  who 
was  at  the  head  cf  the  firft  body  of  Mifngls.  The  difpute  was 
loag  and  bloody :  at.  length,  Jala/o'ddfn  getting  the  better, 
nothing  but  (houts  of  joy  were  heard  through  the  Karaz* 
man  army,  who  now  deemed  tbemfej,ve$;fecure  of  the  vic- 
tory.    But  Jenghiz  Kh&n,  under  .no  concern  at  this  advaa- 
tage,  fent  other  troops,   under  the  command  of  T$ili9  his 
fourth  fon,  to  fuccour  Tvjbi,  whilft  he,  at  the  head  of  the 
main  body,  with  bis  fon  Jagatay,  fell  upon  the  Soltin  him- 
felf,  who  had  very  ill-treated  his  left  wing.    This  fhock  was 
terrible  :  but  the  Karazmians,  notwithstanding  the  example 
of  their  king,  who  fought  with  extraordinary  bravery,  beg** 
to  give  way;  when  Jafa'o'ddin,  after  having  defeated  the 
other  troops  fent  againft  him,  joined  his  father,  and  renewed 
the  fight  with  greater  fury  than  ever. .  The  prince,  did,  oa 
v       this  occafion,  furpriiing  things;  whilft  the  officers,  and  very 
foldiers,  gave  proofs  of  extraordinary  valour. 
from  other      On  the  other  hand  the  Mungls  never  behaved  more  bravely, 
iMtbors.     and  having  now  to  do  with  men  as  valiant  as  themfelves,  there 
enfued  a  dreadful  flaughfer  on  both  fides,  and  the  vi&ory  re- 
mained a  long  time  doubtful :  btit  at  laft,  J&r.ghiz  Kten,  who 
had  ftill  a  great  body  of  referve,  •  under  the  coodutf  of  his  foa 
Oktay,  bad  him  march  and  charge  the  enemy  in, Hank.     The 
prince  executed  his  orders  with  much  refolutkm :  but  although 
thefe  frefli  troops  made  a  terrible  havocfk,  yet  the  Karazmians 
fuftained  this  laft  attack  with  great  fhrmnefs,  till  night  potting 
an  end  to  the  difpute,  both  parties  retired  ,to  their  refpe&ive  • 
camps;  which  they  fortified  the  beft  they  could,    to  avoid 
being  furprifed,  with  defign  to  renew  the  batde  next  mornr 
ing.     But  when  Soltan .  Mohammed  came  to  examine  the 
date  of  his  troops,  and  found'  they  were  diminifhedby  more 
than  160,000  men,  killed  and  wounded ;  whilft,  by  the  re- 
port of  his  fpies,  the  MungI  army;   though  fo  ill-treated, 
were  ftill  much  fuperior  in  numbers,  he  thought  only  of  fe- 
euring  hhnfelf  from  being  foon  .attacked ;  and  accordingly 

(I)  The  Maagalay  is  taken     fometimes-forthe  forlorn  hope, 
fometimes  for  the  van-guard,    and  fomctimes  for  the  fcouts. 

c  /  intrenched 


1 


C  3;  Reign  of  Jenghiz  Khln; 

intrenched  his  men  fo  well,  that  Jcnghiz  Khan  did  not  think 
fit  to  attempt  to  force  his  camp ]. 

During  this  fhort  fufpenfiorj  of  arms,  Soltin  Mohammed,         >     ^ 
not  daring  to  rifle  a  fecond  battle,,  the  lofs  of  which  would  ^  ^/tah 
have  been  the  intire.ruin  of  his  empire,  distributed  his  army  reitrcu 
into  the  maft  ^onfidcrable  places  of  ftrength  (K) ;  and  kept 
*vith  hw,  only  a  flying  camp,  to  be  ready  to  march  where 
there  was  the  mod  qrgent  occafion.    He  gave  all  the  reft  of 
his  troopa  to  prince  Jalalo'ddin,  who  did  not  approve  of  this 
yray  of  proceeding ;  and,  contrary  to  his  commands,  retired 
to  Khorajfan,  where -he  increafed  his  army  with  all  the  troops 
which  he  could  get  together.    The  truth  is,  that,  in  thus  di- 
vicling  his  forces,  the  Karazm  Shdh  yielded  thevi&ory  to  his 
enemy.     Thus  La  Croix.    On  the  other  hand,    according    ■      -:  -* 
to  AbuUghazi  Khdn,  Jenghiz  Khan  was  ftill  on  his  march  to  %  ...^ 

Great  Bukhdria ;  where  at  length  arriving,  after  he  had  been  Jenghiz 
joined  in  the  way  by  Arjl&n,  Khan-of  the  Karliks,  Idikut,  Khai>  Khan  ad- 
of  the  Vigun.  (or  Oygurs),  anjl  Sakndk,  lord  of  Amulik  (or  vancc*. 
Mmdlig),  he  ( turned  firft  on  the  iide  of  Otrdr :  but,  under- 
standing that  Soltin  Mohammed  had  left  the  country  open.tt> 
him,  and  diftributed  his  troops  into  the  places  of  ftrength,  he 
detache4  his  two  foqs,  Ugaday  (or  Oktay)  and  Jagatay,  with 
a  coniiderable  body  of  forces  to  befiege  Otrdr ;  and  his  fori 
Juji*  with  another  party  towards  Najan  (L).   He  alfo  ordered 
two  of  his  generals  Alan  (M)  Noyau  (or,  Nevian)  and  Suktu 
&iika9tynik  5o,ooo>  (N)  men  towards  Farnakant,  (or  t;ena->    ' 

kant). 

1  Abxtl'k.  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  160,  &  feq. 

(K)    JbuHghazi  Khan  fays,         (L)  The   authors,    ufed    by       ,       ^ 

that,  after,  thus  diftributing  his  La   Crcix,    put   Jund,    inftcai  , 

troops   into  .the   cities,    he  re-  of  Najan  $  or  Nadfan>  as  in  the,  v 

lorried  to'Ms  ufual  plaee  of  re-  tranflation  of  Abulgbaxi  Khani 

iidence,  r.nd  gave  himfelf  up  to  hiftory. 

debauchery,    which    was     at-  '    (M)  This  is  the  fame  who  is' 

tended    with    feveral  excefies.  called  by  others  Eiak,  or  AlaiC 

Aanongthereft,thachecaufeda  Nevian. 

Shcykh,  whp  palled  for  a  holy       .  (N)  La  Croix,  .from  Fadb-i 

jnan,  to  be  aftaflinated,  on  fuf-  jaf/ab9  fays,  Oktay  and  Jakutay 

pjcion  of  having  a  criminal  con-  had  200^000  men.  with  {hem  ; 

verfation  with  Kis  mother  Tur-  that  Tujbi,    who  marched  to- 

khan  Kkaiun  ;•  for  which,  how-  wards  Kapcbak-  (or  Ktfjaib.h*& 

cy<?r,     he  was  much  troubled,  100,000  men  under.  Eiak  AVW 

when   fober;  and  would  have  <man,   his  lieutenant -general  4, 

bought  abfolution  of  anotther;  that,  many  other  Mogul  com-* 

Sheykh,  with  a  great  bafon  full  minders  wept  with  their  troop* 

of  £0W  and  jewels,  into  Turhjtan,  and  other  coun- 

Cc    4  tries 


Hift&ry  cftbtMofga\crMm%lEmpiri.    B.  III. 
kant)  and  Khojend,  referring  with  himfetf  the  grp&  of  his 
army ;  with  which  he  continued  his  march,  accompanied  by 
'  bis  fon  Taulay  (or  Tuli)  towards  Great  Bukharia*. 
/Sarnuk         The  flrft  city  which  Jenghtz  Khan  found  in  his  paflage 
fitrret&rs.  was  Zarnuk  (O),  under  the  walls  of  which  his  foidim  en- 
camped  with  fo  terrible  an  outcry,  that  the  inhabitants  in  t 
fright  {hut  the  gates :  but  Hajib,  one  of  his  officers,  being 
fent  to  advife  them  to  fubmit,  by  demolifhing  their  caftle, 
and  fending  to  the  camp  all  their  young  men  capable  of 
bearing  arms  to  fenre  in  his  army,  they  flocked  in  crouds, 
loaded  with  prefents,  to  put  thcmfelves  under  the  proteftw 
of  Jenghiz  Khan ;  who  received  them  *ery  gracioufly,  vA 
gave  to  their  city  the  name  of  KMuk  B&lek,  after  which  be 
permitted  all  the  elderly  men  to  return* 
Kftr  fit-       From  hence  the  Khan  marched  to  Nur,  under  the  gtiid* 
mi$h  ance  of  an  inhabitant  of  Zarnuk,  who  led  his  army  a  nearer 

way,  ever  fince  called  the  Grand  Khan's  rout.  This  dty, 
which  is  fituate  between  Santarkant  and  BokhAra,  had  the  nam* 
of  N&r,  or  light,  given  to  it,  on  account  of  the  many  holy 
places  within  it ;  reforted  to  from  all  parts  by  crouds  of  <fe> 
votees.  The  inhabitants,  after  feveral  fuinmon*  to  forrader, 
at  laft  agreed  to  open  their  gates :  but  Jenght%  JTAjb,  tt 
punjfh  them  for  daring  to  form  even  a  thought  of  refiftiag 
him,  allowed  them  to  keep  only  fuch  cattle  and  provifioDsat 
were  neceflary  for  their  fubfiftence ;  and  gave  all  the  reft  if 
pillage  to  his  foldlers.  Others  fay,  the  governor,  through 
cowardice  or  bribery,  haying  perfuaded  the  citizens  to  ft* 
render,  they  were  obliged  only  to  furnifh  the  emperort 
troops  with  fome  neceflaries;  and  pay  him  yearly  the  150Q 
crowns  pf  gold,  which  th$y  before  paid  to  Sqltao  M* 
bammefi. 
ft*  Iteftan  The  Khan  made  no  ftay  here,  being  defirpus  to  get  & 
/HI*  ft>on  as  poflitjle  to  BMAra,  in  regard  it  was  the  center  cf  the 

Sjoltan's  dominions;  and  he  knew  that  prince  had  retire! 
thither  with  the  greater  part  pf  his  riches :  but  MohammJ^ 
too  wife  to  wait  his  cqming,  left  20,000  men  to  defend  d» 
place,  and  retired  fecrptly  to  Samarkant  with  all  bis  eftfis, 
His  flight  was  owing,  in  great  meafure,  to  certain  counter* 
feit  letters  dropped  among  his  troops;  insinuating,  chat  his  heft 

*  La  Caojx,  p.  163.    A'Btr'tPii.  p-  *©*>,  *  &<!• 

fries  eaftwatds  and  ye?  Jenghm        (O)  Situate  on  the  footh  Me 

fChdn  had  ftil)  200,000  troops,  of  the  Si  bin,  or  Sir,  w  Grut 

with  which,   accompanied  by  Bukbdria,    not    many  league* 

¥uti9    he   marched  to  befiege  foathward  of  Qtrar. 
frkbara  and  Samarkand. 

.      ..  tfkas 


C,  3.  Rtig*  */  JengJuz  Kh& 

officers  intended  to  quit  his  fervice.  Thefe  letters,. which 
bred  great  confufion  in  the  Soltan's  army,  were  written  by 
Badroddtn,  formerly  one  of  his  officers ;  to  be  revenged  00 
him  for  putting  his  father,  uncle,  and  brothers  to  death. 
Jcnghtz  Khany  to  whofe  court  Badro'ddin  had  retired,  per- 
mitted him  to  make  ufe  of  that  artifice,  after  being  informed 
that  there  was  a  mifunderftanding  between  Soltan  Mohammed 
nnd  his  mother;  and  that  feveral  commanders  had  left  him, 
to  follow  that  princefs.  The  Khan  even  offered  his  affiftance 
to  this  queen,  and  a  fettlement  in  any  part  of  his  dominions  ; 
bit  ihe  did  not  care  to  truft  the  promifes  of  an  infidel  prince. 

BOKHARA  is  fituate  one  day's  journey  to  the  north  of  Bokhara 
the  river  Jihun,  or  AmA,  very  advantageoufly  for  trade,  and  dtfcribtd* 
in  1  delightful  country.  Befides  the  city  walls,  which  were 
very  ftrong,  it  had  an  outward  inclofure,  twelve  leagues  in 
compafe;  which  flint  in  not  only  the  fuburbs,  but  alfo  many 
plcafant  (eats  and  farms,  watered  by  the  river  Soghd:  from 
whence  the  ancient  Soghdiana  took  its  name.  Arts  and  fciences 
flouriihed  no-where  more  than  in  this  city,  to  which  ftudents 
flocked  from  all  parts;  and  we  are  told,  that  the  word 
Buihdr,   io  the  Mungl  language,   fignifies  a  learned  man.  .     . 

Among  the  niany  who  have  rendered  it  famous  was  Ebn  Slna\ 
commonly  called  in  Europe  Avicenna,  of  Afbana ;  who  was 
bred  in  this  univerfity,  and  was  mafter  of  all  the  fciences  at 
eighteen  years  of  age.  He  wgs  afterwards  called  to  court, 
*nd  made  prime  minifter,  yet  (till  followed  his  ftudies :  and  is 
tod  to  have  written  above  100  volumes.  He  died  in  1036, 
at  the  age  of  fifty-eight  \ 

The  Mungls  arrived  in  the  plain  of  Bokhara  towards  the  The  city 
cad  of  July  1210,  (P),  and  continued  encamped  before  the  ^^K 
dty  during  the  following  winter.  In  March  1  a 20  the  Mungls  ™jJ'  £ 
forced  the  outer  wall,  destroyed  the  fuburbs,  and  began  to    A*  ~ 
befiege  the  city  in  form*    Soltan  Mohammed  had  left  in  the     ISI9* 
town  a  very  numerous  garrifon,  under  the  command  of  three 
generals,  Kuk  Khan,  Siunj  Kh&n,  and  Kuchkk  Khan.    At  the 
approach  of  JengMz  Khan  thefe  three  generals  made  a  fally 
a  the  night  with  all  the  garrifon,  confimng  of  ag,qoo  men  ; 
hit  being  rtpulffcd  with  great  lofs,  their  courage  failed  them ; 
«d,  inftead  pf  ftaying  to  defend  the  inhabitants,  as  foon  as 

1  Abu'lgh.  p.  108,  &fcq.    Fadbla^lah  apud  La  Croix, 
f .  si6. 

(P)  Abulgbaxl   Khan  feys,    La  Croix,  that  they  continued 
thjUfhey  fat  down  before  Bok*    encamped  in  the  plain  all  the 
bare,  the  firft  of  Rabiyol  Akbir*    reft  pf  the  winter, 
tt  tfo  year  of  the  Hejrab  61$ ; 
'       f    .  th?f 


$9£  Hi/torytf'tbtfa<^ir^fm$Enipire.   B.lff. 

A.  D.    Afcy  had  got  into  the  city  by  oneifate,  *pa(Ted  out  by  the  op- 
i«20.     rtdfitc  orie,  with  rlleir  families,  and  almoft  all  their  fcldjers, 
te^-i?  neaping  to  efbape  by  the  darknefe  of  the  night  unpercewedby 
the  enemy :  but  their  defign  befn£  difcovered,  30,000  Mun^t 
pnrfaed,  and  overtaking  diem  at  the  river  Amu^  after  a  bloody 
difpute,  almoft  all  of  them  were  cut  to  pieces0. 
mnd fur-        Mean  tittle .Jpigbiz  Kh&n>  informed  of  the  confafwa 
wadtrtd,    whldi  the  inhabitants  of  Bokhara  were  thrown  into  by  the 
ifefertion  or*  their  garrifon,  prdered  the  city  to  be  attacked 
*    on  all  fides.    But  while  the.  engines  were  getting  ready  fcf 
that  purpofe,  next  'morning  all  the  magistrates  and  ckrgj; 
attended  by  the  principal  citizens,  went,  out  and  prefented  d* 
keys  of  the  city  to  Jengbiz  KhAn :  who  granted  them  their  lhes 
Ctt  condition  that  they  gave  no  (helter  to  any  of  the  SciraaV 
(bldiers,  and  put  oift  ail  who  could  be  fufpefted  of  being  it 
that  prince's  intereft ;  which  they  promifea  to  do  upon  oath,  | 
As  for  the  caftlfc'/ which  was  ftrong,  all  the  young  people^  j 
tfhd  Were  dlfpleated  with  the  furrender^  retired  thltjaer  witk  I 
t fre  governor ;  a  Vive  man,  who  was.  refolved .  to  hold  out  to 
the"  lafl  extremity.*       ,  :  ' 

ThcKban's      JUNG  Hit  t$any  Wing  taken  poiTeffiop  of  'Bokbirq 
behaviour  etit&f 2d  on  horfeback  into  tlje  great  mofaue,  ao4  aflaed  ma* 
rtty,  If  that'  was  the  Soltah's!  palaf  e  ?  On  Deingiacd>wered,  that*  | 
if  Vis  the  Koufe  of  Go$  p\  he  alkKt^ ;  jfcncl,  giving  the  pria*. ; 
clpal  inagiftratie  his  horfe  VJhQlovmoujKed  the  gaJJbry  who* ! 
the  ecclefiaftics  lukiaily  fa,t ;  then^iakijgjg'up  the  Koftty  tjiiff  \ 
if  tinder  £he  feet  at  his  horfes.    As  fbon  as  he  wasJeated,  W| 
.-fpldiers  began  _to  eat  and  drink  in. the  tfemgle,.  wittjout  jhe 
leaft  regard  to  the  placel  .  Fr^njhence'  \ie  rfetirec^to  fciij 
,  pamp ',  ancj  a  few  days  after  au^Slea  all  the.  gand^ajtintt. 

of  Bokhara*  and  afcencfing  a  puTpl/t lefec^JLfor  tta%  purpoij 
in  t$t  .  iii  the  midft  of  thaim  V  b^gan  his  ff^clvby^m^ 
Jami.  recounting  all  the  jfavours:  he  hai  received  from  the  Deity* 
After  this,  he  rcprefented'to  them  the  perfidious  behavipurof 
their  Soltdn  towards  him,  in  companding  his  merchants,  aai 
ambafladors  to  be  alTarfinated  :  lie  added,,  that  God  had  chofib. 
him  to  punifh  fttahammed  for  all  liis  cruelties,  and  to  rid  tip 
earth  of  fuch  tyrants.  As  to  them-  he  tellified  his  fatjsfc. 
tion  for  their  having  freely  furniflied  his  army  with  neceflaritf, 
and  promifed  that  his  foldiers  fbould  not  meddle  with*,  ay 
gbods;  which  they  made  ufe  of' in  their  houfes:  butW* 

l#  Faphlal.  apod  De  la  Qrtoxt  p.  210.     Abulch:  p. 't°- 
*  Idem.  ibid.     LA  Ck6ix,  p.  2!*.  1  La  Croix,  p.  ^3- 

Abu'l.  p.  in,  &  fecj. 

pM0 


§3.  \  *P5^p/|p»gM?Khaft.  #Rfr 

^aded  than  -to  deliver  up  to^im  aU  which  the?  bad  hidden,    A.  IX 
$i*atenjng  atherwife  tQ  oblige  them  by  tortujre;    .  i**o* 

I  T«*  iah*bitapfcs  far  &ar  of  the  worft, carried  to  Ms  officers  ^  /?!"** 
lot  only  the  good*  whiph  they  hid  hidden,  but  thofe  *Hb  Bokhara 
ihkfr  r£ey  had  in  «ie.  This  compliance  feti&fied  torn  for  that  ^wrw^ 
yn? :  but,  urjerfta^ng  afterward*  that  fever&l  of  the  Sol* 
ja's  foldicrs were  omc^ded  ia  the  town*  he  ordered  it  to  be 
$  on  fire ;  fo  that  these  renww4  OiHhing  of  that  great  city,. 
ffBepting  the  SoltSn**  palace,  Called  Ar\>  built  of  Aone,  and 
jpe  few  private  hovfes  buik  with  brick,  all  the  reft  having* 
pen  of  wood.   -  After  <Jms,  h*  fait  ,t6  fearch  the  faid  palace* 
fd  konfes,  •  and  caijfod  all  the  foldiers  he  found  in  them  to  i*i 
b^o. .  Bokhara  cwtieqedtf*  this  ftafe  for  ferae  years ;  but.  at 
cogth  the  Khan  .ordered  ft  to  be  rtebuilt,  a  little  before  ha 
Igth,    The  caftle,  which  had  held  out  for  fome  time  alter 
fe  city  was  yielded,  furrendered  alfo.  at  dUcretipn,-»dA\ai- 
toq}igi£d;ibut  the  governor  and  garrifon  had  their  live* 

.,f  9*  redaftion  of  this  pkro  gave  Jmghiz  Khfa  much  fc.OtrikJ^. 

ifeftion,  which  was: tncreafed  by  th*  arrival  of  tfae.prifmt^prft  " 

bgtffly  *x\i  Oktay  froa*  Qtrto  which  ##  *ney  had  taken r.! 

fekaq^ofemwrf  had  left  &v#r,  or  Cfay*r  £Mn  (Q; ),  with 

ifapo?  men,  n#ar  that  place*  to  opipofe  JengUx  Kkm,  in 

$  he, turned  ob  that  fide;  and  when  he  underftcrod  that* 

m<x  had  detached: ^vq cf  Jbla  fons.  to  befiege  lt>  hcient  a 

attherreinforcement-of  jp.poo  men,  under  the  comifcattd  rf ■ 

^raja  Hajih  i^)>  one  ofrthe  lord*  ojf:  his  court/  With  thefe 

#,ooo  foldietfs  the  governor  (hut  hiia&lf  up  in  the  city;  and 

Ude  all  the  necefTary  preparation*  for  a  "vigorous  KfiflJaace, 

9  ftrengthexring  ^fortifications,  and, laying  in  ftore-of  pro* 

ifona.    The  Mungk  begftn  the  flegc  with  their  battering; 

lories,  and:attenipu  to  fill  up  the  ditch (B);  which,  after 

*.  Mirkh.  Fadhl.  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  an,  &feq.    Abui^gjj*  • 
>?'lib,  &  fcq. 

^(Qj  Called  Achir,    in.  the  ,    (S).Z*  Crvrr,    from,  J8*7« 

^w^  hiftory  ;     whjcji   only  ifoir,  relates,  \\i*tJi?rgkHKk£nf 

tyVwjth  regard  to  this  fiege,  at  the  requeft  of  the  two  princes, 

rat  O/rir  being  takynjn  1219,  went  to  view  the.  place,   a&4 

Vc  governor  ^lr^irv  who  had  gave  advice  how  to  proceed  in 

naiTacred  certain  perfonsf  lent  the   fiege?    then   departed    for 

llthtr  by  Jengbix  khanl  was'  Great  bukhdrla:  and  this  might 

JJt  ta  death.     Gaubll  hift.  de  well  be;    for,  in    his  way    tot 

**tdtif.  p.  216.  ZffrMTif*  the  fitft  town  he  be-» 

{ft)   By  Z.4  CM^    hawtfed  fieged,  fce  mult  have  paffetf  near 

fcriaias,  captain  0f  the  Sol-  Otrar. 
aa's  guards 

much 


Hiftory  of  $be  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire .    B.  VL 

much  obftrulHon,  they  accomplished ;  and  then  placed  their 
machines  againft  the  vails  with  more  advantage.  But  the 
1  befieged,  by  their  frequent  Tallies,  in  which  they  often  tamed 
the  engines,  and  otherwife  damaged  them,  fo  well  kept  off  die' 
Mungls,  that  for  federal  months  they  made  very  little  pro- 
grefs.  This  inclined  the  princes  to  turn  thtf  liege  into  i 
blockade :  but  as  it  was  ncceflary  to  coftfalt  their  father  * 
the  occafion,  and  he  returned  no  other  anfwcr  than,  that  thtf 
***$  fight ;  his  orders  were  obeyed  with  fuch  indefatigable 
pains  and  ardour,  that,  in  lefs  than  a  month,  the  beficgol; 
faw  all  their  towers  and  batteries  beaten  down,  their  engmcj 
broken,  and  breaches  made  in  their  walk :  in  fliort,  thcr 
were  obliged  to  retire  behind  their  inner  works ;  which,  how?1 
ever,  were  no  lefs  ftrong  than  the  outer  had  been.  < 

amd  taint.  The  fiege  had  now  continued  five  months,  when  Karq* 
Hajtb,  feeing  things  reduced  to  this  defperate  condition,  m 
Gayer  Kbdn  that  it  was  time  to  think  of  capitulating,  fiaoj 
it  was  not  poffible  to  defend  the  place  much  longer ;  and, " 
the  fiirrcnder  was  deferred,  the  enemy  would  not  hearken 
amy  agreement.  But  the  governor,  who  was  confetoos 
being  the  fole  occafion  of  the  war,  and  that  there  would 
no  mercy  /hewn  to  him,  abfolutely  rejefted  the  proposal, 
refolvcd  to  hold  out  to  the  laft  extremity.  He  had  lib 
by  iiis  addrefs,  infpired  fuch  an  averfion  againft  the  Mi 
on  account  of  their  being  infidels,  that  he  gained  over 
the  inhabitants  and  garrifon  to  his  fentiments.  Hajib, 
ing  he  had,  by  this  ftep,  made  himfelf  liable  to  fufpiqn; 
with  the  confent  of  the  officers  under  him,  in  the 
c?nfed  the  gate  called  Dervafi  Sufi,  of  which  he  had 
guard,'  to  be  opened,  and  retired,  with  his  10,000  men,  mtfc 
the  Mungl  camp :  but  the  princes,  purfuant  to  a  maxiar 
among  them,  that  a  man  who  was  capable  of  betraying 
natural  lord,  would  make  no  fcruple  of  betraying  them 
upon  occafion,  ordered  him,  with  all  his  followers,  to 
flain  (T).  After  this,  they  entered  Otrir  by  the  fame  p*1 
which  the  deferters  had  come  out  of.  1. 

The  cajth       The  governor,  feeing  the  city  taken  (U),  retired  lAk, 
rabutd.      20,000  men  into  the  caftle ;  all  the  reft  of  the  garrjfon,  vto.j 
were  driven  out  of  the  town,  were  put  to  the  fwprd.   Gq#  j 

(T)  According  to  La  Crcix,  tared  by  a  breach  j  and  that  «i 

only  the  general,  the  officers,  was  fome  time  before  the  city 

and  fome  of  the  foldiers,  were  could  be  taken,  the  beficpi 

put  to  death,  hat  the  reft  were  having  fortified  every  place, pJ  i 

made  flaves  of,  caft  up  intrenchments  m  *fl  A* 

(U)  La  Croht  fays,  they  en-  narrow  ftreets. 

■    .  JEM* 


w.  3r  Reign  *f  JcnghtzKhw. 

Udn,  finding  the  caftle  too  little  for  fuch  a  numter  of  men, 
ndcavoured  to  free  himfelf  by  frequent  fallies,  which  incom- 
aoded  the  enemy  extremely  :  but  the  princes  redoubling 
heir  efforts,  as  the  defence  of  the  befieged  became  more  ob- 
Bnate,  the  caftle,  after  a  month's  leaguer,  was  at  laft  taken 
word  in  hapd,  and  all  the  garrifon  (lain.  The  narrow  places, 
vhich  were  fortified,  held  out  longer,  being  difficult  of  accefs  ; 
md  the  very  ruins  of  the  houfes,  which  were  beaten  down, 
iffbrded  means  for  the  remainder  of  the  Katazmian  foldiers 
o  fight  under  cover :  but  the  befiegers,  Hill  pouring  in  fircfh 
roops,  cut  them  all  off  by  degrees §. 

GATtR  Kh&n,  feeing  all  loft,  retired  with  two  men  to  a  Tbegt- 
errace  of  his  palace,  and  there  defended  himfelf  defperately  \  **rnw 
ts  Jenghiz  Kb&n  had  given  orders  to  take  him  alive,  the  exe- A*** 
ration  of  them  coll  the  lives  of  many  Mungls.   At  length  his 
wo  companions  were  flab ;  and  although  he  was  in  want  of 
utows  to  /hoot  at  thofe  who  ftrove  to  get  up  to  the  place 
irhere  he  was,  yet  he  ftill  defended  himfelf  a  long  time  with 
ptat  ftbnes,  which  his  wife  brought  him  for  that  purpofc.        -     » 
At  laft,  bring  furrounded,  he  was  taken  prifoner,  and  brought 
before  the  princes,  who  ordered  him  to  be  loaded  with  chains ; 
ttd  in  their  march  to  Bokhara,  at  a  place  called  Kuk  Saray  (X), 
they  had  him  put  to  death,  purfuant  to  orders  received  from 
their  father.    The  caftle  of  Otrar  was  rafed,  but  the  city 
walls  were  rebuilt ;  and  the  old  men,  women,  and  children, 
who  had  been  turned  out  by  Gayer  Kh&n,  permitted  to  re- 
turn.   It  was  likewife  forbidden,  under  fevere  penalties,  to 
die  garrifon  who  were  left  there,  any  way  to  difquict  or  moieft 
the  inhabitants. 

As  Jenghiz  Khin  perceived  it  was  neceflary  to  reduce  fe-  Slaughter 
feral  other  cities  fituated  on  the  Sir,  before  he  could  under-  at  Saga- 
take  the  conqueft  of  Great  BukhAria ;  when  Otrar  was  taken,  nak. 
he  fent  orders  to  Juji,  or  Tufln,  who  was  in  thefe  parts,  to 
begin  with  the  fiege  of  Sagan&k  (Y).    As  foon  as  he  arrived 
before  the  town,  he  fent  Haji  HaJJan,  a  Mohammedan,  to  fum- 
mon  the  inhabitants  to  furrender.  with  a  promife  of  kind 
treatment :  but  although  he  had  tne  governor's  parole  for  his 
fecurity,  in  a  tumult  raifed  by  the  chief  officers,  he  was  torn 
in  pieces.     Juji,  upon  the  news  of  this  afiaffination,  nude 
his  foldiers  fwear  revenge,  and  never  ceafed  aflaulting  the 

*  Mikk.  Abu'lk.  Faokl.  apod  La  Croix,  p.  164,  &  feq. 

(X)  La  Croix  writes  Gbeuk        (Y)  Sagadk,  or  Signak,  as  ia 
Snay ;  and  fays  it  was  a  palace^  Abulgba%?%  hiftory. 
ia  Samarkant. 

place 


Uzkant 
yields.    . 


'Alfliafli 
taken. 


Jnad  he- 
feged. 


Hijlory •  of  l be  Mogul  ^rNftin^  Empire.  i.Ht 

place  nntU  he  had  taken  it.  AH  the  officers  and 'foidiect 
with  more  than  one  half  of  the  inhabitants  (Z),  paid  wim 
their  blood  for  Hdjfans  murder;  the  reft  of  them,  *ith  df 
city  itfelf,  would  have  been,  destroyed,  if  it  had  not  *  * 
foundneceflary  to  keep  it  for  carrying  on  the  var  to 
tage.  Juji  llkewife,  to  honour  the  memory  of  his  un 
nater  officer,  and'  remind  the  people  of  their  barbarity, 
dfereda'flarefy  monument  toteerefted  for  Km  in  the  \ 
ejninent  place  or  the  city. 

Ik  taking  this  revetige,  the  Mungh  loft' more  men  than  1 
place  was  worth :  but  the  fevetity  they  uied  produced  a  j 
eflfcft,  by  obliging  feveral  cities  to  yield  without  refif 
thus  die  inhabitants  of  ITzkant  (A),  made  wife  by  the  fa 
ings  of  Sttgntity  came  out  to  meet  the'  prince,  then  wno  u 
journey  diltant,  with  magnificent  prefents,  and  delivered 
their  town  without  oppofition;  the  governor,  and  fuch. 
would  hare  defended  the  place, ,  retired  to  Tonkat.    Juji  f 
bad  h'fsfoldiers  to  offer  thofe  who  ftaid  the  leaff  infult,"^ 
take  "any  thing  which  belonged  to  them.     From  thence] 
marched  to  Alfhdjh  (B),  a  very  beautiful  city,  with  a  \_ 
well-watered  to  every  houfe.    It  was  fituated  near  thei 
Sihtm,  now  Sir,  four  days  journey  to  the  north  of  Khejai 
This  place  refufed  to  furrender  to  Juji,  who  therefore  \ 
fieged  it ;  and;  having  taken  it,  caufed  a  great  number  ofl| 
inhabitants  to  be  flain,  for  daring  to  defend  themfelves*. 

AVter  the  reduftion  of  Aljplifh,  the  prince  marched] 
Jund(Q),  a  city  on  the  borders  of  Turkeftdn    and  at  a  f 
diftance  from  the  Sir  5  famous  for  the  abode  of  feveral  1 


*  Abtt'lch.  p.  113, 
Abu'lgh.  p.  114. 

,  (Z)  AbSlgbazi  Khan,  fays, 
above  10,000  inhabitants  were 
ilain  on  this  occafion.  It  was, 
doubtlefs,  owing  to  the  cruelty 
and  treachery  or"  the  people  of, 
thefe-  countries,  that  J$nghi% 
Khan,  who,  at  firft,  was  fo  mer- 
ciful as  even  to  fpare  the< infra-* 
bt&jits  of  Qtraty  where  his  en- 
baffadors  and  merchants  had 
been.murdejred»  aftei weeds  be*- 
came  fo  fevere,  and  made  fuch 
deftruftion  wherever  he  came.1 

(A)  UJkevd^  or  Urktnd;  A- 
hulghazi  Khan  writes  Vfgan ; 
for  it  (lands  on  the  eaft  border 


&  feq..  La  Croix,  p.  171,  & 


of  Tariff**,  about  ninety 
north-earl  of  T*ni*t. 

(B)  Thought  to  be  the 
which  is  at  prefent  called  T*j£. 
kant,  the  piefcnt  capital  o£ 
the  eaftern  part  of  Twkefiv. 
pofifefTcd  by  the  Kitfhts,  or  &f 
Jacha  Orda. 

(C)  InthetFa«flatk>B  olP 
tu/gbazi  Khan  we  find  Nedfa 
in  EngHJb,  Najan,  inftead  offr: 
whterfplace,  according  totbstJ 
author,  mull  have  been  near  1 
Alfiajbi  where**  Juno*  is  place* 
by  authors  feveral*  degrees- <•* 
the  weftward, 

men. 


fa:- 


men.    The  governor  was  named  KutlAk  Kban ;  which  titlf 

ifas  given  him,  becaufe  the  town,  "With  the  adjacent  cquntryj 

kdonged  to  him  by  inheritance.     He  pofjefled  great  riches, 

Jihad  promifed  to  m&ke  a  brave,  defence,  if.  attacked  :  bfit 

ploop  as  he'heard  the  Mungls  \yere  advancing,  towards  hinji,  *  - 

^ffbflid  the.  S/V  with  Hs  treafures,,  ana1  retired  through^th^ 

rt  into  the  kingdom  of  Karaznu  However.,  the  inhabitant* 

iyed  to  defend  the  place  fto  the  laft,  j  and  although  part  of 

would  have  furrendered,  on  the  promife  of  gpod  treat- 

at,  offered  by  Jkmvr>  a  commander  fent  from  Juji,  or* 

&*,  yet  the  majority  were  againft  it ;  and  he  had  certainly, 

ws  life  like  HaJJan9  if  thole,  who  approved  his  proppfela 

not  helped  him  to  efcape,     JitTwir,  who  was  a  good  eiu* 

*r,  and  Tiad  obfervqd  the  ftrength  of t  ths,  place,  judging 

;h  would  coft  much  time  and, men  to  take  it  by  force, 

ppfed  laying  bridges  over  the  ditch*  which  was  full  of  wa*, 

tand,  fcaling  the  walls,  in  a  part  where  the  befieged  thought; 

afelves  moft.fecure,  .become,  matters  of  the  tpwn  by  fm>. 

^e.  matter  wa$  referred  to  a  council  of  war :  and  al  thought  T^^ff  by 
\Nevian  recommended  force,  as  the  noble  way  of  tabingjlratagem. 
is,  yet  the  reft  approved  of  Jitmur's  ftratagem  :  and,  to 
V&4  lt>  refolved  to  amufe  the  befieged  with  three  falfe  at- 
$  on  the  weakeft  part  of  the  town.     The  attacks  began  a 
t  before  night,  with  great  (bouts  ;  and  as  foon  as  the  bat*, 
jpg  engines  began  to  play,  all  the'garrhon  ran  on  that 
^  and  abandoned  their  other  polls..    When  it  was  dark, 
n6r  canfed  his  bridges  to  be  laid  acrofs  the  ditch,  ancT 
•  wooden  ladders  to  be  raifed  againft  the  wall,  one  off- 
icii he  mounted  himfelf,  followed  by  his  men,  who  fopa, 
coed  fo  great  a  number,  that  the  troops  entered  the  town, 
tf  feized  a  gate  without  much  noife.    The  army,  being  thus 
■in,  feized  the  principal  pofts;  while  the  befieged,  quitci 
■nn'd  at  this  furprife,  abandoned  the  care  pf  the  places  af- 
■Ited,  and  fled  Where  they  could,  to  hide  themfelves. 
j(Tfrus  was  Jund  taken,  without  any  lofs  on  either  fide  :  The  Inla* 
jfthe  Munghy  not  having  loft  any  men  of  their  own,  de-  bitants 
Pjffed  none  of  the  inhabitants,  excepting  two  or  three;  whoj#«ra& 
pe  put  to  death  for  having  abufed  Jitmur,  when  fent  to. 
ffiVPOQ  them.     However,  they  imagined  they  were  going  to* 
t  joaflacred,  when  a  meflage  was  brought  from  the  prince, 
unmanding  them  all  to  repair  to  a  neighbouring  plain  :  but 
ie  defign  was  only  to  take  .the  number  of  them  ;    after* 
fteh  they  had  leave  to  return  to  "their  houfes,  where  they 
iffid  nothing  which  the  Mungls  could  take  away.     To  keep 
iem  in  obedience  likewife,  a  ftrong  ganiibn  was  placed  in  ] 

„  '  the 


Hiftoryoftbt  Mogul  cr  Mungl  Eapir$.   B.1IL 

the  city,  and  Alt  Koja,  a  Mungl  officer,  although  a  MaW 

medan,  was  appointed  governor  "• 

^A     '     After  the  redu&ion  of  this  place,  Juji,  ocTuflxKhia, 

lc¥     d^^fing  his  army  into  two, bodies,  gave  50,006  men  to  Ski 
*1fug*%     m^m  (c j  to  fubdue  ^  countrics  of  m$  jijhdjhy  4Qd  & 

y««/ ;  and  ordered  the  reft  of  his  troops  to  keep  the  opd 
country,  to  facilitate  the  taking  of  this  laft  city,  whkhva 
a  place  of  great  importance.  That  general  marched  vM 
fuch  fpeed  into  IlAk,  that  feveral  towns  Surrendered  wit 
Oppofitiori.  Among  thofe  which  refifted,  TonUt,  called! 
AbVlkair,  DaroH  Ihn,  or  the  palace  of  the  fcienccs  (D), 
the  mod  considerable.  It  depended  on  Alfb&Jh,  and  fan 
to  fecure  the  frontiers  of  flak :  It  was  alfo  a  common  mart  k 
the  merchants  of  both  countries.  This  city  was  rather  a  jfafl 
of  pleafure  than  of  ftrength ;  full  of  firings,  gardens,  aa 
delightful  walks :  infomuch  that  it  became  a  faying,  thai  Gt 
never  made  a  more  delicious  dwelling  than  Tonkit.  Tt 
garrifon  was  compofed  of  Kanguli  (E),  native  Turks,  a  bra 
people  ;  and  the  Bey,  named  Ilenko  Malek,  who  was  lord* 
the  place,  anfwered  fiercely,  when  the  Mungls  fummew 
him  to  open  the  gates :  but  on  the  firft  attack  retired  ' 
the  caftle,  with  the  principal  inhabitants. 
emduk*n.  The  befieged  refifted  vigoroufly  for  three  days;  vk 
EUHk  Nevian,  who  thought  it  neceflary  to  take  this  place  b 
fore  he  attempted  Khojend,  gave  feveral  aflauh*  to  the  dt 
and  having,  on  the  fourth,  made  a  breach  in  the  walls  1 
his  engines,  the  frighted  defendants  defired  to  capiruhtc, 
the  Mungl  general  obliged  them  to  furrender  at  difcretia 
thinking  he  had  caufe  to  be  difpleafed  with  the  garrifon,  f 
were  put  to  the  fword,  and  the  inhabitants  made  to  go 

*  Mirk.  Abvlk.  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  177,  8c  feq.  Abv'lch. 
114,  Sc  feq. 

(C)  According  to  Abulgba%i  the  reafon  why  Lm  Crmx, 
Khdnt  Aldu  Noyan  (who,  as  we  other  placet, though  noting 
have  obferved  in  a  former  note,  fays,  fonidt  is  called  aftbfi 
is  the  fame  with  Etak  Nevian),  kit  %  for  Ttntktt,  or  fandi 

'  and  Suktu  Buka,  were  both  fent  is  a  different  town  frtrai  ft  ' 

on  this  expedition,  as  hath  been  being  the  fame   which 

already  mentioned.  wards,  on  its  rebuilding,  1 

(D)  On  account  of  an  acade~  named  Shah  Rukhiya,  betw 
my  of  arts  and  fciences  found-  Ttnkat  and  Kcjtni.  See  ' 
ed  there.  Ahu/gbasx  Khan9in-  p*  74. 
Head  of  Tonkdt,  puts  Famahutt :  (£)  Doubtlefs  the  fame « 
which  (hews  that  fame  authors  the  Kangli,  or  KanJtli,  a  Q 
mention  one  place,  fome  the  of  Turks,  often  mtntioiK'd 
other.     And  this,  perhaps,  is  fore. 


tf  the  town,  that  their  houfes  might  be  more  conveniently 
jrfuodered  (F).      Jlenko  M&lefc  had  the  good  luck  to  efcape 
before  the  rendition,  or  he  had  fared  like  the  foldiers.     The 5 
^Mungls  built  there  a  coniiderable  magazine  for  warlike  ftores, 
and  then  marched  towards  Khojend*. 

KHOJEND,  or  Kojend,  was  fituated  along  the  fouth  Khojend 
bank  of  the  river  Sir,  in  a  fruitful  and  beautiful  country,  defcribtd* 
fcrge,  and  well  fortified,  It  traded  chiefly  in  mufk,  and  other 
odoriferous  commodities :  was  feven  days  journey  north  from 
famarkant,  and  the  key  of  Bukhdria  on  that  fide.  In  fliort, 
jacity  in  high  efteem,  on  many  accounts ;  particularly  for  the 
bravery  of  its  inhabitants  :  and  the  valour  of  the  chief,  who 
bt  this  time  commanded  in  it,  made  it  ALU  more  renowned. 
This  illuftrious  perfon  was  Timur  Mdlek,  fovereign  prince  of 
Ae  place,  and  a  Kh3n ;  who  paid  tribute  to  the  Karaztn  Shdh, 
»nd  had  often  commanded  his  armies.  As  foon  as  Eldk  Ne- 
bian  fitt  down  before  Tonkat,  the  Khan,  who  expected  \o 
fte  attacked  next,  omitted  nothing  which  might  be  neceflary 
jfor  his  defence ;  laid  in  ftores,  broke  down  the  bridges* 
Spoiled  the  roads,  and  caufed  the  corn,  fruits,  and  cattle, 
w  the  circumjacent  country  to  be  carried  away.  The  Mungt 
'general  began  the  fiege  of  Khojend,  by  building  a  bridge  of 
Communication  a  little  below  the  city  :  after  which,  he  fent^ 

£rt  of  his  army  beyond  the  river,  and  began  to  play  his 
ttering  engines ;  (hooting  whole  mill-ftones,  if  you  will  be- 
fceve  the  hiftorians,  againft  the  city,  and  expofmg  himfelf  to 
it  thoufand  dangers. 

p  On  the  other  hand  Tvm&r  Mdlek  contrived  a  thoufand  me*  Tim6f 
hhods  to  deftroy  the  enemy's  machines.  He  had  twelveKerud,  Malek, 
1  kind  of  large4  boats  (G)  or  barks,  fix  of  which  he  fent  arm- 
ed on  each  fide  the  river,  to  fhoot'ftones,  darts,  and  arrows, 
Into  the  Mungl  camp,  which  killed  and  wounded  abundance 
uf  men.  The  garrilon  was  likewife  fupplied,  from  time  to 
time,  with  recruits,  by  means  of  a  marfh,  which  hindered 
ffke  befiegers  from  furrounding  the  city ;  fo  that  the  Khan 
'tis  in  hopes  to  have  wearied  them  out*:  but  as  Elak  Nevi&n 
fetteived  frefh  tfoops  from  prince  Juji,  he,  with  redoubled 
iflaults,  fo  harrafled  the  befieged,  that  they  defpaired  of  re* 

z  Mirk.  Asulx.  ap.La  Croix,  p.  182,  &  feq.    Abu'lqh,  p* 

(F)  According  to  Ahulghaxi  Khan,  he  had  only  four  boats, 
than,  all  the  inhabitants  were  which  were  covered,  with  port* 
made  captives.  hole*  on  the  fides. 

(G)  According  to  AbulghaxX 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol. IV.  Ddl  Ming 


A.  ft»     fitting  iihn  much  longer.    On  this  occafion  Ttmik  MMek  U 
1 220.     recourfe  to  ftratagem.  A  Kttfe  before  the  fiege,  he  had  anfei 
^V****  to  be  built  a  kind  of  fortrefs,  at  the  farther  fcnd  cf  the  <% 
in  a  little  ifland  (H),  very -difficult  of  accefs,  in  which  he  pat 
a  thoufand  foldiers ;  and  then  fent  certain  perfoos  into  Ac 
Mungl  camp,  who,  under  pcetence  of  being  deferters,  (hould 
advife  them  to  attack  that  fort,  with  an  afiaraace  that,  ft 
'  foon  as  it  was  taken,  th£  cky  muft  funrender.    The  gem^ 
fuffering  himfelf  to  be  deceived,  turned  his  engines  oa  dtt 
fide :  but  the  cattle  being  extremely  high,  as  well  as  ftra^ 
and  at  too  great  a  diftance  from  the  fhore,  after  feveiul  Aji 
'battering  -to  no  purpofe,  their  ftones  and  other  materials!* 
*gan  to  foil.     This  delayed  them  much,  and  the  dificdHjref 
1'upplymgthemfelves,  a  great  deal  more ;  for  they  were  obtypt 
to  go  above  three  leagues  to  fetch  them, 
bis  brave       However,  this  difficulty  did  not  difcourage  the  Mtngk 
defence;     who  went  -  chearfully  about  that  labour.    But,  when  a  ill 
quantity  of  iionea  was  brought  together,  the  general  es> 
ployed  them  another  way  'to  reduce  the  fort ;  and,  iuflead  4 
throwifagyhem  againft  it  out  ;o£  readi,  ordered  them  tote 
call  into  the  river;  fo  to  form  a  jetty,  or  bank,  by  vticb 
they  might  approach  nearer  with  their  engines.     The  grew 
part  of  the  army  was  employed  in  this  work  (I),  which  tkfl 
"holes  is  •  the  river  rendered  extremely  laborious.     The  fa* 
{pldiers  carried  the  ftones  to  the  brink  of  the  water,  anddfe 
horfe  went  and  threw  them  in,  among  the  earth  and  not 
tied  together,  laid  before-hand  for  the  purpofe.     Over  tbefir 
"trere  placed  fafcines,  and  other  materials,  to  fintfh  the  bank, 
and  render  it  firm.     The  work  was.  interrupted  greatly  tf 
the  befieged ;  who,  by  their  engines,  and  fellies  made  in  tbdr 
barks,  often  threw  down  the  pier,  and  deftroyed  all  thq 
had  done.     In  fhort,  TvmLr  Midek  oppofed  this  enterprise 
by  all  forts  of  contrivances :  but  when  he  found  he  could  <ff» 
pute  the  paflage  of  the  chand  with  the  Mungls  no  loago« 
quits  the    he  betook  himfelf  to  his  barks,  with  all  his  men.     He  hat 
fUni        during  the  fiege,  increafed  their  number  to  feventy ;  plafter- 
-ed  over  with  a  composition  made  of  wet  felt,  worked  vp 
-with  clay  and  vinegar,  which  defended  the  veflels  both  frofli 
miflive  weapons  and  fire.   To  deftroy  the  bridge  qf  comim- 
ttication,  which  was  an  obftade  to  his  efcape,  he  one  night 
caufed  a  fally  to  be  made;  and  white  the  commanding  of- 
ficer attacked  thofe  who  kept  the  head  of  the  bridge,  feveral 

(H)   Abfflgbaxi  Khan  fays,  (I)  Abulgbaxi  JB-w  fays,  Aft 

this  ifland  lay  right  before  the  captive  inhabitants  oiFannkM 

city ;  and  that  the  cattle  waa  were- pat  upoa  thiawark. 
extremely  ftron&. 

.  barM 


C.  3#  Refy  of  JctightzKhfa 

barks,  filled  with  tar  and  nafta,  fet  fire  to  the  pontons  of 
which  it  was  compofed  ;  and  opened  a  way  for  the  Klian,  and 
the  reft  of  his  fleet,  which  drove  fwif  tly  down  the  ftream. 

As  foon  as  the  Mungl  general  was  informed  of  Timur  MA-  battles  his 
UlC$  efcape,  he  ordered  him  to  be  purfued  by  a  great  body  purfueni 
of  horfe,  who  followed  the  barks  along  the  river,  and  attack- 
ed them  from  time  to  tiipe  with  arrows  and  wild-fire  ;  often 
gdvandng  into  the  water,  to  get  nearer  their  enemies.  In 
thefe  engagements  many  men  were  killed  on  both  fides  :  but 
the  bloodied  difputes  were,  when  any  rocks  or  fancl-banke 
po  the  north  fide  the  river  obliged  the  fleet  to  approach  the 
/buth  fhore.  On  thefe  occasions  the  Khan  appeared  a  prodi- 
gy of  valour;  efpecially  at  a  flat,  where  the  river  being  ford* 
nble,  the  horfemen  had  an  opportunity  of  coming  nearer  the 
barks :  but,  after  a  furious  fight,  they  were  obliged  to  make 
jiJhameful  retreat?. 

\     Some  authors  relate,  that  the  Mungls  contented  themfelves  and  efcape* 
With  obferving  the  motiQns  of  Timur  Malek>  in  his  paflagje 
;  down,  the  rWer,  imagining  that  he  could  not  efcape  them ;  as 
',  a  chain  had  been  drawn  a-crofs  the  chanel  at  Farnakant,  or,  ap 
pthers  fay,  at  Tonkat.    But  the  Khan  found  means,  by  hatchetp 
and  files,  which  he  had  brought  for  the  purpofe,  to  cut  the 
|  jchaia  in  the  night,  and  pafs  through,  tho'  not  without  great  doyytitbi 
v  Jofs  of  men.   However,  at  length  coming  to  a  place  where  the  riev*r%  * 
river  was  extremely  narrow  and  (hallow,  he  was  obliged  to 
( .quit  his  barks,  and  try  to  efcape  by  land.     Some  authors  fay, 
be  was  under  no  neceffity  of  going  a&ore,  but  cjjd  it  of 
'  choice,  to  *  attack  the  Mungls ;  which  he  did  from  an  emi- 
!  nence,  with  great  fuccefs,  and  then  retired  from  one  difficult 
,  place  to  another,  to  fatigue  his  purfuers.     Mean  while  the 
fcarks,  neglefted  by  th£  Mungls,  efcaped  with  the  Khan's  fa- 
ultily to  a  town  on  the  river,  belonging  to  Soltan  Mohammed* 
As  for  Timur  Mdick  himfelf,  his  followers  being  at  length  ail 
cut  off,  and  finding  himfelf  clofely  purfued  by  three.  Mungls, 
he  let  fly  an  arrow  at  the  foremofl  ;  which  hitting  him  in  the 
eye,  fo  feared  his  companions,  that  tjhey  all  flopped,  and  let 
itim  efcape  to  a  neighbouring  town  called  Kent.   There,  ga- 
*  thering  a  frnall  body  of  men,  he  went  and  furprized  Farna- 
kant ;  and,  having  cut  the  throats  of  the  Mungl  garrifon,  re- 
turned to.  Soltan  Mohammed,  who  loaded  him  with  praifes,  and 
conferred  on  him  the  government  of  that  city  (K). 

KffO* 

%  *  A  bulk.  Faphl.  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  186,  &feq. 

(K)    After    this   hs    fought     entered  Ka*az,m  ;  till,  feeing  all 
againft.  the  Mungls  when  they    loll  on  that  £4e,  he  retired  into 

Dds    *  ftr/ia; 


404  Hiftory  of  tbe  Mogul  or  Mungl  Znfire.    B.  ID. 

A.  D.         KH 0  JE ND  having  furrendered  the  day  after  Tmur  Ma- 
1220.     Uk*s  departure,  Eldk  Nevihn  fettled  matters  there,  and  then 
t—'V^  went  along  with  prince  Juji,  or  Tu/bi,  to  rejoin  the  Grand 
Khan ;  whom  they  found  within  a  day's  journey  of  Sower* 
kanty  in  a  place  where  they  had  encamped  the  latter  end  of 
May  (L)  1220,  Hejrah  617. 
Samar-  SAMARKAND,  fuppofed  to  be  the  Marakandus  of  the 

kant  i$.     ancients,  was  at  this  time  the  capital  of  Great  Bukbdria^  and 
fcribid.      feventy  furlongs,  or  three  leagues,  in  compafe ;  though  in 
the  time  of  Alexander  it  was  more  than  twelve.     It  was 
likewife  inclofed  with  an  outer  wall,  which  was  more  regu- 
larly built,  and  better  fortified,  than  thole  of  Bokhira.    la 
it  were  twelve  iron  gates,  a  league  diftant  from  each  other ; 
and  at  every  two  leagues  there  was  a  fort,  able  to  contain  a 
good  body  of  troops :  the  walls  were  likewife  fenced  with 
x  battlements  and  towers,  to  fight  under  (belter,  and  furround- 
»ed  with  a  very  deep  ditch,  through  which  an  aqueduft  was 
laid,  conveyed  thither  by  leaden  pipes,  from  a  little  river 
called  Sogdy  and  thence  into  the  city,  which  ftood  on  tte 
,  ibuth  fide  of  it :  fo  that  every  great  ftreet  had  a  canal  of  wa- 
ter running  through  it,  and  every  houfe  a  fountain,  as  wdl 
as  garden.     Befides  this,   there  was  a  rifing  ground,  from 
whence  feveral  rivulets  defcended,  forming  jettees  and  caf- 
cades.     The  inner  city  or  inclofure  had  four  gates,  but  the 
walls  were  defencelefs :  within  it  ftood  the  great  mofque  or 
temple,  ar  J  palace  where  the  prince  ufed  to  refide.    As  with- 
in the  outer  inclofure  there  were  ploughed  lands,  fields,  hills, 
aijd  an  infinite  number  of  gardens  ;  fo,  in  viewing  the  city 
from  the  top  of  the  fortrefs,  one  could  fee  nothing  but  trees, 
and  the  roots  of  fome  houfes. 
■fisprefent       They  are  miftaken  who  afcribe  the  founding  of  this  city 
flats,  to  Alexander,  for  it  exifted  before  his  expedition  ;  or  to  a 

king  of  Tamman  (Arabia  faclix),  named  7obay ;  for  he  only 
built  one  of  the  gates,  called  that  ofKq/b.    It  had  been  the 

Perfea :  from  thence,  in  a  reli-     it  his  enemies,  they  found  oat 
gious  d.fguife,  he  retired  to  Sj-    the  man  whom  Timur  Malch  had 


and  when  the  Muvgls  were  wounded  in  the  eye ;  which  j 

become  matters  of  -Perjia,  re-  one  day  (hot  him  dead  with  an 

turned  thither,  and   fubinicted  arrow,  under  pretence  that  he 

to  the  reigning  prince  ;    who  fpoke  difrefpe&f ally  to  a  prince 

gave  him  leave  to  retire  to  Kbo-  of  the  blood,  who  had  exprefTod 

jend,  where  he  found  but  ore  fome  flight  of  the  great  a&ions 

fon  living,  who  had  penniflion  he  had  performed, 
from  Batu,  Khan  of  Kipchdk,  to         (L)   AlulghazS  Khan  places 

recover  his  father's  elt.ue.  This  the  taking  or  Samarkand  in  the 

making  thole  who  had  poifciil-d  preceding  year. 

icfidence 


2. 3  J  Reign  of  JenghtzKhkn;        '    • 

efidence  of  Mohammedan  princes,  of  feveral  races,  from  the 
ime  of  the  Arabs,  who  conquered  it  very  early  :  and,  about 
[40  years  after  Jenghtz  KhAny  Tvmur  Bek,  or  Tamerlane^ 
nade  it  the  feat  of  his  empire.  At  prefent  it  is  the  feat  of 
>ne  of  the  three  Uzbek  Khans,  who  reign  in  Great  Bukkfria, 
he  other  two  refiding  at  Bokhdra  and  B&lkh.  Its  publicK 
iruftures  and  market-places  are  very  handfome,  being  built 
rod  paved  with  very  fine  ftone.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade 
irith  Great  Tatary,  Perfia>  and  India ;  furniihirig  Hinduftart% 
n  particular,  with  the  bell  fruits,  efpecially  excellent  melons. 
The  fineftfilk-paper  in  the  world  is  made  here;  and  an  aca- 
lemy  of  fciences  helps  to  render  it  famous  *. 

Soltan  Mohammedy  to  fecure  this  city  againft  the Mungh,  The  tUy 
iad  fen*  thither  1 10,000  men,  under  30  generals:  60,000  befiegeds 
Rnere  Turks 9  commanded  by  officers  of  great  renown :  the  reft 
urere  TajVs  (M)  men,  brave  enough  to  face  lions  or  elephants ; 
if  which  laft  there  were  twenty  large  ones  :  befides,  the  in- 
habitants, joined  to  thofe  who  had  retired  thither  for  fheltcr, 
were  fo  numerous,  that  the  city,  though  fo  extenfive,  could 
fcarcely  contain  them.    On  the  arrival  of  fo  powerful  a  rein- 
forcement, they  drew  round  the  town  a  broad  ditch,  which 
they  dug  till  they  came  to  water,  and  caufed  the  troops  to 
encamp  behind  it,  as  a  re-trenchment.     On  Jenghtz  Khan's 
approach,  the  enemy  made  a  furious  fally  ;  but  having  been  ..  £„». 
driven  back  to  the  city,  after  a  bloody  aftion,  he  went  next  ggfene:  ' 
day,  and  encamped  under  the  walls.      When  the  engines 
were  ready,  he  caufed  feveral  places  to  be  attacked  at  the 
lame  time,  to  terrify  the  befieged  :  but  they  not  only  fuftained 
the  (hock  with  great  refolution,  but  made  repeated  fallies,  in 
which  they  cut  off  a  great  many  Mungls  ;  who,  in  a  general   . 
affault,  which  was  given  from  morning  till  night,  could  not 
gain  one  inch  of  ground.      Nor  poffibly  would  they  have 
taken  the  city,  if  difcord  had  not  happened  between  the. prin- 
cipal inhabitants  and  the  commanders  of  the  troops  :  the  for- 
iner,  headed  by  the  Mufti  and  Kadhi,  joined  by  feveral  lords, 

*  Abulgh.  p.  116.    Fadhl.  Moham.  Nissavi,  Yakut,  Alt 
Hamavi,  Abu1lf.  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  196,219. 

(M)  7*f/V,  according  to  Fad-  is  a  nick-name  given  by  the 

lalldby  fignifies  a  Turkman  :  but  Turks  and  Tatars  to  the  natives 

ihcPerJtan  and Turkijh  dictionary  of  any  country  which  they  have 

of  TSimetallah  fays,  they  were  brought  in  fubje&ion;  and  par* 

nat ural- born  P*r/fcwj,  who  could  ticularly  to  thofe  whe  prefer 

not  fpeak  the  Tur&ijb  language,  eafe  and  trade  to  war.     They 

f«  Croix. The  word,  we  alfo  give  that  name  often  to  th* 

prefomcj  fitould  be  Tajik,  which  Per/tans,  by  way  of  malice. 

D  d  3  who 


4o4  H*fery  °f  &*  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.     B.  HI. 

A.  D.    who  were  defirous  ta  fave  their  eftates,  feized  one  of  the 
.   1220.     gates,  and  carried  the  keys  to  Jenghiz  Khan,  imploring  mer- 
*—*Y"**J  cy  for  the  fcefieged  :  but  that  prince  would  grant  it  to  rone, 
excepting  thofe.  of  their  party;  who,  on  the  return  of  their 
deputies,  to  the  number  of  50,000,  put  themfelves  under 
their  protection. 
taken  and       Mean  while  the  governor  Alub  Kh&n  had   feized   thofe 
Plundered,   places  in  the  city  which  were  of  mod  difficult  accefc ;  and, 
expecting  no  quarter,  refolved  to  hold  out  to  the  laft  againft 
the  Mungls  ;  who,  having  entered  by  the  gate  which  was  de- 
livered to  them,  attacked  him  vigoroufly  in  his  ftrong-holdk 
.      .      Alub  Khan  fuftained  their  aflaults  for  four  days,  with  extra- 
ordinary courage  :    but  having,  by  this  time,   loft  all  tha 
,  ports  but  that  which  he  in  perfon  defended;  he,  on  the  fifth, 
•  ,        accompanied  by  the  principal  officers,  and  one  thou  (and  cho- 
fen  horfe,  on  a  fudden  broke  through  the  Mungl  camp,  and 
efcaped.     The  remainder  of  the  garrifon,  to  the  number  of 
30,000,  lofmg  all  courage,  on  the  governor's  retreat,  -were 
foon  6ver-powered,  and  all  put  to  the  iword ;  among  -whom 
was  the  prince  of  the  Kangull  himfelf,  with  five  or  fix  infe- 
rior princes.     After  this  expeditious  event  the  Khan  ordered 
the  city  to  be  plundered  ;  and  made  a  prefent  to  his  generals 
of  30,000  inhabitants,  with  their  wives  and  children.      The 
reft  were  pardoned,  and  permitted  to  live  in  the  city  as  be-* 
fore,  paying  him  a  tribute  of  300,000  dinars,  or  crowns  of 
gold  a. 
fix  Sol/an     When  Jenghiz  Kh&n  *ras  going  to  befiege  Samarkand 
furfuid.     he  fent  a  detachment  of  30,000  troops  to  purlue  Soltan  M> 
hammed ;  who,  he  was  informed,  was  fled  by  way  of  the  ri- 
~  ver  Amity  to  the  country  of  Termed.  Thefe  troops  were  com* 
manded  by  Hubbe  Neviany  Suida  Behadr,  and  Amir  Titer 
(N),  who  held  the  rank  of  princes :  and  the  orders  they  re- 
ceived were,  "  to  treat  all  thofe  cities  kindly  which  fhould 
"  open  their  gates  ;  but  to  plunder  fuch  as  refuted,  and  car* 
"  ry  the  inhabitants  into  captivity :   to  purfue  Soltan  M> 
u  hanvned,  even  to  DArbcnd  in  Shfrwdn,  and  force  their 
"  way  through  the  territories  of  all  fuch  princes  who  fhouid 
"  oppofe  their  paflage.     In  fliort,  to  fubdue  all  the  coua- 
H  tries  bordering  on  theCafpian  fea,  and  then  to  rejoin  him 

»  La  Croix,  p.  321,     Abu'lch.  hit  Turks,  p.   uj,  & 

.  /(N)  By  Ahulgbaxi  Kkdn  named  Zcn*y  or  j'tna  Nojan%  Smdq 
ifijadur,  and  Toga^ar  fCantorct. 

4  "  ia 


C.  J.  £tigx*fJcRghizKh*n.  4oy 

"  ia  Kiftikt  or  Kapch&k  j  adding,  that  he  did  not  intend  to     A.  IX 
**  flay  long  \n  thofe  fouthern  provinces.  *  * 2ap. 

These  three  generals  departed  in  June  1 220  ;  and,  led  by  **■'**■■■* 
«  felfe  report,  marched  towards  BdM :  but  hearing  no  news  £Fair  9f 
of  the  Soltan,  Tuker  advanced  ftill  towards  India  ;  and  the  WcuL 
other  two  ftruck  off  towards  Herat,  the  capital  of  Kboraffhi. 
The  governor  Amin  Mdlek,  a  relation  of  the  Soltan,  being 
te  no  condition  to  refill  on  fo  fudden  an  invafion,  fent  to  tell 
them  he  was  a  fervant  of  Jenghiz  Khan.  Upon  this  the 
generals,  without  making  any  ftay,  or  committing  the  leaft 
diforder,  went  forwards  towards  the  city  of  ZAveh,  fituate 
fcetween  Herat  and  Nt/b&Mr.  Tuker,  fome  time  aftej-,  having 
feturned  from  the  borders  of  India,  arrived  in  the  country  of 
Herat,  where  he  committed  fome  hostilities,  not  knowing,  or 
pretending  not  to  know,  that  the  governor  had  Submitted  to 
his  collegues.  Hereupon  the  prince  Amin  MAiek  fent  a 
meflenger  to  them,  to  complain  of  the  injury.  -  Mean  time 
fome  troops,  belonging  to  the  city,  joining  the  country  people 
who  had  taken  arms,  formed  an  army  fo  fuperior  to  T&ker\ 
that  he  was  defeated,  and  killed  with  an  arrow.  After  which 
the  remainder  of  his  troops  went  and  joined  the  other  two 
generals  b. 

When  Hubbe  and  Suida  came  to  Zdveh^  the  inhabitants  Zdveh 
<(hut  the  gates  againft  them;  nor  would  the  governor,  by'**"1^ 
any  perfuafion,  fupply  them  with  provifions,  of  which  they-/^f/* 
were  in  want.     Thus  fo  incenfed  the  Mungls,  that  they  im- 
mediately fell  to  attack  the  city,  with  fuch  fury ;  that,  not- 
with/landing  the  vigorous  refiftance  of  the  befieged,  they 
took  it  in  three  days,  though  not  without  great  lofs ;  which 
they  repaid  themfelves,  by  putting  to  the  fword  all  who  fell 
into  then:  hands,  and  plundering  the  houfes.      The  army 
from  hence  marched  to  Nijh&biir,  on  advice  of  a  fpy  that  the 
Soltan  w^s  there.     But  Mohammed  had  left  that  place  fome 
time  before,  and  gone  into  Perjian  Ir&k,  by  perfuafion  of  hi* 
grandfoij  Amedo'ddin  (O) ;  whofe  father    Rokntfddin   being 
prince  of  that  rich  and  populous  province,  he  might  then  be 
enabled  to  revenge  himfelf  on  Jenghiz  Kh&n.    But  Amedo'ddin. 
deceived  both  the  king  and  himfelf;  for  Irak  was  not  by  much 
o  powerful  a  country  as  Khorajfdn,  which  contained  the  moft 
populous  cities,  as  well  as  moft  beautiful  and  wealthy  provinces. 

b  Ljl  Croix,  p.  229,  &  feq.    Abu'lq.  p.  123. 

(O)  According  to  Ahulghaxi    the  Soltan*,  with  his  fon  Klya- 
Khan,  he  marched  to  Irak,  by    fi'ddin,  to  the  town  of  &?  endar>    . 
Advice  of  his  council;  and  fent    by  La  Croix  called  Katndar. 

D  d  4  On 


Htfory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.   B,IH, 

On  the  approach  of  the  Mungl  generals  to  NiJbaMr,  three 
lords  were  lent  to  meet  them,  and,  in  the  name  of  the  go- 
1  vernor,  made  their  fubmiflion  (P) ;  promifing  to  pay  the  mc- 
NiMbur  ncy  demanded,  befides  tribute,  to  furntfh  all  forts  of  refrdh- 
/"bmtts.     jaents,  and  not  to  affift  or  fuccour  their  enemies.    The  ge- 
nerals, latisfied  with  thefe  marks  of  obedience,  continued  their 
purfuit  of  Sbltan  Mohammed  ;  who,  from  Nijhabur,  went  to 
Baftam,  a  very  pleafant  and  ftrQng  city  of  Tabareftan ;  where 
he  delivered  to  the  Amir  Omar,  one  of  the  Rewards  of  his 
houfhold,  ten  coders,  fealed  with  the  royal  figqet,  filled  wth 
jewels,  feveral  of  an  ineftimable  value.    None  in  the  world, 
excepting  two  more  then  prefent,  knew  what  was  in  thefe 
coffers,  which  he  ordered  Omar  to  carry  forthwith  to  the 
ftrong  fortrefs  of  Ardahdn.     From  Bajldm  he  proceeded  to 
Ir&k,  and  flopped  (QJ)  at  Maradawlet  Abdd,  a  town  depend- 
ing on  Hamadan,  where  his  fon  Rokno'ddin  came  to  meet  him 
with  feme  troops :  which,  being  joined  with  thofe  the  Solos 
had  levied  in  the  way,  made  above  20,000  horfe. 
fit  Solt an      Mean  time  the  Mungls  followed  him  with  fo  much  dit 
puer taken,  gence,  that  they  furprifed  him  at  Farzina,  not  far  from  itti- 
radawkt,  where  they  cut  to  pieces  the  greater  part  of  his 
army :  yet  both  Rokno'ddin  and  the  Soltan  efcaped  ;  the  firft  , 
fled  to  Kermdn  ;  and  Mohammed,  with  a  fmall  number  of  of- 
ficers, got  by  feveral  bye- ways  into  the  province  of  Gbilfa\ 
and  from  thence  to  Eft  Mad,  the  ftrongeft  city  iii  all  Mazi*  . 
derhn,  and  moft  difficult  of  accefs.     There  he  might  hre 
lain  concealed  from  the  parties  fent  out  to  get  news  of  him;  \ 
if  a  lord  of  that  country,  to  revenge  his  uncle's  death,  had 
not,  with  a  fmall  party  of  Mungls,  found  out  the  ro^d  he  bad 
taken.     But  being  near  EJt&dad,  he  learned  from  ferae  pea- 
fants  that  the  Soltan  was  in  a  town  near  the  Cafpian  Tea, 
where  he  daily  afltfted  at  the  public  prayers;  promifing  a, 
mighty  reformation,  in  cafe  God  would  deliver  him  from  the 
prefent  danger,  and  re-eftabliih  him  in  his  throne. 

(P)  According  to  Abulghczi  (QJ  Abulgbaxi  Kba*  fays, 

Khan,  the  generals  fummoned  that  he  wen;  for  Kqz<wk,  wiiat 

four  lords,  left  to  command  in  his  fon  Soltan  Roknodiin  cojj- 

that  place   by  Soltan  Moham-  man ded,  with  a  body  of  30,000 

med;  and  that  their  arifwer  was,  men :  and  that,  at  his  approach, 

for  them  to  proceed   in  their  Roknoddin  went  to  meet  oifl, 

purfuit  of  the  Soltan ;  and  that,  with  a  detachment  of  his  troops, 

at  their  return,  they  would  de-  and  conducted  him  into  the  city 

liver  up  the  city  to  them  :  with  with  the  greateft  marks  of  re- 


which  anfwer  the  generals  were    fpeft.  j 

Satisfied. 


fyX 


£.4'  Reign  of  Jenghiz,  Khan,  409 

Bu  r  while  he  flattered  himfelf  with  the  vain  hopes  of  gtfod     A.  D. 
j&fts  from  a  late  repentance,  news  was  brought  him  that     1220. 
he  Mungls,  with  the  Perjian  lord  at  their  head,  were  ap-  L..^-1  ~* 
poaching  the  town.     The  Soltan,  on  this  advice,  abandons  J^m^ 
lis  prayers,  to  provide  for  his  fafety ;  and  had  fcarce  gotten  on  ^ 

xard  the  bark  which  he  had  provided  for  the  purpofe,  when, 
he  enemy  appeared  on  the  fhore  :  and  finding  they  had  miff- 
ed of  their  prey,  endeavoured  in  vain  to  reach  him  with  their 
irrows.  The  miserable  monarch,  overwhelmed  with  affliction, 
ill  ill  of  a  pleurify,  which  obliged  tdm  to  flop  at  an  ifknd 
ailed  Abijk&n  (R),  and  at  length  carried  him  off,  maugre  all 
be  Ml-  of  his  phyflcians.  A  few  days  before  his  death, 
prince  Jalalo'ddtn,  being  informed  that  he  was  in  this  ifland, 
ame  fecretly  thither,  with  two  of  his  brothers*  On  his  ar- 
aval,  the  Soltan  faid  to  him,  "  Prince,  you  are  the  perfon 
'  among  all  my  children  who  are  the  moil  able  to  revenge 
4  me  on  the  Mungls  j  therefore  I  revoke  the  aft  which  I 
4  formerly  made,  at  the  requeft  of  the  queen  my  mother,  in 
c  favour  of  my  fon  Kotbbo'ddtn."  Then  he  appointed  hini 
n  be  his  fucceflbr,  and  commanded  the  other  princes  his 
bns  to  obey  him.  At  the  fame  time  he  gave  him  his  fword, 
tod  fent  him  to  look  after  the  affairs  of  flate.  After  this  he  dUsthr^ 
ntpired,  under  the  covert  of  a  little  tent,  which  had  been  fet 
ip  for  him.  The  firfl  gentleman  of  his  bed-chamber  wafh- 
u  his  body,  and  wrapped  it  in  a  fhirt ;  having  no  other  li- 
len,  to  bury  it.  But  fome  years  after.  Soltan  JalaWddtn  had 
is  bones  taken  up,  and  carried  with  great  pomp  into  the 
brtrefs  tf -^niiAfto. 

CHAP.    IV. 

The  Conqueji  of  Karazm,  Great  BukMria,  and 
Iran  {or  Perfia  at  large),  till  the  Defeat  of 

Soltan  Jalalo'ddln  Mankbcrni. 

THIS  is  the  account  given  by  La  Crwx;  but  Ahffh  Prtgrefi 
gbazi  Kh&n  relates  matters  with  no  fmall  variation,  oftbt 
He  tells  us,  that  the  two  Mungl  generals,  having  left 
M/MMr,  marched  to  the  city  of  Maz&nder&n,  and  having 
arried  it  by  force,  cut  the  throats  of  all  the  inhabitants : 

c  Fadhl.  Nissavi  in  Jala!,  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  232,  8c  fcq. 

(R)  Or  Abojkun :  Abp/gbazi  iJUnd.  It  lies  not  far  from^?«- 
%ha*  calls  it  Abojkun  Kafira,  in-  rabdd,  in  the  fouth-eaft  corner 
lead  of  Jezira,  wltfch  flgnifies    of  the  CaftUn  fea^ 

that 


4io  Hijtory  of  JbtMogidtrMung! Empire.    B.1UJ 

A.  I>.    that  then  they  proceeded  towards  Kafvin,  and  did  the  fite 
rs*o.     to  all  towns  which  refitted,  but  treated  kindly  fcchasfek. 
t^r-^-mj  rutted  :  that  they  paflfed  by  the  towi*  of  Rdn,  where  tfe 
Munglj*-  §01^^  mother  and  youngeft  children  were  (hut  up,  witho* 
******       attacking  it,  becaufe  it  was  very  ftroag  by,  fituatkm,  asi 
appeared  refetved  to  defend  itfelf  vigorously ;  but  that  At 
town  of  RuMn  was  plundered,  and  all  the  inhabitant*  fla% 
for  offering  to  refift :  that  Septan  Mohammed,  on  the  appraad 
of  the  Mungls  to  Kazvin,  refolved  to  retire  to  the  two  4 
Karendar,  but  by  the  way  fell  am^ag  fome  Afungt  trott 
and  narrowly  efcaped  being  made  prifoner,  haying  had  m 
horfe  (hot  nnder  him :-  that,  fome  time  after,  hearing  A 
Mvngls  were  advancing  alfo  to  KaremUr,  he  retired  into  tk 
province  of  GhUdn :  that  the  general,  leaving  fome  troof 
ftbotrt  Karenddr,  purfued  the  Soltan  with  the  reft,  while  fa 
Went  to  IfiadAra,  in  Ghildn,  having  in  his  way  loft  his  hhm| 
tnd  all  his  equipage :  that  from  IftaMra  he  embarked  d 
the  Ktdfum,  or  Caftian  fea,  and  arrived  in  the  ifland  of  Jk 
fithn :  that  being  thus  efcaped,  the  generals  returned,  a 
took  Karekdir,  after  a  very  vigorous  refiftance ;  where  fl 
6oltftna,  wife  of  Mohammed,  and  his  (on  Ktyafo'd&n,  felTi 
*  to  their  hands  :  that  from  thence  they  went  and  took  A 

where  they  found  the  mother  and  children  of  die  Sohft 
whoih  Jenghiz  Khan  caufed  to  be  (lain  on  the  fpot :  hflM 
that,  on  this  alffi&ing  piece  of  news,  Soltan  Mohammed  I 
down  dead ;  and,  for  want  of  things  convenient  to  buryfa 
feonourably,  was  interred  in  his  clothes*.    In  this  account 
matters,  befides  other  variations,  Abfflghtzi  tfib&n  has  joal 
tranfa&ions  together,  which  La  Croix  relates  to  have  ta 
done  in  different  expeditions,  as  the  reader  will  fee  hereafter. 
Kingdom  of    The  Mungl  generals,  who  had  been  in  purfuit  of  bfl 
Karazm.  believing  that  he  had  put  to  fea  with  defign  to  retire  into  d 
tpouotry  of  Karazm,  or  fome  neighbouring  territory,  gfl 
notice  of  his  flight  to  Jenghiz  Khan,  then  at  Samarhrt 
who  thereupon  had  him  fcarched  for  all  over  that  kingdc* 
and  in  every  other  place  where  he  judged  him  likely  9 
found.    After  this  he  (eat  three  of  his  Cons,  Juji,  Oktafit 
Jagatay*  with  a  numerous  army,  to  attack  the  capiol 
Karazm.    This  is  the  country  called  by  the  aacient  Cm 
Kherajhua.   It  has  on  the  weft  the  Caftian  fea ;  on  the  aff 
Turkcjidn ;  on  the  eaft  Great  Bukh&ria,  from  whence  it 
feparcted  by  defarts;  and  on  the  fouth  the  province  of  ^ 
fajf&n,  in  Perfia.     There  is  in  it,  to  the  north,  a  raft  lak 
then  called  the  lake  of  Karazm,  and  at  prefent  Aral  Afr, 

*A2«*LC   p.  X29,&fe^[i 


C.V  Reign  dfJcng\uzk\An> 

He  lake  of  eagles.      The  river  Am&>  called  by  the  Araks 

Jihurt,  which  divided  Great  Bukh&ria  from  Perfia9  ran  into 

jjft ;  and,  after  a  progrefs  of  fifty  or  fixty  leagues  to  the  north- 

|%eft,  parted  into  two  large  branches',  both  whkh,  after  a 

long  courfe  between  the  weft  and  foath,  difcharged  them- 

JHves  into  the  Caffian  fea.     Moft  of  the  cities  and  towns  of 

Bus  kingdom  were  iituated  on  this  great  river,  all  built  of 

brick,  and  fome  very  beautiful,  efpecially  on  the  fouth  fide. 

Thofe  which  were  fartheft  up  in  the  country  were  of  leaft 

nfideration.     The  capifel  city  was  called  Karazm  by  the  Its  capital 

lives,  Korkanj  by  the  Perfia1isy  and  Orkawj,  or  t/rghenj,  by  dtfcribcd* 

\  Mungfs ;  whith  name  it  ftill  retains.     It  ftood  on  the 

th  fide  of  the  moft  northern  of  the  two  branches  of  the 

which,  about  ioo  years  ago,'  forfook  its  amient  cha- 

and  now  falls  into  the  lake  of  eagles.     The  country  of 

tzm,  whofe  name  extended  to  all  the  other  provinces 

ikh  compofed  the  empire  of  Soltan  Mohammed  and  his  pre- 

:eflbrs,  abounded  with  learned  men,  /killed  in  philofopfcy 

ild  the  fciences.     Poetry  reigned  there  :  and  few  oriental 

rere  more  polite  than  the  inhabitants.     They  applied  tfren** 

3ves  much  to  mufic :  or  rather  were  naturally  muficians, 

B  ftiort,  it  became  a  common  faying  over  the  eaft,  with  fe- 

jtfd  to  their  children,  that  they  difcovdred  fomething  of  bar- 

iiony  even  in  their  crying. 

The  Mungl  princes  had  orders  to  march,  without  ftop-  Queen 
;,  to  the  capital  of  Karazm,  and  befiege  it ;   that,  by  Turkhaa 
ng  it,  the  reft  of  the  cities  might  be  ftruck  whh  terror,  Khatun. 
id  the  country  reduced  atone  blow.     They  had  made  vaft 
preparations  for  this  purpofe,  expefting  to  meet  with  a  vigo-       .   • 
tons  refiftance,  as  it  was  the  metropolis  of  the  Karazmian  H^"'  ^f** 
feftpire,  and  the  conftant  refidence  of  the  queen -mother  7wr- 


€221. 


Khatthi,  ever  fince  the  death  of  her  hnfband  Takajb. 

[This  princefs  was  daughter  of  ffawk&Jbi,  a  Ttirki/bking  (A J, 

,  Who  dying  without  ilTue,    his  fubjefts  fubmitted  to  Soltan 

r$fohammed;  who,  by  that  means,  extended  his  empire  far 

among  the  Turks  inhabiting  Tartary.     She  was  a  woman  of  Her  greet* 

fcperior  wit,  and  wrote  finely.     For  thefe  reafons  ftie  had  fvwer% 

dmoft  an  abfolute  authority  in  the  Srftin's  dominions.     She 

took  the  title  of  prote&refs  of  the  faith,  and  of  the  world  ! 

>Hb  diat  *of  the  queen  of  women.     She  prote&ed  the  weak 

againft  the  powerful ;  adminiftered  juftice  impartially ;  and 

examined  matters  with  fuch  application,  that  her  judgments 

were  always  right.   '  She  was  very  charitable  to   the  poor. 

(A)  He  was  probably  KhSn    inhabited  the  eaftcrn  parta  of 
<tfthe£w£«//,  or  &mW,  who    %urlefi&n>  towards  Kofi  gar. 

'But 


4i*  Wjtory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.    B: lit 

A.  D.  Bat  thefe  good  qualities  were  blemUhed  by  her  cruelty.  Shi 
1221.  loved  to  ftied  blood  :  and  when,  on  the  approach  of  the 
i-i-w-«J  Mungls,  flie  refolved  to  quit  the  kingdom,  (he  put  to  dcadl 
twelve  children  of  fovereign  princes,  whom  flie  kept  prifoners|" 
among  whom  was  the  fon  of  Togrul,  the  lad  or  the  &jfafr| 
of  Iran,  whom  Takafb  her  hufband  had  before  put  to  deadk 
She  afterwards  caufed  Omar  Khan  to  be  (lain,  who  condoS-* 
ed  her  to  the  caiUe  of  Eldk,  in  Mazdnderan.  She  hated  Ji 
lalo'ddin,  and  had  even  prevailed  on  her  fon  Mohammed 
disinherit  him,  in  favour#of  his  brother  Kotbbo'ddin,  wl 
Jhe  loved  :  but  when  flie  was  informed  that  he  had  can< 
hid  will,  flie  took  no  more  care  to  flrengthen  Karazm ; 
the  fame  caufe  made  her  refolve  to  abandon  the  country, 
foot}  as  ihe  heard  that  the  Mungls  were  advancing  to1 
it. 

JalaloM-       Her  departure  bred  great  confufion  in  the  capital.    Soma 
dint  mif-  lords  took  on  them  the  government,  in  behalf  of  JaUh9^ 
firtutus.    Mn :  but  by  the  time  that  prince  arrived  there,  the  nu^ 
considerable  perfons  in  the  kingdom  had  formed  a  confpioq 
againft  him,  in  favour  of  Kothbo'ddin.     This  made  the  prism 
retire  from  Karazm,  with  only  300  horfe  out  of  7000,  whoq 
he  had  brought  thither :  yet  with  thefe  few  he  defeated  70 
Mungls y  who  attacked  him  near  Nefa,  in  Khoraff&n\  a*i 
then  took  his  way  to  Nijbab&r,  in  the  fame  province.  Then 
Jalaloddln,  who  had  aflumed  the  name  of  Soltan,  gave  or- 
ders for  railing  an  army;  but  hearing  the  enemies  were  a 
their  march  towards  him,  after  a  month's  flay,  he  left  thl 
city,  in  order  to  avoid  them :  yet  had  the  ill  luck  to  art 
with  two  parties  of  them.   Th?  firft  he  defeated ;  the  h^ 
which  was  more  numerous,  furrounded  him :    and  thoogjk 
he  efcaped  out  of  their  hands,  yet  they  killed   two  of  hi$H 
brothers,  who  were  with  him,  and  almoft  all  his  men.  Bat 
we  fliall  leave  him  for  a  while,  to  attend  the  liege  of  the  Or 
pital  of  Karazm  b.  , 

Karazm         The  Karazmians,  furprifed  at  the  unexpe&ed  approach 
hrvaded.    of  the  Mungl  princes,  the  factions  re-united  for  their  mutual 
fafety,  and  gave  the  management  of  affairs  to  a  lord  of  that 
country,  and  relation  of  the  queen,  named  fflmar  Taktn  (Bj. 
/  As  this  lord  had  no  news  of  their  march,  and  believed  then 

ftill  at  a  great  diftance,  he  had  given  the  inhabitants  leare  ty 

h  La  Croi*,  p.  237,  &  fcq.    Abv'lgh.  p.  118, 

$>)Ab£lgbaziKhd*  calls  him    Firidwri  Gberi :  but  the  chief  j 
fyamar ;  and  gives  him  three    command  to  Kfiamar* 
aiTociates,   Mogul,   Ha  jib  %  and 

»  to 


C*  tegnof  JcnghliKhan. 

let  their  cattle  graze  in  the  meadows  near  the  town ;  which 
Ave  the  van-guard  of  the  Mungls  an  opportunity,  on  their 
Srfvai,  to  furprife  the  greater  part  of  them.   The  Karazmi- 
fcfci,  upon  this,  made  a  faily  with  10,000  men,  and  coming 
ftp  with  the  enemy,  who  retired  leifurely  towards  a  garden 
ging  to  the  city,  attacked  them  brifldy :  but  when  they 
To  far  engaged  as  not  to  be  able  to  get  back,  thcMungl 
ps,  who  were  placed  in  ambufh  on  both  fides  of  that 
coming  out  of  their  concealment,  fell  upon  them  in 
rear;  while  the  reft  charged  them  in  front  fo  vigorously, 
tt  Scarce  one  hundred  of  them  efcaped  the  Slaughter.    Af~ 
this,  the  Mungls  marched  as  far  as  the  fuburbs  of  the 
\  where  they  put  to  the  fword  all  .they  found  in  arms: 
after  plundering,  fet  fire  to  it.*  Next  day  the  whole 
y  came  before  the  place,  and  laid  fiege  to  it  in  form. 
As  there  was  no  fear  of  any  army  coming  to  relieve  the  Its  t*piul 
they  made  no  intrenchments  or  lines.    When  all  things  tttacui* 
ready  for  an  attack,  the  princes  fent  to  fummon  the  go- 
to furrender ;  and  let  him  know  that,  if  he  refuted, 
was  to  expert  no  quarter.    This  menace  having  no  effeft 
Hfmar  Takin,  the  Mungls  made  a  general  aflault,  which 
fufbrined  by  the  >beSieged  with  equal  bravery.    The  very 
en  did  the  duty  of  foldiers ;  and  not  only  affifted  thofe 
defended  the  walls,  but,  mounting  on  horfeback,  put 
felves  among  the  troops  which  Tallied  forth :  for  the  wo- 
rn thole  countries  can  ride   and  draw  the  bow,  as 
as  the  taen.     The  Mungls  y  though  frill  repulfed,  never 
*  repeating  their  afiaults,  till  at  length  they  fell  Short  of 
to  fupply  the  engines;  and  were  forced  to  batter  the 
with  the  trunks  of  mulberry  trees,  cut  in  pieces* 
The  princes,  believing  this  place  would  be  as  eafy  to  take  Brm*fy 

I  they  found  others,  to  fave  time  and  labour,  neglefted  to  defended, 
up  the  ditches,  which  now  they  few  there  was  a  necef- 
•  of  doing :  but  as  they  were  filled  with  water  from  the 
;  this  could  not  be  done  without  diverting  the  ftream,  by 
of  a  canal.  The  fiege  had  now  lafted  feven  months, 
they  begun  this  work  with  3000  men ;  and  had  made 
*  considerable  progrefs,  when  one  night  the  befieged  making 
Kally,  cut  them  almoft  all  to  pieces.  However,  the  canal 
Pas  at  length  finished  ;  and  the  river  being  turned  into  it,  the 
feh  was  foon  filled  up  with  earth,  ftraw,  and  faggots,  in 
fcite  of  all  opposition  (C).   This  obftruftion  being  removed, 

(C)  According  to  Abulgbaxi  did  not  accomplifti  their  defign ; 
BAr,  their  defign  in  turning  the*  3000  foldiers,  employed  in 
jff  the  river  was  to  cut  oflF  the  that  work,  having  been  cut  off 
titer  of  the  befieged  :  but  they    to  a  man. 

the 


Hiftory  of  the  Mogul  or  MungI  Empire.     B.  lit 

appearing  to  fuccour  them,  the  Mungls  (formed  and  took  the 
city ;  with  a  moft  cruel  butchery  of  all  the  garrifon  and  inha- 
1  bitants,  excepting  fome  young  people  referred  for  flavery. 
Some  lay,  all  were  maflacred,  excepting  one  old  woman,  who 
offered  a  great  pearl  to  fare  her  life.  Being  aflced,  where  the 
pearl  was  ?  and  telling  them,  (he  had  fwallowed  it,  they  rip* 
ped  her  up  >  and,  finding  it,  opened  the  bellies  of  all  the  reft 
whom  they  had  (lain,  in  expectation  of  finding  jewels.  The 
Grand  Khan  caufed  the  town  to  be  razed,  and  then  went 
into  winter-quarters.  Among  the  towns  which  had  fubmh- 
ted  on  this  fide  were  thofe  of  Langherta,  Samanda,  and  B* 
dakfbdn.  The  two  fird,  (hewing  a  regret  for  what  they  had 
done,  were  plundered,  and  very  ill  treated,  by  the  ravaging 
Tatars :  but  the  laft  city  was  only  dripped  of  its  wealth ; 
confiding  chiefly  in  hyacinths  and  rubies,  with  which  the 
hills  in  its  territory  abound.  They  likewife  produce  fine 
azure,  good  bezoar,  and  excellent  chryftal  of  the  ead  *• 
'Jfatrs  of  Before  the  army  went  into  winter-quarters,  JengMz  Khan 
Khoraf-  ^cnt  a  detachment  of  20,000  of  his  bed  troops  to  Hubbe  itir- 
fia.  vian  and  Suida  Behadr,  for  the  enfuing  year.     The  two  ge- 

nerals were  on  the  northern  borders  of  Khorafan  when  they 
received  their  matter's  orders  :  but,  not  to  be  idle  while  the 
expected  fupplies  were  on  the  road,  they  divided  their  troops; 
Hubbe  marching  towards  MazanderAn,  and  Suida  directing 
his  courfe  to  Helvds.  After  they  had  ravaged  thofe  countries, 
they  returned  to  Kboraffan,  where  Aynanje  Khan,  one  of 
Soltan  Mohammed's  officers,  with  fome  troops,  gave*  the 
Mungls  much  uneafinefs.  Suida  drove  to  force  him  to  fight; 
which,  at  lad,  he  eflefted ;  but  was  defeated.  The  Moham- 
medan lord,  in  the  purfuit,  meeting,  near  Nak  Shivan,  with 
a  brigade  of  Tatars,  who  were  retiring  into  that  place,  feM 
on,  and  drove  them  into  the  ditch,  where  they  were  iS 
drowned.  After  this,  being  joined  by  other  diibanded  troops, 
he  levied  contributions,  and  with  the  tax-money  of  Nifs 
.  provided  for  his  little  army :  but  retired  to  the  mountains,  on 
the  arrival  of  the  expefted  reihfbroements,  which  were  com- 
manded by  two  NevianSy  Jaffer  and  tka>  each  at  the  head 
of  a  Toman ;  who  had  orders,  in  the  firft  place,  to  reduce 
Nefa,  as  it  was  a  hindrance  to  the  conqued  of  Khorajf&n. 
Kcb  NESA,  or  Ntfa  (D),  was  fituate.  on  the  borders  of  the 

defart  towards  Karazm:  it  had,  in  times  pad,  ferved  as  1 

4  Fadlal.  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  257,  &  feq.     Abu'lch.  p.  121, 
tc  feq. 

(D)  Abitlghaxi  Khan  calls  it     name  of  Little  Damashu,   for 
Nafay.\    It  -went  alfo  by  the    its  agreeable  fituation. 

frontier 


fi^ntkr  between  the  tiirh  and  Perfians:    Soltdn  Mohmfried,    A.  D. 
after  taking  this  city  from  the  children  of  Nafr'additiy  its  fo-     mm. 
vereign  pr'rnee,  caufed  the  citadel  to  be  demolifhed  :  but  af-  %»iV"*W 
towards  permitted  the  inhabitants  to  rebuild  it :  and,  it  be- 
fog  a  well-fortified  place,  they  hoped  to  hold  it  out  long. 
When  the  Mungls  had  inverted  thte  city,  they  fent  to  offer 
Very  reafonable  terms  to  the  governor :  but  during  the  treaty 
feme  Karazmians  imprudently  (hot  "at  the  befiegers;  and, 
having  (lain  Balkiifh,  their  lieutenant-general,  they  refolved 
40  revenge  his  death.     They  battered  the  walls  with  twenty 
great  engines ;  and  in  their  approaches  made  their  Haves  go 
More,  carrying  on  their  backs  pieces  of  wood  covered  wijh 
raw  hides,   to  avoid  the  wild-fire  of  the  defendants,  who 
made  a  vigorous  refiftance.     As  they  purfued  their  aflaults 
day  and  night,  after  fifteen  days  fiege,  they  made  a  breach ; 
which  the  inhabitants  not  being  able  to  repair,  they,  in  the 
right,  feized  the  walls,  and  became  mailers  of-jhe  place. 
Next  day  they  ordered  them,  as  ufual,  to  turn  ofrt  into  the  its  inba. 
plain;   where,  furrounding  them,  they  ftiot  at  than  with  bitantt 
darts  and  arrows,  like  beafts  in  a  chace.    Thus  all  were/*™* 
flain,   natives,   ftrangers,  and  peafants,   retired  thither  for 
ftfety,  to  the  number  of  70,000.     Shah&bo'ddtn,  one  of  the 
Soltan's  minifters  of  ftate,  and  his  fon,  who  had  taken  (hel- 
ter  there,  with  their  treafure,  were  brought  in  chains  before 
the  Nevidns ;   who,  having  emptied  their  coffers,  ordered 
their  hands  to  be  fmitten  off. 

Thue£  days  after,  they  went  and  befieged  the  citadel  of  ELaendar 
Kaendar  (E).  This  place  was  accounted  the  ftrongeft  in  aU/ortre/sbg^ 
Khoraff&n,  and  was  in  the  road  from  Nefa  to  Nijbteiir.  tefi'l'd. 
i  Was  governed  by  Mebemed  NiJAvi  (F),  to  whom  it  proper- 
'.fy  belonged :  and  hither  was  retired  Nezdmo'ddtn,  one  of  the 
greateft  lords  of  the  country,  with  all  his  treafure.  This 
nobleman,  three  days  before  the  arrival  of  the  enemy,  talk- 
ing to  the  governor  about  the  place,  which  he  deemed  im- 
pregnable on  account  of  its  Situation,  faid  to  him,  we  will 
'wait  the  Tatars  coming  here :  but  when  he  faw  they  attacked 
it  on  the  weakeft  fide,  was  fo  affrighted,  that  he  defired  M- 
favi  to  let  him  down  with  ropes  into  the  plain,  and  had  the 
good  luck  to  efcape.  The  Mungls  battered  this  .citadel  a 
low?  time  :  but  the  befieged  made  fo  brave  a  defence,  thai 
the  general,  defpairing  to  take  it  with  the  troops  he  had  with 
km,  offered  toraijfe  t^e  iUge,  jjp  lieu  of  clothes,  and  other 

(E)  The  fame,  daubtlefs,  -  (FJ  Author  of  the  life  of 
with  Karendar'  mentioned  by  Soltan  Jvldlodjin,  9/te.n  cited 
AhulghaxXKban.     -       *  fo  th;s  hiltory.  ;    , 

-  Mod.  Hist.  VoL  IV.  Ee  things, 


4i6  HiJl*ryofibeMog$&Mv^Empirt.t  B.III, 

A-D*    things,  which  his  foldiers  flood  in  need  of.    This  the  go 

I22i.    vernor  thought  proper  to  comply  with;  but  the  difficulty 

sJ^V^^was  to  find  officers,  who  would  venture  to  accompany  the 

bearers  of  the  prefents ;  believing,   that   the  enemy  were 

cruel  enough  to  revenge  on  them  the  fhameful  retreat  thej 

law  themfelves  obliged  to  make.    After  many  had  refafed  the 

employment,  two  venerable  old  men  undertook  it ;  but  had 

no  fooner  difcharged  their  commiffion,  than  the  Mungh  wot 

really  fb  bafe,  fays  our  author,  as  to  imbrue  their  hands  in 

their  Wood  (G).    At  laft  the  two  Neyians  raifed  the  fiqc, 

and  ravaged  the  country e. 

Damegin   ,  After  this,  Suida  came  to  meet  them,  and  all  three  vest 

ikftrttdz    to  join  Hubbe  Nevian,  who  was  upon  another  expedition. 

They  marched  by  the  defart,  and  other  roads,  to  attack  Dome- 

g&n,  the  capital  of  Kumas :  a  confiderable  city,  fituated  in  a 

vaft  plain,  waflied  by  many  ftreams  of  rock-water,  for  their 

excellency  called  the  waters  of  Kbo/raw,  or  Kofroes;  be-' 

caufe  thatcking  had  them  conveyed  by  fine  aquedufts  into  the 

town,  and  would  never  drink  of  any  other.     Finding  Dam* 

gdn  quite  deferted  by  the  inhabitants,  who  with  their  bed 

cffe&s  had  fled  to  the  woods  and  mountains,  and  nothing 

left  to  content  their  avarice,  they  marched,  and  fat  down  be* 

fore  Jmol  (H) ;  which  they  took,  as  alfo  feveral  other  towns 

in  the  eaftern  Tabare/idn, 

fann.  HUBBE  Nevian,  in  the  expedition  above-mentioned,  ac- 

ikred,        quired  no  lefs  reputation  than  the  other  generals.    He  not 

»-  *  only  reduced  all  the  Weftern  Tabareflan,  which  is  called  Ms- 

%  zAnierAn ;  but  even  feized  on  the  queen  mother,  Turkbk 

Khdtun,  who  had  retired  thither,  with  her  immenfe  riches. 

As  Jenghiz  Khhn  had  fpies  or  correfpondents  in  every  part  of 

the  Karazmian  empire, .  he  learned  by  one  of  them,  that 

ihe  wa$  lodged  in  die  fortrefs  of  Ml  (I),  and  immediately 

.lent  a  courier  to  acquaint  Hubbe  with  the  news;  ordering 

him  to  run  all  hazards  to  take  that  place.     The  general  had 

•for  three  months  battered  it  in  vain :  when  JcngMz  Kbk, 

.    *  Nissavi  in  Jalal.  ap.  La  Croix,  268.    Abu'lch.  p.  nu 
&feq. 

(G)  We  fiiall  not  difpute  this  in  it  the  Soltan's  wife  and  fon. 

fad,  although  Nif&vi  was  great-  as  before  has  been  mentioned, 
lyprejodicedagainft  the  Af*ȣ/r,         (H)  A  city  of  Mazawdtrh, 

an  behalf  of  his  matter  60 1  tan  near  the  borders  ofGbtlan,  tad 

Jololoddiu :  but  however  that  about  one  day's  journey  from 

be,  we  may  depend  upon  it,  the  Coftian  fea. 
that  the  place  was  not  taken,        (I)  Mulgbixi  Khi*  calls  it 

as AU7lgh&xiKMn relates;  and  Ui*. 

-    ' :  •.  ...  *to 


£.4*  Reign  of  Jenghte  Kh*n. 

who  was  informed  how  things  flood,  judging  that  it  might 
te  more  eafily  reduced  by  famine,  ordered  him  to  build  a 
ftrong  wail  without  his  lines,  whofe  gates  fhould  be  kept ' 
(hut  in  the  night ;  and  to  guard  all  places  ftriftly,  that  the 
befieged  might  receive  no  fuccours.     This  was  done  accord- 
ingly :  and,  although  the  governor  had  no  thoughts  of  yield- 
ing, and  pretended  that  he  ftood  in  need  of  nothing ;  yet  in /or  'want 
three  weeks  more,  provifions  having  intirely  failed,  and  many  of  water. 
of  the  garrifon,  as  well  as  inhabitants,  being  already  dead,  for 
want  of  water,  the  queen  was  forced  to  capitulate. 

This  want  of  water  pafled  in  the  country  for  a  miracle: 
for  although  there  were  neither  wells  in  the  town,  nor  rivers 
in  the  neighbourhood-,  yet  it  was  fituate  in  fo  rainy  a  climate, 
rain  Ming  there  every  day,  that  it  had  never  been  in  want 
rf  water  before.  As  therefore  it  bad  not  rained  one  drop 
during  the  whole  fiege,  the  inhabitants  concluded  it  a  judg- 
mcnt  to  punifti  Turkh&n  Kh&tun  for  having  unjuftly  put 
to  death  10  many  kings  and  princes  (K).  What  confirmed 
them  in  their  opinion  was,  that  the  place  was  no  fooner  fur* 
rendered,  but  there  fell  fuch  abundance  of  rain  that  the  ftrcets 
were  overflowed. 

HUB  BE  Nevi&n,  knowing  the  extremities  to  which  774/,  Queen  mo. 
was  reduced,  would  not  grant  any  thing  to  the  queen  more  tberfeixed. 
than  her  life.     So  foon  as  the  Mungh  took  pofleffion  of  the 
place,  they  feized  her  treafure,  and  treated  her  as  a  captive. 
She  was  fent  to  Jenghtz  Kh&n>  under  a  ftrong  guard,  with 
her  women,  grandchildren,  and  all  the  lords  who  had  re- 
tired with  her  into  the  fortrefs.     She  facrificed  herfelf  to  the 
hatred  (he  bore  Soltan  Jal&lo'ddtn.     Inftead  of  defiring  fuc- 
cefs  to  his  arms,  fhe  did  nothing  but  wiih  all  forts  of  mif- 
fortunes  might  attend  him :  and,  although  (he  might  have 
fcfely  retired  under  his  proteftion,   fome  days  beffcre  the* 
place  was  befiged  ;  yet,  inflexible  to  all  arguments,  /he  pro-  * 
fcfted  that  the  loweft  condition,  and  inoft  rigorous  treat- 
ment from  the  Mungh,  would  be  more  agreeable  to  her, 
than  all  the  marks  of  friendfhip  fhe  could  receive  from  the 
fon  of  Ayjeak,  her  mortal  enemy.     Such  were  the  fentiments 
of  this  implacable  grandmother  \  and  the  treatment  fhe  met 
with  was  fuch  as  her  malice  and  bloody  difpofition  deferved  : 
for  Jenghtz  Kh&n  had  her  fometimes  brought  into  his  pre-  Her  cruel- 
fence  when  at  table,  and  threw  her  fcraps  of  meat  he  had  tj  punijb- 
eaten  of,  as  if  fhe  had  been  a  dog.    They  put  to  death  her  <d- 

(K)    Hence,    according    to     Ndfrtfddin  to  go  to  the  Mungl 
Aulgbdxi  Khdri>    the  irthabi-    camp,  and  capitulate  for  them, 
tuts  obliged   their  governor 

E  e  2  great 


L 


420  Hiftory  rf  the  Mogul  tr  MuAgl  Empire.    B. ]ft 

A.  D.    great  grandchildren,  before  (he  arrived  at  court,  and  Wt 

121!.     only  the  youngeft  alive  to  comfort  her.   Nor  did  that  comfort 

V*rv""-'  remain  with  her  long  :  for  one  day,  as  flie  was  combing  Ms 

head,  a  perfon  came  and  fnatched  him  from  her  arms.  This, 

(he  £ajd,  was  the  molt  fenfible  lofs  ihe  had  till  then  felt,  ani 

her  gyief  was  indeed  moft  bitter.     The  young  princefles,  her 

great  grand-daughters,  were  not  fo  unfortunate :  for,  art 

only  their  lives  were  fpared,  but  they  were  married  xaMnql 

lords  of  the  firft  rank.    Nay,  prince  Tttftn  (or  Jigi)  Un- 

felf  efpoufed  Khhn  Soft  Ana,  who  had  before  been  married  to 

'  Ozm&n  Kh&riy  prince  of  Samarkant.     Such  was  the  fate  of 

this  once  great  queen ;  who  was-  led,  as  in  triumph,  fane 

years  after  (L),  through  the  dune  countries  where  fhe  had 

governed. 

Ray  After  Hubbe  Neviin  had  left  the  fortrefs  of  M%  he 

ttkttt.       went  dire&ly  to  Ray%  or  Rey  (the  antient  Ragan,  or  R*ga}> 

where  Suida,  and  the  other  two  commanders,  came  to  join 

him  from  Khoraffan  ;  of  which  they  had  reduced  all  the  nor* 

and  weft  par*,  excepting  Ni/bAb4r ;  for  the  place,  according 

to  the  capitulations  granted  them  by  the  two  generals,  it* 

mained  quiet,  till  Soltan  Jal&lo'ddin  took  (helter  there. 

The  city  of  Rey  feemed  able  to  make  a  vigorous  deface: 
but  the  Mungis  took  it  with  a  great  deal  of  eafe,  by  meam 
of  the  diflention,  on  account  of  religion,  which  fubfifted 
,  among  the  inhabitants  :  for,  being  divided  into  two  faftioos, 
one  of  which  followed  the  doctrines  of  AbA  Hanifab,  snA 
the  other  thofe  of  Shtfay  (M),  the  Kazi  of  the  city,  who 
was  of  the  laft  party,  went  with  the  chief  perfons  of  Ui 
feci,  and  offered  Hubbe  the  place,  in  the  name  of  die  Sk- 
fays :  who  delivered  him  two  gated,  by  which  the  Miagb 
entered.  The  other  party,  who  had  fortified  themfthes* 
made  fome  refinance,  more  out  of  hatred  to  the  Sbafays,  tha 
to  the  Mungis  themfelves.  But  the  general  forced  them  » 
yield,  and,  induced  by  the  ill  opinion  which  the  Kazi  hi 
created  in  him  of  the  Abu  Hani  fa  feci,  put  them  aknoft  id 
to  death  (N).  So  that  not  above  one  half  of  the  khftbttuB 
of  Rey  were  left  alive. 
Koin  HUBBE  and  Suida  remained  for  forae  time  at  Rey*  ifr 

takin.       vited  by  die  beauty  of  that  city,  which  was  one  of  the  few 

(L)  Alnlghfai  Khan  writes,  who  were  heads  of  tie  ortb- 

that  Jaigbtz  Kbun  ordered  her  do*  feels  ajhong  the  Mwtmm 

and    all    her   great    grandchil-  dans. 

dren  to  be  flain,   as  foo*  as        (N)    At  which,    no  doubt, 

they  arrived  in  his  camp.  their  charitable    brethren  tk 

(M)  Two  of  the  four  do&ors  SJbdfap  or  Sbafrjs  icjoked. 

mofi 


C.4^      ...    i?^*i?/JrtJghkKh4n, 

moA  confiderable  in  all  IrAk\  the  three  others  being  )FIam*- 
ddn,  Kom>  and  Ifp&htn*     So  foon  as  the  feafon  permitted  to 
take  this  field,  they  ag*in  parted  :   Hubbe  marched  towards 
JfamadAa,  and  Suida  towards  Kaxvin.     The  firfl  being  ?r- 
•rived  at  Komy  which  he  topk  in  his  way,   and  is  twenty 
leagues  diftant,  fummoned  the  inhabitants  to  furrender  :  but  Religious 
although  they  did  not  fubmit  to  it,  yet  they  made  fo  little  malice. 
refi/Unce,  that  they  feemed  iatitled  to  the  mercy  granted  to 
j>laccs  which  opened  their  gptes.    But  the  deputies  of  the  Sbd- 
Jays,  hearing  an  implacable  hatred  to  the  Hanffahs,  whom  they 
iadlRafezi,  dr  heretic^,  told  Huff  be  Nevifn,  whom  they  always 
accompanied,  becaufe  he  flinch  confided  in  thein,  that  the 
people  of  Kern  were  very  mutinous ;  adding,  it  was  no  wonder, 
Aace  they  followed  the  doctrines  of  Ab4  Hantfab.     In  fhort, 
they  fo  incenfcd  him  ^gainft  them;  that,  under  pretence  one 
oi  his  orders  had  not  beep  well  obferved,  he  caufed  the 
greater  port  of  them  to  be  killed,  or  carried  away  (laves. 
■    HUB  BE  &  few  days  after  marched  for  Hamadan,  and  Hamadaa 
made  great  preparations -to  befiege  it:  but,  when  all  things  »akes 
were  ready  to  ftorm  the  place,  he,  all  of  a  fudden,  clapped  Peaci* 
up  a  peace  with  Majedo'ddint  who  commanded  there.     The 
army  was  the  more  furprifed  at  thi$,  becaufe  the  inhabitants 
had  appeared  more  infolent  than  others  who  had  not  beefi 
pardoned,  and  even  committed  fpme  outrages  againit  thp 
Miugls. '  The  general's  enemies  reported,  that  he  had*  been- 
corrupted ;  but  his  friends  maintained,  that  he  had  only  fal- 
lowed the  orders  of  JenghH  KhAn.     Hamad  An  (O)  is  fifiy 
leagues  diftant  from  Kom.    It  was  a  great  and  populous  city, 
tad  had  often  been  the  abode  of  kings.     It  had  very  ftroag 
vails,  and  a  good  caftlc,  which  is  npw  in  ruins.     Its  beauty 
it  prefent  coniifts  in  its  gardens  and  fountains ;  which  take 
their  rife  from  the  mountain  Alwend,  not  far  diftant,  anjl 
abounding  with  iooo  fpring*,  :  ^.  ~>  ,% 

,  From  hence  Hubbe  led  his  troops  to  reduce  other  parts  of  Other, 
lrhk\  and,  in  a  fhort  time^  made  himfelf  matter  of  Diner  cities  re*' 
i»*r\  or  Dayn&r9  Swan,  Hoht&n,  Nahawend,  and  feveraj  duced. 
other  cities  in  that  province :   by  which  coaquefts  he  ac* 
paired  much  riches.    As  for  §uida  Babadr,  who  was  gojyt 
to  befige  Kaseutn,  which  is  fituate  between  Bey  and  Akher^ 
on  the  confines  of  GbilM  and  Mazan&ran,  he  cafriedit  Jjjf 
ftorm,  and  put  to  the  fword  50,000  perfpns  in  this  ci*^ 

(O)  Jt  is  the  Ematbp  qf  t>p.  Tauris.    [^bulfeda  affirms  it  .t(J 

Old  Teftament,  and  the  Ekba-  beE&batana;  and  its  name  bears 

t«na  qf  the  Gre$ks\    although  affinity  with  Ematha>  or  A^a- 

•>>  raoft  geograghers  held  tone  tba. 

Ee  3  Deylem, 


42*  Hiftory  ef  the  Mogul  irVbm^Empki.    B.H 

A.D.     Deylem,  and  other  neighbouring  countries.    All  thefe  ape* 
*  1 22 1 .     ditions  were  performed  in  the  year  of  the  Hejrab  618 f. 
v^-v— '      Mean  while  JenghizKh&n,  after  the  taking  of  Termed,  to 
Hcj  618.  fcgep  his  foldiers  in  aftion  during  the  winter,  ordered  a  great 
A'  ^*     hunting  to  be  performed  in  the  plains  of  that  city.    The 
G  XZZ]d     kuntfmee  having  marked  the.outward  circle,  which  is  called 
bunting      Nerke,  the*  feveral  officers  with  their  troops  took  their  pofb 
*      roun4  it.     Then,  at  the  found  of  martial  inftruments,  they 
all  fet  forward  at  once,  moving  towards  the  centre,  driving 
the  beaft  before  them,  which  happened  to  be  within  the 
inclofed   fpace :    but  it  was  forbidden  to  kill  or  wound 
any  animal,  whatever  violence  it  offered  them.    At  night 
they  incamped,  with  all  thfc  order  obferved  in  war.    Thn$ 
'they  marched  for  fome  weeks ;  when  the  beafts,  finding  them* 
(elves  prefled  by  the  circle  contracting,  rah  for  fhelter  among 
the  mountains  and  for  efts ;  from  whence  they  foon  after  fled 
on  fcent  of  the  hunters,  who  opened  the  very  burrows  with 
fpades,  or  fent  in  ferrets,  to  diflodge  the  animals.    But,  die 
compafs  of  the  ground  (till  growing  lefs  and  lefs,  the  beafts, 
for  want  of  room,  began  to  mix  with  one  another ;  and,  be- 
coming furious,  leaped  on  the  weakeft,   and  tore  them  to 
pieces.     Nor  was  it  without  great  toil  and  difficulty  that  the 
foldiers  could  drive  them  forward  with  their  fhouts.   At 
length,  when  the  troops  were  arrived  at  the  inner  circle, 
.  ^called  Jerk9  which  inclofed  a  finall  fpot  of  ground  where  all 
the  animals  might  be  feen  together,    the  drums,  timbrels, 
and  other  inftruments,  were  ordered  to  ftrike  up  at  once: 
the  found  of  which  joined  to  the  /houts  and  cries  of  the 
hunters,  fo  affrighted  them,  that  they  loft  all  their  fiercends; 
the  Cons  and  tigers  grew  tame  as  lambs ;  the  bears  and  wild 
boars,  like  the  moft  timorous  creatures,  feemed  dejefted  and 
amazed. 
«*Ter-         The  Grand  Khan,    attended  by  his  fons  and  principal 
officers,    fir  ft  entered  tht  Jerk  with  his  fword  and  bo*, 
and  began  the  flaughter  by  ftriking  the  fierceft  beafts;  fome 
of  which  became  furious,  and  endeavoured  to  defend  their 
lives.     Then  retiring  to  an  eminence,  where  a  throne  vat 
ftt  for  him,  he  beheld  the  attack;  in  which  none  avoided 
danger,  or  gave  back,  let  the  event  be  what  it  would.    Whea 
the  princes  and  lords  had  given  fufficient  proof  of  their 
courage  and  agility,  the  young  foldiers  entered  the  circle, 
and  made  great  havock  among  the  poor  beafts.    At  laft  the 
Khan's  grandfons,  attended  by  feveral  young  lords,  approach- 

*'fr  FADrtu'ap.'lia  Croix,  pi  27J,  &  feq,     AiTulgh.  p.  13a 
&  feqv  

«:*      •  '"  jl  '    v  fog 


C,*4«  ^i|»<?/JeflfehizKhan.  421 

mg  the  throne,  intreated  him,  in  a  fpecch,  to  give  thole  which    A.  D. 
remained  their  lives  and  liberty ;  which  grace  he  granted,  and     *  ***  • 
then  fent  back  *his  troops  to  quarters,  after  the  cfaace  had *    "V"^ 
continued  four  months.  < 

In  the  end' of  March,  Jengbtz  Khan  broke  up  his  camp;  Balk*#-. 
and,   pafling  the  Amu,  marched •  in  hafte  towards  Balk*  ifoi't 
againft  which  he  had  taken  great  difguft,  for  giving  (belter 
to  Soltan  Jal&k'ddin  ;  who  from  thence  infefted  the  Mungls  ■ 
with  his  troops,  while  employed  in  reducing  great  Bvkharla. 
The  inhabitants,  unwilling  to  hazard  a  ficge,  determined  to 
furrender  ?  and  the  great  lords  of  the  country,  who  had  re- 
tired  thither,  Went  with  the  dty  officers  to  meet  Jengbtz, 
Khan,  carrying  with  them  an  immenfe  quantity  of  rich  pre- 
fents.    But  he  rejected  their  offers ;  and  (aid,  thofe  people,  who 
had  fo  kindly  received  ;his  enemy,  could  not  have  a  fincere 
fnendfhip  for  him.    On  this  occafion  he  mentioned  the  troops, 
they  had  raifed.for  him,  and  fums  advanced  to  pay  them; 
with  many  other  inftances  of  their  attachment  to  his  interefl. 
Then,  reproaching  them,  faid,  "  ought  not  you  to  blufh  with 
*"  ihame,  for  having  fo  little  love  for  your  natural  prince,* 
"  and  fo  little  averfion  to  the  tyrants  who  have  put  him  in. 
•f  irons  ?  Is  it  thus  you  ought  to.  treat  thofe  who,  after  hav-      •     .-  T 
"  ing  (tripped  Qmddo'dt&n,  your  fovereign,  of  his  kingdoms,  v    « 

11  have  cruelly  put, him  and  his  fon  to  death  in 

Mean  time  the  Mungl  army  marched  to  the  city;  and  and tab** 
the  inhabitants,   knowing  it  had  been  agreed  to  open  the 
gates,   fuffered  the  van-guard  to  enter,  without  refiftance. 
They  were  all  ordered  forthwith  to  go  forth  into  the  plain ; 
where,  the  young  people  fit  for  flaves  being  fet  apart,  the 
greater  part  of  the  old  men  were  beheaded  (P) .    After  which 
the  city  was  plundered,    and  the  walls  demoliflied.     The 
Mungls  were  greatly  enriched  by  the  fpoil  of  Bilk ;  for  it  had 
always  been  a  place  of  much  trade..    Moreover,  it  was  full 
of  monuments,  of  exquifite  workman(hip,   and  all  things, 
whkh  could  ferve  to  adorn  fo  great  a  city  ;  having  been  the 
abode  of  many  perfon9  famous  in  all  arts*     The  public  ' 
buildings  were  fpacious  and  regular,  the  karawanferays  or  inns,  ^ 

the  mofques,  and  colleges,  very  magnificent.     There  were  .,..„.. 

beckoned  to  be  1 200  temples,  befides  (mail  chapels,  and  200  . 
(QJ  public  baths,  for  foreign  merchants,  and  other  ftrangers* 

BALK- 

*  La  Croix,  p.  260,  Sc  fcq. 

(?)  According  to  Abulghdxi  and  all  the  inhabitants  pat  to 

Kb*u%  Balk  was  taken  by  fto/m,  the  fword. 

though  without  much  difficulty;  v  (  QJ  Thus  Abuylgbax*Kha*u 

J*  j  Ee\f  but 


'4*4  Hijlory  of  tU  Mogul  t?r:  Mungl  Empire.     B.  Ill 

A.  D.         BALJCis  fituaee  eight  leagues,  diftant  from  the  mer  Ju 
\it\.     Mn,  orJmAy  and  four  from  die  mountains;  in  a  taaft  forth 
***V  mJ  plain,  planted  with  fugar  canes  and  limon- trees.    Its  fubvrhs 
W>$  city      were  watered  by  the  river  Dahak,  which.  faUs  into  the  Ami, 
defefibei.    aboUt  twelve  leagues  from  the  city ; .  at  prefent  one  of  the  ^ 
three  capitals  of  the  Uzbek  Tatars  inhabiting  Great  BtMath : 
although  Bilk  properly  belongs  to  Kbwafitoi  tie  adjoining 
province  of  Irdn,  or  Perjia  at  large. 
Talk*  Afteh  JtnglAz  Kh&n  had  thus  reduced  BAJk,  he  felt  la 

han,  its      fop  ^*  C01*  Tavjlayjy  with  an-  army*  of  fourfcore  thoafat 
jlrtngth.     men,  into  Perfia,  to  purfue  Soltin  Jai&lo'ddtit,  and  another 
large  detachment  towards  /jzifia  v  thbn  marched  himfelf  » 
befiege  Talkhdn ;  a  place  extremely  ftrong  by  its  fituatioo, 
and  dependant  on  Tokh&rejt&n*  •  It  waaJItuated  towards  Mori, 
in  Kharaff&h,  which  Tuli  was  ordered  to  befiege.     The  city 
formerly  had  been  very  flaurtfhing  :  but  there  remained  »* 
thing  of  it  then  except  the  citadel ;  which  being  very  faijft 
they  gave  it  the  title  of  a  city*  or  fortrefs.     It  flood  on  thr 
top  of  the  mountain  NekreHby  br  thejitim  mountain,  fran 
the  mines  of  that  metal  which  it  contained  ;  and  was  bo2t 
by  a  prince  of  Ttkh&reft&n. 
"Btfieged,        Besides  the  natural  ftrength  of  the  place,  the  garrifar  | 
and,  were  "provided  with  all  forts  of  Acnes,  and  provifipns  for  t 

long  liege:  whereas  the  Mimgls.haA  ndfljer  ground  nor  i 
trenches  to  (belter  them  %  making  ofe  of  blinds  to  ward-off  die 
darts  and  wild-fire.  The  befieged  Jcilled  fo  great  a  number  rf 
them,  that  the  Khan  repenssd  his  having  meddled  with  ddr  | 
place ;  yet,  not  able  to  bear  a  difappointment,  and  foanog» 
through  Ids  loffes,  that  he  had  not  troops  enough  to  redo*  : 
it ;  he  feat  couriers  for  TuH  to  retnrn  forthwith,  nmkr 
pretence  of  the  exceffive  heats.  Mean  time  he  let  his  army 
reft  for  fome  weeks,  and  then  ordered  the  rocks  to  be  fatal 
on  all  fides,  by  means  of  grapling-irons,  long  nails,  hoofo, 
ladders,  and  ropes;  in  order  To  oblige  the  befieged  to  divide 
their  forces*  The  MungU  made  feveral  attempts  to  get  oft 
in  which  they  were  fruftrated  by  the  watchful  garrifon,  vte 
ai  hngtk,  killed  great  numbers  of  them  :  yet  were  they  fupported  h 
lakm*  mounting  the  ladders  with  fo  many  engines,  that  at  length 
a  good  body  of  them  got  together  on  the  top  of  the  mom-' 
tain*  This  fo  dftonifhed  the  befieged,  that,  running  haftfy 
'  to  repulfe  them,*  they  imprudently  left  fome  potts  unguard- 
ed; which  the  Mungls  immediately  feized,  and  entered  tic 
town.     The  garrifon,  returning  in  confufion  to  drive  them 

but  La  Crcixy  who  mentions    fays,  there  were  is oo  baths, 
not  the  number  of  mofejucs, 

001  ■ 


£4-  Rtigfi  of  JtngtozKhln. 

Hit  again,  were  overpowered  and  put  to  the  (word  by  their 
troogcr  enemies ;  who,  to  revenge  the  death  of  their  com- 
mnions,  and  the  hardfhips  they  had  fuffcred  during  a  feven 
ftoaA  liege,  exercifed  all  the  cruelties  imaginable.  Thus 
hefortrefswas  taken,  without  TulVs  affiftance,  who  did  not 
irwe  rill  after  its  redu&ion  (R).  Let  us  now  fee  what 
onquefts  that  prince  made  during  his  expedition  in  Kho- 
dffinK 

TV  LI  Khan,  after  a  long  march  into  Khorajjln,  having  Mark  fur- 
aroed  that  Joldh'ddtn  was  gone  from  NifbAMr,  according  rendered. 
o  Ms  father's  orders,  returned  to  befiege  Mart  (S)  Shah  Jan, 
%Mart  Shahi  Jehan,  which  was  very  powerful,  and  then 
prerned  by  Bvkha  al  MitHt,  put  in  by  Soltan  Mohammed,  in 
*Lce  of  M&jer  al  Mtdk,  who  was  turned  out  on  account  of 
is  &ther*s  di%race.  While  TuR  was  befiqging  'the  city  of 
(kraff&n(T),  which  is  near  to  Mart,  Soltan  Mohammed  let 
Mhd  know,  that  he  would  do  well  not  to  oppofe  the  Mtmg/s, 
nrt  get  the  beft  terms  he  could  for  the  city.  On  thefe  or- 
(fers  the  governor  abandoned  the  place,  and  retired  to  ffaztr, 
iKarazm  :  part  of  the  ganifon  likewife  difperfed  themfelves 
\  the  neighbouring  fortrefles.  Tuli,  being  iriformed  of  all  that 
ad  pafled,  fent  two  general  officers  with  troops  to  take  pof- 
tffion  of  Mart.  At  their  approach,  Sheykh  atljldm,  father  of 
hkhaalMolk,  met  them  with  a  numerous  train,  and  mpgnifi- 
efit  prefents,  and  delivered  them  the  keys  of  the  city.  The  Seized  by 
fongl  generals,  fatisfied  with  this  fubmiflion,  turned  their  Mafar. 
RB$  another  way.  Mean  time  Bukha  Turkman,  who  had  been 
iptain  of  Soltan  Mohammed's  guides,  and,  at  the  time  of  the 
oftmander  of  Mart's  retreat,  had  retired  into  a  neighbour- 
igforeft,  with  the  Turkmans  belonging  to  the  garrifon;  re- 

■*  Mirkond.  Fadhl.  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  283,  &  feq.  A* 
rt'ica.  p.  121. 

.  W  Abulgbdxi  K)mn  fays,  it  as  being  fitnate  on  the  Morg  Ab9 

vmkea  by  means  of  the  re-in-  to  the  fouth  of  the  other, 
tofcment  which  Tuli  brought ;         (T)  According  to  Abuirbaxi 

ad  0  fays  the  Chlnefe  hiiiory.  JChdn,  Tuli,  before  he  befieged. 

(S    That  is,  Maru  king  of  Morn  (Mar<wo,  or  Meru),  at- 

be  %orld\  fo  called  by  Soltan  tacked  And  took  the  city  of 

Male*  Shah,   the   third  Seljuk  Kboraflari,  which  was  near  it ; 

:ing>f  Iran;  who,  on  account  was  very  fair,  and  its  inhabit- 

i  m  fine  Situation,  air,  and  ants  (6  wealthy,  that  they  pre- 

bil,  Hade  it  his  refidence,  and  ferved  themfelves  in  a  fort  of 

ws  btried  there.   There  is  an-  independency,  without  fubmit- 

>ther  Uaru,  furnamed  Al  Rudb,  ting  to  any  abfolote  prince. 


wArridb  $  that  is,  of  the  river , 


turned 


Hijlory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.    B,  llh 

turned  to  that  city,  foon  after  the  departure  of  xbcMungb^ 
followed  by  Tajiks,  Turkmans,  and  others,  who  had  Bed  at 
the  enemies  approach.  Thefe  men  conferred  on  him  the 
government  of  Mart,  and  obliged  the  inhabitants  to  ao» 
knowlege  him  in  that  quality.  About  the  fame  time  Mafar, 
or  Mtijer  al  Molk,  who,  fmce  his  difmiflion  from  that  po(^ 
had  refided  in  the  province  of  Jrdk,  being  informed  dat 
Soltan  Mohammed  was  dead,  mounted  a  fwift  mule,  art 
made  all  the  hafte  he  could  to  Marti ;  where  Bukha  7tofr 
*  •  mau  refufed  him  admittance  :  but  Mdfar  having  found  meaa, 

fome  days  after,  to  get  in  by  ftealth,  Bukba,  upon  notice  d 
it,  immediately  aflembled  the  inhabitants,  and  declared;  that; 
for  love  of  peace  and  the  public  good,  he  was  willing  to  if 
iign  the  command  to  their  old  governor,  and  live  amoog 
them  as  a  private  man:  which  propofal  was  gladly  accepted 
of. 
Bukha  Mean  time  the  Mungl  generals,  who  inarched  to  rata 

baffled.  Mazanderan,  on  their  approach  to  the  capital  of  that 
vince,  were  met  by  Bukha  al  Molk,  removed  thither 
Wazlr  ;  who,  having  informed  them  of  what  had  haL 
at  Marti,  offered,  in  cafe  they  would  let  him  have 
troops,  to  do  his  endeavour  to  reduce  the  inhabitants  to 
obedience.  On  this  propofal  they  gave  him  700  horfe, 
whomJ  he  marched  towards  Marti :  but  being  informed 
the  ro|d,  that  Mdfar  al  Molk  had  augmented  his  forces  1 
the  city  to  80,000  men,  he  dared  not  proceed  any  farthovi 
However,  he  fent  two  officers  to  him  with  a  letter,  import*! 
ing,  that,  as  he  was  not  in  a  condition  to  hold  out  long  _ 
the  Mungls,  he  fummoned  him  to  furrender  up  the  city 
him',. who  was  fent  for  that  purpofe  with  troops  by 
generals :  but  Mdfar,  inftead  of  complying  with  the  §& 
mons,  ordered  the  two  officers  to  be  flain  :  which  nevs1 
reaching  the  party  commanded  by  Bukha  al  Molk,  they  (W 
him,  and  turned  back.  I 

.  Mifar/fer-  MASAR  was  fo  rejoiced  when  he  heard  of  BuMb\ 
*  raiders,  death,  that  he  gave  a  fplendid  entertainment  on  the  ocr* 
fion  to  the  principal  inhabitants  of  Maru.  But  his  jofM ' 
not  laft  long  :  for,  next  day,  the  governor  of  Army  a  4/),' 
a  Turkmdn  chief,  came  to  acquaint  him,  that  the  Ma$s 
were  on  their  march  towards  him,  by  way  of  that  place,  «4'; 
a  powerful  army.  This  was  Tuli  himfelf ;  who,  havingfnb- ' 
dued  the  reft  of  Khorajfdn,  came  to  pay  a  vifit  to  forty 

(U)  A  ciry  on  the  river  Akm,  three  or  four  days  jooney  to 
tdc  north  of  Marti. 

where 


:.4c  «^p»i/JcngUzKhan.  4t7 

rfia*  he  arrived  00  the  firft  of  Moharram,  in  the  year  618    A.  D. 
X).    The  iohabitants  tried  at  firft  to  keep  him  at  a  diftance,     1 22 1 . 
y  a  vigorous  fklfy;  but,  having  loft  above  a  thoufand  of  iTT*"1^ 
ieir  men  in  an  hour's  time,  they  returned,  milch  chagrined.  HcJ-  6l  8% 
fhe  fiege  having  lafted  three  weeks,  the  prince  began  to  be 
apatieat;  and,  drawing  out  his  whole  army,  divided  it  into 
00  troops,  placing  thofe  who  were  armed  with  bucklers  in 
te  front :  but  juft  as  he  was  going  to  give  the  aflault,  MA* 
it  at  Molk  defied  to  capitulate.     Thus  Ab&lgh&zi  Khhn  t 
at  La  Croix,  from  Mirkond,  relates,  that.  Mejir  '(the  iame 
tdfar)  tired   the  befiegers  with  frequent  faJlies  ;•  in  one 
t  which  he  cut  in  pieces  above  1000  of  the  Grand  Khan's 
flft  feoufttold  troops.     Tuli,  to  be  revenged  for  this  fenfible 
lift,  gave  a  general  aflault,  which  the  beiieged  fuftained  with 
hmoft  amazing  refolution,  and  the  Mungls  were  repulfed 
>r  twenty-two  days  fucceilively,     Byt  as  in  this  time  the 
pfcadants  were  greatly,  weakened,   Mejir,  who  found  he 
gold  not  hold  out  long,  chofe  to  fubmit. 

j-The  governor  and  another  lord  having  gained  over  their  Inba- 
H^ty  to  approve  of  this  meafure,  they  fent  prefents  to  Tuli,  bitants 
fcd  offered  him  the  city.  The  prince  treated  thofe  two  "i*0*cred. 
(per  than  they  expe&ed :  for  he  gave  them  protection  for 
ifir  goods,  and  400  of  their  friends,  on  condition  that  they 
slivered  him  a  lift  of  all  the  rich  people.  Tuli,  having 
pzed  the  tieafure,  and  all  that  could  be  found  of  any  value 
\  the  city,  ordered  all  the  inhabitants  to  go  forth  into  the 
jdds :  which  took  up  the  fpace  of  four  days,  they  were  fo. 
toncrous.  Then  the  tradefmen  being  feparated*  from  the 
P,  the  latter  were  put  to  the  fword;  amounting  to  100*000 
(lions,  according  to  the  account  taken  by  one  of  his  fecrc* 
fries.  This  was  the  fourth  time  that  Marti  had  been  plunder* 
%  and  each  time  above  50  or  60,000  inhabitants  were  (lain., 
titood  in  a  fandy  plain,  which  produced  fait;  and  was  ren- 
Bred  delightful  by  three  rivets  which  watered  it.  It  was 
{Daily  diftant  from  the  cities  of  Nijb&bttr,  Her&t,  Balk,  and 
s$hara>  being  twelve  days  journey  from  each.  The  go-_ 
giuftent  was  conferred  on  Amir  Ziyao'ddin,  a  lord  of  that, 
aantry ;  with  orders  to  fearch  for  the  inhabitants  who  might 
we  concealed  themfelves,  and  put  them  in  pofleUion  of  their 
ads  again,  to  cultivate  them.:  but,  after  Tuffs  departure, 
ewas  flain  by  Barmdz,  his  lieutenant ;  and  the  country  fell 
{?in  into  confuflon. 

After  the  death  of  Soltan  Mohammed,  the  army  under. Nifliib&r 
MbcNevUn,  mdSuidaBehadr,  had  fubdued  all  the  wdtern  bejieged, 

(X)  That  is,  the  24th  of  February  1221. 

parts  I 


Hiftory  oftht  Moguf  *r  Mangi  Empire.    B.HI 

parts  of  Khoraffan,  by  taking  a  great  number  of  cities  \  <rij 
Nijh&bur  was  left  uamolefted,  having  fworn  fidelity  to  \bm 
1  at  the  beginning  of  their  expedition,  as  has  been  already* 
lated  :   bat  the  inhabitants,  when  they  few  Soltaa  JdUU 
dlrC*  gre^t  diftrefs,  not  only  fupplied  his  troops  with 
fions,  but  alfo  gave  him  money  to  raife  forces.    For  all 
was  done  fo  fecretiy  that  it  came  not  to  the  knowkge 
thofe  generals  ;  yet  Jenghtz  KMn  got  information  of  k 
his  fpies  :    at  which  he  was  fo  enraged,  that  he 
ly  wrote  to  prince  Tuli>  to  lay  afide  all  his  other  defigas, 
go  punifh  that  rebellious  city.     On  receipt  of  thefe  ordfl 
Tuli  quitted  the  country  of  Mart,  and  marched  to  AJ 
bur ;  whole  inhabitants,  expecting  no  mercy,  refoJvcd  ftw 
fend  themfelves  to  the  laft  extremity '. 
end  taken.      Prince  Tafar,  who  commanded  the  van-guard,  hri| 
been  killed  in  a  (ally  at  the  beginning  of  the  liege,  ftf  a 
dered  the  army  to  encamp  at  Tufbanian,  a  town  to  thei 
-  of  Ni/bdMr,  for  conveniency  of  making  engines  ;  which  I 
ing  finifhed,  he  battered  the  city  with  above  twelve  hnuk 
at  once.     The  defendants  behaved  like  lions :   but,  d 
three  days  fiege,  a  fecret  paffage  being  difcovered,  by  1 
falling  of  a  wall,  the  Mungls  entered  by  that  way,  and  ft 
prifed  the  place ;  making  a  terrible  daughter  of  the  W 
•  bitants.     The  greater  part  of  thofe  who  efcaped  the  fa 

died  in  caves  and  vaults,  which  they  had  made  to  lave  tbi 
felves.  An  infinite  number  of  young  people  were  made  fti 
of,  and  the  city  itfelf,  after  being  plundered,  utterly  deftfl 
frodtgUiu  *&  to  tne  foundations;  walls,  and  buildings,  and  all.   b 
majacre.    related,  that  they  fpent  twelve  days  in  counting  the  dtf 
and  that, ,  including  fuch  as  were  (lain  in  fome  other  ph 
dependent  on  Ntfb&bur,  one  million  foren  hundred  and  fort 
{even  thoufand  perfdhs  were  computed  to  have  loft  their  in 
A  thing  which  fcems  incredible,  unlefs  we  fuppofe  thofe  od 
places  to  have  been  pretty  populous;  and  comprife  tfaed 
TAr,  twelve  leagues  to  the  north,  which  was  taken  and  i 
ftroyed  at  the  fame  time :  but  both  thefe  places  fodn  dm 
rofe  with  new  fplendor  out  of  their  ruins.     To  the  ftft  • 
conveyed,   by  canals,   the  moft  excellent  water,  fro®  4 
neighbouring  mountains,  whkh  produce  the  fineft  turkflilf 
**•&$.  tr    ftones.     Tusf  or  TMs,   where  the  celebrated  aftrono*: 
.     Tihad.  Naffrcfddin,  furnamed  Al  Tttfi,  was  born,  became  one  of  tkj 
moft  beautiful  as  well  as  famous  cities  in  the  Perfian  t* 
pire.    I/mael  Sufi,  the  firft  of  the  Shahs,  inclofed  it  with  ftroig 

.  '  Miax.  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  292,  k  feqq.    Abu'lgh.  p.  ijj 
*.  fcqq. 


C.  4«  R*£*  tf  Jcnghfe  Kh&n. 

Walls,  fortified  with  300  towers,  and  called  it  Majbhad,  or. 
\hepUct  of  martyrdom ;  on  account  oilm&m  Ridha,  or  Riza* 
mho  wad  there  (kin.  Afterwards  Shdh  Abbas  1>  to  keep  the  ' 
Boney  in  his  kingdom,  which  was  carried  out  in  forefgn 
pilgrimages,  ordered  his  fubje&s  to  pay  their  devotions  at 
•hat  (aim's  ftuine :  and  many  Pcrfian  monarchs  have  their 
tabs  there. 

When  prince  Tuli  had  finHhed  the  fieges  of  thefe  two  Herat  be- 
fkces,  he  led  his  army  towards  Herat ,  on  a  falfe  informa-jfrg^* 
bo,  that  Soltin  JalMo'ddin  had  retired  thither.     Whereas 
bis  prince  had  taken  the  road  to  Baft,  in  Sejeftdn ;  and  had 
k>  thoughts  of  going  to  Herit,  which  was  in  the  hands  of  a 
brd  named  MUek  ShanyVddin  Mohammed,  who,  in  the  ab- 
poce  of  Amtr  Milek,  the  Soltan's  uncle,  had  furprifed  this 
ity :  in  which  he  imitated  the  greater  part  of  the  other  go- 
terrors ;  who,  during  the  confufion  which  the  empire  was 
ft,  fet  up  for  themfelves :  fo  that  Jalalo'ddin  was  ftripped  of 
Ittoft  all  his  provinces  by  thefe  ufurpers.    Tuli  having  arrived 
I  twelve  days  at  Herit,  fent  and  fummoned  the  governor 
Ifarrender:    but  Shamfo'ddln,  who  had  armed  100,000 
len,  for  defence  of  the  place,  inftead  of  yielding,  caufed 
he  envoy  to  be  killed.    After  this,  he  made  a  furious  fally  taken,  and 
k  the  Moguls,  and  continued  to  do  the  like  for  feven  days  Jpared. 
i\j ;  with  fuch  (laughter  on  both  fides,  that  the  blood 
like  rivers.     Tuli  loft  in  that  time  above  1,700 
befide*  private  foldiers  :  but  on  the  eighth  day,  af- 
br  a  long  and  obftinate  fight,  Mdlek  Sbamfo'ddin  was  mor- 
■By  wounded  with  an  arrow  ;   which  having  funk  the 
(Wage  of  the  befieged,  they  retired  in  confufion,  followed    ; 
\f  the  MungUy  who  entered  the  city  with  them.     Tuli,  who 
Haded  them,  -took  off  his  cafque,  and  called  out  to  the  inha- 
lants to  furrender  (Y) ; ,  telling  them,  he  was  the  fon  of 
ftfig btz  Khdn ;  that  they  fhould  be  well  treated,  and  pay 
kt  half  the  taxes  which  they  paid  to  Soltin  JaWo'ddin. 
thefe  propofals,  having  been  liked  by  the  inhabitants,  were 
ttepted  by  them  :   but  the  foldiers,  rejecting  them,  were 
Immediately  t  disarmed  by  prince  Tufts  order,  and  all  put  to 
Itefword,  to  the  number  of  ia,ooo.  After  this  he  nominated 
)UkkAb&  Bekr  governor  of  the  city;    and>  with  60,000 
fen,  fet  out  for  Talkh&n,  whither  bis  father  had  recalled 
fen. 

WThhUAbPJgbdziKbMs  $hamfoddin\  death  from  Tuli% 

fccoant ;    but,    according    to  who,  fuppoGng  him  ft  ill  alive, 

U  Croix,  the  inhabitants,  oa  and   considering  his   bravery,   . 

i*  lofs  of  their  governor,  fent  granted  diem  terms. 
0  capitulate,    and   concealed 

4  HERAT 


Hijtory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.    B.  HI 

ft  E  RAT  (called  alfo  Heri  and  £r/)  has  always  palled  for 
a  very  ftrong  city,  and,  at  prefent,  fares  for  a  buteaik 
1  againft  thfe  Uzbeks.    The  country  In  which  it  ftands,  is  tit 
Tke  city     jrfa  0f  tjjC  antients ;  and,  according  to  M/rkond,  the  fanxrii 
defcriM.   Per/tan  hiftorian,  who  was  a  native  thereof,  it  was  foundel 
t)y  Alexander  the  Great.    It  is  fituated  on  the  river  Hoi 
R&dh,  within  two  leagues  of  a  mountain,  on  whofe  top  life 
worfhippers  of  fire,   called  by  the  Perfians,  Ghebbeti 
Attejbpereft,  perform  their  religious  rites  ;  in  a  place 
out  of  the  ruins  of  a  famous  temple,  raifed  by  the  audi 
Magi.     The  city  and  country  is  very  populous,  the  air  < 
cellent,  and  the  inhabitants  generally  honeft,  as  well  as  cobp 
teous.     Let  us  now  go  fee  what  Jengtnz  Kh&n  is  doing  a 
his  fide.     After  the  taking  of  Talkhan,  that  prince  marcbs 
with  his  army  towards  Bamtydn,  (till  waiting  for  news  4 
Jaldfcddin,  and  the  troops  he  had  fent  towards  India,  I 
queft  of  himk. 
Jalalo'd.       The  Soltan  having  efcaped  out  of  the  hands  of  the  fe 
dinV  dif-   party  of  Mungls,  in  his  retreat  from  Nijhdbur,  as  hath 
trefi.         mentioned  before1,  he,  with  much  ado,  got  fafely  to 
fortrefs  of  Khhera ;  where,  in  defpair,  he  would  h£ve 
himfclf  up  with  his  troops,  and  waited  the  coming  of 
Mungls\  had  not  the*  governor  convinced  him  that  fcch 
condutt  was  unbecoming  a  prince  of  his  merit.     This  bo 
remonftrance  awakening  his  courage,  he  went  from  thence  a 
Boft%  a  city  in  the  province  of  Sejcftdn,  or  Sift&n,  where  h 
made  a  (hift  to  raife  about  20,000  men  "  :  but,  when  heial 
learned  the  ftrength  of  the  Mungl  army,  he  knew  not  whi 
courfe  to  take.     At  length,  roufed  by  the  extreme  danger  fat 
faw  himfelf  in,  he  refolved  to  oppofe  his  enemies  at  all  ha- 
zards, and  left  Bqft,  with  a  defign,  if  poflible,  to  get  mtt 
Gdzna,  the  capital  of  Z&blejl&n,  twenty-four  days  journer 
diftant,  before  the  Mungls  could  arrive  to  take  it ;  whkfcj 
defign  he  efiefted,  by  the  expedition  he  made  on  the  roadj 
In  this  city,  which  had  been  the  metropolis  of  the  Gdnt 
empire,  a  lord,  named  Kerber  Mdlek,  commanded  during  thej 
abfence  of  Soltan  Jalalo'ddin :  an4  although,  a  little  wKfc% 
before,  the  people,  as  in  other  places,  divided  by  the  great  ■ 
lords,  had  thrown  off  their  obedience,  yet  was  that  prince 
received  with  all  the  marks  of  the  greateft  affeftion ;  while 
he,  diflembling  his  refentment,  deferred  to  a  more  proper 
time  the  punifhment  of  their  difloyalty. 

k  Nissavi.  Fadk.  Marakesh.   ap.  La  Croix,  p.  896,  & 
feq.     Abu'lch.  p.  138,  &  fcq.  1  P.Aia.       mLACaoix, 

p.29K 

JENGSIZ 


J£  Reign  of  JcogMz  Khinl  r45t 

JENGHIZ  Khan,  haying  gotten  information  that  Ja-    A.  IX 
ty'ddin  was  at  Gazna,  haftened  his  march;  in  order  to  fur-     1221. 
pfe  hihi ;  but  he  was  flopped  in  the  way  by  the  garrifon  of {"  —  ¥"" ^ 
sfa&y&n>  which  he  had  hoped  to  take  without  oppofition.  ?^ni^?n 
*hefe  people,  who  had  long  expe&ed  to  be  attacked,  had  ^fi'i'** 
poed  all  the  country  for  four  or  five  leagues  round  the  city ; 
rfcile  the  peafants  had  carried  away  the  ftones,  and  every 
ling  elfe  that  might  be  of  ufe  to  the  befiegers  :  fo  that  they 
pi  extraordinary  difficulties  to  furmount.     They  had  fcarce 
(gsm  to  attack  the  place  in  form,  when  couriers  arrived  with 
jys  both  of  the  defeat  of  his  troops  by  Soltan  JaWo'ddin, 
id  the  revolt  of  Her&t.     This  made  him  redouble  his  at- 
ppts ;  and,  after  he  had  detached  forces  upon  thofe  two 
roeditions,  he  caufed  a  mount  of  earth  to  be  caft  up  before 
t  city,  in  a  place  where  he  defigned  to  make  the  fierceft 
bait.    Wooden  towers  were  likewife  built,  equal  in  height 
1  the  walls,  whereon  to  plant  his  engines,  and  covered  with 
w  hides,  to  prevent  the  wild-fire  of  the  befieged  from 
ping  to  them  ;  on  which  occafion  a  great  number  of  horfes 
pi  cows  were  every  day  flaughtered. 

I  Mean  time  many  of  the  Mungl  engines  were  beaten  down  Vigoroujly 
I  thofe  from  the  city ;  and  the  garrifon  making  an  obfti-  defended ; 
pe  refinance,  as  their  walls  were  exceeding  ftrong,  the  be- 
jprs  at  laft  began  to  be  in  want  both  of  {tones  and  wild- 
re.    This  occafioned  the  afTaults  to  ceafe,  till  millftones, 
tats,  and  other  materials  fit  for  battering,  could  be  pro- 
(jed :  and  when  they  were  renewed,  the  befieged  made  fuch 
jrious  {allies,  overthrowing  whole  fquadrons  of  the  enemy, 
(.well  as  towers,  with  their  engines,  that  had  not  Jenghtz 
wn  been  provided  with  fo  vail  an  army,  he  muft  have  been 
iced  to  raife  the  fiege.     To  increafe  his  chagrin,  juft  as 
\  was  returned  to  his  tent,  from  making  a  fruitlefs  attack, 
texprefe  came  with  an  account  of  the  defeat  of  his  general 
\tuktt,  by  the  Soltan.     The  Khan,  enraged,  fwore  to  be 
venged  on  Bamiy&n  :  but  his  fury  coft  the  life  of  a  fon  of 
\tay ;  who,  expofing  himfelf,   to  pleafe  his  grandfather, 
as  flain  with  an  arrow.     The  emperor,  who  loved  him  ten- 
riy,.  becaufe  he  difcovered  in  him  all  the  marks  of  good 
aduft,  could  not  forbear  mixing  his  own  tears  with  thofe 
;  the  mother,  who  appeared  almoft  diftra&ed  n. 
JENGHIZ  Kbdn>  by  this  accident  rendered  more  im- taken,  *nV 
ttient  than  ever  to  reduce  the  place,  lavifhed  his  treafure  to  deftroyed. 
courage  his  foldiers ;  who,  night  and  day  continuing  the 

*  Nissavi  in  Jalal,  Mirkohp*  Fadhl.    ap.  La  Croix,  p. 
».  &  feqq. 

\    %  '  >  affault, 


43*  Hijtory  *f the  1&QQiA6rMmg\ Empire.  ^VBL\ 

A.  D.  aflault,  at  length  rained  the  walls  in  many  places,  and 
1 221.  came  matters  of  Bamtyan,  after  die  braveft  of  the 
C—  w— J  aQd  foldiers  of  the  ganifon  had  been  (lain  in  its  < 
The  mother  of  the  young  prince,  who  had  beef  killed, 
fog  with  the  MungI  troops  into  die  city,  and  $oce  dd 
the  name  of  a  fiend  than  a  woman,  caufed  the1  throats  of 
the  inhabitants  to  be  cut,  not  excepting  one.  She  even 
orders  to  rip  up  the  bellies  of  women  with  chad,  for  ~ 
infant  (hould  be  left  alive.  In  fhort,  the  cattle  and  all 
creatures  were  killed,  to  gratify  the  rage  of  this  Mood-1 
monfter.  So  that,  ever  fince,  Bamtydn,  whofe  buildings 
alio  demolifhed,  has  borne  the  name  of  MavhdBg,  which, 
the  Mungl  language,  figntfies  the  unfortunate  town.  Bout) 
was  fituated  on  a  mountain,  in  the  province  of  Zikkfb 
ten  days  journey  from  Balk,  and  eight  from  Gazna.  A  firs 
caftle  has  been  fince  built  on  its  ruins.  At  the  foot  of 
mountain  glides  a  river,  which,  having  run  through 
mountain,  falls  at  length  into  the  j4m&°. 
fle  It  has  been  mentioned  above,  that  while  fenghtz 

Munch  was  befieging  Bamfy&n,  two  of  his  generals  had  been  dc 
deftattd  by  Soltan  Jaldlo'ddtn ;  we  (hall  here  therefore  give  the 
culafs  of  thofe  engagements.  Two  or  three  days  after  fi 
oddtn  had  reached  Gazna,  as  before  has  been  related, 
learned,  that  there  were  Mungl  troops  in  that  neighba 
hood  who  befieged  the  city  of  Kandahdr,  and  had  order? 
watch  his  motions.  At  the  fame  time  Amin  M&Iek,  iori 
Jfer&t,  who  was  come  out  to  watch  theirs,  with  tofi 
Tnrkifb  horfe,  being  not  far  off,  the  Soltarv  lent  to 
him  to  affift  in  relieving  that  fortrefs.  Amfn  Metlek  hercsf 
joins  Jal&tiddtn  with  his  forces ;  and,  it  being  refoivct 
attack  the  enemy  in  the  dead  of  the  night,  the  troops 
ed,  and  furprifed  the  Mungls,  who  had  already  taken 
town.  They,  finding  themfelves  attacked  on  one  fide 
the  fuccours,  and  on  the  other  fide  by  the  governor  of 
citadel,  fuffered  themfelves  to  be  -killed,  in  a  manner, 
out  making  any  refiftance;  fo  that  very  fewefcaped  the 
of  the  Karazmians. 
hy  tbi  The  Soltan,  having  repaired  Kandahdr ',  returned  to  fid 

£oitdn9  *a\  where  foon  after  he  was  reinforced  by  30,000  men mofl 
brought  by  three  Turkijb  lords  of  his  father*s  court,  ^l 
dwelt  in  this  country  in  fortified  places;  and,  led  xnoitl 
the  danger  which  threatened  them,  than  affection  for  4 
prince,  came  to  offer  him  their  fervicc.  As  foon  as  Jaqtl 
Khan  heard  of  the  (laughter  of  his  troops  before  KanJM 

•  Abu'lk.  ibid.  p.  310,  &  feq. 


2.  4*  R«g*  */ Jfflghlz  KMn. 

k  immediately  difpsftched  the  general  K&ttJA  (Z),  with 
k>,ooo  men,  againfl  Jalakfddtn ;  who,  on  notice  of  their 
oarch,  put  himfelf  at  the  head  of  his  arqay  to  meet  them; ' 
ind  came  up  /with  them  juft  beyond  a  town  called  Birwdn, 
within  a  day's  journey  ofGazna,  where  they  were  in  trendi- 
ng themfelves.  K4tbk&,  perceiving  troops,  flufhed  with  the 
ate  fuccefs,  advancing  towards  him  with  fo  much  vigour, 
bought  it  beft  to  defer  fighting  for  a  while :  but  when  he 
kw  they  intended  to  attack  him  in  his  intrenchments,  he 
narched  out  to  meet  them.  The  Mungl  van-guard  was  at 
irft  defeated  by  Jalhlo'ddtn%  commanded  by  Amtn.Malek^ 
rat  being  fupported  by  freih  troops,  they,  in  their  turn, 
»uted  the  Karazmians.  The  Saltan,  on  this,  advanced  im- 
mediately at  the  head  of  his  main  body,  and  attacked  the 
Mungls  in  the  center,  where  Kutttku  himfelf  was  polled, 
the  (hock  was  terrible,  and  for  fome  hours  the  viftory  witb  great 
bubtful :  but  at  laft  the  Mungls  fled  in  diforder  to  ti&Jlavgtt&ri 
mountains.  A  great  number  were  (lain,  as  well  as  taken  pri- 
Ebners :  and,  it  is  faid,  Jatilo'ddin,  after  reproaching  thefe 
latter  with  their  cruelties,  caufed  nails  to  be  thruft  into  their 
pars,  to  revenge  the  miferies  which  his  fubje&s  had  fo  long 
Rifiered  from  the  Mungls  and  Tatars.  As  foon  as  a  party  of 
Tatars,  who  were  befieging  IVdla,  a  fortrds,  fome  days 
journey  from  thence,  heard  of  this  defeat,  they  raifed  the 
fiege,  and  made  off  with  all  expedition  P.  ' 

This  is  the  account  given  by  Niffavi,  who  wrote  the  life  joined  fo 
ft  JaWo'ddJn,  and  FadhlaUah ;  but  AbtClghazi  Kkdn,  from  KhioMi* 
bther  authors,  reprefents  matters  in  a  different  manner*    Sol- lek ' 
tin  Khan  Mdlek  (the  fame  with  Amin  Malek),  governor  of 
iferdt,  having  been  attacked,  after  his  fubmiifion  to  Zen* 
ind  Suday  the  Mungl  generals,  by  Togazar  Kantaret,  as  be- 
fore related,  on  the  news  that  Soltan  JaJdlo'ddin  was  arrived 
it  Cazna  (A)  fent  to  offer  that  prince  his  fervice.    At  the 
fame  time  Jengbtz  Khhn  had  detached  one  of  his  principal 
officers  called  Ugar,  furnamed  Kal/ban,  or  the  merry  com* 
ponton,  with  four  other  generals,  Sbanghi,  Kutuktu  Noyan 
(or  Nevidn),  Taiajik,  and  Malkawf  at  the  head  of  30,000 

>  NissAvi,  Fadhl.  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  303,  &  feq. 

(Z)  Abfflgbdzi  Khan  names  nin\  by  which  they  feem  to 

aim  Kfouktu  Noyan.  mean  the  territory  in  which  it 

(A)    In  the   tranflation    of  is  fituated,  rather  than  the  city 

^Igb&xiKhinwrLXXinkGafniien.  itfclf. 
Some  write  Gazneben,  or  Gaz- 

Mod.Hist.VoLIV.  Ff  men, 


Hiftory  of  ibt  Mogii  w  Mungl  Empire .    B,m 

men,  to  cut  off  the  communication  between  Gaztta,  Sigtil, 
Kabul,  and  the  reft  of  the  dominions  of  the  Karuzm  Sbab, 
r  As  thefe  commanders  thought  it  proper  to  divide  their  forces, 
the  better  to  watch  the  motions  of  the  enemy,  Kituhi 
i  Noyau,  who  with  his  body  of  troops   had  advanced  to 

wards  Her  At,  by  die  wAy  encamped  near  Soltan  KbdnMtti: 
but  that  lord  in  the  night  marched  off,  and  got  Mdyta 
Gazna. 
defeats  TABAJ1K  and  Malkaw,  on  their  fide,  had  adrenal 

KGtuktu  with  fo  little  noifc  to  the  town  of  %SdgbU,  that  it  was  mj 
Noyan.  jsear  being  furprifed  by  them,  for  want  of  keeping  a  good 
look  oat.  The  Mungl  generals,  having  mifled  fo  fair  a  % 
befieged  the  place  in  form  :  but  while  they  ufed  their  ntmoi 
efforts  to  reduce  it,  Soltan  JaMo'ddin,  with  hit  reinforce- 
ment from  Her (it>  fell  upon  them  fo  unexpectedly,  that  k 
obliged  them  to  fly,  after  they  had  loft  above  tooa  men,  ant 
go  join  KutuktA  Noy&n ;  whom  he  likewife  purfued,  ari 
at  length  provoked  to  a  battle.  He  gave  the  command  of 
the  left  wing  to  Soltan  Kbdn  Mdlek-,  that  qf  the.  right  to 
Sefio'ddtn,  one  of  his  father's  old  generals;  and,  patting  ha- 
felf  in  the  center,  charged  the  Mungls  with  fo  much  vigpor, 
that,  after  a  very  obftinate  fight,  which  lafted  from  jnomag 
till  near  evening,  they  were  conftrained  to  fly,  and  level 
great  number  of  their  companions  dead  behind  them. 
Tixr.Noy-  KUTUKTU Noydn  madeufeof  aftratagem  in  thbbattk, 
anV/r*-  whkh  had  like  to  have  given  htm  the  viftory ;  for  he  or* 
t*gem.  dered  all  the  felt  caps  and  cloaks  that  were  in  the  camp  ft 
be  fluffed  with  ftraw,  and  ranged  behind  on  the  horfcad 
camels  of  the  baggage,  as  a  kind  of  fecond  line.  This  af- 
fair was  fo  well  managed,  that  the  Karazrmans,  believing  it 
to  be  a  reinforcement  Tent  from  the  Khan,  were  fetoed  wkk 
fear,  and  had  (hamefully  fled,  if  the  Soltan,  fufpe&iag  k  * 
trick  of  Kut&kt&  Noyan,  had  not  taken  pains  to  expofe  the 
deceit.  Their  courage  being  by  this  means  revived  ag«* 
they  fell  on  the  Mungls  with  fo  much  tmpetnofity,  that  oofy 
a  very  few  efcaped,  befides  the  three  general  officers*. 
Dtjftntim  JENG  H IZ  Kbdn,  impatient  to  revenge  thefe  dHgrwSr 
among  as  foon  as  Baniyan  was  reduced,  marched  his  army  with  h 
much  precipitation,  that  he  hardly  gave  his  foldiers  time  to 
refrefh  themfelves.  Gazna  (then  called  Daro'l  Mulk,  or  the 
royal  city)  being  a  very  ftrong  place,  and  provided  for  aid? 
fiege,  the  Khan  directed  his  courfe  thither,  expecting  to  fd 
JaWo'ddin  there  :  but  that  prince  had  left  the  city  fifteea 

*  Abu'lch.  p.  123,  &  fcq. 

da? 


Cf.  Reign  efJcnghizKhki:     "  ^j5 

days  before  (£),  and  might  have  flood  his  ground  againft  his    A.  D. 
purfuer,  if  a  vexatious  accident  had  not  happened  in  his  .1221. 
*nny,  after  the  battle  of  Birwdn.     When  the  booty  came  to s  ■BV"?i*j| 
be  divided,  the  three  Turkijh  lords  pretended,  th^t  the  moft 
valuable  fpoils  belonged  to  them,  on  account  of  the  fuccours 
-which  they  had  brought.     The  troops  of  Amin  MMek,  who 
pert  united  with  the  Soltaa's,  were  for  having  the  cuftom  of 
war  followed,  and  the  booty  to  be  equally  divided.  The  quar- 
rel began  about  a  very  fine  Arabian  horfe,  which  one  of  the 
three  Turkijh  commanders  demanded,  and  the  others  refufed 
fo  yield  fp  him.  n 

*  Some  fey,  that  this  difpute  arofe  between  Soltan  Khan  Jalalo'd- 
MUA  (otherwife  Amin  Malik)  and  Seftiddtn  MMek  ;  which  dinV  gt- 
Went  fo  far,  that  the  former  gave  the  latter  a  laih  in  the  face*"*/*. 
With  his  whip :  that  Sejutddin  complained  to  the  Soltan  of 
[this  infult ;  but,  finding  no  hopes  of  obtaining  fuch  a  repa- 
ration as  would  fetisfy  him,  he  quitted  that  prince  in  the 
!  right,  with  the  troops  under  his  command,  who  were  of  the 
i  jCaxkli  tribe,  and  retired  into  the  mountains  of  Kerman  :  that, 
pa  the  other  hand,  Soltan  Kh&n  M&lek  returned  foon  after 
to  ifcrif.  However  this  matter  was,  the  defertion  of  the 
auxiliary  troops  proved  extremely  prejudicial  to  JaWoddin'% 
•flairs;  and  the  chief  reafon  for  his  quitting  Cazna  was,  to 
give  his  difunited  troops  time  to  rejoin  him.  He  did  all  that 
Was  poffible  to  bring  the  three  Turkijh  commanders  to  hearken 
$> reafon :  he  wrote  and  fent  to  them  feveral  times;  repre- 
senting the  ruin  which  mail  attend  their  feparation,  and  the 
Advantages  which  might  arife  to  them  all,  if  they  rejoined 
^im. 

!     They  at  length  fuffered  themfelves  to  be  perfuaded  by  the  Tb§  Soltan 
fcafe  of  danger,  but  it  was  too  late  :  for  Jenghte  Khan,  who- overtaken* 
'  jras  informed  of  what  was  in  agitation,  fent  60,000  horfe  to 
Kue  the  paflages,  and  prevent  their  joining  the  Soltan;  who, 
i  Ending  hunfelf  deprived  of  this  powerful  aid,  retired  towards 
1  the  river  Sind;  or  Indus  (C).     When  he  was  arrived  there, 
be  flopped,  in  a  part  where  the  ftream  was  moft  rapid,  and 
the  place  confined,  with  a  view  both  to  take  from  his  fol* 
fBers^a  defire  of  Hying,  and  prevent  the  Mungls  from  bring* 
tag  up  all  their  army  to  engage  at  once.    Ever  fince  his  depar- 
ture from  Gazna  he  had  been  tormented  with  a  cruel  colic; 
jet,  at  a  time  when  he  fuffered  moft,  hearing  that  the  ene- 

(B)  According  to  AhSlghfai        (C)    Called    by   Abulghd^i 
£&£«,  the  inhabitants  of  Gazna,    Khan,  Sir  lndi ;  as  much  as  to 
Mvincr  loft  their  courage,  ad-     fay,  the  river  Indus. 
mittcd  Jenghiz,  KMnf  without 
any  refinance. 

F  f  2  mj*9 


Hifiory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.    B*  HI. 

ffly's  van-guard  was  arrived  at  a  place  called  Herder,  he 
quitted  his  litter,  and  mounted  on  horfeback  :  then,  matfch- 
'  ing  in  the  night  with  his  chofen  foldiers,  furprifed  the  Mungtt 
in  their  camp;  and  having  cut  them  almoft  all  to  pieces, 
without  lofmg  one  man,  returned  to  his  camp  with  confi- 
derable  booty. 
Battle  at  JENGHIZ  Khan,  finding  by  this  that  he  had  to  do 
the  Indus,  with  a  vigilant  enemy,  proceeded  with  great  circumfpeftioo. 
When  he  came  near  the  Indus  he  drew  out  his  army  in  bat- 
talia (D) :  to  Jagatay  he  gave  command  of  the  right  wing ; 
the  left  to  Oktay ;  and  put  himfelf  in  the  center,  furrounded 
by  6000  of  his  guards.  On  the  other  fide,  Jaldfo'ddtn  pre- 
pared for  battle :  he  firft  fent  the  boats  on  the  Indus  farther 
off,  referving  only  one  to  carry  over  the  Soltana  his  mother, 
the  queen  his  wife,  and  his  children  :  but  unluckily  the  boot 
fplit,  when  they  were  going  to  embark ;  fo  that  they  were 
forced  to  remain  in  the  camp  The  Soltan  took  to  himfelf 
the  command  of  the  main  body  of  his  army.  His  left  wing, 
drawn  up  under  the  fhelter  of  a  mountain,  which  hindered 
the  whole  left  wing  of  the  Mungls  to  engage  them  at  one 
rime,  was  condufted  by  his  chief  Wazir ;  and  his  right  wixg 
by  Amtn  Mhlek.  This  lord  began  the  fight,  and  forced  the 
enemy's  left  wing  to  give  ground,  in  fpite  of  all  the  troops 
which  fuftained  them.  The  right  wing  of  the  Mungls  like- 
wife  wanting  room  to  extend  itfelf,  the  Soltan  made  trie  of 
his  left  as  a  body  of  referve ;  detaching  from  thence  fqoadroot 
to  fuftain  the  other  troops,  which  flood  in  need  of  them.  He 
alfo  took  one  part  of  them  with  him,  when  he  went  at  the 
head  of  his  main  body,  to  charge  that  of  Jenghtz  Kkam, 
which  he  did  with  fo  much  refolution  and  vigour,  that  he 
^  not  only  put  it  into  diforder,  but  made  a  broad  way  to  pene- 
trate into  the  midft  of  it,  to  the  place  where  the  Khan  had 
at  firft  taken  his  ftation  :  but  that  prince,  having  had  a  horfe 
killed  under  him,  was  retired  from  thence,  to  give  orders 
for  all  the  troops  to  engage. 
T&e  Soltan  This  difadvantage  had  like  ,to  have  loft  the  Mungls  the 
defeated,  battle  :  for  the  report  being  fpread  all  over  the  army;  that 
the  Soltan  had  broken  through  the  main  body,  the  troops 
were  fo  difcouraged,  that  if  the  Khan  had  not  imme&atdj 

r  Mirk.  Abu'lk.  Fadhl.  Nissavi,  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  313, 
&fcq. 

(D)  According  to  Al£lgha%i    ver  and  the  Sol  tan's  camp,  m 
Khan,  he  went  in  the  night,  and    order  effectually  to  cut  off  the 
.    polled  himfelf  between  the  ri-    paflage  of  it. 

*  rode 


C*.  Reign  of  Jenghiz  Khan. 

rode  from  place  to  place  to  fhew  himfelf,  they  would  certainly 
have  fled.    In  ihort,  what  gained  him  the  battle  was,  the 
orders  which  he  gave  to  Bela  Nevian  to  crofs  the  mountain, ' 
if  practicable,  and  attack  the  Soltan's  left  wing ;  which  the 
Khan  obferved  had  been  much  weakened  by  the'  feveral  de-  ' 

tachments.  Bela,  accordingly,  conduced  by  a  guide,  march- 
ed betwixt  rocks  and  dreadful  precipices ;  and,  falling  upon 
that  difabled  wing  behind,  foon  overcame  them. 

The  vi&ory  is,  by  one  author,  attributed  to  a  body  of 
chofen  horfe,  called  Pehlevans,  who,  fupported  by  10,000 
frdh  men,  fell  upon  JalMttddiri*  right  wing,  which  was  at 
that  time  victorious,  and  defeated  them ;  driving  them  back 
upon,  his  main  body,  againft  which  Jenghiz  Khan  had  re* 
Dewed  the  charge.  The  Soltan's  troops,  which  were  in  all 
but  30,000,  much  fatigued  with  having  fought  ten  whole 
hoars  (£)  againft  more  than  300,000  men,  wq-re  feized  with 
fear,  and  fled.  In  this  diforder  his  eldeft  fon  was  taken  pri* 
loner.  One  part  of  the  troops  retired  to  the  rocks,  which 
▼ere  on  the  fhore  of  the  Indus,  where  the  enemy's  horfe 
could  not  follow  them,  Many  others,  clofely  purfued  by  the 
Mungls,  threw  themfelves  into  the  river,  fognie  of  whom  hap* 
pily  crofted  over ;  while,  the  reft,  placing  themfelves  round 
their  prince,  continued  the  fight,  through  defpair. 

Mean  time  Jenghiz  Kh&nx  defirous  to  take  Jalaloddin  Croffes  tie 
alive,  forbad  killing  him  (F) ;  and,  to  prevent  bis  efcape,  «W. 
rouged  his  forces  in  form  of  a  bow,  of  which  the  river  re* 
prefented  the  firing  (G).  The  SoUari  on  this  occafion,  con*, 
fidering  that,  as  he  had  fcarce  7000  men  left,  if  he  conti- 
nued the  fight  any  longer  he  fliould  certainly  fall  into  the 
enemy's  hands,  began  to  think  of  his  fafqty*  He  knew  he. 
bad  but  one  courfe  to  follow,  and  that  a  very  dangerous  one, 
which  was,  to  crofs  the  Indus  ;  and  yet  he  refolved  to  venture 
it,  rather  than  fuffer  himfelf  to  be' taken.  But  before  he 
pot  this  refolution  in  praftice,  he  went  to  embrace  and  bid 
adieu  to  his  mother,  wives,  children,  and  friends.  Jalatid^ 
din  having,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  broken  from  thofe  dear 

(E)  Ahulgbdxi  Khan,  fays,  the  river  was  epen :  but  Abu  I- 
from  fan-rife  till  noon.  gha%i  Khan>  who,  as  hath  been 

(F)  Abulghdii  Khan  relates,  obferved  in  a  former  note,  makes 
that  Jenghiz.  Khan,  before  the  the  Khan  incamp  between  the 
engagement,  ordered KogurKal-  Soltin  and  the  river,  relates, 
/«*,and  Kotur  Kaljban^  to  watch  x  that  the  latter,  feeing  no  more 

effiddin,  and,  if  poi&ble,  take  of  his  army  left,  made  a  laft  ef-  . 

alive.  fort  to  break  thro'  the  Mungh* 

(G)  According  to  this  account  and  happily  gained  the  river. 


&o«  la  Croix x  the  paffage  to 


F  f  3  objetts 


Hiftory  of  the  Mogul  or  MungI  Empire.    B.  Hi 

objedls  of  his  affe&ion,  put  off  his  armour  and  arms,  except 
ing  his  fword,  bow,  and  quiver :  then  mounting  a  frdh 
1  horfe,  he '  fpurred  him  into  the  river  ;  the  funOTfiiefe  of 
whofe  waves  aftonifhed  the  beaft  fo  much,  that  he  went  not 
in  but  by  force  :  however,  being  once  entered,  he  perform- 
ed his  duty  to  admiration,  "and  carried  his  lord  fafely  over. 
In  gratitude  for  which  fervice,  the  SoltaH  had  him  kept  vitk 
care  ever  _  after  ;  nor  would,  for  the  four  or  five  year*  ft* 
lowing,  ride  him  in  any  dangerous  adion. 
Admired  When  he  was  in  the  middle  of  the  river,  he  flopped  to 
by  the  infult  Jenghtz  Khan  (who  was  come  to  the  water-fide  to  id- 
Kbdn.  mij-Q  his  courage),  and  empty  his  quiver  of  arrows  againft  hin. 
Several  brave  MungI  captains  would  have  thrown  thetnfefoa 
into  the  river  to  fwim  after  Jalaktddin ;  but  the  Grand  tUi 
would  not  permit  them,  telling  them,  this  prince  would  de- 
feat all  their  attempts.  Then,  putting  hid  finger  on  bk 
mouth,  and  turning  towards  his  children,  he  faid,  "  amy  i» 
<c  fhould  wifh  to  fpring  from  fudi  a  father  (H).  He  who 
"  dares  defy  fuch  dangers  as  this  prince  has  now  doped, 
"  may  expeife  himfelf  to  a  thoufand  others ;  and  a  wife  man, 
"  who  has  him  for  his  enemy,  muft  be  always  on  his  guard.* 
Drowns  MEHEMED  Niffavi,  author  of  JdWtfdditCs  life,  re- 
bis  family,  ports,  that  the  Soldb,  pierced  with  the  (hrieks  of  his  family, 
who  begged  him  to  deliver  them  from  being  Haves  to  fit . 
Mungls,  commanded  them  to  be  all  drowned  ;  and  that  Mi 
orders  were  immediately  executed.  But  other  hiftoriadt 
who  have  given  a  very  full  relation  of  all  which  palled  in  that 
battle,  affure  us,  that  Jenghiz  Kb&n,  prefently  after  it,  hav- 
ing caufed  to  be  brought  before  him  the  Soltan's  wh«^ 
and  all  his  children,  ordered  the  males  to  be  killed;  amoqg 
whom  was  his  eldeft  fon,  then  but  eight  years  of  age. 
After  this,  he  had  the  treafure,  which  Jal&MAdtn  had  thrown 
into  the  river,  taken  up  by  divers.  ' 
Exploits  in  This  prince,  as  foon  as  he  was  landed  fafe  in  India,  got 
India.  into  a  tree,  to  pafs  the  night  fecure  from  wild  beafts.  Nat 
day,  as  he  walked  melancholily^along  the  "banks,  looking  to 
fee  if  any  of  his  people  appeared,  he  perceived  a  troop  rf 
foldiers,  with  fome  officers,  three  of  whom  proved  to  be  Us 
particular  friends*  Thefe,  at  the  beginning  of  the  defeat, 
had  found  a  boat,  in  which  they  failed  all  night,  with  much 
danger,  from  the  rocks,  ihelves,  and  violence  of  the  current. 
Soon  after,  he  faw  coming  towards  him  300  horfe,  who  in- 
formed him  of  4000  more,  fayed  by  fwimming  over  WO 

(H)  Or,  as  Abulghd%i  Kb£n    title  of  bafpy  to  tbe  fntbtr*  nho 
has  it,  One  might  jujlly  give  tbe    bad  fab  a  Jon. 

5  leagues 


jagues  from  thence  :  the  Saltan  went  to  meet  them,  and  pro- 
niied  to  provide  far  their  neceffities.  Mean  time  Jamalar- 
-azady  an  officer  of  his  houfhold,  who  was  not  at  the  battle, 
mowing  that  his  matter  and  many, of  his  people  were  efcaped, 
«atured  to  load  a  very  large  boat  with  arms,  provifions,  mo- 
ley,  and  fluff  to  clothe  the  foldiers,  and  crofs  over  to  him : 
or  winch  great  piece  of  fervice  Jaldlo'ddin  made  him  great 
teward  of  his  houfhold;  and  furnamed  him  Ektidro'ddin, 
hat  is,  the  chofen,  or,  the  glory  of  tie  faith.  And  from  this 
ime  things  fucceeded  happily  with  the  Soltan.  He  fought 
everal  battles  in  Hindujldn,  and  was  at  firft  victorious :  he 
Ub  made  CQnquefts  and  alliances.  But  at  length  the  Indian 
visces  becoming  jealous  of  his  profperity,  they  confpired 
gainft  and  obliged  him  to  repafs  the  Indus,  Others  fay,  his 
crura  to  Perfia  was  voluntary,  in  order  to  recover  what  he 
ould  of  his  dominions,  in  the  abfence  of  Jengkiz  Khdn, 
tot  we  mufl:  leave  him  at  prefent,  to  return  to  the  conqueror  s. 

CHAR    V, 

fynpsefts  in  Mi>,  from  the  Battle  of  the  Indus, 
•    t0  Jenghiz  Khan>  Return  into  Tartary. 

THE  viftory  at  the  Indus  coft  Jenghtz  Khfai  20,000  Perfian 
men;  and  fmce  hp  fat  down  before  TaMAn,  he  had IrakyfcJ. 
loft  no  fewer  than  200,000.     Yet  he  neglefted  not  dued. 
so  fend  advice  of  his  good  fuccefs  to  the  governors  of  pro- 
vinces, and  particularly  to  Hubbe  and  Suida:  who  having 
ww  finished  the  conqueft  of  Perfian  Irdk,  he  ordered  them 
QtxxipcAzerbej&n,  the  ancient  Media  Jtropatia,  in  the  fpring 
rf  the  year  619.  They  being  then  in  winter-quarters  at  Seno*  Hej.  619, 
rasjend,  a  city  of  that  province,  which  they  had  taken  by    A,  D,   . 
form,  fent  immediately  for  a  fupply  of  troops  from  Kho-     1*z*» 
yffan.  Thefe  troops,  foon  after  their  fetting  out,  met  with, 
ind  defeated,    3  or  4000  Karazmian  horfe,  under  Takirr, 
arho  fled  to  jforjdny  in  Tabarejtdn,  whither  Ayn&nje  Khdn% 
Wbre-mentioned,  was  retired  :  the  Mungl  commander  pur* 
tued;  and,  meeting  them  in  the  beginning  of  the  faid  year,  be* 
jween  that  city  and  Aftarabdd,  after  a  (harp  difpute,  routed 
them.    Takln  was  killed  ;  and  Jyndnje  Khdn  fled  to  Kaya* 
Vddh,  Soltan  Jaltdoyddlny%  youngeft  brother,  who  pofTeffed 
^tyeftan,  where  h$  died  foon  after. 


*  Padhu  Nissavi  Marakesh.  ap.  La  Croix,  pf  317,  Sc 
feq,. 

Ff4  Ths 


440  Hiftory  of  the  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire   Rffl. 

A.D.         The  two  generals,  having  received  this  reinfofcemtn, 


1222.     marched  to  Ardebtl,  or  Ardevil,  a  ftrongpty,  and  of  grot 

*— •v^— '  trade,  within  two  leagues  of  the  mountain  Savelan;  wbkhj 

^^fkil     after  fome  little  reflftance,  furrendered  at  difcredon.   Tit 

•     • a? "    Mungts  killed,  the  greater  part  of  the  people ;  and,  after  pfafr 

Wye  a.     ^ering^  burnt  the  city.     Since  which,  it  was  rebuilt ;  sad'* 

.  at  prefent  one  of  the  fineft  cities  in  the  Perfian  empire.  Froei 

hence  they  went  to  Tabriz,  or  Tauris,  the  capital  of  Aw* 

bejdn,  whdfe  governor,  being  a  man  of  courage,  rejeariiH 

their  offers.    He  fatigued  them  with  infinite  fallies,  and  fa 

them  frequently  into  ambufcade.    But  at  laft,  being  fora 

to  a  pitch'd  batde,  was  beaten :  yet  he  efcaped  to'the  dq; 

and  might  have  held  out  a  long  time,  if  the  inhabitants,!* 

not  compelled  him  forthwith  to  make  propofals  to  thtMnf 

generals,  who  readily  confented  to  them;  for  fear  thcGeorp 

ansy  who  were  efteemed  the  moft  valiant  people  of  all  Ajj* 

ftiould  declare  for  the  inhabitants.     After  this,  being  infix* 

ed,  that  there  were  fome  commotions  at  IJpdhdn,  they  re* 

turned  to  Irdk :  but  the  author  of  them  having  been  flail 

by  his  party,  they  did  not  punifh  the  inhabitants. 

Georgi-         The  Georgians,  expefting  to  be  attacked  in  their  tursbf 

tLvismake    the  Mungls,  were  refojved  to  prevent  them;  and,  though i 

v*r*  was  the  midft  of  winter,  entered  Azerbejdn,  in  queft  of  d» 

troops,  which  the  two  generals  hgd  left  there :  but  fuxfif 

more  than   they  expe&ed,  and  having  been  worded  in  tw* 

rencounters,  returned  to  Tef&s, .  from  whence  they  fent  todk 

afliftance  from  all  their  neighbours ;  but  none  would  lad 

them  any.     They,  to  be  revenged,  fent  ftrong  parties  tomth 

left  all  thofe  who  favoured  the  Mungh.     Mean  time  Aflt 

and  Suidn  f$nt  troops  to  oppofe  them  ;  and,  as  foon  as  tb 

feafon  permitted,  marching  from  Irdk,  with  all  their  forces 

entered  Georgia  :  but  finding  all  the  pafTages  flopped,  tod 

that  a  few  were  able  to  defend  them  againft  many,  did  not 

think  fit  to  attack  them.     However,  on  their  return  to  Aur* 

Mar&gha  bejdn,  they  tpok  and  plundered  Mardgha,  which,  they  wre 

taken.         informed,  had  affifted  the  Georgians.     This  city  was  built  bf 

the  Khalifah  Merwdn,  and  was  very  confiderable,  bothir 

it?  trade  and  fine  fituation,  about  fifty  miles  fouth  of  fiuwfi 

Hul&ku,  grandfon  of  Jenghtz  Khdn,  built  there  a  magnificat 

o^rvatQry,  in  which  prefided  the  famous  Nafrb'ddfn  df^x 

mentioned  before. 

From  hence  they  went  to  refrefh  themfelves  &tJrMff\ 
wh«re  advice  arriving  of  a  revolt  at  Hamaddn*  IfubbemnA- 
ed  thither  to  f*ppeaf«  it,  The  governor  JamAh'ddin,  feeing 
himfeif  forfaken  by  the  reft  of  the  feditious,  fent  the  Mia4 
rich  prefeats,  with  offer*  of  fubmiffiQn  :  but  the  general  in* 


C.  5.  Rtign  */  Jengfriz  Kh2». 

lifted  that  he  fhould  furrcndcr  at  difcretioh.  He  was  going 
to  comply ;  when  a  captain,  named  Fakibi,  put  himfelf  at  the 
head  of  die  troops  which  were  in  the  city,  and  had  the  bold* 
nefs  to  make  a  fatly :  but  being  repulfed  and  purfued,  a  great 
mmber  of  the  enemy,  entering  promifcuoufly  with  his  fol- 
$ers,  fcized  the  gates,  and  became  mailers  of  the  place.  On 
ifubbSs  return,  the  two  generals  marched  to  reduce  Sahnat 
and  KM,  or  Koy,  in  the  moft  weftern  part  of  Azerbejdn  5  A  « 
which  having  taken  aod  plundered,  they  turned  their, arm*  J7**/ 
againft  N&kfbivdn,  a  city  of  the  province  oiAlR&n,  or  Arrdn,  ii-  * 
fuate  between  Azerbejdn  and  Armenia.  This  place  was  treated 
like  the  others ;  yet  with  lefs  rigour  than  Pilkdn  (or  Bila- 
Un) :  this  being  a  well-fortified  city,  as  well  as  the  place  of 
greateft  trade  in  all  Arrdn7  it  coft  the  enemy  a  great  deal  of 
time  to  take  it ;  and  they,  in  revenge,  committed  moft  cruel 
aftions  t  but  Gdnjeh,  another  city  (now  the  capital)  of  the  f?me 
province,  fared  better  ;  for,  opening  its  gates  without) delay, 
so  damage  was  done  to  the  inhabitants. 

r  Here  the  Mungls  being  informed  that  an  array  of  Georgi-  Georgia 
ens  were  advancing  to  attack  them ;  it  was  refolved  that  ans  de- 
Hubbe  fhould  put  himfelf  in  ambufcade,  with  5000  m&\,feated. 
while  Suida  marched  with  the  grofs  of  the  army,  as  if  to 
give  them  battle  :  but  that,  as  Toon  as  the  enemy  appeared, 
he  fhould  leave  his  baggage,  and  retire  haftily,  to  draw  them 
on.  This  ftratagem  had  the  defired  efieft :  fo  that,  at  the 
tune  time  Hubbe  came  out  of  his  ambufcade,  Suida  faced 
about ;  and  the  Georgians .  being  charged  both  before  and 
behind  at  once,  30,000  of  them  were  cut  in  pieces.  They 
who  efcaped  fpread  a  report  through  the  country,  that  the 
Mungls  were  coming  to  befiege  Teftfs ;  which  threw  the  in- 
habitants into  the  utmoft  terror.  However,  the  foldiers, 
knowing  the  difficulty  of  the  paflages,  ran  to  guard  them ; 
while  the  Mungls f  difheartened  at  the  many  narrow  lanes  and 
turnings  which  they  met  with,  immediately  retreated  \ 

It  is  time  now  to  go  fee  what  Jenghiz  Khdn  was  do-  Mungl4- 
ing  in  Khoraffdn.  This  prince,  after  the  battle  with  Jalhlo'd*  tachhsntu 
din,  through  the  feverity  of  the  winter,  was  obliged  to  take 
up  his  quarters  on  the  borders  of  Hindujldn,  and  repofe  his 
fatigued  army.  When  they  were  a  little  recovered,  he  ordered 
a  hunting ;  but,  on  the  approach  of  fpring,  he  fent  out  troops 
to  make  new  conquefts.  Fourfcore  thoufand  were  detached 
toward  Herdt  (which  had  revolted),  under  the  command 
of  flentu  Nevian ;  and  20,000  under  Beta,  or  Bala,  march- 
fd  toward?  Mulfdn,  in  India,  to  oppofe  the  Soltan^  if  he  ap- 

•  Faphi,  ap.  La  Croix,  j>.  333,  &  %q.  - 

pwe4 


HiJtorytf$biMo&\*rh/lM$  Empire.    MIL 

peartd  oil  that  fide.    Oktay  was  feat,,  with  the  troops  under 
his  conduit,  to  conquer  Gazna ;  and  Jagatay  had6cvxn>- 
1  forces  given  him*  in  order  id  ftrat  up  the  provinces  of  SmJ  , 
and  KermAn  againft  Jalab'ddin.   But  the  Saltan  retimed  iiwv. 
to  the  latter  as  foon  as  he  heard  that  Jenghtz  Kbdn  wasgtt* 
ten  into  MogoUft&n  ;  whither  that  prince  prepared  to  march, 
upon  advice  that  SbidafkAy  Khan  of  Tangfa  b,  had  taken  d* 
city  of  Kamphn  from  his  governor,  and  that  the  &fty 
were  inclined  to  revolt, 
Kandahar      On  this  news  Jenghtz  Rh&n  fent  orders  to  his  brother  Utm 
taken.        ktn>  and  marched  with  the  troops  which  remained  with  In, 
as  far  as  Kand&bdr,  which  he  took.    This  city  is  very  a*, 
cient,  and  the  capital  of  a  province  of  the  fame  name,    k 
Carries  on  a  great  trade  with  the  countries  of  Send,  Ini^\ 
and  Perjia ;  and  feme  geographers  place  it  in  the  one,  fbati 
In  the  other,  of  which  it  is  a  ftrong  frontier  town.    Here  tbt< 
Khan  waited  a  long  time,  expecting  to  hear  news  from  fail: 
armies. 

Multan  Some  time  after  the  reduction  of  this  fortrefs,  Multdtt,  % 

reduced,      city  of  India,  was  fufbdued  by  Bela  Nevian ;  who  had  or< 

to  conquer  LahAr  alfo :  but  as  he  was  informed  there  was,  ia 
that  place,  a  ftrohger  *rmy  than  his  own,  he  did  not  gt 
thither.  A  Paidn  prince,  named  Kob&dia,  had  fent  thofc 
forces ;  thinking  he  had  more  reafon  to  provide  againft  th» 
Mungls  than  againft  Jaldlo'ddtn.  For  although  the  Scld^ 
was  then  in  arms  on  his  frontiers/  yet  he  had  only  a  ' 
troops  with  him :  nor  had  he  done  any-thing,  but  made  % 
flight  irruption  into  the  territories  of  a  prince  named  Rdna^ 
toho  had  infulted  him,  and  whom  he  had  killed. 
Slaughter  ILENKU  (A)  executed  the  orders  he  had  received  co*» 
at  Herat,  cerning  Her  fa  with  much  cruelty.  It  has  been  already 
ed,  that  the  people  of  this  country,  after  they  had* 
peace  with  Tuli  Kh&n,  revolted,  on  the  appearance  of  JaJih'd* 
din ;  killed  the  governor  AMbekr>  with  thofe  of  his  party,  and 
fet  up  Mubarezzo'ddin  in  his  room.  This  happened  at  thai 
time  when  30,000  malecontents  joined  that  prince ;  whid^ 
made  them  .believe  his  affairs  would  take  a  profperous  tunu. 
KfltttM  received  immediate  orders  to  chaftifc  them,  but  Ml , 
defeat  at  Birwan  prevented  him  ;  fo  that  the  Khan  had  beea: 
obliged  to  defer  his  vengeance  till  now.  Ilenkn  had  orderfJ 
to  ruin  all  the  country ;  and  it  employed  him  .fix  months  tty 

k  See  before,  p.  360. 

(A)  Abulghdxi  Khan  calls  him  Ilzikty  (or  Itjiktey)  Kcjjs. 

•     •  •  *       execute 


lecatc  hfe  o^nmiflion  (9)w    The  Mungb  boaftod  that  *pj    A.  D* 
ddeftroyed  in  this  expedition  above  1,636,000  perfbos  j  tin     isla- 
nding the  30*000  maleeonter>ts,  whom  the  general  bad  or*  V-«^J  ' 
is  to  fight,  and  intkery  defeated,  though  with  much  *f- 
;nlty.     . 

OKTAT,  whofe  orders  were  to  punifh  €azHa,  no  foo«r  Gazn*  Jf- 
kfved  in  that  country,  than  he  exercif$d  all  forts  of  cruel*  fopJL 
9.  Not  that  this  prince  was  naturally  bloody,  but  he  kaew 
%  hther  was  £0 ;  and  that  he  hated  thofe  people  to  whom 
sowed  the  Ms  of  his  armies.  After  he  had  fabdued  att  the 
lees  of  leaft  ftrength,  he  fat  down  before  the  capital  Gaz* 
r,  then  called  DdroH  Mulk,  or  the  rvy*l  city,  becaufc  it  had 
ata  the  metropolis  of  the  Gazni  Soitins.  Thh  $ity  was  pro- 
led  with  all  things  necef&ry  to  fuftaia  a  fiege;  had  a  (bong 
trrifon,  with  a  brave  and  experienced  governor.  The  inha~ 
feats,  expefting  no  mercy  from  the  Khan,  who  they  knew 
A  fworn  their  ruin,  were  refplved  to  make  a  defperate  de* 
pee.  Tbey  made  frequent  fellies  on  the  befiegere ;  feveral  4*4  taken. 
mes  overthrew  their  works,  and  broke  above  a  hundred  of 
nr  battering-rams.  But  one  night,  after  an  obfHnatp  fight, 
i- which  Oktay  fought  in  perfon,  to  encourage  his  foldiers, 
lo  began  to  be  daunted,  one  fide  of  the  city-walls  fell  down  \ 
Ml  filling  up  the  ditch,  a  great  number  of  Muneh  eafiiy  en«* 
ltd  fword  in  hand.  The  governor,  feeing  alt  loft,  at  tho 
tad  of  his  braved  foldiers,  charged  among  the  thickeft  of  his 
fanies;  where  he  and  all  his  followers  wereflain. v  How- 
fir,  Gazna  was  not  intirely  ruined  ;  nor  did  all  the  inha- 
lants perifh ;  for  after  the  plundering  had  fefted  four  or 
»e  hours,  Oktay  ordered  it  to  ceafe ;  and  taxed  the  people 
ho  ware  left  alive  at  a  certain  rate,  to  redeem  themfelvet 
id  dig  city.  This  prince  continued  here  till  the  whole  pro-  v 

ace  was  reduced,  and  then  went  away  to'  rejoin  his  father 
iTartary. 

Mean  time  Jagatay  having  entered  Kermdn,  the  ancient  Jagatay 
hramanha  of  Perfia,  took,  by  degrees,  all  the  cities  in  that  cnttrslLiit* 
rtmnce.     The  Khan,  who  had  been  well  .informed  of  the  **&• 
nhealthlnefs  of  the  country,  gave  him  a  particular  charge  to 
$k  after  the  foldiers.     After  he  had  reduced  Tiz,  One  of 
be  heft  cities,  with  ibme  othen  places,  which  he  deftroyed, 
*  proceeded  to  Keldnjer,  a  country  bordering  on  Hindujiun  % 

(B)  Acxording  to  Ahul%hfai  Jiad  taken  it,  after  fix  days  at- 

U>dn,   he  divided  hit  8o,coo  tack;  and  pat  to  the  fword  all 

orces  into  four  bodies;  and  ne-  the  inhabirants,  excepting  iif- 

%r  ceafed  aifaulting  He*af,  at  teen,  *nd  thai  aemolilhcd  the 

i>  many  different  places,  nil  he  walls. 

where 


'444  Hifiory  of  the  Mogul  or  MungI  Empire.   B.HI 

A.  D.    where  intending  to  pafs  the  winter,  the  fqldiers,  by  helpa 
1223.     their  Haves,  buSt  houfes^  cultivated  gardens  ;  and  kept  flochl 
u-v*»J  0f  (beep,  as  if  they  were  to  fettle  there.     Bat  when  tk| 
Sicily  cli-  icoidiing  winds  began  to  blow,  to  which  they  were  not  «j 
mate,        cuftomed,  almoft  all  of  them  fell  fick,  and  a  great  number 
died;  while  the  greater  port  of  thofe  who  lived becune  4 
weak  and  languid,  that  they  were  not  fit  for  fervice.    1 
this  means  the  country  of  F&rsf  or  Pirx,  which  is  the  m 
per  Perjia ;  and  that  part  of  KMzefidn  which  belonged  a 
Kayafo'ddin,  Soltan  Jal&lo'ddins  younger  brother,  aad  cm 
tained  feveral  ftrong  cities,  efcaped  for  this  time  the  ioraig 
of  the  Mungls.     Jagatay,  by  removing  his  troops  from  oq 
place  to  another,  by  degrees  recovered  them ;  and  finding  tk 
'  flaves  which  his  foldiers  had  taken  were  a  burthen  to  mop 
ordered  the  throats  bf  the  greater  part  of  them  to  be  a* 
Then  having  committed  the  care  of  the  conquered  counoij 
to  one  of  his  lieutenants,  he,  purfuant  to  his  father's  onkni 
directed  his  courfe  for  BMkh,  where  the  general  rendeznn 
was  appointed  c. 
rktKb&n  .   JENGHIZ  A^^,  afto  taking  iCim^tfr,  as  before-nw 
rrtums      tk>$ed,  decamped,  and  continued  to  march  towards  the  JM 
?r  Ami.    He  pafled  the  reft  of  the  fummer  in  a  delightfc 
place,  to  the  fouth  of  th*t  river  ;  where  he  informed  himfifl 
concerning  the  antiquities  of  Bdlkb,  and  particularly  aba 
Zeridejht  Bchram,  or  Zoroqfter,  the  famous  phUofopher,  1 
inftituted  fire-wor(hip.     Here  he  received  letters  from 
Khan  of  Tang4t,  promiiing  fubmiffion,  and  to  become 
butary,  provided  the  Khan  would  pardon  what  was  pail.  TJ 
,    '    prevent  his  forming  any  more  ^nterprifes,  an  anfwer 
fent,  that  his  offers  were  accepted.    After  this  it  was 
fblved  to  crofs  the  Ami,  in  order  to  keep  in  awe  ail 
who  had  any  inclination  to  rebel.    Then  having  fent 
'         to  the  generals,  difperfed  through  the  provinces,  to  fet 
to  Bokha*  immediately  and  follow  him,  he  proceeded  to  Bokbtnu  Tba 
**•  a  again  he  had  a  converfation  with  .the  learned,  about  the  Mi 

**?"  r?°'  ^Hanme^an  religion,  which  they  faMk  confxfted  chiefly  m£m 
A '  D*  articles :  1 .  The  belief  of  one  God,  the  Creator  of  all  thinj* 
>2*3"  who  had  no  equal :  2.  In  giving  the  poor  one-fortieth  poti 
qi  their  yearly  income  or  gains  :  3.  In  praying  to  the  Ddqi 
five  times  every  day :  4.  In  fetting  apart  one  month  of  d» 
year  for  failing  : ,  5.  In  making  a  pilgrimage  to  the  temple  of 
Jtfekka,  there  to  worfliip  God.  Jenghtz  Kb&n  told  them  Be 
believed  the  firft  article,  and  approved  of  the  three  next :  tat  j 

•Fadhl-Nissjivi,  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  331,  &  fc<^    Abxt'i 
p.  139. 

VIS! 


!.  5-  **i*  */  Jcnghlz  Khln; 

as  difpleafed  with  the  laft,  faying,  the  whole  world  was  GoS's 
tafe ;  and  thought  it  ridiculous  to  imagine  that  one  place 
ioixld  be  fitter  than  another  to  adore  him  in.  The  Mohammedan 
frftors  were  no  lefs  offended  with  his  opinion  on  this  point* 
ace  it  maintained  that  there  was  no  occafion  for  temples. 
JENGHIZ  Khdn  continued  at  Bokhara,  to  pafs  theHubbe  " 
inter;  and  then  proceeded  to  Samarkand  where  he  fpent  WSoida 
6ft  part  of  the  year  :  and  intending  to  hold  a  general  diet 
ief  next  year  at  Tonkat,  fent  mandates  to  the  princes*  go- 
Imors,  and  generals,  to  repair  thither.  As  Hubbe  and  Suida 
Ift  inftrudlions  to  return  by  the  way  of  DStrbend,  round  the 
fffian  fea,  they  no  fooner  received  his  orders,  than  they 
Rered  Shtrw&n,  and  took  Shamhkiya,  the  capital,  which 
fey  treated  with  rigour,  for  its  refinance ;  and  then,  changing 
teir  meafures,  fpared  both  the  country  and  the  people.  This 
ite  all  done  to  obtain  of  the  king  a  paflage  by  Ddrbend:  but 
tit  prince,  fearing  their  defign  was  to  feize  that  fortrefs,  and 
fcre  him  out  of  his  kingdom,  denied  their  requeft,  under 
tious  pretences ;  till  at  length  the  generals,  finding  they 
ade  ufe  of  intreaties  to  no  purpofe,  proceeded  to  threats:' 
Ikrh  procured  a  grant  of  their  demands,  with  officers  to 
toduft  them. 

OThb  Mungl  generals,  in  viewing  Ddrbend,  admired  at  itsrpafi  thrf 
Rural  as  well  as  artificial  ftrength;  and  confefled  it  wasDarbead; 
ft  to  be  forced.  There  is,  between  the  fea  and  the  moun- 
fais*  a  fpace,  about  a  quarter  of  a  league  wide,  which  is 
lit  by  two  walls,  built  of  gravel  and  {hells  pounded  toge- 
jfer :  a  compofition  harder  than  any  ftone/and  fix  foot  thick. 
bey  are  founded  on  the  rock,  and  reach  from  the  fea  to  the 
bantam ;  fo  that  all  paflengers  were  obliged  to  pafs  through 
►  the  iron  gates  (C),  which  were  in  thefe  walls.  The  fpace 
hween  them  made  a  third  part  of  the  city,  and  is  called 
Uhr-y6nn&n,  or  the  city  of  the  Greeks ,  becaufe  built  by  Alex* 
Uer  the  Great :  another  part  is  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain : 
id  the  third  on  its  declivity,  near  the  top.  The  middle 
JTt  is  beft  peopled ;  and  all  three  near  two  miles  aid  a  quar- 
it  in  length,  though  not  very  broad.  There  is  a  kind  of 
Hi,  (hut  in  by  a  chain,  fattened  to  two  forts,  one  on  each 
k ;  aad  the  whole  is  defended  by  a  caftle  on  the  top  of 

fe  mountain :  but  the  trade  is  very  inconfiderable  4. 

• 

*  La  Croix,  p.  339,  &  fcg.    Abu'lo.  p.  1*42. 

(C)  Thence  called  Demir  Kd-  bend,  fignifies  in  Perfian,  tbi 
;  by  the  Turks,  and  Bdbal-db-  faftenings  of  tbi  gat $4,  or  tbi' 
tab,  that  is,  the  gate  of  gates,    /hut -gates. 


|F  "the  Arabs.   Ddrbend,  or  Dtr* 


The 


446  Hijlcrjdf  tbtteagiA  or  Mun£\  Empire.  B.HL 

A.  D.        T0E  orientals  (ay,  that,   fiDce  Alexander  fed  his  my 

1223.     through  D&rbend*  none  but  that  of  Jengbtl  KUn  ever  pfti 

*-»'V*'»  this  way.    The  ^£ro*  at  pcefent  called  the  Tatar*  ef  DsgL 

&*/'«* tbe  cftdn,  were  extremely  furprifed  at  the  ampefi&d  app* 

JSfff"     ance  °f  the  Mungls ;  and,  fearing  they  had  foroe  defigu  m 

*****       their  liberty, fpoilcd  the roads,  and  defhoyed  prorifioo eraf 

where.   The  generals,  provoked,  took  and  ruined  their  cfatf 

city  7arib*    After  this  they  furprifed  Terki,  the  capita! 

L  the  Cbtrkaffinns,  who  were  joined  with  them,  as  wett  a» 

Kahnuk  Tatars  (D),  bordering  on  the  flPogpt  and  Cafrm 

However,  forefeeing  thatt  if  thefe  three  nations  raffed  all ' 

fprces,  they  fhould  not  be  able  to  withftaod  them,  the 

generals  feat  meflengers  to  a/fare  the  Katm&k  tribes,  that 

were  of  the  fame  nation  with  themfelves ;  that  they 

nothing,  but  to  return  to  their  own  country  ;  and  c 

them  to  be  arbitrators  of  the  war.     The  Kabnz&s,  moral 

thefe  radons,  and  more  perhaps  by  prefents,  recalled 

troops  ;  fo  that  the  JUni  and  Cbcrkaffiaiu%  feeing  then 

deprived  of  their  affiftance,  foon  loft  courage,  and  gave 

to  their  enemies. 

EtrttrK\p-     The  generals,  having  crofled  the  TVolga,  by  favour  of 

jak.  Kalmyks,  entered  into  Kipch&k,  or  Kapjhdk :  but  beiqg  dt" 

to  pafs  the  winter  there,  as  they  arrived  late  in  the 

their  long  (by  gave  rife  to  feuds  between  them  and 

hofts.    Hereupon  the  Mungls  fortified  their  camp,  and 

to  Tufbi  KbAn,  who  was  not  far  off,  for  afliffcance. 

prince  detached  the  greater  part  of  his  troops,  who, 

joined  the  others,  in  fpite  of  the  enemy,  formed  a  co 

hie  army ;  which,  without  much  trouble,  cofcftrained 

people  to  fubmit.    Mean  time  Tujbty  being  obliged  to 

to  court,  left  Hubbe  and  Suida  to  command  'uxKipcbokc 

his  abfence ;  with  orders  to  attack  the  Ntgays,  who  had 

fended  him,  and  were  the  only  people  unfubdued  in  K#ckA 

which  that  prince  had  reduced,  having  pufhed  his  conqasi 

Aftra-       as  far  as  the  borders  of  Ruffia.    By  means  of  die  fraud 

fch&n        rcrS9  ^e  Mungls  had  an  early  paflage  to  Afirakhhsy  cdi 

taken.        gayt  f^fon  by  the  Mohammedans*  fituale  in  an  ifland  of  di 

Wolga,  near  tte'Cafjfxan  fea,  which  they  fiihdued.     Thewt 

Jafted  fix  months :  at  the  end  of  which  the  Nogays  acta** 

leged  Tufbi  KhAn  for  their  foverdgn,  and  Jengbtz  Kbm  fe 

their  Granc^  Khan.     The  generals  continued  in  this  corafij 

(D)  So  called,  doubtlefs,  be-    Mobammdms,  or  Qbrifita*  < 
caufe  they  were  Pagans ;  where-    leaft. 
as  the  other  two  nations  were 


C*5-  Reign  of  }tf\ghizK\Ak.  44 j 

till Tt$*  returned  from  the  diet,  in  autumn  1224 ;  tad  then     A.  D. 
left  it  with  the  troops  they  had  brought  thither.  1224. 

If  Jcnghiz  Kb&n  was  fevere  to  thofe  who  offended  him,  *— -v-*^ 
fee  was  kind  and  bountiful  to  fuch  as  did  him  any  fervice,  or  TheKhaus 
pere  willing  to  oblige  him.     When  he  left  Samarkant  to  go  °0ttnt3* 
far  Tonkat  >  he  freed  the  people  of  that  province  for  feveral 
■ears  from  paying  the  ufual  tribute,  becaufe  their  behaviour 
jpd  pleafed  him  :  and,  to  give  the  lords  fame  particular  marks 
pf  his*afie£tion,  he  remitted  to  them,  for  their  lives,  the  taxes 
(be  from  the  nobility  to  thei»  prince.     This  generous  pro- 
ceeding caufed  much  joy  in  Samarkant :  but  it  was  damped 
pith  feeing  the  queen  Turkh&n  Kat&n,  followed  by  her  ladies, 
ipd  they  by  all  the  great  officers  of  Soltan  Mohammed,  who 
pad  been  taken,  led  as  in  triumph  before  the  Grand  Khan's 
jnny;  who  w&  going  to  pais  through  thofe  countries  where 
pie  was  ftill  beloved.      After  them  the  Soltan 's  throne  and 
pown  were  borne  in  ftate e. 

i  The  Grand  Khan,  having  croflcd  otfer  the  river  Sihtn,  or  Comet  fo 
fir,  arrived  at  Tonkat  the  beginning  of  the  year  601  :.  which  Tonkat. 
(ity  he  had  made  choice  of  to  hold  the  dyet  in,  becaufe  it  HcJ-  6°»» 
pas  agreeably  fituated,  and  was  able  to  furnifli  all  things  ne-     A*  D. 
Hfflary  for  fo  numerous  anaflembly.     The  princes  andge-     l22** 
lends  being  all  returned  from  their  refpe&ive  expeditions, 
\f*gb$z  Khdn>  with  carefles,  received  his  fons,  who  kneeled 
fowa,  killed  his  hand,  and  made  him  prefents,  which  were 
ffij  copfiderable :  but  thofe  of  Tujbi9  or  Juji,  were  by  far 
fee  belt  $  for,  befides  other  rare  things,  there  were  100,000 
porfes,  white,  dappled-greys,  bays,  black,  and  fpotted,  of 
|ftch  fort  an  equal  number.  In  return,  the  Grand  Kh£n  open* 
^  his  treafures,  and  loaded  them  with  gifts.     After  this  he 
■we  public  feafts  for  a  whole  month  :  but  the  moft  fump- 
peas  banquet  was  on  their  return  from  a  general  hunting, 
jp  which  feveral  thouland  beafts  of  all  kinds  had  been  (lain  : 
$e  falconers  furnifhed  variety  of  birds.  Their  liquors,  befides 
ktyerinj,  or  metheglin,  griut,  or  beer,   and  kamniez,  or  ii-  • 
|tf,  were  excellent  wines  from  the  fouthern  countries  \  and 
fcerbets,  which  they  had  learned  to  make  from  the  Per/tans,     . 
i  When  this  great  feaft  was  ended,  preparations  were  made  Holds  a 
pr  holding  the  dyet  in  the  plain  of  Tonkat :  which,  though  dyet. 
(wen  leagues  in  length,  could  fcarcely  contain  all  the  tents 
l&d  attendants  of  the  great  perfonages  \  who,  befides  the  go- 
wnors,  came  from  the  moil  diftant  provinces  of  Kit  ay,  Mo* 
{«4jM»,  Karakitay9  Turan,  and  Iran.     The  greater  part  of 
tbexa  alfo  had  brought  thither  their  moveable  houfes.   When 

c  La  Croix,  p.  3^8,  &  feq.  t 

the 


Hijtory  of  tht  Mogul  or  Mungl  Empire.    B. 

the  Khan's  quarters  were  marked  out,  which  took  up 
two  leagues  iu  compafs ;  and  the  ftreets,  fquares,  and 
>  kets  were  appointed,  they  pitched  the  tents  for  his  houi 
That  fet  up  for  the  diet  to  fit  in,  would  contain  at  leaftaoa 
perfons  ;  and,  to  diftinguifti  it  from  the  reft,  it  was  covcra 
with  white.  It  had  but  two  gates,  one  named  the  imperii 
for  the  Khan  alone  to  enter  at ;  the  other  called  the  pott 
gate ;  which  laft  alone  had  guards,  and  that  only  for  gna 
deur.  A  magnificent  throne  was  erefted  for  the  emperor 
nor  did  they  forget  to  place  on1  an  eminence  the  black  felt 
pet,  on  which  that  prince  was  proclaimed  Grand  Khifr 
which  emblem  of  the  poor  eftate  of  the  Mttngls  at 
time,  was  held  in  great  veneration  by  them,  fo  long  as 
empire  lafted. 
mithgrtat  Although  the  luxury  of  the  princes  and  chief  lords 
fnf.  the  Mungls  was  not  (Tome  to  the  height  which  it  arrived 
after  Jcnghtz  Khany%  death ;  yet  there  appeared  a  great  d 
of  magnificence  in  their  drefs,  which  refembled  the  Tttrfy 
and  in  their  equipages,  efpecially  their  faddles,  and  otk 
•  horfe-furniture,  which  were  fet  with  precious  ftones  a 
gold.  On  the  top  of  mod  tents  were  placed  dreamers  of  d 
richeil  filks,  of  divers  colours ;  which  made  a  charming  fliei 
Altho*  the  affairs  which  were  to  fettle  in  fo  raft  an  cmjw 
as  that  of  the  Mungls  was  already  grown  to,  were  very  i 
tty*  yct  7*g*tay,  the  keeper  of  Jenghlz  Khan's  laws,  had 
them  in  fo  good  a  method,  that  all  things  were  regular 
by  them  without  any  trouble.  From  hence  the  Khan, 
loved  to  fpeak  in  public,  took  an  occafion  to  make  a  fpea 
in  praife  of  thofe  laws,  to  which  he  imputed  all  his  viftori 
and  conquefts ;  recounting  them  very  minutely,  one  after 
other.  Then,  as  a  farther  proof  of  his  greatnefs,  he 
ed  all  the  ambafladors,  who  had  followed  the  conrt,  as 
as  all  the  envoys  and  deputies  from  the  countries  he  had  fid 
dued,  to  be  called  in  j  and  having  given  them  audience 
the  foot  of  the  throne,  difinifled  the  afiembly. 
Tuflu  re-  After  this,  Tujbi  Kh&n,  among  the  reft,  took  leave 
turns.  his  father,  in  order  to  return  to  Kipchak\  the  grant  of  wise 
kingdom  the  Khan  confirmed  to  him.  On  his  arrival  then 
the  two  generals,  Hubbe  and  Suida,  put  their  troops  ii 
his  hands,  and  returned  to  court ;  where  they  were  reca 
with  honour  ;  and  allowed  an  hour  every  day,  while  jfogfl 
Khan  was  on  the  road  homewards,  to  recount  to  him  til 
rarities  they  had  feen  in  countries  which  they  had  traverfedi 
their  laft  expedition ;  leaving  his  army  to  follow  at  leifnre f, 

1  La  Croix,  p.  353,  &  feq.    Abu'lgh.  p.  144. 


C.5- 


Reign  of  Jcnghiz  Khan. 


449 

Having  finifhed  the  hiflory  of  Jenghiz  Khan's  expedition     A,  D. 
in  the  weft  of  Afiat  from  the  writers  of  thofe  countries,  we     1*24* 
hall  now  lay  before  our  readers  what  has  been  tranfmitted  to  y  *Bv1'^ 
is  concerning  it  from  the  Chinefe  hiftorians.  \ 

The  people  of  the  Si-yu  having  maflacred  certain  perfons  Bukharia 
i?at  by  Jenghiz  Khan ;  this  prince  was  fo  enraged  at  it,  that,  **v*ded* 
iter  lubduing  the  countries  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Knfb- 
rar§  he  went  and  befieged  fVo-ta-la  (or  Otr&r).  In  the  third 
nonth  of  the  year  1220  he  took  Pu-wa  \  in  the  fifth,  Sun* 
*-fan  (E)  ;  whofe  king,  called  Cha-ta-ting  (F)  (or  Jalalo'd- 
for),  quitted  the  city  on  the  Khan's  approach.  Pi-tt2,  fon 
)f  Yelu  Lyew-ko  (king  of  Lyau-tong),  though  dangeroufly 
pounded*  feeing  Chu-chi  (or  Juji),  an  intrepid  prince,  en* 
aged  almoft  lingly  againft  a  troop  of  the  enemy,  ran  to  his 
iffiAance ;  and,  though  quite  furrounded,  they  broke  through 
tnd  efcaped  (G).  '  Prince  Yelu  Kohay,  a  relation  of  Pi-t& 
[for  there  were  many  Kitdn  in  the  Mungl  army),  was  made 
governor  of  the  place.  The  WheyM  (H)  had  lined  trie  banks 
w  the  river  Gan-mti  (I)  with  their  bell  troops,  covered  with  no 
fewer  than  ten  intrenchments  j  they  likewife  covered  the  river 
with  barks.  But  the  general  Ko-j>au-yu  burnt  them  with 
(hooting  fiery  darts;  whofe  flame  and  fmoke  putting  the 


(E)  There  is  no  determining, 
with  any  certainty,  either  what 
places  thefe  were,  or  moil  of  the 
reft  which  follow  ;  ovXySun-ke- 
Jen  is  fappofed,  by  Gaubil,  to  be 
Khojend:  and  the  rather,  becaufe 
to  a  catalogue,  or  fummary  of 
the  hiftory  of  the  Lyau,  it  it 
tilled  Ho  change  or  Ko-cbang: 
but  then  the  particulars,  men- 
tioned in  the  text,  do  not  agree 
fwith  thofe  before  related  from 

the  weftern  hiftorians  of  Afim. 

(F)  He  is  called  alfo,  So-tan, 
Of  Su-on-tan,  and  Ko  fey  >  cha- 
in* Suon-tan,  that  is,  the  Sol- 
tin  of  the  kingdom  of  Ko-fcy- 
tba ;  and  thus  the  father,  Mo- 
hemmed  Karazm  Shdh9  is  con- 
founded with  his  fon.  Ko  fcy- 
<&t  founds  like  Ktpcbdk,  or 
Kafcbdk,  especially  as  que,  or 
h,  comes  after  it;   although 


that  feems  to  be  the  Chinefe 
word  for  kingdom y  2nd  Ki-cba  (or 
Kin-cha)  is  the  term  commonly" 
ufed  for  Kefebik,  or  Kipebdk. 

(G)  This  feems  to  relate  to 
the  battle  of  Karakn,  between 

2uji  *nd  Soltin  Mobtmmed.  See 
jfore,  p  389. 

(H)  Thefe  l^-«,  or /P%- 
he9  as  tney  are  alfo  called,  feem 
to  be  obMamme dan  Turks  \  and 
fo  named  to  diftinguifh  them 
from  the  Deift  Turks*  who  are, 
by  the  Chinefes.  called  Tu  que% 
orTu-ke.  They  extended  them- 
fclves  along  the  borders  of 
Little  Bukharia^  and  Were  fettled 
in  many  parts  of  it. 

(I)  This  feems  to  be  the 
Amu,  or  Jibun,  by  the  iound ; 
but  (hould  rather  be  the  Sihuti9 
or  Sir  (on  which  Khojend  is  ft- 
tuate),  by  the  fccne  of  a&ion. 


98qp.Hxst.  Vol.IV. 


Cg 


Whey-h* 


450  Hijtory  of  the  Mogul  brMiing!  Empire.    B.IIL 

Whey~hu  in  diforder,  the  Mungh  attacked  their  intrcnchmt&ts 

on  every  fide,  and  forced  them  (K). 

'      In  1221,  the  Mungl  year  of  die  ferpent  (L),  the  Khk 

Gmqwjls   fubdued  the  cities  of  Po-hd-eul,  or  Bokhara,  and  Sye<mi-tj> 

ire '       kan.    Chuchi  took  Yan-ki-kan  and  Pa-eul-cbing.    During  the 

fummer  heats  the  Khan  refided  at  the  Iran  Gate  (M),  a  fortrefc 

to  the  weftward  of  Sa-ma-eul-kan,  or  Samarhmt.    There!* 

received  two  famous  embafhes  from  the  emperors  of  the  Saf 

and  the  Kin  (then  reigning  in  Mdrtji  and  HGtay),  who  mas 

propofals  of  peace ;   but,  being  refolved  to  deftrdy  thofe 

powers,  they  were  not  accepted.     In  autumn,  Pan-h-kify 

(or  Balk)  was  taken.     Jenghtz  Khdn  having  ordered  his  gD» 

neral  Porch;  to  inttruft  Jagatay,  his  fecond  fon,  m  the  art  rf 

war,  named  \\\;x  prince  governor  of  great  part  of  his  eafiera 

A.  D.     conqucfts.     Juji,  Jdgatay9   and  Oktay%  in  the  year  1221, 

1221.     took  Yu-hng  and  Kye-Jbc  (O).    Toley,  formed  under  theKhit 

himfelf,  reduced  Ma-lu,  Sha-ki-kd,  Ma4u  Si-la-tfe  (P),  and 

other  places.     This  year  the  Khan  declared  Bo-lin  (or  Km 

korom)  the  metropolis  of  his  dominions  in  Tatary ;  that  % 

the  place  where  the  general  affernbly,  of  the  princes  and  chids 

of  tribes,  was  to  be  held. 

mnd  in  In  1222,  the  emperor,  refblving  to  befiege  Ta-ii-kan  (or 

Irin.         Talkdn),  gave  a  great  body  of  troops  to  Toky  (or  TuE)9  whon 

Jdik&t,  king  of  the  Igurs,  defired  to  accompany  with  io,oot 

of  his  troops.     Toley,  who  liked  the  Igurt,  was  charmed  to ' 

,  have  their  prince  in  his  army :  both  becaufe  he  had  excellent  i 

officers,  and  wad  a  great  commander;  having  given  maty 

proofs  of  his  valour  and  conduit,  in  conjunction  wkh  Cbefa 

againft  the  Whey-M.     Thefe  two  princes  firft  took  This,  or  , 

Tfts,  Nye-cha-u-cul  (or  Nifbdbur).     Afterwards  they  acquire!  \ 

(K)  There  is  no  mention  there-  Koluga  Kfes  to  the  forth  or  fond- 

oF  in  our  account  of  this  fiege  eaft  of  Samark&nt. 

from    the  wefiern    hiltorians;  '   (N)  Pan-h-ki>  and7/r*/,0f 

nor  of  Timur  Maid's  brave  de-  Termed,  wc  are  told,  were  takm 

fence  in  the  Chtneft  hiftnry  :  yet  by  Jenghi%  Khan  m  pcrfon. 

this  may  be  defigned  for  a  re-  (O)  Thofe  three  princes,  in 

lation  of  it.  1221,  made  the  expedition  into 

(L)  This  mult  be  a  miftake,  Karaxm ;  but  there  1?  bo  afiity 

for  1220  was  the  year  of  the  between  thofe  mames  and&- 

ferpent.  raz»t>  or  any  dries  they  cob- 

(M)  There  is  a  place  in  this  quered  there, 

country  called  Koluga,  or   the  (P)  Ma-la,  is,  doubtfefs,  Uh- 

Iron  G *te:  but  the  wefiern  hif-  ru,    In   KhoraJJon  ;    of  wte* 

torians  do  not  fay  the  Kh&n  name  there"  are  two  places,  it 

ijpent  the  fumincr  there.  Bcfides,  hath  been  obferved  before,  p.   . 

425,  noee$,  I 

agreat   j 


1  great  A&&  of  plunder  in  the  kingdom  of  Mu-Uy  (  QJj.    A.  D. 
Then  croffing  the  river  Sh4~jh6-dan,  and  taking  die  roa4  of     "34. 
!V-/r  (R),  arrived  at  Talkbdn,  which  by  their  affiftance  was  ^  ""*■*■ 
aken  and  deftroyed.    Jenghix  Kh&n,  being  informed  that  Ja-  £«W  °J 
\ib9ddin9  king  of  the  weft,  had  joined  Mye-H,  marched  at  3^?*** 
he  head  of  his  troops,  and  defeated  the  two  princes ;  of  whom         * 
he  laft  was  taken.     But  touching  this  event  the  Chinefa  au- 
hors  differ :  fome  fay,  Jal&lo'ddm  fled  firft  to  Ha-ld-he  (S) 
jor  Herat),  and  then  to  Han-yen ;  and  that,  being  beaten  at 
ioth  cities,  he  retired  into  the  fea  (T).   Others,  more  rightlyi 
rfRrm  Mye-R  to  be  king  of 'the  Mohammedans';  and  that, 
>eing  hotly  purfued  by  the  Mungls,  he  entered  the  lea  and 
lied.     All  agree  that  he  abandoned  his  money  and  jewels, 
xrhich  fell  into  their  hands*. 

TThe  king  of  jGn-cha  (U)  having  not  only  fpoken  ctifre-  Kin-cha 
peftfaUy  of  die  emperor,  hot  often  given  fhelter  to  his  ene>  ******& 
nies ;  the  general  Suputay  afked  leave,  in  1223,  to  toa*e  *n* 
rarfions  into  his  codntrv.  To  him  were  joined  Chepe  and 
Kqfineli.  They  marched  along  the  Tenkiz  Hbr  (X),  and  made 
roads  over  mountains  which  fecmed  inacceflible.  They  ruined 
fehe  dries  of  Ku-eiil,  Te-jhe,  Wan*Jba,  He-lin,  and  others  ;  piffing 
(be  O-ti-ki  (or  Wolga),  in  feverartettles,  defeated  the  people 
af  Kfr-Jbe,  j/-s4{Y),  anAthe  ffW*-(/2r  (or  Ruffians),  whofe 
phief  was  named  Mi-cbi-fe-la.  This  lord  was  taken,  and,  at 
length,  beheaded;  the  country  of  Kin-cha  ravaged ;  and  Ho* 

*  Gaubil,  hift.  Oentch.  Kan,  p.  3$,  &  feqq. 

-    (  Q^)  A  corrnptipn  of  &UJa-  geography  fays,  this  i*  Herat: 

tfida&i  the  people  called  alfo  but  Herat  feeras  jather  to  fee 

gbmae/ians    and    affaffins ;   And  meant    by  ft-//,    before- roen- 

their  prince  the  Sbeykb  aljebdl,  tioned,  Which  Tuff  took  in  hit 

OT.t&e  lorjtpf  th  muptain ;  {hey  way  back  to  taJMan;  nor  is  ii 

ppflefied  part  of  Jebal,  or  Ku-  in  the  Way  to  the  Cajpia n  fcft. 

teflon  %    that  i*f    /i*  mount *in  (T)  This  is  to  be  undertook 

country,    in   Perfian   Irak,   and  of  the  Cafpian  fea. 

tfsis  extirpated  fome  years  after  (U)  Before    caJW    tb-cbai 

by     /tf/atf,     7«gA«    i&sVs  .which  is  &>;£«*,  and  fe)l  ft 

grandfon.     Although  the  weft-  Jeji*  (hare. 

*rn  Jiiftoriaas  mention  Rudiuu  '  .(X)  So  the  3f**f/j  call: the 

and   other  places,   which  be*  QaftLm  fea.     Afar,  with  Jbhtm* 

longed  totheVe  agafltiis,  yet  they  fignifies  fea%  or  gruit  luk* ;  die 

do  Aot  Jpcak  of  tie  afiaiihs  Qbimtfc  pronounce  it  Yyem-H*tfe* 

fchemfeives.  (Y)  This  country,  which  fur4 

(R)  Tili  kerns  to  .be  Mrit  *Hhed  the  Jt&^Zr  with  good 

Htr/r  or  Herat  -,  asitisvarionfly  officer*,  was  not  far  from  tbt     1 

written  by  authocs.                   ..  Ca/piaufeti 

tS)  Or  J*la-ta  the  CWyi 

G  g    4  £<** 


Hijlorj  of  /^  Mogul  ^  Mungl  Empire.    B.  m 

Awt  Ho-to-fcy  prince  of  the  KangU  (Z),  routed  near  the  city 
Po-tfe»pa-IL     At  his  return  from  t$is  expedition,  Cbepe[h) 
1  died  in  great  reputation h. 
Mungl  The  Qhinefe  hiltory  of  the~Mungls  remarks,  on  occafion 

fimuffittrs.  of  their  inyafion  of  this  country  of  Kin-cha9  that,  fince  the 
time  they  firft  ilTued  out  of  their  fandy  deferts,  they  did  no- 
thing but  plunder,  kill,  burn,-  and  deftroy  kingdoms.  It«c- 
cufes  them  with  all  forts  of  crimes,  the  greateft  of  which  vi 
that  of  extirpating  royal  families  root  and  branch;  fotta 
both  men  and  fpirits  (fays  the  hiftory)  burft  with  vexatioi, 
and  called  for  vengeance1.  Other  Chinefe  authors  rctat 
that,  in  the  firft  fourteen  years  of  the  Mungl  empire,  that 
were  (lain  1 84  7  myriads  (or  eighteen  millions  four  hundred  and 
feventy  thoufand  people),  by  the  founder  Jenghiz  Khan*. 

While  Jenghiz  Kh&n  pafled  the  hot  feafon  at  Pa-k-im, 
whither  his  fons  and  generals  repaired  to  him,  they  agreed  00 
a  form  of  .government  for  the  weftern  conquefts.    And  hoe 
it  may  be  obferved,  that  the  emperor,  befides  the  officers  of 
war,  firft  appointed  Ta-lu-wha  (or  Tagurli),  that  is,  Man- 
darins who  had  feals,  and  determined  civil  matters. 
Conquefts        In  1224  the  KMn  marched  to  a  great  kingdom  in  the 
im  India,   eaft,  called  Hin-tut  In-tu,  or  Sin-til  (B).    Here  coming  tot 
narrow  pafs,  called  the  Iron-Gate,  fortified  by  nature  ad 
art,  it  is  faid  that  feveral  Mvngls  faw  a  monfter  rcfemblogi 
Aag,  with  green  hair,  a  horn  in  his  forehead,  and  the  tail  i 
a  horfe,  who  told  them,  that  their  mafter  muft  turn  bait 
'  Jenghiz  Kbdn,  furprifed  at  this  relation,  aflced  his  prime  » 
.  nifter  Yelu-chu-tfay  about  it  (C) ;  who  informed  him,  tte 
the  animal  was  named  Kyo-t*wan  ;  that  he  understood  four 
languages,  and,  poiEbly,  did  not  love  (laughter.    Hence  be 
took  occafion  to  exhort  the  Khan  to  return*  and  deftroy  00 
more  people. 

After  this,  the  emperor  caufed  feveral  Indian  cities  tot* 
plundered ;  but  finding  his  great  officers  weary  of  a  war  lb 

*  Gaubil,  hilt.  Gentch.  Kan,  p.  40,  &  feq.  !  Ibid* 
p.  51.             k  Couplet.  Tab.  Sinic.  Chron.  p.  74. 

(Z)  He  is  faid,  by  the  wef-  give  to  parts  of  the  cosffif 

tern  writers,  to  have  been  flain,  '  which  we  call  Hindu/**. 

4>n  another  occafion.  (C)  This  fhews  the  Cbivft 

(A)  Called    by    D'Htrbelot,  hiftorians  had  but  an  obfcwc 
Jebe  Noyan.  account  of  the  Khan's  eipedr 

(B)  That  is,  Hind*  or  Sindi  tion  to  the  Indus  againft?*^ 
fcoth  which  names  the  orientals  Sd&n,  whom  they  do  not  me* 

tion  on  thi«  occafion. 

•  ft  fri 


C.6.  Reign  of  Jenghfz  Khfrn. 

far  from  home  (D),  refblved  to  take  the  road  to  Tatary. 
Several  officers  out  of  the  weft  removed  with  their  families, 
to  fettle  in  Kit  ay.  Jagatay  wis  left  to  govern  the  conquered 
countries ;  and  follow, ,  in  all  things,  the  advice  of  Porchi 
(one  of  the  intrepids)  his  generaliffimo.  Chuchi  (or  Juji)  was 
fent  into  Kncba,  where  he  foon  after  died,  leaving  his  fon  Pa-t& 
(or  Ba-t£)>  a  young  prince  of  great  hopes,  for  his  fucceflbr J. 

This  ist  the  Ch'mefe  account  of  Jenghiz  KbdrCs  weftern 
expedition :  which  our  reader  may  fee  is  very  difficult  to  re* 
concile  with  that  given  by  the  hiftorians  of  the  weft  of  JJia, 
as  it  tallies  .neither  with  rcfpeft  to  the  order  of  the  conquefts, 
their  dates,  nor  the  names  of  places;  not  to  mention  its 
fcantinefs,  and  other  imperfeffions. 

CHAP.    VI 

Conquefi  of  the  Kingdom  of  Hyaf  and  Progrefs 
in  that  of  Kitay,  till  the  Death  of  Jtnghiz 
Khdn. 

SOON  after  the  dyet  of  Tonkat  was  diflblved,  Jenghtz  Affairs  cf 
Kh&n  fet  out  with  all  his  court  (A) ;  obliging  the  cap-  Lyatx- 
tive  queen  to  attend  him  continually,  mounted  on  a  ton& 
chariot,  and  loaded  with  irons,  as  the  proud  monument  of 
his  viftories  in  the  weft a.    But  while  the  conqueror  is  on 
bis  journey  to  the  eaft,  let  us  return  thither,  and  fee  what 
was  doing  during  the  time  he  was  abfent  from  his  own  do* 
Bunions.     The  emperor  had  left  the  government  of  them 
all  to  his  brother  Wa-cbe  (B),   who  managed  affairs  with 
great  prudence  and  dignity.     In  1220  the  princefs  Tyau4i 
repaired  to  the  regent's  court,  to  notify  the  death  of  her 
hufband  Lyew-k*f  king  of  Lyau-tong.     Wa-cbe  received  her 
with  magnificence,  arid  fent  her  back,  with  troops,  to  govern 
in  that  country  till  the  return  of  the  Khan  ;  which  truft  flic 
discharged  with  great  applaufe. 

1  Gaubil,  p.  42.  •  La  Croix,  p.  361. 

(D)    Several  Cbintfe  books  princes  Pi-tu,  Wa-chen,  Po-yau- 

fay,  that  an  army  of  Mungls  bo,  fon  of  the  prince  J-la-u-tfe-, 

was  fent  to  Arabia,  and  took  with  the  generals  Suputay,  Cba- 

Mt-te  na  {ot  Medina),  ban,    Kofmeli,    Ko  pau  yu,    and 

(A)  According  to  the  Chine fe  others. 

Wftory/he  wab  accompanied  by  (B)  By  the  weftern  writers 

two  of  his  four  fons,  Oktay  and  called  Utakin+ 
7W/j  by  king  Mkit\  by  the 

G  g  3                                     Op 


HiftorytfiiiMo^firMmg Empire.    B.HL 

Grt  th6  other  hatid,  MM&U9  his  liefttenant^emal  in 
Cblfidy  acquired  much  reputation  in  the  war  which  be  tub* 
timed  againft  both  the  efmpetfif  of  the  £?*,  and  the  king  of 
«»J  */      /tyd.    in  1 1 1 8,  Chang-j?au>  a  geftefd  of  the  ahoy,  gathered 
^llay*       a  large  body  of  troops  to  revenge  the  death  cf  another  ge* 
neral,  his  friend,  murdered  by  an  officer  wfcer  was  his  enemy* 
Coming  to  Tfe^kth-qutin,  a  famous  fcftrefs  to  the  mountain 
of  Pe*ct>e-ii,  he  W*s  attacked  by  Mtogan,  and  fotight  hraTdj; 
but,  his  hdr fe  falling,  he  W  taken :  and,  being  brought  be- 
fore  the  viEtor,  refuted  to  knefel  to  him  *  faying,  As  he  w*i 
genera}  himfelf,  he  would  rather  die  firft.   Mingdni  admire* 
his  greatnefs  of  foul,  difmlflfed  him  with  honour,  aod  treatd 
the  other  prifoner-ofHcer9  well  5  yet,  at  the  fame  time,  <*> 
dered  CJmng-yau's  father  and  mother  to  be  put  to  death. 
The  fon,  hearing  this,  lafter  debating  the  matter  with  him- 
felf,  to  fave  their  lives,  offered  to  enter  in  the  Mungl  troops; 
*    aild  few  officers  were  hte  equals,  or  did  the  Khan  more  fer- 
vice. 
Cities  rt-       Three  rhonths  after,  MuhuU,  accompanied  by  his  t» 
covered.      P&lu,  or  PcUt    recovered  the  places  in  Shan-Jt,  which  the 
Kin  had  taken  back,  and  fortified.    Tay-ywen-fu,  the  capital, 
fuftained  three  aflaulf  s  \  but  the  officers,  perceiving  that  tfiej 
could  neither  drfehd  the  city,  nor  make  a  felly  and  cut  their 
way  through  the  Mungls>  killed  thenfdves.    The  officers  rf 
other  places  followed  their  example,  rather  than  fall  into  the 
hatah  fcf  M&HRt  troops.     The  emperor  of  the  Seng  (C), 
(<ot  the  fouthern  China)  Who  had  already  declared  war  againft 
the  T&t&Ys  of  Ityu-cbe,  or  the  JKm,  rerufed  to  make  pea 
#ith  them,  and,  by  edift,  exhorted  hh  ftibjefts  to  driwe  then 
6\it  of  China.    Hereupon  the  Kin  emperor  font  his  fon  and 
heir  againft  the  Song ;  which  War  w^s  carried  on  with  various 
fuccefs. 
Chang-         In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1  a  19*  C&u-yn  Kan-ki^  minifer 
yau'j  ex^   of  the  Kin,  built  a  lktie  city  within  the  inciofure  of  Ksp> 
floits.       Jbrrg-fu,  in  Hi-matt,  und  fortified  it  very  ftrongiy.    In  s**i 
Chang-yau9  having  been  nominated  to  the  command  of  i 
body  of  troops  by  Muhuii,  took  feveral  cities  in  the  diftritf  tf 
Pau-ting  fa;  aind  then  Went  to  attack  Kya~gu,  the' murderer 
of  his  friend,  who  was  intrenched  on  a  mountain :  but  cot 
being  able  to  force  his  works,  he  cut  off  his  water;  fo  that 
\           the  other  was  obliged  to  fdrrender.     Chung-yen  tore  cat  his 
h?art,  and  facrificed  it  to  the  manes  of  hi$  friend.    After- 
wards, retiring  with  his  people  to  Man-thing,  a  littfc  urftf* 
tjfied  city  to  the  north-weft  of  Pau-ting  Fu9  the  Kin  £?n* 
' ,  *** 

(C)  Named  Nhg-tfotfg,  the  thirteenth  emperor. 


.fU  6£  RM&  pf  Jenghfc  KWo. 

r^L  «*«fld  U~tfy*n%  came  and  befieged  him  :  butC&f/i£-j/*w, 
after  ordering  all  the  ufelefs  men  to  mount  the  walls,  Tallied 
with  th$  braveft  of  hid  foldiers,  and  cut  his  way,  with  great ' 
{hlitf  hter,  through  his  enemies.  Having  efcaped  this  danger > 
he  found  himfelf  furrounded  by  a  body  of  referve.  At  the 
firft  oofet  twq  of  his  teeth  happened  to  be  knocked  out  with 
an  arrow :  but  becoming  rather  more  furious,  although  he 
had  loft  almoft  all  hi&men,  he  broke  through  them ;  and, 
with  the  few  foldiers  who  were  left  him,  plundered  four  little 
cities  which  were  in  his  road.  After  this,  receiving  fome  rein- 
forcements, he  acquired  fame  by  the  conquefts  which  he  made 
m  the  diftri&s  of  Ching-ting  F&,  and  Pau-tingFd,  in  Pe-che-li. 

This  fame  year,  the  Mungls,  by  their  arm6,  made  Ko-  Korea 
rea  (D)  tributary ;  and,  at  the  end  of.it,  the  Kin  emperor  made-tri- 
put  to  death  his  prime  minifter  Kau-ki,  who  was  accufed  of  fatary. 
being,  by  his  bad  advice,  the  caufe  of  all  the  evils  which  the 
empire  fuffered,    In  Auguft  1220,  Muhuli,  arriving  at  Math 
cbingy  near  Pau-ting  Fu>  fent  a  party  to  the  pafs  of  Tau-ma- 
quan,  a  fortrefs  in  the  mountains.    Thefe  having  beaten  a  de- 
tachment of  the  Kin,  the  governor  of  Ching-ting  FA  fub- 
mitted,  and  delivered  that  important  place  to  MMwli ;  who 
ordered  his  army  to  fet  at  liberty  all  the  prifogcrs  they  ha<J 
made,  forbidding  (laughter  and  plunder,  under  the  fevereii 
penalties  \ 

The  Kin,  after  the  death  of  /Cau-ki,  took  proper  mea-  Conquejts 
fares  for,  defending  their  dominions.  He  was  fuccceded  by in  Shan- 
Su-ting,  who  had  both  experience  and  fldllin  military  affairs.  tonS* 
This  minifter  had  found  means  to  fet  on  foot  an  army  of 
aoo,ooo  men  in  Shan-tong;  with  which  he  fruftrated  the 
defigns  both  of  the  Chinefe  emperor,  and  king  of  ffya,  in 
$bcn~Ji9  who  vere  forced  to  raife  the  fiege  of  Kong-cbung 
FA.  The  army,  which  the  Kin  had  in  Shan-tong,  being  en- 
camped at  Wha.ng-ling-kan,  the  general  fent  2Q,ooo  foot  to 
attack  MihUli,  who  lay  near  Tfi-nan  Fu,  the  capital  of  that 
province,  which  he  had  taken.  The  Mungl  general,  having 
bad  notice  hereof,  went  to  meet  this  detachment,  fought,  and 
defeated  it.  Afterwards  he  attacked  the  enemy's  army  drawn 
np  00  the  riFer  fide,  making  his  cavrlry  difmount ;  and,  after 
a  furious  battle  at  clofe  fight,  routed  them ;  an  infinite  nam" 
her  being  drowned  in  the  flight. 


b  Gaubil,  p.  42,  &  feqq. 

ars,    Kau-li  and  C 
'feh 

G  g  4  M  VHU- 


(D)  Called  by  the   Tatars,    Kau-li  and  Cbau-tfjett. 
$*jgb*i   and  by  the  Cbintfts, 


death 


Hijtory  of  the  Mogul  cr  Mungl  Empire,   ft  flL 

MUHUL  /,  after  this  viftory,  made  ieveral  conqocfts,  lad 
fat  down  before  Tong^chang  FU ;  but  perceiving  it  voM 
hold  out  too  long,  railed  the  liege,  and  left  troops  to  block  k 
^cu'  UP#  *n  May  1221,  the  garrifon,  falling  in  want  of  pro* 
**d  Shen-  gons^  attempted  to  withdraw ;  but  the  officer  who  coat 
manded  the  blockade  intirely  defeated  them,  killi&g  fan 
thoafaad,  and  then  took  pofleffion  of  the  city.  Muhuli,  fna 
Tong-chang  Fu,  marched  xo^Tay-tong  Fu,  in  Sban-Ji;  the% 
paffifig  the  Wkang-hi,  forty  leagues- weft  of  that  city,  enttrei 
the  country  of  Ort&s,  and  fpread  terror  through  the  kingdaav 
of  Hya :  fo  that  its  king  faw  the  beft  courfe  he  had  to  ttfat 
was  to  do  whatever  the  Mungl  general  would  have  him.  ft 
committed  no  hoftilities  this  year  againft  Hya*,  but  amdad 
the  Kin.  He  blocked  up  Yan-gan,  a  city  of  Shtn-ji;  tat 
found  it  too  well  fortified  and  provided  to  be  quickly  takes. 
He  flew  more  than  7000  of  the  enemy :  fubdued  Ky+elk% 
which  he  fortified,  and  fome  other  places.  His  defign  v* 
to  feize  the  pofts,  which  might  facilitate  the  taking  of  Tag* 
quart,  in  order  to  go  and  befiege  Kay-fong  F4. 

In  nil  MMtli  made  many  conquefts  in  thediftrifttf 
Ping-yang  F4  5  and  the  year  following,  attacked  Fong-tjyuf 
Fu  in  Sb'en-Ji.  The  Mungl  general,  after  this,  repaired  t£ 
Wh&ng-ho ;  and,  having  driven  the  Kin  out  of  feveral  pofe 
in  Shan-Ji9  as  well  as  recovered  PA-chrw  (a  city  a  league  vi 
a  half  eaft  of  that  river,  which  the  enemy  retook  the  jar 
before),  he  fet  out  upon  another  expedition ;  but  fell  fid  a* 
IVhen-hi'hyen  :  and  perceiving  himfelf  near  his  end,  fent  fet 
his  brother  Tay-fun,  and  earneftly  recommended  to  him  tot 
taking  of  Pyen-king  (£),  as  a  matter  of  great  importance; 
being  much  grieved  that  he  had  not  done  it  himfelf.  After 
thefe  words,  he  expired,  aged  fifty-four  years ;  forty  of  wfakk 
he  had  ferved  in  the  army  with  fuccefs. 

MUHULI  was  confidered  by  all  the  Mungh  as  tfaeftt 
captain  of  their  empire ;  and  Jenghtz  Khan  had  an  entirt 
confidence  in  him.  The  great  dignity  to  which  he  was  ad- 
vanced did  not  leflen  his  military  ardor  ;  and  in  all  the  grand 
enterprife9  he  underwent  as  much  fatigue  as  the  meaneufol' 
dier.  The  KMn,  before  he  was  proclaimed  emperor,  retreat- 
ing to  his  camp  by  night,  after  a  defeat ;  and,  not  abk 
to  find  it,  for  the  fnow  which  had  fallen,  being  much  fa- 
tigued, lay  down  upon  fome  ftraw  to  fleep :  hereupon  Perdi 
and  M&huji  took  a  covering,  and  held  it  over  him  all  night  is 
the  open  air.     This  generous  a&ion  gained  them  much  rtpc- 

(£)  A  city  feventecn  leagues  fouth  fouth-weft  ofPi*g-j*$f* 


Mttdcba> 
*a8er. 


C.&.-  1?*^*/ Jenghiz  Kh*n. 

tatioo,  and  rendered  their  families  in  great  efteem  among  the 
Mungl  princes. 

In  September  1224,  $un*  the  emperor  of  the  Kin,  died, 
and  was  fucceeded  by  his  fon  Sberwju ;  who  the  next  month 
made  peace  with  the  Hya. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1225,  the  emperor  Jenghiz  The  Khan 
Khan,  having  pafled  through  Tartary  (F),  arrived  at  the  river  returns. 
Tula,  after  near  feven  years  abfence  in  the  weft ;  and  it  is 
feafy  to  judge  what  impreffion  his  return  made  in  the  minds  of 
the  neighbouring  powers,  whether  friends  or  enemies.  Tyau* 
f,  queen  of  Lyau-tong,  came  to  meet  that  monarch,  with  the 
princes  her  nephews.  That  lady,  who  had  much  wit,  fell  on 
her  knees  to  acknowlege  Jenghiz  Khan,  and  make  him  com- 
pliments on  his  great  conquefts.  The  emperor,  in  his  turn, 
condoled  her  on  the  death  of  the  king,  her  fpoufe ;  praifing 
ihe  manner  in  which  (he  governed  her  kingdom,  and  promifed 
kis  prote&ion  to  her  whole  family.  Tyawli,  after  returning 
thanks,  prayed  him  to  nominate  Pi-tu  king  of  Lyau-tong. 
The  Khan  could  not  help  admiring  the  juftice  and  prudence 
of  this  lady :  for  Pi-tu  was  Ion  of  Lyrw-ko,  by  another  ven- 
ter, but  his  mother  was  dead;  and  Tyau-li  had  feveral  chil- 
dren by  the  fame  king.  As  Shen-ko,  the  eldeft,  had  all  the 
qualifications  proper  for  governing,  the  emperor  was  for 
having  them  reign  in  conjunction :  but  the  queen,  perfifting 
in  her  requeft  for  Pi-tu,  the  monarch  nominated  him ;  and 
lad  the  goodnefs  to  relate  to  her  the  many  brave  a&ions  he 
had  done  in  the  weft.  The  emperor  kept  Shen-ko  at  his 
court ;  and  ordered  a  great  lord  to  conduit  the  queen  and 
the  new  king  into  Lyau-tong c. 

LUTE,  king  of  Hya,  had  given  lhelter  to  two  great  ene-  Invades 
nues  of  the  Mungh,  of  which  the  Khan  loudly  complained :  Hya. 
but  that  prince,  far  from  making  fatisfa&ion,  took  thofe  ob«    A.  In- 
noxious perfons  into  his  fervicc.     At  this  new  provocation  ^  "*^_ 
Jenghiz  Khan  marched  in  perfon ;  and,  in  February  1226,  * 
look  Yetjina  (G).    After  this,  the  Mungls  forced  all  the  for- 

trefles, 

c  Gaubil,  p.  45,  &  feqq. 

(F)  The  hiftorians    of   the  particulars  of  his  journey,  more 

wcil  of  Jfia  fay,   that,   after  than  the  Chinefe  authors. 

lea?]ng7W4/,hepaJTedthrough  (G)  EtJina,or  Azina,Eycbina, 

^urheftdn,  and  the  kingdom  of  Echtnay  or  Ejina,  was  a  confi- 

the  Naymans  ;  then  entered  into  fiderable  city  of  the  kingdom 

Karakitay\    *nd  fome   months  of  Hya;  the  fame  Marco  Poh 

after  went  to  Karakorom,  the  feat  calls  Ezina.     The  Chinefe  «o- 

of  his  empire ;  but  give  us  no  graphy  places  it  to  the  north  of 

Kaw- 


4£$  Hijlory  tf  tteMo&X  or  M\io$  Empire.    B;fli 

A*  D-    tftlfe,  which  were  very,  ftitmenxi*,  between  that  ettj,  *%- 

1227.     hyay  Kya-yu-quan  (H>,  and  Kan-cbew  (I).    &t-dtro(g),  Art* 

**nr**  £&■&,  and  Si-fyang  F4  (L),  were  alfo  ttkeo.    The  king  rf 

Hya  died  in  jfc/>%  of  grief,, to  fee  his  damwam  heceoK  1 

prey  to  the  Mungls.     In  November  the  Khda  took  £«$, 

chew,  to  the  fonth  of  Ning-hya  \  and  then  encamped  tttrtf 

/       or  forty  leagues  to  jhe  north  of  the  former. 

Progrefsin     QKTAT*  his  third  fon,  accompanied  by  general 

JJo-nan,  vent  into  fio-ncui,  and  laid  fiege  to  Kay-f<mg  F49  capital 

that  province,  and  then  the  residence  of  the  A!in  empoori 

bat  they  were  obliged  to  raife  it,    However,  in  1 227, 

ing  into  Skcn-fi,  they  took  1710ft  of  the  fortrefles  that  were  i 

the  diftrifta  of  thfc  metropolis  Siangan  F4;  then  ad1 

towards  'the  places  and  forts  which  the  Kin  had  in  tbedai 

partment9  of  Feng-tfyang  FA  and  Han-cbong  Fu.    Oktay  hanng 

gone  into  Tartary,  and  left  the  command  to  Chaha*,  tbt 

Kitty  who  concluded  his  defigns  were  to  re-enter  Ho-nan,  & 

fered  new  proposals  of  peace  to  Jenghtz  Khan  ;  which  bciM 

rejefted,  they  made  a  iaft  effort.     They  refolved  to  think  9 

nothing  now  but  how  to  defend  themfeJvcs  the  beft  they  c&M 

in  Hc-mm :  they  fortified  the  paflages  of  the  Wbang-ho,v?A  t* 

principal  cities  :  they  furnifticd  Tong-quan  with  a  great  nus> 

ber  of  troops;  and  fet  on  foot  an  army  of  200,000  chafal 

men,  commanded  by  the  beft  officers  they  had. 

fav/ia  JENGHJZ  Kh&nf  having  in  the  fpring  left  an  army* 

JJya.        befiege  Ning-fya  (then  called  Hya-chew)>  capital  of  the  kity 

,  dam  of  i/ytf ,  fent  a  great  body  of  troops,  who  fiazed  tha 

Countries  of  JSTo*<?  iWr  (M),   ^**-d*w,  and  SA»-ofrw(NV 


Kan~ehi<w,  and  north-eaft  of 
Suchvw,  1 20  leagues  from  the 
'  former  ;  but  that  diftance  ((ays 
Caubil)  muft  be  too  great.  It  is 
at  prefent  deftroyed:  it  ftood 
on  a  river  of  the  fame  name, 
called  alio  JUbina,  which  runs 
|>y  Smbrw,  and  a  branch  of  it 
by  KatHcbrw. 

(H)  A  fort  at  the  weft*  end 
and  gate  of  the  great  wall  of 
Qbinu. 

(I)  K*K~cbe*w%  according  to 
Gakbii,  is  the  Kantfun  of  Marco 
Pik:  it  feems  rather  to  be  jV/ag- 
Jgw,  Ance  thereby  h  intended 
the  capital  ot'Tangtti  by  theori- 
e*tal  hiioriansi  frow  whoj» 


Z$  Cw>  compofed  hU  hiAorjtf 
JeMzbiz  Khan. 

(K)  Or  So-cbnv.  is  the  b. 
<■£**?,  or  SuA  Air,  of  Af.  M 
according  to  Gaubil. 

(L)  Then  -a  gjeat  city,  *>f 
A  iortrefs  called  iong-cbaug-wq* 
Gaubil. 

(M)  The  true  pronnndariM 
k  flttj  AV,  or  the  lake  JKK 
Thefe  cow-tries  are,  at  prefab 
pofleffed  by  the  Eiutb  Msqk 
or  Kalmiks. 

r  (N)  Near  %x-*Aw,  *>& 
well  of  it.  It  is  the  Satbimel 
AT.  Pde>  about  1 20  miles  north' 
weft  of  Kbyayu-qpoM,  ami  » 
Lat.  400  ac/  i-ong.  ao**©7*** 
of/Vita 


*6. '  Rtign  i/JinghfeKhan.  459 

he  Khan,  'at  the  bead  (rf  another  body,  made  himfetf  mafter    A.  IX 
Ha^chcru  (0)  and  Si-itmg  (P) :  then,  after  cutting  in  pieces     1227. 
fchny  of  30,06©  men,  he  went  and  befieged  Lin-tau  FA*  x—*ymm*4 
fach  belonged  to  the  Kin.     This^aty  he  took,  with  Several 
bets ;   and  then*  proud  of  fo  much  fuccefs,  went  to  p^fa 
e  futnmer  heats  on  the  mountain  Lu-pan  (  QJ  in  Shen-Ji. 
J*I-HYENf  king  of  Hya,  who  fucceeded  Li-U>   being  Theting- 
faced  to  the  hft  extremity  in  Ning-hya,  furrendered  at  <&«<&- 
feretkm,  in  June,  and  fet  out  for  bu-pan  (R),  to  humbleAg** 
mfelf  before  the  Mangt  emperor :  but  he  had  not  (boner 
Ft  the  city  than  he  was  (lain.     The  place  was  intirely  plun- 
ared,  and  a  crtiel  (laughter  made  of  the  inhabitants,  the 
ains  being  covered  with  dead  bodies :  they  who  efcaped  the 
rord  fled  to  the  mountains!  woods,  and  caves41. 
f  Ttns  is  the  account  given  in  the  Chinefe  hiftory  of  the  de- 
rii£fck>n  of  Hya 7  called  Tang&t  by  the  more  weftern  writers ; 
&o,    donbtlefs  for  Want  of  good  information,   relate  this 
teat  event  With  different  cirCumftances ;  as  may  appear  from 
!le  hiftory  of  the  Hya f   to  which  we  refer  our  readers c. 
icwever,  they  add  Come  other  matters,  which  claim  a  place 
fere.     After  the  defeat  given  to  the  army  of  Shidq/hi,  king 
►f  Tangut,    Jenghiz  KMn  marched  againft  the  Turks  of  Jnrjeh 
fnrjih9  who  hail  affifted  him :  but  as  they  fubmitted  to  pay  a  Turks 
fearly  tribute,  and  receive  garrifons  into  their  towns ;  alfo  to^*"/# 
Umifh  the  vittor  with  fome  troops,  the  emperor  proceeded 
10  further.     There  he  received  news  from  Baghdad  of  the 
slhalifah's  death :  on  which  advice  he  ordered  new  levies  to 
*e  raifed,  and,  in  the  interim,  fecured  himielf,  not  only  of 
the  countries  dependent  on  Tangit,  as  Erghimul,  Sinqui,  and 
Egrikaya  ;  but  alfo  of  the  neighbouring  territories,  and  par- 
ticularly of  the  city  Sikicn,  diftant  from  Pt-king  but  fourfcore 
days  journey  :  which  otherwife  might  have  given  him  great 
uneafinefs  when  he  was  entered  into  the  Southern  China* 

After  this  good  fuccefs,  he  parted  the  winter  in  this  fruit-  Death  of 
fcl  country  of  Tangkt ;  removing  his  camp  from  time  to  time,  Tuflii.  , 
chiefly  towards  the  borders  of  Turkefttn.     But,  while  his 
♦Jourt  was  filled  with  joy,  qews  came  from  Kipjak  of  the 

*  Gavbi^  p.  49,  &  feqq.        •  See  hereafter,  vol.  VII. 

(0)  A  city  in  Sben-fi,  four-  (Q  )  tot-fatty  about  Latitude 

tech  tor  fifteen  leagues  to  the  35?  Long.  io?  45'  weft  of  ?e- 

fiorth-weft  of  Litt-tav/u.  king. 

{?)  Firft,  Si  nfagnvey*  now,  (R)  One   hiftory   fays,    the 

Sining-ebrwi  a  city  in  Shen-fi*  Khan   was   at  Tfingchu-i%  dc- 

totiiefcwdi  of  Kan-chew,  and  pendent  an  Aaȣ  chang  Fu,  when 

near  the  country  of  JM»  Nor.  $i*g~hya  was  taken. 

4  death 


466  I#Jl(tyoftbeMogplorMmgVEmpire.    B.1U 

A.  D.    death  of  his  eldeft  Ton  Tujbi  (or  Juyi)  ;  which,  by  degree^ 
1227.     threw  the  Khan  into,  a  deep  melancholy,  and  hindered 
t-~v-^j  from  relifhing  any  diverfions.  Things  even  became  fi>  in 

rent  to  him,  that  he  appeared  fcarcely  at  all  affefted  withlhl 
news  they  brought  him  of  a  great  viftory,  gained  by  his 
tenant  in  the  weft,  over  Jal&tiddin.  This  Soltan,  as  feoo4 
be  was  informed  that  the  emperor  was  at  a  diftanoe  fnm 
Perfia,  returned  from  India  into  Makran,  with  fomc  troop 
From  thence  he  went  to  Shirts,  and  afterwards  to  IJpi 
Into,  which 'his  friends  introduced  him  fccretly,  and  there 
mented  his  little  army.  From  thence  he  proceeded  to 
did:  but  not  being  well  received,  he  beat  the  troops 
the  Khalifah  had  fent  againft  him,  and  retook  Tavris* 

After  this  he  marched  againft  the  Georgians  with  30,1 

men :  and,  at  his  return  to  Azerbej&i,  advanced  againft 

Mungls  ;  who,  having  pafled  the  river  Ami,  in  the 

He}.  623.  ning  of  the  year  623,  came  to  meet  him  with  more  1 

A.  D.    rous  forces.    Both  armies  coming  to  a  battle,  JaWo'dibk 

1226.     was  defeated;  and  this  was  the  victory  of  which  JenfptA 

Khan  had  received  advice. 

Stfta*  Ja-      The  Mungls,  on  this  advantage  againft  the  Soltan, 

lii'oddin,  themfelves  matters  of  Tauris ;  while  that  prince,  rallying  Hi 

forces,  harrafled  his  enemies,  and  had  fometimes  the  betterrf 

them.     He  afterwards  laid  fiege  to  ABU  (S),  die  capital  4 

Armenia ;  whither  the  Khalifah  fent  an  ambaflador  to  himiift 

prefehts.     From  thence  he  pafled  into  Anatolia,  to  oblige  fe 

Seljttk  Turks,  who  poflefled  that  country,  to  render  him  M 

fame  refpedt  ,they  had  done  his  father,:  but  he  was  the* 

defeated  by  Alao'ddn  Kaykobad,  Soltan  of  Koniyah  (or  km 

*ium)9  in  conjunction  with  other  princes  of  Rim ;  who  J* 

did  not  purfue  him  after  the  batde,  becaufe  they  were  wiBif 

that  he  fhould  keep  the  Mvngls  in  play.    He  according 

gave  them  no  fmall  diverfion  :  but,  at  laft,  they  came  upoo 

him  by  furprife ;  and,  having  intircly  routed  his  forces,  phm-  i 

dered  his  camp.     After  this  misfortune  he  fled  to  Mohan,  ia 

the  confines  of  Azerbej&n,  where  he  lived  a  whole  vnamf 

without  being  known  :  but  being  at  laft  difcovered,  he  retiwi 

into  Kirdeftan ;  where  he  was  killed  four  years  after  Jendh 

Khany%  death,  by  a  native  of  that  country,  in  the  home  d 

one  of  his  friends,  where  he  had  taken  refuge.  j 

WShi-        So  foon  as  the  fpring  of  the  year  1226  was  come,  and 

dafku.       the  emperor's  troops  were  arrived  at  the  place  of  rendezroos, 

in  order  to  enter  Manji,  or  the  Southern  China ;  an  officer  re- 

(S)  A  city  near  the  lake  of    mentioned  before ;  called  alb  | 
Van,  on  the  north  fide,  often    Ekldt  and  Kaiat. 


*.  6.  £^*/JenghtzKh!n.*        ..- 

nired  thither,  fent  by  Shidajhu,  to  acquaint  the  Khin,  that, 
a  cafe  he  would  forget  what  was  paft,  his  matter  would  in 
>erfon  wait  on  him.  Skidafiu  made  this  ftep  for  fear  the ' 
yiungls  fhould  attack  his  fort  of  Arbaka,  to  which  he  had  re* 
ired  after  hi$  defeat.  The  envoy,  however,  was  well  re- 
rived  at  the  court  of  Jengbtz  Khan,  who,  in  an  audience, 
aid  to  him :  "  You  may  allure  your  mailer,  that  I  will  no 

*  more  think  of  what  is  paft  between  him  and  me ;  and  that 

*  I  will  grant  him  my  protection  (S)."  Yet  the  lail  order  he 
gave  before  he  died  was,  that  Shidajbu,  as  foon  as  he  came 
io  court,  fhould  be  put  to  death;  which  order  was  accord* 
Agly  executed  on  him,  his  children,  and  his  attendants,  on 
bar  arrival  there  eight  days  after f,  as  will  be  fet  forth  in  its 
place6.     Let  us  now  return  to  xhtCbinefe  hiftorians. 

JENGHIZ  Khan>  having  thus  put  an  end  to  the  kingdom  ftr  JSmU'j 
tf  Hya,  after  it  had  continued  near  200  years  under  its  ovmfobaej** 
princes,  intended  alfo  to  complete  the  conquefl  of  the  empire 
of  the  Kin.  But  the  beginning  of  the  year  1 22.7,  be  fell  £ck» 
on  the  mountain  before-mentioned ;  and,  finding  death  ap- 
proach, on  the  1 8th  of  Juguji  (T),  fent  for  the  generals  of 
the  army,  and  declared  prince  Toleyy  his  fourth  ion,  regent 
of  the  empire,  till  the  arrival  of  his  brother  Oktay,  .whom 
he  nominated  for  his  heir  and  fucceflbr.  Then,  recommend- 
ing union  among  them,  he  faid,  with  xegard  to  the  war 
againft  the  Kin :  that,  as  the  beft  of  their  troops  guarded 
Tong-quan,  and  they  were  alfo  matters  of  the  mountains  to 
the  fouth,  it  would  therefore  be  difficult  to  attack  and  van- 
quish them,  without  the  affiftance  of  the  Song  (or  Chinefes) ; 
who,  being  their  mortal  enemies,  Jhe  advifed  his  officers  tt> 
demand  a  paflage  through  their  territories,  in  order  to  attack 
the  Kin  .•  that,  entering  by  the  cities  Tong  and  Teng  (U), 
they  fhould  march  direftly  and  befiege  Ta-fyang  FA  (X) :  that 
this  would  oblige  the  Kin  to  call  their  troops  from  Tong- 

*  La  Croix,  p.  375,  &  feqq.  I  Sec  vol.  VII. 

(S)  AbulgbaxiKbdm  fays,  the  theSeti  to  hive  been  a  place  full 

Khan  received  the  envoy  with  of  fountains,  lakes,  and  hills. 
»ttfh  civility,  and  difmifled  him         (U )  Tong-cbcw  and  Teng-by- 

With  all  forts  of  good  words ;  en,  cities  of  Ho -nan >  depending 

but  pot  himfelf  under  no  pofi-  on  Nan-yang  Fuf  and  bordering 

tive  promife,  with  regard  to  his  on  the  province  of  Hu-quangi 

jailer.  by  which,  and  $b$n>fi9  he  ctun- 

(T)  One    hiftory    puts    his  felled  them  to  enter  Ho-nan. 

death  fcven  days  later,   at  a  Gaubil. 
place  called  Sali-chwen  ;    the        (X)  At  prefent  Kay  Jong  Fu, 

tyintft  word  Cbwtn,  denoting  capital  of  honan^ 

yuan; 


i_      \ 


46*  Ht/lcry  ef  tbs  Mogul  crMwtf  Empire.    B.Ut 

A.  D.    fuan ;  and  that,  as  they  would  be  fatigued  by  the  length  of 

1227.     the  journey,  they  might  be  attacked  with  advantage.  Hzrfdf 

*  7j    --*  fpoken  thefe  words,  he  died,  aged  fixty-fix  (Y),  after  a  rdp 

to/  <&*/£.  <£  twenty-two  years ;  and  was  buried  by  Toley ,  fo  the  caye  tf 

Ki-nyen  (Z),  a  mountain  to  the  north  of  the  great  J&K,  « 

fendy  defart,  m  Tartary*.  ' ' 

The  hiftorians  of  the*  weft  of  Jfia  give  a:  fbmewhat  (Eff 

rent  account  of  his  death  and  fepulcfire.     According  to 

die  phyfidans  afcribed  his  ficknefs  to  die  bad  air  of  the 

countries,  where  he  had  for  a  long  time  refided  j  and  to 

grief  which  the  death  of  his  (on  Tufbi  bad  occasioned. 

Bss  lafi         His  ilinefs  having  feized  him  near  a  foreft  in  the  road 

words.      Citing,  the  camp  was  ordered  to  remain  there ;  and  Jt  _  _ 

Kh&riy  judging,  by  the  pains  he  felt,  that  his  life  was  in  da? 

ger,  notwithstanding  all  the  care  taken  by  bis  phyfitiaos  tad 

*  aftrologers,  refolved  to  diipofe  of  his  dominions,  and  name  i 

fu<peflbr.    To  this  purpofe  he  ordered  his  fons,  and  tl 

children,  with  the  other  princes  of  the  blood,  to  come  11 

his  prefence :  then,  raifmg  himfeff  upright,  with  that  majd 

look  which  had  always  gained  him  both  awe  and  refpeft,  tdf 

them,  *  he  found  himielf  departing ;  and  added,  "Iieavejd 

u  the  greateft  empire  in  the  world :  but,  if  you  will  preferf 

«*  it,  be  always  united ;  for  if  difcord  fteals  in  amongft  yot' 

"  be  affured  that  you  will  be  all  ruined."    After  this,  S 

afked  thofe  who  ftood  by,  Whether  it  was  not  proper  thatli 

fhould  riiake  choice  of  a  prince  who  was  capable  to  go*af 

fo  many  kingdoms  after  him  >  Hereupon  his  fons  and  gnpi'l 

fons  fell  on  their  knees,  and  faid ;  "  Yeu  are  our  father  aaf] 

44  our  emperor,'  and  we  are  your  flaves  j  it  is  for  us  to  bar 

u  down  our  heads  when  you  honour  us  with  your  com- 

"  mands,  and  to  execute  them/' 

Oktay  »*-     The  princes  then  rifing  from  the  ground,  he  named  price*  | 

wnattd.     Oktay  for  his  fucceflbr,  and  declared  him  the  Khan  of  Khaas,J 

by  the  title  of  Khaan ;  which  he  gave  him,  and  which  his] 

*  Gausil,  p.  51,  &  feq*  ' 

(Y)  All  the  Cbinefe  hiftorfes         (Z)  TteCbinife  MftorytfAt  ! 

agree  as  to  years  ok  this  Khan's  Mungis  fays,  that  this  cave  wtf 

age  and  reign.  JbuTghdzi  KhSn  the  ufual  burying-place  ef  Jtf  . 

fay»,  he  lived  fixty-fcvc  years,  ghfa  Kbin\  fucceffbrs.  Severrf  I 

and  reigned  twenty -five  in  qua-  Mungl  lords,  of  his  pofterity,  **  \ 

lity  of  xhfa :  La  Croix  agrees  Pe-Ai*g,  *ffir»ed  the  place  rf  | 

with  him  as  to  the  years  of  hit  his  burial  to  be  on  the  asoontar 

reign,  bqt  affigM  feventy-thrce  called  Han.  Lat.  470  54^  Jooj. 

for  thofc  #f  his  age,  <£  3'  woft  of  Pg-tix*. 

fucctf 


icCefftrs  have  retained  (A).    They  aH  bowed  the  knee  a     A:  D. 
stond  time,  and  cried,  "What  the  great  JengMz  Kb&n  or-     1*27- 
daias  is  juft ;  we  will  all  obey  him;  and:  if  he  pleafes  to  ^*nf**4 
command  us  even  to  frifs  the  rod,  with  which  we  have  me* 
rited  to  be  chaftifed,  we  will  do  it  without  difputing  it* 
he  emperor  gave  to  Jagatny,  Mawar&'lnabr  (or  Great  Buk+ 
iria)}  and  feveral  other  countries,  by  a  written  inftrument, 
>  prevent  any  difference  that  might  arife  between  him  and 
fee  reft  of  his  heirs ;  and  the  dominions  fo  granted  took  the 
tae  of  UHts  Chagatay,  that  is,  the  country  of  Chagatay.  x 
[e  alfo  commanded  Kara/bar  Nevi&n  to  accotapany  thia 
rfece  into  his  new  dominions,  and  purine  Jaldh'ddin,  in  cafe 
e  ventured  to  invade  them.  The  laft  order  Jcngbtz  Kbin  gave 
tes  concerning  SbidaJkuK 

k  It  was  no  difficult  matter  to  conceal  his  death ;  becaufe  HidmrUrfl 
then,  any  great  perfon  among  the  Mungls  is  fick,  fome  fignaj 
tptfta-topof  the  houfe,  to  give  notice  that  none  fhould 
ifit  him ;  and  centinels  .are  placed  at  a  good  diftance  from 
fceir  lodgings,  to  hinder  any  from  approaching,  but  thofe  who 
re  fent  for  (B).  After  thk  execution,  JenghH  KhfaCs  death 
to  puMifhed,  which  threw  all  the  court  into  extreme  for* 
&w(C).     His  bodfwts  interred  with  great  toagnjficence,  in  ♦ 

place  which  he  had  chofen  for  the  |>urpofe  t  it  was  under  a 
ery  beautiful  tree,  where,  in-hfe  return  from  the  chace,  a 
«r  days  before  he  fell  fick,  he  had  refted  hhnfdf  with  much 
iaisfa^ion.  A  very  noble  mpnttoent  was  afterwards  erefted 
flcr  his  grave :  and  the  people,  who  came  to  vifit  the  tomb^ 
fcmtfed  other  trees  round  it,  in  ftch  -delicate  of der,  'as  ren* 
bed  it  in  time  one  of  the  fine*  fepulchres  in  the  world  (D); 

Hift<* 
*  La  Croix,  p.  378,  9c  feqq. 

(A)  Some  authors  fay,  there  pat  to  death  MiJafiu,  with  * 
Ms  00  change  made  in^the  title  good  number  .of  iis  foldim. 
If  Khan;  «ad  poflibly  not :  for  and  carried  the  jreftjntoflavery, 
laubil  fays,  Kohan,  or  Kalian,  '  (C)  HU  fans  fpent  three 
J  the  Mungl  word  which  an-  months  in  mounting,  according 
werstothatofHan(orKhan).  to  JbZIghazi  Khan;  and  La 
fee  SoucUt,  Obferv.  Math\  &c.  Croix  fays,  that  the  news  of  hi* 
^  18S.  death  being  tpread  att  over  th* 

(B)  Abulghdzi  Khan  fays,  empire,  the  court  was  filled  with 
wt  fte  fons  tSS-Jmgfot  kh£»>  Khans,  and  fcreat  forth,  both 
>urfuant  to  his  order,  kept  his,  tributary  and  allied,  Who  carat 
leath  concealed  ;  and,  paving  to  comfort  the  aiHided  princes; 
iffembled  a  great  army,  went  and  that  this  refort  of  fovereign* 
toJ  befieged  Tangnt  j  which  lafted  at  leafl  fix  mbnths. 
railing  into  their  hands,  after  a  (D)  According  to  Abulghasd 
rerv  obftinate  rcfiftance,  they  Kkany  this  place  was  called  Bur- 

kb£n> 


464  HiftoryofJki  Mogul  afMungJi  Empire.    B.H1 

A.  D.  Historians  make  no  mention  of  men  bang  flain  at  the  grave  cf 
1218.     this  monarch j  nor  is  this  barbarous  cuftom  countenanced  tf 

kr*****  any  law :  yet  it  is  certain  that  this  inhumanity  was  exerriM 
at  the  funerals  of  the  emperors  who  fucceeded  him,  H» 
attendants,  who  accompanied  the  funeral  pomp,  put  todesak 
thofe  whom  they  met  in  the  way,  in  a  perfuafion  (£)  thattkf 
were  predeftinated  to  die  at  that  time ;  and  even  cat  the  thraaf 
of  the  fineft  horfes. 

cbara8er        JENGHIZ  Khdn$  befides  all  the  virtues  requiCtel| 

Wf*»i«s;  great  conquerors,  had  a  genius  fit  for  forming  grand  cap 
prifes,  a  confumqiate  wifdom  and  prudence  to  carry  thai 
on;  a  natural  eloquence  of  fpeech  to  perfuade;  apatkoi 
proof  agadnft  all  difficulties,  and  able  to  furmount  all  obftacH 
His  temperance  was  admirable,  and  his  underftanding  hrg^ 

^  with  a  penetrating  judgment,  which  made  him  always  chocfc 

the  beft  of  whatever  was  propofed  in  an  infbant :  yet  it  tool 
be  confefled,  fays  our  author,  that  he  was  cruel  and  bbodj 
and  treated  his  enemies  with  too  much  rigour*.  The  pal 
genius  of  this  prince  appears  in  fome  meafur,e  from  the  (fife 

Eline  which  he  eilablidied  among  his  troops;  whereof* 
ave  already  given  an  account  k.    When  he  was  about  taw 
andpru-    the  field,  every  one  of  his  fubje&s  knew  how  much  he* 
dtnce:        to  furnilh  towards  the  equipage  of  the  army.     He  pumfal 
vice  and  crimes  with  as  much  rigour  as  he  rewarded  vim 
and  commendable  aftions,     He  was  not  fatisfied  to  cboqi 
Arong  men  for  the  wars,  it  was  neceflary  alfo  that  tk 
fhould  difcover  fome  parts ;  and  out  of  the  braveft  of  tbq 
he  made  his  officers.    He  ufually  appointed  the  beft  foow 
among  the  captives  to  take  care  of  the  horfes ;  and  empbj* 
the  dulleft  to  look  after  the  fheep.    So  many  good  1 
gave  him  an  eafy  conqueft  over  the  neighbouring 
where  there  was  not  the  like  difpofition.     He  was 
accuftomed,  once  a  year,  to  aflemble  all  his  officers,  as 
civil  as  military,  and  examine  whether  they  had  the 
requifite  for  the  well  difcharge  of  their  employments; 
failing  to  beftdw  large  praifes  where  they  were  due J. 
bisrtH-         JENGHIZ  Kh&n,  with  regard  to  his  religion,  \ 
gion:         deift;  as  hath  been  already  obferved.     The  firft  timelxa 
tered  China,  he  gave  orders  to  exclude  the  Bonzas  from  bdfl| 

1  La  Croix,  p.  382,  &  feq.    Abu'lch.  p.  145,  k  M 

P*  346»  353*  l  Abu'lgh.  p.  146,  &  fcq. 

lhan  Kaldini  and  that  all  his  (E)  Rather  under*  pitta* 

tfefcendants,  who  died  in  thofe  for  it  does  not  appear  that  * 

provinces,  have  been  interred  Mungh  believed  preddbmtfi 
there. 


&5*  jRdfg*  <?f  JengfiizKhan.  -465 

lay  way  concerned  in  either  the  army  or  the  couit :  for    A.'  D. 
be  was  inclined  to  deftroy  them  ;*becaufe,  fays  the  Cbinefe    1227. 
hiftory  of  this  prince,  it  was  difficult  to  fay  exaftly  in  what  *"-"%*■■■* 
bjs  religion  (F)  confifted. 

JENGHIZ  Khdn  had  a  great  number  of  wives  (G);His 
Dttany  of  whom  bore  the  title  of  emprefs.  All  thefe  wives  <wiw» 
nrere  diftinguifhed  by  their  palaces  :  and  thefe  palaces,  called 
QrM$  or  Ortu,  were  to  the  number  of  four.  The  firft  and 
noft  considerable  of  the  emprefles  was  Hyu-chent  daughter  of 
Te-iriy  lord  of  the  Hoftkirat  (or  KmgoratJ  tribe  :  whole  fons, 
Qktay  and  Toley,  were  therefore  preferred  to  the  reft.  The 
Khan  excluded  the  princes  of  the  family,  born  of  Cbinefe 
women,  from  inheriting  the  crown  m4 

This  is  all  that  has  been  tranfmitted  to  us  from  the 
Cbinefe  hiftory  concerning  the  wives  of  jengbfa  Kh&n.  The 
more  weft  era  hiftorians  mention  five,  who  were  efteemed 
itbove  all  the  reft.  The  firft,  Guzi  Suren  (H),  daughter  of  the 
Khan  of  the  Naymans,  who  was  his  firft  wife.  The  fecond* 
Purta  Kujtn  (I),  {laughter  of  the  Khan  of  Kongorat,  the  fame 
with  Hyu-chen>  before-mentioned.  The  third,  Ob&ljin,  of 
Ovijuhijin,  daughter  of  Vang  KbAn,  king  of  the  Kara-iti. 
^The  fourth,  Kubku  Khatun  (K),  daughter  of  the  emperor  of 
JCitay  :  and  the  fifth,  Kulan  Khatun  (L),  daughter  of  Daira* 
fm>  a  Mungl  Khan,  of  the  Merkit  tribe  :  which  lady  Was  an 
extraordinary  beauty  \ 

1    JENGHIZ  Kh&n  had  a  great  number  of  children ;  but  andcbil- 
khe  Cbinefe  hiftory  mentions  only  fix  ions  and  three  daugh-  ^fr- 
iers.   Cbucbi  (Juji>  or  Tufbi),  the  eldeft  fbn,  Was  a  great 

*  Gaubil;  p.  53.  n  Mirk.  Marakesh.  ap.  La  Croix, 

;*!39 

1    (F)  From  hence  the  author  (I)   Or  B*rta  Kujtn,   as  in 

jOf  that  hiftory  feems  to  have  Abulgk&xi Khan,  wh6 ranks hor 

[Wen  of  the  fed  of  Fo :  for  the  as  the  firft  wife. 

Religion  of  Jfnfbiz  Khan  feems  (K)  Abu  Igbdzi  Khan  names 

not  to  have  differed  from  that  of  her  Kizu,  or  Kiju,  and  placed 

((utftijius,  with  refpedl  to  the  her  the  fecond. 

Deity.            -  (L)  Ab&lgbdzi 'Kh&n,  befides 

;    (G)  TadhJallah  fays,  he  had  the     three     before-mentioned, 

near  500,  befides  concubines,  names  Milu  and  Singan  for  the 

LaCroi*.  fourth  and  fifth:    which  two 

( (H)    In  Abulgbdzi    Kbans  laft  were,  he  fays,  defcended 

hiftory  the  is  called  Karizu>  or  from  a  Tat  at  family,  and  two 

[KaHju,  and  ranked  as  his  third  fitters;  the  fecond  of  whom  he 

r*ife.    He  makes  her  alfo  the  married  after  the  death  of  the 

Widow  of  fayyan,  Khan  of  the  &r$L 
Caymans. 

Mod. Hist. Vol. IV*  Hh  /   captain; 


j 


His/a* 
mourite 
fans: 


their  em* 
ploymcnts. 


tanvs  of 
Jenghiz 
Khan ; 


captain ;  afttve,  full  of  lire,  and  delighting  in  war.  Chop 
tay  (or  Jngatay,  and  ZagatayJ,  was  univerfally  bekwed  fcr 
his  wifdom  and  affability.  Ogotay  (Ugodayy  or  Oktay),  r* 
endowed  with  much  prudence  and  greatnefs  of  foul :  to 
courageous,  and  loved  juftice.  Toiey  (or  Tuti)  was  bclowd 
by  his  father,  and  -  generally  efteemed  by  the  Mungls.  Of 
Ulucbc  and  Kolye-kyen,  the  two  laft  (M),  nothing  remarkakk 
occurs.  The  three  princefles  were  married  to  Idlkut,  Khintf 
the  Igdrs,  Poyaho,  and  Po*tu,  as  hath  been  already  obfcndb 
and  the  heirs  of  thefe  three  fons-in-law  of  the  Kh*n  ufiaty 
married  the  daughters  of  the  Mttngl  emperors  °. 

The  weftcrn  Jfiatic  hiftoriam  afcribe  the  firft  four  fonsof 
Jenghiz  Khan  to  Purta  Kujin  (or  Hyu-chen)  ;  whereas  the 
Chinefe  hiftory  makes  her  the  mother  of  only  two  of  that 
Thefe  four  alone  feem  to  have  been  vefted  with  power  aol 
Command  ;  the  reft,  who  are  fcarcely  mentioned,  thought 
prindes  of  the  blood  alike,  had  only  fome  petty  govertnws 
or  lordfhips  conferred  on  them.  Tujbi,  or  Juj?9  Kbhn 
mafter  huntfman  of  the  empire  (N),  the  moft  confifaalk 
poft  in  it ;  as  hunting  was  the  prime  exercife  among  tfe 
Mungh.  He  chofe  Zagatay%  or  Jagniayy  to  be  chief  jad£ 
and  gave  him  the  title  of  direftor  of  the  Taffa,  cr  \nt\ 
which  were  put  into  writing.  Ohtayy  from  his  wifdom  » 
prudence,  was  detm  *d  worthy  of  the  poft  of  chief  coanB- 
lor  (O) ; .  nor  did  his  father  undertake  any  thing  of  mootf 
without  conrulting  him.  All  military  affairs  were  comnanal 
to  TuH's  (or  Tauiay's)  care ;  the  generals  depended  on,  in 
received  thfc  Grand  Khan's  orders,  from  him.  P 

Before  we  conclude  the  reign  of  this  conqueror,  it  is  ia* 
cumberit  on  us  to  perform  our  proinife  %  to  infert  the  Ytfe 
or  laws,  above-mentioned ;  which  were  made  by  him,  sol 
eftabiifhed  in  a  dyet  held  for  that  purpofe,  at  Karakonm,  fi 
the  year  1205  :  they  are  in  fubftanceas  follow. 

**  1.  To  believe,  that  there  is  but  one  God,  the  Gear 
"  of  hdaven  and  eurth ;   who  alone  gives  life  and  doi, 


Gaueil,  p.  5* 


Abu'lgh.  p.  9 


t 


p  Mir*,  ap.  La  Croix,  p.  14* 
*  Sec  p.  154. 


(M)  According  to  Abuigldxi 
Khdn%  the  Muu&i  emperor,  be- 
•fides  his  four  Tons  by  Purta  Ku- 
jin, had  five  others  by  the  reft 
of  his  wives;  but  he  mentions 
not  their  names. 

(K)    Abiil^hdxi  Khan  fays, 


he  governed  the  ceconomyJ 
his  facher's  court. 

(O)  According  to  the  &* 
author,  Oh  ay  had  the  managf 
meat  of  the  treafury,  and  w 
ccived  the; accounts  of  ik  J* 
vcrnors  of  province >. 

«'  ricta 


C.  >  ketg*  *f  j cnghi*  Kh&rt, 

H  riches  ind  poverty,  who  grants  and  denies  whatfoevw  he 
"  pleaies;  and  who  has  over  all  things  an  ablojutc  jxwer." 

T EMU  J  IN  feems  to  have  published  this  law  (P;  mere-  ± 
[y  to  Ihew  his  belief  of  the  Deity  t  'for,  far  from  ordaining 
my  puntthment  or  p^rfecution  againft  thofe  who  were  of 
other  religions,  he  forbad  modelling  any  perfon  on  account  of 
his  faith ;  leaving  every  body  at  liberty  to  profefs  that  which 
he  liked  beft,  on  condition  that  he  believed  there  was  but 
one  God  :  for  even  fome  of  his  own  children  and  princes  of 
his  blood  wore  Chr\fliansy  Jew,  and  Mohammedans. 

'I  2.  That  the  heads  of  fcfts,  the  religious,  the  criers  of 
u  the  temples,  and  thole  who  waili  the  dead,   (houid,  as 

*  well  as  phyficians,  be  exempted  from  all  public  offices. 

"  3,  That  none  whatfoever  mould,  under  pain  of  death,  at  /» 
*pidume  to  caufe  himfdf  to  be  proclaimed  Grand  Khan,  polity 
£  without  having  firft  been  duly  elefted  by  the  Khans,  com- 

*  manders,  and  other  Mogul  lords*  lawfully  anemblcd  in  a 
"  general-  dyet. 

"4.  That  no  heads  of  tribes  fliould  ufe  any  titles  of 
ft  honour,  which  they  affected  to  have,  in  irritation  of  the 

*  Mohammedans ;  or  that  any  ihould  give  to  his  futceflbr 
u  any  title  but  that  of  Khaan,  with  two  a's.  He  defircd 
f?  alfo,  that,  for  the  future,  all  his  fubjects  ihould  flile  him' 

*  fimply  Khan."  This  was  ever  after  obferved  by  all  who 
(poke  to  Jiim  :  but  in  writing  to  him,  they  always  added  fome 
Gther  of  his  titles,  as  moft  powerful,  invincibic,  er. 

1    "  5.  That  peace  mould  never  be  maJc  with  any  king* 

*  prince,  or  people,  till  they  were  intirely  fubdued* 

"  6.  That  the  troops  mould  always  be  divided  into  tens,  amf 
**  hundreds,  thoufands,  and  ten  thoufands ;  as  very  commo-  <wat/afep 
P  dious  for  the  fpeedy  raifmg  of  forces,  and  making  de- 

*  tachments. 

"  7.  That  the  foldiers,  when  going  to  take  the  field, 
M  mould  receive  their  arms  front  the  officers,  and  return 
"  them  at  the  end  of  the  campaign  :  that  they  ihould  keep 
"  their  arms  clean,  and  in  good  condition,  and  mew  them 
"  to  their  commanders  when  preparing  to  give  battle* 

(P)  Although  this,  law  had  giver's  intention.    The  terre* 

been  long  obicrved  by  the  T«-  ftrial  god  was   phc;d  in  th  i r 

tars  in  its  purity,  and  is  at  this  h jufea,  in  form  of  an    ima^e« 

day  by  many  of  them  ;  ytt  iu-  and    cohered    with    felt,    and 

perftirion  by  degiees  introduced  named  hatigay\    accompanied 

idolatry,    by  a  diilin&ion  be-  with   others,    which  they  faid 

tween  a  celeilial  and  a  tcr  reft  rial  Were  the  images  of  his  wife  an4 

God  ;    which   was    pretended  ch.ldren.     La  Croix. 
not  to  be  contrary  to  their  law- 

£  h  *  •■  8.  That 


haaeflj, 


Hiftory  of  the  Mogul  tr  Mungl  Empire.    B.IIL 

"  8.  That  none,  on  pain  of  death,  prcfumcd  to  piDagc 
the  enemy,  before  the  general  grants  leave :  bat  that  the 
"  meaneft  foldier  fhould  have  the  fame  advantage  as  thq 
"  officer ;  and  remain  matter  of  all  the  booty  he  was  fbool 
"  poflefled  of,  on  condition  he  paid  to  the  Khan's  receiver 
"  the  duties  or  (hare  fpecified  by  the  laws. 
game  cud  "  9*.  That  from  the  month  which,  with  us,  is  March* 
meats,  "  Oftober,  no  perfon  fhould  take  flags,  deer,  roebucks,  ban 
Xl  wild  afles,  nor  certain  birds ;  to  the  end  that -die  am 
"  and  foldiers  might  find  fuffictent  game  during  the  wimsj 
"  in  the  huntings  they  were  obliged  to  make."  As  Temtjk 
was  fenfible,  continual  exercife  was  neceflary  to  keep  foldxtt 
in  good  order,  he  appointed  hunting,  as  molt  proper  for  tta 
purpofe. 

"  10.  That  in  kilting  beafts  none  fhould  cut  the  thnntf 
"  but,  tying  the  legs,  rip  up  the  belly,  and  pluck  out  tk 
"  heart. 

- "  1 1.  That  the  blood  and  entrails  of  beafb  might  beeatn.; 
Before  this  the  Moguls  were  forbidden  to  eat  them :  bat  | 
Temtyin  was  returning  one  time  from  an  expedition,  wherdl 
'  provifions  fell  fhort,  the  foldiers  met  with  a  great  quao&if 
ot  entrails,  left  by  people,  who  had  newly  killed  beafts  take 
in  hunting  ;  and,  bang  prefled  by  hunger,  eat  them,  d 
-  Khan  himielf  partaking ;  who,  confidering  how  ufeful  tk 
food  might  be  to  his  troops  on  the  like  occafions,  took 
the  prohibition*  by  a  law.  /   •_ 

12.   The  privileges  and  immunities  granted  to  Tori 

were  regulated  in  the  manner  already  related. 

vtduflry  «  i  j.  To  banifti  idlenefs  out  of  his  dominions,  he 

J**  a        "  all  his  fubjefts  to  ferve  the  public  in  fome  kind  or 

*'  They  who  went  not  to  the  wars,  were  to  work  fo 

' "  days,  at  certain  feafons,  on  the  public  ftructures ;  or  & 

"  fome  other  work  for  the  flate :    and  one  day  in  the  wed 

"  was  to  be  employed  particularly  in  the  fervice  of  the  Khan. 

."14.  The  law  againft  thieving  was,  that  hewhoAok 

• "  an  ox,  or  any  thing  of  equal  price,  fhould  be  punHhot 

"  with  deaths  and  their  bodies  cut  afunder,  in  the  middk, 

«*  with  a  hanger :  that  thofe  who  were  guilty  of  Idler  thefa 

"  fhould  receive  feven,  feventeen,  twenty-feven,  thjrty-fercn, 

"  and  fo  on  to  feven  hundred  blows,  with  a  cudgel,  in  prtn 

• f *  portion  to  the  value  of  the  thing  ftolen.*'    But  this  punift- 

ment  might  be  bought  off,  by  paying  nine  times  the  valot 

The  exaftnefs  with  which  this  law  was  obferved  fecured  M 

the  Grand  JChan's  fubjefts  from  being  robbed  r. 

f  La  Crotx,  p   80,  Si  feqq. 

>  '       s  . '  .:'  «  15.  That 


$.     '  Reign  of  JengWz  Khan.  469 

rc,  *S-    THET.were  forbidden  ta  ufc  for  fervants  any  of    A.  D. 

their  ova  nation  :  to  the  end  they  might  addift  themfelves     *?27-: 

to  -war,  and  be  obliged  to  take  care  of  the  captives  they  V*""V"—^, 

hould  make,  whom  they  were  to  preferve  for  their  own-^TT''   • 

fervice.  •      *» .        ^« 

*   16.   It  was  forbidden,  on  pain  of  death,  to  all  Moguls 

md  Tatars,  to  give  meat  or  drink,  or  to  lodge  or  clothe, . 

mother  perfon's  flave,  without  permiffion  from  his  mailer.* 

All  perfons  who  fhould  meet  with  a  fugitive  Have,  were 

likewife  obliged,  under  the  fame  penalty,  to  feiae  and  bring 

him  back  to  his  mafter." 

17.    By  the  law  concerning  marriages  it  was  ordained,,sum*£iy 

That    the  man  fliould  buy  his  wife ;  and  not  marry  with 

any:  maid  to  whom  he:  was  a-kin,  in  the  firft  or  fecond  de-. 

gree  :   but  in  all  other  degrees  it  was  permitted ;  fa  that 

a  man  might  marry  two  own  fillers.     Polygamy  was  per- 

mitted,  and  the  free  ufe  of  their  women  flaves.'*    Tl}i$. 

kftr  occafioned  that  great  liberty  which  every  man  took,  to 

ve  as  many  wives  and  flaves  as  he  cpuld  maintain. 

"  18.  'Adulterers  were  condemned  to  death;  and  a  man.*<&/"*fr 

was  permitted,  to  kill  them  when  furp'rifed  in  the' aft.?. 

wording   tQ  Marco  Polo,  the  inhabitants  of  Kaindu  mur-> 

Ured  againft  this  law ;  becaufe  it  was>a  cuftom  with  them. 

offer  their  wives  and  daughters  to  their  friends  when  they 

me  to  fee -them,  in  token  of  refpeft  and  affection.    They 

dented  (everal  petitions  to  Temvjtn ;  intreating,  that  they 

^ght  not  be  deprived  of  this  privilege.     The  prince,  yield- 

g  to  their  importunities,  l$ft  them  to  their  fhame,  and 

(fated  what  they  defired :  but,  at  the  fame  time,  declared,. 

at  he  looked  on  thofe  people  as  infamous. 

"  19.  To  cultivate  amjty  among  his.  fubjefts,  he  extend- .poflbumou* 

ed  the.  ties  .of  relationfhip  very  far.     He  permitted  two. contra^ 

families  to  unite,  although  they  had  no  children  living ; 

by  writing  a  contraft  between  the  fon  of  one  and  daughter 

of  the  other,  though  both  dead,  and  performing  the  cere-. 

mony  in  their  names  ( QJ).    After  this  they  were  reputed 

married,  and  the  families  became  truly  allied,  as  if  they 

had  been  really  married. 

"  20.  It  was  forbidden,  under  fevere  penalty,  for  any 

perfons  to  walh  themfelves,  or  even  their  clothes,  in  run* 

(QJ  This  cuftom  is  ftill  in  ufe  they  throw  it  into  the  fire ;  be- 

fflong  the  Tatars ;  but  mixed  ing  perfuaded,  (hat  all  this  is 

rith^perftttiauscircumftancesi  carried  by  the  fmoke  to  theip 

utcr  drawing  the  figures  of  the  children,  who  thereupon  marry 

retended  married  couple,  and  in  the  other  world.    Z*  Crnixx  • 
tone  animals,  on  the  contract, 

H  h  3  *  ning 


470  Uifory  of  /^MoguUrNfungl  Empire.   B.HL 

A  D.    *f  ning  w  uers,  daring  the  tine  it  thundered.**   Thunder,  ia 

mf-    autient  MoguliJ}an9  and  the  neighbouring  countries,  wash 

i— "V"— '  dreaded  by  the  people,  becaufe  it  often  did  them  mifchk( 

fe*r  °/      that,  as  fopn  as  the  noife  of  it  was  heard,  they  threw  urn 

«iaw*r*     felves   defperately   into  rivers   and   lakes,    and  were  ofirt 

drew  ed,     Temtfjin,  finding  that  he  loft  many  of  his  bet 

foldiers  by  this  extraordinary  fear,  made  this  law,  by 

they  were  made  to  believe,  that,  by  difturtring  the  TOeri 

they  caufed  exhalations  which  occafioned  the  thunder ;  ia 

that  it  would  not  do  them  half  fo  much  harm,  if  they  vWi 

drew  from  any  water.     All  obferve  this  law  ftill,  except 

the  Mohammedan  Tatars,  who  look  upon  It  as  a  fuperffifa 

coftom,  which  contradicts  one  of  the  principal  injun&kfflsc 

.  their  religion,  which  is  to  walh  in  any  water ;  and  vidw 

which  waihing  they  cannot  be  faved. 

"21.  Spies,  falfe  witnefles,  fodomites,  and  fixccrcrs{RJ 

"  were  condemned  to  be  put  to  death. 

checks  on        "'22.  He  publiftied  moft  fevere  ordinances  agaiaft  go 

governors.  "  vernors  who  failed  of  doing  their  duty :    but  prmdpl 

"  ly  thofe  who  commanded  in  far  diftant  parts,    If  AS 

"  conduft  was  blameable,  they  were  puniflied  with  dcri 

V  and  if  their  fault  was  but  flight,  they  were  obliged  ton 

u%  pair  in  perfon,  ^r  juftify  themfelves,   before  the  CM 

"  Khan."    Which  muft  have  been  extraordinary  checks. 

Yki  Yafla      Many  other  laws  were  publi/hed,  which  are  not  fjrfdft 

revs-        in  the  authors  before  us  (S) :   but  thefe,  which  were  do* 

renad*      fefs  the  principal,  remained  in  full  vigour  during  the  fd£U 

Temujtn,  and  his  fucceflbrs.     Thn&r  Beg,  or  TamtrUm,  bifl 

felf,  who  was  born  1 1 1  years  after  this  prince,  caufed  Afll 

tq  be  obferved  through  all  his  empire ;  and  the  KHm  TdUti 

as  well  as  others,  to  this  day,  religioufly  keep  them. 

rakejhi  affirms,  that  they  were  all  the  contrivance  of 

Grand  Khan  himfelf :  but  others  fay,  they  were  only  co 

from  thofe  which  the  orientals  heretofore  afcribed  to  fi 

the  fon  of  Jafihet,  the  great  anceftor  of  all  the  i 

dfTatary*.  ^ 

•  La  Croix,  p.  84,  &  feqq. 

(R)  ^et  there  were  forcerer*  writer*  only ;  fince,  in  dris » 

in  the  time  of  JenghH  Kbav,  count  of  the  Tag*,  he  Has«J 

and   his    immediate   fucceiTors  ufe  alfo  01  Europeans,  W(M 

(if  we  may  believe  the  miffconers  well  diftinguifhing  one  fort  W 

and  other  writers)*  as  well  .as  the  other-     There  is  a  coW 

row.  -  •  tion  of  laws  in  the  Levant,  «j 

(S)  Z>  Crcix  fays,-  in  the  au-  muled,  Taffa  JeBgbte 

thors  which  he  had  franflated  :  hut  La  Croix  had  *ot  feen  it 
but  he  can  nardly  mean  oiienul 

BO 


Ci,   %         Jan^jbiz  Kh&nV  fw&jfrrh 

BOOK     IV, 
the  Hiflory  of  Jenghiz  KhanV  Sutcejfers 
in  Moguleftan,  or  the  Country  of  the 
Moguls. 

CHAP,     I, 

$be  Reign  of  Oktay  KMn,  fecond  Emperor  of 
the  Mungls. 

AS  foon  as  Jenghfa  Kh&n  was  dead,  Toby,  or  Tuli>idKba*§ 
who  was  regent  in  Oktay**  abfence,  fent  officers  to  Oktay. 
notify  the  fame  to  the  princes  of  his  houfe,  and  ge- 
nerals of  the  army.  Mean  while  the  war  againft  the  Kin 
tfas  carried  on  with  more  vigour  than  ever :  He-chew  (A),  in 
Shen-Jt,  had  held  out  a  long  time,  animated  by  the  bravery 
of  Chin-in9  the  governor ;  who  at  length,  finding  the  dry 
ready  to  be  forced  by  the  enemy,  advifed  his  wife  to  provide 
I  for  her  fafety:  that  lady  anfweredfltefolutely,  that,  as  (he 
had  fhared  with  him  the  honours  and  pleafures  of  life,  fhe  , 
j  would  die  with  him,  and  immediately  took  poifon.  Her  two 
;  fcns,  and  daughter-in-law,  followed  her  example.  Chin-in, 
\  rfter  caufing  them  to  be  interred,  flew  himfclf,  and  the  city 
;  was  taken.  The  Kin,  commanded  by  a  prince  of  the  blood, 
defeated  the  Mungh,  and  killed  8oqo  of  them  in  the  begin- 
,  ning  of  the  year  1 22$. 

The  regent,  after  he  had  buried  his  father,  went  to  meet  He  is  ac- 
Okiay.     However,  the  grandees  and  generals  not  knowing  knvwltgtd% 
but  Toley  intended  to  make  himfclf  emperor,  dared  not  give      , 
that  title  to  his  brother.     After  waiting  at  the  river  Kerlon 
till  the  arrival  of  Jagatay  (B),  the  princes  of  the  imperial 
houfe  unanimoufly  agreed  to  adhere  to  Jenghiz  Kbdn's  will ; 
and,  by  the  advice  of  Teh  Chu-tfay,  a  general  aflembly  of  the 

(A)  This  city  was  called  Si  twenty  leagues  (birth  Qflin-tau 

Ho-cbnjL-,    or   Ho- chew    of  thfr  Fu.     Gaubil. 
we&,  to  djftinguilh  it  from  the        (B)  One  hiftory  fays  t'lat  Oi- 

other  cities  of,  that  name.      At  tay  would   have  given   up  the 

prefent  it  is  called  Min-cb*wt  empire  to  Jagatay,  but  that  he 

being  a  copfxderable  fortrefs,  *ould  not  accept  of  h.    Gaub.  • 

H  h  4  great 


47*  JcnghfeKWi  Succeffors  B.IV. 

A.  p.    great  lords  and  princes  was  appointed  to  meet  at  Karahrm 
1229.     (C),  on  the  «d  of  Augufi  1229.     That  day  being  come, 
^"VW  Jagatay  and  Toley,  attended  by  the  princes  of  their  houfc, 
the  chiefs,  of  tribes,  and  generals  of  the  army;  went,  and 
kneeling  before  Oktay's  tent,  with  a  loud  voice  wifhed  a  long 
and  happy  reign  to  prince;  Ofyay  ;  a  ceremony  never  ufed  be- 
fore  on  the  fame  occaiion  by  the  Mungls.    The  new  emperor 
nlade  Yelu  Ckd-tfay  his  prime  minifter,  and  imparted  eray* 
thing  to  his  brother  Toley  ;  thofe  two  princes  having  had  aa 
intire  afFeftion  for  each  other  \       •  •    - . 
with  much     The  weftern  hiftorians  of  JJia,  on  the  fubjeA  of  Oktaj's 
unwilling-  fucceffion,  fay:,  that,  in  627 ,  two  years  after  lengbtz  KfM% 
*'/*•  death,  his  fons  Jagatay  Khan  and  Taulay  Khan,  with  the 

children  of  his  fon  Juji,  being  aflembled  in  prefence  of  ail 
the  great  officers  of  the  Mogul  empire,  Bdgatay '  Noyan,  and 
Jljiktey  Noyfai  two  of  the  principal  court  lords,  caufed  the 
laft  difpofitions  of  the  late  emperor  to  be  publicly  read;  and\ 
purfua,nt  to  the  tenor  of  them,  required  JJgaday  (or  Oktay] 
Khdn  to  accept  of  the  fovereignty  :  but  he  declined  it; 
faying,  that,  as  he  had  a  paternal  uncle  and  two  brother* 
living*  he  would  rather  that  one  of  them  would  take  that 
tjuft  upon  him  (D).  But  after  the  aflembly  had  fpun  out 
forty  days,  without  bein»able  to  unfix  the  resolution  of  Uga* 
day  Khan ;  his  brother^  determined  to  comply  with  their 
father's  will  at  any  rate,  laid  hold  of  him  by  the  arms,  and 
placed  him  in  fome  meafure,  whether  he  would  or  not,  in 
the  imperial  throne.  The  new  Khan,  having  been  oWigd, 
in  this  manner,  to  fnbmit  to  the  officious  real  of  his  Bro- 
thers, and  all  the  grandees  of  (late,  gave  a  great  feaft  to  tho 
whole  aflembly,  and  diflributed  magnificent  prefents  to  thofe 
who  were  at  it.  After  this,  he  applied  himfelf  effectually  to 
remedy  all  the  irregularities  which  had  crept  into  the  govern* 
jnent  during  the  two  years  (E)  interregnum  b. 

•  Gaubil,  hift.  Gentch.  Kan.  p.  53,  &  feqq.         b  Abu'lgk. 
hift.  Turks,  &c.  p.,  148,  &  feq. 

(C)   By  the  Chim/es  called  not  aft  as  fovereign,  •  till  the 

Bo-tin.     Gaubil  informs  us  in  dyet  ordained  by  the  law  had 

this  place,   that  there  was   a  been  held ;  and  they  had  eia- 

diflertation  at  the  end  of  his  hi-  mined  whether  he  was  capable 

ilory  of  the  Mungl  emperors,  to  of  reigning, 

prove  that  Ho4in  is  the  fame  (E)  La  Croix  fays,  thepab- 

with  Karakorom,  the  capital  of  lie  affairs  did  not  (offer  duriag 

~lenghi%  Khan's  empire:  but  no  this  interregnum,  Jagetty,  the 


1 


uch  thing  has  been  published.       guardian  and  expounder  of  tha 
( D)  According  to  La  Croix \    laws,  made  them  to  be  obferved 
p.  3 %i .  Oktay  proteltcd  he  would    with  fo  greaj  exaftneis. 

Whs* 


:.  i;  »    In  Mogulcftln.  47 3 

When  Skew-fu,  the  emperor  of  Kin  (who  reigned  in  JK-    A.  D. 
yr),   understood  that  Oktay  was  feated  on  the  throne  of     1229-    . 
\a  Mungls,  he  "fent  envoys  into  Tartary,  who,  under  pre-  J-^r^-J 
roce  of  complimenting  him  on  his  advancement,  propofed  Wari9^ 
editions  of  peace :  while  Oktay,  refolving  to  continue  the1*** 
nr,  would  not  hearken  to  them ;  and  ordered  his  great 
jeieral  Cbela->mhen  (F)  to  inveft  King-yang*f&,  in  Shen-fi. 
tut  this  place  being  well  fortified,  and  furniftied  with  pro- 
ifions,  that  general  did  not  think  lit,  in  the  depth  of  Win- 
er, to  lofe  his  time  before  it. 

The  Chinefe  hiftory  aflures  us,  that,  when  Oktay  afcended 
he  Jhrone,  the  Mungls  had  neither  fixed  hws  nor  cuftomr 
or  government  (G).  The  officers  appointed  to  rule  the  fe-1 
feral  countries,  put  people  to  death  at  pleafure,  and  often 
naflacred  whole  families.  Hereupon  Yelu  Chtt-tfay  drew  up 
aws,  which  the  emperor  caufed  to  be  rigoroufly  obferved. 

Thii  prince  refolved  to  inform  himfelf  concerning  the  coun-  Taxet 
ries  which  were  fubjeft  to  him  in  Tartary,  China,  and  Obit  fettled. 
pert  :  and  this  year  they  began  to  fettle  the  quantity  of  filk, 
noney,  and  grain,  which  the  Chinefe  families,  or  the  inhabitants 
rf  Kitay  under  his  obedience,  were  to  pay  annually.    They 
Skewife  afcertained  the  number  tf  horfes,  oxen,  and  iheep, 
which  the  Mungls  were  to  be  taxed  at;  and  the  males  above . 
fifteen  years  of  age  were  numbered  in  the  weftern  parts  of 
tke  empire,  in  order  to  determine-  what  they  ought  to*  pay : 
for .  which  purpofe  Oktay-  feht  a  Chinefe,  well  verfed  in  bufi- 
ne&,  to  examine  into  the  ftate  of  thofe  conquered  countries. 
THs  prince,  from  the  firft,  gained  the  love  of  fes  Chinefe 
fabjefts,    by  giving  to  Sbe-tyen-che,  and  Lyew-ke-ma,  the 
Command  of  the  Chinefe  troops  in  Pe-cheAi  and  Shan~t<mg.    . 
Thefe  two  lords,  with  Ten-fhe,  were  declared  generals  of  the 
army.    They  had  diftinguiflied  themfelves  under  M4hAU% 
and  their  troops  yielded  in  nothing  to  thqfe  of  the  Mungls. 

Amcng  the  officers  of  the  tribe  of  <%ue»lye  (or  KaraAi),  Prime  nu% 
whofe  lord  was  brother  of  Tqley  (or  Vang  Kb&n),  prince  of  niflers* 

(F)  He  was  of  the  Chalar,  or  cially  as  the  Mungls  themfelves 
Jalayr  tribe,  and  one  of  the  mad  have  had  a  hand  in  com- 
four  intrepid s,  mentioned  be-  poling  them  ?  Or  do  the  writers 
fore,  p.  338.  fuppofe  they  had  no  laws,  be- 

(G)  If  Jenghix  Khan  had  caufe  they  had  not  the  Chinefir 
enabled  laws  with  that  folemni-  Or  laftly,  do  they  mean  that 
ty  which  is  mentioned  by  the  the  Mungls  had  no  particular 
weftern  Jfiatic  writers4,  how  is  fet  of  political  laws,  diftinft 
it  poffible  the  Chinefe  jhiftorians  from  tYifiTaffa  ofjengbiz  Khan. 
foujd  be  ignorant  of  it,  efpe- 

thof$ 


.     Jenghfz  Rhan^  Stvetfors  B.1V( 

thofe  people  (H),  waa  Chin-hay %  a  lord  recommcndable  fa 
his  valour,  integrity,  and  wifdom.  He  drank  with  Jtngkl\ 
yKhin  the  water  of  die  river  Pan-chum  i  was  in  all  his  battle 
with  th$  confederate  Tatar  princes  j  and  followed  him  in  hi 
•  expeditions,  both  into  Kit  ay  and  the  weft  of  Jfia>  whotl 
acquired  great  reputation.  Oktay  chofe  this  iUuftrkxis  pe 
fon  not  only  to  be  one  of  his  generals,  but  alio,  as  mm 
of  Irate,  in  conjunction  with  Telu  Chi-tfay. 
DMJi$n  .  At  this  time  the  country  of  Kin-cha  (or  Kipj&k\ 
tftbttm-  others  to  the  north,  north-eaft,  and  north-weft,  of  thefij 
fire.  fan  fea,  were  governed  by  Pat*  (or  Batu),  eldeft  foi  c 
Qhuchi  (or  Juji) ;  and  Jagatay,  held  a  great  part  of  the  id 
em  conquefts :  while  other  princes  of  the  imperial  fssu 
ruled  over  the  great  regions  of  Tartary^  and  elfewhere.  & 
all  thefe  princes  depended  on  Oktay ;  and  the  feveralgen 
rals;  governors,  commi&oners,  and  others,  who  ferved  nj 
der  them  in  their  refpe&ive  departments,  were  recalled,  tor 
cd  out,  or  changed,  at  the  pleafure  of  the  emperor c.  Ti 
distribution  is  pretty  conformable  to  what  the  weftern  hift 
rians  relate :  they  fay,  that  Jenghiz  Kbdn,  in  his  life-da 
divided  his  dominions  among  his  children ;  and  that,  aft 
his  death,  they  remained  in  the  fame  fituation :  thatfl 
Jbdk  (or  Kij>j*k)9  remained  .to  Batu  .*  that  Jagatay  had  i 
his  fliare  Great  BukSdria,  with  Karazm  and  Turkejtin 
Tuli  had  Khorafdn,  Ptrfta,  and  India  :  and  that  all  the  r 
fell  to  Oktay;  toamely,  Mogulifidn,  Katay  (or  Kitty), 
tfee  other  countries  eaftward  to  the  Tartarian  fead. 

Ijt  the  fame  year,  the  kings  of  Mulay  (I)  and  Indu/la*  < 
in  perfon  to  Karaforem,  to  make,  their  court  to  Oktay. 
lord  alfc  of  the  country  and  city  of  Iftyalano  (K)  came  to 

c  GAUiiL,ubi  fapr.p.  56,  &  feq.        *  La  Croix,  hiftG*^ 
p.  385, 

(H)  He  fucceeded  his  brother  where  Tilcy  made  gre*  rmga 

as  prince  of  theKara-ifs,  having  while  hi§  father  befcgedW- 

joined   Jtngbix.  Khan's    party,     £a*.     GauliU I*  «ems  » 

when  he  found  his  brother  Toley  mean  the  country  01"  the  AT;*- 

had  undertaken  to  deftroy  that  bedah  (called  alfo  I)wba?iV\ 

conaueror  5  family,  and  gave  aflaffin*},   in  Mazfndtrd*  *» 

his  aaughtcr  in  marriage  to  his  Kuhtfidn. 

fowth  ion  Uley,  or  T«J/.      His  (t)    This,  probably,  k  # 

name  was  Akiaput  su>  is  men-  farayn9  or  hfurayn^  in  ifarr 

tioned  hereafter  _/^ ;  for  Isfahan  is  the  £&*# 

{I)   Mu  lay  is  the  kingdom  \void  fox  IJfdldn.    Goth. 

4  '  JENCHll 


C*  i*.  .    In  Mogoleft^n.  475 

.  JENCH1Z  Khan,  after  his  return  from 'the  weft  (L%;   A.  D. 
Jindhag  himfelf  without  a  provifion  either  of  rice  or  filkv    1.330.    v 
feveral  of  the  great  lords  would  perfuade  him,  that  the  coa~v— *v—*J 
quered  knds  in  Kitay  could  be  of  no  ufe,  unlefs  the  inha-  Stateoftb* 
bitants  were  all  deftroyed ;  but  that,  in.  cafe,  thofe  ufelefs 'rf0™* 
people   were  once  out  of  the  way,  their  country  might  be 
turned   into  paftures,  which  would  prove  of  vaft  advantage. 
This  furnifhed  Teh  CMt-tfay  with  a  proper  occafion  to  let  the. 
Mungls  fee:  the  knowlege  he  was"  maftejr  of.     He  explained  to 
Jengbiz  Khan  the  method  which  ought  to  be  taken  to  ren- 
der the  conqueft  of  China  ufefoL    Although,  faid  this  mini* 
Her,  we  have  only,  a  fraali  part  of  that  ^empire,  yet  if  things. 
be  well  ordered,  the  cultivated  lands,  the  fait, .  the  iron,  the 
profit  of  the  rivers,  and  other  commodities,  might  produce 
to  the  .emperor,  fifty  van- of  fyang  (M),  or  Tatls,  forty  van 
of  tan  in  rice,  and  800,000  pieces. of  filk;  all  which  might 
be  done,  without  incommoding  -the  people.     - 

,  JENCHIZ  Khan  was  furpri/ed  at  this  difcourfe  of  Ytht  Regula- 
Chtt-fjay  ;  and  thenceforth  underftood  that  a  conqueror  ought  ticmpur- 
to  think  of  fomething  elie  than  to  render  himfelf  famous  by  pofidi 
the  mailacre  of  enemies : ,  that  indeed  he  £hould-have.  warriora 
to  Hght ;  but  that  there  was  need  of  magiftrates  to  govern, 
peafants  to  till  the  ground,  merchants  to  carry  on  trade,  of- 
ficers to  take  care  of  the  revenue  of  the  empire,  and  likewife 
men  of  learning,   t  Prince  Oktay,  who  had  relifhed  the  dif- 
courfe  of  that  fage  miniftcr  ftill  better  than  his  father,  as 
fcon  as  he  became  emperor,  committed  to  his  care  the  ma- 
nagement of  the  taxes.     Teh  divided  Pe-che-liy  Shan-tcng, 
Shan-/t>  and  Lyau-tong,  into  ten  departments,  each  of  which  '    , 

bad  a  cuftom-houfe  in  the  principal. city :  the  other  citie9 
were  made  fubordthate  to  that,  and  magiftrates  appointed  to 
govern  the  people. 

OKTAY  took  pleaftrre  in  acquainting  himfelf  with  the  W<^ 
the  rules  of  good  government:  he  wns  defirous  alfo  to  know  blijhed. 
the  ancient  hiftory  of  China  \  and  even  that  of  fCong-fu-tfe, 
or  Konfujius,   and  Chew-hong.  *   TJie  mi riifter.  gratified  his     A*D- 
prince  in  all  he  fought  for ;  and  his  regulations,  with  regard       2^ 
to  the  cftift#ms,  were  publifhed..    They  began  to  put  them 
in  execution  the  beginning  of  the  next  year.    400  pounds  of 
felt  yielded  40  lyang :  they  took  a  tenth  out  of  wine,  filk, 
rice,  and  corn,  for  the  emperor ;  and  one  thirtieth  part  for 

(L)  By  weftern  countries  the         (M)   Van  is   to,ooo,  and  a 
Cbinefa  underftand  all  thofe  to     Lyang   about  fix  {hillings   ani. 
the  weft  of  Hami  (or  Khaml)^    eight  pence  Engliy.  • 
*&&Turfdu. 

lefler 


47^  Jenghiz  Khan**  Sucaprs  B.  IV. 

A.  J>.    lefter  wares.  After  thefe  orders  were  iflhed,  Oktay  went  with 
1  *3  *  •     his  brother  Toky  to  make  a  great  hunting  on  the  river  Orkr 
^  ~~>*~m-J  hon ;  and  in  fummer  they  removed  to  the  river  Tamir*. 
Capital  of      The  Khan  had  already  commanded  Kin-tau  (now  Si-gan 
Shen-fi,     F4),  the  capital  of  Shen-fi,  to  be  attacked ;  and  that  great  ci- 
ty was  at  length  taken.    In  July,  he,  with  his  brother  ToUy% 
marched  fouthward,  with  a  formidable  army,  refolving  to 
deftroy  the  dynafty  of  the  Kin.  *  The  Mungls  entered  Shen-Jt, 
and  deflroyed^no  fewer  than  fixty  important  pofts  t  but  were 
baffled  before  Tong-quan.    Hereupon  the  army  divided  into 
two  bodies  :  Oktay,  with  one  of  them,  repafled  the  IVhang- 
ko,  to  go  into  &han*fi  (N);  while  Toky,  accompanied  by 
prince  Mongko  (or  Mangu),'  his  eldeft  fon,  prince  Keiu-wktth 
pfcwha,  third  Ton  of  Pye-R  Kitay  (0),  J*ngh1z  Khan's  fourth 
L>6    J      broker,  an(*  other  princes,  went  to  kiveft  F*ng-tjy*ng  Fi3 
and  taken  *n  Sben-fi'     Lyew-ke-ma,  already  mentioned,  znd:Ko-tc-&ay, 
*  fon  of  the  general  Ko-pau*yu,  were  in  this  detachment :  bat 
Ganchar  was  the  principal  commander  under  Toley,  and  the 
general  who  diftinguiftied  himfelf  moll,     As  Toley  attacked 
"die  place  vigoroufly,  the  army  which  was  at  Tong-quan  un- 
dertook to  fuccour  it :  but  that  prince  rendered  all  their  at- 
tempts fruitlefs ;   and  having  defeated   the  Kin  in  a  battle 
which  continued  the  wluple  day  (P),  the  city  was  taken  in 
April  123 1. 

e  Gaubil,  ubi  fupr.  p.  58,  &  feq. 


A.D. 
1131. 


(N)  Jbflghdz*  Khan  fays, 
p.  1 50,  that  Oktay,  in  his  expe- 
dition into  Kitay,  in  the  firft 
year  of  his  reign,  took  a  great 
city,  fituate  on  the  river  Kara 
Muran  (doubtlefs  the  Whang. 
At),  by  aflault,  after  forty  days 
fiegej  and  all  the  inhabitants 
were  killed,  or  made  ijaves  of, 
excepting  10,000,  who  efcaped 
Jn  boats. — But  there  is  no  de- 
pending on  what  the  weftern 
writers  ofJJia  fay,  with  regard 
to  this  prince  or  his  fuccefiors. 
Gaubil,  p.  63,  note  ( 1 ),  fays,  the 
Whang-ho  is  the  Karamoran  of 
Polo. 

(O)  This  is  not  a  proper 
name,  but  a  title,  fignifying  the 
regulo,    or   fx'w**   of  Kitay< 


Pyeli,  or  Pey-li,  is  a  regulo  of 
the  third  order  or  degree. 

(P)  To  this  place  may  be  re- 
ferred what  we  meet  with  is 
AbSlgbasu  Khan,  who  tells  ns, 
that  Oktay,  after  his  expedition, 
advanced  farther  into  Kitay  ^  and 
fent  his  brother  Tamlay  before, 
with  10,000  men:  but  having 
been  furrounded  by  an  army 
df  the  enemy,  confiding  of 
too, 000  forces,  muft  infallibly 
have  perifhed,  if  he  had  not 
ordered  one  of  his  magicians 
to  make  the  Dfada  (or  yada)i 
that  is,  to  produce  a  boiflcrou* 
winter-featon  in  the  midfl  of 
fummer.  By  this  means  /Uti* 
Khans,  army  being  enfeebled, 
they  were  all  cut  to  pieces,  ex.* 
tenting  £000*  who  efcaped. 


Cr.  J*  Mogulcft&n.  477 

One  of  the  Kin  officers,  who  had  furrendered  to  the     A.  D. 
Mangls,  waited  on  Toley,  and  convinced  him  that  he  loft     1231. 
time,  as  w^ll  as  men,  in  attacking  th$  enemy  by  Teng-quan i,mmm \mm** 
,and  the  Whang-bo.   He  allured  him,  that  the  proper  way  was  ^fiw  ***/*' 
to  pais  through  the  country  of  Han-chong  FA,  in  Shen-Ji ;  and^"**     **' 
then  he  might,  in  lefs  than  a  month,  enter  Ho-nan,  by  the 
cities  of  Tang  and  Teng.     Toky,  liking  this  advice,  ient  to 
confult  Oktay  Khfaiy  who  approved  of  it ;  the  rather,  for  its 
having  been  conformable  to  the  fentiments  of  Jenghtz  Khan f . 
Hereupon  he  aflembled  his  generals,  and  ordered  them  to 
be  in  readinefs  in  January  next,  declaring,  that  he  intended 
to  reduce  Pytn-king  (QJ),  the  capital  of  the  Kin  empire.    At 
the  fame  time  he  gave  Toley  orders  to  feize  Pau-ki,  a  city 
fome  leagues  to  the  fouth-weft  of  Fong-tfyang  FA ;  then  to 
march  towards  Han-change  and  demand  paflage  from  the  ge- 
nerals of  the  Song. 

At  this  time  the  enemies  of  Tela  ChA-tfay  endeavour-  Tbg  mini* 
ed  to  ruin  his  credit  with  Oktay.  The  principal  among  theijiA^^- 
Were  IVa-chw,  chief  of  the  Hongkirat  tribe,  the  emperor's  ma-  *^» 
,  ternal  uncle ;  and  She-mo-hyen,  a  great  officer  of  flate.  Thefe 
two  reprefented  to  Oktay,  that  it  was  dangerous  to  truft  all 
the  authority  with  a  ftranger,  fuch  as  was  TelA ;  and  charged 
him  with  a  thoufand  crimes.  This  minifter  had  perfuaded 
.  ihe  emperor  to  name  Mandarins  for  the  police,  the  reve- 
nues; and  the  army j  who  fhould  be  independent  of  each 
other,  and  accountable  to  the  emperor,  or  fuch  minifters  as 
he  fhould  appoint  for  that  purpofe.  He  likewife  advifed  that 
money,  iilks,  and  other  rewards,  fhould  be  given  to  the  great 
lords,  inflead  of  cities  and  provinces  ;  which  the  Khan  was 
inclined  to  bellow  on  them,  having  promifed  to  diftribute 
the  conquered  countries  among  them.  Telu  reprefented  how 
dangerous  fuch  a  meafure  would  be  to  the  royal  authority, 
and  ruinous  to  the  people. 

The  Khan,  perfuaded  that  his  fcheme  was  right,  rejefted  thro'  envji 
the  accufations  of  Wa-chin  and  Sbc-mo-hyen,  which  he  gave  % 

them  to  underftand  proceeded  from  jealoufy  and  envy.  Wa~ 
din  was  confounded  at  the  emperor's  anfwer  :  yet  his  great 
birth,  joined  to  much  power  and  reputation,  would  have 
daunted  a  minifter  lefs  refolute  than  Telu ;  who  {till  flood 
firm,  and  continued  to  prefs  Oktay  to  appoint  Mandarins 
for  the  above-mentioned  purpofes.  He  propofed  Cking-hay 
and  Nyen-ho  to  be  placed  at  the  head  of  affairs  :  but  thefe 

f  See  before  p,  461. 

(QJ  Npw  Kayfong  Fu,  the  capital  of  Ho -nan. 

I  lords* 


j 


JengbtE  KiAsfs  Sueeejfors         fi.flfc 

lords,  who  had  a  great  deal  of  merit,  and  were  good  mili- 
tary officers,  fearing  IVa-chin,  intreated  Ytk  not  to  perfift  a 
propofing  meafures  to  tfee  emperor  which  (o  gready  dilpkaW 
the  grandees.     Butvthat  minifter  defired  them  to  let  lump 
on  his  own  way  ;  pfomifing  that  they  ftiould  not  fuftr  fcr 
any  fault*  of  his. 
RUgtntr       Some  time  after,,  a  very  ftrong  accnfetion  haviBg  bol 
*&&•        lodged  againft  She+7m-byen>  Oktay  referred  him  to  be  judge! 
•by  rehiChu-tfay,  who  told  his  majefly,  that  Sbe*n*byai  hii 
no  other  fault  but  that  of  being  too  proud  ;  and  that,  who 
the  war  was  finished,  they  might  examine  what  pumfhmat 
he  deferved.     The  emperor  admired  this  conduft  of  his  a* 
cifter ;  and  told  his  courtiers,  that  Telu  was  the  example 
which  they  ought  to  imitate.     He  afterwards  caufed  the  * 
gifters  to  be  brought,  whereby  it  appeared,  that  the  gold, 
the  filver,  the  filks,  and  othSr  things  received  for  his  dutia, 
wereconformable  to  what  Teh  had  propofed  the  year  be* 
fore.     The  Mungt  lords  were  furprifed   at  this  ;  and  tbqf 
who  had  fa  violently  perfecuted  him  changed  in  his  few. 
Hereupon  the  Khan  committed  to  his  management  allaffib 
in  general,  and  likewife  delivered  to  him  the  great  fcal  *. 
Cities  Mean  time  Toley,  purfuant  to  the  emperor's  orders,  rf» 

taken,        fembled  all  his  troops  at  Pau-ki ;  and  fent  S6-pu-han  to  tte 
governor  of  Myen-cbrw,  in  Shen-Ji,  to  demand  portage:  ht 
this  governor  put  that  officer  to  death ;  and,  by  fo  dofl# 
caufed  the  ruin  of  an  infinite  number  of  people,  who 
fubjefts  of  the  Song  empeqpr  his  m\fter.     Toley,  enraged  at 
this  action,  declared  that  he  would  make  the  author  repejC 
it.    He  decamped  in  Augxtfi  ;  and,  having  forced  die  paflage* 
put  to  the  fword  the  inhabitants  of  Wha-yang,  and  Fong-dn, 
two  cities  in  the'diftrict  of  Hang-chong Fit.     Then,  after  k 
bad  cut  fteep  rocks  to  fill  deep  abyfles,   and  made  roai 
through  places  almoft  inacceffible,  he  came  and  befieged  A* 
cit/.    The  people,  oa  his  approach,  fled  to  the  mountain 
and  more  than  100,000  periflied,  in  a  place  called  Sbatu 
yttb great      roLETy  after  the  taking  of  Hai>chong  Fu>  divided  » 
f.aug  ttr.   tr00pS^  confirting  of  30,000 -horfe;  of  which  one  part  *t* 
weftward,  to  Myen-cbcw.    From  thence,  after  opening  d* 
paflages  of  the  mountains,  that  detachment  arrived  at  tk 
river  Kya-Hng  (R) ;  which  they  croflcd  on  rafts,  made  of  d* 
wood  of  demolifhed  houfes :  and  then  marching  along  to 
banks,  feized  many  important  pofts.     They  proceeded  as  fe 

*  Gaubil,  p.  eg,  &  feqq 
(R)  It  falls  into  the  great  K$ang* 


C.  u  I*  Moguleftltw   v  . 

a*  the  city  of  Si-Jh&4\  and  having  destroyed  more  than  140 
cities,  towns,  or  fortrefles,  returned  to  the  army.  The  fe- 
<ond  detachment  encamped  between  Han-chong  F4  and  Yong* 
chew,  where  they  feized  an  important  pbft  in  the  mountains  1 
Which  are  called  Tau-tong,  fix  or  feven  leagues  to  the  north- 
eift  6i  Han-chong  Ftf.  On  the  other  fide,  the  emperor  Oktay 
advanced  in  OBober  towards  Pi-chew,  a  city  of  Shan-Ji,  in 
the  diftrift  .of  Ping-yang  FA ;  which,  after  a  vigorous  de- 
fence, being  taken,  he  prepared  to  pafs  the  Whang-ho. 

TO  LEY,  after  furmounting  infinite  difficulties,  arrived  in  Ho- nan 
:  December  on  the  borders  of  Ho-n&n ;  and  made  a  (hew  as  if  entered* 
be  defigned  to  attack  the  capital  of  the  Kin.  His  entrance, 
by  a  paflage  fo  little  fufpe&ed,  filled  every-body  with  fuch 
tftonifhment,  that  all  fled  before  htm,  without  the  lead  re- 
finance. On  this  advice,  the  emperor  of  the  Kin  aflembled  a 
great  council,  wherein  feveral  lords  propofed  to  furnHh  the 
court,  and  other  principal  cities,  with  good  foldiers  ;  to  fup- 
fly  the  capital  with  grain  and  forage ;  to  quit  the  field,  and 
oHige  the  people  to  ihut  themfelves  up  in  the  cities.  Thefe 
grandees  pretended,  that  Toley  had  ruined  his  army  by  his 
extraordinary  march ;  fo  that  they  muft  either  die  with  hun- 
-  ger,  or  be  forced  to  retreat.  At  this  difeourfe  the  emperor 
taft  a  great  figh,  and  protefted  that  he  would  rather  perifli 
than  thus  to  fee  his  people  abandoned,  after  what  they  had 
feffered  during  twenty  years  for  his  fervicc.  Hereupon  he 
ordered  his  generals  Hot  a,  Ilap&a,  and  others,  to  march  at 
ihe  head  of  the  army  againft  the  enemy ;  and  they  accord- 
ingly advanced  in  the  fame  month  to  Teng-chew,  in  the.  di- 
Jtrift  of  ifan-yang  FA  K 

TOLEY,  having  crofled  the  Han  on  the  31ft  of  January  Toley  re* 
1232,  refolved  to  attack  the  Kin  army,  at  the  fame  time/*^. 
when  they  were  debating  whether  they  fhould  pafs  that  river 
to  fight  the  Mungh.     The  Kin  generals  afcended  the  moun*     ^-  ^* 
tainYtt,  near  Teng-chew  (S),  to  obferve  the  land;  and  placed     l2l2* 
the  cavalry  to  the  north  of  that  mountain,  and  the  infantry 
to  the  fouth.     The  Mungh,  without  lofing  anytime,  march- 
:ed  forward  in  a  line,  and  then  (lopped  a  moment.     Hctaf 
judging  it  difficult  to  attack  them,  was  for  deferring  the  bat- 
tle :  but  the  Mungls,  advancing,  fent  a  body  of  horfe  to  fall 
on  the  Kin,  who  flood  firm.     After  this  the  Kin,  in  their 
turn,  charged  their  enemies  three  times;  and  feeing  them 

*  Gaupu.,  p.  62,  &  feq. 

-.  (S)  Tevpchmi  is  nine  foTgues  to  the  fouth-weft  of  Nan-yawg Fu, 
pHo-natt. 


open 


j 


Jenghte  Khan**  Suteeffbrs  B. IV\, 

open  a  little,  attacked  both  their  right  and  left  wing  at 
once.  This  obliged  them  to  give  way ;  but  they  retired  a 
good  order.  Hereupon  Hota  was  for  purfuing  them,  fayiag 
Toley  had  with  him  nb  more  than  30,000  men ;  and  that  bit 
Toldiers  feemedtnot  to  have  eaten  any-thing  for  three  dajs: 
4  but  Uapua  was  of  opinion  that  there  was  no  occafkwi  for  fae- 

ing  fo  hafty ;  fince,  as  he  faid,  the  paiTage  of  the  Han  ws 
cut  off,  and  the  Whang-ko  not  frozen. 
Sstrfri/es        The  Mungls  having  gotten  out  of  fight,  the  fcouts  brou^l 
the  Kin.    the  Kin  generals  word,  that  they  had  hidden  themfelves  be- 
hind a  wood;  where  they  made,  not  the  leaft  noife,  bat ati 
their  vi&uals  in  the  day,  and  were  on  .horfeback  all  night. 
Hota  and  Ilapua  were  departed  for  Teng-chewt  when  thtf 
.  received  this  news  :  but,  prefently  after,  they  faw  the  Mungt 
ifliie  from  theforeft,  and  range  themfelves  in  order  qf  batfLi 
The  Kin  generals,  much  furprifed  at  this,  were  going  sib 
to  draw  out  their  forces  in  a  line.     This  was  only  a  feint  of 
Toley ;  who,  during  that  time,  fent  a  detachment  of  htxfc 
to  feize  the  heavy  baggage  of  the  enemy :  which  accktat 
obliged  Hota  and  Ilapfia  to.  retire  to  Teng-cbew,  where  thcj 
arrived  not  till  night.     They  concealed ,  their  lofs,  and  fat 
the  emperor  word  they  had  gained  the  battle.     This  goal 
news  filled  the  court  at  Kay-fong  FA  with  joy  ;  and  the  peo- 
ple, who  had  retired  into  that  city  for  its  defence,  left  it 
again,  to  return  to  the  country :  but  a  few  days  after,  Ac 
van-guard  of  the  Mungls,  who  had  been  fent  by  the  empertr 
.  Oktay,  appeared  in  the  field,  and  carried  off  a  great  number 
.  of  thofe  who  had  quitted  the  capital. 
Thecapital     In  January  1232,  the  Khan  pafled  the  Whang-bo  at  ?#• 
hejitgtd.     f#f  near  Ho-tfin-byen,  in  S han-Ji ;' znd  the  borders  of  Shatf 
being  not  well  guarded,  he  entered  Ho*nan,  and  came  to 
Ching-chev),  eleven  or  twelve  leagues  weft-fouth-weft  of  J&p 
Jong  Fit  (T),  where  he  encamped.     From  thence  he  fent  b» 
general  Suputay  (or  Suida),  to  inveft  that  capital,  which  wai 
(hen  1 20  //  (U)  in  compafs  ;  and  having  only  40,000  foldkc 
.  to  defend  it,  they  brought  in  40,000  more  veteran  troop* 
with  1 90  old  officers,  from  the  neighbouring  cities,  befido 
20,000  peafants.    At  the  fame  time  the  emperor  caufed  a  <Ef- 
courfe  to  be  publiihed  in  the  city,  which  made  the  inhabit- 
ants  fhed  tears,  and  encouraged  them  to  defend  the  city  to 
.the  laft.    Oktay  heard  of  Toley*  entrance  wto-Ho-nan,  with 
extreme  joy,  and  ordered  him  to  fend  fuccours  to  Suputay  K 

1  Gaubil,  p.  63,  &  feqq.  ^ 

.      (T)  Then  called  Pyenkhg.  (U)  Thefe  are  8,  whererf 

350,  not  200,  go  to  a  degree 

M 


C  t.  h  Mogtrfeftk;  4S 1 

As  ftem  as  /tote  and  Ilap&a  (X)  heard  that  the  Court  was    A.  D. 
befieged,  they  departed  immediately,  with  1 50,000  horfe  and     t*$*i  - 
foot,  to  relieve  that  great  city.    As  Toley  detached  no  more  ^—"v— ■>> 
than  30,000  cavalry  to  flop  their  march,  Hota  ordered  them  Toley  *** 
to  be  attacked ;  while  the  Mungls  fought  retreating,  and''*" 
disappeared  :  but  in  the  evening,  when  the  Kin  were  prepar- 
ing to  encamp,  they  faw  the  enemy  coming  upon  them  ;  and 
at  the  fame  time  Toley  caufed  the  roads  to  be  embarrafled  with 
a  great  number  of  trees.   The  Kin  arrived  within  eight  miles 
ikKunrchev)  (at  prefent  called  Yu-chew) ;  and  not  being  able 
to  enter,  on  account  of  the  heavy  fnow  which  had  fallen* 
Were  forced  to  flop,  in  order  to  eat,  and  repofe  themfelves, 
ftfter  the  great  fatigues  which  they  had  fuffered  for  three 
days  before.    At  the  fame  inftant  a  courier  arriving,  com- 
manding Hota  to  march  forthwith  to  the  afliftance  of  the 
court,  that  general  caufed  the  march  to  be  founded.     One 
part  of  his  army  opened  its  way  through  the  trees  ;  the  other, 
compofed  of  the  grofs  of  the  troops,  fbruck  off  to  the  moun* 
tain  San-fong,  near  Yu-€hew. 

TOLEY,  who  had  aflembled  all  his  detachments,  On  the  the  Kin 
fcventh  of  February  caufed  this  latter  body  to  be  attacked  g***r*&i 
on  all  fides.  The  Kin,  enfeebled  with  hunger,  which  they 
had  fuffered  for  fome  days  paft,  at  firft  defended  themfelves; 
but  the  Mungls ,  repeating  their  attacks,  they  Were  put  to  a 
general  rout.  Several  Kin  officers  alighted,  and,  charging 
their  enemies  fword  in  hand,  were  flain.     Hota  difmounted  N 

likewife,  with  defign  to  fight :  but  not  feeing  his  companion 
Hap&a,  he  got  again  on  horfeback;  and,  followed  by  100 
Others,  took  the  road  to  Kun-chewf  which  Toley  had  ordered 
to  be  left  open.  Hereupon  that  prince,  having  received  a  rein* 
fercement  from  Oktay,  during  the  aftion,  purfued  the  run- 
aways ;  and,  being  joined  foon  after  by  the  Khan  himfelf, 
they  both  went  to  befiege  Kun-chew,  which  was  quickly 
taken,  Hota  having  been  flain  in  the  firft  attack  k. 

His  collegue  Ilap4a  was  taken  in  the  battle  of  San-fong;  Some 

and  being  a  good  officer,  as  well  as  univerfally  beloved,  'toley  takm%  ani 

toade  him  great  offers  to  enter  into  his  fervice  :  but  he  mo- 

deftly  declined  them ;  faying,  I  am  one  of  the  principal  Kin 

generals,    and  dejire  to  die   upon  his    mafter's   territories. 

Which  requeft  was,  with  reluftance,  granted  him,  and  he 

^as  flain.     Ho-Jbang,  a  prince  of  the  imperial  family  of  the 

Km,  and  a  great  commander,  whofe  courage,  magnanimity,/*"* 

•  death* 

*  Gaubil,  p.  65,  8c  feq. 

(X)  Here,  and  in  another  place,  called  Mpvwheu 
Mod.  Hist.  Vol,.  IV.  I  i  and 


Jenghiz  KhanV  Succeffors  RIV. 

and  many  noble  a&ions  had  rendered  him  famous,  to  avoid  pe- 
rifhingwith  the  multitude,  hid  himfelf,  after  the  rout  of  San* 
fong :  but  having  been  difcovered  by  fome  Mungl  horfe,  he 
defired  them  to  carry  him  to  Toley,  to  whom  he  pretended 
he  had  fomething  to  fay.  They  treated  him  very  civilly : 
and,  being  brought  to  die  prince,  was  afked  his  name  and 
quality.  I  am,  anfwered  he,  of  the  imperial  family,  ami 
named  Ho-lhang.  I  am  general  of  the  troops  called  the 
faithful,  and  have  beaten  yours  (Y)  three  times.  I  was  mi 
willing  to  die  with  an  obfcure  croud.  I  would  have  my  fide- 
lity appear  in  the  light ;  and  pojlerity  will  do  me  jufticc. 

TO  LET,  finding  it  in  vain,  by  courtefy  and  great  promife, 
to  gain  over  this  commander,  gave  him  up  to  the  foldkts; 
\      who  cut  off  his  legs,  becaufe  he  would  not  kneel ;  and  open- 
ed his  mouth  from  ear.  to  ear,  to  hinder  him  from  haranguing. 
He  died  fatisfied,  that  he  had  laid  doyn  his  life  for  hft  fove- 
reign.     Several  Mungls,  charmed  with  his  loyalty,  performed 
in  his  favour  the  ceremony  of  pouring  mare's  milk  on  the 
ground  (Z) ;  and  wiflied  they  might  have  fuch  a  man  among 
the  Mungls  :  fuppofing  that  he  would  rife  again, 
The  Kin         In  February,  the  Kin  troops,  which  guarded  Tang-yuan, 
army         and  the  neighbouring  pofts,  received  orders  to  come  to  the 
relief  of  Kayfong  Fit,  and  bring  provifions.     The  provifioos 
were  embarked  on  the  Whang-bo ;  but  prefently  after  fell  in* 
to  the  hands  of  the  enemy.     The  troops  which  marched  onr 
of  Tong-quan,   and  the  neighbouring  pofts,    amounted  id 
i  10,000  root,  and  1 5,000  horfe :  an  infinite  number  of  peo- 
ple followed  this  army,  to  try  to  fave  their  lives.     Nothing 
could  prove  more  unlucky  than  this  effort  which  was  made 
by  the  Kin.     Several  inferior  officers  yielded  to  the  Mungb, 
with  the  troops  which  they  commanded.     Tofban,  and  Na* 
ho-jun,  who  led  the  army,  not  being  able  to  keep  the  plain, 
took  to  the  mountains,  where   they  fuffered  all   forts  of 
miferies.     In  the  day  the  fun  melting  the  fnows,  the  jniie 
rendered  the  roads  impaflable :   at  night  the  froft  fell ;  fo 
that  one  could  not  make  a  ftep  without  flipping,  and  per- 
haps breaking  a  limb  '• 
miferably       The  more  vigorous  among  them  continued  their  march, 
ferijhes,     leaving  behind  the  weaker  people;  fuch  as  children,  women, 
old  men,   and  others  reduced  to  the  laft  extremity,   with 

1  Oaubil,  p.  66,  &  feqq. 

(V)   He  had  defeated  CJh-        (Z)  A  libation,  or  frcriike, 

lau-^uihen,  Suputay  (or  Suida),    in  ufc  among  the  M*ngls. 
and  other  generals. 


C  I.  In  Moguleftln. 

whom  the  leflfer  roads  were  filled.  The  Mpngls,  being  in* 
formed  of  this  diforder,  fent  troops,  who  put  to  the  fword 
all  fuch  as  could  not  keep  up  with  the  reft,  and  then  pur-  v 
fiied  the  army ;  which  faced  about  at  the  mountain  Tye-fcng9 
in  the  diilrift  of  Ho-nan  Fuf  in  order  to  receive  the  enemy  : 
but  thefe  troops,  who  were  in  a  manner  haU^dead,  not  be- 
ing able  to  hold  their  arms,  difperfed  themfelves.  Their  ge- 
nerals To-Jban  and  Na-ho-jun,  followed  by  fome  horfe,  en- 
deavoured to  efcape ;  but  were  all  intercepted  and  flain.  The 
Mungls  took  advantage  of  thefe  diftra&ions,  to  reduce  Ton- 
quan,  and  other  polls :  but  the  valour  of  tlje  governor  of 
%uey-te  Fu  obliged  them  to  raife  the  fiege  of  that  city. 

In  March  the  Mungls  planted  their  Pau  (A)  againft  the  ci-  Lo-yang 
ty  of  Lo-yang  (or  Ho-nan  Fu),  where  there  were  only  3  oibefieged. 
4000  foldiers,  who  had  efcaped  from  the  rout  of  San-fong. 
The  general  who  commanded  them,  not  being  able  to  make 
Any  Tallies,  for  a  dutemper  which  afflicted  him,  threw  him- 
felf  headlong  from  the  wall  into  the  ditch,  and  died.  The 
governor  of  the  place  was  gone  to  the  relief  of  the  capital, 
and  had  left  in  his  room  an  officer  named  Kyang-Jhin,  who 
rendered  his  name  immortal  by  the  defence  which  he  made. 
He  procured  from  die  merchants  a  great  quantity  of  filks  to 
make  banners,  which  he  erected  on  the  walls :  he  likewife 
placed  on  them  his  worft  foldiers,  and  put  himfelf  at  the  head 
of  400  brave  men,  whom  he  ordered  to  go  naked.  Thefe  he 
led  to  all  attacks  ;  and  the  word  which  he  ufed  pn  fuch  oc- 
cafions  was,  cowards  retire.  He  invented  engines  to  caftKang- 
hrge  (tones,  which  required  but  a  few  hands  to  play  them ;  ihinV 
and  aimed  fo  true,  as  to  hit  at  100  paces  diftance.  When  bravery. 
their  arrows  failed,  he  cut  thofe,  (hot  by  the  enemy,  into 
four  pieces,  and,  pointing  them  with  brafs  half-pence,  put 
them  into  a  wooden  tube;  from  whence  he  difcharged  them 
againft  the  Mungls,  with  as  much  force  as  bullets  are  fhot 
by  a  mufket.  Thefe  brave  nudes,  followed  by  other  foldiers, 
appeared  at  all  the  attacks,  and  made  as  great  an  outcry  as 
10,000  men  could  do.  In  this  manner  Kyang-Jbin  fatigued 
the  Mungls  fo  grievoufly  for  three  months,  that  they  were 
obliged  to  raife  the  fiege,  .though  no  fewer  than  30,000 
flrong. 

OKTAT  Rh&n  having  refolved  to  return  into  Tartary,  he  Peace  pn- 
fammoned  the  Kin  emperor  to  become  tributary,  and  deliver /*/£</ 
up  to  him  twenty-feven  families,  which  he  named ;  among  the  • 
reft,  the  wife,  children,  and  flaves,  of  the  late  general  Ilap&ha. 
The  emperor  SAewfo,  glad  of  the  occaiion,  named  Manda- 

(A)  An  .engine  to  call  ftones. 

.     I  i  a  rins 


Jenghiz  Khln*  J  Stucejfors  B.  Vfm 

rins  to  negotiate  the  peace.  But  Sufmtay,  foeming  aot  t» 
know  any-thing  of  die  treaty,  pufted  on  the  ficgc  with  doa- 
ble vigour  m,  and  prefendy  filled  part  of  the  dkch  :  while  tbs 
nor,  for  fear  of  obftruding  the  conference,  forbad  kit 


Dldkrs  to  (hoot  at  the  Mungls.  This  bred  great  confafw 
ill  the  city ;  and  the  emperor  iflbed  hafiily  out  of  his  pake* 
with  (even  horfemen.  It  rained  heavily ;  and  the  prince  wi 
,  _.  already  befpattered  all  over  with  dirt,  by  thofe  who  pafti 
fytbi&UL  jj^^jg^  vhd  the  prime  minifter,  with  a  troop  of  Mandarin^ 
arrived*  They  would  have  covered  their  monarch,  to  (hekcr 
him  from  the  rain ;  but  he  (aid  he  would  be  expofed  to  h  aa 
much  as  his  foldiers.  The  people,  perceiving  the  kingwtt 
there,  fell  on  their  knees,  and  wept,  as  if  all  had  been  loft* 
Prefently  after,  fifty  horfemen  came  to  inform  him,  that  the 
ditches  were  half-filled  up,  and  none  were  allowed  to  de&ni 
diem.  The  king  anfwered,  that  he  lived  foldy  for  the  gooi 
of  his  people,  and  would  therefore  become  fubjeft  and  tribu* 
tary  to  the  Mungls.  He  added,  that  he  would  fend  the  prmoa 
his  fon  for  a  hoftage.  If,  after  that,  (ays  he,  Ta-che  (B)  Jk 
not  retire^  it  will  be  time  to  defend  ourf elves.  The  hoftage 
was  accordingly  fent  the  fame  day  n. 
9uputay  Mean  time  Suputay  redoubled  his  attacks,  and  the  Km  be* 
Hffleafed.  gan  to  defend  themfelves  vigoroufly.  They  (hot  bullets,  made 
of  all  forts  of  (tones :  and  although  the  Mungls  bad  none  ia. 
that  form,  yet  they  had  mill-ftones,  broken  in  feveral  pieces* 
which  they  played  off  day  and  night,  by  means  of  their  Pern* 
With  thefe  they  beat  down  the  towers  and  battlements :  they 
even  broke  the  thickeft  pieces  of  timber  in  the  neighbouring 
houfes  ;  which  therefore  the  inhabitants  laid  over  with  horie- 
dung  and  draw,  covering  the  whole  with  felt,  and  other  Uk 
materials,  to  deaden  the  force  of  the  (tones.  As  the  Mungb 
then  made  ufe  of  Jtre-pau  (C),  they  fet  the  houfes  in  a  flame, 
which  fpread  fo  fwiftly,  that  it  was  difficult  to  extinguish 
it.    The  walls  of  this  city  were  built  by  the  emperor  £tf» 

"  See  before,  p.480.  *  Gavbix,  ubi  fapr.  p.  68,  k 

fc*q- 

(8)  One  might  alfo  ufe  the  like  ours :  nor  is  he  fore-  that 

word  Tatan,  which  is  a  name  the  bullets  were  (hot  off  in  tie 

given  the  Mungls.  fame  manner :  although  he  is, 

(C)  There  are  two  forts  of  (atisBed  the  Cbinefes  have  had 

T*Hj  or  engines  ;    $be-fau9  or  the  ufe  of  powder  upwards  of 

ftonepauy  and  Ho-pau,  or  fire-  1600  years. —They  fomerisnes 

faii.    Gaubd  dares  not  tranflate  made  ufe  of  wooden  tubes,  or 

cither  by  the  name  of  camion,  guns,  to  (hoot  ftones,  as  was 


becaufe  he  cannot  (ay  they  were    done  at  fir  ft  in  E*ref>*. 

tfimg* 


C.  u  In  Mdguleftari. 

ff$ngi  of  the  Chew  dyuafty  (D) ;  who  had  them  covered  With 
a  kind  of  earth,  brought  from  the  country  of  HA-lau  (E), 
which  formed  a  mafs  as  hard  as  iron,  and  proof  againlt 1 
pallets.  The  Mungls  raifed  walls  around  thofe  which  they 
befieged,  150  Li  in  circumference,  furnifhed  with  large 
ikches,  towers,  and  battlements.  They  lifcewifc  placed 
guards  at  every  thirty  paces  diftanCe. 

.  At  the  beginning  of  the  fiege,  the  defendants  made,  before  Continues 
Ac  gates  of  the  city,  other  gates,  which  went  in  zigzag,  *b*J**&i 
ind  gave  admittance  to  no  more  than  three  men  a-breaft. 
Bat  experience  fhewing,  that  this  was  a  hindrance  to  their 
fellies,  and  gave  the  Mungls  notice  of  them ;  the  Kin  made  a. 
felly  by  a  canal,  which  pafled  under  the  ditch,  with  defigft 
to  blow  up  Suputay's  batteries :  but  this  attempt  did  not 
focceed ;  nor  was  that  general  to  be  furprifed.    They  had  in 

-tot  <&ty  jire-pau,  which  {hot  pieces  of  iron  in  the  form  of 
bombs  (F).  This  bomb  was  filled  with  powder,  which,  be- 
fog  fired,  made  a  noife  like  thunder,  and  was  heard  100 
li  diftance.  The  ground  where  it  fell  appeared  burnt, 
or  fcorched  for  about  2000  feet  round  ;  and  if  the  fire 
happened  to  reach  the  iron  cuirafles,  it  pierced  them  through. 

-  When  the  Mungls  lodged  themfelves  at  the  foot  of  the  walls,      _ 
Id  order  to  fap  them,  they  kept  covered  in  chambers  made  under 
ground,  fo  that  thofe  upon  the  walls  could  not  hurt  them. 
The  befieged  therefore,  to  diflodge  th/em,  let  down  thefe 

:  ftrt  of  bombs  by  iron  chains,  which,  as  foon  as  they  came 
into  the  ditches  or  fubterranean  chambers,  took  fire  by  a 

..Batch,  and  deftroyed  the  enemies.  Thefe  iron  bombs  and 
halberd?,  charged  with  powder,  which  they  darted,  were 

:  What  the  Mungls  dreaded  moft. 

In  fixteen  days  and  nights,  during  which  the  attacks  con-  is  fined 
tinned  Without  intermiffion,  above  a  million  of  people  were  (lain t0  ntir^ 

:  m  both  fides.  Upon  this  Sup&tay*  finding  that  he  could  not 
fate  the  place,  to  come  off  with  honour,  fent  the  governor 
W6rd,  that  he  ftiould  forbear  any  further  hoftilities,  fince  he 
waa  now  fatisficd  a  negotiation  was  on  foot.    The  befiegers, 

(D)  He  began  his  reign  in  it  does  not  appear,  that  they 
the  year  of  Cbjft  954,  and  made  very  frequent  ufe  of  it  in 
reigned  fix  years.  fieges.     Poffibly,  fays  he,  they,. 

(E)  Gaubil  knew  not  where  for  fome  time,  loft  the  art  of 
this  country  is.  ufine  artillery,  or  bullets  :  and 

(F)  Although  we  venture  to  the  kind  of  bombs  here  fpoken 
call  thefe  pieces  of  iron,  bombs,  of  were  the  invention  of  private 
<W//would  not.  He  obferves,  perfons,  which  did  not  pafs  in- 
that  although  the  Cbinefes  had  to  common  ufe. 

the  ufc  of  powder  (0  long,  yet 

1*3  Ad 


j 


Jcnghlz  Khan* s  Sucajfors  K IV. 

glad  of  this  notice,  feat  that  general  abundance  of  refreflunentf 
and  prefents ;  after  which  he  withdrew,  to  encamp  between 
1  the  river  Lo  and  the  Whang-ho.     But  Kay-fang  Fu  was  no 
fooner  rid  of  this  calamity,  but  as  great  an  evil  as  'war,  the 
plague,  fucceeded  ;  which,  in  fifty  days,  deftroyed  an  incre- 
dible number  of  people.    When  the  contagion  was  ceafed,  the 
emperor  Shew-fu  beftowed  large  rewards  on  thofc  who  had 
defended  the  city,  and  performed  feveral  acts  of  humilia- 
.   .      rion°.     He  made  feveral  good  regulations  in  his  court ;  and 
the  peace,  fo  happily  reftored,  might  have  continued,  if  two 
unlucky  accidents  had  not  renewed  the  war. 
JUceives         §>JJE  Gan-yong,  a  Mungl  lord,  having,  in  July,  reduced 
orders        SA-chevt,    together  with  tome  other  cities  in  Kyang-naiL, 
and  aflumed  the  government  of  them ;  AchUm,  one  of  the 
Mungl  generals,  difpleafed  at  his  proceedings,  fent  troops  to 
take  pofleffion  of  thofe  places.     Gan-yong  not  only  opposed 
this  defign,  but  even  flew  the  officers  fent  by  Achihk  ;  after 
which  he  declared  for  the  Kin,  and  joined  feveral  of  their 
officers,  in  Shan-tong,  againft  the  Mungls.    The  Km  em- 
peror, deceived  by*  falfe  hopes,  took  Gan-yong  into  his  (er- 
t$  renew    VICC>  an(*  gave  him  the  title  of  prince.     After  this,   Oktaj 
tkefiege.     Kh&n  having  fent  an  officer,  with  a  train  of  thirty  perfom, 
without  doubt,  fays  our  author,  to  treat  of  peace,  the  Am 
commanders  flew  them  all :  nor  did  Shew-fu  punifh  them 
for  it  (G).     Hereupon  S&putay  gave  the  Khan  an  account  of 
what  had  pa/Ted  ;  and,  not  doubting  but  he  (houid  receive 
orders  to  renew  the  war,  made  preparations  for  that  porpofc 
'  Oktay  accordingly  fent  his  commands  to  him  and  the  other 
generals,  to  continue  hoftilities  :  and  being  informed,  about 
the  fame  time,  that  the  Koreans  had  flain  his  officers,  he  lest 
an  army  thither  to  chaftife  them  p. 
Tbecnfi-       The  Kin  emperor  had  ordered  the  generals,  who  cam- 
/*/  manded  his  troops  in  different  bodies,  to  join,  and  come  to 

the  aififtance  of  his  capital :  but  the  feveral  parties,  being 
met  by  the  Mungls,  before  their  junction,  were  all  defeated ; 
fo  that  Shew-fu  was  obliged  to  employ  the  peaiants  and  com- 
mon people  as  foldiers.     The  inhabitants  were  taxed  like- 

0  See  before,  p.  480.  *  Gaubil,  ubi  fopr.  p.  71,  & 

feqq. 

(G)  It  was  not  unlucky  ac-  moment  the  evil  which  tfarea- 
cidents,  but  the  fault  of  the  Kin  tcned  him  was  removed,  he  far- 
emperor,  whrch  renewed  the  got  what  was  pall,  and  pro- 
uar.     This  (hews  all  his  pre-  voiced  his  formidable  enemy  by 


ttndfd  tttimihtv  and  love  to  his     new  ac\s  of  injuftice 

people    wa&    h;.pocrin.      The 


wife 


C  !•  A  Moguleftan. 

ifrife  to  give  three  parts  in  ten  of  the  rice  which  they  were 
poflefled  of,  and  enjoined  to  declare  how  much  they  had. 
This  order  was  executed  with  rigour :  and  a  poor  widow, 
who  had  loft  her  hufband  in  the  war,  was  condemned  to 
be  baftonaded,  for  having  mixed  mugworth-feed  with  fix 
meafures  of  rice  :  which  thing  ftie  had  declared.    The  people,  in  great 
terrified  with  this  example,  threfw  great  quantities  of  grain,  difireft. 
which  they  had  not  difcovered,  into  the  bog-houfes  and  com- 
mon-ferwers,  for  fear  of  being  puniftied.    Mean  time,    the 
fcarcity  becoming  very  great  in  the  city,  the  emperor  ordered 
broth  to  be  made,  and  given  to  thofe  who  were  in  moft 
diftrefs.     One,  who  had  arrived  to  the  degreq  of  do&or, 
happening  to  fay,  that  the  famine  might  have  been  avoided, 
if  they  had  not  exalted  the  rice-tax  with  fo  much  rigour,  he         , 
was-  informed  againft,  and  had  much  ado  \o  get  off. 

In  September,  this  year  (H),  died  prince  Toley.     He  was  ToleyV 
the  fourth  fon  of  Jenghiz  Khdn,  and  was  admired,  when  a  death  and 
youth,  in  the  wars  againft  the  Kin.    In  the  weftern  expedi-  cbaraSeri 
tion  he  commanded  great  bodies  of  troops ;  and  did  a  thou- 
fand  aftions  worthy  of  the  greateft  heroes.    At  his  return,  he  t  i 

fignalized  him  in  the  war  which  ruined  the  kingdom  of 
Hya*  After  his  father's  death,  he  governed  the  empire  with 
'  much  glory  for  two  years :  and,  although  he  might  have 
kept  a  large  part  of  it  for  himfelf,  he  ftridtly  adhered  to  the 
will  of  Jenghiz  Kh&n.  His  extraordinary  march  from  Torig- 
ifyang '  F&y  in  Sben-ftf  by  way  of  Han~chong  Fu9  into  Ho~ 
nan  ;  and  the  manner  in  which  he  defeated  the  great  armies 
of  the  Kin  with  a  few  troops,  gained  him  much  reputation 
among  'the  Chinefes,  Tatars,  and  captains  of  the  weft,  who 
were  in  his  army.  His  great  merit  was  enhanced  by  his  un- 
common modefty,  his  filial  refpeft  for  his  father,  and  the 
emprefs  his  mother  ;  and  by  an  inviolable  attachment  to  the 
intereft  and  glory  of  his  brother  Oktay. 

These  two  princes  left  Ho-nan  in  April,  to  vifit  Ching-  hrotberfy 
ting-f&  and  Ten-king  (I).    Then  paffing  into  Tartary,  through  affection ; 
the  great  wall  by  the  gate  of  Ku-pe-kew9  in  May,  the  Khan        , 
fell  dangeroufly  ill.    Toley  on  this  occafton  fell  on  his  knees; 

(H)  It  is  fo  pot  in  the  hiitary  life-time.     La  Croix  fays,  his 

of  the  Munghy  inferted  in  the  death  happened  in  1229,  three 

fyen  i-Jhe ;  and  in  the  elogy  of  years  after. his  father. 

Ttltjt  inferted  in  the  Nytn-i-tfe :  .    (I)  This  city  was  the  feat  of 

but    the     Tong-kyen     Kang-mu  the  Kin  emperors,  till  taken  by 

places    his    death    in    Ottoier.  Jenghix  Khan.     It  lay  to  the 

Gaubil.     D'Herbelot,  from  the  iouth-weft  of  Pe-king ;  at  pre- 

Perfian  hiftorians,  fays,  p.  76  %  feat  about  a  league  diftant. 


that  Tuley  died  in  Jenghiz  Kharit 


I  i  4  :  and, 


Jenghiz  Kh&n'j  Sucajfors  B.IV. 

and,  writing  his  name  in  a  fealed  billot,  prayed  hem*  to  fat 

his  brother's  life,  and  offered  to  die  in  his  ftead.    0fe*y  bw 

'  recovered,  Tqfey  followed  him  to  the  fources  of  the  river  Tm 

and  the  Onon  (or  Saghalian) ;  where  that  great  prince  did^ 

at  the  age  of  forty,  generally  lamented  by  his  family,  tfal 

chiefs  of  tribes,  and  officers  of  the  army, 

wife  and       TO  LEX  married  Solu-hu-tyey-ni  (K),  daughter  of  Jkiafc 

<bilaren,    chief  of  the  tribe,  and  brother  of  Toley,  prince  of  the  K+ 

ra-its.    She  was  a  princefs  of  great  merit,  and  had  had  bf 

him  eleven  fons.     i,  Menko.     2.  Churko.    3,  Hututu. 

ffu-pi-lay  (or  Kublay).     5.  Not  named.    6.  Hyu4ye-bi 

HulaM).    7.  MpukQ  (or  Aritmga).    8.   AktAo.    9.  Vttfa 

10.  Switith,    11.  Sue~t>ye*tay.    Thefirft  and  fourth  w 

emperors,     The  fixth  made  himfdf  famous  in  the  wars 

Pir/fc  and  Syria,  and  the  fcveath  (L)  for  the  difturanoe 

which  he  railed  in  Tartary. 

Peace  In  December  the  Mungh  made  a  treaty  with  the  Swg 

<i<7/A  /A*    peror  (then  reigning  in  Southern  China) ;  who  engaged  ft 

Song.       join  them  with  his  troops,  on  condition  of  having  the  pre 

vince  of  Ho-nan  delivered  up  to  him,   as  foon  as  the  Mk 

dynafty  was  deftroyed  :  in  which  he  fought  rather  to  be  ic 

venged  on  the  Kin,  for  the  mifchiefs  they  had  done  to  his  aa 

ceftors,  than  his  own  real  intereft.   However,  this  alliances 

A.  D.     a  deadly  blow  to  the  emperor  Shew ;  who;  in  January  12JJ 

1  *  J  3  •     found  himfelf  in  a  very  great  plunge.   Several  bodies  of  troop 

Pifirefi  of  jn  ^jr  way  t0  thc  court  from  different  parts,  were  defeau 

tin  Kin.    j^  t^e  Mungh ;  and  the  provifions  carried  away,  which 

going  to  fupply  Pyen+king :  fo  that  this  capital  was  in  _ 

diftrefs.     On  the  other  hand,  S&f4tay  appearing  refobed 

beficge  it,  the  Kin  emperor  held  a  council,  wherein  a  Mi 

darin  propofed  marching  to  fight  the  Mungl  general ;  a 

ftiewed,  that,  as  things  were  circumfUaced,  one  battle  woi 

needs  determine  the  fete  of  the  empire.    But  this  advice  1 

rejected,  as  well  as  feveral  others,  propoftng  to  restore 

this  or  that  city ;  of  which  the  chief  was  §yey-te-fu9  in  J 

(K)  The  fame  who  ie  called        (L)  Acctrdine  to  the  71 1 

Sarkutna  by  the  Perfian  hifto-  iyen  Ka*g-mu,  foley  had  but 

rians,  as  mentioned  in  D'Htr-  fons;  1.  Mengk*.   a.  Ctfeat-i 

helot  y  p.  760,  who  has  been  led  J.  Hututi.  4.  Hi-fi-lay.  5.  Hy% 

by  them  into  feveral  miftakes  |  hft.  6.  Olipuko.    Such  difagre* 


as  that  about  the  death  of  Toley;  ment  there  is  even  among 

before-mentioned :  and,  p.  38 1 ,  Qhintfe  hiftorians.    La  Crmxx  m 

he  fays,   that  prince  was  de-  399,  from  the  Ptrfian  auihon 

clared  by  hs  farther,  king  of  fays,  Toky  left -eight  fops; 

Kbomffau.  Perjia,  and  the  In**  that  only  four  of  them  are  1 


:.i;  l^Moguleftan;  489 

W;  a  place  very  ftrong  by  lituation,  but  very  ill  pro*     A.  D. 

idbK  1233- 

When  the  council  broke  up,  the  emperor  Shew  appointed  ^  *v*u 
peers  to  command  at  the  four  fides  of  the  city  walls,  and  ^mtnw 
*de  a  difcourfe,  to  encourage  them  in  the  defence  of  their  <*"  **** 
wintry ;  declaring,  that  he  would  put  himfelf  at  the  head 
I  the  army :   but  this  refolution  was  difapproved  of  by 
10ft  of  the  officers,  who  were  unwilling  to  go  out  of  a  city, 
-hkh  was  very  ill  provided,  threatened  with  a  fiege,  and 
here  they  left  their  families.    However,  Shew9  without  re* 
vd  to  their  reprefentations,  marched  out  of  the  place,  parted 
je  Whang-ho,  and  encamped  near  the  city  of  Cbaqg-ywen,  or 
gher  Chang-wan  ;  but  as  foon  as  he  had  eroded  that  river, 
violent  wind  arofe,  and  hindered  part  of  his  troops  from 
Afiing ;  which  was  afterwards  beaten.     For  all  this,  he  fent  His  *rmp 
ie  beft  part  of  thofe  which  were  with  him  to  befiege  Wey-  &fl*y*& 
\rw  (now  Wey-v>bey9  to  the  fouth-weft  of  Kay-fong-fi).       ♦ 
?he  general  Shc-tyen-che,  being  informed  of  this,  affeinbled 
k  troops  in  Pe-cbe4if  Shan-tong,  and  other  parts ;  and  fent 
Ik  governor  word,  that  he  would  foon  relieve  him.    Ac- 
wdingly,  with  his  ufual  bravery,  he  marched  to  attack  Pefa, 
jeneral  of  the  Kin.    The  fight  was  bloody :  but,  at  length, 
Ufa  was  compelled  to  fly,  and  his  army  cut  in  pieces. 
This  fad  piece  of  news  was  carried  to  the  emperor,  at  The  capi? 
jch  time  as  he  knew  SfyUtay  was  on  the  road  to  befiege' his  tal  b<- 
spital.     Hereupon  he,  in  hafte,  repafied  the  Whang-ho,  io\-f*'g*& 
wed  by  a  few  of  his  officers,  and  retired  to  Quey-te-f&% 
rom  thence  he  fent  for  the  emprefles  and  queens  to  come  to 
im,    They  accordingly  fet  out ;  but  the  arrival  of  S&p&tay 
bliged  them  to  re-enter  the  city.    As  for  his  troops,  they 
Bfperfed  as  foon  as  he  had  left  them,     The  return  of  the 
tiimgls,  and  retreat  of  their  emperor,  joined  to  the  defeat  of 
he  whole  army,   filled  all  the  people  with  terror.  .The 
reftern  wall  was  guarded  by  a  general  named  Tfu-ti ;  who, 
eLog  of  a  wicked  difpofition,  went  to  the  minifters,  ai*d  de-. 
landed  to  know,  what  courfe  they  intended  to  take,  at  a 
p&e  when  the  emperor  had  abandoned  his  capital,  and  wanted 

0  withdraw  his  family  alfo.    One  of  the  minifters  anfwered, 

1  tfeat  they  ought  to  fight  and  die  generoufly  for  their 
1  prince."  "  That  would  be  well",  replied  Tfti-li,  "  in  cafe 
1  fo  doing  would  remedy  the  evil " :  and  then  retired. 

Soon  after,  Tfu-li,  followed  by  fome  officers  cf  his  party,  Tfu-lPj 
at  off  the  heads  of  the  minifiers  and  ten  great  lords ;  giving  villas}* 
mt,  that  he  did  it  purdy  to  fave  the  lives  of  the  people. 

1  Gav9U,  ubifupr.  p.  73,  &fcq<|, 

After 


JengWz  Khan* ;  Succejfors  B.W, 

After  this  he  went  to  the  palace,  and  obliged  the  emptd* 
mother  to  declare  a  prince,  whom  he  named,  to  be  regent,  ik 
1  took  to  himfelf  the  poft  of  prime  minifter,  and  general  of  die 
army ;  giving  the  other  employments  to  his  two  brothers,  a| 
the  officers  who  aflifted  him.  In  1233,  Tft-U  reiblvei* 
furrender  the  city  to  the  Mungls ;  and  did  it  in  a  very  cxttv 
ordinary  manner.  Having  affumcd  the  equipage  belong^ 
to  a  king,  and  drefled  his  people  in  magnificent  habits,  he, 
at  the  head  of  a  great  number  of  officers,  went  out  to  met 
S&frttay,  who  was  preparing  to  form  the  fiege ;  and,  ply- 
ing him  the  reverence  of  a  fon  to  his  father,  promifed  Vm 
fealty.  N  The  Mungl  general,  at  the  head  of  his  troops,  vift 
much  honour,  received  this  traitor ;  who,  on  his  return  0 
the  city,  demoliihed  the  battlements  of  the  walls,  and  blew  if 
the  towers,  with  all  other  defences.  He  fet  a  guard  upootk 
princes  of  the  blood  ;  and  took  to  himfelf  the  wives  aai 
daughters  of  the  grandees  who  had  followed  the  emperor* 
Qtiey-te-fu.  Then,  feizing  the  treafures  of  the  city  aal 
palace,  his  vanity  prompted  him  to  raife  a  ftone  monumea^ 
infcribed  with  his  own  fine  qualities,  and  the  manner  k 
which  he  had  faved  the  lives  of  the  people :  but  he  could  at 
compafs  his  defign r. 

Another         While  Tf&4i  was  turning  all  things  up-fide  down  * 

traitor  Pyeh-king  (or  Kay-fong-fu),  Pu-cha-quen  was  acting  modi 
the  fame  part  at  Quey-te-fil.  This  general,  after  the  death  of 
Wan-yen  (M),  or  Pefa  (whom  Shew  was  obliged  to  facnfice* 
the  demands  of  the  foldiery),  was  touched  to  the  quick,  to  I 
fee  that  the  emperor  confulted  Ma-yong,  his  enemy,  rather  \ 
than  him.  Shew  endeavoured  to  reconcile  them,  but  to  vo\ 
purpofe ;  and,  at  the  fame  time,  /hocked  at  the  infolenccrf 
.  Pu<ha-queny  who  had  rofe  from  nothing,  ordered  him  tobej 

infults  the  clofely  watched.     The  officers,  who  were  intruftcd  with  dfr! 

emperor,  affair,  having  betrayed  the  fecret  to  P&-cha*quen,  this  latter, 
in  defpair,  ordered  Ma-yong,  with  300  officers  and  300a 
foldiers  of  the  palace,  to  be  flain.  He  even  prefumed  to  fed 
perfons  to  feize  a  Mandarin  belonging  to  the  emperor,  *i* 
an  intent  to-  put  him  to  death.  The  prince,  provoked  at  As 
new  infolence,  faid,  he  would  defend  that  officer ;  and  dat 
he  was  almoft  the  onty  one  who  was  left  about  him.  Pre- 
fently  after,  Pti-cha-qucn  enters  with  his  fword  in  hand,  and 
tells  the  emperor,  that  thofe  whom  he  had  put  to  death  toc 
rebels.     Shew,  comptying  with  neceffity,  pretended  to  be* 

t  x  Gaubil,  ubi  fupr.  p.  76,  &  feqq. 

1 
(IW  The  term  or  title  Wan-yen  denotes  his  being  a  prince  of] 
the  blood. 


C.  u  In  Moguleftan.  491 

licve  what  he  faid;  and  was  forced  to  publifli  the*fuppofed    A.  D. 
crimes  of  thofe  who  had  been  flain.     The  emperor,  for  want     1233. 
tf.  courage  to  put  this  rebel  to  death,  fubmitted  to  his  de-  1  '%^'J 
mands,  and  fuffered  the  authority  to  remain  in  his  hands. 

Mean  time  7JM,  going  on  with  his  game  at  Pytn-king,  Tfu-li 
exercifed  a  thoufand  cruelties*  to  get  money  from  private  per-jw/rt  *f 
Ions;  and  the  famine  was  fo  extreme,  that,  in  eight  days, 
above  a  million  of  people  died*  In  April  he  feized  all*  the 
princes  and  princefles  of  the  blood,  a  great  number  of  offi- 
cers, phyficians,  and  workers  in  filk  and  other  manufactures. 
Heljtewiie  brought  out  the  royal  ornaments,  jewels,  precious 
ftorid,  and  other  treafures :  then,  putting  the  emprefs-mother,  tbeemprefs 
the  emprefs,  queens,  and  concubines  of  the  palace,  in  thirty-  and  quant* 
(even  chariots,  went  and  delivered  them  all  to  Sfy&tay  : 
who  put  to  death  all  thofe  who  were  of  the  race  imperial ; 
and  font  to  Holin  (or  KarakoromJ  the  imperatrices,  the  queens, 
and  their  attendants.  This  general,  at  the  fame  time,  in- 
treated  Oktay  to  put  to  death  all  the  inhabitants  of  Pyen~ 
king,  in  revenge  for  the  numbers  of  men  he  had  loft  before 
that  city  in  1 232  :  but  Tela  Chfitfay  interpofed  ;  alleging,  that 
they  had  not  this  time  refilled  fo  long  as  to  deferve  fo  cruel 
a  punifhment.  Hereupon  the  emperor  ordered  S4p4tay  to 
put  to  death  the  princes  of  the  blood,  and  fpare  the  reft  (N)  x 
by  which  means  the  lives  of  fourteen  hundred  thoufand  fa- 
milies were  faved;  reckoning  inhabitants,  and  thofe  who  took 
ihelter  there. 

TSU-LI,  being  informed  that  Sfytitay  was  preparing  tojsjlribpei 
take  pofleffion  of  the  capital,  got  every  thing  ready  for  his  tfalL 
introduction ;  and,  receiving  him  at  the  entrance  of  the  city, 
conducted  him  to  the  palace.  After  this,  returning  to  his 
own  houfe,  he  was  much  furprifed  to  find  it  full  of  Mungl 
foldiers ;  who  plundered  it,  and  carried  away  all  his  trea- 
fures. He  complained  of  this  injury,  and  even  fhed  tears  ; 
but  nobody  regarded  him  :  nor  was  S&pjitay  himfelf  dif- 
pleafed  to  fee  a  traitor  to  his  country  fo  juftly  punifhed. 
Let  us  now  return  to  fee  what  is  doing  at  $>uey-te-fA. 

In  May,  thcKin  emperor  propofed  to  PA-cba-quen,  to  fur-  Brave 
prife  the  camp  of  the  Mungis,  commanded  by  Te-mU-tay ;  aQian  of 
under  pretence,  that  the  Mungls  had  taken  prifoner  the  em- 
prefs-mother, in  order  to  treat  with  them.  PA-cha-quen9 
who  wanted  neither  addrefs  nor  valour,  one  night,  while  a 
negotiation  was  on  foot,  went  with  400  choice  foldiers ;  and, 
flaying  the  out-guards,  pierced  to  the  middle  of  the  camp, 

(N)  He  Iikewife  ordered,  that,  for  the  future,  thofe  gencralm^f* 
fccres  fhpuld  not  bepractifed. 

and 


\ 


Jenghte  Khkn's  Site  effort  B.  UJ 

and  cither  flew,  or  puflied  into  the  river,  above  3,500 
then,  fetting  the  camp  on  fire,  returned,  without  kfaga 
1  man.    The  general  Te-mu-tay  himfelf,  furprifed  m  mchi 
manner,  had  much  ado  to  efcape*.  1 

PU-CHA-$UEN,  puffed  up  with  this  fneeeb,  Mi 
infolence  to  ftiut  up  the  emperor,  with  fome  of  his  domett 
in  a  great  Jball.  Shew,  on  this  oceafioa,  flied  tears;  audi 
to  thofe  about  him,  "  that  the  dynalties  did  not  contuaefi 
'•  ever;  and  that  kings  were  not  exempt  from  the  trihi 
41  due  to  death."  \ He  added,  "  that  it  grieved  him  toft 
"  he  did  not  know  the  perfons  whom  he  ought  to  make  I 
"  of,  as  well  as  to  fee  himfelf  imprifoned  by  a  Have,  vh 
"  he  had  loaded  with  favours."  Hereupon  three  troftyoffia 
prevailed  on  the  emperor  to  content  to  get  rid  of  that  traitor,! 
any  rate.  They  advifed  his  majefty  to  fend  for  him,  not 
pretence  of  consulting  whether  it  was  proper  to  remove  A 
waho  h  court  to  T/ay-chtw  (now  Ju-nmg-fu),  in  Ho-nan  :  and,  i 
Jtmn.  he  entered  the  chamber,  one  of  them  gave  him  a  drake  vi 
his  fword  on  the  fide,  which  was  feconded  with  another  I 
the  emperor.  For  all  this,  P6-cha-quen  ran  back,  in  otdl 
to  efcape ;  but  the  officer  who  had  given  him  the  firft  mm 
purfued  and  killed  him.  This  was  in  June.  Thetroqq 
on  this  news,  took  up  arms :  but  the  emperor  went  o«i 
perfbn  to  appeafe  them,  and  gave  an  account  of  the  whfl 
affair.  j 

l#o-y*ng       At  this  juncture  the  general  Tachar  took  from  thefl 
Uthui        the-  city  of  Lo-yang  (or  Ifa-nan-fA),  where  commanded  fk 
brave  Kyang-Jhin c :  who,  finding,  after  incredible  efforts,  mi 
there  was  no  keeping  the  place,  took  a  troop  of  choice  tt 
diers,  and  attempted  to  break  through  the  middle  of  th 
Mungl  army :  but  was  taken,  with  all  his  men.    ftdtfj 
who  had  conceived  the  higheft  idea  of  this  brave  commaadi 
promifed  him  the  firft  military  poft,  if  he  would  turn  ki 
face  to  the  north,  and  make  only  one  genflexion,  to  U/6^ 
Tbegover-Obtay*    But  it  was  all  in  vain:  and  when  the  fokfiaslf 
nor  i loyal-  force  turned  his  face  towards  Tartaryt  he  prefently  turned"1' 
$.  the  fouth,  to  fahite  the  Kin  emperor  his  matter.    Tachar,  fc  * 

him  inflexible,  caufed  him  to  be  (lain.  The  Chinejt 
Heaps  elogies  on  Kyang-Jhin,  and  another  officer,  called 
fye9  who  commanded  In  conjun&ion  with  him.  The  Mm 
took  the  fon  of  the  latter  at  Pyen-king,  and  brought  him  he* 
fore  Lo-yangy  to  oblige  his  father  to  furrender  :  but  TfrJp 
anfwered  the  fummons  only  with  a  fhower  of  arrows.  Ai 
loon  as  he  heard  of  Tf£~liys  treafon,  it  gave  him  fo  great  coo* 

•  Gav*u,  ubi  fupr.  p.  78,  &  fafl,      *  See  before,  p.  4*5* 

ccfl* 


rn,  that  he  immediately  loft  hid  fpeech,  and  foon  after    A.  D. 

After  the  death  of  P6-cha-quen,  the  emperor  &J*w  left  %  -v  *J 
9ops  and  a  governor  at  ^uey-te-fA,  and  departed  for  Jd-  **>*«*- 
jg-fu9  with  4000  attendants     When  he  arrived  at  />0-f*rrf*. 
Irtir  (O)  the  people  wept,  and  fell  on  their  knees :  to  whom  ***** 
I  prince,  with  a  mild  air,  faid,  "  that  they  ought  not  to 
Wet  any  value  upon  him ;  but  call  to  mind  the  obligations 
%hich  they  owed  his  anceftors."    The  multitude,  ftill 
Iding  tears,  cried  aloud,  Fan-Jwi ;  that  is,  ten  tboufani 
rs  :  which  is  one  of  the  names  given  by  the  Chinefes  to 
emperors,  expreffing  a  defire  they  have  that  he  fhould- 
.  a  long  time.  Having  ftaid  one  day  at  Po-chew,  he  entered  *\  J0- 
iple,  which  he  found  abandoned,  five  or  fix  leagues  to  the  ^g-^S 
pth  of  that  city ;  and  was  heard  to  fay,  with  a  figh,  all  my 
#le  are  deftroyed.    When  the  inhabitants  of  Ju-ning-fk 
peld  their  prince  fo  forrowful,  his  face  emaciated,  and  his 
(tfon  ill  attended,  it  fet  them  a  weeping ;  and  the  principal 
bong  them  coming  to  fall  on  their  kneed  before  him,  he, 
jth  much  affability,  made  them  rife;  nor  could  forbear 
(riding  tears. 

[¥he  emperor  Shew  appointed  prince  Wkan-yen  H&-Jye-h&  His  thfia* 
this  captain-general  and  prime  minifter.  He  was  a  perfon^^^ 
f  great  merit  and  approved  fidelity.  He  was  day  and  night 
*  horfeback :  he  fold  all  he  had  to  buy  arms,  provifions, 
id  horfes ;  and  made  choice  of  10,000  foldiers,  whom  he 
krcifed  continually.  The  emperor's  prefence,  and  diftance 
rthe  Mungls,  drew  much  people  to  Tfay-chew  :  while  the 
pi  monarch,  as  if  quite  out  of  danger,  began  to  think  of 
liiding  a  palace,  and  marrying  a  wife.  But  H&-fye-Mk 
b*  that  prince  out  of  the  fadfe  fecurity  in  which  he  begaa 
pfre.  He  let  him  know,  that  there,  was  no  great  quantity 
ner  of  provisions,  ftores,  or  filver,  in  the  city ;  and  per- 
iled him  to  think  of  nothing  elfe,  but  to  fortify  the  places 
M  defend  it. 

^Twenty  thoufand  Chinefes,  under  MtnJttmg,  detached  neewn 
torn  the  Song  army,  commanded  by  She-f<mg-cbi9  haying  al-  beJUg$d. 
pAj  joined  Tachar,  the  two  generals,  in  Auguft,  took  fe? 
W  cities  in  ffo-nan ;  after  which,  the  next  month,  they 
tee  to  inveflr  Ju-ning'f&.  Tachar,  perceiving,  by  the  two 
rft  attacks  made  on  the  city  gate?,  that  he  was  likely  to 
fat  *ith  a  long  remittance,  ordered  trenches  to  be  dug,  anct 
"wall  raifed  j  in  which  he  was  aiflfted  by  Men-kong.    The 

.(0)  Thrc*  or  four  leagues  from  QMey-te-fii  at  prefent  de- 
ployed; 

garriioQf 


Jenghfz  Khan- *  Sutcejfors  B.  IVI 

garrifon,  affrighted  at  the  works  which  were  going  form! 
to  invert  the  place,  would  have  furrendered ;  but  Hu-fye-ki^ 
and  the  emperor  himfelf,  by  their  fpeeches,  fo  revived  tin; 
courage,  that  they  all  took  a  refolutioa  to  perifh  in 
of  their  prince  u. 
Its  great        In  December,  there  not  bdng  men  fufficient  to  defend 
diflrefs.      city,  and  make  {allies,   Hu-fye-hk  picked  out  the  An 
women;  and,  dreffing  them  in  men's  clothes,  made 
carry  wood,  (tones,  and  other  ncceflaries,  to  the  walls, 
this  he  made  an  unfuccefsful  fajly ;  and  Meng-kong, 
cut  off  the  retreat  of  his  troops,  learned  from  the  pi 
that  the  city  was  in  want  of  provifions.    The  Cbinefe 
gave  notice  of  this  to  Tachar ;  and  advifed  him  to 
againft  the  defpair  of  the  befieged ;  who,  when  reduced 
extremities,   might  make  a  general  fally,   and  fo  cfcape 
.  fome  opening.    In  December,  Tachar  fent  general  Chang  ji 
with  5000  men,  to  attack  an  angle,  where  he  received 
veral  dangerous  wounds;  and  had  been  (lain,  with  all 
foldiers,  if  Meng-kong  had  not  come  to  his  affiftance, 
taken  him  out  of  the  thickeft  of  the  enemies  troops. 
Inchoated       The  principal  fortification  about  Ju-ning-fA  was  a 
tower.       called  Chay-tan,   on  a  redoubt,  fixty  feet  diftant  from 
the  river.    The  latter  was  taken  by  aflault :  but  the  tr 
dared  not  approach  the  tpwer,  upon  a  report,  that  the 
of  it  was  defended  by  a  dragon,  and  the  upper  part 
with  flying  darts.    Meng-kong  one  day  gave  his  foldiers 
and  told  them,  that  the  darts  from  the  tower  did  .harm 
none  but  thofe  who  were  at  a  diftance ;  but  that  they 
Went  near  to  it  had  nothing  to  fear.    He  likewife  affiflei 
Tachar  in  making  drains,  to  carry  off  the  water  into  th 
river  J&.    After  this,  both  the  generals  with  their  troop 
palled  over  dry,  and  attacked  the  fouth  walls.    In  the  mgi 
500  choice  foldiers  fallied,  with  defign  to  bum  the  engoa 
and  camp  of  the  befiegers :  but  thefe  latter,  getting  tind 
notice  of  it,*  cut  them  all  in  pieces.  -  After  the  general  in 
forced  the  walls  of  the  fouth,  .they  gave  a  general  afikok  « 
thofe  of  the  weft,  and  forced  them  likewife :  but  were  mttjl 
furprifed  to  fee  an  inner  wall,  with  chevaux-de-frife,  anil 
ditch ;  where  the  illuftrious  Hu-Jye-hti,  with  the  choice  4 
the  troops,  fought  for  three  days  and  nights,  without  being 
forced. 
The  em*         The  emperor  Shew,  beholding  things  in  this  defperaa 
feror's       ftate,  fpoke  to  thofe  who  were  about  him  in  the  followi^ 
bravery,    manner.     "  I  was  the  heir  appointed  for  ten  years,  and  hai 

*  Gavbil,  ubi  fupra,  p.  80,  &  fcqq,  i 

.     ««  fiace 


.  i.  In  Moguleftan. 

ilnce  then  reigned  ten  years  more.  I  do  not  perceive,  that 
I  am  guilty  of  any  great  faults  (P).  I  do  not  fear  death. 
I  lee  that  moil  of  the  dynafties  terminated  in  brutifli ' 
princes,  who  were  either  drunkards,  debauched,  or  co- 
vetous. You  know  I  am  not  fuch  an  one,  and  yet  in  me 
the  dynafty  of  the  Kin  ends.  This  is  what  I  behold  with 
grief.  The  princes,  under  whom  the  dynafties  periftied, 
have  commonly  been  abufed,  or  infult^d,  imprifoned,  or 
treated  after  an  unworthy  manner ;  but  I  tell  you  to-day 
that  the  like  fliall  not  happen  to  me."  After  he  had  faid 
efe  words,  he  diilributed  all  his  precious  moveables,  put 
i  an  ordinary  habit,  and  invited  his  belt  troops  to  follow 
m.  He  went  out  of  the  eaft  gate,  and  made  extraordinary 
ferts,  either  to  die  with  his  arms  in  hand,  or  to  efcape. 
lie  befieged,  who  watched,  expe&ing  fome  fuch  defperate 
tempt,  made  a  refolute  ftand,  and  drove  the  emperor  back 
to  the  city.  On  his  return,  he  caufed  moft  of  the  remain- 
t  horfes  to  be  killed,  to  fupport  the  troops,  who  had  often 
fen  the  prifoners,  and  thofe  who  returned  wounded  from 
efcllies*. 

The  firft  of  January  1234,  Tachar  and  Meng-kong  made  W*  &- 
tat  rejoicings  in  their  camp,  to  celebrate  the  firft  day  of  the-^£*'^ 
tyefe  year;  while  the  befieged  had  nothing  before  their  treJf^ 
fcs  but  the  moft  difmal  objefts.  The  foldiers,  made  prifoners 
[the  breach  by  the  Mungls,  informed  them,  that  there  had 
Jen  a  famine  for  three  months  in  the  city ;  where,  after 
t  inhabitants  had  boiled  the  leather  of  their  faddles,  boots, 
id  drums,  to  make  food,  they  had  (lain  the  old  and  feeble 
en,  with  many  prifoners,  and  wounded  foldiers,  to  eat  their     . 
tlh :  that  the  troops,  who  remained  in  a  condition  to  ferve, 
ithered  the  bones  of  dead  men  and  animals,  to  make  broth 
!  them  and  dried  herbs.     They  added,  that  moft  of  the 
ivate  men  were  inclined  to  furrender.     Meng-kong9  having 
irned  thefe  particulars,  ordered  his  foldiers  to  put  a  bullet 
their  mouths,  to  keep  them  filent ;  and,  taking  advantage 
a  thick  fog,   attacked  the  weftern  fide  with  his  whole 
my.    He  made  five  breaches,  and  employed  rope-ladders:  rejmifeth 
it,  after  an  attack  which  continued  from  morning  till  even-  Mungh. 
g,  and  in  which  he  loft  abundance  of  men,  was  obliged  to 
tire.    On  the  other  hand,   the  befieged  having  loft  the 

*  Gavbil,  ubi  fnpr.  p.  83,  Srieqq. 

(?)  Princes  imagine  often,    on  the  renewal  of  the  war,  to 
it  they  cannot  commit  faults,    the  deitru&ion  of  hixnfelf  and 
ouldhehavecommittedgreater    his  people  I 
nits  than  thofe  which  brought 

a  greater 


n*aty 


Them- 

ftrons 
death. 


Jenghlz  KhAnV  Siuctjfcrs 

greater  part  of  their  officers  and  fbldkxs,  there  remained 
defence  of  the  city  no  more  than  a  few  officers,  at  the  ' 
of  the  Mandarins  of  letters (QJ;  and  fomefoldiers,  halt 
with  hunger,  fuftained  by  the  example  of  H4-Jye-JM. 

The  night  following*  the  emperor  Sbew-fu  aflembled 
lords  of  his  court,  and*  told  them,  that  he  would 
fer  his  Men  throne  to  Cheng4in  (R)  (or,  as  others 
Slnng-lyen),  a  prince  of  the  blood ;  who,  at  the  a 
preflmg  inftances,  at  length  accepted  of  it.  Shew,  titer 
ing  praifes  on  him,  laid,  If  you  efcape,  you  will  amino* 
race,  and  reftore  the  renverfed  crown*  Next  morning, 
the  Mandarins  performed  the  ceremony  of  acknowl 
Ching-tin,  the  Song  and  Mungl  troops  mounted  the 
walls,  and  forced  200  men,  who  defended  them,  to  furr 
The  Mandarins  who  were  about  the  new  emperor,  at 
news,  flew  to  fucconr  them ;  but  found  the  ftandards  of 
enemy  planted  on  the  ramparts.  Mean  time,  the  fouth 
being  abandoned,  Meng-kong  and  Tachar  entered  with 
troops.  Prince  Hb-fye-h&,  with  1000  foldiers,  flopped 
in, one  of  the  Greets,  and  fought  with  an  intrepidity 
made  the  enemy  wonder  at  him.  The  emperor  Shevf 
feeing  all  irreparably  loft,  got  haftily  into  a  houfe;  where  I 
lodged  the  feal  of  the  empire :  then,  caufing  fheafs  of  fbswl 
be  fet  round  the  manfion,  entered  into  it,  and  ordered  ti 
people  to  fet  fire  to  it  as  foon  as  he  was  dead.  After  tfaisfe 
flew  himfelf  (S) ;  and  his  orders  were  executed. 

HU-STE-HU,  who  ftill  fought  like  a  lion  in  the 
when  he  heard  of  his  matter's  death,  went  and  drowned 
fclf  in  the  river  J& ;  the  officers  with  him,  and  500  f< 
followed  his  example.    Mean  time,  while  the  new  emj 
Chang-tin,  attended  by  fome  Mandarins,  performed  the 


<  QJ  The  Kin,  like  the  o- 
ther  nations  who  have  con- 
quered China,  or  part  of  it, 
adopted  the  laws  and  cuftoms 
of  the  Chinefes,  who  have  both 
civil  and  military  Mandarins, 
or  commanders,  at  the  Pwtu- 
guexe  term  them. 

(R)  He  was  the  brother  of 
general  Pefa,  defeated  by  She- 
iyenche,  near  Wey-whey-fiL 
GaubiL— -Doubtlefs  the  lame 
who  was  afterwards  put  to 
death,  as  before  related .. 

(S)  He  hanged  himfelf  in  the 


fame  houfe,  which  was  c 
Tt<w-lan-hu-yen  ;  and  the  ] 
where  it  flood  is  ftill  ihe*tJ 
Juninz-fi,  named,  in  the  M 
tory  of  the  Mungh,  TJky~chm\ 
a  city  of  H$-»*«.  Abflgbm 
Khan  fays,  that  it  was  fid 
known  for  certain  (among  tk 
weftern  writers)  what  beam 
of  Altun  Khan  (by  which  go* 
ral  name  he  calls  the  empcnsl 
of  Kitay)  :  but  that  it  was  bo* 
lieved,  he  threw  himfelf  ian  ll 
great  fire,  which  he  hadcadd 
to  be  made  for  that  pnrpoft. 

ceremoakt^ 


C.  i.  Jfc  Mbg«Mttr*«  497* 

xremonies  for  the  death  of  his  predeeeflbr,  and  gave  orders  r.  Kbd* 
B*  buying  Hw  afties  on  the- bank  of  xht  river,  the  con-  Oktay  • 
federate  generals,  feizing  the  palace,  divided  the  fpcSL* ;  and,  <-^-^ 
the  feme  day,  ChangAin  was  killed  in  a  tumuk :  which  put 
0  end  to  the  dynafty  of  the  Kint  whofe  beginnipgs  were 
b  glorious  and  f uccefsful z . 

Afteh  the  taking  of  Ju-ning-fi,  the  Song  and  Mungh  72*  Song 
agreed  to  fettle  the  limits  of  the-  two  enipires,     Ho-pan  was  proceed- 
fc>  be  delivered  up  to  the  former,  as  foon  as  thewar  ftiould  be  ing* 
foiAted:  but,  without  either  waiting  for  the  expiration  of 
lie  term,  or  giving  Oktay  Khdn  notice,  they  introduced  their' 
Hoops  into  Kay-fong-fd,  Lo-yang,  or  Ho-nan-fd,  and  other 
ibnfiderabie  cities,  in  June  and  July ;  without  the  precau* 
don  however  of  furniftiing  them  with   provisions.     The. 
Mungh  complained  of  thefe  hafty  proceedings;  and  Sttputay* 
trho  had  encamped  to  the  north  of  the  Whang-ho,  repafled 
that  river,  and  refolved  to  be  revenged  on  the  aggreflbrs.     A  offend  tit 
great  part  of  the  garrifon  of  Lo-yang,  who  were  out  in  fearch  Mungls, 
jlf  provifions,  were  cut  in  pieces  by  a  detachment  of  the 
Mungh  ;  and  the  governor  obliged  to  furrender,  for  want  of 
item.     As  Sfy&tay  feemed  refolved  to  march  towards  Kay- 
fng'ft,  the  Song  general,  being  deftitute  of  all  manner  of 
pecefTaries,  abandoned  the  place  :  and  on  thefe  occafions  the 
i&>ig,!hewed  but  little  conduft.     The  Song  emperor  (T), 
Wther  to  fatisfy  the  Mungh,  or  becaufe  his  officers  had  not 
done  th<ir  duty,  ordered  them  to  be  puniflied,  by  lowering 
their  degrees  in  the  rank  of  Mandarins. 
!■    In  December,  Oktay  Khdn  recalled  Sfy&tay  into  Tatary,  to 
$onfult  him  about  fome  new  military  expeditions.     At  the 
feme  time  he  fent  an  officer  to  Hang-chew,  in  Che-kyang,  the 
hoourt  of  the  Song,  to  complain  of  certain  proceedings :  on 
the  other  hand,  the  Chlneje  lent  a  lord,  to  continue  the  peace. 
The  Khan's  anfwer  is  not  mentioned ;  but  the  event  (hewed, 
that  he  was  not  well  content. 

/  In  fpring  1235,  and  the  7th  year  of  his  reign,  Oktay  or-  Several 
;  dered  the  encamping  place  of  Ho-lin  (or  Karakorom)  to  be  in-  txPe^m 
!  dofed  with  walls ;  and  to  build  the  palace  (U)  called  Wan-gan,  tl9V'  ~ 

y  See  the  Kin  hiftory,  vol.  VII.  b.  12.  ■  Gaubil,  ubi 

fcpr.  p.  85,  &  feqq. 

(T)  Named  Li-tfing.     One  conduft,  as  well  as  incapacity 

of  his    firft  queens,   being  in  for  affairs,  ruined  the  empire  of 

great   favour,    obtained    high  the  Song,  who  reigned  in  South 

employments  for   her   brother  China, 

Kja-tfe-tau,  who  foon  became         (U)  Ahulghd%l  Khdn  fays,  in 

prime  minister;  and,  by  his  bad  this  year  he  ordered  a  magnifi- 

Mod.  Hut.  Vol.  IV.  Ik  cent 


U3S* 


Jenghte  Khan**  Succeprs  B.  IV. 

five  Li  (or  furlongs)  in  circumference.    In  the  firft  mood* 
of  the  year  he  fent  an  army  into  Korea ;  and,  having  leriot 
J  more  than  fifteen  hundred  thoufand  good  troops,  reibived  cor 
#  render  his  name  immortal  by  great  oonqueiis.    He  feat  Soft*. 

toy  with  300,000  men,  to  ravage  the  countries  to  the  vd, 
a  north  and  north-eaft  of  the  Cafpian  fea.  In  this  army  wtat 
'  Paid  (or  Batil)y  eldeft  fon  of  the  late  prince  Chucbi  (or  ^ijft 
Mengko,  eldeff  fon  of  7*/^,  Ovey-yew*  eldeft  foa  of  Aft 
emperor  himfelf,  with  fevexal  other  princes  (X),  and  lords  <f 
tribes  :  among  others  were  Lyang-hu-tay,  fori  of  Sfy&af, 
the  general,  and  Mangufar>  of  the  Chalar  (or  JaJayr)  tribe*- 
and  family  of  Che-lau-when  (Y). 
73*  Song  KOTO  VAN,  the  emperor's  fecond  Ion,  with  the  generf- 
attacked.  Chahay  (Z),  was  ordered  to  attack  the  Song  in  S*-cfru>cn+ 
Prince  KuM,  his  third  fon,  with  the  generals  Temutay  aut 
Chang-jau a ;  prince  />/*«,  fon  of  Lyew-ko,  late  king  of  Ijutt- 
fa^g-,  befides  other  Mungl  and  A7taw  princes,  with  the  g> 
neral'C^tf  b,  were  commanded  to  march  towards  the  bcrdexs 
of  Kyang-nan.  The  &wg-  emperor  fent  his  bell  officers  t» 
the  frontiers  *r  and,  notwithftanding  his  great  power,  begaa 
to  fear  the  confequeuces  of  fo  many  formidable  anpics 
coming  to  attack  his  dominions  :  for  they  confifted  of  excel- 
lent Chinefe  and  Tatar  troops,  commanded  by  old  captain*. 
trained  to  war,  and  almoft  always  conquerors.  Wang-fli- 
byetiy  an  officer  of  reputation  among  the  Kin,  who  command- 
ed in  Kong-chang-fuy  in  S/jen-J!',  a  ftrong  city,  well  provided 

*  Or  Chang-jaw. 

cent  palace  to  be  built  in  the  which  had  been  deftroyed  by 

country  of  Karakum  (or  Kara-  his  father's  orders,    to  be  re* 

korom),  and  fent  for  the  mofl  built. 

able  painters  in  Kit  ay,  to  adorn         (X)  Abulgbazi  Khan  places 

it :    that   he   enjoined   all  the  among  them  Badur,  fon  ofj*- 

princes  and   great   officers  of  gatay ;    and    fays,    they   were 

the  empire  to  build  handfome  lent  againft  the  Rujpanu  Jerkxx 

houfes  about  it:  that  he  made  {or Cher kas)y  Bulgers,  tbeco«n- 

a    fine    fountain  there,    oraa-  try  of  Tura,  and  the  Baj&Uirj. 

mented  with  a  tiger  fpouting  He  makes    them  retain   after 

'     .     W2ter,  in  foil  proportion,  allcalt  feven  years  abfence ;  bat  in  the 

:    in  filver:  that  at  fome  d.ftance  reign  of  Oktay. 

fjJooi  the  palace  he  made  z parfc,         (V)    Who  was  one   of  the 

two  days  journey  in  compafs ;  four  intrepid*.     Mangufar  had 

which   he   (locked   with   deer,  difiinguifhed  himfelf  in  the  ar- 

and  other  game,  for  hunting;  my  of  Tjofey,  in  the  years  1231 

and  inclofed  it  with  pales  twelve  and  1 232.     Ga^U.  ' 

feet   high.'    Our  author  adds,  v    (Z)  Of  the  hordof&ur-A^r. 

that   Oktay   caufed  Herat,    the  He  drank  the  water  of  Paxi.hu - 

cnp'.tal  of  Kl'orafJn,  in  Psr':*,  ni  wjth  Je/igjjiz  Kid*. 

both 


fc.Lt*  In  Moguleftirt.  '      499 

Both  with' troops  and  (tores,  knowing  that  Kotov&h  Was  to  4.  khan 
fads  that  way,  went  out  to  meet,  and  offered  him  his  troops.  Oktay. 
The  prince  hereupon  took  him  under  his  proteftion,  left  him  ****%— *^ 
governor  of  the  city,  and  gave  him  a  confiderable.  military  * 

(K>ftb. 

'In  1236,  the  army  of  prince  KuchA  made  great  ravages  toffes 
(tt  the  province' of  Htt-quang  :  in  January  they  took  the  city  in  Hi- 
if  Kyang-Urt  (at  prefent  Kxng-chew)  \  and  in  March,  Syang-  quahg* 
fang,  where  they  got  a  great  booty  In  money  and  warlike    ^*  &• 
fcrovifions;  for  the  officers  of  the  Song  falling  at  variance*     xl3«* 
rae  of  thenl,  through  malice,  fet  fire  to  the  magazines  of 
Ebe  fuburbs;  which  gave  the  Mungls  an  opportunity  of  be- 
aming matters  of  the  city.     The  inhabitants  of  Tt-gah,  an* 
toher  city  of  Htt-quangf  Were  almoft  all  put  to  the  (Word  ill        4 
tiuguft ;  and  in  Otlobsr,  the  Mungls  loft  their  general,  brine* 
Kuckh,  who  was  greatly  beloved  by  the  emperor  his  father^ 
Teht-chA-tfay  had  already  perfuaded  Oktay  to  repair  the  hall  0$ 
Konfujius,  or,  to  fpeak  more  properly,  the  palace,  where  this 
fthcient  "fage  is  honoured.     That  prince  had  likewife  caufed  a 

^at  fphere  to  be  made,  and-  a  palace  built,  "to  teach  the* 
nefe  fciences.     At  his  mlnifter's  requeft,  he  alfo  fet  free 
Hany  Chinefe  literati  and  doctors,  who  had  been  made  (laves 
In  Ru+quang. .  In  February  this  year,  the  Mungls  introduced  Popir 
filk  or  paper  money,  which  had  been  ufed  before  by  Chang-  money* 
tfong,  fixth  emperor  of  the  Kim 

Prince  Kotovan,   having  pafled   Kong*chang-fu>   pre-Shetifl 
fared  to  attack  the  city  of  Myen,  in  the  diftrift  of  Han*  in*vgJcd* 
*bMgmf&>  in  Shen-Ji;  into  which,  after  forcing  the  paflages, 
te  entered  with  an  army  of  500,000  men,  confifting  of  Chi* 
iufes,  Mungls,  Tatars,  and  grangers  from  the  weft.     Tfau- 
yrw-ven9  governor  of  Mytn,  one  of  the  beft  officers  belong- 
ing to  the  Song,  after  being  driven  from  the  fort  2nd  pafs  of 
Syen-jiny  near  the  city  of  fang,  In  the  diftrift  before-men- 
tioned ;  with  10,000  choice  men,  pafled  the  river  in  the  night,         -  k    ' 
4nd  pat  his  troops  in  afflbufcade;  In  a  place  called  Lew-ki, 
"with  orders  to  beat  their  drums  and  light  fires  Within,  while 
they  cried  without  kill,  kill.     Xfau*wa%  Yrw-vtn'Z  brother, 
had  the  boldnefs  to  attack  general  Ta-hay,  wh£  begun  to  ap- 
pear with  10,000  horfe  and  foot,'  tyhile  the  troops  in  ambufh 
lighted  fires.'    'Yew-veii  divided"  :hfc  forces  into  three  bodies, 
And,  followed  by  3006  foldiers,1  advanced  towards  a  gorge  of* 
Sie  mountains  Called  Kitovan ;  Where  he  pofted'  in  the.moft  dif- 
ficult places  800  ftout  horfe;  who,  though  furronndedfcy  the" 
<nemy,  ftood  their  ground,  refolved  to  die,        .-..•..-.-  ,       1 

k  Gauail,  ubi  fupraj  p.-  88,  &.  feqq,  ^ 

Ha'  As  — 


Jcnghte  Khan*  *  Succejfors  B.  IV* 

As  the  wind  and  rain  obftro&ed  their  march,  tfceoflkat 

intreated  him  to  flap ;  but  Tew-ven  refufed,  and  arriwdat 

.    )  Long-wy-few :  where  his  brother  TJau-ivan  having  joiod 

*hU  k*"*1  a  ^ceSLt  ^^  wa$  &**&*  between  the  £ng  and  the 
bank.  Mungls;  with  fuch  daughter,  tfiat  the  blood  ran  for  m 
leagues  together*  At  break  pf  d^yttb^MuT2gJ  fortes  b6n^)M 
by  general  Tahay,  the  little  anny  of  the  Song  was  funooadc^ 
and  great  havock  made  on  both  fides.  Tfau-yewoen,  fedqg 
all  loft  without  refource,  refolved  to  fell  his  life  my  dears 
It  is  the  decree  of  Heaven,  laid  he,  Imiift  die.  After  thisbi 
Dew  his  horfe,  giving  ahufce  language  all  the  while  to  At 
Mungls.  Then*  with  fwcurd  in  hand,  he  charged  a  great  body 
of  the  enemy;  in  which  bulk  attack  he  was  flatn,  wh  fe 
brother,  and  ajmoft  all  his  fcidiers.  The  Mungls  loft  am 
number  of  men  in  this  a&iou.  The  battle  was  fongw  a 
July ,  near  Tang-ping,  a  fort  to  the  weft  of  the  city  Pm-da^ 
which  laft  is  two  or  three  leagues  to  the  north-weft  of  Mm 
thongfA. 
Se-chwen  After  the  defeat  of  general  Tfau,  prinoe  Kotmm  « 
*  reduced,  tered  Se-chwen9  and  encamped  near  C&W-rt^S,  the  capiat 
of  that  province :  moft  of  whofe  cities  fell  into  the  haadstf 
the  Mungls ;  who  yet  could  not  reduce  Ho^ciew,  ^ffeyAe^ 
IA-chew,  and  Sbun-king-fu.  In  Oftober,  a  detachment  tf 
his  troops  went  and  befiqjed  Ven-chcw,  as  it  is  ftill  mod) 
a  city  belonging  to  the  Song,  in  the  diftrici  of  Kong-chap 
ft.  Lyew-jh-i,  who  commanded  ki  the  place,  findings) 
hopes  of  being  relieved,  after  he  had  fought  night  sod  A? 
for  fome  time,  aflembied  bis  domeftics,  and  advued  then  to 
poifon  themfelves.  Among  the  reft,  a  child  of  fa  years  oU 
tell  on  his  knees ;  and,  having  defired  he  might  have  least  to 
do  the  like,  took  the  cup,  and  died  courageoufly.  Afar* 
wards  Lyew-jfi-i,  and  his  two  children,  flew  themfelves  ;«4 
more  than  40,000  people,  foldiers  and  inhabitants,  chofc  to 
follow  his  example,  rather  than  furrender  c» 
Sueeefs  Mean  time  Kewwhen  pu-wia  ravaged  great  part  of  the 

in  Hd-  countries- which  are  on  the  borders  of  Kyang-nan,  Hu-qumfy 
quang.  an(j  /ft.;^ .  then  marched  towards  Wbang-chroi%  a  eoofidff- 
able  c;ty  in  Hu-<ptang.  In  November,  Meng-kong  pot  ho* 
fetf  at  the  head  of  ah  army  of  the  Song;  and,  advancing  to- 
ward King-chew,  deftroyed .  more  than  twenty  pdfts  whert 
the  Mungls  had  left  troops.  General  Chahan  had  laid  ficgs 
to  Ching-chew,  a  city  in  Kyang-nan,  on  the  Kyang,  at  prefa* 
called  1'ching'byen  .*  but  was  obliged  to  raife  it,  throogh  & 
activity  of  the  governor  Kyew-yo,  who  made  great  deftruflk» 

5  Gavbil,  p.  $1,  &  feqq. 


C!.  r?  Jfr  Mogukfitn.  501 

mf  the  Mungls  by  hb  anfbufcades,  by  his  engines  for  caftSng  2.  Xban 
-  Clones,  and  by  fetting  fire  to  their  quarters  almoft  every-  Oktay. 

Ik  ^l£t>r  1237,  Mtng-hmg  appearing  in  view  «tf  the  dty  Gfcri  «/ 
<=«tf  Whang-chew,  then  befieged  by  Kev>*when  p^wha ;   this  Gan- 
-fH-kice,  whofe  army  was  fatigued,  thought  it  better  to  with-  cong» 
-<iraw  his  forces,  than  venture  a  battle.   After  this,  he  gave  or-    A*  **• 
-ders  for  inverting  Gan-tong,  now  Sbrw<bew,  to  the  diftrttt     I8*7* 
of  FMg~yung-f&  in  Xyang-nan :  but  tins  fiege  fucceeded 
-with  him  no  better  than  the  former.    T4-krw,  the  governor, 
-in  his  frequent  Tallies,  burnt  twenty+feven  intrenchmenta, 
■  -which  the  Mungls  had  made  over  the  ditches,  after  they  .had 
.^filled  them  op.  He  Hkewife  rendered  ineffe&uai  their  bombs  : 
~~whiie  L*~ven-te,  an  excellent  officer,  and  native  of  the  placet 
daring  the  conf  ufion,  in  which  the  attack  of  their  trenches  had 
thrown  the  enemy,  broke  through  their  troops  with  fame 
brave  foldiers,  and  got  into  the  city ;  where,  in  coojuoftion 
with  TA-krw,  he,  by  his  vigilance  and  activity,  obliged  them 
fto  raife  the  fiege,  after  fuftaining  great  krfs  of  men. 

C HA  HAN,  who  had  charge  of  the  engines,  and  other  in*  anJLtL* 
ftruraents  made  ufe  of  before  Gan-tong,  reftdved,  in  1238,  to  chew. 
raife  the  fiege  of  Lu-chrw>  a  ftrong  city  in  Kyang*nan*  To  A  •  ^ 
effeQ  this,  he  gave  out,  that  he  had  with  him  8oo,ooa  men  \  ,z38, 
thai  he  would  build  barks  on  the  lake  Tfau,  and,  after  taking 
Lu-chew,  ravage  the  countries  along  the  Kyang.  Ckabat) 
caufed  the  city  to  be  furrounded  with  a  rampart  of  earth,  fe* 
ctirdd  by  a  double  ditch.  Mean  time  T4*krw,  who  had  pre* 
vioufly  thrown  himfelf  into  the  place,  having  ordered  infinite 
bundles  of  herbs  to  be  fteeped  in  oil,  and  cafl  into  the 
JHungl  intrenchments,  at  the  fame  time  (hot  ftones  down 
upon  them  from  a  tower  feven  ftories  high.  The  Mungis% 
attacked  in  this  unexpected  manner,  could  neither  defend  them* 
fclves  from  the  (horror  extinguish  the  fire,  which  fpread  on  all 
fides.  T4-kew  at  the  feme  time  made  a  general  faliy  ;  fo  that 
the  Mungls,  being  furprifed,'  were  conftrained  to  retreat,  for 
fear  of  feeing  their  whole  army  perifh.  The  Sang  purfued 
them  for  above  three  miles ;  and  this  was  one  of  the  greateft 
checks  which  the  Mungfs  had  as  yet  received,  Lu»ven-te% 
the  fon  of  Tu-kew,  poflefled  all  the  defiles ;  fo  that  the  ene* 
my  were  obliged  in  September  to  retire  towards  the  north* 

In  H4-(jtiang9  general  Meng-k&ng  every-where  beat  the  Mangb 
Mungls  \  and,  in  March  1239,  retook  Syang-yang,  whieh  ht^ffied 
fortified,  as  well  as  Fan-ching,  fituated  aver  againft  it :  re*    -*•  &• 
prefenting  tQ  the  emperor  his  maftcr  the 'importance  of  thofq     lz$&' 
|wo  pofts,  and  determined  always  to  have  a  great  army  in  the. 
^JghbQiirhoo^    The.  forces  of  Kotovanh  after  taking  great 
K  k  3  fpoil 


Jenghfc  Kh£nV  Succeffors  B.  IV. 

fpbil  in  Se*cbwen§  retired  to  the  farders  of  Shen-fi,     Tbc 
Song,  taking  advantage  Mpf  thi$  retreat,  retook  Chitig-ti-fi, 
'  capital  of  that  province,  and  aflembled  there  a  great  body  of 
troops.    'Tokay  Mongu,   the  Mungl  general,  hereupon  re- 
entered St-titytn,  defeated  the  Song  army  in,  a  pitched  battle 
near  Cbing-Wf& ;  feized  thgt  metropolis,  and  fet  forward  to 
JyMeng-  penetrate  into  iW-jwwig,  by  way  of '  $uey-cbcw,    Men-koag9 
kong.       on  this  advice,  .furniftied  all  the  pofts  on  the  borders  of  &- 
cfrwen  zndHurquang,  with  men  and  proyifions :  then  caoferf 
.all  the'pai&ge?  of  the  Kyang  to  be  guarded ;  and,  having  or* 
dered  a.  great  number  of  harks  to  be.  prepared,  in  December 
.    ^     .began  his  march.    This  general  rendered  ineffectual  the 
Mungl  enterprifes,  and  gained  great  honour  by  the  redn&oa 
pf  $>uey~chev) ;  which  \yas  a  place  of  great  importance  to  the 
Mungh,  fituate  on  the  north  fide  of  the  Kyang,  and  on  the 
borders  of  the  two  before-mentioned  provinces*1. 
Cuftoms  Since  the  conqueft  of  Ho-nan,  Yelu-cbu*tfay  had  rahed 

formed,  the  cuftoms  of  the  countries  of  China,  fubjeft  to,  the  Mungk> 
to  no  Van  of  Lyang,  or  Tails  in  filver.  Gaut&^lattnuu^ 
a  Whey-hu  (Z),  offered  220  Van  for  thofe  cuftoms.  The  mini- 
fter  Qppofed  a  bargain  which  tended  to  ruin  the  people  :  bat 
his  arguments  not  prevailing,  he,  in  anger,  gave  a  heavy  figh, 
and  faid  openly ;  that  the  mifery  to  which  they  were  going . 
to  reduce  the  Chinefes,  would  be  quickly  followed  by  the 
greateft  evils.  t 

Jtf eng*  In  i  240,  Oktay  Kh&n  ordered  his  eldeft  fon  $>uey-yew  to 

kongV       return  into  Tatary,  with  the  detachment  which  he  conn 
exploits,     manded  in  the  weft  ;  where,  it  is  faid,  he  made  great  con- 
-A-  &•    quefts,  without  mentioning  the  countries  which  he  lubdued, 
|2^Qt     rp^e  {^g  year  Meng-kong  became  famous  by  the  great  ad* 
vantages  which  he  obtained  over  the  Mungls,    He  burned  the 
magazines  6f  provifions  which  they  had  at  Ju«ning~f&  in  /fc» 
nan  ;  and  the  wood  Which  they  had  laid. up  at  Ting-chew,  in 
the  fame  province,  for  building  barks :  he  likewife  recovered 
the  booty  and  (laves  which  they  had  made  in  Hu-quang,  and 
fecured  in  the  city  &wi~chew.     After  thefe  great  advantages 
>  •  he  vifited  the  frontier  pofts,  and  trained  to  war  a  great  number 

pf  peafants,  whom  he  furniftied  with  arms  and  officers ;  in 
fliort,  he  had  the  glory  to  fee  all  the  countries  between  Set 
fkusn  and  the  rivers  Kyang  and  Han  filled  with  hu (band's 
men ;  who  were  in  a  condition  to  defend  their  lands,  fill  their 
magazines,  and  form,  in  3  fhort  time,  bodies  of  troops. 

d  Gaubil,  p.  93,  &  feqq. 
(J5)  By  R'lej  H  arc  meant  the  ftUiamtpedam. 

\  U 


2.  i.  In  MogOleftan,  .5*33 

In    February  1241,   0tf*y  .Kfcro,  after  a  great  Huritlfig  *  *&w-i 
lear  the  lake  Kye-kye  chay~ha9  was  taken  very  ill :  hereupon  the  Oktay. 
anprefs  Tolyekona,  apprehending  that  he  would  noc  five  long,  JrTv*i*J 
ent  for  the  minifter  Yelu-chu-tfay,  to  confult  him  on  the  occa-  ;?  y,ta£  , 
ion.     Ch^tfay  told  her  boldly,  that  the  emperor  had  bad^'-^, 
:ounfellors  ;  that  avarice  reigned  at  court ;  and  that  employ-  ••"« 

nents  -were  fold,  and  the  prifons  filled  with  honeft  men: 
tvhofe  only  crime  was  their  difapproving  of  the  unlawful 
means  which  were  praftifed  to  get  money  ;  while  perfons  of 
no  worth,  and  loaded  with  a  thoufand  crimes,  were  in  place. 
The  emprefs  took  meafures  to  free  the  prifoners,  when  her 
(lufband  began  to  mend  ;  a  general  amnefty  was  publilhed ; 
and  in  Oftober  the  Chinefes  were  allowed  to  become  inferior 
Mandarins  in  the  tribunals. 

The  emperor  loved  wine  pafSonately,  axi&Chu-tfay  had  His  death : 
often  warned  him  againft  it :  but  although  that  prince  took 
his  ad  vice  as  the  effoft  of  his  zeal,  yet  he  did  not  forbear  the 
practice.  In  November  the  grandees  invited  him  to  a  hunt- 
ing; and,  contrary  to  the  minifter's  remonftrances,  he  went. 
The  fifth  day,  being  come  to  the  mountain  il-lye-ku  Mian, 
he  fat  up  all  night  drinking,  by  the  perfuafion  of  Gautii-lau- 
man ;  which  debauch  coft  him  his  life :  for  he  died  next  morn- 
ing, aged  fifty-fix,  after  a  reign  of  thirteen  years.  He 
nominated  for  his  heir  and  fucceflbr  his  grandfon  Shely*- 
men  (A),  the  fon  of  his  third  fon  Kv-chrw,  who  died  in  Hur 
quango  in  1236;  as  hath  been  before  related. 

OKTAY  (or,  as  the  Mungls  call  him,  Ogotay)  was  a  prince  bis  cba* 
of  courage,  much  prudence  and  greatcefs  of  foul.  Yelu-ra8er: 
ch&-tfay  had  infpired  him  with  a  love  for  the  fciences,  and 
application  to  the  affairs  of  government.  This  Khan  had  a 
great  authority  over  the  princes,  as  well  thofe  of  his  family, 
as  fuch  who  were  his  vaflals :  he  loved  good  order,  and  had 
much  integrity.  .' 

OKTAY  had  feveral  wives  who  bore  the  title  of  emprefs  :  his  ovists; 
the  firft,  Polaha,  of  die  houfe  of  Ht>ng-kila  (or  Kongorat), 
by  whom  he  had  no  iffue.     The  fecond,  Gang-wbey,  who 
brought  up  prince  Mengko  (or  Mangil),  eldeft  fon  of  Tolcy 
find  (B)  Sarkidna.     The  fixth  was  Tolyekona  (C),  a  princefs, . 

who, 

(A)  Sbiramon,  or  'SinwHrn,  as  tribe  of  NaymacMn,  and  is  the 
lie  is  called  by  the  more  weftern  fame  whom  D'Herbe/ot,  p.  $58. 
■Writers.  calls  turakinah  Khdtun\  which 

(B)  She  is  called  by  Abu  I-  hft  word  is  Mogul,  and  fignifies 
ghaxi  Khan,  Siurkbotni  Beghi  queen,  or  emprefs.  That  au- 
Jebfin.  Hift.  Turks,  &c.  p.  158.  thor  believes  fhe  was  a  Chrif- 

(C)  This  princefs  was  of  the     tian ;   but   the   Cbinefe   hiftory 
»      .  K  k   4  fays 


JengKfct  KMf?s  fkcceprs  B.  iV. 

who,  tefidesthc  advantages  of  he*  perfofc  (D),  *WS  rtdoWed 
with  an  uocommem  fhare  of  wit  and  addrefe.    By  his  fewd 
wives  h  Abftd  feven  princes  (£) ;  and  one  prftttefe,  married  m 
the  prince  of  Honkila  f . 
prai  tib*>     The  weftern  hiAorians  of  Afi&  feem  to  hive  been  but  BA 
r#//{r«        acquainted  with  the  aftions  of  Okt&y  KhJbt,  or  his  faeceflbn; 
Specially  if  we  may  judge  by  what  has  been  comfimnkafei 
from  them  by  European  authors.     Befidefe  &e  ferofeifes  A 
ready  inferted  in  the  notes,  we  learn  from  theft,  that,  in  Afe 
year  1 225,  he  fent  Arzun  Aga  into  Khoraff&n,  as  governor; 
and  the  Amir  Azzo'daki  Jtfoiaddet*  Her4wf  fonaamed  J* 
inebif,  to  rebuild  Her  At,  and  c*ufe  the  tend  to  be  again  cat 
tivated  in  1 23B  * :   that  SoMa  AiuMdm,  the  Scijnlrian,  wlft 
reigned  at  Kontyah,  or  Ikonium,  in  Anatolia,  lent  a  cekbnnfll 
fcmbafly  to  congratulate  him  on'  his  acceffion  to  the  throne  rf 
the  MungU ;  and  that  0Jitey,  in  return  for  his  civility,  *tl 
^leafed  to  offer  him  an  employment  In  his  palace*;  vAak 
implement  Alatfddin  did  not  at  all  refifh.    It  is  added,  Ail  j 
.this  prince  was  fo  generous  and  liberal,  that  he  bellowed  mat  1 
than  ten  millions  of  gold  in  preffentsJ.    We  fhall  ilhiftrate  I 
this  part  of  his  charafter,  as  well  as  his  juftfcc^  by  fiwnc  fc|* 
fauces  related  by  AhVlghizi  Khan. 


.    f  Gaubil,  obi  fttpra,  p.  96,  &  feqq.  •  La  Croix, 

j>.  397.                 k  See  before,  p.  25©.  f  D'HaaBti,. 
p.  684.  art.  Oftai  Khan. 

fays  nbthing  of  her  religion:  Jajiu.  The  name  of  the  fourth 

however  that  be,  he  is  mach  de-  is  not' known, 

reived  as  to  the  time  of  her  (E)  La  Croix  affirms,  the  orief 

death,  which  happened  in  \  265,  tal  hiftorians  make  no  mention 

under  the  reign  of  Hi f  Hay  (or  of  Okfay's  children,  excepdag 

Kublay).  Gaubil.  —  PHerMtt  Ktyukx  the  eldcft;    but  Ahil 

puts  her  death   twenty   years  gland  Kba*  fays,  he  had  fite, 

earlier.  all  by  Turagana  (or  Turakma): 

(D)  According  to  Abulgbasci  1 .  Kayuk%  who,  during  his  fr 

Kh&n*  Ohtay  had  four  lawful  ther'slife,reudedia  the< 


wives:  1.  Buralpn  2.  Tara-  of  Pamak,  and  was  always  ia a 
gatia  •  mother  of  Kayuk),  of  the  languifbing  date  of  health.  2. 
Markat  tribe,  accord  ingtofome;  Kutan.  3.  Kubt>  who  was  4 
according  to  others,  wife  of  a  promifing  prince,  but  died  fee- 
chief  of  the  Ft  rats ;  who  being  tore  his  father.  4.  Karaxar, 
taken  captive,  and  her  hufband  or  Karajar.    r.  Kajbi*  fo  calkd 


flain.  Oh  toy  married  her  ;  and  hecaufe  born  at  the  time 
loved  her  better  than  his  other  Jengbi%  Khan  conquered  Taw 
wives,  although  fhe  was  not  gut  \  but,  as  he  gave  himftlf 
ytiy  handferne..     3.  Zazinx  or    up  to  exceffiva  drinking,  to 

gicg  in  (he  flower  of  his  age. 

A?QP* 


til  ^Mogdeftftm  505 

A  pMftt  fiMth,  leaving  made  fix  iron  flowers,  tvent  to  the  i+Khan 
itaket  in  order  to  fell  them ;  and,  obferVing  Vgaday  Khan  Oktay 
to  pafe  by,  held  them  trp  that  he  inight  fee  them.    The  "^--y 
Ehk  hereupon  fent  to  alk  what  be  meant  by  that  motion  ?  4ni*m 
Rfc  finith  atrfwered,    that  they  were   fix  lkewers,  which  /•**  ^        I 

fe  had  a.  mind  to  make  him  a  prefent  of.  '  The  Khan  ao  '        J 

ftpfeed  of  them ;  ahd,  in  return,  gave  him  {b  many  dinars,  or  i 

Sftforiis  of  gold:  v  , 

A»  indigent  perfon,  who  had  neither  Wtos  nor  children,  'A*$tUr. 
Ifttmg  waited  on  Vgaday,  one  day  gave  him  to  understand* 
that  he  had  an  inclination  to  fall  into  fome  little,  way  of  trade, 
(tot  Wanted  money  to  tarry  it  on.  Hereupon  the  Khan  ordered 
gK>  dinars  of  gold  to  be  given  him  out  of  the  -treafury. 
fome  court  lords,  who  were  prefent,  would  have  difliiaded 
Ike  Khan  from  this  bounty,  on  a  fuggeftion,  that  the  man, 
having  no  family,  the  money,  after  his  death,  would  pafs  ty 
(bangers.  But  Vgaday  did  not  countermand  the  order  j 
frying,    "  Since  this  man  has  Implored  my  affiliance,   it 

*  would  be  unjaft  in  me  to  fend  him  away  empty-handed, 

*  when  it  is  in  my  power  to  help  him.**    Hereupon  he  com- 
manded the  money  tp  be  paid  \i\tn  immediately;  adding, 

*  Now  I  have  done  my  part,  he  may  die  when  it  pkafeth 

*  God  :'*  In  efifcft,  the  old  man  had  fcarce  received  the  fum, 
t)eforehe  fell  down  ftark  dead. 

*  Another  poor  man,  named  Mufliest  having  complained  Athiri* 
to  Ugaday  Khan,  that  he  had  not  wherewithal  to  fupport 

life ;  he  ordered  5qo  gold  dinars  to  be  given  him.  When  he 
had  eaten  out  that  money,  he  came  again  to  fee  the  Khan, 
and  received  500  more.  Thofe  being  fpent,  like  the  reft, 
le  came  a-new  to  implore  the  monarch's  aififtance.  Here-, 
i  upon  the  lords,  who  were  then  in  waiting,  chid  him  for 
daring  ftill  to  importune  the  Khan  for  money,  after  he  had 
received  fo  much  already :  fayiftg,  it  was  unjuft  to  give 
fach  a  quantity  to  one  man;  and  that,  cqnfidering  hew  the 
caih  already  beftowed  on  him  had  been  fquandered,  the  trea-* 
fory  would  not  fuffice  to  fupply  hia  eKpences  long.  But 
Vgaday  finding,  on  enquiry,  that  he  employed  the  turns  he 
had  received  only  in  providing  well  for  his  back  and  belly ; 
ne  declared  that  he  could  fee  no  caufe  to  reprimand  the  man 
fp  much ;  and,  at  the  fame  time,  ordered  500  dinars  more 
to  be  given  him :  recommending  to  him,  however,  to  be  mQr$ 
frugal  of  them  than  he  had  been  of  the  former  thoufendt 

On  a  time,  a  man,  belonging  to  the  tribe  qf  Virats  (Oy-  htfanwt 
fats,  or  Brats),  who  hated  the  Mohammedans  exceedingly,  of 
came  and  told  Ugaday,  or  Oktay,  that  Jenghtz  Kbdn  had  ap^ 
fftrtf  t8  \m  i°  *  dream;  and  commanded  him  to  acquaint 


i 


5o6  JenghJz  Khan- s  Succejfors  B.IV, 

Tolyeko-  his  majefty,  that  he  would  have  all  the  Mohammedans  in  fak 
vols  re-      dominions  put  to  the  fword.   The  Khan  aiked  him,  If  Jengtit 
gency.        Khan  had  fpoken  to  him  in  perfon,  or  by  an  interpreter  ?  The: 
y**~0m)TmmJ  man  having  anfwer'd,  In  perfon ; '  the  Khan  aiked  again.  If  b: 
could  fpeak  the  Mungl  language  ?  The  Virat  replied,  tht 
he  could  not.     Upon  this  Ugaday  laid  to  him,  "  My  father 
"  fpoke  no  other  language :  how  durft  you  then  come  •* 
"  tell  me,  that  he  fpoke  to  you;  feeing,  that  neither  yap 
"  underftood  his  language,  nor  he  yours?"     And  having 
in  this  manner,  dete&ed  him  in  a  lye,  he  ordered  that  his  iat 
pudence  fhbuld  be  punifhed  with  death. 
bisjuftice.  ,    Another  time,  Ugaday  having  forbidden  the  killing flf! 
(heep  any  other  way  than  by  ftriking  a  knife  into  the  brtaftjr 
it  happened  that  a  Mohammedan,  who  had  bought  a  muttov 
carried  it  into  his  houfe,  and  privately  cut  the  head  off.   A ' 
Mungl,  who  fufpe&ed  what  the  MohaTnmedanintendcdfoto, 
by  the  care  he  took  to  fhut  the  door,  got  upon  the  houfe,  to  ■ 
'  look  down  the  chimney :  and  haying,  by  that  means,  boa 
witnefs  to  the  fait,  came  down ;  and,  feizing  the  man  by  the 
collar,  carried  him  bound  before  the  Khan.     Ugaday,  haviqg  , 
well  confidered  the  affair,  ordered  the  Mungl  to  be  put » 
deatht  and  the  Mohammedan  fet  at  liberty :  for   this  reafoi,  ■ 
that  the  latter,  by  taking  all  poffible  care  not  to  be  feeo  by . 
any  body,  had,  in  effeft,  obeyed  the  law  ;  whereas  the  far* " 
mer  had  openly  violated  the  law,  by  getting  upon  his  nrigk 
*  bour's  houfe  without  his  knowlege  k. 

CHAR    IL 

The  Regency  of  Tolyekona ;  and  Reign  of  Quey- . 
yew  Khan. 

S  E  C  T.    L 
tfhe  Regency  of  Tolyekona,  or  Turakma  Khatun, 

CM-  A   FT ER  the  death  of  Oktay,  the  eraprefs  Tolyekona  (K) 


jtted* 


ti'ay'i  ad-   £-^  caufed  herfelf  to  be  acknowleged  for  regent  of  the  em- 
™c'j€"     P""e  at  Karakorom,  in  fpite  of  all  the  remonftrances  of  Yd* 
k  Abu'lgh.  p.  153,  &  fcqq- 

(A)  According  to  La  Croix,  £>uey-ye<i&\Ti  1206;  before  which 

the  emprefs  TurakJna  was  fifter  time  it  is  not  probable  that  1 

to  Soltan  Jaldloddin.  Mem.  de  fifter  of  JaldWddin,  would  bare 

de  Trevoux,  May  1 71 1 .  - —  The  been  iixth  wife  to  a  fon  of  Ji+ 


CMne/e  hiftory  makes  her  of  the    ghix,  KJ:dn.     Gaubil. 
Naymachin  tribe i  and'  (he  had  '      , 


Cbu-tfi)  j 


C  2.  In  Mogulcftin.  507 

CM-tfay;  who  declared  that  Shelyemen  ought  to  be  pro-  Tolyt* o«. 

claimed  emperor,  in  obedience  to  his  grandfather's  will,  na'  rgm 

$ut  the  emprefs  reje&ed  this  propofal,  under  various  pre-  ^w^' 

tences;  and  knowing  dexteroufly  how  to  take  advantage  of 

the  abfence  of  the  beft  generals,  who  were  in  China  and  the 

weft,  fhe,  by  the  fupport  of  her  fon  §>ucy~yew,  and  feveral        .    ... 

chiefe  of  tribes,  governed  the  ftate  with  the  authority  of  an 

emperor.    Mean  time  ftie  gave  notice  to  the  commanders  who 

were  in  foreign  parts,  and  feat  them  orders  relating  to  thj»" 

wars.    This  princefs  had  a  great  deal  of  addrefs,  and  knew 

how  to  gain  the  intereft  of  the  grandees.     She  particularly 

made  ufe  of  the  fervices  of  Gautu-lauman>  the  Whey-hu  lord 

before-mentioned,   who  was  much  efteemed  by  her*   and 

through  her  means  hadinfinuated  himfelf  into  the  favour  of 

her  late  huiband.     As  this  grandee  managed  the  treafury, 

he furnilhed  Tolyehona 'with  a  great  deal  of  money;  which 

(he  employed  to  pay  the  troops,  make  creatures,  and  difpofe 

all  parties  to  content  that  her  fon  ftiould  be  emperor.  , 

TELU  Chb-tfay,  finding  he  only  loll  time  in  endeavouring  He  diet  . 
to  perfuade  the  emprefs  to  a  fpeedy  enthronement  of  Shelye-  with 
men,  attempted  to  remove  Gautu-lauman  from  the  miniftry  j  Zr'*f* 
by  reprefenting  to  her  that  the  finances  were  out  of  order, 
and  that  every  thing  was  done  at  Karakorom  by  dint  of 
money.     But,  far  from  paying  any  regard  to  his  remoii- 
ftrances,  GqutA-lauman  gained  a  greater  afcendant  than  ever 
in  the  mind  of  the  emprefs,  who  befides  was  much  efteemed 
by  all  the  Mungls.   Ytlu  CM-tfay  became  fo  greatly  chagrined 
to  fee  himfelf  as  it  were  difgraced,  after  the  figure  which  he 
bad  made  in  the  ftate,  that,  taking  it  deeply  to  heart,  he 
lied  two  years  after  (B)  at  Karakorom,  at  the  age  of  fifty-five. 

This  great  man  w;as  a  prince  of  the  Lyau  family,  as  the  His  cba- 
term  Telu  in  his  name,  indicates.  The  firft  time  he  wzsraficr: 
brought  before  Jenghiz  Khdn,  that  prince  afked  him,  "  If 
"  he  was  not  pleafed  to  fee  his  houfe  revenged  of  the  evils 
!<  which  it  had  fullered  from  that  of  the  Kin  ?"  CM-tfay  an- 
Twered,  "  That,  in  honour,  he  was  obliged  to  be  afFe&ed 
"  with  the  misfortune  of  princes,  to  whom  he  had  been 
11  inuch  beholden,  both  in  point  of  intereft  and  honour.'* 
Afterwards,  when  become  the  Khan's  prime  minifter,  his 
whole  ftudy  was  to  render  his  reign  glorious.  He  was  con- 
inually  infpiring.that  prince,  his  children,  and  the  Mungk 
n  general,  with  an  averfion  to  (laughter  and  pillage,  as  well 
15  a  love  for  the  people,  and  good  government.  The  pains 
tvhich  he  took  to  reform  the  manners  and  difpoCtions  of  the 

(B)  In  March  1245,  -  t 

4     4  Mungls 


'$<&  Jcngfife  KhinV  Sueceprs  B.  IV. 

Tolycko-  Mmgh  cannot  be  fuffidendy  commended.  He  was  their  fill 
aa")  re*  mafter,  and,  as  it  were,  their  lawgiver :  he  made  for  thra 
X^g-        a  kalendar,  which  he  finifhed  in  Perfia,  after  the  conference 

~^~  — r  which  he  had  with  the  mathematician*  of  that  country. 
£n*t  He  was  weH  verfed  in  the  Chhuft  fciences  and  hiftorj; 

***»/<gi:  and  poflefled,  in  an  eminent  degree,  tha  qualifications  of i 
minHler.    He  had  a  firmnefs  of  rcfalutifn  not  to  be  fbata,  < 
an  extraordinary  prefence  of  mind,  a  raft  knowlege  of  tfe 
countries  fubjeft  to  his  matter,  difcernment  in  the  choke  tf  j 
perfbns,  and  fare  refources  for  fnpplies  of  money  andjpr>] 
vifions  on  all  emergencies.  His  zeal  was  purely  dxfinterefln;  j 
and  he  continually  facrificed  his  own  advantages  to  diofe  rf  • 
the  (late.    He  was  at  great  expence  to  procure  the  Matfi 
workmen,' officers,  and  engineers,  from  all  countries.    At 
the  taking  of  Ning-fya,  capital  of  the  Hya  {cingdom,  the 
Mungls  committed  great  diforders  in  plundering  the  city  and 
pJace  of  the  king :  CH-tfay  took  for  Jus  part  the  geogra- 
phical maps,  the  books,  paintings,  and  feveral  bales  of  rhu- 
barb.   The  army,  after  this,  being  afflifted  with  a  malignant 
fever,  and  other  difeafes,  the  minifier  became  the  phyfidas; : 
and,  by  giving  rhubarb  to  the  foldiers,  feved  their  lives. 
mat  fir         His  zeal  for  advancing  the  fciences  was  very  ardent,     Be 
kmiing :  ffcfcued  from  death  many  thoufand  Chinefe  literati,  and  cadei 
public  colleges  to  be  built;  in  which  the  Mungls  were  Utrekt 
fiiftory,  geography,  arithmetic,    and  aftronomy.     He   fait 
for  learned  men  from  the  countries  of  the  fgtrs,  yfra&k, 
Perfia,  and  other  weftern  regions ;  and  ordered  many  boob 
to  be  tranflated.     It  would  be  endlefs  to  enumerate  all  the 
great  things  which  this  fege  minifter  did  for  the  glory  of  his 
matter,  and  happinefs  of  the  people.  This  appeared  in  nothing 
more  fenfibly  than  in  his  regulations  with  regard  to  the  cof< 
toms,  commerce,  the  public  granaries,  and  the  fabordisa* 
tion  which  he  introduced  among  the  Mandarins  both  civil  and 
military.     The  natural  ferocity  of  the  Mungb,  their  igno- 
rance, and  the  manner  in  which  they  had  been  educated, 
were  great  obftacles  to  the  execution  of  his  grand  defigns. 
He  procured  to  be  abolished  the  cuftom  of  fele&ing,  at  cer- 
tain times,   the  moft  beautiful  maidens  for  the  emperor's 
palace.     He  was,  with  regard  to  himfelf,  quite  irreproack* 
*ble.     His  fons  and  grandfons  were  educated  by. himfelf,  and 
formed  by  his  hand  to  the  love  of  the  fciences  and  virtue, 
One  of  his  fons  was  particularly  eminent  that  way ;  and,  from 
his  father's  jnemoirs,  competed  the  hiftory  of  the  Kin  add 
lyau\ 

*  Cavbh.  hift.  Gentcb*  p.  toi,  &  feqq* 

Arm 


C*;  /*  Mogukftatn  509 

AfteE  the  death  of  2>/«  CH-tfay,  Tolyekona,  at  the  in*  Tolyeko- 

(ligation  of  his  enemies,  had  an  enquiry  made  into  his  effe&s ;  na'  **m 

but  that  enquiry  filled  them  with  cgnfufion :  they  found  only  &*Q  ^    a 

a  fmall  quantity  of  money,  hut  a  great  number  of  volumes, '    ~jT  ^ 

Written  with  his  own  hand,  on  hiuory,  aftronbmy,  agriculf    'J', 
■m         '  ~i*     ,.,       •/•         r     •  1-  refiedntjs* 

tore,  government,  and  commerce.  They  likewiie  met  with   J      * 

ancient  coins,  mufical  inftruments,  old  books,  and  infcrip* 

tiogs,  cut  either  oa  ftones,  marble,  or  metal.    He  was  very 

fedukms  in  his  travels  to  amafo  thefe  forts  of  curiofities^  in- 

fiead  of  the  immenfe  riches  which  he  might  have  acquired, 

CM-tfay  had  many  enemies,  but  the  hiftory  (C)  has  done 

juftice  to  him ;  and  the  Mungls,  to  this  day,  bellow  on  hinj 

the  greatefl  eulogies.    The  remains  of  his  tomb  are  ftill  to 

be  ten  fome  leagues  to  the  fouth-weft  of  Peeking.    Let  us 

WW  return  to  the  Mungl  affairs. 

I*  1 24 1 ,  the  Song  generals,  who  had  retaken  Ching-rt-fA%  A  tram 
the  capital  of  Se*chwen,  left  there  for  governor  a  good  officer,  govemot; 
pamed  QAng-bng-ghi :  but  W<mg<Jhi*hyen  (D)  having  befen    A.  D. 
fcnt  by  general  Tahay  to  befiege  him ;  he  was,  after  ten  days     u*<# 
brave  defence,  betrayed  by  an  officer,  who  delivered  up  the 
dry.     hmg^chi^  being  taken,  was  put  in  a  chariot,  and  car- 
ried before  Han-chew  f  a  city  in  the  fame  diftrift,  in  order  to 
oblige  the  governor  to  furrender  :  but,  as  foon  as  he  became 
acquainted  with  theV  defign,  he  cried  out  as  loud  as  he  could* 
to  let  that  commander  know,  that  he  ought  to  die  rather 
than  furrender ;  on  faying  which  words,  he  was  immediately 
Cain.    After  this,  3000  of  the  garrifon  fallied  'to  attack  tho 
fyungls ;  but,  being  furrounded,  were  all  put  to  the  fword. 
Mean  time  Tue-Iima-t/e,  a  foreigner,  but  remarkable  for  hi* 
fidelity,  was  fent  with  a  train  of  feventy  perfons  to  the  Soog§ 
with  propolals  of  peace :  but,  on  his  way  through  Hu-quang9 
he  was  flopped  at  Chang-Jba,  by  the  officer  who  commanded 
there;  and  when  that  lord  could  not  be  prevailed  on,  either  4 

by  threats  or  promiies,  to  enter  into  the  Chinefe  fervice,  the 
Mandarin  imprifoned  him  in  a  fortrefs,  where  he  died  foot* 
after,  at  the  age  of  thirty-fix :  but  Hu-pi-tay  (or  Kopky)  Kbfa 
rewarded  the  Ton  for  the  loyalty  of  his  father. 

A  potent  army,  commanded  by  Teko  Noyen,   a  great  Meng- 
Mungl  lord,  andTelu  Ko,  a  Kitdn  prince,  having  marched  by.kongV 
the  way  of  Si-gan-fu,  capital  of  Shen-Ji,  and  entered  Se-  cari* 
driven,  laid  fiege  to  LA-chew.   This  news  coming  to  the  ear* 

(C)  The  Chinefe  hiilory  of  the  Kovg-cheng,  which  (p.  498 . )  fur- 

toungU  has  given  at  large  the  rendered  to  Kotwan ;  and  died, 

We  of  this  great  man.    Gaub*  much  regretted,  foon  after  Yelu 

(Dj  He  was  the  governor  of  Chu  t/ay.    Gaubil. 

.2  of 


5*0  JenghJz  KhihV  Succejjbrs  B.1V, 

Tolycko-  of  Meng-kong,  in  the  beginning  of  1242,  hecaufedthefro^ 
naV  #-*-      tiers  on  the  fide  of  Hu-quang,  which  he  guarded  wifh  greg 
gency.        attention,  to  be  examined ;  and,  finding  a  city  not  well  pn* 
^m00m)^mmJ  vided,  according  to  his  orders,  exit  oiF  the  governor's  headj 
This  example  of  feVerity  made  the  other  officers  more  tjk 
iant ;  and  it  had  been  happy  for  the  Song  if  all  their  geaerifc 
ha&been  of  Mcng-kong's  character  b. 
A.  D.         Prince  Gan-chi-tay,  who  commanded  at  Tfi-nan-fi, 
1244.     orders  in   1544  to  attack  the  Song  on  the  fide  of  "" 
yang-f&. in  Kyang~nan ;  and  in  July  1 245,  the  generals 
jau  and  Cha-han  made  incurfidns  into  that  province,  a 
Qgey-        as  Yang-chew.     In  the  fame  month  the  etnprefs  Tufakhdh,  \ 
yew  de-     more  properly  Tolyekona,  having  convened  a  general  affal "' 
dared        0f  the  grandees  and  prihefcs,  by  her  intrigues  got  her  _ 
*****        §uey-yew  to  be  declared  Khan ;  and,  foon  after  his  mMB; 
tion,  the  princes  Pat4,  Mengo,  with  the  generals  Sfyts^ 
Mangkufar,  and  others,  arrived  at  Karakcrafn,  after  an  A* 
fence  of  feveral  years/    Their  flrft  expedition  was  to  M 
north  of  the  Cajpian,  where  Mengo  defeated  a  prince  caQef 
Pacheman ;  who  was  taken  and  flain,  as  he  was  flying  to 
Conquefls    of  the  iflands  in  that  fea.  After  this  expedition,  they  mar 
imtbenuefl.  againft  the  Olotfe  (or  Ruffians),  took  the  city  of  TuB-tj 
and  facked  that  of  Te-li-tfan  ;  in  both  which  they  met 
ft  very  great  refiftance.     Then  they  ravaged  the  country 
Ye-lye-pan,  made  a  road  over  the  mountain  At/aU,  took  tie 
country   of  Machar  (E),    and   vanquifhed    king  Ky&fyl 
Being  advanced  to  the  river  Kon-ning,   a  great  battle  W 
there  foughr,  in  which  the  Mungls  were  beaten.    Upon  Ai! 
ill  fuccefs  Patu  and  Mengko  were  for  retiring ;  bat  Sipiti) 
kept  up  the  courage  of  thofe  princes. 
Death  of       The  news  of  Oktay's  death  made  them  refolve  to  retnrtf 
S&pu-      and  they  arrived  at  Karakorom  towards  the  end  of  the  yet 
toy-  1246J     Not  long  after,  Suputay  died  at  the  age  of  thirty* 

feven,  lamented  by  all  the  princes  of  the  imperial  family;  m 
efpecially  by  the  Mungl  officers  who  had  ferved  under  bifi. 
The  hiftory  remarks,  that  the  army  commanded  by  this  gef 
.  neral,  Pat. ,  and  Mengko,  entered  a  country  whofe  inhaWeni 
had  blue  eyes  and  fair  hair :  that  the  days,  at  the  famntf 
folfticc,  were  very  long ;  and  that  they  had  fcarce  any  nigk 
*  at  that  fcafon.  We  know  that  this,  and  other  armies  of  fte 
Mungls,  ravaged  Ruffia,  Poland,  Moravia,  Bthemia,  Atffri 

b  Gaubil,  p.  88,  &  fe<j. 

'  (E)  Meaning,  perhaps,  Mafar\  by  which  name  the  Turk  aal 
Tatar*  denote  Hungary. 


C2.'?  JfrMogufeftan;  511 

and  Hungary: :  but  it  b  difficult  to  difcovef  the  tames  WRich^.  Khan 
are  given  to  thofe  countries  in  the  Chinefe  hiftory,  which  Kay  iik. 
fptaks  of  them  in  fo  concife  and  corifafed  a  manner «.  *—~\~mJ 

SECT.    II. 
Tbe  reign  of  Quey-ycw,  or  Kayflk  Khan. 

THE  emperor  f$uey-yew  (A)  Raving  had  a  very  great  The  Bon- 
refpeA  and  tendernefs  for  his  mother  Tolyekcna,  that«a«  encou- 
princefs  had  the-  greater  fhare  of  the  government  in  her^^- 
hands.  Ghing-hay,  and  Gautd-human,  before-mentioned,  were 
his  chief  counfellors  (B) ;  and  it  is  under  this  Khan .  that  tile1 
Chinefe  hiftory  begins  to  ipeak  of  the  extraordinary  credit 
winch-  the  Bonzas  oif  the  weft  (C)  had  at  the  Mungl  court  ;■' 
whereas  during  the  reigns  of  Jenghiz  Kh&n  and  Oktay  Khan, 
neither  the  Bonzas  nor  Lamas  were  employed  in  affairs. 
Among  the  Accidental  Bonzas  were  two  brothers,  borri  in 
(D)  Chti-kyen  (or  Kafbmtr),  the  elder  named  Wa-to~chi,  the1 
younger  Namo.  They  were  both  very  learned  in  the  doftrines 
of  Fo,  and  loved  by  the  emperor :  who  gav$  the  former  a' 
gold  feal,  which  he  wore  at  his  girdle ;  -and  fent  him  as  com- 
miifioner  over  the  empirfe  to  examine  into  the  diftrefles  of 
the  people.    '    •    •  • 

In  September  this  year  the  Sang  empire  received  one  of  the  Meng- 
greateft  lofles  which  could  have  happened  to  it,  in  the  death  of  kong  £esi 

€  Gau-bil,  p.  103,  &  feq. 


(A)  ^Called  Gdjuk,  or  Ktsyik, 
by  the'Perfian  and  'Tatar  hifto- 
nans. 

(B)  It  does  not  appear  on 
what  grounds  La  Croix  affirms, 
that  the  two  fir  ft  minifters  of 
Ktyuk  Khan  were  Chrillians ; 
nor  :an  Gaubil  tell  what  to 
think  of  Chrillians  being  fpread 
through  Tartary,  and'  the  court 
of  the  Mungls.  It  is  certain, 
that  the  Chinefes  have  often  con- 
fide  red,  as  we  ft  em  Bonzas  and 
Mohammedans,  the  Chriftiatts , 
whom  they  have  feen  among 
them  ;  and,  notwithftanding  all 
that  has  been  faid  by  the  above- 
mentioned  author,  JXHerbelot* 
la  Chaife,  in  the  life   of  St. 


Lewis,  Marco  Polo,  and  others ; 
yet,  when  matters  come  to  be' 
compared  and  weighed,  one 
mufl  needs  adhere  to  what  is 
related  in  the  Chinqe  hiftory. 
Gaubil. 

(C)  Thefe  are  the  Lamas,  or 
*  priefta  of  Tibet :  called  of  the 

weft,  to  diftinguifh  them  from, 
the  Chinefe  priefts  of  Fo  ^  who 
are  Amply  named  Bonzas  by  the 
Portugueses,  and  Ho:Jbeng  by  the 
Chinefes. 

(D)  The  country  of  Kajhmi^ 
the  mod  northern  province  of 
the  Mogul  empire  in  India:— \v 
is  in  the  hiftory  exprefly  faid 
to  be  Ka/btnir.     Gaub. 

general 


Korea 
bumbled. 

A.  D. 

1247. 


Death 

t/Qucy- 
jew. 


Jengbfe  KJwnV  StKceJfors  I 
general  Mtng-hng.  He  was  a  native  of  7jh*y<ug, 
in  the  diftrift  of  fyang-juvtg  In  Ht-qwng.  From  {b 
of  the  war  io  ff*-*m9  the  #&/#/  commanders  held  Um  ia. 
great  account  for  his  valour  and  knowiege,  in  military  afiaki 
Where-evcr  he  had  occgfion  tp  fight  (he  Mungh,  he  defeated 
them*  A  feries  of  considerable  actions,  with  a  great  neglcftrf 
pleafure$aadxidLpsi  rw*$h  liberality,  asy*eU  aaa&fafyia 
comfort  the  poor  officers  and  foldiers,  joined  to  a  thorooftjl 
kpo^lege  of  the  jplacei  wjjfre  he  made  vm,  9#4  tht»  fufporrt 
by  ap  extraordinary  dqpqe  of  intrepidity  ap4  activity,  gang 
him  a  high  refutation  an*ong  the  Cki*ef*$  **d  7#rw,  Htlif 
withal  learned,  an4  delighted  tp  read  th#  ancient  book  4 

The  Jdqgdom  of  Korea  haying  rqfi&d  to  pay  tribafc* 
the  Mungls,  in  1347  %y*yyei»  feAt  tfritfeer  an  army,  life 
obliged  the  king  not  only  to  ftib*it  to  that  imposition,  m 
Bkcwife  tp  receive  cpmmander-*  appoi^tod  by  the  Mmfa 
The  hiftory  fays  very  little  CQticexnipg  t}w  r*iga  of  dil 
Khan,  or  bis  aftioos  either  in  Cbiw  or  T&ttary ;  and  A 
though  it  fpeaks  of  an  army  feat  by  hip*  ipto  the  weft,  ft 
it  neither  melons  what  it  did  there,  nor  the  country  m 
whidh  it  was  oeftiaed. 

In  March  1*48  (F)*  the  emperor  $#qfotw  died,  stib 

-  age  of  forty-three,  in  the  country  of  Hong-fyangA-cti^ 

He  haft  by  the  empnefs  IfaulihanHjh  named  by  the 

AfiatiQ  writers  Og*ig<i\umJh(K)y  tjiree  fons  m&  two daogfrioq 

No  mention  is  made  of  the  aftions  of  the  three  princes  (I). 

Ik 


(E)  One  of  the  claffical 
books  among;  the  Cbine/es,  ex- 
plained  by  Ju«£-/2-//£,  or  Ken- 

fufius.       Q 

(F)  The  year  of  his  death  is 
marked  in  the  hiftory  by  that 
of  the  ape ;  and  it  is  certain,  that 
his  death  happened  in  1248. 
QaubiL  Frier  Ruhruquis  could 
never  learn  the  circumftances  of 
this  prince's  death,  whom  he 
calls  KtnKben.  One  Frier  An- 
Jrcwt  told  him,  it  was  occa- 
sioned by  the  poifon  given  to 
him  by  Baatu*  orders :  others 
faid,  that  Baatu,  being  fent  for 
to  court,  and  being  afraid,  fent 
his  brother Stitcbin  before;  and, 
while  he  prefentcd  Ken^Kba* 


para 

3 


the  cap    at  table,   a  qpamj 
arifing  between  them,  thtjr " 
each  other.    Purcb.  Pil 
HI.  p.  23,  &  feq.  — 
lies,  or  ignorance. 

(G)  Others  fay,  in  ffty*k 

J$eyang-h-iuL     Its  fituauotjj 

not  marked ;  but  it  could  m^ 

be  far  from  Karakorm.  GaA 

(H)  So  we  find  her  atsfl( 
in  D'HerbeIot%  p.  358,  of  \k 
Bibliotb.  Orient. 

(I)  Nor,  it  feems,  of  tUb 
names .  La  Croix  fays,  the  0^ 
ental  hiftorians  make  no  me* 
tion  of  KeyuPi  children;  jd 
Abfhhozi  ghdn,  p.  157.  fcM 
he  left  three  fons,  Kboja,  Opi 
and  Bagu,  born  of  the  W 
mod*! 


C.  4-  AMogulcflln;  513 

.  The  eldeft  of  wb  princefles  married  the  prince  of  the  Pe-tata  3.  Rkd*> 
\  (or  white  Tata),  defcended  from  Alakus,  mentioned  in  theKay&k. 
reign  of  Jenghtz  Kbdn. .  The  younger  was  married  to  the  ^'  tm*mi*l 
grandfon  of  Stdgtt,  prince  of  Turfan. 

After  his  death,  the  emprefs  Waulihamlfb  (K)  governed  Empnft 
the  empire;  and^  whether  by  order  of  her  hufband,  or  ofWauli 
her  own  accord,  Ihe  refolved  to  caufe  prince  She-fye-men  to  renwi* 
be -declared  emperor,  purfuant  to  the  appointment^  the  em-    \ 
peror  Ogotay.   fler  rewpcy  was  not  very  happy.   Prince  She* 
lye-men,  who  wanted  IHting  of  the  emperor  but  the  name* 
made  very  little  accountof  the  grandees*and  princes ;  giving 
%jcef§  to  none  of  them  but  fuch  as  his  mother,  tft|  empreia 
dowager,  the  emprefs  WattU,   and  the  emprefs  Tolyekona, 
thought  fit.    Peopk  complained  loudly  that  the  court  was 
too  exp^nfive  in  jewfls  and  precious  ftones,  which  they  pur-     .  , 
chafed  cfear  of  the  Whey-bu  (L)  merchants;  and  thfc  the  fub- 
je&s  were  continually  forced  to  furnifh  horfes  to  the  lords, 
who  rode  poft  day  and  night.    Mean  ^yge  the  drought  and 
mortality  among  the  cattle  had  redu^^many  countries  to 
famine ;  and  there  vm  not  money  to^Py  the  great  armies 
which  were  on  foot.  %t  length  the  emprefs  regent  agreed 
with 'the  princes  and  great  lords  to  hold  a  general  aflembly 
at  Ho-tin  (or  Karakorom),  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  1251. 

At  the  time  appointed  the  ftates  met :  Part  (or  Batd),  Meng-ka 
eldeft  fon  offlmchi  (or  Juji),  prefidedig  thcaffembly ;  where  eltAeJ 
they. began  to  deliberate  about  proclaiming  an  emperor,    *•  P\ 
PaJa,  a  Mungl  lord  or  prince,  fpoke  firft  in  the  naine  of  the   *laSl* 
emprefs  regent;  and  declared,  that,  aqcording^o  the  orders 
of  the  emperor  Ogotay,   She-lye-men  .ought  to*  be  eie&ed 
Khan.    Moko,  one  of  the  fons  of  Tolry  (or  Tuli),  faid,  that 

mother,  named  Kbami/b  (doubt-  wars.    He  commanded  in  chief 

Ms  the  Haymijb  of  the  Cbinefe,  the  armies  fent  againft  Korea  » 

ant  Ganmijb  of  the  Perfian  blf-  and  conquered  the  country  of 

torians) ;   he  adds,  that  Bagu,  A:u,  near  the  Caftian  fea.  Gaub. 

who  had  a  fon  called  Oku ;  and  —-Where  thac  country  is,  does 

Oin^tenfons.  Both  this  author,  not  appear.     Abulgbdzi  Khan 

and  L^Creix,  put  KayvJCs  death  fays1,  he  outdid  ail  hie  prede- 

in  1246.  cefibrs  in  the  magnificent  pre* 

(K)  The  hiftory  blames  Key-  fents,  which,  at  the  beginning 

yeyo  for  not  having  governed  (>y  of   his    reign*   he    diftributed 

himfelf ;  for  giving  too  much  among  the  grandees  ofahe  em  • 

power,  to  his  mother,  and*the  pire.    Bat  that  was  to  fecure 

great  meo^as  well  as  favouring  his  intereft  againft  Sbelyemn. 

too  much^the  Boiraas  of  the  *(L)  B.y  the  Wbrf-hu  are  to  be 

weft ;  but  praifes  him  for  his  H-  underftood    properly  the  Mo*  1 

berality  and  his  courage  in  tie*  hammedan*  Gaubil. 

Mod.  Hist.  Vol.  IV.  L  1  ,    there 


5T 4  v  JengMz  Kh£nf  j  Succejfors  B.  IV. 

3.  Kkiit,    there  was  none  who  durft  oppofe  the  pofitive  command  of  i 
Kayuk.      dying  emperor.     Patu  faid  nothing '  at  firfl,  and  feemed  in* 
*-  ~w~,:J  cHned  to  execute  the  will  of  Ogotay.     The  brothers  asd 
uncles  of  She-lye-men,  with  the  fons  of  Quey-yrwt  acd  that 
friends,  followed  the  advice  of  Pala.  *  The  general  Manga* 
far  was  the  firft  who  propofed  Meng-ko  for  emperor :  he  in* 
feconded  by  Hu-lyang-hutcy,  great  general,  of  the  troops,  who 
made  a  fpeech  in  favour  of  that  prince ;  and  faid,  that  Ae 
circumflances  of  the  times  required  that  he  (hould  be  eleftei  i 
The  advice  of  the  great  general  was  of  mighty  weight  in  the 
affair.   In  fine,  Patu,  who  fpoke  laft,  declared  that  Merg4}  \ 
ly  tie        ought  to  be  chofen  (M).     This  opinion  being  carried  byij 
fata  i       majority  of  voices,  Meng-ko  was  accordingly  proclaimed  ttd 
ackowleged  emperor  at  Karakpromi     The  partisans  of  jfcV 
lye-men,  fpirited  doubdefs  under-hand  by  the  emprefs  regem, 
Appeared  refolved  to  proclaim  that  prince.     On  this  occafioa 
a  fecond  aflemWy  was  held  in  June,  at  the  fource  of  therhw 
Wa-rian,  or  Onon  :  but,  maugre  all  the  cabals  of  SJbe-fye-me*, 
the  princes  and  generals  of  his  party,'  the  eleftion  of  Meng- 
ko  was  confirmed ;  .and  the  year  1251,  which  is  the  year  ef 
the  hog  (N),  is  marked  in  hiflory  for  the  firfl  of  his  reign". 
tythein-       This  is  the  Chine/e  account  of  Meng-fo9    or  Maxg-h 
Jlumce        Khdn's  eleftion.     Let  us  now  fee  what  the  more  weftera  ]*> 
ftorians  fay  on  that  occafion.    According  to  Abfrlgh&id  A8&, 
after  the  death  of  Kayuk  Khan,  the  Mungls  were  long  n 
doubt  on  whom  to  confer  the  government,  coniidering  the 
great  number  of  Jenghte  KhAn's  defendants  :  bat  as  Sm* 
khoktney  (O)  Begii  fehan,  the  favourite  widow  of  Tauky 
(Toley,  or  Tidi)  Khan,  had  by  her  charities  gained  the  hearts 
9  of  all,  every  one  wifhed  that  the  empire  might  devolve  to  cat 

pf  her  fons.     It  is  true,  Bat&,  fon  of  Chuchi,  pr  Juji  Khh^ 
who  refided  in  Dajht  Kipjdk  (P),  feemed  to  be  the  periqri  Df* 
whom  the  fucceflion  naturally  had  an  eye :  but  as  he  bad  » 
defire  to  take  the  trouble  on  him,  he  invited  all  the  prince? 
of  the  houfe  of  Jenghiz  Kbdn  to  repair  to  him,  ia  order  to 

*  Gaubil,  obi  fapra,  £.  105,  3c  feqq. 

(M)  AccarAlngtoMx  Igbazi  .  (N)  In  the  duodenary  cycle 
Kldn>  in  gratitude  to  Batu,  for  of  the  Mungls  and  Tatars. 
the  fervice  done  him  on  this  oc-  (O)  Called  in  the  CLhtft 
cafion,  he  yielded  to  him  in  hiftory  Sarkutna. 
every  thing,  and  relied  on  him  (P)  That  is,  the  plain  of  jfy- 
*  in  all  affairs  of  confeqaence ;  jak ;  intimating  its  being  * 
he  like  wife  changed  his  name  champain  country,  for  ic  con- 
front Batu. into  that  of  Sqgbin  (Us  of  wide  extended  plains. 


Kkdiu 


choofe 


C.4-  /*  Moguleftan.  51$ 

choofe  a  Khan.     S6me  refolved  to  go ;  others  refafed ;  aL-  4.  Khan^ 
kging,  that  the  election  ought  to  be  made  in  the  place  where  Mangft. 
the  Khans  ufually  refided.     However,  the  widow.of  Taylay  ^ 
perfuaded  her  five  fons  to  attend  Batu's  fummons;  and  the! 
rather,  as,  being  much  diftempered  in  his  feet,  it  was  fit  they 
fhpuld  pay  him  a  vifit.     Batu  received  them  with  all  imagin- 
able honours  ;  and,  the  day  of  meeting  being  come,  recom- 
mended Mangu,  the  eldeft  of  Taidafs  fons,  as  a  proper  per- 
fon  to  fill  the  vacant  throne.    This  propofal  having  met  with, 
a  general  approbation  of  the  princes  and  lords,  they  agreed    . 
to  put  off  his  inauguration  till  the  end  of  the  current  year : 
and,  at  the  beginning  of  the  next,  viz.  648,  in.  another  af-     A.  D.' 
fembly,  he  was  proclaimed.  Khan*    When  the  ceremony  was     I2S°» 
over,  Mangu  treated  all  thole  who  met  on  that  occafion  for 
{even  days  ;  in  which  time  were  confumed,  every  day,  eight 
waggon-loads  of  wine,  two  of  brandy,  and  twenty  oFkumis* 
in  liquors.  There  were  likewife  killed  for  drefling,  300  horfes, 
as  many  cows,,  and  1000  fheep b. 

.        C'H  A  P.    IV. 
"The  Reign  of  Mcngko,  or  Mangu  KMn. 

THE  emperor  Mengko  had  much  vivacity  and  cou-  Fourth 
rage,  having  gained  great  experience  in  the  cam-  Kldu9 
paigns  which  he  made  in  Shen-Ji  and  Ho-nan,  witt  MengkoJ 
his  father  Tqley ;  as  well  as  in  the  war  which  engaged  him 
fo  long  in  the  weft.     He  was  perfonally  acquainted  with  thp 
vaft  dominions  of  the  Mungls,  and  moft  of  the  generals,  whe- 
ther Chtnefey  Tatars,  or  foreigners.     He  appointed  his  bro-        .    . 
ther  Hu'^ilay  (or  Kublay),  lieutenant-general  in  all  the  coun-    •  ^ 

tries  fouth  of  the  Great  Kobi>  or  defart ;  that  is,  of  Tartary 
bordering  on  the  great  wall  of  China,  Lyau-tong,  and  jthe  con- 
quered provinces  of  China.  He  nominated  generals  to  com- 
mand in  the  countries  of  Almalig  and  K  Jhgar,  on  the  river 
Am£,  and  in  the  parts  adjoining  to  the  rivers  Irtijh,  Selinga^  . 
Onon,  Tula,  and  Kerlon.  He  likewife  ordered  a  great  army 
to  encamp  near  Karakorom.  He  recalled  the  feals  from  the 
Mandarins  and  officers,  and  published  rules  for  government. 

Mean  "while  general  JMangufar  having  difcovered  a  con:  Pfoti/tfaZ. 
fpiracy*  formed  by  feveral  princes  and  lords,  in  favour  of  four  ■ 
Sht-lye-mcn,  he  was  ordered  to  feize  them :  which  he  -did, 
and  cut  off  their  heads.     Abtilghazi  Khan  relates  the  ckcum- 

*  Abu'lgh.  hift.  Turks,  &c.  p.'i58»  &  fcq.  *  GaUbil,    "' 

ubifupr,  p.  109 

Liz  "fiances 


5 1 6  JcngMz  Khan*/  Succejfors         B.  IV. 

4.  ££**,  fiances  of  this  plot  in  the  following*  manner^   Shortly  after 
Mangii.     Mangd  KhdrCs  advancement,  Shirant&n  (in  Chhufe,  Sbe-lp- 
1  men),  one  of  Vgaday  Kh&ri%  grandfons,  perfuadcd  the  otar 
princes  of  that  Khan's  race  to  make  away  with  Ma*gi} » 
having  ufurped  the  throne  in  prejudice  to  them.    This,  k 
iaid,  might  be  done  with  very  little  rifque,  becaufe  he  t 
fpefted  nothing.  The  propofel  being  approved  of,  Sbiram 
marched  before,  with  a  detachment  of  500  men,  and  im 
waggons,  loaded  with  arms.    Bat  a  domeftic  of  the  ESm, 
who  was  in  fearch  of  fome  flrayed  dromedaries,  happening » 
pafs  by  a  place  where  they  flopped  in  the  evening,  fufpe&i 
they  had  fome  ill  defign  in  hand,  and  hailed  back  tomfaa 
#/«SHira-    ^  Khan  of  it.     Mangtt,  on  this  advice,  font  1000  of  lg 
mun;        principal  officers,  with  2000  foldiers,  to  know  the occata 
of  their  meeting ;  and  being  anfwered  by  Shiramtn,  thitk! 
was  going  to  pay  his  compliments  to  the  Khan,  they  cot  1 
Jutted  hhn   and  his  followers  to  court.     Mangi  tratri 
them  very  handfomely  for  three  days :  but,  on  the  foart^ 
having  ftriftly  examined  fome  of  them,  concerning  them®- 
t  tion  of  their  ailembling,  and  they  confei&ng  that  it  was* 
revolt,  'he  put  to  death  fourfcore,  and  pardpned  the  reft,  to- 
gether with  Shiram&n,  and  the  children  of  KdyikKbk\ 
.    The  monk  Rubruquis,  who  makes  Shiram4n  Kayik'%  bfy> 
ther,  reports,  that  the  plot  having  been  difcovered,  modi 
lhe  manner  as  above  related,  MangA  Khdn  put  him  to  daA, 
,  <      '    with  his  eldeil  fon,  and  300  Tartar  lords ;  not  fpariogeiv 
the  ladies,  who  were  firft  whipped,  to  make  them  com 
However,  he  pardoned  Shiramtn's  youngeft  fon,  and  let  ha 
poflefs  his  father's  effefts  c. 
n»h§U  After  this,  Mengko  took  all  places  of  trod  and  confe 

ibatcbed.  ^uence  from  thofc  whom  he  knew  to  be  inclined  to  Sbe4/* 
fnen ;  and  caufed  that  prince,  as  well  as  others,  of  the  fadf 
of  Ogotay  and  Quey-yew,  to  be  narrowly  watched.  Abort 
the  lame  time  he  ordered  Holitay,  one  of  his  generals,  to  ea- 
ter Tibet,  and  put  to  the  fword  all  thofe  who  refufed  tofobok 
to  the  Mungh.  He  alio  appointed  Bonzas  of  the  fed  off* 
and  Fo,  to  govern  the  other  Bonzas  of  their  refpeftive  feb 
He  conferred  qn  the  princefs  his  mother  the  title  of  emprefs,aJ 
caufed  a  palace  to  be  built,  to  honour  the  memory  of  jritt 
.  *  .,  Toley  (or  Tuli),  his  father.  He  beftowed  on  him  the  dderf 
Whang-ti  (A),  or  emperor,  and  the  name  of  JA-i-tfing  (B).  j 

k  Abu'lo.  p.  159,  it  feq.        e  Purch.  pilgr.  vol.  iii.  p.  *J« 

(A)  Wheuig%  auguft *  JV,-  lord,        (B)  Ju  i,  full  of  fpirit;  tfa 
Sovereign.  refpeftable* 

Prho 


C  4-  '  AMbgulcftinJ  517 

Prince  Ht-piJay  (or  Kublay)  always   preferred  much  4.  JCkiw, 
cfteem  and  gratitude  lor  a  Chinefi  lord,  called  Tau*Jb&,  from  Mangft. 
whom  he  had  learned*  the  Cbinefe  language  and  literature.  £'£v**-J 
Jaw  was  one  of  the  moft  learned  men  of  his  time,  and  of  ^°^7 
known  integrity,  with  a  genius  and  prudence  more  thanw^»'* 
common.     When  Htl-pi-lay  went  to  take  pofleflion  of  his  • 

government,  he  carried  that  lord  with  him,  to  profit  by  his 
knowlege  and  advice.  Yau-JhU  began  by  prefenting  the  prince 
with  a  book  upon  good  government ;  wherein  he  fully  fet 
forth  the  manner  in  which  Hu-pi-lay  ought  to  comport  himfelf 
towards  the  Chine/es,  Tatars,  the  troops,  the  lords,  and  the 
princes  pf  his  houfe.  This  work  giving  Hu-pi-lay  a  higher 
idea  of  his  mafter  than  before,  he  put  himfelf  wholly  un- 
der his  direction :  and  to  this  {age  conduit  it  was  that  he 
owed  the  empire  which  he  afterwards  obtained.  By  Yau*Jb&* 
advice  he  applied  himfelf  wholly  to  war,  and  the  care  of  the 
troops  ;  leaving  other  affairs  to  the  Mandarins  appointed  by 
the  emperor,  . 

As  in  Ho~nan,  and  the  conquered  parts  of  H&-quang  and  the  Chi- 
Kyang-nan,  there  were  many  towns,  and  even  cities,  without  nefeyh*- 
inhabitants,  as  well  as  great  and  beautiful  plains  quite  defart ;  encts* 
Yau+Jh&  erefted  at  Kay-fong  F6  a  tribunal,  whofe  bufinefs  was 
to  aflemble  as  many  hufbandmen  and  peafants  as  they  could ; 
among  whom,  after  furnifliing  them  with  proper  necefTari.es, 
they  diftributed  lands  to  cultivate;'  and  fettled  what  they 
were  yearly  to  give  the  emperor,  towards  fupplying  the  pub- 
lic magazines   and  granaries.      This  regulation  extremely' 
pleafed,the  Chinefes,  who  were,  befides,  charmed  to  fee  HA* 
}i-Iay  {killed  in  their  fciences.     On  the  other  hand,  he  gave 
the  Tatars  no  lefs  pleafure,  by  paying  the  troops ;  by  well  di- 
ftinguiftring  the  officers  of  merit,  by  confulting  the  old  and  ex- 
perienced, (hooting  .with  the  bow,  going  a  hunting,  and  do- 
ing many  other  things  agreeable  to  their  tafte.  , 

In  January  .125a,  the  princefs,  mother  of  the  emperor  MengkoV 
Mengko,  died,  generally  lamented.      She  was  daughter  of/everty* 
the  prince  of  the  Kara-it,  brother  of  Wang- Khan ;  for  whofe    A-  In- 
itiations, as  well  as  tribe,  the  Mungls  had  always  a  very     ,2S2* 
great  refpeft.    About  the  fame  time  the  Khan  being  inform- 
ed that  feveral  princes  were  %ftill  inclined  to  fet  Sht-fye-mtn 
on  the  throne,  the  defire  of  keeping  pofleflion  caufed  him  to  do 
things  which  made  a  great  noife.     He  ordered  prince  Hoan- 
£»r,  fon  of  Hafar,  Jenghiz  KhAn\  brother,  who  command- 
ed the  troops  encamped  near  Karakorom,  to  make  a  review  of 
them  there ;  and  repaired  himfelf  in  fummer  to  that  city ; 
^herehe  ordered  all  the  grandees,  generals,  and  princes  of      * 
the  blood,  to  attend  him.   He  banUhed  the  princefs,  who  was. 

L 1  3  the. 


Jcnghlz  Khanf  s  Succejfors  B.  IV. 

the  third  wife  of  the  late  emperor  Ogotay,  and  confiscated 
her  effects.  He,  in  like  manner,  took  from  the  other  wives 
'  of  that  monarch  all  their  gold,  fdver,  and  precious  ftooes; 
-which  he  diitributed  among  the  princes,  lords,  and  officers. 
Prince  Hatan  was  exiled  to  Bijbbdleg;  Myeli  (C)  to  a  coun- 
try near  the  river  Irtijb ;  Perko  to  Kurchi  (D) ;  Toto  to  An- 
il (£).  Mongoto  (F)  was  banUhed  alfo;  as  well  as  the  bro- 
thers of  She-lye-men  and  prince  Haytu,  who  was  the  fon  of 
Hafbe  (G),  fon  of  Ogotay.  As  for  She-lye*mentht  was  fet- 
tered, and  confined  in  a  fortrefs  d. 
mod cruel'  But  what  made  the  greateft  noife  of  all,  was  the  fenteace 
(*•  of  death  pronounced  agaioft  the  emprefs  Wauli-haymifb  (H), 

ormerly  regent  of  the  empire,  and  dowager  of  §wy-jc*\ 
and  againft  the  princefs,  mother  of  She-lye-nun.  Sentence 
^as  executed  upon  both  thefe  great  ladies  ;  and,  to  palliate 
the  a&ion,  it  was  given  out,  that  they  were  magicians  (I), 
and  made  ufe  of  clivers  forceries  to  fet  the  crown  on  SbcJ/e- 
inert  s  head.  Bat  the  hiftory  difculpates  thefe  princefles,  vA 
treats  Mengho  very  ill.  It  fays  plainly,  that,  they  ought  to 
have  adhered  to  Ogoiay's  will ;  adding,  that  pofterity  wouM 
accufe  Mengho  both  of  tyranny  and  ufurpation.  After  this, 
the  new  Khan  bellowed  great  largefles  on  the  troops,  dim- 
niflied  the  taxes,  and  ordered  all  the  officers  to  hold  their 
troops  in  readinefs,  on  the  firft  warning.  This  fame  jc* 
Mengho  made  a  folemn  facrifice  to  heaven,  on  a  mouataii;  | 
and  informed  himfelf,  from  the  Chinefe  literati,  of  the  com 
monies  obferved  in  the  facrifice.    The  Lama  Na-mo  to  fe 

4  Gaubil,  ubi  fupra,  p.  109,  &  feqq.  1 

(C)  Hatan  and  MjeB  were  ver  of  this  name,  to  the  fcA 
two  of  Ogotay  %  fons.  of  the  Irtijb. 

(D)  Gauhil  knows  not  where  (F)  Perho,  Toto,  and  Mttgh 
Kurcbi  is  fituate.  Kurthi%  or  to,  were  grandfons  of  Ugafy 
K*ni,  has  a  great  fimilitude  (G)  This  muft  have  bea 
with  Kurjty  or  Kurj%  a  country  Kajhi, mentioned  by  Jbulghku 
mentioned  by  La  Croix,  on  the  among  the  fons  of.  Ogotaj*  9 
north  of  China ;  bat  that  coun-  hath  been  obferved  in  a  foracf 
try,  which  he  miftakes  for  Ko-  tote. 

rta*  appears,  from  circumflanccs,        (H)   By  the  oriental  aothat 

to  be  Ipau'tongj  which  we  can-  C2.\\ed  Ogul  GanmijSb.  In  the  life 

not  well  fnppofe  is  meant  here,  of  St.  Lewis,  Sharmis.  \ 

•  (£)   Gaubil  is  iikewife  at  a        (I)  Mengho  told   theanht&j 

lofs  for  Imili,  which  feems  to  fadors  of  St.  Lewois,  that  Ska* 

be .  Imily  a  city  mentioned  by  mis  was  a  forcereft  *  bat,  it  ■ 

Abul/araj  and  Jbflgbdzi  Khan;  likely,  ordered  thaj  none  thaM 

but  where  fitnated,  neither  of.  fpeak  of  her  death.   Ge*b. 
them  fpecifies.    There  is  a  ri-  < 

-  •  clard 


C  4*  ~      7*  MoguleftanJ  gif 

clared  ;head  of  hrs  religion  in  the  empire,  with  the  tide  of  the  4.  Kbdn, 
emperor's  do&or  and  preceptor.  -  His  brother  Wato-cbi,  ano-  Mangu. 
ther  Lama,  had  great  employs  at  court.  u— ^-^j 

In  December  the  Khan  ere&ed  the  lands  of  China  into  fiefs,  War-in  * 
for  the  princes  of  his  houfe.  H4-pi-lay  had  for  his  fliare  Ho-  Yun-nan. 
nan,  and  part  ofShen-Ji.  This  prince  having  received  orderi 
the  fame  month  to  attack  the  city  of  Ta-li-f&i  in  Tun-nan, 
he  took  with  him.  the  general  Hd-fyang-hutay,  m&Yau-jbt 
his  counfellor,  before-mentioned.  About  the  fame  time  en- 
voys arrived  from  the  country  of  Initi,  or  Hint&s  (K),  to  ren- 
der homage  to  the  emperor. 

In  February  1253  Mengko  aflembled  the  princes  and  gran-  Armiet     v 
dees  at  the  river  Onon,  from  whence  he  refolved  to.  fend  ix*fe*tfirtbm 
mies  on  foreign  conquefts;  one  to  India  and  Kajbmtr,  ano-     A.J). 
ther  againft  Korea,  and  a  third  againft  the  Khailfah,  or  Sol-     ,253- 
tan  of  B&ghd&d  (L).    This  laft,  the  moft  confiderable  of  the 
three,  was  put  under  die  command  of  Hyu-le»h&,  or  Hul&kA, 
the  emperor's  brother.  Among  the  generals  who  ferved  under 
him  was  Kokan  (M),  a  natiye  of  the  city  Cbmgf  dependant  on 
Wha-chew9  in  the  diftrift  of  Si-gan-f4,czfival  of  Shen-fi:  lie 
was  verfed  in  mathematics,  military  affairs,  and  geography ; 
he  was  likewife  in  great  reputation  among  the  troops. 

Prince  Hit-pi-lay  ^  who  had  aflembled  his  army  the  year  KoblayV 
before  at  Lin-tau-fjl,  in  Sben-Ji,  entered  Se-chwen ;  and  by  con^ti/h* 
difficult  roads,  through  mountains  and  precipices,  arrived  on 
the  river  Kin-jha,  or  the  Kyang.    Great  part  of  Tun-nan  pro- 
vince was  then  poflefled  by  princes  independent  bf  China.  . 
Tab,  in  particular,  had  a  king  of  its  own,  who  was.  taken 
with  that  city  in  December.     Hit-pi-lay  would  have  put  all 
the  inhabitants  to  death,  but  Tau-JM  diverted  from  that  cruel     •* 
defign.     The  prince  caufed  a  map  of  the  country  to  be  given, 
him,  fubdued  the  neighbouring  princes,  and  penetrated  in* 
to  Tibet ,  where  feveral  others  fubfnitted  to  him.      After  this 
he  returned  to  his  government,  leaving  Hu-lyang-botay  to  com- 
juand  the  troops. 

In  1254,  Dftengk*  again  aflembled  the  Tatar  princes  and  Hegv1*- 
lords,  at  the  fource  of  the  Onon,  where  he  made  them  grvsxtiommade 
prefents  in  gold,  fdver,  and  filks  :  he  likewife  fixed  what 

(K)  It  is  alfo  called  Sbin-tu,  fioned  by  the  Khan's  neigh- 

that  is,  the  country  of  India,  or  hours,   both    on  the  eaft  atid 

the  Hindoos  ;  called  Hindujidn  weft,   forming  defigns  againft 

by  the  orientals ;  who  alfo  di-  his  empire. 
flinguiOi  it  into  Bend  and  Send,        (M)  His  father  AW%,  and 

like  the  Cbinefes.  grandfather  Ko-pau-ju9  were  gf- 

(L)  AbVlgbfai    Khan    fays,  nerals  of  Jengbi*  KM*. 
thefe  expeditions  were  occa- 


Jenghiz  KhinV  Sucetjfm  B,  IT. 

the  emperor  was  thenceforward  to  beftow  on  them  everj 
year:  and  performed  another  facrifice  to  heaven.  Heonkredtk 
'troops  in  China  to  make  great  magazines  of  provifions  in  fock 
cities  of  Ho-nan  as  they  had  indofed  with  walls.    Hitbem 
they  had  only  made  incurfions  into  Se-chwen,  to  pillage  tk 
country,  from  whence  they  were  obliged  to  retreat,  and  ata 
with  lofs,  for  want  of  fubfiftenee.    For  this  rcafon  flkvgh 
.  M        ordered  general  Wang-te-chmg,  fon  of  Wang-fU-hyau,  to  k- 
0™**%'  clofe  fcveral  towns  with  ftrong  walls,  and  lay  in  (tare  of  p* 
vifions.    The  Khan  likewife  gained  the  love  of  the  people, 
by  the.  care  he  took  to  hinder  his  troops  from  ravaging  tk 
plains  and  lands  of  the  peafants.    He  caufed  diligent  enquiries 
to  be  made  fecretly  upon  that  head ;  made  thole  amends  vho 
h$d  been  fufferers,  and  punifhed  with  death,  even  ooafid* 
able  officers,  who  had  been  aggreflbrs,    Nay,  he  feverdy  pt 
nifhed  his  own  fon,  for  having,  one  time,  in  .hunting,  fpoSei 
the  plowed  lands  of  certain  coontrymen  \ 
Mangli         iN  February  1255,  HH-pi-lay  fent  for  a  famous  QrmtftV 
impro<vtd.  ^tzxd9  called  Byu-htng,  born  at  H*-ney  (N),  in  ff**an9*\* 
*'  **•    was  much  endeared  to  the  Mungls.  '  He  took  infinite  pus 
,***'    to  induce  them  to  ftudy  the  fciences ;  which  they  at  kagtk 
did,  under  his  tuition,  with  fuch  fuccefs,  that  they  fell  Jtat 
in  nothing  of  the  Chine/is  them&lves, 
fh  eourt      In  June  1256,  Mcngko  made  great  feafts  ibr  the  prion 
nmovid    and  grandees.    At  the  fame  time  he  received  homages  60a 
feveral  princes  of  Tun-nan,  and  the  neighbouring  princes,  * 
well  as  from  the  Saltans  of  the  weft.    As  Karakerom  fond 
to  him  very  incommodious  for  holding  general,  aflmbfies, 
mid  keeping  his  court;  he  ordered  a  Chimfe  Booza,  dW 
£yev>-ping*chmgi  to  chufe  a  place  in  Tartary,  which  might 
thenceforth  be  capital  of  his  dominions,     Ping-ckmg,  wi» 
was  a  man  of  great  genius,  (killed  in  mathematics,  hifarj, 
;#S]ian£-  an(j  almoft  all  parts  of  literature,  made  choice  of  *  place  ci 
ta*  led  Lang-kang%  to  the  eaft  of  the  city  Whan-chrw  $  where  chef 

built  a  great  city,  with  a  palace  for  the  emperor  and  grandees, 
temples,  and  tribunals j  the  whole  furrounded  with  high  tod 
thick  walls,  In  the  neighbouring  country  they  pitched  ca 
places  for  hunting,  lifting,  and  whatever  elfc  might  fervefa 
the  conveniencies  of  the  new  city ;  which  was  called  to? 
fittg/A  (0}>  and  in  a  fliort  time  filled  with  an  infinite  amfo 

•Gaubil.  p.  ii*,4rfe<i, 

(N)  In  the  diftrift  of  Wbay.        (O)  And  afterwards  Zhcn,  * 
Mn  Ti.  Lat.  429  25'  long  1 1'  50"  fd 

bcr 


C.  4  7*  MogulefUn.  521 

her  of  Chtnefet  and  Mungls,    Yet  Karakorem  ftill  continue*^.  £&&, 
to  be  considerable,  and  enjoy  a  jurifdiction  of  greater  extent.   Mangu. 

In  1257,  Mtnzko  fent  orders  to  his  generals  in  Se-chwen9  K  — y^y 
flu-quango  and  Kyang*nan,  to  prepare  for  attacking  the  &>«£  ExpeMttom 
on  all  fide* ;  refolving  himfelf  to  make  the  campaign  in  the  '?*'        ~ 
firft  of  thofe  provinces.    Before  he  left  Tartaty,  he  went  tq    '^  jy 
honour  the  memory  of  his  grandfather  Jenghtz  Khan,  in  the     ,  ™] 
palace  deftined  for  that  ufe  :  and  in  7^K  made  a  folemn  fa* 
crifice  to  heaven.    After  this  he  appointed  his  brother  Alipd- 
ho  (P)  to  command  in  Karakorom,  and-  left  the  general  Alan- 
tar  to  affift  him  with  his  advice.    Then  fetting  out  the  fame 
^nonth,  he  came  to  the  mountain  Lew-jan,  in  Shen-Ji,  where 
JfengMz  Khan  died.    He  was  fcarce  arrived,  when  he  unr 
deritood  that  his  brother  Hft-pi-lay  was  pome,  with  his  fa* 
piily,  and  without  any  attendance,  in  the  form  of  a  criminal, 
po  fubmit  himfelf  implicitly  to  the  orders  of  his  majefty  r 
-which  news  affected  Mengko,  and  began  to  remove  the  fufpi- 
£ions  which  he  had  conceived  againft  his  brother. 

HU-PI-LATyr*&  greatly  loved  and  efteemed  by  theGk-  KoblayV 

jufes,  whom  he  governed  with  gentlenefs.    He  was  zmibjLfrmdem* 

of  making  himfelf  independent ;  and  his  having  gained  the 

affections  of  the  foldiers  and  the  Chinefes  was  interpreted  to 

his  difadvantage,     Mengko  began  by  depriving  him  of  his 

.government,  and  turning  out  fome  generals,  who  feemed  too 

much  attached  to  him.    Officers  were  appointed  to  command 

in  China,  and  Mandarins  to  try  thofe  who  were  found  to  be 

jcriminals.     While  thefe  judges  repaired  to  Si-gan  Fuf  capital 

pf  Shenrfi}  and  prepared  to  execute  the  emperor's  orders ;  Hi* 

pi-lay,  ftunned  with  this  fudden  difgrace,  feemed  inclined  at 

firft  view  to  have  reeourfe  to  arms,  and  revenge  himfelf  on 

thofe  who  were  th$  authors  of  it :  but  as  he  did  nothing  j^^/ 

without  the  advice  of  Tau-Jb^  this  lord  counfelled  him  in-  grace* 

itantly  to  depart,  without  any  troops,  and,  throwing  him(elf 

at  the  emperor's  feet,  offer  to  give  up  to  him  his  wiyes, 

concubines,  and  children,  with  all  the  riches  that  he  had  in 

gold,  filver,  and  precious  {tones.     H&-pi-lay  took  his  advice; 

-which  had  (o  happy  an  effect,  that  Mengko,  when  he  beheld 

Jus  brother's  humiliation,  found  himfelf  touched ;   and  his 

pntieqt  tendernefs  for  him  returning,  he  embraced  him  fere- 

9-al  times  with  tears,  revoked  all  his  orders,  gave  him  full 

power,  and  ordered  him  to.  prepare  for  the  fiege  of  Vti-chang 

ffi,  capital  of  Hu-quang ;  then  to  march  to  Hang-chew,  the 

metropolis  of  Cbe-kyanfy  and  empire  of  the  Song*    At  the 

(P)  Called  4ribugat  Arigftuka,  B$&Artikhg*>  by  the  oriental 
authors, 

fame 


Jcnghfe  KbSn's  Succeffors  B.  IV. 

fame  time  he  nominated  general  Cbang-jau  to  command  under 
him  f. 

While  thefe  things  were  tranfa&ing  on  this  Gdc9Iiu-fyang* 
hot  ay,  after  the  conqueft  of  Tibet  in  1255,  fobdued  moft 
of  the  countries  bordering  on  Tun-nun  :  after  wKch  he  na* 
dertook  to  penetrate  as  far  as  Tong-king  and  Kochm-chin^ 
which,  at  that  time,  were  comprehended  under  the  name  of 
Can-Han.  Purfuant  to  tins  defign,  he  fent  officers  to  the 
king  of  that  great  country,  to  fummon  him  to  pay  tribute  to 
the  Mungls  :  but,  on  advice  that  thofe  envoys  were  impriiba- 
fed,  he  marched  to  the  capital  of  the  kingdom,  riiined  it, 
plundered  the  country ;  and  was  on  the  point  of  returning 
towards  Tali,  when  he  received  orders  from  Mengko  to  make 
all  poffible  hafte  to  join  Ht~fi~lay,  at  the  fiege  of  Vu-cbang 

Mengko*;      The  army  of  Mengko  was  divided  into  three  bodies,  ia 
/***»•        order  to  enter  Se-chwen  by  three  different  parts,  when  tie 
Arab,  Perjian,  and  other  foreign  merchants,  offered  die  em- 
peror precious  ftones,  valued  at  500,000  lyangs  (QJ).  The 
.  Khan  refufed  them  at  firft,  fayingK  that,  in  his  prefent  cir- 
eumftances,  filver  and  copper  money  was  of  life  to  Mm : 
however,  in  regard  to  the  general  Tfay-tyen-che  (R),  and  other 
Wefterfl  lords,  he  took  fome  of  their  jewels,  and  gave  them 
fihrer ;  but  forbad  to  offer  him  any  for  the  future*.     As  fooo 
is  the  army  decamped  from  the  mountain  lA-pan,  Po-U-cha^ 
"ft  great  Tatar  lord,  was  nominated  to  command  the  firft  bo- 
dy :  Mu-ko;  the  emperor's  brother,  led  the  fecond  :  and  the 
Khan  himfelf  would  conduit  the  third  ;  which  took  the  route 
of  Han-cheng  Fit,  in  Shen-Ji. 
Vigorous        The  Song  always  took  care  to  furnifti  Se-cJnaen  with  good 
•goftio*   troops,  well  officered ;  fo  that,  in  fpite  of  the  formidable  ar- 
mies of  the  Mungls ,  they  flood  their  ground  :  and  although 
beaten,  being  but  few,  they  commonly  retook  the  cities  wbkfe 
the  enemy  had  reduced ;  becaufe  the  Mungls ;  for  want  of 
provisions  and  forage,  were  obliged  to  withdraw.    Nytw4yen^ 
of  the  Ckanchb  tribe,   whofe  father  and  grandfather  were 
A  w     renowned  in  the  army,  having  been  fent  before  by  Mengie, 
3  2C8*    learned,  towards  the  beginning  of  the  year  1258,  that  At** 

f  G  aubil,  p.  1 14,  &  feqq. 

(Q^)    Or  r*/A;  amounting         (R)  An  Arab,  of  the  family 

to  2,500,000  Jivres.     Reckon-  of  Mobamuud,  who  furrendered 

ing  at  6  s.  8/  Englijh,  500,000  to  the  Mungls /on  their  irruption 

come  to  166,666/.  1 3  j.  4/.  M19  Arabia.    Sank.  . 

s 


C.4*  7»Moguleftlh.  gi§  . 

M,  general  of  the  Mungls  in  Ching-tA  F&9  was  reduced  to  4.  Kkdn9 
great  extremities,  befieged  on  all  fi<des  by  the  Song.     Here-  Mangu. 
upon,  being,  after  infinite  fatigues,  arrived  in  fight  of  Ho-  ^--v—** 
chew,  he  refolved  to  fuccour  AtaM.     For  this  purpofe  he  mffi  *** 
made  extreme  hafte  towards  him ;  and  meeting  by  the  way  ™*  S°nC» 
with  a  detachment  of  the  enemy's  army,  fought  them  for  a 
whole  day,  and  gained  a  complete  viftory.     For  all  this  the 
Song  took  Ching-t&,  and  Atahi  died.     Nyew-lyen,  driven  al- 
mofl  to  defpair,  for  not  having  prevented  that  lofs,  marched 
dire&ly  to  Ching-tti ;  and,  porting  himfelf  between^  the  city 
and  army  of  the  Song,  intrenched  his  forces,    In  fhort,  the  ci- 
ty, for  want  of  vittuals,  fiirrendered,  and  the  enemy's  troops 
thereupon  difperfed. 

NYEW-LYEN,  being  informed  that  Mengko  was  arrived 
at  Han-chong  F4,  left  the  government  of  the  city  to  Lyew-he* 
ma,  and  went  to  MaM ;  from  whence  he  fent  troops  to  fa- 
cilitate his  paflage  of  the  river  Kyan-lin,  over  a  bridge  of 
'  boats. 

The  princes  Moko  and  Tachar  (S)  having  joined  the  Khan,  Lang*     *    ' 
'  he  took  Long-gan  F4  ;  and,  at  the  head  of  his  choiceft  troops,  chewyfcr^  ' 
attacked  Lan-chew  (T).     Tang-ta-ywen,  who  had  at  firft  kit  renders* 
led  the  officer  fent  to  fummon  hini  to  furrender,  being  feized 
%  with  fear  on  fight  of  the  Mungl  army,  went  out,  with  de* 
fign  to  fubmit :  but,  changing  his  mind,  returned  to  the  ci* 
ty.     Mengko,  enraged  at  the  murder,  protcfted  that  he  would 
ruin  the  city  :  but  Li-M-lan-ki,  who  was  a  good  officer,  and 
native  of  Shen-Ji,  having  represented,  that,  without  the  aflift* 
ance  of '  Yang-te-ywen,  they  could  fcarcely  fucceed  in  the  war 
of  3e-chwen,  he  fent  an  officer  to  aflure  the  governor  of  hi* 
favour,  who  thereupon  furrendered. 

General  H&-lyang-h*-tay,  in  his  return  from  Gan-han,  Qgey-lfc 
entered  China  by  way  of  Tong-king ;  and,  proceeding  forward  Fu  taken* 
to  Quang-Ji,  feized  <%uey4in  FA,  capital  of  that  province,  not- 
witftftanding  the  difficulties  of  the  roads,  and  troops  of  the 
Song,  who  endeavoured  to  difpute  his  paflage.,  But  that 
Commander,  and  his  fon  Achu,  either  defeated  them  where- 
ever  they  met,  or  duped  them  by  falfe  marches  :  fo  that  thi 
Chinefes  were  furprifed  to  fee  him  penetrate  as  far  as  Chang- 
Jba,  a  city  of  Hu-quang%  which  he  inverted  ia  the  beginning 
of  the  year  1259  °.  v 

0  Gaubil,  p.  1 1 7,  &  feq. 

(8)  This  was  a  prince  of  the        (T)  Now  Fau-ning  Fu,  \n8fr 
Mood,  not  the  general  of  that    cbvoen. 


ttamc.    Gaubil, 


Th* 


5H  Jcnghfc  Kh&ttj  Stucejfors  B.  IV# 

4.  Khqn,       The  firft  day  of  the  fame  year,  Mengko,  with  the  army; 
Mangfi.     arrived  at  the  mountain  Chong-quey,  where,  in  a  great  tonra- 
ir^vp^cil  of  the  ancient  generals,  To-wAanf  of  the  Chalar  (or  Jd- 
hfi    j W  l*yr)  ^^  •'Snncd,  that  the  war  in  Sc<bwen  would  prove 
tJ*  j)     unfortunate,  as  the  heats  and  moifture  would  deftroy  die 
,25g"    foldiers ;  for  whicl\  reafons  he  advifed  his  majefty  to  return 
to  the  north.     But  Pa-ti-che,  of  the  tribe  of  Orla,  intonat- 
ing that  To-whan  fpoke  through  fear,  was  of  opinion  that  the 
emperor  mould  flay  where  he  was.     Mengko  praifed  that  ge- 
neral for  his  advice;  and  refolveo!  to  befiege  Ho-cbru>  (U), 
which  he  inverted  in  February.    The  place  was  ftrong,  and 
defended  by  Vangkyen,  a  very  intelligent  officer,  who  had  a 
good  garrifon,  and  plenty  of  provifions.   bu-ven-te,  gOTcmor- 
neneral  of  the  province,  who  fo  bravely  defended  Gan-fsng, 
in  Kyang-nan  \  watched  all  advantages,  and  loft  no  occa£on 
to  harrals  the  Mungls,  who  were  always  obliged  to  march  ra 
ftrong  bodies,  to  prevent  being  furprifed  by  the  troojps  which 
he  had  ported  in  all  the  difficult  paflages. 
eut  of  Jul-      ME  NG  KO  having  fent  a  Chinefe  officer  to  fmnrnon  Vang- 
fan.       •    kyen  to  furrender,  that  commander,  knowing   that  he.  had 
been  in  the  fervice  of  the  Song,  after  reproaching  him  with 
treafon,  ordered  him  to  be  earned  to  the  place  of  arms,  and 
put  to  death.     Mean  time  Nyenv-lyen,  advancing  to  join  die 
Khan,  caufed  a  bridge  of  rafts  to  be  made  hear  Fu-chew. 
Fuf  another  general,  went  and  encamped' near  $>uey-cbew9  00 
the  borders  of  HA-qisang*    It  was  not  long  before  Mmgh 
perceived  that  the  fiege  of  Ho-chew  would  coft  him  much 
trouble.    In  the  fame  month  the  Mungls  were  repulfed  before 
the  weftern  gate :  nor  were  the  attacks  more  fuccefsful  in 
March.     In  Jpril  the  thunder  and  rain,  which  continued  for 
twenty  days,  did  them  much  damage.     For  all  this  they  ooe^ 
day  fcaled  the  walls,  and  made  great  (laughter  among  the 
defendants.     However,  Vang-kyen,  after  oppofing  them  for 
feveral  day£  and  nights,  at  length  repulfed  them* 
The  Mean  while  Lu-ven-te  attacked  with  much  refolutjon  the 

Mungls     raft-hridge  at  Fu-chew  Fu,  and  got  into  the  city  of  Kon-chm 
diJlrtfeJ.    fy  eig;it  leagues  fouth-fouth-weft  (X)  of  Ho-chew.  There  he 
gathered  more  than  1000  barks  to  afcend  the  Kya-Rng ;  but 
being  attacked  on  that  river  by  the  general  She-tyen-che>  this 

•  See  before,  p.  501,  where  it  is  called  Gan-tong. 

(U)  La*.  300  8'  long.  1 0*8'    the  weft  border  of  Sben-Jiy  to 
weft  of  Pe-king.     In  the  Jefnits    the  foath-eaft  of  Si-m*g. 
map    it    is  written    Ko-cbeui.        (X)  It  ftiould  be  fouth-fouth- 
There  is  another  Ho-chrw,  in-    caft,  according  to  the    Jefuitt 

map  Qf£trfkvjtQs 

latter 


C-4-  7*Moguleftam  525 

latter  took  100  barks,  and  purfued  him  to  Chtmg-king.    Yof^  Kbdn% 
all  this  defeat,  Lu-ven*te  diftrefled  the  Mungls  greatly,  by  cut*  Mangti* 
ting  off  their  provifions,  which  was  one  of  his  principal  cares. v— "V^J 
They  differed  much  likewife  by  difeafes :  and  Vang*kyen  had 
always  the  advantage  over  them,  both  in  the  attacks  and  (allies. 
The  Mungls,  weary  of  the  fiege;  which,  notwithftanding  the 
diligence  and  bravery  of  Vang-te-ching9  who  had  the  condutt 
of  it,  was  very  little  advanced  in  July,  refolved  to  employ 
their  beft  trobps,  and  carry  the  place,  coft  what  it  would.  On 
the  other  fide,  Vang-kyen  and  his  garrifon  ftvore  to  perifh, 
fooner  than  furrender. 

The  tenth  of  dugujl  Mengko  vifited  the  works  ;   and  A  general 
fending  for  Wan-te-ching%  ordered  him  to  get  things  ready  aJfa*lu 
for  fcahng  the  walls  the  night  follc*ying.     Thefe  orders  were 
executed  with  much  fecrcfy  and  conduft.    The  Mungls  were 
already  mounted  in  great  numbers  on  the  walls,  when  the 
governor,  on  notice  given  him,  hafted  to  their  defence.   The 
afladants  cried  out,  Vang-kyen,  furrender,  andyoujball  have, 
your  life.     But  he,  without  minding  them,  aflembled  his 
people,  and  attacked  them  with  fo  much  fury,  that  Vapg-ie- 
clingy  who  mounted  the  walls  firft,  and  moft  of  thofe  who 
followed  him,  were  flain  upon  the  place :  the  reft  were  pur- 
fued by  the  viftor,  who  put  feveral  quarters  of  tjie  Mungls  » 
into  diforder.     Mengko,  upon  this,  ordered  a  general  aflauk, 
and  went  himfelf  to  the  fcalade.     But  Fang-kyen  was  not 
to  be  forced.      At  the  fame  time  a  ftorm  fell,,  and  blew 
down  the  ladders.     Hereupon  a  dreadfuj  (laughter  enfued, 
in  which  an  infinite  .number  of  Mungls  perifhed ;  and,  among  Mengko 
the  reft,  the  emperor,  whofe  body  was  found  pierced  with  JIaitt* 
feveral  wounds.     Thus  died  Mengko  (Y),  at  the  age  of  flfty- 
two,  after  a  reign  of  nine  years. 

Upon  this  difafter,  the  prince  Moko,  and  the  reft  of  the 
generals,  agreed  to  raife  the  fiege,  and  retire  towards  Shen-fi* 
He  likewife  fent  a  lord  to  invite  his  brother  Hu-pi^lay  to  re- 
turn into  Tartary,  and  be  proclaimed  emperor.  The  army 
after  this  decamped ;  and  the  herfe  which  carried  the  Khan's 
corps  was  placed  in  the  midft  ,of  a  great  body  of  troops  *. 

1  Gavbil,  p.  119,  &feqq. 

(Y)  According  to  Abulgbaxi  tal.    That  in  fpring,  a  mortality 

Kha*9Mangu,  having  fent  Koplaj  arifing among  his  foldier*,  his  gc- 

caftward,  and  Halaku  weft  ward,  neral^  would  have  had  him  rai& 

marched  himfelf  to  Cbinu  Ma-  the  fiege  :  but,  obftinatcly  refu- 

i&in,    or    Jinu   Man*    (rather  fine,  he  at  length  fell  ill  hirnfelf,, 

Chin  wa  Mackin,  that  is,  Chin  and  was  carried  off  in  eight  days 

and  Macbin)y  and  in  winter  laid  in  the  year  655  of  the  He]rah% 

fiege  to  QhinUy  or  Jinu%  the  capi-  that  is,  of  Chrift  1257. 

Tins 


£26  Jengbiz  Khan*}  Succejfors  B.IV. 

t.Kbdn,  This  Khan;' as  to  his  perfon,  was  of 'a  middle  ftatnre, 
Kublay.  and  flatrnofed  (Z).  Several  of  his  wives  had  the  ride  of  em. 
*  ~*  ~"— f  prcfles,  after  the  example  of  Jenghlz  Khan  and  Ogotay.  The 
™/™  wfirft  of  them  was  of  the  Hongkila^  (or  Kongorat)  tribe,  and 
mrm*trm  family  of  7V-i«.  By  them  all  he  had  five  fons,  and  fereral 
daughters. 

The  hiftory  reproaches  Mengko,  for  his  attachment  to  the 
Lamas  k. 

C  H  A  P.     V. 

The  Reign  of  Hu-pi-lay,  or  Kublay  Khan. 

-  SECT.      I. 

Progrefs  of  the  War  in  China,  ////  Peyen,  or  Bayau, 
was  made  GeneraliJJimo. 


Kublay 
marches. 

A.  D. 

1259. 


D 


kU  RING  the  winter  of  this  year,  Hu-^i-lay  (A)  parted 
from  Long-hang,  afterwards  called  Shang-t&\  and, 
in  July  1259,  encamped  to  the  fouth  of  the  river 
Ju,  in  Ho-nan.  There  he  forbad  committing  maflacres  :  aid 
having -given  one  part,  of  the  army  to  Chang-jau,  the  two  bo- 
dies reduced  the  fortrefles  which  are  near  the  city  Ma-cbixgr 
in  the  diftrift  oi  Whang-chew  >  in  Hd-quang.,    In  Sef>tembcr\& 

*  Gavb!  p.  121. 


(Z)xIt  may  not  be  amifs  to 
give  the  whole  paflage  wherein 
this  is  found,  from  William  dt 
Jlubruquisy  who  was  fent  into 
Tariary  in  1253":  in  January 
following  he  arrived  at  the 
court  of  Mangu  Khan,  and  was 
admitted  to  audience,  fitting  on 
a  bench  before  the  ladies.  The 
houfe  was  hung  with  cloth  of 
gold.  In  the  mid  ft  was  a  fire, 
made  of  thorns,  wormwood- 
roots  of  a  very  large  fize,  and 
ox-dung.  The  Khan  fat  on  a 
bed,  and  was  clad  with  a  robe 
of  fpotted  fur,  which  (hi nod  like 
a  fcal-lkin.  He  was  of  a  mid- 
dle ilature,  flat-noied,  and  about 
forty-live  years  old  (1).      His 


wife,  who  was  a  little  prettr 
woman,  fat  b'y  him  :  and,  it 
another  bed  near  it,  fat  Shim 
(or  Khirina),  one  of  his  daogjt- 
ters,  who  was  grown  up,  bet 
very  ill-favoured;  and  fcverai 
little  children.  Purcbas  pil- 
grim, vol.  iii.  p  25. 

(A)  D'Herbilot  writes  KebU, 
or  Koblay:  M.  Polo,  Ksb/aj; 
fome,  Kvpilay,  Kepi  lay.  Seve- 
ral Mungls  at  Pe-kinw  proiooi* 
ced  Hu  pi-ley.  The  Chinefa 
know  him  under  the  name  of 

Yqycn  Jhi-  tfu.      GaubiL L* 

Croix  writes  Kublay  \  in  Abut- 
ghdzi  Khan  we  read  Ksfley\ 
with  the  addition  of  Kban%  or 
Kkaany  in  all. 


1 

L 


(1)  Ht  was  tbtn  forty-eight  ytart  of  age* 


received 


C.  5.  1*  Mogulcftin. 

received  an  exprefsfrora  his  brother  Moko,  to  haften  hfe  re* 
turn  with  his  belt  troops  .-  but  Hu-pi-lay y  not  thinking  it  for1 
his  honour  to.  quit  the  country  without  doing  forae  .remark- 
able action,  afcended  the  mountain  Hyang-lfi  (B),  near  Han,* 
yang  Fu,  a  city  of  Hu-quang  \  and  took  much  pleafure  to  be* 
hold  the  courfe  of  the  great  Kyang,  which  hev  intended  to 
pais.  Although  the  Song  had  a  numerous  fleet,  and  many 
troops,  on  this  river,  yet  Tong^wen-ping  undertook  to  make 
the  attempt.  Having  embarked  with  fome  companies  of  fol' 
diers,  he  caufed  the  drum  to  beat,  and  rowed  brifldy,  to  at- 
tack the  vanguard  of  the  Song.  TJiefe,  aftonifhed  at  ths 
refoiotion  of  the  Mungls,  made  great  cries,  and  fear  threw 
them  iuto  diforder. 

Hereupon  Tongrvien-ping  making  afignal  tonhe  troops  Befage$ 
of  Hi-fi-lay,  this  prirjoe  embarked  ;  and  next  day  his  army  Vu- 
appeared  before  VHicbang  Fu.  The.  news  of  thefe  motions  chang. 
caufed  a  general  fear,  and  greatly  alarmed  the  court  at  Hang- 
chew.  The  emperor  of  .the  Song,  on  this  occafion,  opened 
his  treafures,  and  distributed  immenfe  fums  (C),  with  pieces 
of  filk,  to  his  troops  :  great  levies  we're  made  throughout 
the  empire  ;.  and  a  numerous  army  was  ordered  to  Han-yang 
Fu,  to  fuccour  Vu-chang  Ft*.  The  general  of  this  army  was 
Kya-tfe-tau,  a  man  raifed  to  the  higheft  dignities  of  ftate, 
without  talents  equal  to  the  charge.  He  was  neither  loved 
nor  efteemed  by  the  troops.  The  officers  could  not  endure 
to  be  commanded  by  a  perfon  who  had  no  experience ;  and 
often  openly  made  a  jeft  of  the  courage  of  their  general.  Kya- 
tfe-tau  was,  befides,  very  vindittive,  as  well  as  vain  :  often 
without  caufe  ufed  the  belt  officers  ill ;  and  in  the  difpofing 
of  pofts  jufver  confidered  the  merit  of  perfons ;  which  made 
feveral  of  them  refolve  to  go  over  to  the  Mungls,  from  whom 
they  were  fure  to  receive  better  treatment. 

The  governor  of  Vu*chang  Fu  amufed  Hu-pi-lay  at  firft  Mates 
with  falfe  hopes,  and  flew  the  officer  fent  to  treat  with  him  t  peace 
but  was  himfelf  flain  fome  time  after  in  a  fally  which  he  made. 
Kya~tfe-tau  led  the  greater  part  of  the  army  to  lVhdng-chev> 
Fu ;  and  in  this  march  fhe.wed  that  courage  did  not  belong 
to  him.  In  November,  Lu-vcnte,  governor  of  Se-cfrwen,  re- 
ceived orders  to  repair  to  Vu-chang  Fit,  to  command  in  that 

(B)  From  thence  one  has  a         (C)  They  reckon  10S  van  oi  ' 
profpecl  of  the  cities  Vu-chang    taels  in  filver,  or  5,500,000  li- 
ft Han' yang  Fu,  and  Han- kenv;     Vres  ;    7 700    <van   of  tyau,    of 
with  the  courfe  of  the  livers     kajLes,  or  copper  deniers.    The 
Han  and  Kyang.     GaubiL  iyau%  at  preient,  is  1 000  deniers. 

A  man  is  10,000  livres. 

important 


528  Jenghfz  JQAn's  Succejfors  RIV. 

5.  Khan,  important  place.  The  liege  went;  00  apace ;  and  the  garri- 
fcublay.  foa  had  already  loft  many  officers,  as  well  as  foldiers.  Kya- 
• v  ^*^~  tfe-tau,  apprehending  the  confequences  of  the  lots  of  that  ci- 
ty, fent  to  prop6fe  conditions  of  peace ;  one  of  which  was, 
that  the  empire  of  the  Song  fhould  become  tributary  to  the 
Mungls.  Bat  H&-pi-lay  .would  not  hearken  to  them.  At 
this  time  Kya^tfe-tau  learned,  by  an  exprefs  from  Wang-tya* 
what  had  happened  at  Ho- chew,  and  took  occafion  fraa 
thence  to  renew  his  proportions.  At  the  fame  juncture  2H- 
fi-lay  received  pofitive  advice  that  the  general  Alantar  y* 
doing  his  endeavours  to  fet  his  brother  Alipuka  on  the  throve; 
and  that  feveral  princes  and  lords  were  of  his  party.  Upoo 
mth  tbt  this  a  great  council  was  held,  in  which  Hau-kingp  a  learned 
So»g»  and  fage  eounfellor,  advifed  Hu-pi~lay  to  make  peace  wi& 
the  Song ;  to  fix  his  court  at  Yen-king,  and  caufe  himfelf  to 
be  proclaimed  emperor.  This  advice  being  followed,  Ky+ 
tfe-tau  promifed  to  pay  annually  twenty  van  of  iilver  (D),  sad 
as  much  in  filk,  by  way  of  tribute,  and  acknowledgement  of 
the  fovereignty  of  the  Mungls  over  the  Song.  In  confeqoaw 
of  this  treaty,  after  the  limits  of  both  empires  had  been  4* 
tied,  Hu-pi-lay  decamped,  and  repafled  thzKyang.  H&-fyaag» 
bo-fay  lXkewHe  raifed  the  fiege  of  Chang-Jbu,  and  aoflei 
the  fame  river,  in  his  way  to  the  north :  but  {bme  troops  of 
his  army  having  flayed  behind,  on  the  other  fide,  till  Fe- 
bruary 1260,  Kya-tfe-tau  ordered  them  to  be  put  to  the 
fword  (E). 

•  The  hiftory,  in  this  place,  reprefents  Kya-tfe-tau  as  cat 
>  of  the  moft  wicked  minifters  who  ever  exifteo*.     He  made  9 

fhamefol  treaty  for  the  Song,  and  concealed  it  from  the  em- 
peror U-tfong  (F),  who  believed  the  retreat  of  H&rpi-lay  wis 
owing  to.  that  officer's  valour  and  conduft  :  the  17b  foldiers, 
maflacred  by  his  order,  gave  occafion  alfo  to  give  out,  that 
the  Mungl  army  had  been  defeated.     So. that  the  court  at 
Hang-chew  lavifhed  their  praifes  and  rewards  on  Kya-tje-ta^ 
not  dreaming  that  what  this  wicked  man  had  dooe  would 
fhortly  ruin  the  empire  *. 
Proclaim-       HU~PI-LAT,  after  the  treaty  concluded  with  the  Smg 
td  Khan,    minifter,  left  Hu-quang  with  his  beft  troops  ;  and,  in  Decern* 
AD. 
1*60.  •  Gaubil,  hift.  Geritch.  p,  123,  &  fcqq. 

(D>  That  is,  a  million  of  li-  (F)  He  was  fourteenth  em- 

vres  or  about  90,000/-  fterling.  perorof  the  Soxg  dynafty,  wind 

(E    A  little  lower,  the  num-  ruled  over  the  fouthern  CM- 

ber  of  thofe  cue  to  pieces  is  faid  na9  and  confuted  of  tighten 

to  have  been  1 70.  princes. 


C?$7 .  A  MogukMn*  529 

her  following,  encamped  ia  fight  of  Ten-king,    HSU  retutfr  $.  Khdn 
produced  a  general  joy  in  the  people  of  the  QQrth,  who  wifh-  Kublay. 
ed  to  £*e  him  immediately  fettled  on  the  imperial  throne*  v«*v*^ 
Moil  of  the  princes  of  his  houfe,  as  well  as  of  the  Chincfes 
and  Mungls  t  but  above  all  the  princefs  of  Hongkila  (or  Kon* 
gorat\  his  firft  wife,  prefied  him  to  declare  htofdf  empe*, 
ror.    While  H&-pi~lay  feemed  unrefolved  What  to  do  on  this 
occafion,  there  arrived  a  Mungl  lord,  deputed  by  tiulagus 
4&d,  in  the  name  of  that  prince,  made  ftrong  inftances  for 
having  Hu-pi»lay  proclaimed.     At  length,  in  April  1260,     A.D* 
Moko,   Hu-pi+lay'%  brother,  Bat  an,  foui  of  Ogotay;  tyhom     1260. 
Mmgko  had  baniflaed  to  BtJbbdUg ;  Tacbar,  grandfon  of  Tys* 
piukQy  fourth  brother  of  Jenghtz  Kh&n ;  the  deputy  of  Hola* 
g&,  with  thoie  of  many  other  princes,  and  a  grand  number, 
<?f  Tatar  lords,  aflfembled  at  the  new  city  of  Kayping  Fut 
afterwards  S&apg-t69  in  Tartary,  and  declared  Hu-pi-lay  em? 
peror  of  the  Mungls.    Afterwards  they  faluted  him  as  fuch  j 
and  the  troops  did  the  fame.    The  Chinefes  every -where  made 
great  rejoicings :  and  the  new  monarch  thought  of  nothing 
but  to  dhuie  good  generals,  able  minifters,  and  above  all  wife 
'men,  who  fhould  promote  the  Hlk  manufactures,  commerce, 
tad  agriculture. 

Mean  .time  it  was  confirmed,  from  all  fides,  that  prince;  Ariktaga 
ARp&kd  (or  Aribuga),  intended  to  c&ake  himfetf  emperor :  afpires 
that  he  had  a  great  army  at  Karaforcm,  commanded  by  ge- 
neral Alantar :  that  he  was  Supported  by  the  princes  Afutay% 
Tu-Jang  ta*jhc,  and  Siliki,  three  of  Mengko's  fons,  befidea 
fome  others ;  and  that  many  officers,  who  ferved  in  the  pro* 
vinces  of  St-clrwen  and  Shen»Ji,  were  in  his  intereft.  Here- 
upon HA-pi-lay  ordered  his  generals  in  Tartary  to  fend  him 
an  exa&  account  of  what  they  knew  in  relation  to  the  in- 
trigues of  his  competitor*  In  China,  among  other  trufly 
lords,  he  made  ufe  of  Lyen*hi~hyen,  born  in  the  country  of 
Ig&r ;  Chang-ting,  a  Chinefe  \  and  Chau4yang-pof  a  native  o£ 
ffyu-cbe  (G>).  He  appointed  Hi-hytn  the  firft  governor-general 
of  Shen-Ji  and  Se-clrwen,  with  a  good  army  under  his  command* 
This  Hi-hytn  was  an  able  minifter,  as  well  as  general,  very 
learned,  and  had  a  prodigious  memory.  As  an  inftance  of 
his  merit,  prince  Hatan  deiired  to  ferve  under  him* 

Nor  was  Alipukd  idle  on  his  ps^rt :  he  fent  general  Atari-  to  the  tm* 
tar  into  the  northern  provinces  of  Tartary,  with  large  fums  pin* 
of  money,  and  quantities  of  filks,  to  gain  the  heads  of  tribe$« 

(G)  Or  Nyche,  the  country     ate  defcetided  from   the  Kin* 
of  the  Kin  and  Mancbcws,  who     Sec  before,  p.  47,  H  alibi. 

Moo.  Hist.  VoImIV,  M  m  Whin* 


Jenghifc  Khan'j  Suectffors  B.IT, 

Whetl-tji-hay,  governor  of  LH-pan,  where  Jenghfz  Kh&n  died, 
who  had  60,000  men  at  his  devotion,  joined  the  governor 
1  of  Cbing-tA  F&,  capital  of  Se-chwen  ;  while  other  officers  rf 
Alipu-kifs  party  ieized  Fong-t/yang  Fu,  in  Shen-fi,  and  car- 
ried on  a  correfpondence  in  Si-gan  F&f  the  metropolis  of  that 
province.  After  thefe  precautions  taken,  Alipuko  caufed  him- 
felf  to  be  acknowleged  emperor  at  Karakorom,  as  foon  as  be 
came  to  underftand  what  had  palled  at  Kay 'ping  F4.  Lyez- 
tay-ping,  and  A-M-wbay  (H)  (who,  in  the  time  of  Mengh, 
commanded  in  Si-gan  Fu9  where  they  were  hated  by  the  peo- 
ple, to  whom  they  were  a  charge),  being  now  at  Fong-tjyeag 
F&9  in  behalf  of  Ali-pu-kof  as  foon  as  they  heard  that  Hi-bp* 
was  on  his  march  for  Shen-ft,  fet  out  poft  for  Si-gan  Ft, 
where  they  arrived  the  firft  of  May,  and  began  to  perfoade 
the  inhabitants-  to  declare  for  his  party.  Bat  two  days  after, 
Hi-hycn  arrived,  and  gave  heart  to  the  people,  who  arigh% 
dreaded  the  return  of  thofe  two  officers  b. 
Attempt  $  The  general  immediately  caufed  the  order  for  acknow- 
raShen-ii.  leging  Hi-pi-lay  to  be  published  through  the  city;  likevifc 
the  patent  whereby  he  was  declared  commander  and  govern 
of  the  provinces  of  Se-chwen  and  Shen-Ji.  This  done,  k 
charged  the  officers  to  keep  Ariel  guard  at  the  gates  an! 
Walls,  and  to  examine  clofely  all  thofe  who  went  either  io 
or  out.  He  particularly  gave  a  fecret  direction  not  to  fufc 
either  Lyew-tay-ping>  or  Ho-U-bay  to  get  away.  Soon  after, 
the  guards  gave  notice,  that  they  had  flopped  a  ftranger  it 
the  gate,  who  faid  he  came  from  Li-pan.  This  was  a  traftj 
officer,  who  had  watched  all  the  motions  of  IVben-t&-bs*\ 
and  from  him  Hi-hyen  learned  the  names  and  number  of  thofe 
who  were  of  that  governor's  party.  Hereupon  the  general 
aflfembled  the  officers  and  Mandarins ;  and,  after  confuldag 
with  them,  caufed  Lyew-tay-ping  and  Ho-li-bay  to  be  put  un- 
der an  arreft.  Then  he  fent  Lyew-be-ma  into  Se-chwen,  to  pot 
to  death  Mi-lyo-che,  governor  of  Ching-tu  F&,  and  Kitay-pu- 
tvha,  who  commanded  on  the  frontiers.  He  gave  an  army 
to  general  Vang-lyang-ching,  to  go  join  prince  Hatan ;  and 
appointed  Pacbtm,  a  Mungl  officer,  to  iuftain  Lyang-cbing 
with  5000  choice  men,  drawn  from  Se-clnuen.  This  done, 
he  put  to  death  Lynv-tay~ping  and  Ho-lu-kay,  as  rebels; 
and  received  orders  foon  after  to  fave  their  lives. 
His  army  WHE  N-TU-HAT,  who  heard  all  this  news  with  fur- 
defeated,    prife,  plainly  perceived  that  Hi-byen  was  thoroughly  inftruft- 

*  Gaub.  p.  132,  &  fcq. 
(H)  Called,  lower  down,  He-lu-fay. 


C  5-  **  MfcgUkftail*       .  ~  531 

ed  in  matters ;  and,  lqfing  hopes  of  taking  Si-gan  Fn,  refolved  5.  Khan 
to  repafs  the  Whang-fa ;  and,  after  reducing  Kawchew  (I),  Kublay. 
went  and  joined  Alantar*     Prince  Hatan,  not  being  able  to  u"- m>Cm^J 
prevent  either,  marched  northward  with  his  horfe ;  and,  hav-  an^tn.e' 
ing.  encamped  between  the  rebels  2sAKarakorom,  fent  #1*  f  " 

hyen  an  account  how  things  flood.  As  he  was  quickly  join-, 
ed  by  Wang-tyang-ping  and  Pacbun,  he  refolved  to  march  in 
three  bodies,  and  feek  the  enemy,  whom  he  attacked  to  the 
eaft  of  Kan-chew.  When-tu-hay  and  Alan  tar  had  the  advan- 
tage at  firft,  by  means  of  a  great  wind,  which  incommoded 
with  the  fand  and  duft  the  cavalry  of  Wang-lyang-ping*. 
Hereupon  this  general  ordered  his  men  to  alight ;  and,  falling 
on  the  enemy's  left  wing,  put  them  into  diforder,  and  then 
potted  himfelf  to  the  north  of  them.  The  right  wing  like* 
wife  began  to  ftagger,  and  Pachun  wheeled  to  the  fouth« 
Mean  time  Hatan  cut  off  their  retreat  towards  Karakorom, 
and  made  fo  long  an  attack,  that  the  trodps  of  Alantar  and 
When-tu-hay  gave  way  on  all  fides.  Thefe  two  generals  were 
both  killed  in  the  battle  (K) ;  and  a  great  daughter  was  made 
among  their  troops,  who  were  not  able  to  retire  either  to* 
wards  the  north  or  the  great  wall.  In  fhort,  Hatan  and  his 
lieutenants  gained  a  complete  vittory ;  and,  by  this  means, 
Sben-Ji  and  St-chwen  became  intirely  fettled. 

This  year  Hu-pi-lay  fent  for  to  court  a  Chinejh  do&or  of  Goodrrgu* 
great  reputation,  called  Tew-m*>  an  intimate  friend  of  Tau-  latiom* 
Jbu  and  Hyu-heng.  He  was  one  of  thofe  whom  the  emperor 
confulted  moft  about  the  manner  of  governing  the  people : 
for  he  made  it  his  bufinefs  to  have  a  perfonal  knowlege  of 
thofe  who  were  beft  able  to  make  his  reign  illuftrious,  either 
by  means  of  arms,  the  fciences,  public  works,  wealth,  or 
commerce ;  and  laid  it  down  as  a  rule,  to  employ  perfons  of 
merit,  let  their  country  or  religion  be  what  it  would.  Ever 
fince  the  empire  was  founded,  very  few  (literary)  Mandarins  were 
appointed  to  govern  the  people,  and  regulate  the  affairs  of  pri* 
vate  men  ;  no  account  having  been  made  of  any  but  officers* 
The  perfon  who  at  this  time  kept  the  feal  was  called  TaJtia 
(L),  or  Targuji.  This  was  then  the  moll  confiderable  em- 
ployment, and  he  took  place  pf  the  minifters  of  ftate,  who 
had  riot  the  authority  which  they  poflefled  fince.     The  Khan 

(I)   A  city  of  Shen-Ji,  near         (L)  Talua  \s  a  corrupt  Cki* 

the  great  wall  of  China,  towards  rttfe  pronunciation "  of  Targuchit 

So-cbcnv.  or  rather  Targuji,  as  it  is  pro* 

(K)  Which  was  fought  ihMay,  nounced  both  by  the   Munglt 

according  to  fome  ;  to  others,  in  and  Mancbcws* 
Seftember.     Gaub. 
• 

M  m  %  ordered 


Jenghfz  KhanV  Succeffors  B.  IV. 

ordered  Lyew-ping-chong  and  Hyu-heng  to  fettle  the  number, 
order,  and  authority  of  the  Mandarins ;  with  the  fabric*  of 
y  each.  In  cbhfequence  of  whkh  he  appointed  the  feveral  tri- 
bunals of  minifters  of  date,  cenfors  of  the  empire,  cerane- 
nies,  Mandarins,  crimes,  public  Works,  war,  and  other  af- 
fairs. He  regulated  aHb  the  officers  of  the  army,  and  thofe 
erf  the  imperial  palace  :  fettled  the  tribunal  of  mathematics; 
and  published  all  thofe  different  regulations.  He  earned  the 
miferies  of  the  people  to  be  enquired  into ;  and  ordered  the 
ftate  of  each  country  to  be  laid  before  him  ;  letting  forth  wtat 
was  either  good  or  bad  hi  it,  what  it  produced,  and  what 
might  be  done  to  make  it  rich  and  commodious.  This  at- 
tention of  Hu-pi-lay  to  fuch  moriientous  matters,  acqwret 
him  much  honour  in  the  opinion  of  the  Chinejes ;  who  lite- 
wife  faw,  with  extreme  pteafure,  people  of  their  nation  pot 
fefs  very  important  polls  in  the  court,  the  army,  and  the  pro* 
▼ineesS 
Learning  HU-P  I- LAY  loved  men  of  learning,  and  fuch  were  fat 
encour  &  hjs  court,  who  were  of  all  forts  of  nations.  The  hifturf 
raged.  beftows  great  commendations  on  a  Perjian  lord,  named  €&*> 
ma-lu-ting,  who  was  an  able  mathematician.  He  compofei 
a  piece  of  aftronomy  for  the  ufe  of  the  court  •  and  prefeated 
the  emperor  with  large  and  beautiful  inftrumeots,  belonging 
both  to  that  fcience  and  geometry.  Gayfue  (M)  had  the  in- 
fpeftion  of  what  concerned  medicine,  and  was  one  of  tie 
principal  Mandarins  for  mathematics.  A  great  number  of 
men  from  Ig&r,  Perjia,  Great  Bukharia,  and  other  com- 
.  tries,  were  employed  to  tranflate  books.  In  imitation  of  the 
Chinefe  emperors,  Hu-pi-Uy  made  choice  of  the  moft  abb 
doftors  to  compofe  an  academy  :  they  are  called  Han-lin ;  and 
this  tribunal  is  at  prefent  in  great  confideratioo.  As  die 
Khan  aifembled  a  great  number  of  doftors  on  this  occafioa, 
he  fet  apart  a  diftinft  body  of  Han-hn,  both  to  write  and 
compofe  the  hiftoryof  the  empire.  At  the  head  of  thefehe 
placed  Wan-gu9  a  perfon  of  probity,  prudence,  and  capacity; 
who  furnifhed  good  memoirs  for  die  hiftory  of  the  Lyem  and 
Kin,  He  wrote  a  great  deal  upon  the  Chinefe  claffical  books, 
and  made  a  large  collection  of  imperial  edifts.     When  Jvr 

c  Gaubil,  p.  ij*i  &  feqq* 

(M)  The  hiftory  praifes  his  Fu4m>  a  great  country  weft  of 

charity  to  the  poor ;   and  the  the  weftern  fea.     Hence  it  ap- 

exa&nefs  with  which  he  per-  pears,- that  he  was  a  C&rijihs, 

formed  his  devotions  to  his  Fo,  and  perhaps  a  Frank,  or  £v*~ 

He  came  from  the  kingdom  of  pean.    GauM. 

ning 


C.5-  A  Moguleftin.  533 

ning  F&  was  taken  (N)  he  was  put  in  the  lift  of  thofe  who  5.  AZo* 
were  fentenced  to  die  ;  but  was  faved  by  Cf>ang-jau.  Kublay., 

Mean  time  Hu-pi-lay  fent  Han-king  to  the  court  of  the  y  — v—^ 
Song  emperor;  both  to  notify  his  advancement  to  the  throne,  Song«w- 
andexecute  the  treaty  concluded  with  Kya-tfe-tau,  during  *^erS 
the  fiege  of  Vu-chang  Fu.     But  as  tr|e  Chfaefe  monarch  knew  irMC   **' 
nothing  of  that  treaty,  his  miriifter,  fearing  the  envoy  would 
difcover  his  knavery,  imprifoned  him  near  Nan-king-,  and 
took  all  poffible  care  that  neither  Hu-pi-lay  nor  his  mafter 
Ihould  hear  any  thing  from  this  lprd.      The  Song  emperor 
indeed  was  informed  that  a  Tatar  envoy  was  arrived  on  the 
frontiers  ;  but  Kya-tfe-tau  had  the  art  to  turn  Ms  thoughts 
to  other  matters. 

The  Mungl  emperor,  being  young  himfelf,  took  a  great  A  Lama 
liking  to  Pafepa,  a  young  lord  of 'Tibet,  full  of  wit,  and  ve-  favourite. 
ry  polite.     Pafepa  was  of  an  ancient  family,  eminent  for  vir- 
tue, whofe  anceftors,  for  ten  centuries,  had  been  the  princi-     a.  D« 
pal  minifters  of  the  kings  of  Tibet,  and  other  weftern  princes.      1260. 
This  lord  became  a  Lama,  and  made  himfelf  cbnfiderable 
among  thofe  of  his  feft.     In  1260  Hu-pi-lay  fent  for  him; 
and,  in  December ',  declared  him  chief  of  all  the  Lamas,  with 
the  title  of  do&or  and  mafter  both  of  the  empire  and  the  em- 
peror.    China  and  Lyau-tong  were  divided  into  ten  depart- 
ments, with  each  its  officers  and  Mandarins  ;  and  ten  lords 
were  appointed  to  be  at  the  head  of  affairs  relating  to  them : 
an  order  was  likewife  published,  that  the  prefidents  in  aU 
the  tribunals  ihould  be'Mungls. 

HU-P I-LAT  was  likewife  pleafed  to  ordain,  that  the  fifty- 
fcventh  year  of  the  Chincfe  fcxagenary  cycle,  and  year  of  the 
fox  (O),  in  the  Mungl  duodenary  cycle,  that  is,  the  year  of 
Chrifi  1260  ihould  be  the  firft  of  his  empire.  He  alfo,  af- 
ter the  manner  of  the  Chinefes,  gave  to  the  years  of  his  reign 
a  title,  viz.  that  of  Chong-tong  (P),  of  which  the  year  above- 
mentioned  was  the  firft  d. . 

The  beginning  of  the  next  year  the  emperor  fet  at  liberty  jfffaiA  of 
all  the  literati,  who  had  been  made  (laves  during  the  late  Se-chwen. 

Gaub.  p.  136,  &  feqq.  1261. 


d 


(N)  Which  put  an  end  to  the  that  of  the  Dakik,  or  ben,  the 

fin  empire .  tenth  of  the  cy  els. 

(O)  There  is  no  fach  year  as         (P)  The  emperor  who  reigns 

that  of  the /a*  in  the  MuxgJ  or  at  prefent  (1726)  bears  the  ti- 

fotafait  cycle,  in  the   epocha  tie  of  fang-ching,  as  his  father 

Scribed  to   Uhtgh   Beigb,   by  did  that  of  Kang-bi.    1  heie  ti» 

which  the  year  1 260  ihould  be  ties  they  change  whenever  ^hcy 

think  fit.     Qaufr* 

Mm  3  jvars. 


r 534  Jenghlz  Khan'/  Stteeefftrs  B. IV. 

5,  Khan    wars.     Mean  time  Kya-tfe-tauy  the  &«£  miniftcr,    having 
fcublay.    mal-treated  Lyew-cheng,  who  commanded  in  the  quarter  d 
W—y-^  Li-chew,  in  Se-chwcn,  this  officer  put  himfelf  and  that  city, 
with  its  dependencies,  in  fubjeftion  to  the  Mungls.     Hen> 
#jppon  Lyew-yiven-cbing,  commander  of  the  Mungls  at  CZog* 
*?a  Fd,  went  to  pay  him  a  vifit.     This  coming  to  the  knowkge 
of  Tu-ting,  governor  of  Se-chwen  for  the  Song,  who  ^ 
Lyrw-cheng's  enemy,  and  had  been  his  accufer  to  Kya-tfe-Ua, 
he  marched  with  forces  to  inveft  Lu-chew.     At  his  approach, 
feveral  Mungls  were  for  abandoning  Lycw-cheng  to  the  fcrj 
of  Heng  ;  but  Twen-ching  told  them  he  was  refolved  to  & 
with  Lyew-cbeng  in  defence  of  fo  important  a  place.     As  fee- 
cours  happened  to  arrive  opportunely,  Lyrw-cAeng  mack  a 
fally,  and  obliged  his  enemy  to  raife  the  liege,  who  there- 
upon was  broken. 
AHpuko        In  Otlober  the  emperor  Hi-fi-lay  fet  out  for  Tartary,  fcl- 
dtfeated.    looted  by  the  princes  Hatan  and  Tachar,  with  a  great  body 
of  Chinefe  troops,  in  order  to  attack  thofe  of  his  brother 
<//lip£ko.     The  two  armies  met  at  Simuti  Nor  (Q_)  ;  Sphere, 
after  a  bloody  fight,  that  of  Alip&ko  was  intirdy  defeated: 
but  this  prince  broke  through  the  Khan's  troops,  and  retired 
to  the  north  (R).     Hk-pi-lay  took  pofleffion  of  Karai&nm, 
where  he  found  a  great  deal  of  riches ;  then  returned  to  Jfop- 
ping  Fu,  and  from  thence  to  Ten-king.     Towards  the  ead  of 
the  year,  Lycw-cheng  repaired  to  the  court :  and  Lu-i>enAe1 
the  new  governor  of  Se-cfrwen,  having  taken  Lu-chrw^  the 
beginning  of  1262,  Hu-pi-lay  made  Lyevj-cheng  governor  of 
*  $>uey-ckciv,  in  the  fame  province,  on  the  borders  of  /ft- 
(jxiang ;  and  this  lord  did  the  Mungls  great  fesvkes.  i 

-     (0^)  Sitnutu.  Novel  fignifies  marched  againit  him ;  but  be  | 

the  great  lake.     Naor,  or  N*r,  fled :  and  forae  time  alter  find*  ' 

is  the  Mung/  word.   Our  author  ing  means  to  be  reconciled  Id 

knows  not  where  this  lake  is.  his  brother,  obtained  his  favoor. 

^  .  (R)  According  to  Ab?lgbi%i  Abulgb.  hid.  Turks,  Igc.  p.  162. 

Khan,  Artokbuga,  having  been  — According  to  La  Croix,  after 

left  regent  by  Man^u  Khan,  on  the  laft  battle,  Artokbuga,  being 

his  death  got  himfelf  proclaim-  vanquifhed,    came   and   threw 

cd    Jthan.    and    flew    Koplay  himfelf  at  his   brother's  feet, 

Khans  envoy,  fent  to  difpote  who  only  made  him  fome  a- 

}iim  to  quit    his    pretenfions.  proaehes  at  fhrft ;  bnt  afterwards 

Mean  time  Burga  being  clefted  fhut  him  up  between  four  walk,  i 

Khan  of  Kifjaiy  after  the  death  covered  with  thorns  of  the  tree 

of  his  brother  BatttSaghinKhan,  Airagant,  and  ftri&ly  guarded 

ArttJtbvga  made  war  On  him  :  till  his  death,  which  happened 

bat,  having  been  defeated,  fled  a  year  after       £}&•  7**gbhyf.  \ 

towards  Karakum,  or  Karako-  399. 


rm.    ^  On  this  n$ws  Koflay 


LIT  AS, 


r 

I.C  5.  ifc  Moguleftin.  535 

LI-TAN,  the  fon  of  a  great  Mandarin,  who  had  forren-  $.  JCW» 
;  dered  to  Jenghiz  Khin,  commanded  the  Mungls  in  the  di-  Kublay. 
iftrifts  of  Tfi-nan  FA,  I-tu  (at  prefent  Tfing-chrw  Fu),  and  ^T"****4 
L  other  places  in  Shan-tang.    His  power  likewife  extended  over     !an  rf" 
*f  the  parts  of  Kyang-nan  fubjeft  to  the  emperor  Hu-pi-lay ;  w  ,u 
{[ever  fince  whole  acceflion  to  the  throne,  Li-tan  had  refolded 
to  jgo  aver  to  the  Song.     This  lord,  having  in  January  fent 
;for.  his  fon  from  Kay -ping  Fu,  caufed  the  two  cities  before- 
h  mentioned  to  be  fortified,  and  then  threw  off  the  maflc ;  de- 
^.jclaring  openly  for  the  Song ,  to  whom  he  delivered  up  feveral 
.places  of  importance.     On  this  occafion  Wang-ven-tong,  one 
of  H&-pi-lay's  minifters,  was.detetted  in  correfpbnding  With 
Li-tan,  and  put  to  death.     This  Li-tan,  who  was  a  good 
commander,  took  the  field,  and  made  fome  conquefts.    Here- 
upon the  emperor  ordered  prince  Apiche,  and  general  She* 
tyen-che,  to  hafte  and  beiiege  TJi-nan  FA  in  May.     Chang* 
hong-fan,  fon  of  Chan-jau,  who  was  pofted  on  the  weft  of 
the  city,  railed  a,  wall  of  earth ;  and,  having  laid  an  ambuf- 
cade  of  cuiraffiers,  left  the  eaft  gate  open,  and  dug  a  deep 
fob. 

LI-TAN  fallied  prefently,  to  attack  this  intrenchment;  Befieged 
and  while  one  part  of  them  pafled  die  ditch  and  entered  x^andjlain- 
gate,  the  other  fcaled  the  wall:  but  the  troops  in  ambufh 
ifluing  forth,  cpt  this  whole  detachment  in  pieces,  and  Li- 
tan  had  much  ado  to  efcape.  The  Song  had  indeed  fent 
fuccours  to  Li-tan;  but  the  general  who  commanded  this 
army  being  feized  with  fear,  on  his  entering  Shan-tong,  re- 
hired, after  having  conveyed  30,000  lyangs  (S)  to  I-tu.  The 
.Mungl  generals,. aft^r  this,  inclofed  the  city  with  a  ftrong 
wall  of  earth,  fo  that  Li-tan  could  make  no  (allies :  yet  he 
Hill  held  out ;  and,  after  having  confumed  all  the  provifions, 
faked  human  fleih,  and  had  no  other  food.  At  length,  feeing 
no  hopes  of  relief,  he  firft  flew  his  wife  and  concubines,  and 
then  threw  himfelf  headlong  into  a  lake.  However,  She- 
tyen-che  ftill  found  life  in  him,  and  flew  him  with  his  owu 
hand  ;  then  ordered  him  to  be  cut  in  pieces  (T).  After 
this,  the  army  marched  to  I-tu,  which  furrendered  of  its  own 
accord  c. 

The  Chine/e  great  men  who  were  at  court,  particularly  Thg  Song 
general  Kokan,  provoked  at  theconduft  of  the.  Song  tpwarcb  i*fi*cerity, 

.•  Gaub.  p.  138,  &  feqq. 

(S)  Or  taeit ;  that  is  250,000         (T)  This  is  one  of  the  tnoft 
livres.    Grub.  ignominious  treatments  that  can 

be  given  to  a  Chine/e. 

M  m  4  the 


J 


$%6  JcntfAzKh&s  face/on  ILVL 

r .  Khsn    the  Mungh,  preffed  Hu-fi~Uy  mccflandy  to  declare  War  againft 

JCtfblay.  them.  The  emperor  hereupon  complained,  in  a  manffeto, 
C*«"y^W  of  their  unfair  dealing;  and  either  being  ignorant  of,  or  dif* 
fembling,  the  detention  of  Hacking,  laid,  that,  before  h* 
refolved  on  "war,  he  would  wait  the  fuceds  of  that  envoy*! 
negotiations.  Mean  time  hie  appointed  Achuy  ion  oflfu-fyamg* 
JfOrtay,  who  was  reckoned  a  great  captain  (hating  foUorwed 
his  father  in  all  his  wars  in  Tibet,  the  Indies,  Gan-mui,  and 
Chink),  to  command  the  army  deftined  for  the  Couth. 
AhamaV  One  of  Hu-j>i-lay%*  faults  was  the  love  of  money,  it  was 
trt'fw  difficult  to  perfuade  him  that  the  Mandarins  were  fljflifiHfc 
Who  furnifbed  him  with  it :  or,  to  {peak  more  properly,  lit 
Was  not  pleafed  to  hear  them  ill  fpofcen  of,  Ahama,  a  Mo* 
^ammeddn  lord,  and  Arab  by  nation,  whs  one  of  thofc  bad 
fubje&s,  who  ftudy  only  to  procure  money  for  their  prince^ 
t>y  inriching  themfelves;  without  regard  to  the  nnlawfri 
means  -which  they  make  ufe  of,  the  evils  which  they  caufc 
to  the  ftate,  and  the  injury  which  they  do  to  the  reputano* 
bf  their  mafterv  Ahatns%  who  was  fuperintendant  of  the  en* 
ftoms  through  the  empire,  had  recourfe  to  many  contrivances 
phwkrs  tQ  deceive  W  emperor,  and  the  Mungl grandees.  He  would 
flfpcopk,  fubmit  his  accounts  to  none  toftt  the  emperor,  pretending  to 
be  independent  of  the  minifters.  Tew^me,  Yau»jbu,  Hyu-bemg% 
Zytiu-fing'Chon^  and  other  Chinefet,  knew,  from  the  firft, 
the  Qhara&er  of  Ahama,  and  did  not  fell  to  acquaint  die 
Khar*  with  it.  Chang-wen-kyen,  In  particular,  made  it  ap- 
pear,-that  it  was  contrary  both  to  reafon  and  practice  to  with- 
draw  the  euftoms  from  the  jurifdiftion  of  the  minifters.  As 
ffu'j>i-fay9  in  this  point,  followed  the  advice  of  the  Chiruje^ 
Ahama  had  recourfe  to  a  thoufand  artifices  to  be  revenged  on 
them :  be  caufed  vaft  fums  of  monev  to  be  brought  in  to 
\h$  emperor,  giving  him  to  underftana,  that  it  was  the  fruit 
'Of  his  good  management ;  when,  at  the  fame  time,"  the  mo- 
jiey  was  forced  from  the  people  by  his  commiflaries,  who 
Vere  men  of  no  credit ;  and,  indeed,  no  better  than  public 
robbers.  He  never  ceafed  urging  the  Mungl  lords  to  com- 
plain that  the  Chinefes  had  too  much  power.  But  Yau-Jim 
and  Hyu-heng,  being  matters  of  more  genius  and  addrefe 
than  Ahama,  they  difcoTCrtd  all  his  fourberies,  and  took 
care  to  make  the  prinoeCheng-ting  (U)  acquainted  with  them. 
Mtt«gls»  AHAMA  was  greatly  mortified  to  fee  the  illuftrious  Yau* 
tbeir  ignor  jhu  declared  prime  'minlfler  in  January  1263.     This  lord, 

,     (U)  El fc where  Cheng- kh.  He    not  appointed  heir  apparent  till 
wa*  the  fpn  whom  Hu-pi-lay  de-    the  year  1 273.    QaubiL 

•  who 


C.$.  /aMoguteftftn.  537 

who  w*s  one  of  the  moft  learned  men  among  the  Chitefes,  5.  A2«» 
CounfeUed  M*$i-lay  to  found,  in  all  die  countries  within  his  Kublay. 
vaft  dominions,  oollcgea  and  academies,  to  educate  youth  in r 
the  fciences,  arts,  and  good  behaviour.     The  Khin  himfetf 
was  feufible  of  die  ignorance  which  reigned,  for  the  general, 
among  the  Mungi  lords;  and  was  aihamed  tp  fee  die  dif- 
ference which  there  was  between  them  arid  the  Qnnefts,  a* 
wdi  as  die  (hangers  from  the  weft,   who  were  in  great 
hummers  at  his  court     The  Mtmgls  knew  only  how  to 
handle  'the  fword  and  bow ;  and  their  whole  fcience  was 
limited  to  fome  knowlege  they  had  of  horfcs.    HA-fi-lay  be*-  - 
jpm  this  reformation,  by  caufing  die  princes  bis  fons  to  be 
well  edncated.    Chau-j>i,  a  native  of  Tay~tong-f&,  had  already 
tranffated,   into  the  Mungi  language,   pan  of  the  claflical 
hooks;  and  Hyu^beng  made  an  abridgement  of  the  Cbmefe 
fciftory  and  chronology  (X).    The  emperor  gave  thefe  works 
to  the  Mungh,  to  learn ;  and  did  not  difdain  to  examine 
them  husfetf  upon  the  book  of  Hyu-heng. 

The  obfervation.  of  the  rites  due  to  die  memory  of  their  Palace  of 
anceftors  is,  in  China,  an  affair  of  ftate;  and  one  of  the  prin-  ancejlors. 
cipal  duties  from  which  the  emperors  themfelves  are  not  ex« 
empt.  H&-pi-Uy  built  a  magnificent  palace  (Y),  in  honour 
of  his  anceftors  ;  and,  in  March,  the  feme  year,  went  to  pay 
his  refpe&s  to  them  (Z).  He  was  the  firft  Mungi  prince  who 
performed  this  ceremony  after  the  Chvnefe  manner.  He  or- 
dered the  Bonzas  and  Lamas  to  recite,  for  feven  days  and 
nights,  the  prayers  of  their  Fo  (A)  -  and  fince  then  this 
pra&ke  had  been  obferred  every  year  (B). 

Mean 

(X)  He  agrees  exa£Uv  with  name  of  F$  is  derived,  which 

Couplet,  as  to  the  number  of  is  jgiven  to  their  object  of  wor- 

years  between  Yau  and  Hu-pi-  (hip  by  theC2/*i/f  Bonz?s,  call- 

lay.    GaubiL  ed  Ho-Jhang :  for  La  is  the  name 

(Y)  The  public  palace,  where  which    the   Bonzas  of  Tibet, 

the   Cbinefe   emperors    honour  called  Lama,  give  to  Fo. 

their  anceftors,  is  called  Toy-  (B)  I  cannot  tell  the  reafon, 

tnyau.  I .  Why  Hu-fi  lay  does  not  fpeak 

•    (Z)  The  name  of  them  were,  of  any  of  Te/uiay%s  anceftors. 

1.  Lyt'tfkt  or  Ytfukay.  2.  Tery-  2.  Why  he  fpeaks  not  of  the 

tju,  or  Jenghiz  Khan.    3.  Toy-  brothers  of  Jengbiz  Khan.    3. 

wog,  or  Ogotay.  4.  Gbu-ebj,  or  Why,  having  fpoken  of  Cbuchi 

J*ji.    5.  Cbabatay,  or  Jagatay.  zntiCbabatay,  he  does  cot  fpeak 

6.  Juitfing,  or  fel/y,    7.  Ting'  of  the  fifth  and  fixth  fons  of 

tMg*    or  Stueyyew  ;    that  is,  Jenghiz    Khan.      Before    this, 

Kayuk  Khan.    %.  Hyem-tfi*g9  or  among  other  ceremonies,  they 

Mengh  Khan.    Gaubif.  poured  out  and  offered  mares 

(A)  I  Jinow  not  whence  the  milk  to  their  anceftors,  while 

their 


* 


53*  Jenghiz  Khin's  Succttfors  B.W. 

c.  Khan  *  Mean  time  Lyew-cbing,  governor  of  Quey-ckno,  in  &• 
fcublay.  chwen,  was  contriving  how  to  get  pofieffion  of  Syang-yaf 
l"*^-*  an(*  Fan-cbing.     Lu-ven-U  came  to  be  made  governor  of  H+ 

Xtw?      quang,  and  his  brother  LA-ven-whang  was  governor  of  Syaag- 

^addrtfg  ^"^ :  *ey  Werc  'X)t'1  8°°*  o^ke*8*  ■**  wry  watchful.  Be 
r^'*  LA-ven-U  being  covetous,  Lyew-cheng,  by  means  of  tint 
fault,  laid  a  fnare  for  him,  which  he  did  not  expeft.  h 
the  (objects  of  the  Song  and  the  Mungls  carried  on  a  tnfc 
together  at  Syang-yang  and  Fan-ching^  Lyew-cbing  propoU 
fettUngoiftom»houfesnearthofetwotities«  Ltf-w/2-/*agreed» 
the  propofel ;  and,  finding  the  expedient  to  be  very  profitably 
built  large  ftorehoufes  for  the  merchandizes.  The  flbagk 
inclofed  their  magazines  with  walls  ;  and,  under  preteaoe  4 
defending  them  againft  robbers,  by  degrees,  introduced  Jet 
diers  to  guard  them  :  and  Lu-ven-te  perceived,  when  it  v*< 
too  late,  that  he  had  been  a  dupe  to  his  love  of  money.  The) 
Mungls,  too  well  fortified  to  fear  any  danger,  made  incar-j 
fions  on  all  fides,  and  were  very  attentive  to  obferve  vfo; 
went  in  and  out  of  Syang-yang. 
Arilcbuga  In  1264,  Lyew-ping-chong  and  Abama  were  declared 
fubmits.  nifters.  This  laft  had  the  management  of  the  revenue  aal 
cuftoms,  without  being  accountable  to  any  but  the  emperor. 
In  March,  prince  AHpuko  (C),  hrother  of  Hu-pi-lay,  vxh 
the  princes  and  lords  of  his  party,  came  and  fubmitted  than- 
(elves  to  his  clemency.  The  princes  he  pardoned ;  but  pat 
to  death  fuch  of  the  lorcjs  as  had  feduoed  them  to  take  <f 
arms.  The  emperor  gave  to  Kay-ping-fk  the  title  of  Sbng*\ 
tu  (D),  or  high  court ;  whither  he  went  in  March,  and  <fil| 
not  return  to  Yen-king  till  Auguft.  Every  year  he  made  tfck 
journey ;  and  his  Mungl  fucceflbrs  followed  his  example.  la 
January y  die  king  of  Korea  fent  an  envoy,  with  compliments 
to  Hb-pi-lay ;  and  this  cuftom  has  continued  ever  fince.  Thb 
year  Kya-tfe-tau,  the  Song  minifter,  aboliihed  the  paper 
money,  which  was  then  in  ufe  in  Southern  China,  and  fnb- 
ftituted  another  fort  of  paper  money;  which  raifcd  the  de- 
niers  to  an  exorbitant  value,  and  thereby  rendered  him  very 
odious. 
Gantong  In  1265,  Gan-tong,  defcended  from  Muhuti  in  the  fourth 
prime  mi-  generation,  being  then  no  more  than  twenty-one  years  of 
xijltr:  j 

their  Sam-man,  or  priefts,  re-  had  in  their  country  any  id*' 

cited  prayers.     It  docs  not  ap-  n  aft  cries  of  Lamas.     GauhiL 

pear,  that  any  of  the  emperors,  (C)  The  lame  whom  D*Bn* 

bzfortblv-fi-laythxi\\\Tay'myau,  helot,  p.  267,  cz&sArtghg*. 

or  temples:    nor  do  I  know,  (D)    The  Ciandu   of  AV* 

thzt,btfote$tf/yyiw,thtMunglj  Polo;  fpeiled, in Englijb, Cb**b- 

«g& 


C.  $1  In  Moguleft&n.  53$ 

age,  was  the  admiration  both  of  the  Mungls  and  Chine/*,  for  c.  KMn  • 
his  prudence  and  capacity.     The  moft  experienced  generals  Kublay. 

propofed  him  to  be  generaliflimo  of  the  troops  :  the  Cbinefe  v mvm*J 

grandees  counfelled  the  emperor  to  fet  him  at  the  head  of 
ftate  affairs  ;  and  the  moft  able  dodors  reaped  fome  inftruc- 
tion  from  his  converfation.  His  high  birth  and  good  mien, 
his  probity  and  referve,  rendered  him  beloved  and  refpe&ed 
by  all  the  lords  at  court.  He  was,  this  year,  chofen  to  be 
minifter.  The  firft  thing  he  did  was  to  fetch  Hyu-heng  back 
to  court,  and  learn  from  him  the  fcience  of  government. 
Hyu-heng  had  never  ceafed  to  acquaint  the  emperor  that 
Jhama  was  a  bad  man  ;  and  the  vexation  it  gave  him  to  fee) 
him  at  the  head  of  the  finances,  with  the  quality  of  minifter, 
made  him  retire  from  court,  to  apply  himfelf  to  ftudy.  Gan~  affbdatet 
tong  had  for  an  aflbciate  in  the  miniftry  a  lord  of  the  country  Pe-yen. 
of  Parin  (E),  named  Pe-yen,  who  was  of  his  own  charafter. 
He  had  paffed  his  youth  in  Perfia  and  Syria,  and  was  newly 
arrived  in  the  retinue  of  fome  lords  fent  by  HolagA  to  the 
emperor  :  who,  charmed  with  the  polite  behaviour  and  good 
afpett  of,  Pe-yen,  fent  to  fpeak  with  him  in  private;  and 
from  the  firft  interview  perceived  that  he  was  a  great  mafter, 
both  in  ftate  and  war  affairs.  Hu-pi-lay,  on  this  occafion, 
appointed  him  alfo  to  be  a  minifter ;  and  faid,  that  it  was 
not  fit  fuch  a  man  as  Pe-yen  fhould  be  in  the  fervice  of  any 
other  but  of  him  who  was  chief  of  the  Mungl  princes  * . 

In  1266,  the  Tay-myau  was  finifhed ;  in  which  there  were  Hallo/ 
as  many  halls  as  princes  honoured  there.  In  each  hail  was  ancefton. 
placed  a  tablet,  infcribed  with  the  name  and  title  of  the 
prince;  and  on  the  fide  of  fuch  table  there  was  another,  with 
the  name  and  title  of  the  princefs  who  was  his  firft  wife. 
Among  thofe  princefles  was  the  emprefs  Waulihamijh,  wife  of 
^uey-yew,  who  was  put  to  death  by  Mengko,  or  Mangu, 
Khdn.  This  year,  Hu-pi-lay  aflced  Te-whey,  whom  he  knew 
to  be  well  verfed  in  the  hiftory  of  the  Lyau  and  Kin,  if  it 
was  true,  that  the  Lyau  owed  their  rttin  to  the  Bonzas,  and 
the  Kin  to  the  Literati  ?  Te-whey  anfwered,  that  it  was  not 
faft  as  to  the  firft  ;  but  that  the  Kin  had  not  employed  the 
Chine/e  literati  enough. 

In  April  1267,  was  finifhed,  by  the  emperor  H4-pi-lay's  Ta-tft 
prdcr,  the  city  called  fa-tu,  or  Tay-tu ;  that  is,  the  great  city. 

f  Gaubil,  p.  142,  8c  feqq. 

(E)  A  country  of  Tartary,  to    Parin  is  the  Parin  of  Hu-pi-lay  s  ' 

the  north  of  Pe-che-li:  but  Gau-    t:mj. 
Ul  i?  not  fare,  that  the  prefent 

court  1 


Jcnghiz  Khan**  Snccejfors  B-  1Y. 

court ;  to  the  north-eaft  of  Yen-king>  named  alfo  Cbong-tf, 
or  the  court  of  the  middle.  Thefe  two  cities,  being  very  near 
1  each  other,  muft  have  made  a  very  fpacious  one.  Ta-t6  (G) 
is  the  bulk  of  the  Tatar  city,  at  prefent  called  Pe-king,  the 
capital  of  China. 
Syang-  LTEW-CHING,  having  perfuaded  Ht^i-lay  tobefiep 

yang  £*-    Byang-yang  and  Fan-chingf  before  he  made  war  on  the  Grand 
Ji*gc&        Kyangf  that  general  and  ^&jM  wer$  appointed  to  undertake  it 
yfcAtf  immediately  fet  about  fortifying,  a  poll  at  the  month  of 
the  river  Pe9  which  was  finiihed  in  December.    Lu-vsn  Whamg 
fent  his  brother  advice  of  this ;  and  obferved,  that  it  was  -*> 
be  feared  the  Mungls  intended  to  reduce  the  city  by  famine, 
fie  added,  that  it  was  neceflary,  without  delay,  to  fecure  the 
pofts  which  were  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  drive  the  Mmngk 
•ut  of  them.     Ut+ven-te  feemed  to  make  a  jeft  of  his  bro- 
ther's fears ;  faying,  that  the  place  was  furni/hed  with  pro- 
vifioas  for  feveral  years,  as  well  as  numerous  warlike  troop. 
At  the  fame  time  he  gave  out,  that  next  fpring  he  would  re- 
A.D.     pair  thither  in  perfon.     In  1266,  Lyew-cUng  and  Achd  at 
1268.     lembled  the  Chinefe  failors,  to  build  fifty  large  barks  of  war, 
,   And  exercife  the  Mungls  in  combats  on  die  river.     This  the 
two  generals  ordered  to  be  done  both  night  and  day ;  and 
Achtt  foon  became  very  expert  himfelf.    In  September  they 
formed  the  fiege  of  Syang-yang,  with  an  army  of  (evenly 
thoufand  men. 
Hayta  This   feme  year,  Hayti  (H),  who,  among  others,  as 

atyeatcd.  before-mentioned,  had  been  baniflied  by  Mengko,  becaufe  he 
favoured  She*fye-men,  appeared  in  Tartary,  with  a  great  army. 
This  prince  refolved  to  be  revenged  on  Mengko,  when  he 
jcould  find  an  opportunity :  and,  after  his  death,  founded  a 
confiderable  dominion  in  the  country  of  Akndlig  (I).  Be 
gained  the  affeftions  of  the  people  there,  and  drew  to  his  in- 
tereft  the  chiefs  of  tribes  who  encamped  to  the  north-north- 
eaft  of  Turfan,  as  well  as  to  the  weft  and  north  of  mount 
Alt  ay.  He  likewife  ftirred  up  feveral  princes  of  his  family; 
and  refolved  at  length  to  declare  againft  HCi-fri-lay  :  but  his 
firft  attempt  proved  unfuccefef ul ;  for  he  was  beaten,  and 
forced  to  retreat  to  Ahn&tig. 

(G)  This  is  evidendy  the  as  the  oriental  writers  name  it, 
Kanlala  (of  Kambalu)  of  M.  fignifies  the  city  oftbeKkam. 
Polo.  The  vcftigia  of  the  an-  (H)  Perhaps  the  Algu  of  A- 
tient  Ten-king  are  Hill  to  be  feen,  bufobaxi  Khan,  p.  163,  &  :  67. 
a  few  furlongs  to  the  fouth-  or  Naligu  of  others,  grand  fon  of 
weft  of  Pe-iing.  Gaubil. — Kan-  fagot  ay  Khan, 
balu,  or  Khan  palu,  fignifies  the  (I)  Between  Turfan  and  Kajb- 
falace  of  the  KJjdn.  Kbdnbalig,  gar  in  Little  Bukbqria,  often 
4  mentioned  before. 

SHE- 


C£'I  A  MogUleftin.  541 

&HE-TYEN-CHE,  having  been  made  generaliflimo  of  5.  Xfcfc 
the  army  to  be  fent  againft  the  Song,  amounting  to  300,000  Kublay. 
men,*  of  the  beft  foldiers ;  feveral  foreign  lards,  Ig&rs,  Per-  *******  J 
JigmT  and  Arabs,  as  well  as  princes,  and  chiefs  of  tribes,  de-  ^ffl  an'V% 
iked  to  ferve  tinder  that  Chinefe  lord ;  who  was  loved  and 
cfteemed  by  all.     This  general  examined  the  avenues  of 
&ya*g«yang;  and,  judging  that  the  fiege  would  belong,  in 
January  1269,  ordered  ftrong  walls  to  be  built,  to  cut  off 
the  communication  with  other  places;  and  caufed  great  re- 
trenchments to  be  made  at  a  poft  called  Lb-men,  to  fhut  up 
Fan-chin.    Mean  time  Say-tyen-che,  an  Arab  lord,   with  a 
great  body  of  troops,  moft  of  them  foreigners,  from  the  weft, 
had  orders  to  encamp  at  Ching-t4-fA,  capital  of  SeSwen, 
and  make  incurfions  on  every  fide  K. 

TATA:TONG-KO  having  introduced. the  J^»r  charac- Mungl 
ters,  the  Mungls  began  to  have  fome  notion  of  hiftory ;  and  charaSert 
the  natives  of  IgAr,  as  well  as  other  countries,  compofed  in<vtnttd9 
feme  books  in  the  Mungl  language.    After  that,  Yelu-chu-tfay 
fent  for  Chinefe  literati,  to  teach  the  Chiriefe  charafters.    The 
Perfians,  Arabs,  and  the  Lamas  of  Tibet,  had  likewife  their 
charafters,  as  well  as   the  Nyu-cbe  or  Kin,  and  Kitan  or 
Lyau.    The  Mungl  emperors  had,  fince  the  time  of  Jenghiz 
Kbtn,  employed  in  the  public  afts  the  Ig&r  and  Chinefe  cha- 
rafters; but  HA-pi-lay  imagined,  that  it  was  requiiite  for 
the  grandeur  and  glory  of  his  nation,  that  it  Should  have 
charafters  of  its  own.     He  gave  this  commilBon  to  Pa-fe-pa, 
chief  of  the  Lamas,  who  was  thoroughly  acquainted  not  only 
with  the  Chinefe  and  Lama  charafters,  but  alfo  with  thofe  of 
Tibet)  called  the  charafters  of  Tangut,  of  Ig&r,  the  Indies, 
and  feveral  countries  of  the  weft  of  Afia.    Pa-fe-pa,  having  by  Pa-fe- 
bcamined  the  nature  of  thefe  feveral  charafters,  with  their  pa. 
oonveniencies  and  kconveniencies,  rejefted  the  Chinefe  (which 
reprdfent  the  ideas  of  things),  and  thought  only  of  thofe 
irhich  were  proper  to  exprefs  the  different  founds.     Of  thefe 
be  formed  one  thoufand  5  with  rules  for  pronouncing,  fhape- 
ing,  and  Writing  with  them.     HA-pi-Iay  was  fo  well  fatiefied 
tfith  this  work  of  Pa-fe-pa,  that,  in  1269,  he  declared  this     A.  IX 
Lama  a  Regulo ;  and,  in  the  patent  which  he  gave  him,  was     1269* 
bvifti  m  his  praife.     In  February,  he>  by  edift,  ordered  his 
sharafters,  which  were  called  the  new  Mungl  characters,  to 
be  ufed  in  all  the  tribunals ;  although,  at  firft,  the  Mungls> 
*ho  were  accuftomed  to  the  Ig&r  letters,  as  well  as  thd 
Wmefo,  who  liked  their  own  beft,  found  fome  difficulty  to 
barn  the  new  ones. 

«  Gavbil,  p.  146^  k  feqq, 

Ik 


t 


542  Jenghiz  Khbn's  SuUtffors  B.IV. 

Khd*  In  March,  Hyd-quey,  general  of  the  Song,  altered  the' 
oblay.  Han,  with  a  great  fleet,  manned  with  an  infinite  number  of 
<— *******  foldiers :  but,  not  liking  their  looks,  thought  proper  to  re- 
Syang-  tjj-c  agjun,  though  not  without  lofsv  However,  that  rher 
yang \re-  overflowing  in  autumn,  Hya-quey  took  advantage  of  the  in- 
'  undation,  and  entered  Syang-yang,  with  all  forts  of  neoefla- 

ries,  in  fpite  of  Achk ;  who  yet  defeated  him  in  his  return. 
1  Simpe  the  time  lA-ven-te  had  been  duped  by  Lyeiu-ehong,  he 

became  inconfokble  for  his  error ;    and  the  fiege  of  the 
above-mentioned  city  gave  him  fo  much  vexation,  that  he 
died  in  December  this  year.     The  death  of  this  general  gaie 
a  mortal  wound  to  the  Song  affairs ;  and  the  Mungls,  con- 
trary to  their  cuftom,  proceeded  with  fo  much  precaution  be* 
fore  Syang-yang,  only  becaufe  they  feared  the  ability,  atten- 
tion, and  bravery,  ot  LU-ven-te,  'from  whom  they  had  fiif- 
fered  fo  many  evils  in  Se~chwen. 
Ahama'*        In  1270,  Ahama  began  to  dread  the  probity  and  genxas 
power:      of  feveral  great  lords  who  were  at  court.     He  had  found 
means  to  render  the  fidelity  of  Lyen-hyen  fufpeded  and  re- 
move him  from  court :  but  this  miniftcr,  having  cleared  him- 
felf,  refumed  his  employment,   and  joined  more  than  ever 
with  the  Cbinefe  grandees,  to  deftroy  Ahama.     This  ™i^*far 
accufed  Hi-hyen  of  negligence,  in  fuffering  an  officer  within 
his  juridi&ion  to  remain  in  prifon,  after  the  emperor  had  or- 
dered his  difcharge.    On  Ahama9s  complaint,  Hi-hyen  was  re- 
moved, and  fent  home ;  where  he  lived  like  a  philofbphcz. 
Hb-pi-lay  one  day  aflced  the  lords  about  him,  what  FO-hyea 
did  in  his  houfe  ?   Ahama  made  anfwer,  and  faid,  bejfent  ih 
time  in  plays  and  feafting.     The  emperor,  offended  at  thk 
difcourfe,  replied,  that  Hi-hyen  was  too  poor  to  think  offeajh 
and  comedies, 
di /graces        HI-HYEN,   although  a  ftranger,  was  in  great  efteen 
Hi-hyen :  among  the  Chinefe  literati,  becaufe  he  profefled  to  follow  the 
doftrine  of  Konfuftus.    He  tas  an  enemy  to  the  Moham 
medans,  Tau-tfe,  and  Bonzas ;  efpecially  the  Lamas,  or  thofc 
of  Tibet.     A  Tau-tfe,  who  had  accefs  to  court,  would  fain 
perfuade  the  emperor  to  drink  a  liquor ;  which,  according  » 
the  principles  of  his  fe&,  would  prolong  his  life,  and  nuke 
him  happy  after, death.     Hi-hyen,  being  confulted  hereupon 
by  the  emperor,  made  a  fine  fatire  on  the  feft  of  Tau-tft; 
concluding  with  an  harangue  on  the  long  life  and  virtues  of 
the  antient  emperors  Tau  and  Shun.     Hu*j>i-lay   after  this 
difmifled  the  Tau-tfe ;  but  would  perfuade  Hi-hyen  to  follow 
the  maxims  and  rules  of  conduit  laid  down  by  Pa-fe-fa 
Hi-hyen  anfwered,  that  he  followed  the  rules  of  Konfuftus : 
and,  without  beiog  afraid,  repeated  the  precepts  of  that  phi- 

lofopheri 


C.  5.  .  .     /*  Moguleftarn       '  *  543 

£>fopher's  difciples,  on  the  fmcerity  of  great  men  when  they  ?•  Kk£n 
fpeak  to  the  emperor;  and  the  care  with  which  afon  ought  Kublay. 
to  keep  the  precepts  of  his  forefathers.     Nothing  could  be  **— pv~~ 
more  a-propos  than  this  anfwer.     Abama  pafled  for  a  knave, 
and  yet  had  the  confidence  of  Hu-pi-iayh.     Jenghfz  Khan 
had  given  orders,  not  to  make  ufe  of  Bonzas1,  and  yet  the       v 
court  was  full  of.  Lamas.    Hu-pi-lay  was.  one  of  thofe  great 
princes  who  did  not  take  it  ill  to  be  told  their  faults ;  and 
always  fet  a  high  value  on  thofe  courtiers  who  were  of  Hi- 
hyeri*  character,  praifing  the  delioacy  and  integrity  of  his 
acfwers. 

.    AH  AM  A  was  hated  by  every  body :  but,  becaufe  he  im-  baud  by 
pofed  on  the  emperor  by  projefts  which  gave  him  hope6  of a^- 
money,  he  was  in  favour;  and,  in  1270,  his  majefty  gave     A.  P.- 
his  fon  the  department  of  war.   Among  the  princes,  none  but     1270. 
Gbing-kin,  the  emperor's  eldeft  fon,  dared  to  fpeak  againft 
Mama ;  yet  Hyu-heng  faid  opei^ly,  that  it  .was  dangerous  to 
give  fuch  great  pofts  to  the  father  and  the  fon.    Abama.  here- 
upon laboured  to  get  Hyu-beng  appointed  minifter,  with  in- 
tention to  ruin  him :  but  this  latter,  fufpefting  his  deilgn, 
never  would  accept  of  that  poft.     The  year  following,  Hyu-     ^.  D. 
h*ng  conveyed  to  the  emperor  a  writing,  wherein  he  accufed     l27*« 
that  minifter  of  deceiving  his  fovereign,  deftroying  the  go- 
vernment, and  ruining  the  people.     As  HH-pi-lay  made  no 
anfwer  to  this  ^ccufation,  Hyu-heng  fell  fick  with  vexation. 
Hereupon  the  emperor  comforted  him,  by  promifing  him  the 
foundation  of  colleges  or  academies,  to  teach  the  fciences  and 
morality. 

In  December  this  year,  Lyew-ping-cbing  perfuaded  the  Title  of 
emperor  to  give  to  his  dynafty  the  name  of  Twen  (K).  This  Yweiu 
Bonza  faid  a  world  of  obfcure  and  enigmatical  things  on  the 
OGcafion,  with  relation  to  the  two  figures  of  F4-bi  (or  Fo-bi)f 
firft  emperor  of-  the  Cbinefes.  The  firft  is  exprefled  by  the 
chara&er  Kyen,  beaven  ;  the  fecond,  by  the  character  $>uenf 
tartb.  The  Bonza  in  his  long  difcourfe  infifted,  that,  ac- 
cording to  the  fenfe  of  thofe  two  §>ua  (L),  the  Mungls  ought 
to  afTume  the  title  of  Twen.  No  body  .could  find  any  thing 
folid  in  what  he  advanced,  much  lefs  in  the  arguments  which 
he  drew  from  the  fenfe  of  the  words  Kyen  and  %uen.  How- 
ever, the  great  reputation  he  had  acquired,  for  a  thorough 

h  Gaubil,  p.  148,  &  feqq.         *  See  before,  p.  464. 

•     (K)  Tjwett  fignifics  beginning,     which    number  are  Kyen  and 

(L)  <%ua  is  the  name  of  the    ^uen.    GaubiL 
figures  afcribed  to  Fo-bi ;    of 

knowlege 


Jenghfz  KlAxfs  Succejpnrs  B.1V. 

knowlege  of  antiquity,  applied  all  defe&s,    He  was  con* 

mended  by  every  body ;  the  emperor  was  felicitated  on  Af 

1  occafion  *  and,  by  a  public  declaration,  notified  to  1»  fA> 

jefts,  that  they  were  thenceforth  to  give  the  Mungl  doffi- 

nion  the  title  of  Vtven. 

Syang-  In  Af*y,  H&-pi~lay  freed  the  people  of  Se-dnatn  for  a 

yang         feafon  from  tribute ;  and,  at  the  fame  time,  ordered  genertft 

/heighten-  Say-tyen-che  to  plunder  that  part  of  die  province  which  wa| 

ed*  ftifi  fabjeft  to  the  &wig\     Say-tyen  executed  his  commifioa 

with  rigour,  and  almoft  ruined  the  dtftrift  of  Kya-tmg»flL 

The  troops  who  were  before  Syang-yang  and  Fan-cbmg,  i* 

folving  to  take  thofe  two  cities  by  famine,  general  Chang-hm^ 

fang  made  new  intrenchments  on  the  mountain  Van.    H 

June,  a  fleet  of  the  Song,  with  160,000  men  aboard,  sal 

provifions  for  the  befieged,  appeared  before  Ui-men;  bat 

1    w         Jchfi,  who  commanded  there,  difperfed  them,  and  toot  a 

great  many  barks,  with  all  forts  of  arms  and  other  vafaafab 

booty. 

The  go-         LU-VEN-WHANG,  governor  of  Sydng-yang,  bdq| 

venor      gitatly  incommoded  by  the  blockade,  and  finding  no  poffifci* 

diftrejfed:  lity  of  making  (allies  with  fuccefs ;  in  the  beginning  of  tfcl 

A.  D.    year  1272,  ordered  feveral  bundles  of  herbs  to  be  made,  ii 

1*72,     one  of  which  he  inclofed  a  man,  who  could  dive,  and  ttxUh 

a  long  time  in  the  water,  without  either  eating  or  drraki£ 

In  his  hair  was  put  a  letter,  written  on  wax,  to  acquaint  tte 

governor  of  Gan-lof  a  city  of  H6-quang,  with  his  dtfrd*. 

The  bundles  were  caft  into  the  water ;  but  both  they  sal 

the  bearer  of  the  letter  were  taken.    The  governor  rf  Geutk 

was  Li-ting-chi,  a  man  of  confuminate  experience,  as  wdl  11 

heroic  zeal  for  his  prince.    He  had  orders  to  guard  all  thl 

mouths  of  the  brooks  and  rivers  which  fell  into  the  Hem* 

On  one  of  thofe  brooks,  called  TJlng-ni,  he  caufed  loofta 

and  light  barks  to  be  built.     He  joined  three  of  them  tnge* 

ther  to  make  a  large  one,  and  had  all  the  reft  covered  vtik 

decks.     Three  thoufand  foldiers,    natives  of  Syang-ystfi 

Gan-k,  and  Shdn-fi,  offered  to  man  thofe  bark9,    and  hfr 

cour  Syang-yang  at  all  hazards.    Cbang-quey  and  Chamg-fbuh 

who  pafled  for  intrepids,  afked  to  command  thofe  3000  men. 

Li-ting-chi  beftowed  grand  titles  on  thofe  two  officers,  dit 

tributed  rewards  among  the  foldiers,  and  furniflied  die  three* 

fold  bark  with  all  forts  of  arms  and  provifions. 

fen is  for        It  being  now  in  March,  and  the  river  high,  about  ten  or 

ulief    s   eleven  at  night,  the  two  intrepids  entered  the  Han,  at  Ifa 

tcw-byang ;  whefe  they  drew  up  their  little  fleet.     ChaMg- 

quey  led  the  way,  and  Chang-fbun  made  the  rear-guard.    la 

ipite  of  wind  and  ftrcam,   which  were  agciiaft  them,  thef 

pa&4 


Cg*  •     AMogqlelUn;  '545 

palled  before  the  retrenchments  of  the  Twen7  and  fell  to  the  5.  Kbdny 
«aft  of  Mo-hong-tan.     The  Twenf>  who  Had  laid  chains  acrofs  Kubiay. 
in  every  part,  on  fight  of  the  Song  bark,  ranged  their  own  *——¥-■■•' 
in  order,  and  fcoured  the  river,  fo  that  it  feemed  impcflible 
t:o  advance.     For  all  this,  Chang-Jhun  cut  his  way  through, 
and  fought  for  feven  or  eight  leagues  fo  vigoroufly,   that 
-tjie  TYwH.were  forced  to  give  back,  and  ftretch  more  chains. 
Chang-qucy  was  already  arrived,  early  in  the  morning,  at 
Syang-ydng,  to  the  great  joy  of  that  city  :  but,  after  all  his 
efforts,  Chang-Jbun  was  not  able  to  reach  thither;    being 
killed,  fighting  like  a  hero.     His  body,,  which  was  found 
pierced  with  ten  wounds,  four  made  by  pikes,  and  fix  by  ar-         -   * 
;rows,  was  buried  with,  great  pomp  k. 

LU -V E  N-WH  A NG,  would  fain  have  kept  Chang-qney  of  t<t»o 

"-with  him:   but  that  officer,  depending  on  his  own  valour,  intrefids^ 

\  would  needs  return  to  Gan-lo.    He  found, out  two  men,  re- 

tblved  to  die;  and  fuch  fkilful  divers,  that  they  could  re-. 

main  for  fevend  days  in  water.     Thefe  two  men  went  to, 

.and  returned  from,  Gan-lo  under  water,  and  brought  advice, 

'that  Li-ting-chi  had  aflembled,   at    Long-wey-cbew,    5000 

choice  men,  to  fuccour  Lu-ven-wbang.    At  this  agreeable 

•news  Chang-qney  went  aboard  his  bark,  and  refolved,  at  any 

rifk,  to  join  the  fuccours  defigned  for  Gan-k.    That  officer 

had  beaten  one  of  his  foldiers  ;  and,  finding  him  miffing,  on 

the  review  which  he  made  of  his  little  troop  before  he  fet 

(ail,   concluded  he  had  fled  to  the  Twen.     This  accident 

made  him  haften  his  departure ;  and,  by  favour  of  the  ftream, 

he,  with  his  hatchets,  cut  the  chains  whkh  obftru&ed  his 

paflage.   He  likewife  attacked  the  retrenchments  of  the  Twen ; 

and,  having  ruined  them  by  means  of  lances,  fiery  arrows, 

and  other  arms,  arrived  by  night  at  Sin-ching,  after  having 

put  the  enemy's  barks  in  diforder. 

ACHVzvA  Lyew-ching  then  went  aboard  their  barks  ;  their  glo-] 
and,  encouraging  all  by  their  prefencfe,  a  bloody  batde  en-  rhus 
fued.     Both  fides  of  the  river  were  lined  with  lodgements  of  death* 
foldiers,  and  the  river  was  covered  with  veflels.    Each  lodge- 
meat,  as  well  as  bark,  had  its  lanthorns  lighted  j  and,  on  any 
other  occafion,  it  had  been  an  agreeable  Tpedacle.    In  fpite 
of  the  valour  and  number  of  the  Twen  troops,  Chang-quey 
was  already  gotten  near  to  Kew-lin-tan  and  Long-wey-cbew ; 
when,  feeing  ftandards  difplayed,  he  made  great  rejoicing, 
believing  them  to  be  the  5000  men  fent  by  Li-ting-chi :  but  his 
joy  was  of  no  long  continuance ;  for  he  foon  found  himfelf 
fujrouftded  by  the  Twen.     The'troops  of  Gan-lo  had  indeed 

k  Gavezl,  ubifupr.   p.  151,  &  feqq. 

MoD.Hwn  Vol.IV.  '  N  n  "left 


Jenghfz Khtofs'SuiceJfors  B.W. 

left  that  place;  but  the* winds- and  ftream  made  them  retire, 

and  the  Twen  pofted  themfelves  at  Long-wcy-che-x.     Chang- 

quey,  after  he  had  fought^like  a  lion,  and  received  {even! 

•wounds,  "was  -taken,  and  brought  before  Acbu ;  \Jfhom  he 

would  not  kneel  to :  and  he  likewife  fwore  never  to  haie 

any  other  mafter  than,  the  emperor  of  the  Song.   .  Hereupa 

that  general  ordered  him  to  be  killed,  and  four  prifoocn 

were  charged  to  carry  his  body  to  Syaug-yqng.     This  fi^r 

threw  the  inhabitants  into  a .  conflernation ;    and   Lu-vt+ 

•whang  ordered  him  to  be  buried  near  Chang-fbwi ;  building 

a  houfe, -as  well  as  tomb,  to  honour  their* memory. 

"Fan-  ,  Amo'n?  the  general  officers  who  commanded- at  the  £9 

thing        of  Syang-yang  was  an  Igur  lord,  named  Air  Taya-  (M)  :  Jfc 

batund     had  a  great  ■  knowlege  of  the  weftern  countries,-  -and  their 

manner  of  makjng  war.     In  1271,  Jie  advifed  the  empagr 

to  feficj  for  feveral  of  thofe  engineers  out  of  the  weft,-  wfa 

knew  how  to*  call  Hones  150  pounds  weight,  which  made 

holes  feven.  or  eight  feet  wide  in  the  thickeft  walls  :   and  with 

thefe,  he  faid,  Syang-yapg  and  Fan-cbing  would  (bonfe 

taken. .  Hu-pi-lay,  liking  the  pnopofal,  ordered  two -of  that 

Engineers  to  be  fent  for;  who,  after  giving- a  Ipecuaea-rf 

their  art  before  the  emperor;  at  Ta-iu,  were  Cent  to  the  amy, 

toward*  the  end  of  the  year  1272. 

The  river  Htm  runs  between  Syang-yang  and  Fan^-bo*, 

in  which  laft  place  -Fatijbun  and  Nyew-f&  commanded  atjfce 

A.  D.     beginning  of  the  year  1273.     The  tw<>  engineers,  Alawatuf 

I273-     and  Ifemayn,  planted  their  machines*  which  immediately  matt 

a  breach  in  the  walls.     Hereupon  the  Tiuen,  commanded  by 

AH  Taya,  made  an  aflault ;  and,  after  a  bloody  <xynffi&,  tbe 

fuburbs  of  Fan-cbing  were  taken.     Flu(hed  with  this- faccef% 

She-tyen-cbe  ordered"  Achd-  to  attack  the  bridge,  which  joined 

j. r     ^    that  city  to  Syang-yang,  and  offered  mutual  fuccours.     AM 

tinet  tf^c°ndnfted«thd  troops  with  hatchets  and  fcythes,  to  cat  the 

taken.        wood  and  polls;  while  AH  Taya  canfed  ftones  to  be  (hot 

againft  thofe  who  oppofed  that  general.     Other  officers  wee 

commanded  to  cut  the  faftenings  and  ftakes,  and  take  away 

the  croiles  which  held  up  the  chains.     After  thefe   things 

were  done,  they  burnt  the  bridge  of  barks.     A  great  detach- 

ment  was  then  pofted  along  the  Han,  to  hinder  any  fuccours 

from  getting  to  Syang-yang  by  water.     Thefe  precautions 

having  been  taken,  the,  greater  part  of  the  army  attacked 

Fan-cklng  on  all  fides,  .and  made  themfelves  matters  of  the 

walls  and  gates.     Fan-tyen-Jbun,  feeing  the  city  tafrrn,  flew 

(M)  He  was  an  Igur,  or  Oy-     fy  Hay  a.      Many   Igir    names 
gur.     Kis  father  was  called  Fo-     ended  in  Hay  a. 

him* 


C-5,  ?         7/iMogukftan;    ^  547 

Ixlmfelf :  faying,  that*  he  Kad  lived  a  fubjeft  to  the  Song,  5.  £&fo, 
"arid*  would 'die  their  fubjeft.     2\fyew*f29  at  the  toad  of  one  Kublay. 
^imndred  Toldiers,  refolved  to  fight  from  ftreet  to  ftreet,  and  v— ""v—^ 
'flew  a  greats*  number  of  the  Twen.     Both  parties  were  fo 
^^Vercomewith  thifft,  that  jheydiank  human  blood  to  quench 
*%ZJ-  Nyew-ftt,  foil  of  rage  anil .defpair,  fet  fire  to  the  houfes, 
fcrfxat  the  great  beams  falling  might  kill  his  purfuer9,  and  em- 
[*barafr  flie  way;    At  length,'  pierced  with  feveral  wounds, 
rfce  fan  his  head  againft  a'  pillar,  and  threw  himielf  into  the 
Bfiifmes,  whfcfe  hes  expired.  The  officers  and  foldiers,  who  were 
*fit   his  fides>  followed  his  example.     Thus  xhe'Mungh  be- 
tcdme  matters  -of  Fan-chin  in  January :  wheue  mod  of  the 
>feerieral  officfers  diftiriguiftied .  themfelves ;  but  their  lofs  of 
f^Sbalterriirand  foldiers  was  conliderablc J. 

J •  ;     kTA*T3£->TAU,  the  Song  wam&cr,  would  have  com-  Syang- 
r Vrianded  the  army  deftined  for  the  telief  of  Syang-yang%  but  yang 
I  ft  was  refufed  him.    General  Kau-to  was  alfo  propofed  ;*  but  difirejftdi 
?Jabt  *m$fy&&: r'  It  was  only  refolved  to  fend  anatmy ;  which 
tepftfecj  itfelf  between  Hd*qUhhg  and  Kyang-nah.,    However, 
WfiS  report  fpreading  as<if  Kavyto  was  to  march  with  fuc- 
•$6our^  to  relieve  that  city,  iLu-ven-ibiang,  fearing  the  arrival 
^of  a  {*rfon  who'  was  his  mortal  enemy,  difpatched  feveral 
^icotirifcrs,  to  tigmff  that  he  had  60  occafion'for  fuccours?  &r 
^ladtheSugh  he  was  reduced  to  an  extremity,  yet  hatred:  and 
■^feiimity  made' him  tell  this  lye. 
*'  ".  After:  the  taking  of  Fan-ching,  all  the  materials  which 

Icrved  at  tlie  fiege  were  brought  before  Syang-yang.     The 
*  two  engineers  pofted  themfelves  to  the  fouth-esift  of  the  dty, 

agaifift  a  wooden  retrenchment,  which  was  raifed  upon  the 
1  ramparts.  *  This  was  quickly  demoliftied  by  the  great  ftones  is  battered, 

which  they  launched  againft  it :  while  the  noife  and  havock  and  fur- 
'  -which  they  made  ftruck  terror  into  the  hearts  of  the  be-  Anders. 
1  fieged ;  who  had  never  feen  or  heard  the  like  before  (N). 
-•'■'■■.*-  The 

1  Gaubil,  p.  154,  k  feqq. 

(N)  It  is  Grange,  that  after    cap.  48,  fpeaking  of  the  fiege 

what  has  been  faid  of  the  pauy     of  this  place,  which-'  he  calls 

-    or  engines,  for  calling  or  ftoot.    Sean/u,  fays,  that  he^  with  his 

ing  ftones  at  the  fiege  of  Kay-     father  and  uncle,  offered  their 

fongjti,  p.  485,  and  elfewhere,    fervice  for  making  engines,  af- 

that  both   the  Ywcn  and'&rajr    ter  the  European   manner,  for 

•'   fliould  confider  thofe  of  the  two     cafting   ftones    three    hundred 

ftrangcrs  as  new  inventions,  and     pounds  weight. .  In  which  they 

till  'then   unknown   in    Chiha.    employed  Neftorians,  who  made 

Thefe  pau  were  named  pau  of^  three  Mangani,  as  he  calls  them. 

the  Mohammedans.     Marco  Polo,     And  that  the  firft  ftone,  falling 

N  n  2  on 


£48  ■    ,        Jchghiz  Khan* J  Succefors  B.IV.I 

c .  Khan,  The  garrifon  had,  from  the  walls,  obfervcd  part  of  viat 
Kublay.  parted  at  Fan-cbing,  which  much  damped  their  courage 
i-  — v— ^  Lyew-ching  having,  in  an  aflault,  received  a  wound  vim; 
arrow,  ftiot  by  Luoen-wbang ;  to  be  revenged,  aflced  la 
of  Ali  Taya  to  go  and  attack  him  :  but  Ali  Toy*,  infltad 
permitting  him,  went  himfelf  to  the  foot. of  the  wall,  a 
offered  Fen-whang  honourable  conditions ;  which  were  *•! 
cepted  of,  and  his  requeft  granted,  that  he  might  be  of  dv 
van-guard  when  they  went  to  attack  Gan-h.  Pofleffioo 
given  to  Achu  in  February ;  upon  which  She-tyen-che  fan 
Ali  Taya  to  court,  where  he  was  received  with  diftinftioq 
and  had  his  praife  publicly  fet  forth,  with  that  of  the 
generals,  by  Hil-pi-lay  ;  who  ratified  all  which  he  had  p 
mifed  to \Vehwbang.  This  general,  who  followed  AUK 
to  Ta-tti,  had  aifo  the  honour  to  falute  the  emperor,  a 
both  were  fent  back  (O)  to  the  army,  with  new  inftru&joos. 
Song  mi-  As  the  family  of  the  La  was  one  of  the  moft  confideoM 
nifters  in  the  empire  of  the  Sang*  the  defe&ion  of  Lu-ven-wieq 
vanity.  made  a  great  noife.  His  brother,  his  nephews,  and  odx 
relations,  who  pofleiled  his  ports,  fent  petitions-  to  the  i 
peror,  to  declare  themfelves  culpable ;  aqd  worthy  to 
turned  out  of  their  employments,  for  being  fo  unfortoan 
as  to  be  allied  to  a  bad  fubjeft,  who  had  gone  over  to  f 
enemies  of  the  (late.  But  Kya-tfe-tau  made  no  mention 
their  requeft;  and,  with  his  ufual  vanity,  gave  out, 
this  evil t was  owing  to  his  being  hindered  from  putting] 
felf  at  the  bead  of  the  army,  and  marching  to  fight 
enemy. 

Peyefi  The    emperor  H4-pi-lay   being  informed,    that  fetes 

mafe  ge-    princes  of  his  family  were  forming  plots  in  Tatary,  fame 

n*r'al\        inclined  to  make  peace 'with  the  Song  .•  but  Ali  Taya,  Lyt 

chingy  and  others,  having  (hewn  how  eafy  it  would  be 

carry  on  the  war  with  iuccefs,  now  Syang-yang  and  " 

ching  were  taken,  that  prince  refolved  to  continue  it.    Sk 

tyen-cbe,  on  account  of  his  infirmities,  obtained  leave  to  h 

down  his  poft  of  generaliifimo,  and  propofed  Gan-tong 

A±  D.     fiicceed  him.     Taujbu  did  the  fame :  but  the  emperor  if 

1 274.     pointed  Pe-yen  (?) ;  whom  he  ordered  to  go,  without  deb] 

on  a  houfe,  fo  demolifhed  it,  eafily  have  miftaken  them  i 

that  the  inhabitants  immediate-  Cbriftians. 

\y  capitulated.      This    agrees        (O)  This  was  in   1273: 

with  the  Cbinefi  hiftory:    but  which  year  Cbing-ki*,    Hi- 

this  latter  declares  positively,  lay\  eldeft  fon,  was  declared 

th  at  the  e ngineers  were  Wbey -bu*  heir.     GaubiL 

or  Mobamtnedans :  but  our  au-         (P)  Called,  by  Morn  M| 

thor   Gaubil    thinks   it   might  Bay  aft. 

2341 


;  G  5.  In  Moguleftan.  549 

and  put  himfelf  at  die  -head  of  the  army  t  complaining,  that  5.  A'W, 
tie  Song  hai  imprifoned  his  envoy,  and  not  obferved  the^ub|ay- 
treaty  concluded  with  Kya-tfe-tau.    At  the  fame  time,  the  v— *v^- 
gentrzltPoio-wban  andLyew-c&ing  were  commanded  to  march 
to  Yang-chew,  in  Kyang-nan, 

"     SECT     II, 

Pc-ycnV  Vittorus,  and  the  Ruin  of  the  Song  Dynajly  by 
that  great  Captain. 

3D  E-ri?JV  was  faluted  great  general,  near  Syang-yang>  b)rencampf 
*•  tKe  officers;  who  were  charmed  with  die  manner  in*'*rGan- 
wbkh  he  took  poffeffion  of  his  new  dignity.    After  which,  ° ; 
Lu-ven-Tvhang  being  appointed  to  command  the  embarked  ■ 
troops,  the  army  marched  toward  Gan-lo ;  and,  in  Oftober, 
encamped  to  the  weft  of  this  place ;  which  is  feparated  from 
Sin-in  by  the  Haiu  *They  had  ftretched  iron  chains  acrofs  ' 
the  river,  and  barred  it  up  with  great  barks,  fattened  toge- 
ther.   They  had  likewife  driven  thick  pofts  into  the  bottom 
of  the  chanel.     The  walls  of  Gan-lo  were  of  good  ftpne ; 
and  the  city  was  furnilhed  with  all  forts  of  neceflaries.     Be- 
fides  all  this,  it  had  a  ftrong  garrifon ;  and  Chang-chi-kyay 
was  intrenched  in  the  neighbourhood  with  a  good  army. 
Notwithftanding  the  apparent  ftrength  of  the  place,  moil  of 
the  generals  were  for  attacking  both  it  and  the  Song  forces. 
But  Pe-yen,  after  holding  a  great  council,  and  examining  the 
prifoners  whom  AcM  had  made,  refolved  to  go  another  way 
to  work.     He  caufed  a  vaft  quantity  of  wood  and  BambA . 
canes  to  be  felled ;  and  then  ordered  the  general  Li-ting  to  *    ' 
attack  the  poft  of  Whan-kya-wan.     This  poft  being  carried,. 
Pe^yen  made  ufe  of  his  wood  and  Bambus  to  transport  the 
barks  into  the  lake  Teng;  from  whence  they  entered  the  Han 
before  Gan-lo  m. 

One  of  the  principal  officers  of  the  garrifon,  having,  at 
the  head  of  2000  men,  retired  to  Tfven-tfe-M,  was  beaten, 
after  a  brave  defence,  and  killed  by  Pe-yen  himfelf.  After- 
-wards,  the  general  marched  to  SAa-yang ;  and,  taking  ad- 
vantage of  a  high  wind,  which  arofe  in  the  evening,  by 
means  of  his  Kin-Jbi  Pau  ( O  ),  burnt  the  houfes,  and  took 
the  city.     They  next  befieged  Sin-ching,  oppofite  to  Gan-lo.  takes  Sin- 

ching, 
m  Gaubil,  p.  156,  &  feqq. 

10^)  £/»»  metal,  Sbi,  juice;  that  is,  melt :d  metal  Tau.  I 
know  not  what  this  is.    Gaubil 

N  n  3  From 


k 


550  Jenghfz  Khan'j  Succejbrs  B.  IV, 

Khan> '  From  whence  Pyen-k'u,  fallying  on-horfeback,  an  folMpeed, 
ublay.  footing  arrows  on  every  fide,  with  which  he  "wounded  Lur  • 
^-~y— ^  vtn-vmng ;  and,  having  unborfed,  obliged  him  to  rettce. 
Ven  Whang  renewed  the  attack  with  frejth  n\en ;"  but  Pymjpu 
with  his  fire-arms  (R),  made  him  give  way  a  fecond  time. 
However,  that  commander  hating)  ordered  all  his  foldiers  to 
the  affault,^they,  by  getting  on  one  another's  fhoulders, 
mounted  the  ^lfe,  and  took  tfexky,  an  the  fecprifcl  qf  De? 
cember.  Pyen-ku9  after  a  frrave  refiftpnee,  ran  himfctf 
through ;  and,  being  half-dead,  threw  himfelf  into  the  fire 
Three  thoufandr  men,  whom  he.conamand^,  f&ught  drfjw 
ratelyr  and  .died  all  with  their  arms  in  their  Jiandg?  iVrJwJ 
had  the  oiriofity.  to  fee  the  dead-  bodies,  whkh  were  perooi 
with  many  wounds ;  and,  with  the  other  general  officers, 
admired  fo: great,  courage.  _ 

This  year  gneat  troublesarofe  in  the  cities  of  IVd^tp-von^ 
Irgben,  and  Kqjbgar  :  but  HA-pi-lay  reftored  things  to  order 
again. 
*»</Sha-  •  PE-YEN+'m  1274,  afiemhled  Ae  general*  at  Tfay-tya^ 
<r{L-kew;  fome  leagues  to  the  weft'  of  Hdn-kew9  where  the  Han  enter* 
the  Great  Kyang,  to  confult  on  the  manner  and  time  of  pif- 
fing  that  river..  Hya-quey,  general  of  the  Sottg,  had  fori 
fled  the  polls  along  it,  and  .put  8000  men  into  Yang-Jo-pi.  fit 
likewife  feized  on  Sha-ffakew,  and  covered  the  Kyangvnik 
armed  barks.  Pe-yen,  under  pretence  of  fortifying  himjfelf,  pit 
troops  into  feveral  pofts ;  and,  beings  acquainted  with  tk 
country,  gave  his  orders  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  tfie  trooj* 
xiiight  come  together  again  in  3  fhort  time,  to  attack  Sia-p* 
hew  (T) :  the  conduft  of  which,  he  committed  ,  to  general 
Itargan,  of  the  Chalar  tribe.  To  conceal  his  deQgn*  he  be* 
fieged  Han-yang,  which  inade  Hya-Quey .  believe,  that  hk 
view  was  to  take  Han-kew.  la  this  perfuafion  he  came  to 
,  relieve  Hanyang :  of  jwhich  Pe-yen  being  informed,  he  gae 
his  orders  to  Hargan*  who  forthwith  attacked  Shm-vi-km, 
and  made  himfelf  matter  of  that  important  place.  This  done, 
Pe-yen  caufed  his  barks,  which  were  in  the  Han,  to  fail  ibid 
the  river  Lun,  where  he  had  a  huhdred  barks  of  war,  befeks 

(R)  It  is  not  faid  what  thefe.  (T)  The  Cbinefi  geograpky 

fire-arms  were,     GauHL  putsT^/rgJi-^aboye-mentktt- 

(S)  Gaubil  cannot  fay  what  ed",.  twelve  leagues  to  the  wefi of 

city  this.is;  but  explains  Va-eul+  V/bziig-chworfu,     and    Sb*-fi* 

kan,  or  Goel-ian,  and  Ha-Jke-  lew,    or    Sba-vu-icw,    twehre 

ka-eul,  to  be  Irgubent  or  Irghtn,  leagues  to  the,  north-tffeft  *  bat 

and  Kafigar,  in  Little  Bubha-  1  know  not  if  that  be  exa£L 

ria,  (gaubil. 

many 


C :  5.  In  MoguleftSn;  55 1 * 

ir^ny  other's  .at  Sha-vu-kciv  ;  and  Hya-quey  had  the  vexation  $•  #***, 
to   fee.  that  general's  hprfe  encamp   to  the   north-  of  the  KuWay. 

*&**&. , .  .  yr~*mmm* 

~P~E-rEN  after  this  dire&ed  Achu  to  pafs  the  Kyang,  f^Jfes  the 
"With  ftout  troops,  and  fend  him  notice  when  he  was  6ver.  &yan2.» 
<*4chu  that  evening  defcended  the  river,  two  or  three  leagues 
to  Chin-foan-ki ;  and  next  morning,   at  day-break,  came  in 
light  of  Sha-chew,  an  ifle  of  the  Kyang,  to  the  weft  of  Vu- 
ib&ng*fu.    There  Re  ordered  Sbi-ke9  .fon  of  the  general  She- 
tyen-che,  to  advance  -before  :  who  being  met  by  Cheng-f>en+ 
fey,  ian  ofB^pr  of  that  city,  he  was  beaten,   and  repulfed. 
'But  AchjL coming -up  obliged  Pen-fey  to  retire  with  lefs,  and. 
then  made  towards  the  bank,  where  a  fierce  fight  enfued;  iq 
which  Pen-fey,  being  intirely  defeated,  was  forced- to  returp 
to  Vu-chang'-fd.     A$h&  after  this  landed ;  and;  having  forti- 
fied himfelf,  fent  advice  to  Pc-yen,  who  received  the  exprefs 
<>n  the  dfcy  of  the  Red  Dragon,  in  the  twelfth  month  (U).     A  D.v 
thereupon,  the  general  ordered  the  greater  part  ql  his  army  to     !  Z7S* 
join,  AliTaya\^  and  follow  his  dire&ipns  for  attacking  Tang*  ' 

ld-ptit\  where  Wang~ta,  after  defending  himfelf- valiantly  at 
tfie  head  of  8009. men,  was.flain.  A^  fpoa  as  this,  place  was 
taken,  Pe-ytn,  without  delay,  crofled  the  Kyang  with  all  h}$ 
army,  inftead  of.  following  Hya-quey  (as  feveral  officers  pro^ 
Jjofed) ;  who,  informed  of  the  bold  aftion  of  AM,  went  off 
vrixh  300  barks  ;  and,  after  having  fet  fire  to  the  banks,  fled 
fhesakingly  down  the  river.  Mean  time  the  city  of  Han-yang 
Surrendered to  the  Ywen.  *( 

PE-YBN  having  joined  AcH,  the  fiege  oiVti-chang-fu  was  Vft- 
irefolved  on.;  in  order  to  have  a  retreat  on  the  Kyang,  in  cafe  chang-fH 
of  any  inisfortune.     A  Song  general  fet  out  from  Kyang-lin-  Jurrenders+ 
tu   (now  King-chew),    in  Hu-quang,   to  fuccour  Vh-chang  : 
JS>ut  when  he  heard,  that  Yang-h-pu  and  Han-yang  were 
taken,  he  went  back  again.     All  thefe  misfortunes  had  fo 
ijifcouraged  rhe  garrifon  of  V&-chang,   that  L&-ven-whang 
foon  prevailed  on  the  principal  among  them  to  deliver  up  the 
city,   notwithftanding  the  ftrong  remonftrances  of  two  offi- 
*  cers.     The  Mungh  would  have  killed  thefe  officers ;  but  Pe- 
yen  praifed  their  fidelity,  and  forbad  them  to  put  any  body 
'jo  death.     This  general,  by  his  addrefs,  managed  the  people 
"to  his  intereft ;  and  knew  how  to  profit  by  the  difcoment 

'    (U)  That  is  the  26th  of  Ja~  by  his  fon  (Kong-tfong),  bpt 

npary,  1*75.     In   the  feventh  four  years  old  ;  the  emprefs  his 

moon  [which  we  reckon  July],  grandmother  taking  on  her  the 

1 274,  tu-tfoitg,  eaiperor  of  the  regency.    Gaubil. 


S$Mgf  died,  and  was  fucceeded 


N  a  4  which 


Jenghiz  Khan' j  Sacaffors  B.  IV. 

which  reigned  among  feveral  of  the  Song  officers.     La-vat* 

whang  gained  over  many  lords  of  his  family,  who  command- 

1  ed  along  the  Kyang :  fo  that  the  dues  of  Ki-ehewt  Whamg? 

cbew-fu,  and  others,  were  taken,  without  ftriking  a  faoke*. 

'with other     Mean  time  Kya-tfe-tau>  the  Song  minifter,  under  pretence 

eities.     ,  of  rewarding  the  fervices  of  Lu-Jhi-quey,  governor  of  Kyamgr 

chew  (now  A«i/-iy<wi£),  a  city  of  Kyang-Ji,  upon  the  Kyaxgi 

got  him  made  head  of  a  tribunal  at  Hang-chew-fuy  capital  cf 

r .         the  Saiig  empire,  and  fent  an  officer  to  command  at  Kycmg* 

chew.    Shi-quey  imagining,  that  they  diftrufted  him  ;  and, 

to  be  revenged  On  Kya-tfc-tau,  furrendered  the  city  to  P&> 

yen.    At  a  great  entertainment  which  he  gave  'that  general 

he  prefented  him  with  two  young  ladies,  of  the  imperii 

blood  of  the  Song:  Pe~yen  ref ufed  to  accept  of  the  prefect,  ani 

(hewed  himfelf  difpleafed  with  Shi-quey  on  the  occasion :  far 

that  great  man  never  addifted,  himfelf  to  a  vice  fo  commas 

among  the  grandees  of  his  nation.     Gan-king>  in  Kyang-nem^ 

on  the  Kyang ;  and  Nan-kang9  in  Kyang-Ji,  eight  leagues  to 

the  fouth  of  Kyew-kyang,  with  other  cities,  furrendered  aHo. 

In  fhort,  everyplace  fubmitted,  on  the  approach  of  the 7ms 

general. 

Peace  pro-      LYE  W-  CH ING9  haying  mifcarried  in  his  attempt  to  pa6 

p/ed.         the  Kyang  on  the  fide  of  Yang-chew,  was  baffled  before  a 

place  of  no  confequence.     When  he  heard  of  the  reduAkh 

of  Vu-chang-fu,  and  the  fuccefs  of  Lu-ven-whang,  his  enemy; 

it  gave  him  deadly  anguifh,  and  he  died,  regretted  by  dc 

Twen.     Kya-tfe-tau  feare^  his  daring  fpirit ;  and,  knowing 

him  to  be  fo  near,  durft  not  venture  out  of  Hang-chcm-fL 

But,  as  foon  as  he  heard  of  his  death,  he  cau&d  a  grc* 

fleet  to  be  fitted  out :  and,  putting  himfelf  at  the  head  «f 

130,000  men,  entered  the  Kyang  by  Si-gan-cbi4traj%  and 

went  to  port  himfelf  at  U-hu.    In  February t  he  was  joined  bf 

the  fleet  of  Hya-quey.     After  this  he  fent  to  Pe-yen  a  Ahagl 

prifoner,  with  a  grand  regale  of  fruits ;  and  was  not  flfli««Hl 

to  propofe  peace  to  him,  upon  the  terms  concluded  witk 

Pfc-yen*/    Hu-pi-lay.     Achu>  at  the  time  of  that  treaty,  was  with  Us 

mnfwer:    father Hu-lyang-ho-tay  at  the  fiege  of  Chang-Jha\  and,  having 

been  witnefs  of  Kya-tfe-taiCs  fourberies,  acquainted  Pe-yen 

therewith :  who  thereupon  fent  Nankyatay,  a  Naym&n  Iorf, 

of  great  defcent,  to  that  minifter,  with  orders  to  reproach 

him  for  his  unfair  dealing :  and  to  tell  him,  "  that,  tor  the 

"  honour  of  his  mailer,  he  ought  to  have  fpoken  of  peace 

u  iboner ;  but  that  now  the  time  was  paft." 

•  Gavsil,  p.  159,  &  feqq. 

Meau 


G^..  I»  Moguleft&o*    .-  gS3 

Mean  time  Pt-yen  laid  fiege  to  Chi  ^ hew,  in  /fy<mg*nan>  t.  Khan,. 
a  few  leagues  eaft-by-nortji  of  Gan-king :  when  Chau*man  KubUy. 
/*,  governor  of  the  city,  finding  it  impoffible  to  defend  'L- CwZ^- 
it,  (aid  to  hi*  wife,  that  he  could  neither  refolve  to  be  an*  ^L 
faithful  to  his  matter,  nor  bear  to  fee  the  city  poflefled  by  *"***» 
Grangers.  After'  fpeaking  thefe  words,  he  killed  himfclf ;  and. 
his  wife  did  the  fame.    Pe-yen  then  entered  the  city,  and 
made  the  people  fall  on  their  knees,  according  to  the  Cbmefe 
ceremony.   They  obeyed  ;  and,  weeping,  loaded  with  praifes 
both  Chau-ma-fa  and  Pey-en :  who  forthwith  ordered  the 
army  and  fleet  of  the  Song  to  be  attacked.   Kya-tfe-tau  was  at 
IA>hyang :  S&-M-ching  with  70,000  choice  men,  at  Ting-kya- 
chew,  below  Chi-chew  5  and  Hya~quey,  with  2500  barks,  in 
the  middle  of  the  Kyang.    Hya-qucy  was  perfuaded  that 
he  (hould  never  be  pardoned  the  fault  he  had  committed,  in 
flying  when  Pe-yen  was  about  to  crofs  that  river ;  and  could 
not  bear  to  fee  Suri-M-ching  preferred  to  him.  This  made  him 
take  the  refolution,  not  to  fight. 

The  Twen  general,  having  caufed  great  heaps  of  graft  defeats  tha 
and  draw  to  be  put  upon  rafts,  fpread  a  report,  that  he  Chinefcs* 
intended  to  burn  the  enemy's  barks.  He-  then  ordered  his 
own  to  get  ready  for  battle ;  while  the  horfe  and  foot  marched 
along  both  fides  of  the  Kyang.  The  Song  commanders  were 
day  and  night  on  their  guard,  although  their  foldiers  had 
no  inclination  to  fight.  At  length  Pe-yen  ordered  a  great 
(tone  to  be  /hot  from  his  Pau,  againfl  the  body  commanded 
by  HH-cbeng ;  which  put  the-  troops  in  motion  :  and  Achu9 
who  encamped  oppofite  to  HA-cbeng,  following  the  ftream, 
advanced  to  attack  his  van-guard.  On  this  Kyang-tfay,  HAr 
cbeng*%  lieutenant,  made  a  fhew  as  if  he  intended  to  ftand 
the  fhock :  but  the  troops,  feeing  their  general  on  board 
his  concubine's  bark,  cried  out,  that  he  had  taken  to  flight. 
Thefe  cries  begat  confufion ;  and  Hya-quey,  calling  out  to 
Kya-tfc-tau,  that  there  was  no  withftanding  the  enemy,  fear 
feized  him  alfo.  AchA  took  advantage  of  this  diforder,  and 
fell  -upon  the  Song  troops ;  who  were  puj  to  a  general  route ; 
while  AM,  fupported  by  Pe-yen*  with  all  his  forces,  made 
a  great  (laughter.  Many  of  the  enemy's  foldiers  were 
drowned ;  and  the  Twen  got  an  ineftimable  booty. 

After  this  defeat,  Kya-tfe-tau  retired  in  hafte;  and  foon  Affair* 
after,  Hya-quey  joined  him.  Hi-chin,  coming  up  to  them,  defptrate. 
fell  a  crying  ;  and  faid,  there  was  not*  a  Jingle  man,  who  was 
wilting  to  expofe  himfeff  to  death.  Hereupon  Hya-quey-9 
mocking  him,  replied,  that  he  and  Kya-tfe-tau  had  fought 
even  to  death.  When  they  had  breathed  a  little,  the  miniiler 
aflced  him,  what  was  to  be  dfnc,  as  things  JloodP   Hya-quey 

told 


BU  JcngRfrkhanV  Succefers  KIT, 

code,  w_. 

o jvfotft 

.o  TfyWf  on*1  the  ffrft  opportunity.  (>  Many  of  &qfe  who  fled  foil 
tfte  battfe  repaired  tol  'dtig-chewjzni  Tgoke  openly  againft'Xy* 
fTfothy,' and'indeed  Pe-ycn  owed '  J#s" great  fucceis  as  mod 
ro'the'Md'co'nducYbf  the  Sow^'generals,  as  to  his  own  vatoo 
£nd  pruclende.     The  confterhitioii  ttecame  almoft  univ< 
ffifb'Ugh'  Ch'e-kyang  and' Kyang-nan *  fa  that' the  governors 
Cf)ln^tyang9  Ning-que\  arid'Hb-cbew,in  the  laft  of  thofe 
-    vfnees,  and  even  of  Kah-'chdngjiy  capital  of  Ky&ng-Ji)  i 
doried  th6fe"cltLes';  and  tlie  twtn.  X.6okTau-chew  in  the 
province;  feveral'of'wteie?  M^ndir liis  'flew  tKemfelves, 
■    thah  Furrender1n.,    '    / 
Tbi  mini-       Trtfc  principal  oUicef  of  Jtven-kdng  (bow  Nan-king), 
Kfier  re-      Iftyartg-ndn^  took  wKat'  gold1  and  filks  Ke  could  get,  - 
mfivti*      abundance  of  filVer,  and  abandoned  that  city :  for  a^ 
.  number  of  Mandarins,  were  weary  o£  Kya-t/e-tauys  gpi 
ihefrf,  and  chofe'r'athW  to  fee  the  f&te'perifli,  than  oBw 
'  .  ' '         ifilntfter  :   in  ffang-($nd' xffelf  there  was  a  minifter  who 
ferted'itr.   A  lord,  nrfmed  JVang-Jtrliny  coming,  to  hearof  " 
tfe-tati's  Ihameful  flight,  give  a  great  entertainment  to 
I'drds  who  were  his  friends  and  relations  j  and,  not  being 
to  fupport  his  grief,  flew  himfelf  three  days  after, 
time  the  emprefs,  who  had  the  title'  of  the  Song  m 
grandmother,  and  regent  of  the  empire,  took  the  ] 
Irient  of  affairs  from  that  minifter ;  and  publUheti  an  edift 
exhort  the  Mandarins  to  do  their  duty.    She  likewife 
writings  to  Be  pofted  up  throughout  the  empire ;  wherein 
invlteci  the  grandees,  officers,  and  per(ons  of  fortune,  t&Gfc 
couf  the  ftate  in  fuch  deplorable  circumllances.     CBang-fir 
kyjty, '  always  faithful  to  his  prince,  retook  Jau-chew  in  fy 
Sngtf'i  Ven-tyen-fydng  fold  his  effe&s  to  levy  troops,  aid 
raifed  10,000  men.     Others  made  great  efforts  lfltewite:  Bit 
Pt-ytfi,  by  his  acTiVity  and  poficy  (X),  difconcerted  the  met 
prudent  meafures  of  tne  loyal  Song. 
Pe-ycn*/  •'"   Itf  March  this  general  .took  Nan-king  (Y) :  he  beftowed 
humanity,  fcounty  on  the  poor,  and  fent  phyficians  into  the  towns  and 

vilfagp 
'  x  n  GAUBiL,  p.  162,  &  feqq. 

*    (X)    Pe~ytn    is  .the'  general  Gaobil.    Pdh  fays  Cbinfn  §J- 

ffaom  M.   Pdtt>9   arid    others,  ftifies  100  eye$\  nor  has  k  m 

mine  Bayan ;  the  word  Cbinfivt  .  found  the  leaft  iuftilitnde  *wdi 

{Kin/tit),  which  he  joins  with  Tfay-fya*g. 

it,  is  a  corruption  of  Tfoy-fang,  (V)  .  In    the    fame    aoatk, 

tyliich  ftgniics  miwjtcr  of  fiat c.  Chang- chrw-fu  and  Si-ckeu-fi* 


C.  £-    •  m%     In  Mogaleftafr;  g$p 

vU^ges*  affiifbcd"  witfy  contagibus  difea&i'^'  he  forbad  the  c.  £%«*, 
fcaf^ptflage,  papain  of  death,'  and*  did;  friendly1  offices 'to  KubUy. 
pvfry  bpdy;  cfpepally  the  officers;  whom  he  always  dlftin- ' "  "**  *^* 
g^ubed  above  'ot!i<}r$,4    In  (hottj  he  .made  himfelf  admired, 
a^ well  for  hiyHocefity,  as  for  his'  dilh&ard  of  pleafures  and' 

>BIJ-PI-LA1C  having  .renewed  his*  complaints  agamft  the \  Complaints 
lSi»g "  miniiteri,  ^or  tjie  detention  of  Bait-king -,  the  court  ef'^' 
caiifed  that  lord' to  be  enlarged.     On  his  way  back  to  Td-k&  Ywcn. 
he  fell  jick ;  and  although  the  qm'perbr  fent  phyficians  to 
cure  him,  yet  he  died  as  foon  as  he  arrived  at  that. city.     On 
which  occafion  Hu-pi-lay  made  a'great'  eulogy  of  the  qualities' 
of  Jfau-king^  who  had  compofed  large,  comments  on  the" 
/-king  and  CAvn-tfyen.  ( Another  ground  of  complalrit"  quick-: , 
ly  followed :    tyen-hi-kyen\    brother  of  Lyen-hi-hj/en,  who' 
wai  prefident  of  the  tribunal  of  ceremonies  at  Ta-t&y '  Bdirig* 
transferred  to  Nan-king,  Pe-yen  fent  him  a  guard  of"  500' 
foldiers^     As ,  he  went  to  a  fort  (Z)  near  tfarig-cbhv-fti,  ca* 
pital  of  Cbe-kyang  and  the  Song  empire,,  the  garrifon  feiied/' 
wounded,  and  fent  him  to  that  city,  where  he  died  of  fusT 
Iwnrts.     An  officer  likewife  of  the  tribunal  of  public  WdrR? '  • 
^frhp  was  in  his  retinue,  was  fldin.     This  affair  made  a  greaY 
nptfe;  and  the  Song  minifters  immediately  difpatched  a  rheiV'      * 
fenger,  to  aflure  Peyen  that  neither  the  emprefs  regent,;  nof: 
dje  emperor,  l^new  any  thing  of  the  matter.;  and.  that"  they* 
would,  without  delay,  make  the  neceflary  enquiries  to*  dtf- 
cpver  and  puhifh  the  authors  of  that  crime :  they  intreatedf    " 
P.c-yen>  at  the  fame  time,  to  make  peace  on  the  conditions 
which  they  propofe,d- 

.  After  Vu-chang-fu  was  taken,  Pe-yeri  left  the  govern-  AliYayaV 
uae^t,  thereof,  and  itsdiftrift,tOy^/fay<z  (A),  with  40,000  men,  exploits. 
and  the  two  officers  of  the  weft,  who  were  Hulled  in  {hoof- 
ing great  ftones.  This  general  made  himfelf  no  lefs  famous* 
than  Pe-yen  :  he  knew  how  to  gain  the  hearts  of  the  Chinefes 
(whofe  characters  andt  fciences  he  underftood  very  well),  as 
well  as  of  the  troops,  who  had  a  great  efteem  for  him.  Ali 
ifaya  took  the  field,  and  attacked  the  naval  force  of  Kau-Jhn 
kyay  in  Tangling  H&9  a  famous  lake  of  Hb-quang ;  whicli 

in  Kyangnariy  were  taken  ;  and  revolted  in  that  country.  Jlfafc 

pQ'lo~hdn  reduced  7/tng-bo,  Hay-  p.  1 7 1 .  note  ( 1 ) . 

tb#wf  and  other  important  places         (Z)    It   appears    afterward* 

in  the  fame  province.  Gaubil,  that  the  name  of  this  fort  wat> 

p.  1  $6.—- 1 n  the   fame  month  lufong-qUan ;    and  that  Lye<Wf 

Manghola,  fon  of  Hup:  fay,  fol-  hi-kyen    went    to    treat    about 

lowed  prince   Gau-Ju~che    into  affairs  with  the  Song. 

%iht*  to  punifh  thofe  who  had        (A)  Before  called  Ali  Taya. 


'556  Jcnghiz  Khanf  j  Succeprs  B.IV. 

c.  Khdn,  he  defeated  after  a. bloody  fight,  and  flew. the  admiral  with 
Xublay.  his  own  hand.  After  this  viftory,  he  orefe'nted  himfelf  be* 
^mwm^mmmj  fore  Yo-chev>%  near  the  faid  lake,  and  reduced  it :  he  likewife 
obliged  King-chew,  Gan4o,  and  other  places,  to  fuirendeii 
Then  drawing  into  the  field,  he,  in  feveral  rencounters,  beat 
general  Kau-ta,  an  cfficer  of  reputation,  who  afterwards 
went  over  to  the  Ywen.  As  the  news  of  thefe  conquefts  gave  a 
fenfible  pleafure  to  Hu-pi-lay,  who  loved  AH  Hay  a,  he  wrote 
the  eulogy  of  that  general  with  his  own  hand :  wherein, 
among  other  foothing  expreflions,  he  faid,  "  That  when  he 
•'  knew  him  (AHHaya)  to  be  at  fuch  a  diftance  from  Pe-yen, 
"  and  furnifhed  with  fo  few  troops,  he  feared  he  fhould  want 
**  opportunities  of  making  conquefts  worthy  of  his  courage. *• 
J  fairs  tf  SHE-TV  EN-CHE  died  at  Ching-ting-fA,  in  Pe-che-li,  on  - 
Tartary.  his  return  from  HA-quang,  in  the  beginning  of  the  year. 
This  geoeral  had  always  commanded  great  armies  with  ap- 
pjaufe  fince  the  time  of  Jenghiz  Khdn.  Before  he  died,  he 
intreated  Hu-pi-lay  to  forbid  (laughter  after  he  had  palled 
the  Ky-ang :  the  Chine/is  have  made  great  encomiums  upon 
him.  This  fame  year  (1275)  &*  emperor  beftowed  tfce  go- 
verament  of  Al-mdlig  on  his  fon  Nanmuh&n,  under  whom 
Gan-tong  had  command  of  the  troops.  Hu-pi-fay  thought  it 
convenient  to  oppofe  a  prince  of  the  blood,  and  a  good  ge- 
neral, to  prince  Hay-tA,  who  made  incurfions  over  all  Tar- 
tary*. 
Yang-  Mean  time  AchA  and  Chang-bong-fan,  who  were  in  the 

chew  hi'   neighbourhood  of  YAng-chew-fA,  in  Kyang-nan,  after  feveral 
£epd.        {ball  batdes,  ifi  which  they  had  always  been  vigors,  came  to 
attack  the  fouthern  gate  of  that  city.     Li-ting-chi  com- 
manded there ;  and,  notwithftanding  the  great  conquefts  of 
the  Ywen,  fuftained  himfelf  a  long  time.    In  May,  a  detach- 
ment of  the  Song  retook  the  city  of  Chang-chew-fu,  in  the 
fame  province.    Chang-Jhi-kyay,  having  gathered  a  great  num- 
ber of  barks,  ported  himfelf  near  the  mountain  Tfyau.     He 
ranged  ten  great  barks  in  a  line,  which  he  made  almoft  im- 
moveable by  means  of  anchors  :  and  forbad  touching  them 
Great  na-  under  pain  of  death.     Ach&,  who  faw  them  at  a  diftance, 
<ual  vie-    refolved  to  burn  them.    With  this  view  he  embarked  a  1000 
tory.  crofs-bow  men ;  and,  putting  himfelf  in  the  middle  of  them, - 

/hot  burning  arrows,  which  let  fire  to  the  malls  and  fails  of 
the  enemy's  fleet.  At  the  fame  time  he  fo  brifkly  attacked  SO- 
kyay's  troops,  that,  for  all  their  general's  bravery,  they  could 
not  withftand  the  fhock,  many  of  them  jumping  into  the 
river.     dhang-fwng-fan4   and  Tong-iuen-ping,  watching  their 

'  Gaupil,  p.  165,  &fe<jq.  ' 

time, 


C.$.  J*Mogulefl&iu  537 

time,  with  their  chofen  troops,  fell  on  the  body  commanded  5.  Khan* 
,by  Shi-kyoy  in  perfon;  who,  having  had  none  with  him  but  Kublay. 
rttew  levies,  was  obliged  to  rehire  towards  the  mountain  Chen. u  -v— «* 
Achi  took  more  than  700  barks;  and  many  of  the  Song  of- 
ficers difperfed.    As  for  Shi-kyay  himfelf,  who  was  always 
firm,  and  never  diiheartened  at  any  misfortune,  he  demanded 
new  fuccours  from  the  court :  but,  receiving  no  anfwer,  he 
was  obliged  to  run  froin  place  to  place  to  raife  new  recruits ; 
aad,  although  neglected,   ftill  encouraged  die  people,  and 
exhorted  them  to  be  faithful  to  their  prince. 

In  the  interim,  Hi~pi-lay  faw  himfelf  threatened  with  a  Hay-tfc 
Moody  war  in  Tartary.  The  officers  of  Hay-tu  went  over  **  ***** 
all  the  tribes  to  make  friends,  and  the  prince  himfelf  ftirred 
up  all  thofe  of  his  family  againft  the  emperor:  however,  it 
does  not  appear  from  the  hiftory,  what  were  either  his  com- 
plaints or  pretenfions.  Whatever  they  were,  he  this  year  ap- 
peared with  prince  Tua,  at  the  head  of  1,00,000  men,  in  the 
country  of  Igfir,  and  befieged  It&hu  (or  Idikut)  in  his  capi- 
tal (B) ;  whom  they  would  oblige  to  become  their  ally,  and 
renounce  the  party  of  Htl-pi-lay.  But  Idikut  anfwered,  "  that 
*  he  knew  but  one  matter  to  whom  he  was  tributary,  and 
*'  wopld  rather  be  cut  in  pieces  than  depart  from  his  duty." 
Accordingly  he  defended  himfelf  valiantly  till  fuccours  ar- 
.rived;  and  then  forced  the  princes  to  raife  the  fiege.  After 
this  he  Went  to  court,  where  the  emperor  did  him  all  forts  of 
honours,  and  loaded  him  with  riches.  Idikut  was.  grandfon 
and  heir  of  Idikut t  who  fubmitted  to  Jengbiz  Khan,  and  had 
married  a  daughter  of  the  epiperor  Quey-yew  (or  Kayuk). 

This  war,  which  threatened  Tartary,  made  Hu-pi-lay  P«-yen 
recall  Pe-yert,  to  command  in  the  north  :  but,  at  that  gene-  march* 
ral's  intreaty  to  continue  the  war  in  thd  fouth,  the  emperor 
complied,  and  ordered  him  to  march  immediately  towards 
ling-gan  (C)  (or  Hang-chetufff).  In  Qtlober,  a  Chinefe  of- 
ficer, named  Ii/^,  threw  himfelf  into  Cbang*Jba-fAf  sl  city 
of  Hd-quang,  refolded  to  perifh  in  defence  of  the  place  :  he 
had  3000  men  in  garrifon,  with  much  provifion,  and  other 
neceflarics.  They  were  befieged  by  AS  Haya ;  and  although 
the  ftreets  were  full  of  dead  bodies,  and  the  inhabitants  in 
great  diftrefs,  yet  they  held  out  with  fo  brave  a  governor. 
AM  had  been  a  long  time  before  Tang-cbevi-ffl,  but  the  brave 

(B)  This,  we  pre  fume,  was        (C)  So  the  capital  of  the 
Ho-chvwy  a  few  leagues  to  the    Swg  empire  was  then  called, 
eaft  otTxrfdn,  as  hath  been  al- 
ready remarked,  p.  378". 

Li-ting- 


*.Kkdti+   U»twg-ehi  ahd  tbe^tfizens  Aiil  dgfeaded thcmfckes  wi^, 
foiblay.     valour  admired  by  the  Mungls. 

*  *■*- V— ■ ^      .P  £^^  N  :b£teg  qgqte  to  'Man-tew  with  his  anny#  p^ju 

.  towards     xhe.Kyang;  and.fept  /%*«>'  accompanied  b/Ga-A&fc  *fc 

"*caP"al;  attack  <the  fat.of.r<^*£:?«*^  >w  Hang'^fl  Jfaj. 

wen-ping  .and  Syangrwey  went  toward  0^'ilni»  along jL 

v  fea-coaft  ;   in  which  detachment  was  'Fah-w*ml6'S  A*£ 

%  and  ^raAay,  ptec^d.by.I^-v^-wAiz^/^^Iay 

.Chang-chew-fil*  into  which. yen-tyen-Jyang  attempted  Iq" 

to  throw  fuccou.rs,.  For  he.  was  always  beat^;.  jwgan, 

taking  gjiang-fe,    appeared  in  fight  of  ,i*/l"San\  '_ 

.Alarmed  the  court,  who  made  all  above  fiff^^Ms^^ 

;  take  up  arms.  / 

Mi-yewV     ,Mean  time,  Song~tA-hay,  fon  of  general  T^Vj.&jLfc 

iravery.     of  the  family  of  the  kings  of  J/ya,  and  Lu-Jhi$&yt  wbiZ 

rendered  Kyew-kyang,  being  detached  by  Pe-yw,  ^ffcgiS 

conquefts  in  Kyang>Ji.    When  they  were  nea^V^i^CJ 

officer  named  Mi*ytw9  born  at  Mi-chew,  advanced  to   '* 

'  them  with  forac. troops;  an4 cried  out,  tha^ he cametq' 

At  thefe  words  he.  fell  upop  t}ie  body  commanded  by 

.  tu-hay,  who  caufed  him  tQ  be  furrounded :  tot  $& 

Miyew  received  fotir.  JftK>t$  from  arrows,  and  three  win 

with  pikes,  yet,  taking  a  (word  in  each  hand,  he  citooi 

all  before  him,  till,  coming  to  a  little  bridge,  one  of  the  m. 

broke  under  him,  and  he  was  taket^    Song-tU'hay\  who  A' 

mired  his  courage,,  offered  h'mi  great  preifents ;  and,  by  mop 

'  of  his  fon,  invited  huxx  to  take  part  with  the  Mungls :  TwLi 

was  all  in  yain.j;  he  caufed  hunfelf  to  fee  pipped,  abdk 

fired  he  might  be,  Gain.     His  fon  fell  on  his  knees,  and,  iSfc 

tears,  cried,  My  father,  what  Jhali  I  do  after  yota 'A  "** 

Mi-yew  embraced  hihi,  and,  with  .an  vodaunted  tone, . 

My  font  you  need  only  appear  in  the  fireets;  'and  there  uj* 

perfon  will  refufe  to  affijl  you,  wjhen  they  know  that  yn#* 

the  fon  of  Mi*yew.     Hereupon  Song-tt-hay  ordered  hiin4* 

.    be  killed*.  ."  *. 

Chang-         PE-YEN,  who  found  much refiftance  at  O^Njr^r9' 

chew-fu     fliewed  on  that  occafion  how  far  his  courage  and  afti^fyj*" 

taken.        tended.    He  beat  down  the  hqufes  which  were  about  ^.^ 

and  raifed  an  indofure  of  earth,  in  order  to  get  UP°?.|~ 

walls.    Night  ,and  day  he  appeared  armed,  to  (upport  the  »• 

'     m  bourers  againft  the  tallies  of  the  befieged.    He  caufed  gretf 

heaps  of  dead  bodies,  to  be  placed  upon  his ramp1"*-*  ™| 

ordering  the  whole  army,  to  be  in  readinds,  the  officers  ^» 

foldiers,  getting  one  upon  another,  mounted  from  the  lift 

*    Gaubil,  p.  167,  &  feqq. 


,part  Mr  tke  jopof.the  walk ;  and  Pe-yen  JbJpiAs^  ***  98*  rtf  ?<'#&*»•  i 

.the  .ficft  who  entered  the  city,     J^-j/j^ne  of \  thc^e^feo  K^hlay.  j 

commanded  in  the  city,  wasi  jtilled  at;  tj^c  oegtenjgg  ;s,  ffang^**?^**  i 

f&za,  and  Jfang-gan-tjye  (D)  itill  defended  tjierofejves  in  tfee  I 

great,  fquare.  .  It  was  propofed  to  Chei^g^ha^,  .the  foju^tfi    •    . 
commanding  officer,  *to\e{^pe.thrcHigh  .t^Q  north-^aft  gate, 
which  .was  fUll/open':  ^ut  .he  aiifwexpcl,.  Any  *ther  jfcee, 
though  but  an  inchfrpm  pence,  will  not  befoforme  <ta/#*  in. 
He  was  killed  about  jjqon  je  and  Pe-yen  chafed  .the*  inhabitants  ! 

.to  be  pot  tQ  tba  iword.(E).  ,;He-  prcle^ed  W$ng*g<uh>tfy*  *>  | 

(be  bound,  aad  then  to,  kneel ;  but  he,  cbofe  gather  ,tq.<d{e. 
Lyew-Jbi-yong,   with  fome  horfe,  forced  an hMxencbxijeitf,  l 

and-  efcaped.  toward  fi&rfhrui-fti.   .The  ion -of,  Lyenrfn^yen 
hadlflrong  fufpicipns  (that  Chanjii9  -qne.  »of  thq  cp^giaj^s  I 

s£TurJhng-quan, ^when  Jii-kyen  went  thither . to  t^eat  at>ptft 
affairs,,  was  theaiufcorof  Jus  uncle's  murder,  as  before  re- 
lated: fo  that,  after  that  fort  was.  taken,  he  watched  £&*>$§- 
•  j4f  v$\o  had  made  jii*  .efcape.  followed,  a$4  kjlkd^ip*  '  ..  ' 

^  :C$J-NIrCHOJtG:($j,  prnjcipainunifter  pff  the,  &?*#,&  Peace. find 
' December,  fent  Lyew-yo  to  Vu-fi-hyen,  a  "city  of^  Kyang?n1i&,fir. 
npai&angtchey^rXa,^  of      >      ■ 

J^n-ii-iyen  ^.'cpnunfced^  unknown  to. his  cowrt  y  apd^t   ■     % 
Ae. j&me  time,  ffeiifpd  peace,  j  Lyruj-yQ;  affiled,  tha^ail:,d£e 
mifchief  was  ©wing  .to  Kyar\fc-tQU,.  who  had  violated^  tfae 
public  faith,  anci  beifrayecl  tfie  empire ,(G) :  he  added,.. wip- 
ing* that  the-  emperor. his*  maj^er-  was ftilUn  n^Qurniqgt ; and 

:  (D) .  He  was.  fon  .of  jhcJjluf-  >Ju. .  See  New  Co^Led.  Tjrar„jB 
trious   Wang-kyen,    who    com-  .  4to. yoK  IV.  p.  j^g,— rlt.mjift 

manded    in    Ho-cbeiy,    in    $*-  be  obferved  al'fo,  that  Chang* 

eb*nrfa?*Aicft  Meng*to  was  killed  rjfcw  had  been  talcen>  once  be- 

befere  it      Gaubil.  fore  byv  the  Mungh  ;  and  per- 

»':(E)  TJ^inhafeka*t««fG&tf*£-  haps  its  being  retaken  by  the 

<brw  muft  havtcommijtted  fome  Song,  was  .owing  to  the  difefFec- 

rery  heinous  n&ioxr,  to  provoke  tion  of  the  inhabitants. 

Ps-yen  to  this;  for  he  was  far  (F)  Written  in  this  place  Thin}* 

from,  being  cruel.  GaubiL—M.  thong;  in  another,  Tcbixi-ckong. 

Polo  obferves,   that  the  Alans  We  iollovv  this,  laft  reading,                            * 
having  taken  the  outer  wall  of        (G)    Qn  the    difplacing  of 

Tinguigui,  and  made  themfelves  this  minifter,   his  effe&s  were    . 

drunk  with  the  wine  which  they  confiscated,   and  he   retired  to 

foand  there  ;  the  citizens  came  Chang-cbenv-fu   (a  city  of  Fo- 

and  flew  them  all  in  their  fleep,  kyen) ;    where,    on  hh  arrival* 

for  which  reafon  Bay  an  {or  Pe-  he  was  (lain  by  a  Mandarin, 

ftn),  afterwftrd&_when  he  took  who  could  not  bear  to  fee  the 

the  city,  put  them  all  to  the  man  enjoy  life  who  had  ruined 

(word.     Tingmgui,  by  its  fitua-  the  empire  by  his  wickednefs.. 

lion,  feems  to  be  Cbang-cbew-  GauhiU 

5  in 


Jengfflz  KhinV  Succejfors       '      B.  IV. 

in  an  age  not  fit  to  govern.    Pe-yen  reproached  Lyrw-y 

with  the  many  treacheries  employed  by  his  minifters;  Ac 

x  murders  in  the  perfons  of  the  envoys,  even  of  Jf4-pi-kf; 

and  the  unfair  dealing  -with  regard  to  the  conditions  whkji 

Pe-yen*/    had  been  agreed  to :  "As  to  the  minority  of  your  priflfl^ 

aajkver.    •"  you  ought  to  confider,  laid  Pe-yen  to  Lyew-yo9  that  far- 

"  merly  your  dynafty  wrefted  the  empire  fironi  a  prince  vho 

•«*  was  nearly  of  the  fame  age  as  yours :  at  prefent,  heavea 

"  takes  rhe  empire  from  an  infant  to  give  it  my  mafter.    That 

• "  is  nothing  in  this  which  is  contrary  to  reafoa."    After 

thefe  words,  he  fent  back  Lyew-yo,  znd  ordered  Ndn-kya-tsj 

•to  follow  him. 

Shortly  after,  Pe-yen,  preceded  by  Lu-ven-ur&*& 
made  his  public  entry  into  Si-chew  (then  called  Ping-hyangfo 
there  he  received  an  exprefs  from  Chi-ni-cbong,  wherein  the 
Song  emperor  offered  to  be  called  nephew,  or  grand  ncpbc*, 
of  H&-pi-lay,  and  pay  him  tribute.  But  every  thing  was  re- 
jected by  Pe-yen ;  who,  being  joined  by  Argan,  and  Jons 
other  generals,  prepared  to  make  himfelf  mailer  of  Lin-gm, 
without  delay. 
Gnat  Mean  while  AH  Haya  puflied  the  fiege  of  Chang-Jb*  vt 

magnani*   goroufly.   He  caufed  the  ditches, to  be  drained ;  and,  ate 
mity         making  feveral  breaches  in  the  walls,  ordered  an  a/Tank  to 
A.  D.     be  given  in  January  1176.    As  the  garrifon  had  fullered  cs» 
,276-     tremely,  and  were  not  able  to  fuftain  this  laft  attack,  the  rf- 
ficers  fpoke  of  furrendering :  but  Li<f&  oppofed  that  motion; 
and  declared  he  would  kill  thofe  who  any  more  talked  ia 
fuch  a  (train.    A  Mandarin  of  Heng-chev>9  who  was  then  ia 
the  city,  ordered  the  cap  of  ceremony  to  be  put  on  the  heads 
of  his  two  young  fons,  and  made  them  perform  the  cere- 
mony of  beating  the  head  (H)  to  thofe  who  were  prefect: 
after  which,  he  and  his  two  fons,  with  his  domeftks,  threw 
themfelves  iato  the  fire,   and  there  perifhed.     Litft  per- 
formed the  ceremony  for  them  of  pouring  wine  on  the  earth ; 
and  then  made  all  the  Mandarins  write  the  Chinefe  charade? 
which  exprefles  the  fidelity  due  to  the  foverdgn :  they  aB 
e/tbeChi-  fwore  likewife  not  to  furrender.    One  of  the  moft  confider- 
nefes.        able  began,  by  going  into  an  inclofed  place,  and  drowning 
himfelf  in  a  pond.     Li-fA  then  fent  for  Shen-cbong9  one  « 
his  officers,  and  faid  to  him  :  "  I  have  no  (trength ;  I  mnfi 
"  die ;  I  would  not  have  the  people  of  my  family  diihononr 
"  me  by  flavery ;  after  you  have  fiain  them  all,  kill  me,- 
Shen-chong  fell  on  his  knees,  and  protefted  he  could  not  an- 

'  (H)  That  is,  to  fall  on  their  knees,  and  ftrike  their  heads 
thrice  againft  the  ground. 

derate 


C.g>  &  Mbgule ftart.  ,  £6t 

-  dertake  fuch  A  taflc.     But  Li-fu  importuned  him  fo  much,  ^.  Khun 
that  at  length  he  confented.     He  flew  all  Li-fu's  domeftics,  Kublay. 
after  he  had  made  them  drunk ;  then  flew  Li-fu  hirafel£  and,  s— "**—*• 
having  fet  fire  to  the  houfe,  returned  to  his  own  :  there  he  -* 

firft  flew  his  wife  and  children,  then  himfelf.  All  the  Man- 
darins of  *the  city,  excepting  two,  killed  themselves  :  mod  of 
the  inhabitants  did  the  fame ;  and  the  very  wells  were  filled 
with  the  bodies  of  thofe  who  threw  themfelves  in,  not  one 
bring  found  empty :  fo  that  Ali  Haya,  entering  the  city,  wad 
much  furprifed  to  find  it  without  any  people.  Moil  of  the 
other  cities  ot  that  part  of  H6*quang,  called  tiu-nan  (I),  fub- 
mitted  to  the  Twen r. 

In  the  firft  month  the  emprefs  regent  of  the  Song,  find-  Tht  em* 
ing  that  Pe-yen  would  not  grant  peace,  on  condition  that  the  prefs  fub* 
emperor  fliould  be  called  grand  nephew  of '  Hu-pi-lay ;  offered  mits 
that  he  fliould  be  filled  fubjeft,  with  a  yearly  tribute  of 
twenty-five  Van  In  filver,  and  as  much  in  (ilk.     This  ftep 
was  taken  without  the  knowlegfc,  and  againft  the  advice,  of 
the  minifter  Che-ni-chong,  who  was  for  having  the  court  re- 
incfte  elfewhere.    But  the  emprefs  would  never  confent  to  it  j 
atfu  in  anger,  caft  the  ornaments  of  her  head  on  the  ground, 
reproached  the  great  men  for  having  deceived  her  ;  (hut  the 
palace  gates,  and  forbad  any  fuch  propofals  to  be  made  to 
her*.    Chc-ni-chong  (f)  had  promifed  Pe-yen  to  come  to  confer 
with  him  J  but,  did  not  keep  his  word.     That  general,  re-/*Pe-ycn. 
folving  not  to  be  duped,  went  and  encamped  on  the  moun- 
tain Knu-ting ;  from  whence  he  ordered  fome  troops  of  horfe 
to  advance  as  far  as  the  north  fuburbs  of  Lin-gan  (or  Hang- 
chew-fu).  Ven-tyen*fyang  and  Ckang-Jbi-kyay  propofed  letting 
the  empreffes,  emperor,  princes,  and  the  minifters,  On  (hip- 
board,  that  they  might  put  to  fea ;  while  they  two,  and  the 
Officers  who  were  willing  to  follow  them,  attacked  the  Mungls  .* 
but  the  prime  minifter  rejected  that  mcafurei    After  this,  the 
tmprefs-grandmother  fent  the  great  feal  of  the. empire  to 
Pe-ytn,  in  token  of  furrender ;  and  that  general  difpatched 
Nan-hya-tay  with  it  to  Hu-pi-!ay.     As  Che-ni-chong  did  not 
approve  of  this  ftep,  he  immediately  left  the  court,  and  retired 
to  Wen-chew-fu  (K).  . 

'  GaubIl,  p.  170,  &(eqq. 

(I)   Hu*quang  province  is  di-     it  fhould  be  written  C&i,  or  Che$ 
vided  into  two  parts,  of  which     Cbh~u  orCbi-ni-ch.'g. 
ilu-nan  is  the  fouthern.  (K)  A  city  on  the  fda*coaftf 

(f)  We  are  not  fure  whether    above  1 90  miles  to  the  (billh- 
ead of  Lin  gan,  or  Hang  chew:  -fu. 

Mpd.His.t,  Vol.  IV.  0  o  CHANG- 


Jengbte  Kban'j  S&ccjfors  B.  IV. 

CHJNG-Sffl-KTJr,  not  able  wb«ar  tfcis  toamefulaft 
df  fubmiffion  without  fighting,  retired  with  a  body  of  Jtroop, 
1  and  encamped  at  'ting-hay.  Hereupon  Pe-yen  lent  Pyen-pya, 
an  officer  of  note,  to  exhort  him  to  furrender,  Sbi-ijq 
imagined  at  firft  that  Pyen*j>yau's  defign  was  to  purfue  h*n: 
but  when  he  underftood  the  true  motive  of  his  arrival,  he  or- 
dered Jiis  tongue  to  be  cut  out,  and  himfelf  hacked  to  piece* 
•  The  general  Lyew-Jbi-yong,  who  had  fo  well  defended  Cbaog- 
chew-fd9  went  out  to  fea,  and  drank  himfelf  to  death.  Mesa 
rime  Ven-tyen-fyang  and  the  minifter  U-kyen  wont  to  wait  at 
Pe-yen ;  and,  with  a  view  to  repair  the  honour  of  the  empire, 
which  kid  been  impaired  by  former  negotiations,  (poke  thusi 
"  If  the  empire  of  the  north  would  withdraw  its  array,  and 
"  make  peace  with  ours  as  a  neighbour;  then  we  wight,  tajk 
"  of  money  and  filks  to  give  ydur  troops  :  but  in  cafe  joa 
•*  intend  to  deftroy  the  dynafty  of  the  Song,  consider,  £1^ 
f<  that  we  have  Ailf  large  and  good  countries,  irrong  cities, 
u  (hips,  money,  and  troops;  and  yqu  know  there  is  no  pro- 
"  mifing  for  the  events  of  war." 
Detained  PE-YEN,  charmed  with  the  gran tf  qualities  of  Ven-tye* 
fyTc-yenJyang,  whofe  charafter  he  was  acquainted  with  before  b/ im- 
port, fent  back  U-kycn,  and  detained  htm,  under  pretenctfjf 
conferring  with  him  about  important  affairs  ;  .and  ordered  *fe 
generals  Mangu-tas  and  Su-tu  to  do  him  all  forts  of  civilities. 
Vcn-tycn-fyang  boldly  reproached  the  deferting  lords  of  the 
Song  with  their  perfidy  and  cowardice :  he  even  told  Pc-yen 
to  his  face,  that  it  was  unjuft  to  detain  thus  the  envoy  of  a 
crowned  head.  When  Lii-ven-whang  would  ha\e  exhorted 
him  to  talk  in  a  more  moderate  ftrain ;  that  illuftrious  Man- 
darin fhewed  him  clearly  his  ingratitude  for  the  Imperial  fa- 
Yfiily  of  the  Song,  from  whom  he  had  received  fo  many  bene- 
fits and  honours.  After  this,  Pe-yen  fent  an  officer  to  Hi- 
fi-lay,  and  put  Ven~tyen-fyang  in  his  train. 
w'jo  enters  In  February \  Pe-ycn  appointed  Tatar  and  Chinefe  lords  to 
Lin  gan.  govern  the  city  of  Lin-gan.  By  his  orders  they  took  and 
{cried  up  the  books,  the  regifters,  the  geographical  maps,  the 
hiftorical  records,  the  paintings,  the  editts,  and  other  things 
belonging  to  the  great  tribunals  :  they  likewife  carried  away 
the  feals  of  all  the  tribunals.  He  fent  two  great  lords  to 
gu"ard  the  palace  of  the  emprefs  grandmother,  and  have  an 
£}'e  on  all  that  palled  there.  They  behaved  to  her  with  the 
.  greateft  refpeft ;  and  fecmcd  rather  to  make  their  court,  than 
to  watch  her.  All  this  was  done  without  the  leaft  dilbrder : 
fo  that  the  Chincfes  themfelves,  in  all  their  affliction,  could 
not  but  admire  at  the  police  and  good  regulations  which 
Ptyrni  caufed  to  be  obferved.     The  Song  emperor  had  two 

brothers, 


€.5**  ArMogUleMrt.     "  £&j 

brothers*  whom  his  father  had  by  his  othfcr  wives  :  thefe  c.  Kkfa 
young  prinfces  Were  carried  away ;  and*  after  they  had  been  Kublay, 
toocealed  for  feven  days  Upon  a  mctantain,  were  conveyed  by  ^^v^^ 
&  Mandarin  to  Wen-chew-ftl  before-mentioned.     This  fame 
month,  tiya-quey,  who  for  a  long  time  was  inclined  to  fub* 
ink  to  the  Twen,  went  over  to  them ;  and  delivered  into  thrfr 
hands  the  ftrOng  city  of  Lu-chew  (L)  in  Kyang-nan. 

In  March,  Pe-yen  on  horfeback,  followed  by  all  the  ge*  Emperor 
neral  officers,  and  with  the  ftandard  of  the  great  general  carried  and  em- 
before  him,  left  H&-chew-f&  (M)>  and  came  to  Lin-gan  (N) ;  prefe 
*yhere  he  vtiited  all  parts  of  the  city,  and  had  the  curiofity  to 
fee  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  river  Che.    The  emperdr  and  v 

cmprefs  defired  to  fee  him :  but  he  excufed  himfelf,  by  giving 
(hem  to  underlland  that  he  was  not  thoroughly  acquainted 
v/lth  the  ceremonial  proper  to  be  obferved  on  fuch  occafioh* 
Next  day  he  left  Lin-gan.  In  May,  the  generals  Atahay  and  Sent  fa 
Li-ting  entered  the  imperial  palace,  and  caufed  the  ceremo*  Ta-tiu 
tries  to  ceafe,  which  were  ufed  in  appearing  before  the  empfc- 
ror.  They  then,  faluting  the  emperor,  and  the  emprefe  his 
mother,  acquainted  them*  that  they  were  to  fet  out  for  the 
fconrt  of  the  emperor  H&-pi-lay.  The  princefs  at  this  meflagfc 
could  not  refrain  from  tears  j  and  embracing  the  emperor 
her  fon,  faid,  "  My  fon,  the  fon  of  heaven  (O)  grams  yod 
"  life,  you  muft  beat  the  head  to  him.,\  The  young  prince* 
at  thefe  words,  turned  his  face  towards  the  north;,  andj  . 
falling  on  his  knees,  along  with  his  mother  (P),  fhey  both  fa* 
In  ted  the  emperor  Hti-pMdy,  by  ftriklng  the  ground  nind 
times  with  their  heads.  This  ceremony  being  over/,  they 
were  both  put  in  a  chariot,  and  fent  to  Ta-tu*. 

This  was  a  fad  fpe&aele  for  all  the  faithful  fuhje&s  of  the  lmrkenfi 
Song  race.     Su-tng-pyau,  one  of  the  greateft  lords  of  the  trcafurtt. 
Court,  not  being  able  to  furVlve  the  misfortune  of  his  prince! 

■  Gaubil,  p.  17$,  &  feqt|. 

(L)  Of  tyd-cbcnv/u.  or  fon  of  heaven  •  which  the 

(M)  Near  the  fea,  about  46  erfiperor  of  China  bore.  GaubiL 
miles    north    of   Lin-gan,    or        (P)    The  captive    emperor, 

Hang-cbtoufui  named   Kongti,   Or  Kong-tforg, 

(N)  Oft  the  news  of  Pe-yen'%  was  Nthen  nea*r  feven  years  of 

approach,  many  ladies  of  the  age:     the    tmpfefs,    incuuled 

palace,    fearing  violence  from  grandmother,  was  the  wife  of 

the    foldiers;    drowned    them-  Li-tfong,  his  grandfather;   the 

fctves ;    hut    their   fears  were  grandmother  of  fCcn^.tfong  and 

groundlef5,  for  Pe-yen  did  not  of  Tfi-t/bng  was  alfo  convened 

i offer  the  lead  disorder  to  be  to  Ta-iu,  or  Peking,  along  %vith 

committed.  Gaubil.  other  princes  of  the  imperial 

(O)   The  emprefs  gives  to  faxnily.     GaubiL 
Hu  pi-lay  the  title  of  lyen  ."/>, 

"     O  o  *  thretf 


Jengbte  Khan1/  Succejfors  B.  IV. 

threw  himfelf,  with  his  two  fons  and  one  daughter,  into  a 
well.  The  emprefs  grandmother  was  fuffered  to  remain  in 
her  palace  till  fhe  recovered  from  her  illnefs.  Pe~yen  gavt 
orders  to  take  the  gold,  filver,  precious  ftones,  jewels,  and 
other  coftly  things  of  the  imperial  palace,  and  fend  then 
toy  fea  to  Tyen-tjin-wey  (Q^) ;  from  whence  thofe  immenfe 
treasures  were  conveyed  to  Ta-t4.  Pe-yen,  having  had  an 
exprefs  order  to  repair  to  court,  left*  the  generals  Argon  and 
Tong-wen-ping  to  command  the  army  which  was  in  the  neigj> 
bourhood  of  Lin-gan(R). 
Emperor  LI-TING-CHI,  Kyang-tfay%  and  other  Swig  officers, 
arrives  fhed  torrents  of  tears  when*  they  heard  that  the  emperor  w» 
carried  prifoner  to  Ta-t6  :  they  afiembled  in  great  numbers 
-at  Yang-ehrw-f&,  and  fwore  to  do  their  utmofr  to  refcue  their 
prince  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Yiven.  Purfuant  to  this  rdi> 
Jution  they  wrote  circular  letters ;  and,  having  diftributed  their 
money  to  the  mod  hardy  foldiers,  got  together  an  army  of 
40,000.  This  army,  under  the  command  of  Kyang-tjky, 
attacked  the  city  of  Qua-chnv  (S),  where  the  emperor  was 
arrived.  The  Twen  troops,  condufted*by  Atahay,  Li-ting, 
and  other  generals,  fought  the  Song  for  three  hours  together, 
and  repulfed  them.  Kyang-tfay,  who  fought  continually  as 
he  retreated,  was  furrounded  by  AM,  come  from  the  taking 
of  Whay-gan-fu^Y),  who  fummoned  him  in  vain  to  fubmit. 
st  Shang-  The  inhabitants  of  Cheng-chew-fu  attempted  alfo,  without 
tu.  fuccefs,  to  deliver  the  emperor  Kong-tfong ;  who  at*  length, 

in  May,  arrived  at  Sbang-tu  (U).  Hu-pi-lay  fent  the  prime 
minifter  to  meet  him ;  and  the  princefs  of  Hongkila>  emprefs 
and  firft  wife  of  the  Mungl  monarch,  ordered  a  lord  to  fur- 

(QJ   Since  the  year  1710,    the  vail  number  of  barks,  filled 
advanced    to    the  dignity    of    with  people,  which  are  oooti- 


Cb,  at ,  or  a  city  of  the  fecond  nually  in  its  port,  fliew 

rank  ;  fo  that  it  bears  "the  name  populous  it  19.     GxuhiL 

at  prefent   of  Tyen-t/sng-ebrw.  (S)  A   confiderable   poll  co 

It  Hands  on  the  river  Pay-bo,  the  north  of  the  Great  Kjmmg% 

about  10  leagues  from  its  mouth  over- again  ft     Cbang-kysmg-jm, 

and  20  from  Ve-king,  of  which  and  nine  miles  and  a  half  to  the 

it  is  the  ^ort.  fouth  of  TTang-ebe<w-/u.  Gaubil. 

(R)  Lin  gen  is  the  fame  city  (T)  About  feven  miles  foutl 

which  M.  Pclo  calls  Quinfuy  ;  of  the  IPbang-bo,  and  within  55 

which  is  a  corruption  of  King-  of  its  mouth. 

tfe,  or  King-Jbe,  the  name  which  (U)  The  new  capital  of  Tat- 

the  Cbinefrs  often  give  the  place  tary,    often  mentioned  before, 

where   the  emperor  keeps  his.  whither  the  court  was  rcmored 

court.    In  1 237,  above  530,000  from  KaraHorom* 
houfev  were  burnt  by  a  he : 

nift 


I 

IC.5:  AMugufeftan;  565 

inilh  the  mother  of  Kong-tfong  with  every  thing  fuitaMe  to  ;.  Kkm 
jher  rank  :  the  Chinefes  highly  commend  the  virtue  and  mode-  KabJay, 
rration  of  this  emprefs.    When  the  treafures  from  Un-gan  ar-  *— •v^H 
1  rived  at  court,  the  princes  and  princefles  beheld  them  with 
!  raptures  of  joy ;  but  the  emprefs  did  nothing  but  weep :  "  My 
.  **  lord,  faid  fhe  to  Hu-pi-lay,  the  dynafties  are  not  eternal ; 
**  by  what  you  fee  has  happened  to  that  of  the  Song,  judge 
*'  what  will  happen  to  purs." 

The  retreat  of  the  princes  to  Wen-chew-fA  drew  thither  a  Twon- 
great  number  of  Mandarins,  officers  of  the  army,  and  foldiers.  *£*>£  '*- 
Cbang-Jbi-kyay  repaired  thither  with  the  body  of  troop*  tbnm* 
which  he  commanded :  the  minifter  Chi-ni-chong  came  alfo; 
by  whom  I-vang,  brother  of  Kong-tfong,  was  declared  great 
general  of  the  empire,  aflbciating  with  him  his  brother  £>uang* 
%>aug+  Among  the  ruins  of  an  old  temple  in  that  city,  is 
feen  the  place  where  formerly  Kau*tfong  fet  himfelf  in  his 
throne,  when  he  quitted  the  north  topafs  into  the  fouth.  On 
this  throne  I-vang  being  placed,  the  grandees  kneeled,  and  took 
an  oath  of  fidelity,  not  without  fhedding  tears.  After  this 
they  removed  into  Fo-kyen  ;  and  in  May,  I-vang  was  acknow* 
Jeged  emperor  of  the  Song  at  Ffahewfu,  capital  of  that  pro* 
vince.  He  was  then  nine  years  of  age,  and  aflumed  the  title 
of  Twon-tfong.  tie  appointed  his  generals,  as  well  as  mini- 
iler s:  and  had  it  not  been  for  traitors  ajid  cowardly  fubjetts, 
the  Mungls  muft  of  neccffity  have  been  obliged  to  repafs  the 
Great  Kyang.  Ven-tyen-fyang  efcaped  on  the  road;  and, 
after  many  clangers,  had  the  good  fortune  to  reach  Fo-kyen  .- 
he  was  received  with  great  demonftrations  of  joy,  and  unani- 
moufly  declared  generaliffimo  of  the  troops. 

Pe-yen  was  not  without  his  enemies  at  court,  who  accufcd  Pe-yen 
him  of  having  carried  himfelf  too  effeminately :  but  he  had  reauud. 
.alfo  his  friends,  who  defended  his  conduft,  among  whom  was 
Cay -five,  the  foreigner  from  the  weft,  before  fpoken  -of.  H£- 
f>i-lay  fent  all  the  great  Mandarins  to  meet  him ;  whom  they 
received  with  great  magnificence  in  the  fuburbs  oESbang-t£,  or 
Kay-$ng-f&%  and  condufted-  to  an  audience  of  the  emperor* 
This  prince  made  hjs  encomium,  and  appointed  him  his  lieu- 
tenant-general in  Tartary.  He  likewife  did  great  honours  to 
t-he  generals  Atahay  (X)  and  Li-ting  j  which  latter  was  al- 
lowed to  follow  Pe-yen x. 

1  Gaubjx,  p.  176,  Sc  feqq.    . 

(X)  A  Mm ;/  of  the  tribe  of    of  Pancbuni  with  Jtngbiz Khan\ 

Tfun-tu-tfe  (or'  Tfutttuj),  whofe     Gaubil. 
father  had  drank  of  the  water 

O  o   3  THE 


I 


S6Q  JwghfoJOlfttfj  6*$h$j[ars  B,PTf 

{.  Ki>dn        TftE  general  Song-tu-bay>  who  commanded  In  Kytag-jt, 

Koblay.    detached  Taehay,  erf  the  Pu-M-la  tribe,  and  I*-Ar/g,  to  jc* 

fe'nrS?  >4>gaff  and  Tongfmen-ping}  being  refolved  fo  enter  /»4ps, 

Xang'«     P*  °rder  to  deftroy  entirely  the  party  of  the  new  emperor  of 

ehew-fi$     tjje  song.    Mean  time  Li-ting-chi  and  Kyang-tfay  ffitt  cqzm- 

***  nued  to  defend  Tang-chew-ftt,  with  a  refolution  worthy  of  the 

greateft  heroes.     4ch&,  to  no  purpofe,  employed  aU  \duch 

experience,  ftratagem,  and  force,  fuggefted  to  him  to  become 

mafter  of  the  chy.    The  two  commatidcrs  governed  there  as 

a  father  does  his  children ;  and  the  inhabitants  were  fo  may 

fbldiers ;  who  were  ready  to  die  m  the  train  of  the  governor. 

When  Li*ting-cbi  was  informed  of  Twdn-tfatg's  inftahnentat 

ttokew-f&%  he  left  the  command  of  the  city  to  the  inferior 

officers;  and,  followed  by  Kyang-tfnyt  with  7000  chofca 

men,  fee  out  to  join  the  new  emperor :  but  was  imerceptei 

by  Ach$,  who  befieged  him  in  Tay-chap-fA.    Soon  after  U* 

ting-chi  had  left  Tang-chevs-fA,  the  city  was  taken  by  treafoa, 

fay-        and  Tay-chewfu  fared  the  fame  fate.    Hereupon  that  coat* 

chew-ft    mander  and  his  collegue  went  to  drown  themselves  in  a  lake: 

taken.        but  they  were  taken  and  carried  to  JcM,  This  general  treated 

them  with  honour :  however,  finding  he  could  prevail  on 

them  neither  to  join  his  troops  nor  kneel,  he  contented  that 

they  fhould  be  flain ;  and  foon  after  went  to  coqrt,  where  be 

was  fent  for  to  be  one  of  the  miniftrj. 

The  emu-       The  army*  of  general  Jrgan,  after  reducing  the  places  la 

ptrsfeet    the  fouth  of  Cke-kyattg,  entered  Fo-kyen;  which,  being  filled 

with  traitors,  great  part  of  the  cities  furrendered  without  re*. 

fiihnce.    This  obliged  the  emperor  tq  put  to  fea ;  who  as- 

rowly  efcaped  being  taken  at  Tfveiwbew-fA,  by  the  treachery 

of  the  governor.     Chang-Jbi-kyay  having  prefied  for  the  en* 

Sror's  fervice  feveral  barks  and  fliips,  which  that  covetous 
andarin  employed  in  trade ;  he,  to  be  revenged,  furrendered 
the  city  to  the  Mungls.  The  emperor  Twon-tjbng  arrived  io 
November  at  Whey*chev)  with  his  fleet,  on  which,  it  is  faid, 
were  embarked  180,000  men.  Mean  time  Lu-fln-qucy  crofted 
the  famous  mountain  of  Mey-lm,  and  entered  the  province  of 
SZntog'tong,  where  he  made  great  conquefts.  The  general 
AH  Maya  pin  to  the  fword  all  the  inhabitants  of  $utj- 
Uri'fftiY) ;  which  he  took  after  a  long  fiege,  wherein  he  left  a 
great  number  of  men. 

(Y)  Capital    of  Shen-Ji    [a  the  courfe  of  the  rivers,  and 

miftake  for  ^favg-fi].    Its  fitu-  made  breaches   in  the  walls. 

?tion  among  -waters  rendering  Gaubil* 
\t  very  ftrong,  AU  Hay  a  turned 

III 


~.  5:  f*  Moguleftta-  g£f 

Ik  1277  Chang-JhiAydy  levied  forces  in  Totyih,  tad  fup-  5;  Kbdn 
fronted,  the  beft  he  could,  the  party  of  the  emperor  Twan-  Kublay. 
}fo**g.     He  laid  foge  to  Tjven-chew-flk  in  that  province,  but '  "7)*^? 
t  was  raifcd  byM-/d;  who,  pretending  that  the  Chinefes  a**  Lawd 
netc  not1  to  be  trurted,  made  a  great  flaughiser  wherever  her9™* 
iamc  :  he  in  particular  put  to  the  fword  the  inhabitants  of 
She  cities  Hing-ivha-fu  and  Cbang-cbew-fti.     Ven-tyen-fyang 
kad  a  confiderable  number  of  troops  in  Ky&ng-fi,  but  could' 
acvcr  join  a  powerful  army  which  Tfew-fong,  a  great  Mandarin, 
had  tfaifed;  add  the  forces  of  both  were  new  levies,  and  undi* 
fcipiined.   In  Aug&ft,  general  Li-heng  fent  troops  to  Kari-chcw,     A,D. 
fa  <5fcnfideraWe  city  in  Kyang-Ji,  of  which  Ven-fyen-fyang  had     1*77- 
*  mitld  to  ihake  himfelf  matter);  hindered  his  junftion  with 
Tfe^-fongy  and'  beat  their  armies  in  feveral  engagements :  fo 
tha«  Vtn-iyen-fyang  was  obliged  to- retire,  after  his  wife  and 
t»w>  fotfs  had  been  taken  prisoners,  who  were  fent  to  Ta-ttt. 
€bau-Jb+ft>mg,  one  of  the  imperial  family  of  the  Sing,  with 
others,  were  carried1  Nan-chang-fH,  capital  of  Kyang-Ji:  where, 
encouraged  by  Shi-Jbang,  they  chofe  rather  to  be  (lain  than 
knee!  to  the  Mungis. 

In  November,  Ta-cku  took  the  city  of  <%uang<h&w~fti  (Z),  offer  to 
in  %i4*ng-tong ;  and,  in  December,  the  ihip  which  the£m-/#&wi7. 
peror  Twan-tfong  was  aboard,  was  in  danger,  near  the  ifles  of  » 
Ma-kau,  of  being  caft  away  with  a  fquall  of  wind.  The  prince 
fell  into  the  water,  and  was  taken  out  again  half-dead  with  the 
fright.  A  great  part  of  his  troops  perifhed.  He  had  retired 
from  Ffhkyen  in  127&;  firft  to  JVhey-chrw-fA  in  gjiang-tongc 
from  whence  he  fent  an  officer  to  acquaint  S&t&,  that  he  was 
willing  to  fubmit  to  Hu~pi-Iay.  That  general  fent  the  fame 
officer  to  Ta-t4 ;  but  no  mention  is  made  with  what  fuccefs 
the  negotiation  was  attended.  From  Whey-chew-fib  Twan- 
tfong  retired  to  Cbdu-cbevr-f4,  a  city  and  port  in  the  eafterft 
part  of  the  province ;  and  there  took  (hipping ;  in  order  to  get 
to  the  kingdom  of  Chen~vhen  (A).  The  minifter  Che-ni-chong 
went  before;  but  he  never  returned,  nor  watf  ever  heard  of 
after. 

HU-PI-LAT  this  year*  appointed  Bonzas  of  the   fe€tTbeBon 
of  Tau  and  Fo,  to  govern  the  Bonz&s  of  their  refpettive  *<w  regu- 
lated. 

(Z)  The  capital  of  %uang-  eben.  The  fea  between  Hay-nan 

tong,  called  by  European*  Kan-  and  Tong-king  wa*  formerly  cal- 

toti.  led  by  the  Arabs  the  fea  qf  Sin- 

(A)  The  part  of  Tong-king3  j:\     Chen-chen  is  alfo  one  of  the 

oppofne  the  ifle  of  Hay^nan,  on  names  of  the  royal  city  of  Co- 

the  footh  of  China,  is,  in  the  chin-china,  called  Tboan-boa,  or 

Chinsfe  books,  often  called  Chin-  Sinoa.     Gaubil,  p.  190. 

0  o  4  fe£h, 


Jengfcfe  KMnV  Sucaffers  B.  W. 

fe&s,  tyho  w/ere  in  Kyang-nan9  and  other  foutbem  provisoes. 
He  likewife  ordered  general  Say-ten,  an  >/ra£,  to  follow  the 
army,  which  was  ordered  to  march  from  Din-nan  into  the 
kingdom  pf  Myen  (B),  or  Peg&  u. 

We  have  already  taken  notice  that  the  prince  S&ki,  fa 
of  the  late  emperor  Mengkq  (or  Mangu),  firft  joined  the  party 
Revolts  in  of  Jlipuko  (or  Jriiuga),  and  afterwards  fubmitted.    Sim 
Tartar^,    then,  he  was  corrupted  by  prince  Haytu;  and,  with  the 
princes,  his  allies,  this  year  (1277)  defeated  the  troops  of  Jfc- 
fi-lay,  in  the  country  of  Qlimali  (or  Jhnalig),  took  the  print 
Nanmu-hant  fon  of  the  emperor,  and  general  Gan~tong.  After 
thefe  great  advantages,  Siliki  marched  towards  the  caft  wk 
a  powerful  army ;  and  was  already  arrived  to  the  north  of  the 
city  ffo-lin   (or  Karakorom),  when  Pe-yenf  who  had  beet 
for  fome  time  in  Tartary*  fet  forward  to  meet  the  enemy, 
giving  great  bodies  of  troops  to  the  generals  Li-ting  andfi- 
iu-ha  (C).     Si-li-ki,    on  the  news  or  Pe-yen's  march,  de- 
camped from  the  neighbourhood  of  Karakorom,  and  eroded  the 
Qrgun,  near  which  he  intrenched  himfelf.     Pe-yen  followed; 
and,  having  encamped  near  the  fame  river,  feized  all  the  ate* 
.    nues,  by  which  provifions  could  be  brought  to  SUi/i's  camp, 
Sufptefed       Tins  prince,  feeing  himfelf  in  danger  of  pertfhing  with 
tytVyen.  his  whole  army,  was  obliged  to  come  to  a  battle;  in  which 
he  was  taken  and  killed  by  U-tingy  in  the  month  of  July. 
The  prince  Trtom&r  fled  towards  the  Tida%  and  intrenched 
himfelf  between  the  fources  of  that  river  and  the  Onon :  bet 
Tu-tu-ha,  being  detached  by  Pe-yen,  overtook  and  entirely 
defeated  him.     At  the  fame  time  Li-ting  marched  weftwardj 
and  having  pafled  the  river  Tamir  (which  falls  into  the  Qrgjk\ 
defeated  the  remains  of  Siliki  %  army,  and  feveral  bodies  com- 
manded by  the  officers  of  the  princes  Hay-tu  and  72a.    The 
emperor*  to  whom  the  revolt  of  thofe  princes  had  given  feme 
uneafinefs,  was  much  rejoiced  at  the  news  of  this  great  vic- 
tory  :  which,  for  a  time,  difconcerted  the  meafures  which  fe- 
veral Myngl  princes  had  taken  with,  Hay-tux  who  thought  of 

d  Gavbit,,  p.  179,  &  feqq. 

(Bl  T^is  the  name  which  (C)  He*  was  descended  from 

the  Chinefts  give  to  the  kingdom  the  princes  of, part  of  Kind* 

pf  Pegu:  and  Say  ten  was  ftnt  (or  Kifjak).    He  commanded* 

thither  in  eonfequence  of  the  body  of  troops,  of  his  own  na- 

account  which  his  fon  Nap-la-  tion;  and  was  with  Cbefe  a*d 

li*&  (probably  NafrodJin)  had  Suputaj  in  the  expedition  on  tht 

given   to    H&pi-lay    of  Myen  j  fide  in  1223.     He  always  mad« 

which,  according  to  the  Cbinefes,  war  with  fuccefs  j  and  was  ad- 

borders  on  the  Drovince  of  Tun-  vanced  by  Hupi-lay  to  the  W 

*a*.    Gaubih  pofts  in  the  may.—Gsskil. 

_  .                                 nothing 


G.  5<  I*  Mogulcftin.  56$ 

nothing  fefs  than  rendering  Tariary  intirely  independent  of  5.  Khan 
H4-pi-ky.  Kublajr. 

About  the  beginning  of  this  year,  or  end  of  the  pre- " — l— V  "— ' 
ceding,  the  literati,  who  had  fnbmitted  to  HA-pi-lay,  deputed 
Pu-hb-chu  with  a  memorial  (D),  to  intreat  that  prince  to  order 
public  colleges  to  be  built  throughout  the  empire ;  in  order  to 
educate,  in  the  fciences  and  morality,  youths  of  genius,  un- 
der the  dire&ion  of  the  moft  judicious  and  learned  men, 
•who  could  be  found. 

In  January  1278,  the  Twen  completed  the  conqueft  ofSongm* 
Se-cbwen.     Ven+tyen-fyang,   notwithftanding   the  lofles  htp'r°r  &'*• 
had  received,  took  the  field  again,   and  in  March  reduced    **•  D. 
the  city  of  <%tiang*cheiti  F4,  or  Kanton.    Mean  time  the  em-     I27«- 
pexor*7v>$n-tfong  retired  into  a  little  defart  ifle,  called  Rang- 
christen  (E) ;  where  he  died  the  month  following,  aged  eleven 
years.     Several  great  men,  after  this,  quite  defponded,  and 
quitted  the  army  of  the  Song.    Moft  of  thofe  who  were  about 
Twon-tfong,  weary  of  fuch  a  long  and  unfortunate  war,  feem- 
ing  inclined  to  acknowlege  Ifj-pi-lay,  Li-Zynv-fufaid  to  them : 
««  Sirs,  what  (hall  we  do  with  the  third  fon  of  tffe  emperor  Ti-ping 
*?  Tu-tfong,  aged  eight  years,  who  is  here  with  us  ?  Ancient-  proclaimed. 
**  ly  one  Ching  and  one  Lu  (F)  fufficed  for  one  fovereign  t 
€€  there  are  ftill  remaining  in  our  pofleffion  vaft  countries, 
«*  and  millions  of  people  :  what  is  there  wanting  to  us  that 
**  may  be  neceflary  for  the  proclamation  of  a  new  emperor  ?" 
Hereupon  all  agreeing  to  proclaim  Quang-vang,  they  caufed 
this  young  prince  to  get  upon  a  rifing  ground  ;  then  fell  on 
their  knees,  and  acknowleged  him  emperor.     Lu-JyewfCt  and 
Chang-Jbi-kyay  were  declared  his  two  minifters  in  April.  This 
latter  was  obliged  to  raife  the  fiege  of  Ley-chew  F&  (G),  a  ftrong 

city, 

(D)    In  this  memorial,   the  men  in  the  empire,  and  was  vc- 

fubftance  of  which  is  given  by  ry  dear  to  Hu  pi -lay. 

€)qt  aothor  GaubiU  they  endea-  (E)  On  the  fouth  coaft  ©f 

▼our  to  induce  the  emperor,  by  Qttang-tong>  to  the  north  eaft  of 

inftancing  the  moft  remarkable  the  city  Uwi-chcw  F£. 

examples  of  the  Chincfe  empe-  (F)  Ching  is  the  fpace  of  a 

Tors,  in  founding  colleges,  from  league  fquare  :  Lu  the  habit  a - 

the  times  of  Yau,  Shun^  and  Tu9  tions  of  500  men.  GaubiL 

the  firft  of  whom  reigned x  if  we  (G)    The   fame   with  Lwi* 

may  believe  the  Chirefe  hiftory,  chiw  Fu  (as  it  is  written  in  the 

above  2357  years  before  the  Jefuitsmap  of  Quang  ton),  men- 

Chrifiian  aera.  — -  Pu-hu  cbu  was  tioned  in  the  note  but  one  be* 

a  lord  of  the  Kangli  tribe,  who  fore.     According  to  Gaubil,  it 

became  one  of  ttje  moft  leame4  is    feventecn    leagues    to    the 

north 


Jenghfc  KWtf#  Smceffor*  B.  IV. 

city,  cot  far  from  Tong*kingt  which  general  JU-$tya  carted 
ia  time  to  be  well  furnifhed  with  troops  and  provifion*. 

In  il&jr  the  new  emperor  of  the  Seng,  knbwfr  under  the 
title  of  71-fing,  retired  to  the  mountain  Yayjban,  near  At 
city  of  Sin-vrhy-hyiti  (H),  in  $>ualtg-4mg.  Tay-Jban  finds 
in  the  fea,  oppofite  to  the  mountain  Kijbi-Jben.  The  flux 
And  reflux  of  the  current,  between  thefe  *wo  mountains, 
makes  the  Chimfe  compare  them  to  a  gate  with  folding  doors, 
which  open  and  (hut  every  moment.  Chtog^/bi-fyay,  having 
chofen  this  mountain  for  the  emperor's  rcmat*  eaafed  hades 
to  be  built  for  the  officers  and  foldiers  >  Uke^ife  a  palace  fat 
'fi'ping*  and  the  prkacefe  his  Blotter.  Pfen%  of  provifioa 
t  was  brought  from  %ua*g-chew  F&%  or  Kanton :  abundance 
of  oassyarms,  and  arrowy  were  made":  tops**}  bvksucre 
fined  out :  in  fhort,  the  zeal  and  fidelity  of  that  imnjfter  caa» 
not  be  fafiidently  extolled;  Reckoning  the  ptople>  Maod** 
rins,  and  foldiers,  the  emperor  had  with  him  more  that 
200,000  men.  Great  numbers  of  foldiers  and  faifars,  frnft 
Ifu-qmng,  fet  forward  to  join  Cbang-Jhi-kyay  :  but  Ak-haj4 
'  having  fen*  out  large  detachments  to  examine  all  pafleagen, 
the  minifter  wa*#  by  that  means,  deprived  of  a  considerable 
fuccour  x. 

The  Song      In  Augufi  the  Mandarine  performed  the  ceremonies  for  m. 

general  terring  the  late  emperor  Ttoon-tfong,  on  the  mountain  Toy* 
Jban.  The  air  of  fadnefe  fpread  over  the  new  emperor's  face 
during  this  ceremony,  and  the  reflections  which  arofe  in  their 
minds  on  the  prefent  ftate  of  affairs,  drew  tears  of  real  firf* 
row  from  the  eyes  of  Chang-Jbl-kyay,  Lfafyew-fA,  and  all  the 
officers,  as  well  as  foldiers.  ChaHg-hong-fun  (I)  having  bee* 
K  informed  of  what  the  Song  minifter  (K)  was  doing,  reprefcnt- 
ed  to  the  emperor  HA-pi-lay,  that  it  was  neceflfary,  as  foon  as 
poflible,  to  make  himfelf  matter  of  the  province  of  Quango 

*  Gaubil,  p.  182,  &  feqq. 

north  of  Kan  chew  Pv  (or  Kyang*  ral  Cban-jau,  often  mentioned 

ebe<w  Fa,  as  in  the  faid  map),  before. 

capital  of  the  ifle  of  Hay-nan.         (K)  Chang-Jki  iyay  was  of  the 

It  ftands  on  the  eaft  coaft  of  a  fame  family  with  Chang  bo*g* 

\  peninfula,  which,  like  a  bear's  fan,  born  at  Cho-chew,  in  Fe- 

foot,  (hoots  out  from  the  Couth-  ckeli.     He  followed  his  rela* 

ern  coaft  of  $uang-ton.  tion  into  Ho -nan,  when  young ; 

(H)  On  the  well  fide  of  the  and,  to  avoid  being  puoiihed 

hay  of  Quang-chenu  Fit  (or  Kan-  for  a  fault  which  he  had  com- 

ton),    about   midway    between  mitted,  took  refuge  with  the 

that  city  and  Ma-kau.  Song,  whom  he  ferved  with  an 

(I)  He  was  the  f6n  of  gene-  heroic  conilancy.     Gaubil 

teag. 


C*  £.  /•  Mogttkft&n*  571 

tag*    The  .Afifflg/  monarch  charged  him  with  that  import*  5.  Khan 
ant  commifllon ;  and,  making  him  a  prefeat  of  a  (word,  ad-  ICubky* 
prned  with  precious  Acros,  appointed  him  general  of  the  ar-  <"■»»/"»* 
my,  defigftfd  againft  the  emperor  Tipping     Hang-fan  Upon 
this,  repaired  to  Tang^hevj  FA  \  a*td  there  takiag  with  hk& 
00,000  choke  men,  m  November  arrived  by  fea  in  the  pro* 
vincc  of  %uang-ton,  where  he  furprifed  Venrtymfyang*  io 
conjuration  with  two  other  generals,  TJrwfang  and  Lyew* 
tfe-tfm. 

The  troops  of  thefe  commanders!  not  being  u£ed  to  &g)Mpfvrprifid 
pre  way  at  the  firft  onfet,  and  the  route  became  gpneraL**^ '<****• 
Tfcw-fmg  flew  himfelf.  Lynu-tfe-tfun  and  Ven-tysnfyang 
were  intimate  friends,  and  each  of  them  fought  death,  in  or* 
der  to  fare  the  other's  life.  Lysw-tfe-tfm,  being  taken  firft, 
&id  he  was  Tymfyangy  in  a  belief,  that,  on  uttering  thofe 
words,  lie  ftiewld  be  killed :  but,  inftead  thereof,  they  put 
tutn  into  the  hands  of  a  guard.  .  Tyenfyang  was  taken  af- 
terwards, and  bound,  to  hinder  him  from  poifoaing  himfelf. ' 
Hong-fan  having  ordered  Lyew-4fe-tfun  to  be  put  to  death, 
Tyen-fyang  faid  he  was  the  man.  But  the  prisoners  difco* 
vefled  the  truth ;  and  Lye-w-tfe-tfun  was  burnt  alive  by  a 
flow  fire.  Tyenfyang,  being  brought  before  the  Mungl  ge- 
neral, would  not  perform  the  reverence,  in  token  of  fubmif- 
fioq,  although  he  was  unbound  for  that  purpofe,  but  de- 
manded to  be  flain :  Hong-fan,  however,  would  not  grant 
his  requeft ;  but  fent  him  prifoner  to  Tat  A,  abd  fet  at  liber- 
ty his  relwions  and  friends,  who  had  been  taken. 

Aet*br  this  viftory, Hong  fan  fet  fail  with  his  naval  force  yTbeir  feet 
and,  qo  the  31ft  of  January  (L)  1 279,  came  in  fight  of  the  defeated. 
jDQuntain  Tayfban*   The  firft  caufed  this  mountain  to  be  ex-    A.  D. 
amined  ;  and  then  having  informed  himfelf  concerning  the     1279- 
tides,  winds4  and  windings  of  the  coafts,  took  meafures  with 
U-htng  for  attacking  Changfbi-kyay  to  advantage.     But  this. 
}ater  was  before-hand  with  him :  and,  in  the  night,  the  29th 
of  March  (M),  came  to  attack  the  Twen*    However,  he  wa* 
repulfed.      Hang  fan,   to  avoid  confufion,  divided  his  fleet 
into  four  fquadrons,  one«diftant  from  the  other  3  or  400 
paces.     Li-heng  ported  himfelf  to  the  north  of  the  Song  fleet, 
which  lay  to  the  weft  of  the  mountain.     On  the  third  of 
Afril  (N)  a  thick  fog  covered  that  fide  erf"  the  mountain.    Zi- 
heng  had  orders  to.  attack  the  enemy  at  the  coming-in  of  the 

(L)  The  day  Ji-au,   of  the     Ki  man>  of  the  fecond  month, 
firft  month.     Gc%ubiL  Gaub. 

(M)  In  the  night  of  the  day        (N)  The  day  $gey-*wi. 

tide.* 


Jcnghlz  Khan' *  Sutceftrs  B.  IV; 

tide.     The  tide  came-in  at  the  hour  of  the  borfe  (O),  at  iriat 
time  the  inltruments  founding,  which  was  the  fignal,  Li> 
1  heng  bore  down  upon  them  on  one  fide,  white  ChangAwp 
fan  advanced  on  the  other.     Chang-Jbi-kyay,  though  attacked 
on  both  fides  at  once,  defended  himfejf  valkntly :  but  his 
troops,  being  fatigued,  gave  way ;  and  the  Mungls  harag 
taken  one  great  (hip,  feverai  others  ftruck. 
Ttt  empt-       In  fhort,  confufion  feized  the  whole  fleet  of  the  Sag; 
ror  drown-  while  Hong-fan  and  Li-hengy  taking  advantage  of  this  difonfcr, 
'^j  routed  them  on  all  hands.     At  fun-fet,  the  wind  and  fogs 

beginning  to  arife,  Shi-kyay  cut  his  cables,  and  efcaped  wMi 
fixteen  great  (hips.     Lfirfyewft  ran  iwiftly  to  the  emperor's 
Teflel,  but  it  was  fluggim;  and  feverai  others  were  fattened 
one  to  the  other.    Thefe  were  almeft  in  a  helplefs  condhk»; 
nor  were  there  fo  much  as  officers  or  failors  to  manage  then. 
L&fyewf&t  perceiving  all  was  loft,  firft  threw  his  wife  aad 
children  into  the  fea ;  then,  with  a  refolute  tone,  laid  to  die 
young  emperor,   "  Do  not  dishonour,  fir,  your  illuftrkws 
<c  family,  in  following  the  example  of  your  brother  Kmg> 
u  tfong.     Die  a  fovereign  prince,  rather  than  live  a  flave  to 
'**  a  foreign  nation. "     After  he  had  fpoken  thefe  words,  he, 
weeping,  embraced  Tipping;  and,  taking  him  on  his  (hodden, 
jumped  with  him  into  the  fea.     Moft  of  the  Mandarins  fat 
lowed  this  example  y. 
wthmul-       HONG -FAN  took  800  barks.     The  Chinefe  hiftoriiiB 
tUudes,      fey  that  100,000  men  were  drowned.     For  feverai  days  the 
fea  was  feen  covered  with  dead  bodies.     Chang-fbi-hyay  dif- 
covered  that  of  the  emperor,  and  interred  it  with  refpeft.  He 
alfo  recovered  the  imperial  feal :  and  then  joined  the  vtffl 
which  had  on  board  the  princefs,  mother  to  Ti-ping.    He 
'    found  this  lady  in  the  greateft  inquietudes,  as  well  as  danger; 
her  (hip  being  feparated  from  the  reft  of  the  flee*.     He  firik 
communicated  to  her  the  death  of  her  dear  fon ;  and  then  ex- 
horted her  to  think  of  inftalling  a  new  emperor  of  the  ft- 
mily.     But  fhe  was  fo  deeply  aflfe&ed  with  the  doleful  news, 
Tbeemprefs  ^^  without  either  fpeaking  one  word,  or  (hedding  a  fiflgk 
« *"*-    tear,  (he  threw  herfelf  into  the  fea.     The  ladies  and  maids 
^  *  of  honour  who  were  with  her  did  the  fame.     Shi-kyay  in- 

terred their  bodies,  with  all  the  decency  things  would  per- 
mit ;  and,  wkh  the  remains  of  the  fleet,  failed  to  the  coafb 
of  Tong-king,  where  he  iriet  with  confiderable  fuccours.  Wkb 

y  Gaubil,  p.  \%6,  &  foqq. 

(O)  The  fpace  of  time  be*    morning,  and  one  in  the  alter 
twten  eleven    o'clock  in    the    noon.     Gaub. 

thde 


C..5*.  /*  Mogufeftan.  ^| 

thefe  he  put  to  fca  again  for  guang-chew  Fu,  or  Kanton  :  but  5.  Khan 
a  violent  ilorm  arifing  foon  after,  the  officers  would  have  had  Kubla\. ' 
him  return  into  port.     This  he  peremptorily  refufed  to  do ; Sml  -y*^ 
laying,  that  a  rifque  muft  be  run,  in  order,  as  foon  as  pofli- 
blc,  to  fct  up  an  emperor  of  the  Song  family.'  .However,  the 
wind  increafmg,  and  the  tempeft  becoming  more  furious, 
Shi-kyay  went  upon  deck ;  where,  having  invoked  heaven, 
and  %  burnt  perfumes  in  honour  of  the  Deity  (P),  he  flung 
himfelf  headlong  into  the  ocean,  near  the  mountain  Hay-lin. 
After  this,  all  the  officers  and  Mandarins  fufimitted  to  the 
Tivens  or  Mungls  :  and  the  fame  year  the  emperor  Htt-pi-lay 
found  himfelf  peaceable  mafter  of  the  whole  empire  of  China, 
which  had  been,  for  feveral  ages  before,  divided  among  fe- 
veral  potentates. 

Thus  ended  the  dynafty  of  the  Song,  whofe  family-name  Song  dy 
was  Cbau.     The  firft  emperor  of  this  imperial  houfe  was  nafty  **- 
Chau-quang-yu,  defcended  from  one  of  the  prime  families  **"&> 
of  the  empire,  who  made  himfelf  famous  in  the  wars  againft 
the  Kitdn.    He  eftabliihed  his  court  at  Kay-fong-fd,  capi-  . 
tal  of  Honan,  nine  of  whofe  fucceflbrs  reigned  there  168 
years.*  The  wars  which  they  had  with  the  Kin  emperors, 
obliged  them  to  remove  their  court  to  Hang-chew  FA,  ca- 
pital of  Che-kyang;  where  it  remained  148  years,  under  fe- 
ven  princes.     The  two  laft  reigned,  in  all,  near  four  years,  ih  the  year 
So  that,  in  the  whole,  the  dynafty  of  the  Song  continued  319  1279.  , 
or  320  years. 

SECT.     III. 

Commencement  of  the  Ywen  Dynafty\  and  its  Affairs, 
to  the  Death  of  Hfi-pi-lay. 

TDEFORE  we  proceed  to  the  next  year,  we  (hall  mention  Pa-fe-pa 
:*-*  the  death  of  the  famous  Lama  Pa-fe-pa,  which  happened  din, 
in  this.     After  his  departure,  the  moft  extraordinary  tides 
were  conferred  him.     They  faid,  he  was  above  men ;  and. 
that  nothing  but  heaven  was  above  him.    He  was  called  the 

( P)  Gaubi/hyt,  in  honour  there-  fert  the  word  Deity ;  being  con- 
of,  that  is,  of  heaven :  doubtlefs  vinced  from  reafon,  as  well  as 
that  the  Dominicans,  and  other  fads,  that  the  followers  oiKon- 
adverfaries  of  the  Jefuits>  in  the  fuftus  often  ufe  the  word  tyenK 
famous  controverfy  which  help-  or  heaven,  as  we  do,  to  fignify 
ed  to  ruin  their  miffion  in  China,  God.  Nothing  feems  to  us  to 
might  not  lay  any-thing  like  difcover  the  hardy  temper  of 
nnfair  dealing  to  his  charge,  fome  men  morethan  their  affirm- 
But  we  make  no  fcruple  to  in-  ing  the  contrary  opinion. 

great 


i£8o. 


Jenghf  2  fCWn'x  Sncceprs  B.  ftf  t 

gnat  faint ;  ffc  *wa/2  gf  /A*  hlgheft  virtue ;  /A*  ^n  if  To  tf 
Si-tyen  (A).  The  Chinefe  literati  Joudly  exclaimed  again! 
1  thefe  tides,  and  vilified  the  Bonzas,  Nay,  feveral  of  than, 
over-zealous  for  their  do&rine,  treated  Hu*pilay  as  a  Bar- 
tartan,  and  fuperftitious  prince ;  who  fuffered  himfedf  to  be 
governed,  by  women  and  the  Lamas,  without  courage,  and 
vkbout  genius  for  government.  There  is  ftill  at  Peeking  i 
Myau  (or  temple),  built  in  honour  of  Pa-fe-pa,  in  the  on 
of  the  Mungl  emperors. 
The  The  general  Ali-haya  having  matfc  a  great  number  of*  flaw* 

Whang-    in  the  fouthern  provinces,  the  emperor  H6-pi-lay  fet  them  all  at 
k°«  liberty  in  tjie  year  1280.     In  March  he  appointed  matheoa- 

*'*H'  t^c"Mls  t0  fearch  for  the  fource  of  the  Whang-ho,  or  yellow  ri- 
ver ;  who,  in  four  months  time,  arrived  in  the  country  who* 
it  rifes,  and  drew  a  map  of  it  (B),  which  they  prefented  to  bb 
majefty.  Although  much  mention  is  made  of  this  great  li- 
ver in  the  books  of  the  Chinefes,  and  its  courfe  is  partiddadj 
defcribed  in  the  chapter  of  the  Sf4*king>  entitled  Tu-knfa 
written  at  kaft  above  3920  years  ago  (C) ;  yet,  till  the  tine 
of  H&'pi-lay,  the  country  from  whence  that  river  comes  feestf 
to  have  been  unknown  to  the  Chinefes^  who  reprefent  itvaj 
erroneotifly  in  their  books a. 
Japan  The  emperor,  having  long  refolved  to  fitbdue  the  kingdom 

fkmmemed.  d£  Je*pen  (D)  (or  Japan)  y  or  at  lead  render  it  tributary,  fa* 
to  fummon  the  king  to  acknowlege  him  for  his  fovereign: 
but  the  king  paid  no  regard  to  H£-pi-layJ&  letter,  which  wal 
written  in  form  of  an  order  from  £  prince  to  his  fubjeft 
The  Mungl  monarch,  feveral  years  after,  fent  a  deputy  thi- 
ther, who  was  Jkilled.  Hereupon  tfu-pi-lsy,  beiog  enraged, 
equipped  a,grea.t  fleet,  aad  this  year  ordered  general  Argot 
to  attack  Japan,  with  an  army  of  100,000  men.     The  Jung 

*  <3au8il,  p.  *88,  Ss  fe$<j. 

(A)  This  It&eittoe  which  {C)  Reckoning  back  fro* 
they  give  at  Pe-kingio  that  part    about  the  year  1 726. 

of  Hindujldn  where  they  fay  Fo         (D)  Some  call  it  jfafen.    Wi 

was  bpm.     Gjvihil. Si-tyen  is  oae  of  the  names  given  ikh 

fignifies  tht  'weflern  heaven,   or  iflaod  by   the  Chine/h*  whofc 

heaven  of  the  we/?,  book*    a  fiord   lcG>   informatioi! 

(B)  Gwbil  tells  us  this  map  concerning  it,  than  thereladoti 
Is  loft ;  but  that  the  greater  part  of  Europeans :  but  then  they  re- 
ef the  defcripUOB  which  ex-  late  many  things  with  regard 
felais  that  map  is  ftill  in  being,  to  the  tiillory  of  Japan,  wnich 
He,  from  thence,  gives  an  ac-  ibe  European  know  nothing  o£ 
count  of  the  fprings   of    the  CaubJ 

Whang- ho. 

.  4  rf 


C.  5.  A  MogufeftJ*  575 

ef  Korra  had  orders  to  (Favour  this  enterprise;  wifidh  was  5  KMn 
dtfapj>roved  erf  generally  fry  *he  Tatar  and  CAi»$fc  grandees,  KuWay- 
la  November  was  published  jhc  aftronomy  corapofed  by  four  Ll~»"*J 
£&' 04^  literati,  who  b*d  been  long  about  it :  in  which  great 
work  Ko-jbew-kmg  had  th?  .chief  concern*    The  mtthemarf* 
ciaas  of  the  weft,  who  were  in  great  number  and  credit  at 
court,  had  already  written  much  upon  that  fcience,  and  mad* 
jqy  beautiful  inftrumeflts.-   Ko-fbenv-lting,  a  man  of  genius, 
aad  extraordinary  application,  affifted  by  his  three  collegues, 
fuid  perfectly  acquainted  with  the  methods  which  thofe  of 
fhe  weft  had  purf ued,  put  the.  finifhing  hand  to  the  Cbinefi 
aftronomy  (E). 

JENGHJZ  Khfa  garje  the  care  of  that  fcience  to  Tcki-  Mungl 
dni-tfty.  This  aftrftoonjer  had  reftified  many  of  Us  notions,  kaUndat, 
when  fat  followed  that  CQjaq&eror  into  the  weft ;  and,  at  bis 
return,  published  an  agronomy.  At  the  beginning  of  H4-f>i» 
b/$  r*|gp,  the  aAroopmers  from  the  weft  puhlifhed  two 
^tronomies :  one  according  to  the  method  of  the  weft ;  the 
Other  according  to  the  Chinefe  method,  but  correfted.  Ko* 
Jbew-king  took  a  middle  courfe ;  and  following,  in  the  mean, 
tfye  method  of  tjbje  weft,  preferred  as  many,  terms  as  he  could 
pf  the  Chinefe  aftronomy  :  but  intirely  reformed  it  according 
to  the  aftro&omjcal  epocbas,  and  the  method  of  reducing  the 
tables  to  one  certain  ^meridian ;  as  well  as  of  applying  after* 
wards  the  calculations  and  obfervations  to  other  meridians. 
Befides  this,  he  caufed  large  brafs  inftruments  to  be  made, 
fuch  as  fpheres,  aftrolabes,  mariners  compares,  levels,  and 
gnomons.,  of  which  laft  fort  one  was  forty  feet  high. 

The  Myngl  emperors,  who  had  at  their  court  weftern,  as 
well  as  Chinefe,  phyficjaus  and  mathematicians,  made  feparate 
bodies  of  each,  who  yet  lived  in  good  correfpondence.  The 
books,  which  give  the  hiftory  of  thofe  times,  praife  much,  in 
general,  the  ability  of  thofe  ftrangers  ;  and,  in  particular,  ac- 
knowlege,  that  what  is  beft  in  Ko-Jbew-kings  work  was  taken 
from  theip. 

TSU-I-TU  (F)  was  one  of  the  great   Mandarins  whoAhamaV 
governed  the  province  of  Kyang-nan;  and  highly  efteennd,  malice, 

as 

(E)  Oar  author  has  fpoken  at  (F)  This  peribn  was  a  native 

large  of  the  aftronomy  pubHih-  of  Tfe-cbew,  in  Shan  fi;  and  hit 

cd  in  1 280,  by  order  of  Hupi-  brother  a  cenfor  of  the  empires 

lay,  in  a  treatife  which  he  fent  Gav£»7.-~Hi<>  name  in  the  ori- 

into  Europe  concerning  the  Chi-  ginal  French  is  Tfiuyyu  ;  which 

nefi  aftronomy,  and  which  hat  we  choofe  to  write  T/u-i-ju,  ra- 

beca  printed  by  Souciei.  ther  than  Tfwi-yu,  as  it  might 

alfo 


i  . 


£y6  Jcnghiz  Ktim's  Skcetprs  B.  IV. 

t.  Khan  -  as  well  by  the  Chinefes  as  Tatars,  both  for  his  integrity  aod 
kublay.  vigilance.  Ali-haya  had  chofen  him  for  one  of  his  lieutenants; 
*  >  and  confidered  him  as  one  of  the  beft  officers  in  his  army. 

This  worthy  perfon  undertook  to  make  known  to  Hu-frAq 
the  malverfations  of  Ahama :  who,  foil  of  revenge,  accofcd 
him,  and  two  other  Mungl  lords  who  feconded  him,  with 
having  purloined  more  than  tWo  millions ;  likewife  with  tuni- 
ing  out  and  changing  Mandarins  without  orders.     Hm-pi4aj 
fent  commiffioners  to  the  feveral  places,  to  examine  into  the 
affair,  and  they  declared  Tfu-i-yu  innocent.    Ahama,  refobiqg 
if  poffible  to  gain  his  ends,  gotothers  to  be  fent,  who  declared 
Tfo-i-yu  guilty ;  and,  as  fuch,  caufed  him  to  be  beheaded  (G), 
with  the  two  lords  above-mentioned,  in  December.  The  priDcc, 
Who  was  appointed  heir  to  the  crown,  fent  officers  of  his  coot 
o  quafh  the  proceedings,  as  foon  as  he  Was  apprifed  of  Abe- 
ma's  intrigues  :  but  they  arrived  too  late*   The  death  of  7JW* 
yu  (H)  made  a  great  noife  in  the  provinces,  at  court,  and  in  the 
army  :  they  murmured  greatly  againft  his  accufer ;  and  the 
prince  only  fought  for  an  occafion  to  get  rid  of  that  evil  mi' 
nifter. 
Hthjlain.     In  March  1281,  Hfapv-lay  having  gone  to  Shang-tu,  and 
left  Ahama  (I)  to  govern  at  Ta-ttt,  a  Mandarin,  named  IVbasg- 
chu,  went  one  day  to  the  palace,  and  flew  him  at  the  grot 
gate.     As  the  guards  and  officers  did  not  mind  to  (oat 
Whang*chu,  he  eafily  made  his  efcape,  and  was  fatished  tint 
the  prince  would  fave  his  life.     In  this  confidence,  he  fonts* 
dered  himfelf  to  the  tribunal ;  aud  was  condemned  to  death 
by  the  commiffioners  fent  by  Htl~pi«lay+    This  monarch  at  hft 
opened  his  eyes,  and  faw  the  crimes  of  Ahama.     In  JprH 
he  ordered  his  palace  to  be  plundered,  his  body  to  be  taken 
out  of  the  grave,  cut  in  pieces,  and  then  call  to  the  fovb 
of  the  air.     There  was  no  fort  of  extortion  and  oppreffiofi 
but  what  Ahama  was  guilty  of:  fo  that  the  obftinacy  of  Br 
pi-lay  in  fupporting  him,  notwithftanding  the  reprefentatktfs 
of  the  prince  his  heir,  and  the  repeated  accusations,  effectually 

alfo  be  written.     Our  author  Mangkola   (by  M.  Poh  calW 

not  having  divided  the  names  Mangala),  third  fon  of  Hi-fi* 

into  monofyllables,  oj[  Chinefe  lay.     Gaub.  p.  239. 

^_        words,  makes  it  oftea  'difficult  (I)  He  was  a  Mohammtt»i 

to  reduce  them  to  the  idiom  of  and  native  of  Khoraffdn. in rV 

the  Englijb ;  without  which  an  Jia  ;  of  a  family  which  had  for- 

Englijh  reader  would  be  fcarce  ntfhed  generals  and  miniftersto 

able  to  read  or  pronounce  them,  the  kings  of  the  country.   He 

(G)  This  is  an  ignominious  was  of  the  city  Paival,  that  is, 

kind  of  death  in  China .  Buurd  [or  Bawerd],  of  vhkk 

(HJ  This   year  died  prince  ZTJfcrWjtffpeakSjp.ic^.G^. 

proved 


C.  £•  &  Mqguleftan.  gy? 

proved,  of  the  moft  fage  in  his  counfel,.  did  his  reputation  c.  Khan 
no  finall  prejudice  V  .        .,        fcublay. 

The  expedition  toGan-nan,  containing,  as  hath  been  kid,  I'^T  J 
the  kingdoms  of  Kockin-china  and  Tong-king  (K),  had  not  the  ~^»  m 
expelled  fuccefs.-   The  king's  fon  would  neyer  be  prevailed  Uatt-°an» 
qn  to  fubmit ;  and,  with  a  considerable  body  of  troops,  pot- 
felled  a  great  part  of  the  country.     The  general  SA-t&  en- 
tered Can-nan  in  June ;  and  meeting  at  fiat  with  no  oppo- 
£tion,  advanced  imprudently,   and  took  the  city  of  Chen* 
cheny  which  is  not  far  from  the  fouth-weft  point  of  the  ifland 
Hay-nan,  on  the  fouth.  of  China,    The  prince  amufed  the 
Mungls  with  falfe  promifes  to  fubmit;  and,  by  degrees,  fete-  • 
ing  the  pofts  between  China  and  Gan^ian,  cut  offSutu's  re- 
treat.    The  exceffive  heat  incommoded  the  Twen,  accuftota- 
ed  to  the  northern  climates ;  and  their  general,  who  was  not  * 
fupported  by  a  fleet  (L),  perceiving  too  late  his  fault,  retired 
with  much  courage  j  but  the  greater  part  of  his  army  pe- 
rUhed,    . 

The  expedition  againft  Japan,  which  was  undertaken  the  WJapatq 
next  year,  had  ftill  a  worfe  event  than  that  to  Gan-nan.    Ge-  .  A.  D. 
neral  Argon  being  dead,  Atahay  commanded  the  fleet:  but     »*8«9 
fcarce  was  it  arrived  in  fight  of  the  ifland  Ping-hu  (M),  when 
a  violent  ftorm  arofe,  which  difperfed  the  (hips.     Atahay 
hereupon  was  obliged  to  (put  into  port ;  and  the  reft  of  the 
veflels  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Japanefe,  who  made  (laves 
Of  70,000  Chinefes,  and  flew  30,000  Mungls.    M^i-lay  was 
almoft  diftra&ed  to  fee  his  deiigns  upon  Gan-nan  and  Japan 
mifcarry.    In  February  alfo  he  received  a  great  lofs,  by  the 
death  of  his  firft  wife,  the  princefs  of  Hong-kila,  and  mother     y 
of  the  prince  his  heir.    The  Chinefe  authors  reprefent  her  as 
an  accomplifhed  lady.-    She  loved,  the  people,  and  always 
difpofed  the  emperor  to  clemency :   (he  likewife  took  extra*         .  . 
ordinary  care  of  the  late  emprefles  of  the  Song,  who  were  pru 
foners  at  7i**£ 

b  Gaubil,  p.  190,  (c  feqq. 

(K)  We  are  told  by  feveral  (M)  Our  author  fays,  this 

European   travellers,    that   the  ifland  Sfuft  be  near  Japan,  but 

language  of  thefe  two  kingdoms  knows  hot  where  it  is.     There 

is  the  Anamitic,   that  is,    the  the  remains  of   the   matured 

language  of  Anam,  which  is  a  fleet  being  re- united;  the  Ja- 

corruption  of  the  word  Gan-  fanefe  took  and  deftroyed  them, 

nam*     Gaubil.  as  in  the  text.    Mar  cp  Polo,  and 

(L)  Or  perhaps  the  prince  other  authors,  fpeak  at  large  of 

had  one  in  the  bay.    Gaubtf*  this  expedition ;  bat  his  date  is 

»  faulty.    Gaubil. 

Mo».  Hist- Vol.  IV.  P  p  HU-P1-LAT 


gyS  Jcnghfe  Khan^  $&cefars  B.W; 

c.  Kkim,       HU-PhLAr  was  Arongly  attached  to  the  left  of  Fo,  and 
Kublay.    openly  prote&ed  the  Lamas,  who  were  great  enemies  to  tfec 
'  feft  of  .Tau ;  inibmuch  that,  in  conjun&ioQ  with  .the  Cbineft 
Bonzas,  or  prieits  of  Fo,  who  hated  them  no  lefs  than  the 
others,  they  a&ed  leave  to  fearch  for  and  burn  ail  the  boob 
of  the  Tau-tfe,  or  Bonzas  of  the  Tau  fe£L     The  emperor, 
granting  their  requeft,  ordered  all  their  books  to  be  burnt: 
nor  was  any  fared,  excepting  that  called  Tau-te-king,  on  ac- 
count of  its  antiquity,  having  been  written  by  Lau-tfe  (N) 
himfelfo 
Wang-         The  prince^fewF-foVs  grief,  for  the  lofs  of  the  emprefe  hit 
fan  dies,    mother,  was  mcreaied  by  that  of  Wang-fun.     This  lord,  who 
was  one  of  the  four  concerned  in  compofing  the  book  of 
aftronomy,  was  very  well  educated  by  his  father  Wang-ly&ng. 
The  famous  Lyew~ping-chong  having  recommended  him  to 
the  emperor  H&-pi~lay,  this  latter  appointed  him  to  be  nor 
the  perfon  of  the  prince  his  heir;    Chcng-Jtin  quickly  took  an 
affection  for  Wang-fun,  and  made  him  eat  at  his  table.    They 
itudied  together  the  book  which  Hyu-beng  had  written  upon 
hiftory,  mathematics,  and  other  fciences.    They  sever  ceafaf 
" '   encouraging  each  other  to  virtue,  and  were  patterns  of  no- 
deration,  and  averfion  to  pleafures.     Wang-fun's  view  was  to 
ifcfpire  Ckeng-kin  with  a  great  defire  to  become  a  perfect  prince ; 
to  which  end  he  made  him  take  notice,  mHyu-heng*$  book,  of 
the  virtues  and  vices  of  princes,  and  the  true  caufe  of  their 
happy  or  unhappy  reigns.   Wang-fun-  died  at  the  age  of  forty* 
feven,  regretted  by  aU  the  court.     This  year  alfo  died  Nyw 
heng,  fo  renowned  for  his  virtue,  experience,  and  works. 
Mean  time  the  emperor  fent  an  officer  into  Tun*nan,  to  bring 
away  the  duties  upon  gold  (O),  which,  at  this  time,  was 
drawn  in  great  quantities  from  that  province. 
Jjf&irs  of      In  1282  the  emperor  ordered  the  learned  men,  from  all 
literature,  parts  of  the  empire,  to  repair  to  court,  to  examine  the  ftate 
of  literature,  and  take  effectual  meafures  for  the  advancement 
thereof.     He  likewife  caufed  fixty  great  veflels  to  be  built,  to 
tranfport  by  fea,  from  the  fouthern  provinces,  into  Pe-cix-R, 
provifions  of  rice,  arid  other  neceflaries,  which  before  had 
been  conveyed  by  rivers,  with  much  trouble,  delay,  and  ex- 
pence  (P).     Mean  time  feveral  kings  of  the  Indies  feat  depu- 
ties to  pay  Hti-pi-lay  tribute.     The  moft  remarkable  among 

(N)  He  lived  feveral  ages  (P)  They  were  alfo  conveyed, 
before  Chrift.  "  partly  by  rivers,  -and  partly  fay 

(O)  There  art  Hill  rivers  in  fea.  Gaubil,  in  a  note,  gives  an 
this  province,  out  of  which  they  .  account  of  both  thefe  courfes. 


gather  very  good  gold.  Gaub. 


then 


C.  5.  In  Moguleftan.  * '  S19 

them  was  he  of  Ku-long,  a  kingdom  100,000  7/  (QJ)  diftant  5.  Khan 
from  China,  who  brought  as  tribute  (R)  black  apes,  and  pre-  J&ublay. 
tious  ftoRes.     Towards  the  end  of  this  year  a  Bonza  of  Fb- y*  — V"**J 
Jty*/a,  having  given  out  that  Saturn  had  been  very  near  a  (tar 
named  Ti-tfo  (S),  or,  the  feat  of \  the  emperor  (T),  the  Man- 
darins prefented  a  petition  to  HA-pi~lay  on  that  occafion.   At  ^Chinefe 
the  fame  juncture  an  impoftor,  who  pretended  to  be  the  em-  pretender* 
peror  of  the  Song,,  gathered  more  than  100,000  men  ;  and, 
in  his  name,  caufed  billets  to  be  published,  importing,  that 
the  minifler  of  ftate  need  not  be  aftonifhed ;  and  that,  on  a 
day  appointed,  the  houfes  covered  with  bulrufhes  would  be 
iet  on  fire ;  and  that  this  would  be  the  fignal  of  the  feditioa 
in7W*c.  • 

.  VEN-TTEN-STANG  having  been  prifoner  in  that  ca-  Kublay'i 
pital  for  feveral  years*  the  emperor  fent  lor  him  into  his  p*e-f"terfti~ 
fence,  and  offered  to  make  him  one  of  the  minifters  of  ftate,  '"*• 
if  he  would  enter  into  his  fervice.  /  Tyen-Jyang  thanked  his 
majefty  ;  but  told  Jiim  he  fhould  never  acknpwiege  two  empe- 
rors ;  and  defired  to  die.     Though  HA-pilay  faw  he  was  in- 
flexible, yet  he  could  not  refolve  to  put  him  to  death.     But. 
what  good-nature  would  not  fuffer  him  to  dd,  fnperftition,  at 
length,  effected.     The  great  men  of  the  court  put  him  in 
mind  of  the  petition  made  him,  concerning  the  conjunction 
of  Saturn  and  the  ftar ;  and  would  perfuade  him,  that  the 
anonymous  minifter,  mentioned  in  the  billets,  was  no  other 
than  Ven-tyen-fyang.     This  wrought  fo  upon  the  mind  of 
114-fi-iay,  that  he,  at  laft  confented  to  the  death  of  jhis  great 

c  Gau'bil,  p.  194,  &  feqq. 

(Q)  That  is,  1 0,000  leagues,  art,  in  which  are  remarked  all 

a  mo5  extravagant  reckoning ;  the  appearances  of  the  heavenly  - 

fince  Ku  long  is  in  the  Eaft  Jn-  bodiei,  with  their  prognoftics, 

dies..  Gaub.    Perhaps  Koulon  in.  as  they  relate  to  the  court  or 

Malabar.  the  magiftrates  :    for  the  ftars 

(R)    The    Chintfes   confider  have  all  names,  which  regard 

prefents  from  foreign  princes  as  the  imperial  family,  governors 

tribute  ;    and  their  emperor's  of  provinces,  generals  of  the 

prefents  to  thofe  princes  as  re-  army,  princes,  and  princefles, 

wards.  Likewife the anfwers they  over  whom  they  are  fuppofed 

give  pafs  for  orders.  Ganbil.  to  have  particular  influence.  In 

(S)  Gaubil  knows  noc  what  the    tribunal    •  f    mathematics. 

ftar  this  is.  there  are  aftronomers  ap,  oint- 

(T)    There   is    ho    country  ed  for  this   purpofe,  who  yet 

Where   aftrology  and    fortune-  vary  their  rules  according  to  the 

telling  is  more  in  requefl  than  notions  or  views  of  the  reigning 

in   China.       The  aftronomers  dynafty.     Hence  their  aftrono- 

have  all  a  treatife,  containing  mies  of   different ^times  differ. 

~  the  theory  and  practice  of  that  GaubiL 

P  p  a  "  man  \ 


Jenghifc.Khan'j  Succefors  B.W. 

man  :  who  having  been  conduced  to  a  public  place,  turn- ' 
ed  himfelf  towards  the  fouth,  to  honour  and  falute  the  com 
1  of  the  Seng  emperors  ;  beat  his  head  againft  the  ground,  and 
received  the  fatal  blow  with  great  courage,  in  the  forty-fe- 
venth  year  of  his  age.     He  was  born*  in  Kyang-fi,  in  the<fi. 
ftrift  of  Ki-gan  Fit.     Both  Chinefes  and  Tatars  lamented  fe 
deftiny.    He  was  reputed  learned,  honeft,  and  well  verfcd 
in  affairs.     After  this  they  carried  into  Tartary  all  thofeof 
the  Song  race,  who  were  at  Ta-t&. 
Japan  ex-      As  Hd-pi-lay  believed  it  for  tha  glory  of  his  reign  to  make 
f edition,     conquefts  in  Japan ,  in  1283  he  commanded  general  Atahaj 
A.  D.     to  prepare  500  fhips,  with  vi&uals  arid  munitions.    At  t£ 
I2**3'     fame  time  an  order  was  publBhed  In  the  provinces,  to  aflem- 
ble  as  many  failors  as  poffible.      This  order  caufed  much 
confufion  in  Che-kyarig,  Fo-kyen,  and  Kyang~nan\  for  the 
enterprife  againft  Japan  was  not  reliflied  by  either  theffi- 
nefe  or  Tatar  minifters.     The  officers  and  foldiers  murmured 
loudly.     Brides,  commerce  was  interrupted.     The  fear  of 
going  to  Japan  caufed  the  beft  feamen  to  defert :  feveralof 
•   them  turned  robbers  :  and  great  numbers  of  fea-officers,  with 
their  crews,  became  pirates,  and  infefled  the  coafts.    Tk 
great  men  endeavoured  to  divert  the  emperor  fr6m  his  de- 
fign,  by  reprefenting  to  him  all  thefe  evil  confequences :  but 
he  would  not  hearken  to  them.     However,  Atahay  met  vith 
new  difficulties  :  and  the  grandees  took  meafures  for  keeping 
him  a  long  time  without  the  proper  neceflaries.     In  OdAtr 
a  Mandarin  of  Kyen-nmg  F0,  m  Fo-kyen,  revolted,  and  took 
'  the.  ti^le  of  emperor ;   but  this  fedition  was   immediately 

quafhed. 
Myen  /»-       This  year  the  prince  Slant ar,  followed  by  the  genenb 
waded.       Ku-lye,  Nafu-la-ting  (U),  and  others  from  the  weftern  coun- 
tries, befides  Chinefe  and  Tatar, '  marching  out  of  Tun-nm, 
entered  the  country  of  Myen  (X).     In  November  that  prince 
made  himfelf  mailer  of  the  royal  cities  of  Kyang-tew,  asd 
Tay-kong. 
Good  regu       So  me  good  regulations  were  made  alfo  in  the  ftate.   Firft 
lotions  %      the  cuftom  of  picking  out  young  maidens  through  the  pro- 
vinces, to  fupply  the  court,  having,  by  means  of  Teh  Ck- 
t/ay,  been  abolifhed  in  the  parts  of  China  fubjett  to  the  empe- 
ror Ogotay,  H£-pi-lay  ordained  that  the  fam$  regulation  fhoold 

(U)  kulye  was  much  efteem-         (X)   The  fame  with  Ftp. 

ed.    Na-fu- la-ting  was  an  Arab,  What  Tljf.  Polo  calls  Karayam,  a 

and  a  Mohammedan ,  as  before-  a  good  part  of  the  province  of 

mentioned  ;   by  M.  Polo  called  Yuu»uan.    Ga*b. 
Kafur/t'in,    CaubU.           Doubt  • 
lefs  Ndfroddin* 

.  take 


C.  5. '*  AMoguIeftan,  ,581 

take  place-in  the  provinces  .conquered  from  the  Sortg.   Second-  5-  *&** 
ly,  as  the  falaries  of  the  Mandarins  were  not  fufficient  to  fup-  Kublay. 
port  their  ftate,  it  obliged  moft  of  them  to  take  fees  from  s  ~*~*-* 
the  people ;  the  emperor,  therefore,  to  relieve  his  fubjefts 
after  fo  long  a  war,  doubled  the  income  of  thofe  magiftrates, 
fcnd  forbad  receiving  the  fmalleft  gratuity,  under  fevere  penal- 
ties.    Whoever  robbed,  as  it  is  termed^  the  value  of  twenty- 
five  pounds,  was  condemned  to  death  :  and  thofe  who  ftole 
half  that  fum,  were  turned  out  of  place,  after  receiving  a 
heavy  baftinado. 

In  1284,  H&-pi-lay  ordered 'the  Mandarins  of  the  feveral  gonzas 
provinces  to  fend  up  all  who.  could  be  .found  of  the  Song  drvwned. 
race.     This  order  was  obeyed ;  and  the  number  fent  to  court     A.  D. 
'was  very  great :  among  whom  were  feveral  confiderable  Man*     1284. 
darins.     The  emperor  being  informed  that  the  feft  of  Fo 
was  in  high  efteem  in,  Japan,  he  fent  Bonzas  privately  aboard 
the  fleet  deftined  for  that  country,  to  get  information  con-      , 
cerning  it.     But  the  failors,  coming  to  difcover  their  defign,    « 
•threw  them  into  the  fea.  (*) 

LU-S  HI-JONG,  native  of  Ta-ming  F69  in  Pe-che-li,  hy  Shi-jone, 
money  had  obtained  a  confiderable  employment  in  the  time 
of  Ahama,  whofe  creature  he  was.  This  the  emperor  well 
knew :  but  the  love  of  riches  engaged  him,  by  degrees,  to 
follow  the  felfifli  views  of  that  proje&of  ;  who  gave  out  that 
the  people'would  be  eafed,  at  the  fame  time  the  revenue  be- 
came more  confiderable.  Tong-yiven-ycngSpoke  loudly  againft 
Shi-Jong,  and  would  have  had  him  turned  out,  as  a  bad  fub-  ' 
jeft,  who  ruined  the  people:  but  Hu-piJay  puniftied  Tiven- 
yong,  and  fupported  Shi-Jong.  This  countenance,  given  to 
fuch  a  man,  made  Ho-luho-tfun,  one  of  the  principal  mini- 
fters,  to  lay  down  his  employment ;  foretelling,  that  he  would 
prove  another  Ahama,  and  ruin  the  emperor :  who,  on  his 
withdrawing,  fufpended  the  order  which  that  minifter  had  ob- 
tained, to  introduce  examinations  of  the  literati  throughout' 
the  provinces d. 

•In  February  Hu-pi-lay  demanded  of  Shi-Jong  what  me-  $/,  aj^^ 
thods  he  propofed  to  take,  in  cafe  he  was  put  into  place  ? 
Shi-Jong,  in  a  long  difcourfe,  ataong  other  things,  faid,  Firft, 
that  a  great  quantity  of  kajhes,  or  copper  deniers,  ought  to  be 
made,  and  tribunals  eftablifhfid,  at  Hang-chew  Fu,  capital  of 
Che-kyang,  'arid  Tfven-chew  Fu,  a  port  of  Fo-kyen,  in  order  to 

d  Gaubil,  p.  198,  &feqq. 

(*)  This  /hews,  that  the  ido-  done  fince ;  doubtlefs,  through 

latrous  fc6l  of  Fo  did  not  fo  ge-  the  encouragement  given  by  the 

nerally  prevail  then  as  it  has  Mungl  eippero™. 

t  Pp  3                      diftribute 


582  Jcnghlz  Khanf s  Succejfors  B.iV. 

t.  Khdn,  diftribute  thofe  denicrs  among  the  people,  and  buy  the  com- 
-Kubfay.  modities  brought  thither  by  the  foreign  merchants :  that 
V  *+v»mj  the  profit  arifing  from  thence  (hould.be  divided  into  ten  part^ 
feven  to'  go  to  the  t^eafury,  and  three  to  the  people  :  that, 
as  feveral  great  lords  were  poflefled  of  forges,  where  they 
made  arms,  which  they  fold  very  dear,  he  was  for  taking  the 
iron  from  them,  and  employing  the  money  which  it  yielded 
to  buy  grain,  in  .order  to  fill  the  public  magazines,  which  he 
affirmed  were  every-where  empty :  that  the  grain  fhouW  be 
fold  at  £  reafonable  price  ;  and  that  the  profit  arifing  there- 
from would  be  very  cbnfiderable :  that  none  fhould  be  al- 
lowed to  fell  wine  without  a-  licence  :  and  that  the  duty  cpoa 
it  ihould  be  raifed.  He  was  not  for  laying  any  upon  the 
provifions  and  carriage  for  the  armies :  but  propofed  fettling 
a  confiderable  tax  on  horfes  and  fheep.  He  likewifc  wi/hed 
that  filks,  callicos,  and  fluffs,  were  bought  up  from  the  C&- 
-nefes,  to  furnifti  the  Tatars,  who  would  give  thofe  animals  in 
exchange.  That  Mung\  families  'fhould  be  appointed  to  take 
care  of  the  herds,  droves,  and  flocks ;  alleging,  that,  from 
the  fkins,  hair,  horns,  milk,  and  wool,  there  would  arifc 
great  profit,  two  tenths  of  which  Would  be  fufficient  for  thofe 
,  families. 

mpprovti       The  emperor  approved  of  all  which  was  propofed  by  Im* 
tf.  fii-jong,  who  had  full  power  to  employ  all  thofe  whom  he 

judged  fit  to  execute  his  fchemes :   but  was  fo  imprudent 
as  to  reftore  a  great  many  commiffioners,  who  had  been  ca- 
y  .   fhired*,  becaufe  they  were  creatures  otAhdmo.     Shi-jong  was 

Jn  every-thing  fupported  by  Sang-ko,  brother  of  the  Lama 
who  had  fucceeded  Pa-fe-pa,  in  the  poft  of  do&or  and  ma- 
Jier  of  the  emperor,  as  veil  as  chief  of  the  Lamas.     Several 
•  Mandarins  fpoke  againft  Shi-jong,  one  of  whom  was  fcntenced 

1   to  be  baftohado'd  ;  which  puni/hment  was  executed  fo  fevae* 
ly,  that  he  died  of  the  blows.     As  the  prince,  appointed  fne* 
ceflbr*  was  naturally  an  enemy  to  all  thofe  kinds  of  projectors, 
'  whofe  fchemes  tended  only  to  hinder  the  circulation  of  mo-» 
-  ney,  refleft  on  the  emperor,  and  fill  the  provinces  with  rob* 
bers,  he  fpoke  alfo  againft  Shi-jong,  and  maintained  that  he 
did  no  more  than  imitate  Ah&ma.    At  length  a  great  Manda- 
rin, named  Ching,  made  complaint  to  the  emperor  of  the 
.  unjuft  deatfi  of  a  Mandarin,  who  had  been  killed  for  having 
*4ccufed  of  done  his  duty.     He  accufed  Shi-jong  afrefti,  and  made  itap- 
extortion,  P^^r,  that  this  Mandarin,  during  the  time  that  he  had  the  care 
of  the  cuftom-houfe  for  cha  (or  tea),  in  Kyang-Ji,  had  done 
nothing  but  rob  with  impunity  :  and  that,  to  raife  the  empe- 
ror's revenue  to  fifteen  millions,  he  had  fet  on  foot  a  thpufand 

rapines, 


C  5.  .fir  MoguIeftSn.  5?| 

j-aptries,  vexations,  extortions,  falfe  accufations,  qnjuft  con-  J.  Afc?*, 
filiations,  fales  of  places,  murders,  and  the'Kke.  /  \   Kublay. 

The  accufation  of  Ching  put  all  Ta~rt  in  motion,     The  *'  l~*~ "^ 
emperor  was  much  furprifed  to  fee  it  fupported  by  the  prince,  con™ia^* 
and  mod  of  \he  great  men  :  fo  that  neither  Sang-ko,  nor  his  £  V*" 
^torother,  notwithstanding  their  authority,  durft  fpeak  in  hij 
favour.     In  fhort,  both  he  and  Ching  were  cited  to  Shang-t&, 
^vhere  the  chief  articles  of  the  accufation  having  been  proved 
againft  SM-jong,  fefttence  of  death  was  pronounced  upon  him 
fey  the  judges ;  and.  the  emperor  having  approved  of  their 
fcntence,   he  was  executed  on  the  fpot.      All  the  friends 
,  *nd    creatures  of   Sang-ko  and   the  criminal   were  ftruck 
■with  confternation  :  and  HA-jnlay  became  afhamed  of  his  ob- 
IHnacy,  in  upholding  a  man  who  had  mifled  him  by  dazzling 
appearances.  1 

Tjie  general  SM  having  made  great  complaints  of  the  L°fi  I* 

conduct  of  Chen-ye~tfven,  the  king  of  Can-nan's  fon,  by  whofe  Gan  a*0* 

artifices  fuch  numbers  of  Mungls  had  perifhed ;  H4-pi-Iayt  to  be 

revenged  for  this  iffrqnt,  ordered  prince  To^whan,  his  fon,  to 

enter  that  kingdom ;  and  appointed  general  Li-heng  to  command 

under  him.     To-whan  marched  from  Tun-nan ;  and,  being 

come  to  the  river  FA-lang  {Y),  he  demanded  paflage  of  the 

.King  of  Gan-nan  to  Chen-cben,  which  city  and  country  waa 

poflefled  by  his  fon.     To-whan  crofled  the  river  on  rafts,  and. 

imirely  defeated  the  king's  army.     Hereupon  (!hen~i*tji7  his 

brother,  caipe  with-  his  fliips,  and  fubmitted' to  the  prince. 

However,  the  troops  of  Gan-nan  rallied,  and  became  more 

animated  than  before.     As  it  happened  to  be  the  middle  of 

fummer,  the  heats  and  continual  rains  brought  ficknefs  into 

the  Mungl  army,  fo  that  they  were  not  able  to  march  to 

Chen-chen :  and,  for  fear  they  fhould  all  perifh,  it  was  re- 

fblved  to  retire  to  Tun-nan,    The  troops  of  Gan-nan  purfued. 

the  Twens ;  and,  in  this  retreat,  Li-heng  received  a  ftiot  with 

a  poifoned  arrow,  of  which  he  died.     The  king,  after,  this, 

got  with  his  army  between  China  and  SutA,  who  knew  nothing 

of  the  prince's  retreat,  although  but  fifteen  or  twenty,  leagues 

diftant :  but  he  opened  a  paflage  through  his  enemies,  in  which 

aftion  a  great  many  men  were  flain  on  both  fides,  and,  among 

the  reft,  S6tu  himfelf,  who  fell  valiantly  fighting.  He  and  ZjV 

heng  were  two  of  the  beft  generals  in  the  empire ;  and  Hti-pi* 

.  t  lay  was  greatly  concerned  for  their  death. 

(Y)  This  is  the  river  Ha-ti-  river Mo-Jbah.     P.  Martini  is 

h,  which  is  a  branch/  of  the  miftaken  about  the   fourc*  of 

Kin-Jbd.  ■  The  Chinefe  geogra-  fhis  river.     Gaulii 
phv,  intitled  Ltu-cbi,  c2h  this 

P  p  4  Tun 


Jcnghlz  Khan'j  Sutceprs  B.  W. 

This  affliction  was  followed  by  one  more  fenfibk,  which 
was  the  lots  of  the  prince  his  heir  (Z),  who  died  in  December, 
1  at  the  age  of  forty-three.    As  prince  Ch*ng-kin9  from  hsvtfy 
Prfoc*        infancy,  difcovered  an  inclination  for  virtue  and  good  beh* 
Cheng-     v;our>  xhe  great  men  admired  at  it.    Hi9  father  gave  him  the 
illuftrous  Taw'fbA  for  a  preceptor ;  who  chofe  young  Ctuqfe 
and  Tatar  lords,  of  parts  and  good  education,  to  be  aboot 
him.     The  prince  became  very  learned  in  military  affiurs, 
the  fcience  of  government,  hiftory,  mathematics,  and  d* 
.    claifical  books  of  China.    He  was  perfcftly  acquainted  with 
/•  the  nature  of  the  countries  both  of  China  and  Tartary  \ 

number  of  their  inhabitants,  their  rivers,  and  their  c 
merce  (f).  His  whole  ftudy  was  to  make  the  people  happy; 
and  was  feared  by  thofe  bad  minifters,.  who,  to  pleafe  tber 
matters,  made  ufe  of  the  molt  unjuft  methods.  He  was  get 
nerally  efteemfd  and  beloved  ;  nor  was  accufed  of  any  fault, 
-v  He  married  the  princefs  Koko-chin,  of  the  Hongkila  (or  Km* 
gorat)  family;  who  was  of  the  fame  character  with  the 
-  prince  her  lpoufe ;  by  whom  (he  had  three  fons,  and  torn 
daughters.  The  eldeft  of  his  fons  was  Kanmala.  The  fc 
cond,  Talaptapald  ;  who  died  in  the.  reign  of  Ifu-fi+lay,  and 
left  fome  children ;  the  eldeft  of  whom  was  Hay-Jban.  The 
third  fon  of  Cheng-kin  was  Timbr,  who  fucceeded  his  grand* 
father  in  the  empire e. 
Tartary  In  1286,  the  grandees,  being  under  great  apprehenfiom, 
in  motion,  from  the'  refolution  in  which  the  emperor  (till  continued,  of 
attacking  Japan,  they  reprefented  to  him  the  danger  and  is* 
utility  of  that  enterprife.  They  likewife  laid  before  him  the 
lamentable  condition  to  which  the  armament  fet  on  foot  bf 
Atahay  had  reduced  the  fouthern  provinces.  Hu-pi-lay  in* 
deed  dropped  his  defign ;  and  caufed  it  to  be  published,  dot 
he  ought  in  that,  as  well  as  every  thing  elfe,  to  follow  the 
Counfel  of  thofe  he  employed  in  affairs  :  but  the  true  rafofl 
for  that  change  was,  the  advice  he  received  that  all  Tartary 
was  on  the  point  of  revolting.  After  the  defeat  and  death 
of  Siliki,  and  lofTes  which  the  other  princes  in  alliance  with 
Hay-tu  had  received,  there  feemed  nothing  farther  to  be  appre- 
hended ;  and  the  complete  viftory  which  general  T&tuha  had 
obtained,  in  1283,  over  the  confederate  princes  to  the  north 
of  the  river  Tula,  had  confirmed  Hu-pi4ay  in  that  opinion. 
But,  this  year,  Pe-yen9  T&tuha9  Li-ting,  and  other  generals, 

e  Gaubil,  p.  201,  &  feqq. 

(Z)  Marco  Polo  /peaks  of  this  (t)  Hence  other  nations  oaf 
prince,  whom  he  calls  Cbincbis;  learn,  what  is  the  proper  tda* 
Gaubil.  '  cation  for  a  prince,  governors, 

and  legiilators, 

in 


C.  5*  AMoguleftin.  585 

in  Tartary,  fent  advice  to  the  emperor,  that  the  party  of  c.  Kb£* 
Hay-tu  was  grown  flronger  than  ever :  that  this  prince  fent  Kublay. 
out  fpies  on  'all  fides ;  and  that  it  was  to  be  feared,  he  would  V"  *%^"^ 
gain  over  to  his  intereft  the  Mungl  princes  who  dwelt  to  the 
north-eaft  of  Shatt-tong,  bordering  on  Lynu-tong. 

HU-PI-LAT,  profiting  by  this  intelligence,  made  new  Affairs  of  f 

regulations  to  draw  over  to  him  the  Chinefes,  efpecially  thofe  China. 

of  Kyang-nan,  Fa-kyen,  Cke-kyang,  and  feme  other  provinces. 

In  March,  he  fent  deputies  into  all  parts  of  the  empire,  to 

look  out  for  men  (killed  in  the  Cbinefe  fciences  and  arts  ;  to 

whom  employment  was  given,  and  fome  were  brought  to 

court.     H  -pi-lay  took  great  pleafure  to  talk  to  them  him- 

felf ;  and  it  was  ftill  more  pleafing  to  them  to  fee  a  Mungl 

emperor  well  verfed  in  the  Chinefe  fciences      In  September, 

-advice  came  from  the  Mandarins  of  Fo-kyen,  that  ftiips  from 

more  than  ninety  foreign  kingdoms  (A)  were  arrived  at  Tfuen- 

cheyj-f&y  in  that  province.     Thefe  kingdoihs  are  all  treated 

as  tributary ;  but  only  eight  of  them  are  mentioned  in  the 

hiftory,   and  thofe  by  names  unknown  to  Europeans  (B). 

This  news  gave  a  fenfible  joy  to  HA-pi-lay,  both  as  they 

"brought  much  wealth  into  his  dominions,   and  made  the 

Chinefes  honour  him.     All  the  empire  of  China  being  now,  ' 

under  one  fovercrgn,  the  Bonxas  of  the  feft  of  Fo  aflembled 

this  year,  to  the  number  of  40,000,  and  agreed  upon  a  form 

of  church-government.     They  likewife  made  feveral  ftatute* 

-  or  decrees,  and  regulations,  for  their  prayers,  penances,  and 

other  rites. 

JENGHIZ  Khdn  had  divided  Tartary  into  eaftern  and  Nayen   ' 
wefterri ;  whofe  limits  were  nearly  in  the  meridian  of  Pe-king.  joins  Hay- 

(A)  The  kingdoms  of  Korea,  far  as  the  Caff  ion  feaj  partly 
Tibet,  Gannan,  Lao,  Siam,  Be-  of  the  Bonzas  of  Fo,  who  have 
f¥*  7<*tan>  an^  others,  which  vifited  the  countries  near  the 
nave  been,  at  one  time  or  other,  Ganges  and  Indus ;  partly  of  the 
tributary  to  China,  have  maps  Arabs,  Perfians,  and  other  fo- 
of  their  countries,  and  a  pre-  reigners,  who  have  fettled  in 
fent  date  "of  their  dominions :  China.  GaubiL 
wherein  an  account  is  given  of  (B)  Viz.  Ma~pa-eul  (or  Ma- 
their  revenues,  number  of  inha-  par),  Sumun-tu-la  (or  ^ha- 
bitants, and  other  particulars;  tra),$u~tnen-na,$eng-ki4i,Ma- 
whence  it  is  that  the  Chinefe  lan-tan,  Lay-lay,  Na-<vang>  and 
historians  give  a  very  good  ac-  Ting-hoeul  ^or  Tinghor).  The 
count  of  thofe  countries.  The  countries  fpoken  of  here  are 
Chinefes  likewife  have  come  to  thofe  of  Malakka,  Sumatra,  the 
the  knowlcge  of  foreign  parts,  gulf  of  Pen-ko-la  (or  Bengal), 
by  means  partly,  of  the  officers  and  from  cape  Komori  to  the 
of  their  armies,  which  have  of-  Perfian  gulf. 
ten  been  in  all  the  countries  as 

The 


586  Jcnghfe  Kh&ivV  SMcceprs  B.IV, 

5.  &&«*,  The  exaft  extent  of  the  weftern  part  was  nee  known,  to  our 

Kublay.    author ;  but  the  eaftern  was  divided  into  twenty  department, 

'  That  conqueror's  yojingeft  brother,  Pye-Ii  Ku-tay,  had  tk 

country  between  the  rivers  Lyau,  Toro,  and  SgueyJey,  widi 

part  of  the  country  between  the  Lyau-tong  and  die  Lyau 

Nayen,  the  great  grandfon  and  heir  of  Pye-li  Ku-tay,  who 

had  enlarged  the  polFeffions  of  his  anceftor,  and  became  terj 

*  potent  (C),  was  gained  over  to  his  party  by  Hay-tu,  who 

perfuaded  him  to  take  arms.     General  Pe-yen,  who  had  beta 

one  of  the  firft  to.  give  notice  of  the  league  between  thofe 

two  princes,  was  fent  towarHs  Lyau-tong,  to  fee  how  marten 

flood ;  and,  having  narrowly  efcaped  bong  taken  by  Nayen* 

fpies,  informed  Hu-^i-lay  of  the  great  preparations  winch 

were  making  by  that  prince.     The  emperor  hereupon  or* 

dered  Pe-yen*  to  encamp  between  Kardkorom  and  Sbang-tu^ 

in  order  to  hinder  the  troops  of  Hay-td,  and  other  princes 

his  allies,  from  joining  Nayen  (D).,    Li-ting  was'  commanded 

*    to  aflemble  a  great  body  of  Cbimfe  troops ;  and  the  Tatars 

were,  conducted  by  Tufi  Temur  (E),  grandfon  of  the  famous 

Porchd,    the  principal  of  Jenghiz  Kh&iCs  four  intrepids. 

General  Tdtiha  was  likewife  called  with  his  forces  fro* 

Kin*chaK 

4ef$at$&\    '   HU-PI-LAT,  having,  in  May 9  taken  the  field  in  periba, 

sndjdin.  with  defign  to  attack  Nayen,  was  advanced  with  a  few  troops, 

when  the  general  of  that  prince's  army  came  to  obferve  the 

emperor's  camp.     H&-$i-lay,  though  in  danger  of  being  car- 

-  ried  away,  {hewed  no  figns  of  fear ;  and,  as  it  was  night, 

his  forces,  on  notice  given,  haftened  to  his  reKef",  thehorfc 

taking  the  foot  behind  them,     Mean  time  Nayen  lay  quiet  in 

his  camp,  his  general  not  daring  to  attack  the  emperor,  far 

fear  of  an  ambufcade.     Hereupon  Li-ting,  with  ten  re&fate 

men,  approaching  the  enemy's  camp,  fhot  a  cannon  (F)  into 

it.     The  noife  fo  frightened  the  troops  of  Nayen,  which 

f  Gavbil,  p.  204,  &.feqq.    . 

(C)  He  pofleJTed  nine  of  thofe  Jews  or  Mohammedans,  benf 
twenty  departments:  the  eleven  in  the  armies.  '  GaubiL 
others  belonged  to  the  lords  of  (£)  Polo~<wbem,  famous  k 
five  tribes,  viz.  thofe  of  Cbalar*  the  war  againft  the  Sng,  was 
(or,  Jafayr); Hongkila  (Kongo-  one  of  his  principal  gencrah. 
rat),  Mangu,  Gu-lu,  and  /-ii-  GaubiL 

Jje-tfe.     GaubiL  .(F)  The  Cbinefi  fays  Hop**; 

(D)  Af.  AVflfpeaks  largely  of  that  is,  Jire-pau.  Thiscircom- 
Nayen  s  revolt.  The  king  whom  fiance  of  fire,  joined  to  the  peat 
he.  calls  Laidu  is  Haytu.  But  noife  it  made,  makes  me  call 
the  Cbinefe  hiftory  foys  nothing  k  a  fire-cannon.    Poffibly  it  was 


either  of  crofles  t>r  Cb'rijliaqs,    %  petard,    GaubiL 


wet 


G.  5-  A  Mogulcftin.  587 

were   befides  undifciplined,  that  the  general,  thinking  the  $.  Kha*t 
whode  imperial  army  was  at  his  heels,  took  to  flight.     The'  Kubla^. 
Chinefe  and  Tatar  troops  being  now  all  arrived,  Nay  en  was  *-^y**J 
attacked  by  the  before-mentioned  commanders,  at  the  head  of 
their  refpe&ive  bodies,  and  by  Hi-fi-lay  at  the  head  of  his 
guards.     The  emperor's  prefence  rendered  Jris  troops  invin- 
cible,  arid  the  army  of  Nayen  was  intirely  defeated.     That 
prince  bimfelf  was  taken,  and  afterwards  put  to  death.    The 
battle  was  fought  near  the  river  Lyau  ;  after  which,  Hu-pi-lay 
returned  triumpMknt  to  Shang-tti. 

The  fame  year,  in,  the  firft  month,  prince  To-whan,  the  Lqfa  in 
emperor's  fon,  entered  Ganman  ;  and  was  vi&orious  in  feven-  Gaa-nam 
teen  engagements.     He  plundered  the  city  of  Chemchen,  and 
returned  to  Tun-nan  with  a  rich  booty.     He  had  fcarce        > 
reached  the  borders,  when  he  received  advice,  that  king  Chin~ 
ye-fuen  appeared  again  with  mighty  forces.     This  obliged     * 
him  to  make  a  new  expedition  to  Gan-nan\  which  he  entered    . 
in  March  1  $8$,  with  a  confiderable  army.     The  king  let   'A,  IX. 
him  advance,  and  amufed-him  with  deceitful  negotiations;     1288. 
till,   finding  the.  peitilence  began  to  rage  in  his  army,   he 
came  with  306,000  men  to  attack  him.     The  Mungls,  on  his 
his  appproach,  retired  towards  Tun-nan\  in  good  order;  nor 
could  the  enemy  ever  make  any  impreffion  on  .the  van-guard, 
although  general  Situr  (G),  who  commanded  it,  was  both 
fick  and  wounded.     But  the  other  troops  did  not  efcape  fo 
Well ;  fo  that  the  prince  loft  a  great  number  before  he  reached 
tjbe  borders.    The  emperor  on  this  news  reproached  him  for 
his  imprudence,  and  took  from  him  the  government  of  Tun* 
nan  ;  giving  him  a  fmaller  one  inftead  of  it,  and  forbidding: 
him  to  come  to  court.     The  king  of  Gan-nan  however  fent 
Hu-pi-lay  a  ftatue  of  gold,  by  way  of  tribute;  and  even 
wrote  a  very  modeft  letter,  in  which  he  owned  he  had  con** 
mitted  a  fault  in  oppofing  the  imperial  armies. 

TIMUR  (H),  grandfon  of  H&-pi-lay>  was  more  fuccefi- &w#5  «• 
„  ful  in  the  war  on  the  river  Lyau,   Prince  Hatan  (I),  fupported  Tartarjr. 
by  the  princes  Tye-ko,  Arlu,  and  Tulukban^  having  entered 
into  league  with  Hayti  and  Nayen,  came  with,  a  great  army 
to  that  river ;  and  threatened  Lyau-tongy  with  the  countries 

'    (G)  He  was  a  native  of  Kin-    title,  had  all  the  privileges  and  * 
cha  [or  Kipjak"];   and  was  in     honour  of  the   imperial  heir, 
great  reputation.     Gaubil.  This  is  the  fame  Tem&r,  whom 

(H)  Or  femur y  third  fon  of    M.  Polo  fpeaks  of.     Gaubil.  % 
the  late  prince  Cbeng~lin,  and  the         (I)  He  was  grandfon  of  tia- 
princefs  Koko-chen.      Hu>pi-laj '   eke-when,  third  fon  of  Tejukay> 
lpved  this  young  prince  much;     and  brother  to  Jengbiz,  Khan.' 
who,  excepting  the  name  and   'Gaubil. 

bordering 


Jenghiz  KhanV  Succejfors  B.  IV, 

bordering  on  the  great  wall  of  China.     Pe-yen  had  alwayi 
ma4e  head  againft  Hayti,  and  hindered  his  junction  with 
Hatan.     Hu-pi-lay  fent  his  grandfon  Timirr  a  young  prince 
of  great  hopes,  with  orders  to  follow  the  advice  of  Jufi* 
tetn&r,  Tutuha,  Li-ting,  and  Pok-whant  They  engaged  Am- 
kya-nu,  one  of  the  late  prince  Nayen's  generals :  and,  after 
fighting  a  whole  day,  with  great  (laughter  on  both  tides,  the 
two  armies  feparated.     Tim&r  being  informed,    that  Hatan. 
and  his  allies  were  encamped  near  the  river  §>uey-ley9  marched 
againft  them  with  his  fire-cannon,  which  Li-ting  had  taken 
great  care  to  get  ready.     The  battle  lafted  two  days,  and 
was  exceeding  bloody ;   in  which  perifhed  feveral   princes,' 
who  were  Hatan's  allies,  the  generals  of  Nayen,  and  their 
beft  troops.     This  viftdry  gave  great  reputation  to  prince 
Timur,  and  filled  with  joy  the  emperor  ;  who  designed  him 
for  his  fucceflbf  :  great  elogies  were  likewife  beftowed  on 
the  generals  who  ferved  under  him.     The  prince  after  this 
vifited  all  the*  tribes,  which  had  before  been  fubjeft  to  N*> 
yen,  Hatan,  and  others :  and  had  the'pleafure  to  fee  their 
lords  fubmit  to  him.     His  affability  and  clemency  gained  him 
the  love  of  the  Tatars,  who  in  great  numbers  encamped  near 
the  river  Lyau,  Tiro,  Quey-ley,  and  in  other  places. 
tmperor        In  Oftober,  Kong-tfong,  the  late  emperor  of  the  Song,  was 
turns         fent  to  Putala,  the  refidence  of  the  Grand  Lama,  in  Tibet, 
Bmku.      to  learn  the  doftrine  of  Fq.     The  Chinefe  hiftorians  blame 
Hu-pi-lay  for  fending  one  of  their  emperors  to  live   among 
Bonzas  ;  and  paint  Kong-tfong  as  a  poor-fpirited  prince,  who 
ought  rather  to  have  died  than  difhonoured  his  name  by  going 
to  be  educated  in  the  dottrines  and  cuftoms  of  barbarians. 
In  Janhary  1289,  it  was  refolved  to  make  the  canal,  called 
Royal        Wbey-tong-ho  ;  «which  was  to  go  fvomTfi-ning-chew,  in  Shan- 
canal.        long,  to  Ldn-tjing-chew,  in  the  fame  province :  likewife  to  make 
A.#  D.    a  communication  between  the  rivers  Ven  and  JVey,  in  the  fame 
l*&9*     province.   This  canal  was  undertaken  to  convey  proviiions  to 
,        the  court  (K).     In  1287,  Htt-pilay  had  built  a  magnificent 
college  (L)  at  Ta-tu,  for  teaching  the  Chinefe  fciences,  and  fiir- 
,  ni/hed  it  with  the  moft  able  doctors  in  the  empire.    There  he 
eaufed  many  fons  of  princes,  Jords,  and  great  Mandarins,  to 
be  brought  up.     This  year,  1289,  a  fecond  imperial  college, 
of  the  fame  kind,  was  built  at  Ta*tu,     Hfi-pi-lay,  who  give 

(K)  But  it  was  not  finifhed "       (L)  At  prcfent  called  J^«- 

by  the  Tkven,  nor  till  the  reign  tfe-kyen.      A    <$ue~tfe~&yen   was 

QfYong-h,  ( third)  emperor  of  the  built  at  Ttn  king,  in  the  time  of 

fucceeding  dynafty  of  the  Ming,  Ogotay  (or  Oktay)  ;  but  it  made 

who  joined  it  to  the  If  bang-bo.  but  a  poor  figure,  and  was  not 

Gaubil.  much  reforted  to.     Ganhil. 

tht 


C«  5.  \  7«  Moguleftan.  589 

the  direction  of  it  to  the  Whey-hu\M),  was  eameft  to  pro-  5.  Kbdn 
mote  this  college;  and,  in  perfon,  exhorted  the  Tatar  and  Kub  ay. 
Chinefe  grandees,  as  well  as  the  princes  of  his  own  family,*  C"-"VT' 
.to  fend  their  fons  thither  g. 

Prince  Hay-tu,  this  year,  prevailed  on  feveral  Tatar  tribes  /I fairs  of. 
to  the  nprth  and  north-weft  of  Karakorom  to  revolt  agamft  Tartary. 
IHl-pi'I&y.     Prince  Hatan  took  the  field  again,  and  made  in- 
curfions  into  Lyau-tong,  and  other  provinces.     Kin~kya-nu, 
before-mentioned,  a  great  friend  and  confident  of  prince  Na- 
Jen,   at  length,  joined  Hay-tA,   with  his  troops.     Pc-ytn, 
who  commanded  the  imperial  camp  formed  at  Karakorom, 
detached  a  great  body  of  Kirghis  {N),  to  join  the  army  com- 
manded by  Kanmala,  eldeft  fon  of  the  late  prince  Cheng-kin  : 
for  all  which  Hay-t£  furprifed  and  furrounded  him,  near  the      , 
river  Seltnga.     But  TAtiha,  being  informed  of  this,  imme- 
diately fet  forward^  with  his  troops  of  KinTcha  (Or  Kipjak) ; 
and,  falling  on  Hay-tu,  refcued  Kanmala,  who  was  on  the 
point  of  being  made  prifoner.     TdHha  received  orders  after 
this  to  join  HA-pi-lay ;  who,  notwithftanding  his  great  age, 
in  June,  marched  from  Shang-ttt  againft  Hay-td :   But  this 
prince  retired,  without  venturing  a  battle.     However,  about 
the  fame  time,  prince  Naym&n-tay  attacked,  and  defeated, 
Hatan,  who  was  encamped  near  the  river  Toro,  which  falls 
itato  the  Non. 

In  January  1290,  Hu-pi-lay  published  feveral  fige  regu- &£*&** 
lations,  to  advance  arts  and  fciences  in  the  imperial  colleges  tionsmade- 
built  at  Ta-t 4 :  he  likewife  examined  into  the  ftate  of  print- 
ing and  books.    In  March,  he  enquired  how  the  orders  which  ' 
■  he  had  given  for  the  cultivation  of  lands,  filJt -worms,  and 
other  points  relating  to  commerce,  had  been  executed.     la 
April,  he  fent  experienced  perfons  to  the  kingdom  of  Map&r, 
in  the  Indies ;  with  orders  to  fpare  no  expence  to  engage  men 
Grilled  in  the  fciences,  mechanics,  officers  both  for  land  and 
fea,  and  interpreters  for  divers  languages.     It  cannot  be  de- 
nied, (ays  Gaubil,  that  Hu-pi-lay  has  rendered  his  name  im- 
mortal, by  what  he  had  done  for  the  advantage  of  his  em- 

t  Gaubil,  p.  207,  &  feqq. 

{M)  By  Wbey-hu  the  Chinefes  flan  fea,  and  it  may  be  even 

underftand  a  Mohammedan.  But,  the  Europeans*     It  is  not  men- 

under  the  reign  of  the  Y<wen,  by  tfoned  what  arts  and  fciences 

that  term  mail  be  underitood  were  taught  in  their  colleges, 

the  people  of  the  weft  ,-  that  is,  Gaubil 
,  Great  Bukhdria   and   Karazm,         (N)   In  Chinefe,  Kieul-ki fe* 

Per  pa,  Syria,  Arabia,  and  the  Gaubil* 
countries  to  the  weft  of  the  Caf 

pfre* 


Jenghiz  Kh&n's  Succejfers  '   B.IV. 

pire.     He  caufed  canals  to  be  dug  in.  feveral  parts  of  China, 
for  the  communication  of  rivers :  he  fent  mathematicians  as 
1  far  as  fifty-five  degrees  north,  and  fifteen  or  fixteen  fouth, 
regarding  towards  Kochin  China,  to  obferve  the  latitude  of  the  principal 
Bttraturt.  q^^  -m  china,  the  capitals  of  'Gan-nan,  and  Korea*  and  of 
many  places  in  Tartary.     He  was  at  immenfe  expences  to 
9        make  mathematical  instruments,  fearch  for  old  books,  fend 
able  men  into  foreign  countries,  draw  others  from  all  parts  of 
the  world,  get  good  books  tranflated  into  the  Mungl  lan- 
guage, form  libraries,  build  public  ftru&ures,  procure  rari- 
ties from  diftant  regions,  draw  commerce  from  abroad,  build 
(hips,  and  do  infinite  other  beneficial  works.     Thefe  a&kns 
are  N  the  more  commendable,  as  during  his  whole  reign  he 
had  great  wars  on  .foot  againft  potent  princes  of  his  family, 
who  \rere  jealous  of  his  power  and  glory. 
:  In  June  were  finiflied  the  books,  containing  the  dodrines  of 
the  Lamas  of  Tibet 9  written  in  great  letters  of  gold  ;  and  the 
hiftorians,  who  had  orders  to  colle&  the  memoirs  for  the 
reign  of  ^uey-yew  (or  Kayuk)9  put  the  finishing  hand  to 
their  work :  foon  after  which,  the  hiftory  of  the  reign  cf 
C got  ay  was  alfo  completed. 
\4rafa-        SANG-KO,  who  was  no  lefs  covetous  and  evil-minded 
tious  mi-    than  Ahdmay  had  care  of  the  finances  ;  and  his  brother,  who, 
•iften        had  fucceeded  to  the  titles  and  dignity  of  Pi-fcpcL,  difpofcd 
H&-}i~lay  fo  much  in  his  favour,  that  none  dared  fpeak  of  • 
his  malterfations  :  however,  a  lord  of  the  imperial  family  of 
the  Song,  named  Chau-meng~fji,  refolved,  at  all  rules,  to  ac- 
cufe  Sang-h.     He  began  by  founding  Che-lif  a  lord  full  of 
probity,  and  acceptable  to  Hu~pi-lay ;    telling  him,  that  it 
was  time  to  difepver  to  the  emperor  the  crimes  of  Sang-ko  s 
"  if  we  do  not,"  fays  he,  "  pofterity  will  accufe  us,  and  we 
"  (hall  pafs  for  men  without  honour  :  the  good  of  the  en* 
"  pire  requires  that  we  fhould  make  known  the  perfon  who 
"  ruins  it."     Hereupon  67;*-//,  one  day  when  Hu«fri-lay  was 
hunting,   fpoke  freely  againfk  Sang :ko.     The  emperor,  in* 
cenfed  hereat;  ordered  him  to  be  baftonado'd,  for  having 
fpoken  very  ill  of  a  great  man  of  the  court.     This  lord  was 
fo  beaten,  that  the  blood  came  out  both  of  his  nofe  and 
mouth  :    he  Jikewife,    with  faintnefs,   fell  to  the  ground. 
However,  being  queftioned  about  the  matter,  by  H&-f*-Uy*% 
order,  he  had  the  courage  and  fidelity  to  repeat  all  which  he 
had  declared  ;  adding,  "  that  the  good  of  the  ftate  and  ho- 
>  «*  nour  of  the  prince  alone  had  moved  him  to  make  the  ac- 

"  cufation ;  which  he;  was  ready  to  maintain,  at  the  expence 
"  of  his  life."    The  emperor  now  repented  his  having  caufed 


C.  5;  AiMogulcftln.  591 

Cbe-U  to  be  to  ill  treated;  and  knew  that  other  great  men  5.  Khan* 
propofed  to  imitate  that  great  lord's  zeal,  Kublay. 

PU-MU-CHU,  lord  of  the  country  of  Kang-li,  before-  Smi'~rTJ 
mentioned,  who  was  one  of  the  moft  fteady  and  fincere  men  ******  x* 
of  his  time,  had  orders  to  examine  into  the  affair.  This  *T  r***- 
minifter  was  already  acquainted  with  the  rogueries  'and  bad 
actions  of  Sang-ko  .-  and,  as  he  was  a  mortal  enemy  to  thofc 
whd  did  injuftice,  fpoke  of  him  as  a  wicked  minifter,  who 
had  deceived  his  prince,  brought  trouble  and  diforder  every- 
where; procured  many  perfons  to  be  unjuftly  accufed,  and' 
pit  to  death ;  and  was  the  true  caufe  that  robbers  werje  fo 
numerous.  Pu-hu-cM  intreated  the  emperor  to  get  rid,  as 
foon  as  poffible,  of  fo  great  an  offender ;  and  did  not  fcruple 
to  affirm,  that,  if  it  was  delayed,  a  confiderable  change  was 
to  be  feared.  What  this  lord  faid  was  confirmed  by  many 
other  grandees.  Hereupon  HA-pi-lay  complained,  that  h© 
had  not  been  inforfned  thereof  fooner ":  but  thefe  imprudent 
complaints  only  drew  on.  him  a  flur  from  the  cenfors  of  the 
empire  ;  who  declared,  "  that  till  then  it  had  been  danger- 
y  ous  for  any  one  to  acquaint  him  with  the  intrigues  of  bad 
"  minifters."  Che-li,  now  become  more  in  favour  than  ever, 
was  appointed  to  take  an  inventory  of  Sang-ko's  effecls,  got- 
ten by  unjuft  means ;  which  were  immenfe.  They  found  an 
idfinite  number  of  jewels  and  precious  ftones  in  his  palace* 
They  fearched  likewife  that  of  Orgun  Salt,  an  Ig&r,  who 
Was  an  old  pupil  of  Pa-fe-f>a ;  and,  being  in  the  miniftry, 
was  linked  with  Sang-*o»  This  laft  was  turned  out  of  all 
his  places  ;  and  the  marble  monument  demolifhed,  which  his 
pride  had  prompted  him  to  raife  to  his  memory,  with  his 
etogy  cut  upon  it  K 

In  June,  H4-pi-lay  forbad  the  Mungls  to  go  trade  in  the 
countries  of  the  weft :  and,  in  Auguft,  foxne  foreigners  pre-    * 
fented  him  with  books  written  in  gold  characters,  and  feveral 
lions. 

At  this  tima  there  was  a  Lama  of  Tibet,  in  the  fouthem  A  villain- 
provinces,  in  great  reputation  among  the  Mungls.  For  2&\ousLama> 
this,  %he  was  a  mere  hypocrite,  and  corrupt  mortal,  who 
loved  money  to  excefs.  He  counterfeited  the  emperor's  man- 
dates, and  gave  falfe  licences;  intimidated ' feveral  wealthy 
families,  promifed  and  procured  places:  in  (hort,  .he  made 
ufe  of  all  forts  of  unlawful  means  to  become  rich.  His  paf- 
fion  for  money  carried  him  fo  far  as  even  to  take  up  the 
bodies  of  the  Sang  emperors,  princes,  and  great  men,  whofe 
tombs  were  near  Shau-hing-fu,  in  Ghe-kyang ;  where,  it  is 

*  Gavbil,  p.  211,  &  feqq,  # 

faid, 


Jenghiz  KhanV  Succeffors  R1Y. 

laid,  he  found  abundance  of  gold,  filver,  and  jewels.    Of 
their  bones,  mixed  with  thofe  of  oxen  and  horfes,  he  railed 
1  a  pyramid  :  which  fight  filled  the  Chenefes  with  indignation; 
cendtmaed,  nor  needed  there  more  to  excite  a  general  revolt.     Hereupon 
jet  far-     the  Mandarins  of  thofe  places  imprifoned  the  Lama,  confifcated 
dontd.        his  goods,  and  condemned  him  to  death :  but,  being  fupport- 
ed  at  the  court  by  feveral  Mungl  lords,  and  the  ladies,  at  the 
\  mitigation  of  the  Lamas,,  who  had  great  influence  over  them, 

fo  wrought' on  Hu-j>i-lay,  that  the  Lama  was  difcharged,  and 
great  part  of  his  treafures  reftored  to  him.k    This   onjuft 
change  of  the  fentence  did  the  emperor's  character  much  pre. 
judice.     The  Chincfes  cannot  forgive  him  this  weaknefs  :  and 
their  hiftory,  on  this  occaiion,  renews  its  complaints  againft 
him,  for  having  had  fo  great  an  affection  for  the  Lamas: 
Men,  fays  it,  at  leqft  very  ufelefs  to  the  empire. 
Exptdi-         HU-PI-LJT,  being  told  of  feveral  ifles,  named  Lyevy* 
tions  laid  kyew  (0),  to  the  eaft  of  Fo-kyeh,  was  immediately  for  fend* 
«/££•         ing  an  army  to  fubdue  them ;  but  was  diverted  from  that 
enterprife :   however,  he  was  at  great  expences  to  fit  oat 
{hips  to  difcover  thofe  ifles.     He  would  likewife  have  feet 
armies  into  the  kingdom  of  Can-nan  :  but  the  generals  aid 
minifters  prefented  him  a  petition,  exhorting  him  not  to  re- 
new a  war,  which  experience  had  fhewn  to  be  fo  hurtful  to 
the  ftate  ;  and  pointed  out  other  ways  of  inducing  the  king 
of  that  country  to  become  tributary  to  the  empire.     H%-j*> 
lay  followed  their  advice ;  and  turned  his  thoughts  wholly 
to  fecure  Tartary  againft  the  defigns  of  Hay-ti,  and  die 
other  rebel  princes. 
Chinefe        The  firft  day  of  the  Chinefe  year  (P)  is  a  day  of  puhfic 
fuftrfii-     rejoicing  at  the  court,  and  through  the  provinces.    The  light 
tion.  of 

(O)  It  is  doubtful,  whether  Formofa-  and  Japan.     One  rf 

the  ifles  of  Lyew-iyew,  which  them  is  near  So/bum**  which 

Hu-fi-lay  would  have  conquer-  the  Fortugueft^  and,  after  them, 

ed,  were  the  fame  with  thofe  at  fome  French  >  write  Saxuma:  but 

..v,  prefent  called  Lyew-kyenv.   The  I  do  not  know  any  thing  exaA- 

geography  /  tong-cbi  gives  that  ly  about  the  number  or  largt- 

name  to  the  ifles  of  Pong-huzrifi  nefs  of  thofe  iflands.     Gambil. 
Formofa:    affirming,   that  For-         (P)  The  firft  day  of  the  year 

mo/a   is  the  Lyewkyew  which  is  the  firft  of  the  firft  moon,  and 

Hu-fi-lay  wanted    to    fubdue.  the  firft  moon  is  that  in  the 


Lye<w-ky*w  is  the  name  of  fe-  courfe  of  which  die  fun  < 
veral  iflands,  whofe  prince  of-  the  fign  of  Pifces*  Marc*  P§k 
ten  fent  deputies  to  the  emperor  fays,  the  firft  day  of  the  year 
of  China,  to  pay  him  homage  at  the  court  of  Kublay  anfwered 
and  tribute.   They  lie  between    to  the  firft  of  February  :  but  it 

appears 


C-5*  &  Mdgulcftiih  *  593 

«f  the  {trinats*  great  men,  and  Mandarins,  who,  on  this  e.  Kbdn% 
oceafion,  appear  at  the  jttJacfc*  in  their  habhs  of  ceremony*  fcublay. 
to  ftrike  their  heads  nine  times  before  the  emperor,  gives  a  ^-v^rf 
grand  ide?  of  the  tti^jefty  of  the  empire.    But  if  an  eclipfe  about 
of  the  fan,  which  was  always  a  bad  omen  with  the  Ctiine/e,  natural 
Jiappetastathatdayj  it  is,  ftecordkgto  *e£Ai»$£aftrology,  a  *»«***• 
certain  token  that  heaven  threatens  an  approaching  daqgen 
'Towards  the  end  of  the  year  }2oi ,  the  tribunal  of  mathe-    A.  ©. 
masks  presented  a  petition  to  the  femp^ror,  to  acquaint  himj     129** 
that,  by  the  calctdoe,  a  fohr  edipfe  would  happen  on  the  firft 
^ay  of  die  oe&t  year.    After  the  examination  ufual  on  fuch 
occafiona,  the  court  thought  proper  to  ord*r,  that  on  new- 
year's  day  there  ftiould  be  no  compliments  of  felicitation, 
nor  ptiblic  rejoicing  (  QJ.    The  CMne/e  likewife,  who  piqued 
themfelvds  en  their  wifdoifi,  did  not  fail  to  lay  hold  of  this 
opportunity  to  exhort  Hu-fi-Uy  to  cerreft  any  ctefe&s  which 
he  niight,  06  examination,  find  m  his  condujft  or  govern-4 
mem ;  and  by  that  meats  render  heaved  propitious.     The 
fedipfe  was  obferred  With  the  ufutfl  ceremonies ;  and  the  day 
which  ftottld  have  been  a  day  of  public  joy,  was  a  day  of 
-fitdneik 

This  year,  1192,  Wa*  made  the  eanal,  called  Ton*-  flawy  In 
-whey  (R),  wfcidi  runs  from  Peking  to  Tbng-thrtv :  and  i§-  Tartary. 
▼eril  Mandarins  belonging  to  the  finances,  who  were  friends 
<S  Seng-Ao,  were  f>Ut  to  death,  Prinze  Mengli  Tipi&r,  leagued 
with  Jfojr-fd,  appeared  alio  to  the  north  of  the  great  Kobi,  or 
defert.  Peyen  retired  towards  Kar&korm,  as  if  to  defend  that 
.city ;  bint  it  was  only  to  watch  an  opportunity  for  attacking 
that  prince  with  advantage*  At  length,  one  day  in  Oftober, 
.he  drew  out  his  army ;  and,  without  giving  any  orders  or  di* 

Appears  from  the  annals  of  that  intercalated  .  a  month.     They 

emperor,  both  in  the   Cbimf*  have  made  the  eclinfe  fall  on 

and  Tatar  language,  that  the  the    laft  day  of  the    twelfth 

civil  year  was  then  the  lame  month,  of  the  former  year,  on 

that  it  is  at  prefent*     GauliL  the  fifft  of  the  twelfth  interca- 

(Qw)  Thcfe  fuperftiriou*  no-  lated  month,  or  on  the  firft  of 

tkms  aboilt  the  ill  p'refage  of  an  the  fecond  month  of  the  fame 

edipfe  of  the  fan,  have  fbme-  year.    Gakbil. 

"time*  thrown  the  Chineft  Ka-  {R)  It  is  named  at  preftnt 

leadar  into  confufion.     It  has  Ta-tong-fo,  the  rivtr  9r  canal  ff 

been  often  dangerous  to  declare  Ta  tong.   In  digging  the  earth, 

that  an  eclipfe  would  happen  th*y  foqnd  remains  of  an  an* 

on  the  firft  day  of  the  year:  fo  tient  canal,   which  joined  the 

that  more  than  once,  to  avoid  rivers  When  and  jrV  together, 

diftarbing  the  emperor,  and  to  GaubiL  •*-  P.  58*  called  Wbq* 

deceive  die  people,  they  have  tong-bo* 

.      Mod.  Hist.  Vol.  IV.  Qjl  reffiona 


594  Jengh!zKh&n,J  SuHeJfors  B.IV. 

5.  Khan,  rcttioris  But  to  follow  him,  with  his  fword  drawn,  gaUopped 
Kublay.  full-fpeed  towards  the  camp  of  Mengli  Tvmut:  whof  not  able 
H-—V-W  to  j-gf^  the  attacks  of  Pe-yen's  troops,  fled  with  a  few  horfc- 
•  men,  and  left  his  army  to  the  mercy  of  the  enemy,  by  whoa 
the  greater  part  of  them  were  flain. 
Expedition  HU-P I-L  AT  had  an  extraordinary  fondnefs  to  be  knows 
".Qua-  and  efteemed  in  foreign  countries.  The  great  numb*  * 
wa,  Indian  fliips  which  arrived  id  F$-kyen,  gave  him  frequoft 

opportunities  to  fend  Mandarin*  to  treat  with  die  princes  of 
India;  and  induce  them  to  communicate  to  him  the  coriofi- 
ties  of  their  refpettive  dominions.  The  Indians  were  great 
gainers  by  their  commerce  with  China;  from  whence  they 
brought  vaft  (urns  of  money  :  and  HH-pi-lay**  deputies  had 
been  often  well  received  by  the  king  of  MapAr.  But  oat 
long  before,  having  fent  a  Chinefe  grandee,  named  Meng-k, 
to  %iui-wa  \  the  king,  for  what  reafon  does  not  appear,  caofcd 
him  to  be  branded  in  the  face  with  the  marks  which  are 
often  put  on  highwaymen,  and  then  difmifled  him.  Ttr 
Chinefe  lords,  enraged  to  fee  a  great  Mandarin  of  their  nana 
difhonoured  by  a  princ^  whom  they  confideted  as  a  bar- 
barian, petitioned  the  emperor  to  revenge  the  affront.  JW- 
f>i-lay  made  a  great  ftir  about  this  infult  upon  one  of  his  en- 
voys ;  arid  ofdered  a  confiderable  number  of  fhips  of  war,  and 
other  veflels,  'to  be  gotten  ready,  at  Tfven-chew-fA,  in  Fo-tyi*. 
Thia  province,  with  thofe  of  Kyang-Ji  and  Hit-quango  furniA- 
m  fart  of  ec*  30,000  refolute  foldiers,  and  the  Chinefe  grandees  were 
India'.  very  earnefl  to  have  the  fleet  well  provided.  It  conCftcd  cf 
one  thoufand  fhips,  including  veflels  of  burden  and  others. 
with  provifions  for  a  year.  Sbe-pe,  a  native  of  Pau-tingFu,  in 
Pe-che-li,  had  the  chief  command.  Kau-bing,  of  Ju-niagfi, 
in  H6-nan,  was  general  of  the  30,000  troops ;  and  liafe- 
mi/be,  an  Ig&r,  commanded  the  faiforsi  Tehemifbe  and  She- 
pe  had  been  in  the  Indies  before,  and  undejrftood  the  lan- 
guage of  Stua-'wa. 

The  fleet  fet  fail  m'Decemfor,  and  fleered  direftly  for  the 
fouth  part  of  Tong-king,  bordering  on  Kochin  China  ;  theo, 
failing  along  a  mountainous  coaft,  they  entered  the  fea  of 
When-tun  (S).  At  length,  they  came  in  fight  of  certain 
'mountains  (T) ;  where  they  cut  wood  to  build  little  barks; 
and,  in  September  1293,  by  help  of  thofe  barks,  landed  their 
troops *. 

1  Gaubil,  p.  214,  k  feqq. 

(S)    That  is,    the  immenfe  tat  and  fuiv-fang.    GauhiL — It 

chaos,  which^  feems  to  be  the  is  not  faid  in  what  country  i  bet 

ocean.     Gaubil,'  we    prefuipe    thev    belong   to 

(T)  Kan 4 an y  Yu-k}at  LUma-  .S^F-im. 
r      ....                       ^  The 


C  5.  JfcMogukft&n.  595 

The  kingdom  of  $>ua-wa  is  near  that  of  Ko-lang.     The  5.  Khdnw 
Chinefe  book9  of  geography  fay,  Qua-wa  is  the  name  given  in  Kublay. 
tile  time  of  the  Twen  to  the  country  aatiently  called  Tu-po  ;  V- v~^*J 
*which  is  reprefented  as  a  great  ifland  in  the  fea,  lying  to  the  ™*  ™**- 
ibuth  of  China  5  and  that  the  Bonzas  of  Fo  call  it  the  king-  *% >yd 
4dom  of  the  Quey,  or  fpirits  :  but  nothing  is  fpoken  of  the        e  * 
Situation  of  Quey ;  ;and  others  fey,  that  |/w-w  is  not  far 
from  the  kingdom  ofKamboja,  in  the  farther  peninfula  of  the' 
JTndies,    In  a  very  large  general  chart  or  map,  made  by  order 
of  the  late  emperor  Kang-bi>  and  kept  with  great  care  in  the 
palace,  whereon  that  monarch  ordered  to  be  written  the     , 
names  which,  the  Chinefe  give  to  foreign  countries  known  to 
them,  the  characters  of  £>ua-wa  take  up  good  part' of  the 
faither  peninfula  where  Kochin  ftands.    But  our  author  thinks 
this  cannot  be  the  <$ua-wa  in  queftion.     He  rather  judges  it 
to  be  the  ifland  of  Borneo  ;  efp^cially,  as  a  Chinefe  fleet,  with 
30,000  troops  on  board,  could  not,  in  his  opinion,  fail  in 
fixty-eight  days  from  Kochin  to  Tfven-chew-f&,  in  Fo-kyen : 
although  he  confefles  molt  of  the  Chinefe  geographers  have 
committed  great  errors,  both  in  the  diftances  and  bearings  of 
the  iflands  (U)  off  the  coafts  of  India,  Perfia9  and  Arabia. 
-    But  to  return  to  the  hiftory.     Ta-nay-kya-layf  king  of  The 
Sgua-iva,  going  to  war  with  Ha-chi-ka-fu,  king  of  Kb-lang,  Mungl 
•was  killed  in  battle.     Hereupon  T£-han-pi-tu-ye,  his  fon-in-  general 
law,  undertook  to  continue  the  war :  but,  being  baffled  in  all 
his  attempts,  as  foon  as  he  heard  of  Shepe'%  arrival,  and  the 
occaflon  of  his  coming,  he  fubmitted  to  him ;  and  offered  to  . 
give  up  all  he  was  poflefled  of.     This  he  did  the  better  to  .< 

^  deceive  the  Chinefes,  while  he  took  meafures  underhand  to 
deftroy  their  army.     He  gave  the  general  a  map  of  the  coun* 

,  try  of  Ko-lang,  and  perfuaded  him  to  conquer  it ;  promifing 
•to  join  him  with  his  troops.  She-pe,  who  believed  all  which 
Tu-han-pi-t4-ye  told  him,  left  officers  to  guard  the  fleet,  and 
divided  his  forces  into  three  bodies,  in  order  to  attack  Ta- 
Jbet  the  capital  of  Ko-lang.  The  Chinefes  found  an  army  of 
100,000  men  ready  to  oppofe  them:  but,  after  a  battle, 
which  continued  from  fun-rife  till  noon,  the  Ko-lang  troops 
were  defeated,  and  retired  into  the  city.  However,  the  king, 
unwilling  to  undergo  a  fiege,  came  out  and  furrenderedj 
with  his  wife  and  children ;  who  were  all  killed, 

7U*H A N-P  I-TU-r E  after  this  afked  leave  to  return  to  duped  hy  !' 
his  dominions  ;  which  motion  was.  oppofed  by  Qua-heng  ;  the  king* 
but  $he-pe  and  Te-.bc~mi-fhe  gave  their  confeht ;  which  they 

(U)  Yet,  by  attending  to  the    different  parts,   it   is   eafy  to 
account  which  is  given  of  thofe    know  many  of  them*    Gaubil. 

Q  q  z  ia 


59$  JengkfcKhaift  Smceffors  H.HF. 

t*  Khan,  fa  a  littk  time  repented  :  for,  next  year  (X),  that  king,  re- 
ublay.  nouncing  all  which  he  had  promiftd,  inftead  of  obeying  Si** 
*  fit's  orders,  came  with  a  eonftderable  force  to  cot  off  his  s*» 
treat  towards,  the  fleet;  which  was  thirty  leagues  diAaaf. 
She-pi,  whb  too  late  faw  he  was  betrayed,  defended  hinfidf 
with  much  valour,  and  retired  in  good  order  to  the  fca- 
coaft ;  where,  having  embarked  with  his  troops,  he*  in  fixtj- 
eight  days,  arrived  at  Tfven-chew~f4.  In  this  Qxpcditlan  he 
loft  3000  men  ;  but  brought  off  a  great  booty  in  gold  and 
precious,  (tones.  The  emperor  punUhed  both  him  and  I>J* 
m-Jbe;  ^nd  confifcated  t^o-thirds  of  their  effe£ts9  for  sat 
obeying  his  commands,  and  for  letting  T4-&an-fi~S&-y*  c& 
Cape.  However,  being  gob4  offieers,  they  were  loon  after 
pardoned ;  and  the  Chinefe  grandees  were  fatisfied  to  let  the 
tying  of  gucL-vja,  and  others  fee,  that,  notwithstanding  their 
great  diftance,  they  would  not  fail  to  revenge  the  affiants 
offered  to  thein. 
f  c-y^n  General  P^-yen  had  hitherto  kept  Tartar?  in  fobje&oo, 
Tfcafied  in  {pit?  of  the  power  and  efforts  of  Hay-tu,  and  other  princes 
of  die  imperial  family  :  the  emperor  was  fnUy  convinced  oS 
,  Jiis  great  forces,  and  refolved  to  reward  them  in  a  figaat 
manner,  However,  feveral  grandees,  jealous  of  that  gene- 
ral's glory,  told  HA-fi-kiy,  that  it  was  daegerona  to  let  him 
continue  fo  long  at  the  head  of  the  troops  of  Tariary  :  aad 
evenjnfinuated  that  he  was  dandefrinely  ia  league  with  Hsy* 
tit.  The  emperor  well  knew  that  jealpufy  was  the  ground 
0f  their  informations,  although  he  laid.  ftoAing.  la  June  he 
talked  01  declaring  Tim&r  hereditary  prince;  and  ordered 
him  to  prepare  forthwith  for  going  to  command  the  army 
againft  Hay-ttt.  General  Yufirtcm&r  was  named-  to  faceted 
Pe-yen ;  wjio  received  an  or<Jfer  to  repair  to  Tjy-tcngyfa  as 
fbon  as  Tim&r  arrived  at  Karakorom.  This  prince  made  nt» 
great  hafte  to  get.  to  the  imperial  camp,  as  he  loved  Pe-yem* 
ajid  was  fenftble  he  kjiew  better  than  hknfelf  how  to  deal  with, 
kay-tti :  Tuji-tem&r  Was  in  the.  fame  fenmnents  with  Timjr. 
Mean  time  \e-yen,  though  informed  of  all>  behaved  as  if  he 
knew  nothing  of  what  paffed :  he  decamped  from  Karakonm, 
atjd  marched  northward  to  meet  the  army  of  Uay-t6,  who* 
was  again  defeated,  and  obliged  to  retire. 
tuttf.  A  few  days  after  the  battle,  fhnur  and  the  new  general 

Tafcary:  arrived  at  the  carpp :  where,  in  prefence  of  the  officers,  the 
prince  notified  to.  P»-yen  iHe  emperor's  orders;  and  com- 
manded him  to  repair  to  Taytong-fvLiVL  Shait^,  thereto  wait 

(X)    In  January   this  year,  the  buildings  of  Sbe-tfi   were 
finiflied.    GaubiL  '  .-*■"• 

his 


C.5*  AMogukffiiL  597 

lus  imperial  mapftjft  farther  pleafure.    The  general*  wbo  5, £££■» 
ferved  under  Pe-yen,  and  were  ftn>nj£y  attached  10  him*  conU  Kuttay. 
not  forbear  exprefeng  their  furprife :  but  grew  cafy  againv>'lwV"^ 
when  they  (aw  that  the  prince  made  him  est  at  his  own  table,  ft  grtatfy 
and  beftowed  confiderabk  prefents  on  him.    Before  P+yem  hem^rei. 
fet  out,  7rmdr  fent  for  him,  and  with  tears  embraced  him,  v^ 
treating  him  to  give  him  fame  inftrn&ians.    Prince,  (aid  the 
genera],  love  neither  women  nor  wine,  and  every  thing  vafT 
fUccetd  -with  you.    Pe-yen  went  to  Tay-tang-fA,  and  tfcern  re- 
ceived an  orto  to  repair  to  court.    Where  bang  acsmd,  die 
emperor,  to  the  confufion  of  the  jealous  grandees,  received 
him  with  much  honour;  publicly  extolled  his  fidelity,  and 
fcrvkes ;  declared  him  his  prime  mioifter,  and  gave  him  in 
particular  the  general  command,  as  well  of  the  traopa  which 
eompofed  his  own  guard,  as  thofe  which  encamped  in  great 
numbers  about  Ta-tA  and  Shang-tA  K  - 

In  September,  HA-pi-ky  returned  from  Skang*tA  to  TartA  j  j  cmet 
and  next  month  was.  frighted  at  the  light  of  a  comet.  The  appear*. 
Chmefe  hiftory  carefully  takes  notice  of  thde  phenomena 
which  have  happened,  as  well  as  the  panics  which  have  feked 
Ae  emperors  on  fuch  occasions.  The  afteobgers  have  tikewtff 
been  afliduous  to  colleft  the  events  whkh  came  to  pa&  after  I 
comet  had  appeared ;  and  pretend  that  it  is  defigned  **  a  fa- 
vour from  heaven  to  warn  crowned  heads  ta  take  cane  of  thoov 
felvcs.  HA*pt-lay  had  given  into  thefefelfe  ideas  t  the  firft 
day  of  the  comet  he  fent  for  PA-hA-cbA,  one  of  his>  mioifters, 
to  know  what  he  had  heft  to  do  to  appeafe  the  anger  of  the 
cfeky.  P&-hA-chA  parted  the  whole  night  m  the  amp* 
ror's  chamber,  and  recited  fevecai  paflage?  oi  the  I+king  and 
Shi-king  (Y) ;  to  ftew  with  what  relpccb  be  ougfa  taseceive. 
die  advice  whkh  heaven  gives*  and  how  muck  its  anger  ought 
to  be  dVeaded.  Hte  produced  inftances.  from  the  ancient  hi& 
lory,  to  (hew  that  the  principal  bufine&  of  a  prince  flxmki 
he  the  pra&ice  of  virtue;  and  that,  on  the  appearance  06 
ecfipfes,  comets,  and  earthquakes,  he  ought  ferionfly  to  ex- 
amine  his  own  heart,  and,  above  aft,  in  what  mafcaes  he  go* 
*erns  his  people. 

-    The  minifter  dwek  particularly  on  the  hiftory  o£  ftjrtfcKublay'/ 
emperpr  of  the  weftern  Han ;  and  fet  forth,  the  ufe  which  death  t 

k  Gavbil,  p.  218,  &feqq. 

(Y)  Two  of  the  dafficat  or  mented  on.    Thefe  falfe  nov 

Canonical  btoks  of  the  Gtaujfrt  tiona    are  inculcated    as   fop- 

which  Kanfyfius,  and  his  fuc-  pofed  to  be  the  only  check  oa 

ceuor»  in  do&rioe,  ham  com-  princes,. 

l  that 


Sgi  Jcnghiz'Khm's&icitfors  B.IV 

c.  Kban,  that  prince  had  made  of  the  appearance  of  federal  phsno- 
Kublay.  mena^  HA-pi-Iay  was  fo  well  pleafed  with  the  inftance  of 
*  Ven-ti,  that  he  thought  he  could  never  talk  himfelf,  or  hear 
Pjl-tfacM  talk,  enough  about  it.  Mean  time  he  fell  fick,  and, 
in  January  1 294,  died  in  his  palace  at  Ta-tu\,.  in  the  eightieth 
^yearfZ)  of  his  age. 

The  Ckinefe  hiftorians  charge  HA-pi-lay  with   being  fu- 
perftitious  to  excefs,  and  ridiculoufly  attached  to  the  Lamas. 
They  likcwife  accufe  him  with  loving  women  and  money; 
with  having  facrificed  too  many  men  in  the  wars  of  Japan 
and  Gan-nan ;  and  too  much  promoted  foreigners  of  the 
weft.     On  the  other  hand,  the  Tatars  and  foreigners  hare 
always  considered  the  reigfl  of  JM-pi-lay  as  one  of  the  moft 
glorious  that  ever  was ;  and  it  is  certain  this  prince  had  great 
qualities.     He  was  learned,  courageous,  and  magnificent,  a 
friend  to  men  of  letters ;  and  if  he  loved  money,  it  was  with 
a  view  to  execute  the  great  defigns  which  he  conceived  in  his 
mind;.whofe  objett  was  generally  the  glory  of  the  empire, 
and  the  public  good. 
Wl'otsand     HU-PI-LAT  was  the  fourth  fon  of  prince  Toley  and  the 
fms :         princefs  Sarktttna ;  brother  to  the  emperor  Mcng-ko  and  the 
king  Hyu-la-g6;  and  grandfon  of  Jengbtz  Kh&n.     He  mar- 
ried a  great  many  wives,  five  of  whom  bore  the  title  of  em- 
prefles.     By  thefe  he  had  ten  fons:  1.  Turchi,  who  died 
without  iffue.    2.  Cheng-kin,  who  had  been  declared  heir,  but 
died  in  1285.     3.  AJang-koIa,  governor  general  of  Sben-ji, 
Se-chwen,  and  Tibet.    4.  Gantan-ptrwha.     5.  Nan-mu-ban. 
6.  Ukocbe.     7*  Gayyache.     8.  Gauluche.     9.  Kokocbtt.     10. 
Choaru    Befides  thefe  princes,  he,  had  feveral  daughters '. 
lis  ex- ;      '    The  Perftan,  and  other  weftern  hiftorians  of  Ajia,  have 
tenfrve       written  entire  books  on  the  exploits  of  this  famous  Khan ; 
fvwcr.       but  fcarce  any  thing  of  moment  hath  as  yet  been  communi- 
cated from  them.     Befides  what  has  been  already  infertcd  ia 
our  notes,  relating  to  Artikbuga  (or  Alipuko)  ;  the  fum  of  all 
is  as  follows :  that  Hulaku,  being  wifer  than  his  brother  Ar- 
tikbuga, fent  to  compliment  Kublay,  or  Koplay  Kbdn9  upon 
his  advancement  to  the  empire ;  and  had  all  the  countries 
poflefled  by  the  MurigU  to  the  fouth  of  the  Amu,  granted  to 

1  Gaucil,  p.  221,  &  feqq. 

(Z)  La  Croix  puts  his  death  fays,  he  reigned  thirty-five,  and 

in  the  fame  year;  and  fays,  he  lived  feventy- three  )ears  ;  bat 

reigned  twenty-five  (a  raiftake,  does  not  mention  that  of  his 

perhaps,  of  the  prefa  for  thirty-  death ;  of  thefe  thirty- five  yean 

jive)   years.     Abulgbdzl  Kbin  he  reigned  fifteen  ov«:r  China. 

him 


C  5-  iil  Moguleftan.  599 

him  in  return :  that  Kublay,  hearing  of  Huldktfs  death  in  c .  Khe*f 
1265,  installed  ytfWAtf-  JE#<J»  in  his  room:  that  Burgha  (or  Kublay. 
Berck)  Khin  remained  in  pofleffionof  Kipjdk :  and y/^-iJ  (A), {  T*m*4 
Jagatay's  grandfon*  had  for  his  ihare  all  the  countries  lying 
between  the  Amb  and  mount  Allay :   laftly,   that  Koplay    , 
died  full  of  glory,  after,  he  had  taken  the  town  of  ZinA,  or 
Jinu  m ;  a  mi  (fake,  perhaps,  for  the  country  of  Chin,  or  China. 
Hu-pi?lay  was  the  fixth  Khan  of  Great  Tartary,  and  the 
firft  Mungl  emperor  who  reigned  over  that  country  and  ill 
China. 

Before  we  proceed  to  the  next  Khan,  it  will  be  proper  to  Hawks 
make  a  few  remarks.     Hu-pi-lay,  that  he  might  pleafe  his  0*  Am* 
conquered  fubje&s,  and  not  difoblige  his  natural  ones,  divided 
his  reign  between  them,,  refiding  part  of  the  year  in  one 
.  country,  and  part  in  the  other.    For  which  purpofe  he  fixed 
the  capital  of  each  near  the  frontiers  of  both,  as  well  as  one 
another ;  and  his  fucceflbrs  followed  his  example  as  long  as 
they  remained  in  pofleilion  of  China,  where  he  founded  the 
empire  of  the  Mungls :   for,  although  his  anceftors  were 
pofleffed  of  the  northern  part  of  it,  yet  the  Chinefes  would 
not  ackilowlege  them  as  their  fovereigns,  fo  long  as  any  of  the 
Song  emperors,  tl^eir  natural  lords,  reigned  in  the  fouthern 
provinces.    After  the  fubjugation  of  the  whole  Chinefe  em- 
pire, and  extinction  of  the  Song  race,  they  were  obliged  to 
acknowlege  them  for  their  mailers  :  but  they,  in  effett,  fub- 
dued%  the  Mungls  in  their  turn,  by  giving  them  their  man* 
ners,  cuftoms,  and  even  their  forms  of  government  and  po- 
licy.    In  confequence  of  this,  their  hiftorians  have,  in  effeft, 
turned  the  Mungl  emperors,  from  Hti-pi-lay  downwards,  into 
Chinefes  :  they  have  ieparated  th£m  from  the  line  of  Jenghtp 
Khan,  made  a  diftinft  dynafty  of  them,  and  placed  H&-pi-lay 
as  the  head  and  founder  of  it;  confidering  all  his  predeceflbrs 
as  Khans  of  Tartary  only.    The  more  alfo  to  naturalize  this  and  the 
race,  and  make  them  their  own,  they  have  changed  the  title  of  Chinefe 
the  dynafty  from  Mungls,  or  Moguls,  into  that  of  Tiven ;  as  hijforians. 
well  as  the.name  of  Hu-pi-lay  (or  Kublay),  and  his  fccceflbrs, 
who  reigned  in  China. 

*  La  Croix,  ubi  fupra,  p.  400.     Abulchazi,  ubi  fupra, 
p.  16*. 

(A)    The    fame,  probably,  the  oriental    hiftorians,   made 

called  Hay-tu,  in  the  Chinefe  hif-  war  on  Kublay,  will  fynchronize 

tory>   although  the  reign  nei-  with  the  time  of  this  latter,  or 

therof  Algis9  nor  his  fucceflbr  of  Haytu.     See  vol.  v.  p.  143. 


Barak  Khan,  who,  according  to 


The 


€oq  Jenghfz  Kh&nV  Succejfors  R  IV. 

r.  KMn\       t«i'  Mwigl  emperors,  therefore,  from  HM*4ay>  are  to  be 

fcublay,    confafcred  ill  ttvo  different  refpefts :  t*z.  either  as  they  make 

'V--vr"*J  part  of  the  Mungt  Khans  of  the  line  of  JenghH  Khan,  vi» 

2^jf"?  reigned  over  the  Mmj/  empire  in  Tartary,  Qua*,  aad  other 

bisqnafly.  foll|ltrjfg ;  ^  oftty  &  a  diftiii&  race  of  emperors  rdgdag  ia 

CW*4,  to  whkrh  thofe  other  regions,  and  even  TarUry  k- 

felf,  i$  foppofed  to  be  ("ubjea.   It  is  in  the  firft  of  thefe  lights 

^that  t*e  J*A*«  treated  df  them  hfere  (although,  for  -warn  of 

other  fonrced,  wfe  are  etdi^ed  to  draw  our  materials  from  the 

Chinefe  authors) :  becaufe  the  province  which  we  have  anda- 

taken  ia  tUis  place,  is  the  hiftory.  of  the  Mnngis  and  Tatars. 

They  will  likcWe  becdafidered  briefly  hereafter  in  the  fecoad 

light*  when  we  come  id  (peak  of  China,  v     • 


JE/iTZ)  qf  A&*  Fourth  Volume 


1 


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1  '  Ub  I    O       \WV 


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t) 


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wnOCTS    t9l*